WATER QUALITY AND PROCESSES AFFECTING DISSOLVED OXYGEN 

CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BLACKWATER RIVER, 

CANAAN VALLEY, WEST VIRGINIA

By Marcus C. Waldron and Jeffrey B. Wiley

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4142

Prepared in cooperation with the

WEST VIRGINIA DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 

WEST VIRGINIA DIVISION OF TOURISM AND PARKS, and the 

CANAAN VALLEY TASK FORCE

Charleston, West Virginia 

1996
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary i

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Gordon P. Eaton, Director

For additional information 

write to:

District Chief 

U.S. Geological Survey 

11 Dunbar Street 

Charleston, WV 25301

Copies of this report can be 

purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey 

Branch of Information Services 

Box 25286 

Denver, CO 80225
CONTENTS

Abstract............................................................................................................^ 1

Introduction.............................................................................................^

Purpose and scope........................................................................................................................................ 4

Description of study area..............................................................................................................................4

Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................^

Water quality...............................................................................................................................................................5

Description of monitoring network.............................................................................................................. 5

Methods of data collection.......................................................................................................................... 10

Field methods.................................................................................................................................. 10

Laboratory analyses......................................................................................................................... 11

Quality-assurance procedures.......................................................................................................... 11

Selected physical and chemical characteristics.......................................................................................... 13

Specific conductance, hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved solids.................................................... 14

Nitrogen and phosphorus................................................................................................................. 15

pH and dissolved oxygen................................................................................................................. 16

Fecal bacteria................................................................................................................................... 19

Dissolved iron and manganese........................................................................................................ 20

Pesticides .........................................................................................................................................21

Processes affecting dissolved oxygen concentrations...............................................................................................22

Water-quality model development..............................................................................................................22

Model description............................................................................................................................22

Methods of calibration and verification.......................................................................................... 24

Field methods, laboratory analyses, and quality-assurance procedures............................... 24

Hydraulics and discharge...................................................................................................... 27

Transport of conservative constituents................................................................................. 29

Stream temperature............................................................................................................... 31

Nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand............................................................................ 31

Dissolved oxygen and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand..................................... 33

Sensitivity analysis......................................................................................................................... 38

Model limitations............................................................................................................................40

Simulation of dissolved oxygen in the upper Blackwater River for the 7-day,

10-year low flow..........................................................................................................................41

Summary and conclusions ........................................................................................................................................43

References cited ........................................................................................................................................................45

Appendixes.............................................................. 

A: Computer-model output listing the input calibration data set, August 1992 ...................................................58

B: Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July 1992.......................................................65

C: Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July-August 1991 ..........................................72

D: Computer-model output listing the simulation data set for the 7-day, 10-year low flow................................. 79

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV iii
FIGURES

1-3. Maps showing:

1. Location of Canaan Valley, Tucker County, West Virginia............................................ 2

2. Location of Canaan Valley study area............................................................................. 3

i

3. Locations of Canaan Valley streamflow and water-quality-monitoring sites ................. 7

4-8. Graphs showing data collected from March 1990 to August 1992 at the Black water River 

water-quality-monitoring sites for:

4. Discharge, specific conductance, and alkalinity............................................................ 15

5. Discharge, dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen, and total ammonia-plusi 

organic nitrogen.......................................................................................................... 17 i

6. Discharge, dissolved oxygen, and percent saturation.................................................... 18

7. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus bacteria, water temperature, and discharge..... 20

8. Discharge, dissolved iron, and dissolved manganese.................................................... 22

9-10. Diagrams showing: ||

9. Water-quality constituents and processes evaluated by the model................................ 23

10. Model subreaches and river mile locations of tributary streams, sampling locations,

water-withdrawal site, and point sources.of water discharges................................... 25

11. Map of Canaan Valley showing all wastewater-dischatge sites and locations of

monitoring sites used for water-quality model calibration and verification............................. 26

12-18. Graphs showing comparison between calibration (August 18-19, 1992) and verification 

(July 14-17, 1992, and July 30-August 1, 1991) data for:

12. Discharge...................................................I.................................................................. 29

13. Specific conductance .....................................................................................................32

14. Stream temperature........................................................................................................ 32

15. Total ammonia nitrogen.................................................................................................. 34

16. Total organic nitrogen.................................'...................................................................34

17. Dissolved oxygen........................................................................................................... 38

18. Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand.................................................................. 38

19-20. Graphs showing changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations at three locations in the 

upper Blackwater River for the:

19. Verification period July 13-17, 1992.............................................................................41

20. Calibration period August 17-21, 1992 .........................................................................41

21. Graph showing water-quality model simulations of discharge, dissolved oxygen 

concentration, and biochemical oxygen demand at the 7-day, 10-year low flows 

in the upper Blackwater River......................................................................................................42

iv Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
TABLES

1. Sampling dates and times for Canaan Valley stream-data-collection sites .....................................................8

2. Pesticides and other organic contaminants studied at Canaan Valley

stream-data-collection sites, August 1991.................................................................................................... 12

3. Summaries of water-quality data collected at eight Canaan Valley

monitoring sites, March 1990 to August 1992............................................................................ end of report

4. Coefficients and exponents used to simulate hydraulic geometry of the

Blackwater River, Canaan Valley, West Virginia........................................................................................ 29

5. Simulated hydraulic characteristics for the upper Blackwater River in Canaan Valley,

West Virginia, with boundary conditions and inflows based on August 1992, July 1992, and 

July-August 1991 survey data.......................................................................................................................30

6. Geographic and local meteorological data used to simulate streamwater temperature of the

upper Blackwater River, Canaan Valley, West Virginia.............................................................................. 32

7. Coefficients and rate constants used to simulate nitrogen transformations in the upper

Blackwater River, Canaan Valley, West Virginia........................................................................................ 34

8. Measured 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand and calculated decay 

coefficients and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand, for 10 Canaan Valley 

sampling sites, August 21, 1992................................................................................................................... 36

9. Coefficients and rate constants used to simulate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand 

and dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper Blackwater River, 

Canaan Valley, West Virginia......................................................................................................................36

10. Calculated ranges of reaeration rate coefficients for the upper Blackwater River 

water-quality model with August 1992, July 1992, and July-August 1991 

boundary conditions .....................................................................................................................................37

11. Sensitivity analyses showing changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations in response 

to 5, 15, and 25 percent increases in model constants and coefficients for the 

calibration data set, August 1992................................................................................................................. 39

12. Simulated hydraulic characteristics for the upper Blackwater River, Canaan Valley,

West Virginia, with inflows set to the 7-day, 10-year, low flows................................................................42

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV v
CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Multiply By To obtain

inch (in.)

foot (ft)

mile (mi)

square mile (mi )

foot per second (ft/s)

foot per hour (ft/h)

mile per hour (mi/h)

cubic foot per second (ft3/s)

million gallons per day (Mgal/d)

25.4

0.3048

1.609

2.590

0.3048

0.3048

1.609

0.02832

0.04381

millimeter (mm)

meter (m)

kilometer (km)

square kilometer (km2)

meter per second (m/s)

meter per hour (m/h)

kilometer per hour (km/h)

cubic meter per second (m/s)

cubic meter per second (m3/s)

Temperature is given in degrees Fahrenheit (°F), which can be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) by use of the following equation:

i 

C = 5/9 (F° ^ 32)

Abbreviated water-quality units used in this report: Chemical concentration is given in grams per liter (g/L), milligrams per 

liter (mg/L), or micrograms per liter (|ig/L). Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in 

solution as weight (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand milligrams per liter is equivalent to one 

gram per liter. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to one milligram per liter. For concentrations less than 7,000 

mg/L, the numerical value is the same as for concentrations in parts per milli6n. Specific conductance of water is expressed in

microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (|0,S/cm). This unit is equ 

Celsius (|imho/cm), formerly used by the U.S. Geological Survey.

vi Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

valent to micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees
Water Quality and Processes Affecting Dissolved 

Oxygen Concentrations in the Blackwater River, 

Canaan Valley, West Virginia

By Marcus C. Waldron and Jeffrey B. Wiley

ABSTRACT

This study assesses the quality of the Blackwater River in Canaan Valley, W. Va., and identifies environmental processes that could affect 

dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the river 

during periods of low flow. Canaan Valley is an 

elongated, oval-shaped valley located in the 

Allegheny Mountains of northern West Virginia. It 

is the highest valley of its size east of the Rocky 

Mountains, with an average elevation of 3,200 feet 

above sea level. The Canaan Valley area has experienced significant increases in tourism, population 

growth, and real estate development in the past two 

decades.

Water from streams in Canaan Valley is a 

dilute calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. 

Stream water typically was soft and low in alkalinity and dissolved solids. Maximum values for specific conductance, hardness, alkalinity, and 

dissolved solids occurred during low-flow periods 

when streamflow was at or near base flow. Nitrogen and phosphorus were present at very low concentrations. Concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen, 

nitrite-nitrogen, and un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen 

were always below State water-quality limits. 

Concentrations of dissolved nitrite-nitrogen plus 

nitrate-nitrogen and dissolved ortho-phosphorus 

were highest during periods of high streamflow. 

Paniculate forms of nitrogen were more abundant 

during summer low-flow periods and probably represent organic production within the streams. Dissolved oxygen concentrations usually were below 

the saturation concentrations and sometimes below

State limits near the headwaters, and usually were 

at or above saturation at other mainstem locations. 

At discharges near those of the 7-day, 10-year low 

flow, the headwaters can have supersaturated DO 

concentrations. Fecal coliform bacteria counts 

periodically exceeded the State count of 200 colonies per 100 mL. Maximum concentrations during 

the warmest months of the year often were in the 

thousands of colonies per 100 milliliters. Concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese were 

high, and contamination from pesticide applications was not evident in Canaan Valley streams.

Dissolved oxygen concentrations are most 

sensitive to processes affecting the rate of reaeration. The rate of reaeration is affected by processes 

that determine dissolved oxygen solubility (the 

interactions among atmospheric pressure, water 

temperature, humidity, and cloud cover) and processes that determine stream turbulence (the interactions among stream depth, width, velocity, and 

roughness).

Additional processes play significant roles in 

determining DO concentrations in the headwaters 

and beaver pools. In the headwaters, photosynthetic DO production by benthic algae can result in 

supersaturated DO concentrations. In beaver pools, 

DO consumption from sediment oxygen demand 

(SOD) and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen 

demand (CBOD) can result in dissolved oxygen 

deficits.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 1
INTRODUCTION

Canaan Valley is an elongated, oval-shaped 

valley located in the Allegheny Mountains of 

northern West Virginia. It is the highest valley of 

its size east of the Rocky Mountains with an average elevation of 3,200 ft above sea level. The valley is flanked by Canaan, Cabin, and Brown 

Mountains and is drained by the Blackwater River, 

a tributary of the Cheat River, northwestwardly 

through a narrow water gap (figs. 1 and 2). The 

climate is cool and humid because of the valley's 

altitude and position on the windward slope of the 

Allegheny Mountains. The northern-forest character and extensive wetlands support many that are

unusual or rare in West Virginia and Eastern 

United States. The natural beauty, diverse ecology, 

and many recreational opportunities in Canaan Valley are enjoyed by seasonal and permanent residents and by more than 1.5 million visitors 

annually I (Canaan Valley Task Force, 1992).

Canaan Valley has experienced rapid development in the past two decades. Much of the 

expansion is associated with recreational and tourism industries, particularly skiing, golfing, and 

associated real estate developments. There is no 

centralized wastewater-treatment facility in the 

valley. Domestic wastes are treated individually in 

septic systems or small "package" plants that discharge treated waste water into the Blackwater

390 00' -

*%,./

Base map from U.S. Geological Survey, 1:500.000 20 MILES

20 KILOMETERS

Figure 1. Location of Canaan Valley, Tucker County, West Virginia.

2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
39°15

39°7'30"

39°00'

») $ /- "' ^ \

,

Blackwater Falls 

State Park ,j

///<f V ( %, '

^p >r >

Wr- ^ J ^ / <[\_y k / I ; ^

Base map from U.S. Geological Survey, 1:100,000 3 MILES 

"-i H 

0123 KILOMETERS

ELEVATION CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 METERS

Figure 2. Location of Canaan Valley study area.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 3
River or one of its tributaries. The State Division 

of Environmental Protection has restricted further 

development by limiting issuance of wastewater 

discharge permits based on estimates of the wasteassimilation capacity of the Blackwater River. 

Effective management of water resources in 

Canaan Valley requires a more detailed understanding of the ecological processes and interactions that determine the waste-assimilation 

capacities of the area streams.

In 1990, the U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS), in cooperation with the West Virginia 

Division of Environmental Protection, the West 

Virginia Division of Tourism and Parks, and the 

Canaan Valley Task Force, began a comprehensive 

study of the surface-water and ground-water 

resources in Canaan Valley. This study was 

designed to provide basic hydrologic and ecological data that could aid in land-use planning and 

management. This report presents the surfacewater findings; ground-water findings are presented in a separate report.

Purpose and Scope

This report discusses an assessment of the 

water quality of the Blackwater River and its major 

tributaries in Canaan Valley, W Va., and identifies 

environmental processes that can affect dissolved 

oxygen (DO) concentrations in the river during 

periods of low flow. Data collected during a 30- 

month period at eight Canaan Valley monitoring 

sites were used to characterize existing flow and 

water-quality conditions in the valley. Each site 

was sampled manually at intervals of 1 to 2 months 

for 29 water-quality properties and constituents. 

Statistical analysis of the seasonal and flowrelated changes in selected water-quality characteristics is discussed in this report, which also 

includes a discussion of possible cause-and-effect 

relations among water-quality characteristics and 

stream ecological processes.

Ecological processes thought to affect DO 

concentrations in the Blackwater River during periods of low flow are investigated. Synoptic streamflow and water-quality data were collected during 

low-flow periods of 2 to 4 days in mid-summer, at

4 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

35 sites on the mainstem and major tributaries of 

the Blackwater River. Synoptic-survey data were 

used to calibrate and verify a steady-state, onedimensional water-quality model that represented 

the physical, chemical, and biological processes 

affecting dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in

the riverJ The calibrated model was used to inves- i

tigate low-flow conditions by simulating the river 

at the 7-day, 10-year low flow (7Q10).

Description of Study Area

Thie study area is the Blackwater River basin 

within Canaan Valley in northeastern Tucker 

County, |Vest Virginia (fig. 1). Canaan Valley is 

the largest intermontane valley east of the Mississippi River. The valley floor is oval in shape, about 

14 mi long by 5 mi wide, and has an average elevation of 3,200 ft.

Canaan Valley was formed by erosion of the 

Blackwater Anticline, one of a group of highamplitude foldings of sedimentary rock that characterize this section of the Appalachian Plateaus 

Physiogtaphic Province (Reger and others, 1923). 

The anticline originally was capped by resistant 

sandstones of the Pottsville and Allegheny Groups, 

with Mauch Chunk shales and Greenbrier limestone forming the next layer, and sandstones of the 

Pocono Group forming the base. Once the Pottsville cap was breached, the softer limestone layers 

were rapidly eroded and the resultant material distributed on the valley floor. The result is a bowlshaped valley, with concentric rings of sandstone, 

shale, and limestone, surrounding a central ridge of 

Pocono sandstone. A sandstone ridge separates 

two branches of the Blackwater River in the southern half of the valley (fig. 2).

Cjanaan Valley has a cool, wet climate, with 

cold winters and cool summers. Fortney (1975) 

characterized the valley's climate as similar to that 

of northern New York and parts of Vermont, New 

Hampshire, and Maine. The frost-free season averages 92 days from May 31 through September 1; 

below-freezing temperatures can occur during any 

month 6f the year. Summer temperatures are moderate with daily maximum averages of 75 to 78°F; 

winters are cold with temperatures as low as -26°F.
The valley's location at the edge of the windward 

slope of the Allegheny Mountains places it in a 

position where weather fronts approaching from 

the northwest and moisture-laden air from the Gulf 

of Mexico converge and release large amounts of 

rain. Annual precipitation is about 53 in. Rainfall 

is distributed evenly throughout the year, about 4 to 

5 in. each month, but June is consistently the wettest month, averaging about 5 in.

Types of land cover in Canaan Valley have 

changed considerably over time. The valley was 

logged and burned in the late 1800's and early 

1900's and now supports extensive palustrineemergent wetlands that result from the abundant 

precipitation and a layer of poorly drained soil 

derived from erosion of the Blackwater Anticline. 

The wetland complex includes wet meadows dominated by sedges and grasses, dense thickets of alder 

and spiraea, and extensive peat bogs (Fortney, 

1975).

The study area is limited to the Blackwater 

mainstem and tributaries with drainages restricted 

to Canaan Valley. The Blackwater River and its 

major Canaan Valley tributaries, North Branch and 

the Little Blackwater River, are low-gradient 

streams. Other tributaries, such as Yoakum Run 

and Freeland Run, originate on mountain sides and 

fall rapidly to the valley floor before joining the 

Blackwater mainstem. Beavers have constructed 

dams on many Canaan Valley streams, flooding 

stream margins and forming deep pools and wet 

meadow-marshes. In other areas, particularly in 

the northern end of the valley, peat bogs have 

developed where a shallow confining layer of 

weathered limestone restricts drainage. Stream 

channels in these areas have cut down beneath the 

level of the bog, and at low flow there is little surface contact between the wetlands and the streams. 

The combined drainage area of the Little Blackwater River and Glade Run is 15.47 mi2. Glade Run 

originates in the southern end of the valley and 

joins the Little Blackwater 0.8 mi upstream from 

its confluence with the Blackwater River. The Little Blackwater drains a large part of the northern 

end of the valley, including many acres of undeveloped wetlands. The study area ended on the mainstem 2.8 mi upstream from Davis, W. Va., and did 

not include Beaver Creek or Yellow Creek, tributaries that drain areas outside the valley (fig. 2).

Acknowledg merits

The authors wish to thank Dr. Ronald Fortney, of the West Virginia Division of Tourism and 

Parks and Salem-Teikyo University, for advice on 

sampling and analysis of Canaan Valley ecosystems, and Steven Bolar, Superintendent of Canaan 

Valley State Park, for providing access to research 

sites and laboratory facilities. We also thank Karen 

Bonner, President of the Tucker County Planning 

Commission, and William Brannan, of the West 

Virginia Division of Environmental Protection, for 

their assistance in promoting and facilitating the 

study. We are grateful to the many Canaan Valley 

residents and business owners who generously 

granted us access to monitoring sites and private 

wastewater-treatment plants, and to John Kimbleton, who provided analyses of biochemical oxygen 

demand. The study benefited greatly from the contributions of Janet Fletcher, Lisa Gatens, Jane 

Hunnicutt, Terence Messinger, Edward Moore, 

Barton Paxton, Nancy Powers, Robin Waldron, and 

Naiming Wong, who participated through the 

USGS Volunteers for Science Program.

WATER QUALITY

A summary of the water-quality data collected during the study is presented including 

descriptions of the monitoring network, methods of 

data collection, and selected physical and chemical 

characteristics. Complete listings of data collected 

during each year of the study can be found in the 

West Virginia Water-Data Reports for water years 

1990, 1991, and 1992 (Ward and others, 1991, 

1992, and 1993). A water year is October of the 

previous year through September of the identified 

year.

Description of Monitoring Network

A water-quality monitoring network was 

established in Canaan Valley in March 1990, when 

monitoring sites on Mill Run and the Blackwater 

River in Canaan Valley State Park were established. Two more mainstem sites, Blackwater 

River on Timberline Road and Blackwater River at 

Cortland, W. Va., and one tributary site, North 

Branch at Cortland, W. Va., were added in April

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 5
1990. The final two monitoring sites were established on Club Run and Yoakum Run in May 1990. 

All eight sites were sampled in May, June, July, 

August, and September 1990. In 1991, all sites 

except Club Run were sampled six times, at intervals of about 2 months, beginning in January and 

continuing through November. Club Run was 

sampled in March, May, and November 1991. 

Sampling was conducted in January, April, May, 

July, and August 1992, at all sites except Club Run, 

Mill Run, and the Blackwater River at Cortland. 

The latter three sites were sampled either three or 

four times in 1992. Brief descriptions of each network monitoring site follow. Locations of the 

monitoring sites are shown in figure 3 and sampling dates and times are listed in table 1.

Club Run near headwaters (390059079283401)-

The farthest upstream of the eight monitoring sites 

was located in Canaan Valley State Park, near the 

headwaters of Club Run. The site was chosen to 

represent conditions of a first-order tributary of the 

Blackwater River, upstream from State Park treatment facilities. Club Run at this point is narrow 

(usually less than 2 ft wide) and has a low gradient. 

The stream runs along the edge of the Greenbrier 

limestone area of the park and is underlain by shale 

and sandstone of the Mauch Chunk Group. A 

small impoundment is upstream from the monitoring site and a wastewater treatment plant discharges about 0.1 mi downstream from the site. 

Surrounding vegetation is mostly hardwood forest 

interspersed with small lowland marshes. Most of 

the watershed was used for farming, but now is 

part of Canaan Valley State Park. Club Run joins 

the Blackwater River about 2.6 mi downstream 

from the monitoring site. Total drainage area of 

Club Run is about 1.6 mi2.

Mill Run at Canaan Valley State Park, W. Va. 

(390136079273301)-T:he monitoring site on Mill 

Run was located near the center of Canaan Valley 

State Park, at the southern boundary of an 18-hole 

golf course. The site was selected because of the 

range of recreational activities in its watershed, 

which includes golfing, camping, skiing, hiking, 

and other park activities. Just downstream from 

the site, the stream passes through a culvert under 

the main park road, and then meanders for about 

1.6 mi through wet meadow-marsh and shrub-type

6 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

vegetation before joining the Blackwater River. 

The site is underlain by Greenbrier limestone. Two 

wastewater discharges and the park ski area are 

upstream from the site. Beaver dams caused adjacent lowlands upstream and downstream from the 

site to be flooded; the park also supports large populations of white-tailed deer and Canada geese. 

Total drainage area of Mill Run is about 4.1 mi2.

Blackwater River at Canaan Valley State Park, W. 

Va. (03065050)-The first monitoring site on the

Blackwater mainstem was located in Canaan Val- i

ley State, Park, about 0.8 mi upstream from the 

State Route 32 bridge. The site is downstream 

from wastewater discharges on Mill Run and Club 

Run, and from a small reservoir used for drinking 

water and golf-course irrigation in the park. Drainage area at the site is 9.48 mi2. Although the headwaters of the river are on the slopes of Canaan 

Mountain and are underlain by sandstone and 

shale, most of the mainstem in Canaan Valley State 

Park is within the band of Greenbrier limestone 

that encircles the valley floor. The streambed is 

predominantly sand and silt, and usually maintains 

extensive beds of filamentous green algae (Spirogyra), eelgrass (Vallisneria americana), and pondweed (Pbtamogeton) in summer. Bank vegetation 

consists primarily of dense alder and spirea thickets. The sampling point was 30.9 mi upstream 

from the mouth of the river. River stage was 

recorded continuously at the site from January 

through August 1992.

Blackwater River on Timberline Road 

(390211079253601)~T:his site is located where 

Timberline Road crosses the Blackwater River, 

about 2.1 mi downstream from the Route 32 crossing (mainstem river mile 28.0). The site is underlain by limestone and is surrounded by alder 

thickets and old-field vegetation. Samples were 

collected on the upstream side of Timberline Road. 

The streambed is mostly sand, with beds of eelgrass and pondweed. There are two wastewater 

discharges in the watershed between the Timberline Road site and the next upstream site in Canaan 

Valley State Park. The site includes the drainage 

from Freeland Run and was chosen to represent 

conditions in the southern and most heavily developed part of the valley. Drainage area at the site is 

about 13.5 mi2.
39°15*

39°7'30"

39°00'

79°30'

STREAM-DATA-COLLECTION SITES

79°20'

SITE IDENTIFIER

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

SITE NAME

Club Run near headwaters

Mill Run at Canaan Valley State Park, W.Va.

Blackwater River at Canaan Valley State Park, W.Va.

Blackwater River on Timberline Road

Yoakum Run at mouth

Blackwater River at Cortland, W.Va.

North Branch at Cortland, W.Va.

Blackwater River near Davis, W.Va.

Blackwater River at Davis, W.Va.

Blackwater Falls 

State Park

EXPLANATION

CONTINUOUS-RECORD GAGING STATION

COMBINED CONTINUOUS-RECORD GAGING 

STATION AND WATER-QUALITY-MONITORING 

SITE

WATER-QUALITY-MONITORING SITE

Base map from U.S. Geological Survey, 1:100,000 3 MILES

3 KILOMETERS

Figure 3. Locations of Canaan Valley streamflow and water-quality-monitoring sites.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 7
Table 1. Sampling dates and times for Canaan Valley stream-data-collection sites

Date

May 14, 1990

June 25, 1990

July 18, 1990

August 24, 1990

September 25, 1990

March 1, 1990

April 4, 1990

May 14, 1990

June 25, 1990

July 18, 1990

August 23, 1990

September 25, 1990

Time Date Time

Club Run Near Headwaters - 3900!

1800

1730

1615

0845

1630

March 6, 1991 08

Date Time

59079283401

00

May 13, 1991 18^5

November 20, 1991 15

Mill Run at Canaan Vallev State Park. W.Va

0900

1330

1615

1600

1300

1715

1430

January 8, 1991 13

40

May 29, 1992

July 14, 1992

August 19, 1992

0819

1315

1100

.-390136079273301

00

March 6, 1991 1000

May 13, 1991

July 30, 1991

August 2 1,1991

1700

1115

0815

November 21, 1991 0830

Blackwater River in Canaan Valley State Park, W.Va

March 1, 1990

April 6, 1990

May 16, 1990

June 27, 1990

July 18, 1990

August 24, 1990

September 26, 1990

1130

0845

0915

0845

1445

1045

0830

January 8, 1991

March 6, 1991

May 15, 1991

July 30, 1991

1445

1145

OS'30

1400

August 21, 1991 ld30

November 2 1,1991 1000

January 29, 1992

May 29, 1992

July 14, 1992

August 18, 1992

- 03065050

January 29, 1992

April 1, 1992

May 29, 1992

July 14, 1992

August 18, 1992

1715

1158

1415

1100

1515

1300

1027

1510

1600

Blackwater River on Timberline Road - 39021 1079253601

April 5, 1990

May 15, 1990

June 26, 1990

July 19, 1990

August 23, 1990

September 25, 1990

1730

1830

1645

1500

1300

1220

January 9, 1991

March 5, 1991 * May 14, 1991

July 3 1,1991

August 20, 1991

November 20, 19

8 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

1440

1545

0800

1415

1630

91 13 50

January 30, 1992

April 1, 1992

May 28, 1992

July 14, 1992

August 18, 1992

0845

1100

1624

1433

1315
Table 1 . Sampling dates and times for Canaan Valley stream-data-collection sites-Continued

Date Time Date Time Date Time

Yoakum Run at Mouth - 390346079244801

May 15, 1990

June 26, 1990

July 19, 1990

August 23, 1990

September 25, 1990

1615

1445

1315

1030

1030

January 9, 1991

March 5, 1991

May 14, 1991

August 1, 1991

August 20, 1991

November 30, 1991

Blackwater River at Cortland,

April 5, 1990

May 15, 1990

June 26, 1990

July 19, 1990

August 23, 1990

September 25, 1990

1530

1500

1345

1200

0900

0900

January 9, 1991

March 5, 1991

May 14, 1991

August 20, 1991

November 20, 1991

North Branch at Cortland, W.Va.

April 5, 1990

May 15, 1990

June 26, 1990

July 18, 1990

August 23, 1990

September 24, 1990

1215

1200

1115

1745

1500

1700

January 9, 1991

March 5, 1991

May 15, 1991

July 31, 1991

August 20, 1991

November 20, 1991

Blackwater River near Davis,

March 1, 1990

April 5, 1990

May 15, 1990

June 26, 1990

July 19, 1990

August 22, 1990

September 24, 1990

1600

0915

0930

0930

0930

1530

1420

January 7, 1991

March 4, 1991

May 14, 1991

August 1, 1991

August 19, 1991

November 19, 1991

1330

1315

1200

1245

1400

1130

January 30, 1992

April 1, 1992

May 28, 1992

July 14, 1992

August 19, 1992

1300

1700

1314

1500

1430

W.Va. - 03065200

1230

1115

1045

1200

1010

January 30, 1992

April 1, 1992

May 28, 1992

1100

1515

1510

- 390400079253301

0830

0830

1130

0948

0830

0815

January 29, 1992

April 1, 1992

May 28, 1992

July 15, 1992

August 18, 1992

0815

0825

1120

1030

1015

W.Va. - 03065400

1615

1645

1715

1358

1745

1530

January 29, 1992

March 31, 1992

May 28, 1992

July 16, 1992

August 19, 1992

1145

1550

0745

1415

1030

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 9
Yoakum Run at mouth (390346079244801)-i:he

headwaters of Yoakum Run are located on the 

slopes of Cabin Mountain near a large ski area and 

real-estate development. The stream has a steep 

gradient for the first 0.8 mi and then flattens as it 

passes first through the Mauch Chunk band, then 

through limestone, and finally joins the Blackwater 

River in the Pocono sandstone area. The drainage 

area of Yoakum Run at the mouth is 2.1 mi and 

includes numerous beaver dams and pools with 

shrub-swamp communities. The monitoring site 

was about 300 ft upstream from the mouth. The 

streambed is sand and gravel; bank vegetation consists of hardwood trees and shrubs. A wastewater 

treatment facility discharges into a small stream 

that empties into Yoakum Run about 1.3 mi 

upstream from the monitoring site.

Blackwater River at Cortland (03065200)--The

Blackwater mainstem runs close to the Cortland 

area but is separated from it by a ridge of Pocono 

sandstone. Further downstream, the river flows 

westward and is joined by North Branch. The sampling point was at river mile 24.3, just downstream 

from the mouth of Yoakum Run. Drainage area at 

the sampling point is 18.5 mi2. The streambed is 

primarily rock and gravel; surrounding vegetation 

consists of upland hardwood trees and shrubs. 

River stage was recorded continuously at the site 

from October 1991 through August 1992.

North Branch at Cortland (390400079253301)-

The North Branch of the Blackwater River is 

underlain by limestone and receives water from 

numerous springs and seeps. The monitoring site 

is surrounded by agricultural land and cattle frequently enter the water to drink upstream. Two 

developments discharge treated wastewater into 

the upper North Branch; other developments discharge into small streams that empty into North 

Branch. The headwaters of the stream is heavily 

developed, whereas downstream is primarily undeveloped with limited access provided only by jeep 

trails. Beaver dams impound the stream at several 

points in the headwaters, producing deep pools 

even during low-flow periods. The downstream 

reach of the stream is shallow, creating favorable 

conditions for algae growth. Sampling was conducted near the headwaters, about 4.5 mi upstream 

from the confluence with the Blackwater main10 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

stem. Drainage area at the sampling point is 5.6 

mi2. The streambed is sand in the shallow reaches 

and silts in the beaver pools. There are two wastewater treatment plants discharging into North 

Branch and two others discharging into tributaries 

that flow into North Branch. The sampling site is 

representative of conditions in the headwaters 

where land use is primarily recreational and farming.

Blackwater River near Davis, W. Va. (03065400)-

The most downstream site in the monitoring network was at mile 14.0 on the Blackwater mainstem, about 2.8 mi upstream from Davis, W. Va. 

The streambed is rocky; surrounding vegetation is 

upland forest and shrubs. The Blackwater River at 

this point drains about 55.0 mi2. River stage was 

monitored continuously at the site from November 

1991 through August 1992.

Methods of Data Collection

Each monitoring site was sampled periodically fof streamflow and 29 water-quality properties and constituents. Some properties were 

determined at the site, either in situ or immediately 

after collection of a water sample. Other constituents were determined from water samples that were 

collected, preserved, and shipped to the USGS 

National Water-Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in 

Arvada, Colo., for analysis. Water samples collected in August 1991 at seven of the eight monitoring sites were analyzed for several commonlyused pesticides and herbicides. Samples were preserved and shipped to the NWQL for analysis.

Field Methods

pischarge, specific conductance, pH, water 

temperature, air temperature, barometric pressure, 

DO concentration, concentrations of fecal-coliform 

and fetal-streptococcus bacteria, and alkalinity 

were measured at each water-quality monitoring 

site. Discharge was measured with current meters 

according to methods described by Rantz and others (1982). Continuous-discharge records were 

calculated at the three gaging stations by recording 

water levels and developing stage-discharge relationships to convert water levels to discharge. Dis-
charges at the Timberline Road site usually were 

estimated by subtracting the Yoakum Run discharge from that of the Blackwater River at Cortland. Specific conductance was measured with a 

Labline Model MC-1 or a YSI Model 33 S-C-T 

meter; pH was measured with an Orion 250A pH 

meter, and water temperature was measured either 

with a mercury thermometer or a thermistor on 

water samples collected from the center of the 

streamflow. Dissolved oxygen concentration was 

determined at most sites by Winkler titration 

(American Public Health Association and others, 

1989, p. 4-152). For some samples, a YSI Model 

55 DO-temperature meter was used to measure DO 

concentration and water temperature. Methods for 

field measurements are described in Fishman and 

Friedman (1989). Fecal streptococcus and fecal 

coliform bacteria concentrations were determined 

by the membrane-filter method (coliforms: 0.65 

|um, M-FC media incubated at 44.5°C; streptococci: 0.45 u,m, KF agar incubated at 35°C), in 

water collected in a sterile bottle from the center of 

the streamflow (Britton and Greeson, 1987).

Water samples for laboratory analysis were 

grab samples, collected by dipping an acid-washed 

glass bottle or plastic bucket into the center of the 

streamflow. Whenever stream depths were greater 

than 1 ft, water samples were collected by the 

equal-transit-rate/equal-width increment method 

(U.S. Geological Survey Quality of Water Service 

Unit, 1990). Samples were prepared for analysis of 

dissolved constituents by filtering through a nitrocellulose membrane filter of 0.45 |um porosity.

Laboratory Analyses

Water samples were analyzed at the NWQL 

for concentrations of dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium; dissolved sulfate, 

chloride, and fluoride; dissolved solids (residue on 

evaporation at 180°C); total and dissolved nitritenitrogen plus nitrate-nitrogen, total and dissolved 

ammonia-nitrogen, total organic-nitrogen; total 

phosphorus and dissolved orthophosphorus; dissolved iron, dissolved manganese, and dissolved 

organic carbon. Note that hardness was calculated 

from the sums of the concentrations of calcium and 

magnesium, sampling for dissolved organic carbon 

was discontinued after the first year (1990), and

analyses of dissolved iron and manganese did not 

begin until March 1991. Analytical methods are 

described in detail by Fishman and Friedman 

(1989) and by Fishman (1993).

Once during August 1991, additional water 

samples were collected at seven of the eight monitoring sites and transmitted to the NWQL for analysis for 24 triazine herbicides and other nitrogencontaining compounds, 17 organochlorine compounds, 11 organophosphate insecticides, and 6 

chlorophenoxy-acid herbicides. Common names 

of the organic contaminants are listed in table 2, 

together with the minimum reporting limits for the 

methods used.

Quality-Assurance Procedures

Assurance of reliable field data was accomplished by maintaining calibrated instruments, preparing records of calibration and other pertinent 

data, and conducting blind-sample surveys. Assurance of reliable laboratory data was accomplished 

by preparing blank samples and relying on established laboratory quality-assurance procedures.

Field procedures. All field instruments were calibrated before use according to the manufacturers' 

recommended procedures, to standards prepared by 

the USGS Quality of Water Service Unit in Ocala, 

Fla. Thermistor and thermometer responses were 

compared with responses from a standard thermometer calibrated at the National Institute of 

Standards and Technology. Barometric pressure 

was measured with an analog barometer calibrated 

by adjustment to pressure measured by a mercury 

barometer maintained by the National Weather 

Service in Charleston, W. Va. Sterility of equipment and media used to determine concentrations 

of fecal bacteria was verified by filtering a volume 

of sterile dilution water and culturing the resulting 

filter at each site. There were no instances of bacterial contamination during the study period. 

Instrument calibration and other quality-assurance 

data were recorded on USGS surface water-quality 

field forms and stored permanently at the USGS 

West Virginia District Office. Field personnel 

involved in routine monitoring were required to 

participate in a blind-sample survey for water-quality-measurement procedures.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 11
Table 2. Pesticides and other organic contaminants studied at Canaan Valley stream-data-collection sites, 

August 1991 |

[ji/L = micrograms per liter; tot. = total; tot. rec. = total recoverable]

Analyte,

common

name

Prometryne, tot. rec.

Atrazine, tot. rec.

Prometone, tot. rec.

Simazine, tot, rec.

Simetryn, tot. rec.

Propazine, tot. rec.

Cyanazine, tot. rec.

Ametryne, tot. rec.

Alachlor, tot. rec.

Trifluralin, tot. rec.

Metribuzin, tot. rec.

Metalochlor, tot, rec.

Perthane, tot.

Chlordane, tot.

Toxaphene, tot.

ODD, tot.

DDE, tot.

DOT, tot.

Dieldrin, tot.

Endrin, tot.

Heptachlor, tot.

Heptachlor epoxide, tot.

Lindane, tot.

PCB's, tot.

PCN's, tot.

Methoxychlor, tot.

2,4-D, tot.

2,4,5-T, tot.

Silvex, tot.

Laboratory

reporting Analyte,

level common

(|i/L) name

Triazines and Other Nitrogen-Containing Herbicides

0.10 Terbacil, tot. rec.

.10

.20

.10

.10

.10

.20

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

Bromacil, tot. rec.

Carbpxin, tot. rec.

Diphienamid, tot. rec.

Hexazinone, tot. rec.

Vernolate, tot. rec.

Butaphlor, tot. rec.

Cycloate, tot. rec.

Butylate, tot. rec.

Propachlor, tot. rec.

De-e|thyl atrazine, tot. rec.

De-i&opropyl atrazine, tot. rec.

Organochlorine Compounds and OrsanoDhosohorus Insecticides

.1

.1

1

.001

.001

.001

.001

1 

Mire]x, tot.

Endosulfan, tot.

Aldrin, tot.

Diazlanon, tot.

Ethion, tot.

Malathion, tot.

Methylparathion, tot.

.001 Parathion, tot.

.001 Trithion, tot.

.001 Fonofos, tot. rec.

.001 DEE, tot.

.10 Chlqrpyrifos, tot. rec.

.10 Disyston, tot.

.01 Phoijate, tot.

|

Chlorophenoxy Acid Herbihides

.01 2,4-DP, tbt.

.01 Picloram], tot.

.01 Dicambai, tot.

Laboratory

reporting

level

(M/L)

0.20

.20

.20

.10

.20

.10

.20

.10

.10

.10

.20

.20

.01

.001

.001

.001

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

12 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
Laboratory procedures. Quality-assurance of 

analytical-sample collection and preparation procedures consisted of processing several field blanks 

containing deionized water. The deionized water 

was produced by the USGS West Virginia District 

Office in Charleston and was also used for final 

rinsing during all cleaning procedures. Twelve sets 

of blanks were analyzed during the study nine in 

1991 and three in 1992. Blanks were tested for all 

inorganic constituents; blanks were not analyzed 

for pesticides, organic contaminants, or dissolved 

organic carbon. All blanks were contaminated 

with small amounts of dissolved calcium. The 

median dissolved-calcium concentration of the 

blank (0.06 mg/L) was less than 2 percent of the 

minimum sample concentration and less than 0.05 

percent of the median sample concentration. Dissolved ammonia-nitrogen contaminated 80 percent 

of the blanks. In this case, the median blank concentration (0.02 mg/L) was equal to the median 

sample concentration. Therefore, dissolved ammonia-nitrogen concentrations in this report should 

not be considered reliable. Total ammonia-nitrogen analyses were not contaminated, indicating 

that the dissolved ammonia-nitrogen contamination could have come from improperly rinsed cellulose-nitrate filters that were used to prepare the 

sample for analysis of dissolved constituents. Dissolved chloride contaminated 70 percent of the 

blanks. The median concentration of the blank (0.3 

mg/L) exceeded the minimum sample concentration and was about 10 percent of the median sample concentration. Fewer than 30 percent of the 

blanks were contaminated with dissolved fluoride 

at a concentration (0.1 mg/L) equal to the median 

sample concentration and also equal to the minimum reporting level for that constituent. Other 

blanks contained small amounts of dissolved magnesium, sulfate, iron, and manganese. Each of 

these constituents was present in fewer than 30 percent of the blanks, with a concentration lower than 

8 percent of the minimum sample concentration. 

The source of the contamination could have been 

the deionized blank water.

Quality-assurance procedures conducted by 

the analytical laboratory are described by Pritt and 

Raese (1992). In some sample analyses, the concentrations of one or more dissolved constituents 

exceeded the total concentrations of the same constituents. This difference was generally much 

lower than 10 percent and is not unusual, considering the low concentrations of these constituents.

Selected Physical and Chemical 

Characteristics

Water-quality data collected from March 

1990 through August 1992 are summarized in 

table 3 (at end of report) for eight sites in the waterquality monitoring network. Summary statistics, 

including median, maximum, and minimum values, for all samples at each of the monitoring sites 

are discussed below. Additionally, relations among 

selected constituents and seasonal changes in 

streamflow are examined in separate report sections. Where appropriate, measured concentrations 

and values are compared to State water-quality 

limits for rivers and streams. Values obtained for 

most water-quality properties and constituents 

determined for Canaan Valley streams were within 

State water-quality limits.

Highest median values and highest maximum values for specific conductance, hardness, 

and concentrations of dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids were recorded for the 

Mill Run and North Branch monitoring sites (table 

3). Lowest median values and lowest minimum 

values for the same characteristics were recorded 

for Club Run and Yoakum Run. Ionic concentrations at the four mainstem monitoring sites usually 

were intermediate between those of the two groups 

of tributaries. These statistics indicate that water 

quality in Canaan Valley streams is influenced by 

the underlying geology and by land use in the 

drainage area. Stream chemistry in the valley is 

strongly affected by ground-water chemistry, especially during periods of low flow when ground 

water contributes most of the streamflow. The 

effect of ground water on the chemistry of Canaan 

Valley surface water is demonstrated by differences in the concentrations of major ions and other 

chemical properties at the eight monitoring sites.

Weathering of limestone generally results in 

higher concentrations of ionic constituents than 

does weathering of sandstone and shale. Mill Run

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 13
and North Branch receive most of their ground 

water inflows from the Greenbrier limestone. The 

other two tributaries, Club Run and Yoakum Run, 

are fed mainly by ground water from the Mauch 

Chunk and Pocono Groups and concentrations of 

most ionic constituents were lower. Ionic concentrations at the four mainstem monitoring sites indicate the combination of tributary flows and local 

groundwater inflows.

Of the major ionic constituents measured, 

only chloride concentration is regulated by State 

water-quality limits. The highest dissolved chloride concentration determined in this study (15 

mg/L in Mill Run) was well below the State waterquality limit of 250 mg/L (West Virginia Water 

Resources Board, 1991).

Specific Conductance, Hardness, Alkalinity, 

and Dissolved Solids

Specific conductance, hardness, alkalinity, 

and the concentration of dissolved solids are properties that are related to the concentrations and 

types of dominant ions in a water sample (Hem, 

1985). Conductance is the ability of water to conduct an electrical current. Its value increases as the 

total ionic concentration increases. Hardness is 

calculated from the concentrations of dissolved 

calcium and magnesium ions. Alkalinity is a measure of the acid-neutralizing capacity of a water 

sample and is mainly dependent on the quantities 

of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in Canaan Valley 

streams. Both hardness and alkalinity are 

expressed in terms of equivalent concentrations of 

calcium carbonate (CaCO3). In Canaan Valley 

streams, these properties are directly related to the 

geochemistry of ground-water inflows.

Median values for specific conductance 

ranged from 57 jiS/cm in Yoakum Run to 121 

io,S/cm at the North Branch site (table 3). The 

median specific conductance of the mainstem sites 

increased downstream from Canaan Valley State 

Park to Timberline Road and then decreased further downstream. The decrease probably was due 

to the addition of tributary water with lower specific conductance, but could also result from 

inflows of ground water with lower specific conductance. Specific conductance was inversely cor14 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

related to streamflow at all monitoring sites. The 

relation was similar for the four mainstem sampling locations.

i 

Based on the classification given by Durfor

and Becker (1964, p. 27), water in Canaan Valley 

streams ip soft to moderately hard. Median values 

for hardrjess measured during the study period 

ranged fijom 20 mg/L in Club Run to 56 mg/L in 

Mill Run, (table 3). Maximum values as high as 94 

mg/L and 100 mg/L were determined for Mill Run 

and North Branch, respectively, which had the 

highest percentage of limestone underlying their 

drainage! basins. The highest values were measured during low-flow periods in late summer 

1991. The State of West Virginia does not set a 

limit for hardness of surface water. State limits for 

cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc, 

howeverj, are based on the hardness of the water. 

Allowable concentrations of these metals increase 

as hardness increases (West Virginia Water 

Resources Board, 1991), because the presence of 

calcium and magnesium ions reduces toxicity of 

the metals to aquatic organisms.

i

Most alkalinity measurements in the streams 

were low (median value for all monitoring sites 

equaled 26 mg/L), but seem to reflect the effect of 

the underlying geology. Median alkalinities were 

highest in Mill Run and North Branch (39 and 34 

mg/L, respectively). Maximum values also were 

highest for these sites (63 and 83 mg/L, respectively). ,The lowest median alkalinity measured 

was 9 rrig/L in Club Run, which has a mixture of 

carbonate and noncarbonate rocks in its drainage 

basin. The generally low alkalinity of Canaan Valley surface water indicates that streams in the valley would not be resistant to chemical changes 

resulting from increases in acid deposition.

Relations among specific conductance, alkalinity, and streamflow during the 30-month sampling period are shown for the four Blackwater 

mainstem monitoring sites in figure 4. Highest 

flows each year were during late winter and early 

spring (January through April). These periods usually had the lowest specific conductances and alkalinities. 1 Hardness and concentrations of dissolved 

solids, though not shown in figure 4, followed similar patterns. Maximum specific conductances and
o zo

CC LU LU 

OOQ

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CANAAN VALLEY STATE PARK, VW

, Specific conductance

g 40

£ 20

Alkalinity

_ Discharge

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

L Alkalinity

1 Discharge

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

BLACKWATER RIVER ON TIMBERLINE ROAD BLACKWATER RIVER NEAR DAVIS, WV

W pZ OC

o z o

OC LU UJ 

OOD

is 60

g=i 40

gg 20

	0

si 15°

yg 100

R£ so

L Discharge

Specific conductance

. Alkalinity

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

- Discharge

'. Alkalinity

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

Figure 4. Data collected from March 1990 to August 1992 at the Blackwater River water-quality-monitoring sites 

for discharge, specific conductance, and alkalinity.

alkalinities occurred during periods when streamflow was at or near base flow, usually in late summer and early fall (July through November). At 

base flow, all water in streams is derived from 

ground water and surface-water chemistry is determined by ground-water chemistry. As flows 

increase, the contributions from diluted surface 

runoff and tributary inflows increase, and properties derived from ionic concentrations decrease.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Nitrogen and phosphorus are plant nutrients 

that can, in sufficient quantities, cause algal 

blooms and excessive growth of higher plants in 

streams. Ecologically significant forms of nitrogen 

include nitrate-nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen 

present in runoff from fertilized fields and in

wastewater discharges, nitrogen oxides produced 

by combustion and subsequently dissolved in precipitation, and organic nitrogen produced by 

microbial processes. Phosphorus is common in 

some types of rock and is present in forms that are 

available for plant uptake in municipal and industrial wastewater discharges. Nitrogen and phosphorus are important components of living tissue 

and enter into complex cycles that include metabolic transformations.

The Blackwater River, upstream from Davis, 

W. Va., is subject to State water-quality limits of 10 

mg/L for dissolved nitrate-nitrogen, 0.06 mg/L for 

dissolved nitrite-nitrogen, and 0.05 mg/L for the 

un-ionized form of dissolved ammonia-nitrogen 

(NH3) (West Virginia Water Resources Board, 

1991). The maximum measured concentration of

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 15
dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen was 0.60 

mg/L and that of un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen 

was 0.01 mg/L. Concentrations of un-ionized 

ammonia-nitrogen are calculated from total ammonia-nitrogen concentrations, taking the effects of 

temperature and pH on the equilibrium between the 

ionized and un-ionized forms into account. Concentrations of dissolved orthophosphorus were low 

(median for all monitoring sites equaled 0.01 

mg/L) compared to regional values (0.1 mg/L for 

the Ohio River, Hem, 1985, p. 128).

Volume-weighted mean concentrations of 

dissolved nitrate-nitrogen and dissolved ammonianitrogen samples of precipitation collected at Fernow Experimental Forest in Parsons, W. Va. (fig. 

1), were 1.6 mg/L and 0.20 mg/L during 1991, 

respectively (Adams and others, 1993). For 

Canaan Valley water-quality monitoring sites, the 

median concentrations of dissolved nitrite-plusnitrate nitrogen and that of dissolved ammonianitrogen were 0.2 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively 

from March 1990 through August 1992, although 

the latter value is uncertain because of possible 

contamination during sample preparation. These 

data indicate that precipitation was a major source 

of inorganic nitrogen in Canaan Valley streams 

during the study period. Precipitation that eventually falls on the Canaan Valley side of the Allegheny Mountains contains high concentrations of 

nitrogen and sulfur oxides, derived mainly from 

industrial sources in the Ohio River Valley (Miller, 

1988, p. 329). Precipitation could be a significant 

source of nitrate in many Canaan Valley wetlands 

and streams. Much of the sulfate in streams, however, is probably derived from dissolution of pyrite 

by ground water. The median concentration of dissolved sulfate for all water-quality monitoring sites 

(6.2 mg/L) was more than twice that of the mean 

concentration for 1991 precipitation (2.8 mg/L, 

Adams and others, 1993).

Seasonal changes in the dissolved nitritenitrogen plus nitrate-nitrogen and the total ammonia-nitrogen plus organic-nitrogen concentrations 

are compared to changes in streamflow for the four 

Blackwater River mainstem monitoring sites 

shown in figure 5. In all cases, the dissolved nitrogen was highest during periods of high streamflow, 

indicating that the main source of dissolved nitrate16 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

nitrogen was surface runoff and lending further 

support to the idea that precipitation is an important sour9e of nitrate. A similar pattern was determined for dissolved orthophosphorus. Changes in 

total amrnonia-nitrogen plus organic-nitrogen concentrations are mainly because of changes in nitrogen-containing paniculate organic matter, 

including organic matter produced within the 

stream and wastes discharged to the stream. Highest concentrations of these paniculate materials 

were prelsent in the Blackwater River during summer moEjths (fig. 5), when rates of production of 

organic ijnatter would be expected to be high.

pH and Dissolved Oxygen

Stream pH is a measure of the effective concentration (activity) of hydrogen ions in water. An 

increase in hydrogen ion concentration causes

water to become more acidic, but results in a lower i

pH valu£ because the pH scale is inversely related 

to hydrdgen ion content. The pH of stream water 

in most areas that have not been affected by pollution ranges from about 6.5 to 8.5 (Hem, 1985, p. 

64). Median pH values in Canaan Valley streams 

ranged rrom 6.7 at the Canaan Valley State Park 

mainstem site to 7.6 at the mainstem site near Cortland, Wf Va. (table 3). Maximum pH during the 

sampling period was 8.7 at Mill Run; minimum pH 

was 5.8 at the mouth of Yoakum Run. The acidic 

minimum pH values are probably due to dissolved 

organic acids, the presence of which also imparts a 

yellow JDrown color to the Blackwater River and 

other Cjanaan Valley streams, and could also result 

from inflows of acidic ground water or precipitation. The median pH of ground water from 50 

Canaan Valley wells and springs sampled in July 

1991 wlas 7.3, and the minimum was 3.8 (Mark 

Kozar, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 

1994). The mean pH of precipitation falling at Fernow Experimental Forest in 1991 was 4.2 (Adams 

and others, 1993).

Dissolved oxygen is required by many 

stream organisms and is a strong indicator of 

streamwater quality. Most DO concentrations 

measured at Canaan Valley monitoring sites were 

higher than the minimum State water-quality limit 

of 6.0 mg/L. Median recorded DO concentrations 

ranged from 7.6 mg/L in Club Run to 10.0 mg/L at
8

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CANAAN VALLEY STATE PARK, WV

;§! a*

!s£ 0.2

. Discharge

Dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen

Total ammoma-plus-organic nitrogen

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

- Total ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CORTLAND WV

Dissolved nitfite-plus-nitrate nitrogen

', Discharge

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

BLACKWATER RIVER ON TIMBERLINE ROAD BLACKWATER RIVER NEAR DAVIS, WV

£ o £ 

gdt 

o s ^

. Discharge

Dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen

Total ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

Dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen

- Total ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen

Discharge

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 1991 I 1992

Figure 5. Data collected from March 1990 to August 1992 at the Blackwater River water-quality-monitoring sites 

for discharge, dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen, and total ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen. 

[Minimum reporting level (dashed line) for dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen was 0.1 milligrams 

per liter for samples collected in 1990 and was 0.5 milligrams per liter for all other samples; 

open circles are sample concentrations below the minimum reporting level.]

the Mill Run monitoring site (table 3). Maximum 

DO concentrations ranged from 10.3 mg/L in Club 

Run to 13.4 mg/L at the downstream mainstem 

monitoring site near Davis, W. Va. The maximum 

DO concentrations were 97 and 112 percent, 

respectively, of the saturation concentrations of DO 

at the corresponding water temperatures and atmospheric pressures. A concentration of 13.1 mg/L 

measured at the Timberline Road monitoring site 

in July 1991 was equal to 182 percent of the saturation concentration.

The DO concentration of a stream is affected 

by air and water temperature, atmospheric pressure, hydraulic characteristics of the stream, metabolic activity of stream organisms, and the amount

of readily degradable organic matter present. Dissolved oxygen enters a stream by atmospheric 

exchange, by transport in inflowing water, or by 

photosynthesis. Losses of DO occur as a result of 

atmospheric exchange or by respiratory DO consumption by stream organisms. When the DO concentration of water is at equilibrium with that of the 

atmosphere, the water is said to be 100 percent saturated with DO. Removal of DO by respiration 

can cause the water to be lower than 100 percent 

saturation. A high rate of photosynthetic DO production, coupled with daytime warming, which 

lowers the solubility of oxygen in water, can result 

in DO concentrations that exceed the saturation 

concentration. Although there are physical processes that can result in DO supersaturation, it is

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 17
likely that the supersaturation measured in Canaan 

Valley streams was due mainly to photosynmetic 

activity.

A DO concentration of 5.5 mg/L was measured on one occasion at the Club Run monitoring 

site and DO concentrations ranging from 5.3 to 5.8 

mg/L were measured on five occasions at the 

Canaan Valley State Park mainstem site. No other 

monitoring sites had DO concentrations lower than 

the State water-quality limit of 6.0 mg/L. The low 

DO concentrations were measured in May, June, 

and August 1990, and in May and August 1991. 

Seasonal changes in DO concentrations and perll

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CANAAN VALLEY STATE PARK, WV

- Dissolved oxygen

Dissolved oxygen

', Discharge

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 | 1991 | 1992

cent DO saturation at the four mainstem monitoring sites are presented in figure 6, together with 

corresponding changes in streamflow. Dissolved 

oxygen concentrations were below saturation for 

most samples at the Canaan Valley State Park site 

and were at or above saturation at the other mainstem sites,.

It is unlikely that the low DO concentrations 

were due to improper operation of the treatment 

plants although Canaan Valley State Park has five 

permitted wastewater discharge sites near the 

mainstem monitoring site. Most treatment plants 

in the valley discharge wastewater into polishing

20

10

150

50

150

100

50 

n

-

-

:

-

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CORTLAND, WV

Oissolved oxygen

" ~~ "" ~ -""^

Dissolved oxygen "

-

1 Discharge J

: . ::; N.^r^^.A. ... ..^N. , :

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

BLACKWATER RIVER ON TIMBERLINE ROAD

- Dissolved oxygen

Dissolved oxygen

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

BLACKWATER RIVER NEAR DAVIS, WV

- Dissolved oxygen

Dissolved oxygen

JPMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

Figure 6. Data collected from March 1990 to August 1992 at the Blackwater River water-quality-monitoring sites 

for discharge, dissolved oxygen, and percent saturation.

18 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
ponds and release the water to receiving streams 

only when the stabilization ponds overflow. During summer periods, most treated wastewater 

remains in the polishing ponds, and only the largest 

discharges, such as that from the Park lodge, are 

active. The mainstem monitoring site in Canaan 

Valley State Park was upstream from the Park 

lodge discharge and downstream from a small reservoir (fig. 2) that is used as a source of drinking 

water for the lodge and irrigation for the golf 

course. One possible explanation for the low DO 

concentrations occasionally measured at the park 

monitoring site is that DO was lost due to respiration at night in the upstream reservoir. This, combined with lowered rates of aeration caused by 

reduced stream velocities, would tend to reduce the 

amount of DO transported downstream to the monitoring site. (Locations of all permitted Canaan 

Valley wastewater discharge sites are listed in the 

"Field Methods, Laboratory Analyses, and Quality-Assurance Procedures" section of this report.) 

Note that the model application discussed later in 

this report indicates that at discharges similar to 

those of the 7-day, 10-year low flow, DO concentrations at the Canaan Valley State Park mainstem 

site can be supersaturated, whereas at discharges 

similar to those of this assessment, DO concentrations can be lower than the State water-quality 

limit.

Fecal Bacteria

The presence of fecal bacteria in a stream 

indicates that the water has been contaminated with 

the feces of humans or other warm-blooded animals. Such contamination can introduce diseasecausing viruses and other pathogens. Fecal bacteria can enter a stream from a point source such as a 

discharge of improperly treated wastewater, or 

from nonpoint sources such as runoff from pastures, feedlots, and urban areas. State water-quality limits set the acceptable count of fecal coliform 

bacteria in Canaan Valley streams at 200 colonies 

per 100 milliliters, measured as a monthly geometric mean based on at least five samples per month. 

There are no State limits for fecal streptococcus 

bacteria.

Counts of fecal coliform bacteria periodically exceeded the State limit at Canaan Valley

monitoring sites, although the highest frequency of 

sampling during the study period was only one 

sample per month. Maximum measured counts of 

fecal coliform bacteria ranged from 310 colonies 

per 100 mL in Club Run to 3,200 colonies per 100 

mL at the mouth of Yoakum Run (table 3). Corresponding maximum counts of fecal streptococcus 

bacteria were 290 colonies per 100 mL at Club Run 

and 3,300 colonies per 100 mL at Yoakum Run. 

Median counts, however, were much lower, ranging from 12 to 120 colonies per 100 mL for fecal 

coliform bacteria and from 12 to 69 colonies per 

100 mL for fecal streptococcus bacteria, respectively, for Club Run and Yoakum Run.

The high maximum counts measured at the 

four Blackwater mainstem monitoring sites 

occurred during the warmest months of the year, 

usually during July and August (fig. 7), and fecalcoliform bacteria counts were well below the State 

limit during most of the rest of the year. Because 

less of the treated wastewater is discharged from 

stabilization ponds in summer months than in winter and spring, it is unlikely that the warm-weather 

increases in fecal-bacteria counts measured in 

Canaan Valley streams were the result of wastewater discharges. It is more likely that the peaks are 

due to nonpoint contamination from nonhuman 

sources, including livestock and populations of 

deer, beaver, and Canada geese, and the increased 

survival of fecal bacteria at warmer water temperatures. Further study is needed to confirm this 

hypothesis and to assess the health risks associated 

with episodic bacterial contamination of Canaan 

Valley streams.

Maximum fecal-bacteria counts were higher 

at all monitoring sites in 1990 than they were in 

1991 or 1992 (fig. 7). One possible explanation for 

this difference is that streamflow and associated 

surface runoff were more variable in 1990 than in 

1991 or 1992. More of the 1990 samples would 

have been collected immediately after local storms 

than would have been the case in the following two 

years. If the bacteria are associated with nonpoint 

source runoff, counts would have been elevated 

because of the greater number of summer storms 

in 1990. It is also true, however, that sampling was 

more frequent in 1990 than during subsequent 

years of the study, which could indicate that averDissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 19
BLACKWATER RIVER AT CANAAN VALLEY STATE PARK, WV | BLACKWATER RIVER AT CORTLAND, WV

E 1,500 

j=j 1,000

I 500

8 o

CC

£ 3,000 

t/>

=E 2,000

O

O 1,000

0 

<£> w 30

si 20 m LLJ

o" 10 

0

_ Fecal coliform bacteria

Fecal streptococcus bacteria

L Water temperature

Discharge

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

BLACKWATER RIVER ON TIMBERLINE ROAD

E 2,000 

t

=j 1,000

s

8 0

1 3-°°°

^ 2,000

o

O 1,000

0

a: t/>

Sw

Fecal coliform bacteria

150

100

50

3,000

2,000

1,000 

n

_

-

-

F

-

- <

ischarge 1

y\ y\

^S^^ \. ... ,^\. ......'

1AMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 | 1991 | 1992

BLACKWATER RIVER NEAR DAVIS, WV

ecal conform bacteria J

A . ..... :

Fecal streptococcus bacteria

_ Water temperature

1 Discharge

4,000

3,000

2.000

1.000

0

30

20

10

0

400

200

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

Water temperature

Discharge

JIMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

Figure 7. Data collected from March 1990 to August 1992 at the Bllackwater River water-quality-monitoring sites 

for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus bacteria, water temperature, and discharge.

age bacteria counts may have been within a small 

range for 1990-92, but that the sampling was not 

frequent enough to detect the peaks in 1991 and 

1992.

Dissolved Iron and Manganese

Concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese were high in Canaan Valley streams during 

the study period. Dissolved-iron concentrations 

exceeded the State limit of 500 jig/L for trout 

streams at seven of the eight monitoring sites. 

Maximum concentrations ranged from 380 jig/L at 

the mainstem site near Cortland, W. Va., to 1,100

20 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

jig/L at the site near Davis, W. Va. (table 3). The 

lowest median concentration was 200 Jig/L at the 

Cortland site; the highest median concentration 

was 495 Jig/L at the mouth of Yoakum Run. Concentrations of dissolved manganese also were high. 

Maximum concentrations ranged from 38 Jig/L at 

the sit£ near Cortland to 440 jig/L in Mill Run. 

Although there is no State limit for manganese, the 

National Academy of Sciences (1972) recommends ( that the concentration of manganese in public water supplies not exceed 50 jig/L. Both iron 

and manganese are essential trace elements for 

metabolism. At high concentrations they can leave 

deposits on plumbing fixtures and can harm 

aquatic life (Landers, 1976).
Shallow streams with pH values and DO 

concentrations in the ranges of those reported for 

Canaan Valley normally contain no more than a 

few micrograms per liter of uncomplexed dissolved iron or manganese (Hem, 1985, p. 83 and 

89). Dissolved iron in ground water is quickly oxidized to a more insoluble form when the ground 

water enters a stream. The characteristic yelloworange deposits in streams receiving drainage from 

abandoned coal mines is a precipitate of oxidized 

iron. There are no coal mines, however, in the 

immediate Canaan Valley study area, although the 

Blackwater River is affected by abandoned-mine 

drainage in the reach downstream from the study 

area (Ward and Wilmouth, 1968).

The most likely explanation for the high concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese is that 

metals enter the streams in ground-water inflows to 

form complexes with organic matter derived from 

adjacent wetlands. Metal-organic complexes are 

common in streams with highly colored water 

(Hem, 1985, p. 83) and can exist in colloidal or 

particulate forms that are able to pass through a 

0.45-jj.m-porosity membrane filter (Kennedy and 

others, 1974). The amount of dissolved iron or 

manganese in streamwater samples depends on the 

quantity of inflowing ground water, the concentrations of metals in the ground water, and the residence time of ground water in wetland soil. High 

concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese 

coincided with seasonal streamflow minima at the 

four mainstem monitoring sites (fig. 8), again 

implicating ground water as the source of the metals. The extent to which high concentrations of 

organic-complexed iron and manganese adversely 

affects stream organisms is unknown.

Pesticides

Water samples collected on August 19, 20, 

and 21, 1991, from all monitoring sites except Club 

Run, were analyzed for concentrations of 24 triazine herbicides and other nitrogen-containing compounds, 17 organochlorine compounds, 11 

organophosphate insecticides, and 6 chlorophenoxy-acid herbicides (table 2). Of the 58 analytes, 

only 4~picloram, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 

(2,4-D), simazine, and lindane were detected at 

concentrations above the minimum reporting levels 

given in table 2, and all of these were significantly

lower than the maximum contaminant levels 

(MCL) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994) for drinking water. The 

State of West Virginia has not established separate 

limits for these four contaminants in rivers and 

streams.

Reportable concentrations of picloram were 

measured in samples from Mill Run (0.03 J-ig/L), at 

the Canaan Valley State Park mainstem site (0.04 

jlg/L), at the mainstem site on Timberline Road 

(0.03 jig/L), and in North Branch (0.02 jlg/L). The 

MCL for picloram is 500 Jig/L. Picloram (4- 

amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) is a chlorophenoxy acid compound that is used as a broad-spectrum herbicide to control weeds growing along 

powerlines and highways (Kroehler, 1990). Picloram can persist in soil for long periods of time (up 

to 550 days) but is rapidly degraded by sunlight 

once it reaches a stream. Although picloram travels easily through soils to enter ground water, no 

reportable concentrations were found in a set of 

five ground-water samples collected from Canaan 

Valley wells and springs in July 1991 (Mark Kozar, 

U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1994).

A second chlorophenoxy acid herbicide, 2,4- 

D, was detected at a level of 0.02 jig/L in the 

mouth of Yoakum Run. The MCL for 2,4-D is 70 

jj.g/L. The compound is used on wheat, corn, sorghum, and barley fields, and on pastures to kill 

broadleaf weeds (Kroehler, 1990). It degrades 

within weeks in soil, but can persist for days to 

months in water. A reportable concentration of 

2,4-D (0.03 jlg/L) also was found in one Canaan 

Valley well that was sampled in July 1991 (Mark 

Kozar, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 

1994).

Reportable levels of simazine and lindane 

(0.4 jig/L and 0.001 jig/L, respectively) were measured in samples from the Blackwater River mainstem monitoring site near Davis, W. Va. Simazine 

(2-chloro-4,6-Z?w[ethylamino]-l,3,5-triazine) is a 

triazine herbicide used in pre-emergence applications on corn and sorghum fields and as an algaecide. The MCL for simazine is 4 Jig/L. Lindane 

(1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) is an organochlorine insecticide used in dips, sprays, and 

dusts for livestock and pets. The MCL for lindane

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 21
BLACKWATER RIVER AT CANAAN VALLEY STATE PARK, WV I BLACKWATER RIVER AT CORTLAND, WV

- Dissolved iron

l

<d iron

'. Dissolved manganese

. Discharge

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 1991 1992

BLACKWATER RIVER ON TIMBERLINE ROAD

. Ctecha/ge

AMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

BLACKWATER RIVER NEAR DAVIS, WV

800 - Dissolved iron

400

0

o o 

o o

Dissolved manganese

. Discharge - \Discharge

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ 

1990 I 1991 I 1992

MAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJ

1990 1991 1992

Figure 8. Data collected from March 1990 to August 1992 at the Blackwater River water-quality-monitoring sites 

for discharge, dissolved iron, and dissolved manganese.

is 0.2 |ig/L. While simazine and lindane are relatively persistent in water (Kroehler, 1990), neither 

compound was detected at reportable levels in 

Canaan Valley wells and springs (Mark Kozar, 

U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1994).

PROCESSES AFFECTING DISSOLVED 

OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS

The water-quality monitoring study evaluated the combined effects of many environmental 

processes on water quality in the Blackwater River. 

Effective management of water quality requires 

knowledge of the effects of individual processes 

and of the interactions among processes. Environ- ll 

mental processes thought to strongly affect DO 

concentrations in the Blackwater River were quantified and incorporated into a mathematical 

model. The model was calibrated and verified with 

data collected during midday hours from synoptic 

surveys conducted during low-flow periods in

22 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

1991 and 1992. The model was then used to simu- i

late the effects of the 7-day, 10-year low flow 

(7Q10) on DO concentrations and carbonaceous 

biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) in the upper 

Blackwater River.

Water-Quality Model Development

A description of a water-quality model for 

the Blackwater River, including methods of calibration, verification, and sensitivity testing, is presented. Assumptions and rationales used in 

developing the model, and model limitations, are 

discussed.

! 

Model Description

QUAL2E (version 3.14; Brown and Barnwell, 1987) is a one-dimensional, steady-state, 

streamwater-quality model typically used for 

waste-allocation analysis and water-quality investi-
gallons (Mills and others, 1986). The model can 

simulate up to 15 water-quality constituents and 

properties and allows for multiple waste discharges, withdrawals, tributary flows, and incremental inflow and outflow along individual 

reaches. Details of the equations and formulations 

used in the model to simulate water-quality constituent reactions are described in a user's guide by 

Brown and Barnwell (1987). The following constituents and properties were modeled in this study:

 Stream temperature,

 Total organic nitrogen,

 Total ammonia nitrogen,

 Total nitrite nitrogen,

 Total nitrate nitrogen,

 Dissolved oxygen, and

 Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand.

Control pathways relating these constituents are 

shown in figure 9. The model was applied to simulate water quality during periods of low flow in a 

reach of the Blackwater River extending from near 

the headwaters (river mile 32, measured upstream 

from the confluence with the Cheat River) to a 

point upstream from Davis, W. Va. (river mile 

13.6).

The stream reach chosen for study was 

divided conceptually into 11 subreaches, each with 

uniform hydraulic and local environmental characteristics. The 11 subreaches were further divided 

into 0.1-mi computational elements that formed the 

basis for the model's one-dimensional, advectiondispersion calculations. All computational elements in a subreach were considered to have the

ORGANIC NITROGEN

ATMOSPHERIC 

REAERATION / DEAERATION

AMMONIA t

(SED)

NITRITE

NITRATE

DISSOLVED OXYGEN

SEDIMENT 

OXYGEN DEMAND

f6ED)

RESPIRATION

CARBONACEOUS

BIOCHEMICAL 

OXYGEN DEMAND

PRODUCTION

f

, i

i (SED)

CHLOROPHYLL-A PHOSPHORUS

I (SED) J

Figure 9. Water-quality constituents and processes evaluated by the model.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 23
same hydrogeometric properties (for example, 

stream slope, roughness, width, depth) and ecological rate constants (for example, reaeration, biochemical oxygen demand, sediment oxygen 

demand). Locations of subreaches, sampling 

points for calibration and verification, tributary 

inflows, point-source discharges, and withdrawal 

are shown schematically in figure 10.

Methods of Calibration and Verification

Data used for model calibration and verification were collected during low-flow synoptic surveys conducted on July 30-August 1, 1991, July 

14-17,1992, and August 18-19,1992. During each 

synoptic survey, 11 mainstem sites, 7 tributary 

inflows, 16 point discharges, and 1 withdrawal 

were sampled at least once during the period.

The model was calibrated using boundary 

conditions (flows and constituent concentrations 

for headwaters, tributaries, point discharges, and 

the single withdrawal) as measured during the 

August 1992 synoptic-survey data. Model coefficients and rate constants were measured whenever 

possible; coefficients that were not measured were 

set to median values obtained from published 

ranges (Bowie and others, 1985; Brown and Barnwell, 1987). These coefficients were adjusted 

when necessary, within published ranges, so that 

the model predictions of constituent concentrations 

and other system variables closely resembled the 

August 1992 survey measurements.

The calibrated model was verified using 

water-quality data collected from the other two 

synoptic surveys (July 1992 and July-August 

1991). Rate constants and system coefficients 

were the same as for the calibrated model; boundary conditions and local meteorological variables 

were taken from the appropriate synoptic-survey 

data set. Model predicted values were compared to 

measured values for constituent concentrations to 

verify that the model adequately simulates environmental processes for the Blackwater River during 

low flows.

Field methods, laboratory analyses, and qualityassurance procedures

The sampling network for collection of 

model-calibration and model-verification data is 

shown in j figure 11. Data collected for each synoptic surve^ monitoring site included discharge, barometric pressure, air temperature, water 

temperature, DO concentration, CBOD, specific 

conductance, and concentrations of total organicnitrogen, total nitrite-nitrogen, total nitrate-nitrogen, and [total ammonia-nitrogen. Sampling, 

analyses, and quality-assurance procedures were as 

described previously in this report. Additionally, 

estimates of the percentage of cloud cover and the 

percentage of shade at the stream surface were 

made at jsach monitoring site. All sites were sampled between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. 

to reducte the effects of diel variability. Consej quently, data used for model simulations are for 

midday conditions, when stream temperature and 

DO concentrations are at or near their daily maximum values.

Water samples were collected for 5-day and 

20-day £BOD analyses. Measurements of 5-day 

CBOD Were conducted by West Virginia Division 

of Parks, and Recreation personnel using standard 

methods and quality-assurance procedures (American Publlic Health Association and others, 1989, p. 

5-2). Water samples from 10 Canaan Valley 

streams and wastewater discharges were analyzed 

by a private laboratory in August 1992 for 5-day 

and 20-jday CBOD. These data were used to estimate ultimate CBOD and CBOD-decay coefficients flor the samples.

Ej)iel variations in stream temperature, specific conductance, pH, and DO concentration were 

monitored at three mainstem sites in the valley during thejjuly 1992 and the August 1992 synoptic 

survey^. Continuous-record gaging stations also 

were in operation at these sites (fig. 3). The three 

sites were: Canaan Valley State Park near Highway 

32 (river mile 30.9), downstream from the Yoakum 

Run confluence near Cortland, W. Va. (river mile 

24.3), and upstream from the Yellow Creek confluence near Davis, W. Va. (river mile 14.0). Stream 

temperature and DO concentration were recorded

24 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
MODEL SUBREACH 

NUMBER

1

~7H9BB^fr

RIVER MILES 

ABOVE MOUTH

32.0

30.7

2

3

masaMH

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

28.7

i, 26.7

24.7

, 23.4

! 22.2

«u

re.7

J6.9

15.2

13.6

BLACKWATER RIVER 

MAINSTEM SITE 

IDENTIFIER

C4

W 

C5

D5 

C6

D6

D9

C7

C9

i "i

CIO 

C31

CIS

C17 !

C21

C23

REFERENCE 

DISTANCE IN 

RIVER MILES

31 4 '

331 21^

30.9 '

f 1

30,4 

30,0 

26.6 

26.0 

; 1

' i~

i,

24.5 

24.3 

8

s

21. 1 :

20.4 

|

3.

me-4-;

74.0 -

 316

 37.5

31

-30

f

29

 28.5

-28

27

 26

2$

 24.4

 24

23

 22

21

 20.3,

-20

19

18

17

 16,7

16

:,

15

 14

13.6

TRIBUTARY STREAM 

SITE IDENTIFIER

End of study reach modeled 

Confluence of Club Run, TO

Confluence of Mill Run T2

Confluence of Coon Run

Confluence of Freeland Run, T8

i' Ml T99D aUnW

'

Confluence of Yoakum Run, T14

Confluence of Sand Run, T16

Confluence of North Branch, T20

Confluence of Little Blackwater River, T22 fll

m

I

End of study reach modeled

Figure 10. Model subreaches and river mile locations of tributary streams, sampling locations, water-withdrawal site, 

and point sources of water discharges. [T22 = water-quality data collection site number 22 on a tributary 

stream; C7 = water-quality data collection site number 7 on the upper Blackwater River; W = waterwithdrawal site on the upper Blackwater River; D6 = point source of water discharge on the upper 

Blackwater River.]

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 25
39°00'

GRANT COUNTY

X--N.^ ^^~^"

TUCKER COUNTY

Downsfreom

endofsfudy

Blackwater Falls reach

State Park

I Canaan Valley \ 

State Park

EXPLANATION

C10\ WATER-QUALITY-MONITORING SITE 

D9\ WASTEWATER-DISCHARGE-MONITORING SITE 

W\ WATER-WITHDRAWAL SITE 

RIVER MILE ABOVE MOUTH

Base map from U.S. Geological Survey, 1:100.000 3 MILES

3 KILOMETERS

Figure 11. Locations of Canaan Valley wastewater-discharge sites and monitoring sites used for 

water-quality model calibration and verification.

26 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
at hourly intervals with a USGS minimonitor connected to an automated data recorder. The sensors 

were calibrated at the beginning of each synopticsurvey period according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Stage was also recorded at hourly 

intervals, and all data were stored on a 16-channel 

punched-paper tape. The tape was removed at the 

end of each survey period and the data transferred 

to computer files with a Mitron model MDTS-2 

data translator. The data were then edited and 

transferred to permanent computer files for analysis. Continuous data were used to establish limits 

for diel variations throughout the study area. During the synoptic survey on August 18-19, 1992, the 

DO sensor at the Cortland monitoring site (mile 

24.3) failed. Measurements of DO concentrations 

(Winkler titration) and barometric pressure were 

made manually every 4 hours, beginning at 6:00 

p.m. on August 19 and continuing through 6:00 

p.m. on August 20.

Hydraulics and discharge

Hydraulic characteristics for the Blackwater 

mainstem were determined and modeled using 

equations developed by Leopold and Maddock 

(1953). Typically, the hydrologic-model-calibration procedure begins with collection of time-oftravel data and calculation of average stream velocities at different discharges, so that individual relations can be developed between average velocities 

and discharges for each subreach. In this study, 

only one set of dye measurements was made, and 

time-of-travel data for upstream and downstream 

subreaches were combined and treated as if they 

represented measurements made at multiple discharges for the entire study reach.

According to Leopold and Maddock (1953, 

p. 14), variations of hydraulic characteristics in a 

downstream direction are related to flow duration, 

and characteristics of tributaries can be compared 

directly to the mainstem. In this study, discharge 

measurements made during the time-of-travel 

study indicated that flow durations were equivalent 

throughout the basin, and traveltime data collected 

on tributary streams were combined with data from 

the mainstem to develop regional (applicable to the 

entire basin) hydraulic-characteristic relations 

(Alien and others, 1994).

According to Leopold and Maddock (1953), 

relations among stream characteristics and discharge are of the form

v = kQm,

w - aQ , and

where

v is the average stream velocity, in ft/s; 

w is the average stream width, in ft; 

d is the average stream depth, in ft;

o

Q is the quantity of flow, in ft/s;

k is the hydraulic geometry coefficient for

velocity; 

a is the hydraulic geometry coefficient for

width; 

c is the hydraulic geometry coefficient for

depth; 

m is the hydraulic geometry exponent for

velocity; 

b is the hydraulic geometry exponent for

width; and 

/is the hydraulic geometry exponent for

depth.

The three equations are related to each other, such 

that the product of the hydraulic geometry coefficients (a * c * k) is 1 , and the sum of the hydraulic 

geometry exponents (b + f + m) also is 1 (Leopold 

and Maddock, 1953, p. 9). These relations and 

data from a single dye study formed the basis for 

calculation of hydraulic coefficients used to model 

the mainstem Blackwater River.

Rhodamine dye was injected at two points on 

the Blackwater mainstem, at two points on the 

North Branch, and at one point on Yoakum Run 

during a low-flow period in July 1993. Traveltime 

was determined at several downstream locations 

for each injection, and traveltime data were used to 

calculate average velocities for the subreaches. 

Mean daily discharge at the Davis, W. Va., gage 

during the time-of-travel measurements ranged 

from 7.0 to 4.2 ft3/s.

Mainstem hydraulics were affected by the 

presence of a beaver dam about 0.5 mi upstream 

from the mouth of Freeland Run. The resulting 

pool extended from river mile 29 upstream to river

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 27
mile 31. Velocity through this subreach under the 

flow conditions of the dye study was 0.018 ft/s, 

compared to a velocity of 0.08 ft/s in the free-flowing section downstream. Maximum depth of the 

pool was about 5 ft, as compared with depths of 1 

ft or less in parts of the river that were not affected 

by beaver dams. These data were not used to 

develop the regional hydraulic-characteristic relations, but were used to estimate the characteristics 

for the model subreach representing the beaver 

pool.

Traveltime data for free-flowing subreaches 

of the mainstem, North Branch, and Yoakum Run 

were combined in a regression equation relating 

average velocity to discharge for all open-channel 

subreaches. The following regional equation, with 

a correlation coefficient of 0.99, was obtained:

v = 0.059Q0'338.

An equation describing the same relation for the 

mainstem beaver pool was obtained by extending a 

curve through a point with the appropriate average 

velocity and discharge (obtained from the time-oftravel study), while maintaining the slope of the 

regional curve (0.338, the hydraulic-geometry 

exponent for depth). The equation is

v = 0.017Q0338.

These two equations provided the hydraulic-geometry coefficients and exponents for velocity that 

were incorporated into the model (table 4).

Next, cross-section stream widths and discharges were measured to construct a regression 

equation relating average width to discharge. The 

resulting regional equation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.67, is

w = 14.997Q0'353 .

The distributions of the points used to construct the 

regional relation for width indicated localized subbasin differences that correlated with model subreaches. Regression curves for estimating width 

for subreaches were developed by constructing 

curves through appropriate width and discharge 

points while maintaining the slope of the regional

28 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

curve (0.: 53, the hydraulic-geometry exponent for

width).

Finally, hydraulic-depth equations were 

determined by solving the product-of-coefficients 

and summation-of-exponents equations (Leopold 

and Maddock, 1953, p. 9) for the hydraulic-geometry coeffi 

tions and

:ients and exponents for depth (two equatwo unknowns). The coefficients and

exponent^ for depth developed by this method 

(table 4) were used to model the hydraulic geometry of the Blackwater mainstem study reach.

Model boundary conditions for discharge 

were estimated using unit-discharge relationships, 

except for measured discharges at wastewatertreatment facilities and the single surface-water 

withdrawal location. Stream discharges measured 

during each synoptic survey were converted to unit 

discharges and averaged. The average unit discharge was then used to estimate steady-state discharges for each synoptic-survey data-collection 

period, 'the modeled steady-state discharges and 

measure^! discharges are compared in figure 12 for 

the calibration data set (August 1992) and the two 

verification data sets (July 1992 and July-August 

1991). Modeled steady-state discharges for the 

July 1992 data set were lower upstream and higher 

downstream than the measured values for the 

period because flows were unsteady during the 

July 14-J17, 1992, sampling period. Mean daily 

discharge at the Davis, W. Va., gage, just downstream from the study area, decreased from 141 to 

63 ft3/s during the July 1992 survey. Agreement 

between modeled and measured discharges was 

closer for the July 1991 data set, when discharges 

at the D&vis gage decreased from 39 to 22 ft3/s, and 

for the calibration data set (August 1992), when 

discharges decreased from 114 to 79 ft3/s. Boundary conditions for the 7Q10 model simulation were 

estimated from a unit-discharge relation based on 

the 7Q10 of 4.99 ft3/s for the Davis gage (Friel and 

others, 1989, p. 24).

Stream discharges, and the hydraulic coefficients and exponents for velocity, width, and depth 

are used in the model to represent the hydraulic 

characteristics for each subreach. Table 5 contains 

simulated depths, velocities, and other hydraulic 

characteristics for each model reach, with bound-
Table 4. Coefficients and exponents used to simulate hydraulic geometry of the Blackwater River, Canaan 

Valley, West Virginia

[ft = feet; ft/s = feet per second]

Hydraulic geometry coefficient for

Model Velocity Depth 

subreach (ft/s) (ft)

1 0.059 2.050 

2 .017 4.316 

3 .059 1.014 

4 .059 1.014 

5 .059 1.014 

6 .059 1.014 

7 .059 1.014 

8 .059 .723 

9 .059 .723 

10 .059 .723 

1 1 .059 .723

60 

50 

40 

30 

20

D 10

2

o o o

111 W 60

cr

£ 50

£ 40 

u_

y 30 CQ

0 20

2

LJ- 10 

O

< o

0 60 

W

0 50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0

1 I ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 ' ! ' I 1 1

EXPLANATION August 1S-W, 794^

 SIMULATED

f-l -

~f J "

July 14-17, 1992 _;

. '

« j' ' . *

"/= ' ' "

July 30 -August 1,1 991 '_

32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14

Hydraulic geometry exponent for

Velocity Depth 

(ft/s) (ft)

0.338 0.309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309 

.338 .309

ary conditions and inflows set to values determined 

for the August 1992, July 1992, and July- August 

1991 synoptic surveys. Simulated discharge at the 

downstream end of subreach 1 1 was about 44 ft3/s 

for the July and August 1992 initial conditions, and 

about 13 ft3/s for the 1991 initial conditions. The

»va/li i/"*o/"l ci *"riiil ot"f»/^ f\i coVio t*rt^*c T/~VI" t"Vif» 1 OO 1 ff\Y\/\i

tions resulted in a reduction in depth and an 

increase in traveltimes for all reaches. In subreach 

2 (the simulated beaver pool), predicted depths 

decreased by about 2 ft and traveltimes increased 

from 3.3 days to 5 days. Total traveltime through 

the 18.6-mi study reach was predicted as 9.6 days 

at the higher discharges of July 1992, compared to 

13.2 days at the lower discharges of July- August 

1991.

Transport of conservative constituents

Conservative constituents are not affected by 

metabolic processes, but are affected by physical 

processes, including point and nonpoint sources,

RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH

Figure 12. Comparison between calibration (August 18-19, 1992) 

and verification (July 14-17, 1992 and July 30 - 

August 1, 1991) data for discharge.

tions of concentrations for conservative constituents is an indication of accurate physical 

representation of the calibrated model. To simulate 

transport of a conservative constituent, the model 

must be able to simulate changes in stream volume 

accurately (Schmidt and others, 1989, p. 28).

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 29
Table 5. Simulated hydraulic characteristics for the upper Blackwater River in Canaan Valley, West Virginia, with boundary conditions and inflows based on August 1992, July 1992, and July-August 1991 survey data

[ft = feet; ft/s = feet per second; ft3/s = cubic feet per second; mi = miles]

Model 

subreach

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Mean 

depth 

(ft)

3.75

8.69

2.21

2.21

2.31

2.33

2.52

2.02

2.03

2.32

2.34

3.76

8.72

2.21

2.22

2.32

2.33

2.52

2.02

2.03

2.32

2.34

Mean 

velocity 

(ft/s)

Mean 

discharge 

(ft3/s)

Model With Aueust 18-19. 1992. Boun

0.12

.04

.14

.14

.15

.15

.16

.18

.18

.21

.21

Model

0.12

.04

.14

.14

.15

.15

.16

.18

.18

.21

.21

7.44

9.62

12.38

12.52

14.38

14.72

18.96

27.72

28.22

43.47

44.42

With Julv 14-17. 1992. Bound

7.47

9.72

12.48

12.62

14.48

14.82

19.06

27.82 ' 28.32

43.57

44.52

Volume 

(ft3)

iarv Conditions

432.59

2,780.20

946.16

953.80

679.26

636.96

1,066.36

1,451.72

1,470.06

1,846.15

1,764.48

arv Conditions

434.00

2,799.40

951.19

958.80

682.40

639.84

1,070.12

1,455.17

1,473.48

1,848.90

1,767.04

Length 

(mi)

1.3

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.3

1.2

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.3

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.3

1.2

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

Traveltime 

(days)

0.71

3.34

.88

.88

.55

.50

.65

.60

.59

.50

.46

0.71

3.34

.88

.88

.55

.50

.65

.60

.59

.50

.46

Model With Julv 30-August 1. 1991. Boundary Conditions

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

2.57

5.95

1.51

1.52

1.58

1.60

1.72

1.38

1.39

1.60

1.60

0.08

.02

.09

.09

.10

.10

.11

.12

.12

.14

.14

2.19

2.83

3.64

3.68

4.24

4.34

5.59

8.19

8.34

12.86

13.14

30 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

192.37

1,236.80

420.62

424.00

302.55

283.80

475.33

647.71

655.92

824.28

787.84

1.3

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.3

1.2

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.07

5.06

1.35

1.34

.83

.76

.99

.93

.92

.74

.69
Specific conductance is a general indicator 

of the quantity of conservative ionic constituents. 

Boundary conditions for model calibration and verification were based on measured values for all 

inflows except from the headwaters and Coon Run; 

these were estimated from measurements made on 

Club Run and the upper section of Mill Run. Measured and predicted specific-conductance values 

are compared in figure 13 for the calibration data 

set (August 1992) and the two verification data sets 

(July 1992 and July-August 1991). Measured specific-conductance values were close to those predicted by the model for the August 1992 and the 

July-August 1991 data sets. Agreement between 

measured and simulated specific conductance was 

not as close for the July 1992 data set, when a large 

decrease in discharge during the survey period 

increased difficulty of accurate simulation of 

stream hydraulics. Predicted conductance values 

were lower than measured values during the July 

1992 survey period, especially in the upstream half 

of the study reach. Most of the upstream half of 

the study area was measured early in the sampling 

period (July 14), while the study area farther downstream was measured on succeeding days (July 15- 

17) and at lower discharges. The model accurately 

reflects the expected increase in specific conductance at lower flows, as ground-water inflows 

come to dominate the chemistry of the stream.

Stream temperature

Many processes that affect DO concentrations in streams are dependent on streamwater temperature. Temperature values are predicted by the 

model and then used to correct the rate coefficients 

for these processes. A correction is made in each 

case, using empirical constants. This study used 

the default correction factors suggested by Brown 

and Barn well (1987) for the QUAL2E model.

Stream temperature is predicted by computing a heat balance for each computational element 

in the network. The heat balance accounts for 

increases and decreases in temperature, including 

from headwaters and inflows, and from heat 

exchanges at the air-water interface. Model data 

input for temperature calculations include longitude and latitude of the basin, time of year, evaporation and dust-attenuation coefficients, wet-bulb

and dry-bulb air temperatures, atmospheric pressure, cloud cover, and wind velocity. Values used 

for these data are presented in table 6. Evaporation 

coefficients for wind, AE = 0.00103 ft/(hour * 

inch-Hg), and BE = 0.00016 ft/(hour * inch-Hg * 

mi/hr), were selected from previously published 

values (Bowie and others, 1985). Atmospheric 

pressure and cloud cover were set to the means of 

values recorded during the appropriate synoptic 

survey. Humidity and wind speed were not measured during the synoptic surveys. Hourly records 

of wind speed for the U.S. Forest Service site at 

Bearden Knob were obtained for July and August 

1992. Mean values for the period from 10:00 a.m. 

to 4:00 p.m. during the July and August 1992 synoptic surveys were computed and used as model 

data input. Hourly humidity and wind-velocity 

records for all three survey periods were obtained 

from the National Dry Deposition Network site at 

Parsons, W. Va., and used to approximate 10:00 

a.m. to 4:00 p.m. humidity variations for all three 

survey periods, and wind velocity for the JulyAugust 1991 survey (table 6).

Measured and predicted temperature for the 

three data sets are presented in figure 14. Predicted 

temperatures generally are too high by as much as 

5°F, although the patterns of downstream increases 

and decreases in measured stream temperature are 

accurately simulated. The elevated water-temperature predictions are due to the inability of the 

model to account for shading of the stream surface 

by bank vegetation (Thomas Barn well, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 

1993). Although percentage of shade is a model 

data input, the model does not incorporate shading 

into the heat-balance computations. Sensitivity 

analyses (described below) indicate that the DO 

simulation is sensitive to water temperature, 

mainly through the effect of water temperature on 

oxygen solubility.

Nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand

The water-quality model calculates decay of 

organic nitrogen to ammonia (NH3), and the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite (NO2~) and nitrite to 

nitrate (NO3~). The model does not calculate denitrification, which is the anaerobic reduction of 

nitrate to ammonia or nitrogen gas (N2). Algal bioDissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 31
Table 6. Geographic and local meteorological data used to simulate streamwater temperature of the 

upper Blackwater River, Canaan Valley, West Virginia

[ft = feet; ft/s = feet per second; °F = degrees Fahrenheit; in. Hg = inches of mercury]

EleModel vation

subreach (ft)

1 3218

2 3213

3 3205

4 3186

5 3161

6 3154

7 3148

8 3142

9 3139

10 3135

11 3131

EXPLANATION 160 - 

 MEASURED

19n SIMULATED

u_ '^

W 80 - j 

H ' **

5 40 - 

O

gj o 

CL

z« ' .' ' ' ' ' '

LU 3

2 W 160 - 

WQ

1 § 80 - I

0§ 40-

o °'-J ' ' ' ' 

z 

o 

0 160 - ,* _____ *

0 120 - . 

LU CL J

w 80 - '

40 -

n , I, ,,,,,,,i .... 1, .1,,, L,,,,,,

Dust

attenu- Dry bulb

ation tempercoeffi- Cloudi- ature

cient ness (°F)

0.06 0.75 79.0

.06 .75 76.0

.06 .75 70.0

.06 .75 76.0

Wet bulb

temperature

(°F)

62.6

60.8

56.3

60.8

.06 .75 63.0 50.9

.06 .75 66.0 53.6

.06 .75 66.0 53.6

.06 .75 64.0 50.9

.06 .75 81.0 63.5

.06 .75 81.0 63.5

.06 .75 69.0

mn

August 18-19, 1992

* * »

July 14-17, 1992

m * * ~

90 - 

80 - 

70 - 

t 60 -i

LU

* 50-,

LU

CC 40 _i

2: 100 p 

wLU Qn LU au 

CC

2 80- 

Q 

2 70 -'

LU 

CC 60 -

g --.

LU

I t t i I t I i , I ,i I i I ^ 

LU , 

My 30 - August 1,1991

^ \ 1 ^

i ... , .... i. ......... i . i , i . i ... i.. ..

CCg 90 :

^ 80 -

70 - '

60 -i

50 -| , 

40 -

55.4

Baro- Wind

metric velocpressure ity

(in. Hg) (ft/s)

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

26.8 9.5

i * i

EXPLANATION

 MEASURED 

 SIMULATED

j^-^rAugust 18-19, 1992

.1 ... i. . i . i , i , i

^ ~*~~ 

i ^" 

July 14-17, 1892 '_

July 30 - August 1, 1991 J

' :

-

-

32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 

RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH

Figure 13. Comparison between calibration (August 18-19, 1992) 

and verification (July 14-17, 1992 and July 30 - 

August 1, 1991) data for specific conductance.

32 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

Figure 14. Comparison between calibration (August 18-19, 1992) 

and verification (July 14-17, 1992 and July 30 - 

August 1,1991) data for stream temperature.
mass (expressed as chlorophyll -a) was set to zero 

jig/L for all inflows and initial conditions, because 

there were few phytoplankton algae in the study 

reach. Consequently, there could be no representation of nitrate uptake or ammonia uptake by phytoplankton algae, and nitrogen dynamics could not 

be explicitly affected in the model by photosynthetic processes as depicted in figure 9. There 

were, however, dense beds of benthic green algae 

and eelgrass in subreach one (miles 32.0 to 30.7). 

Algal beds were present in the middle subreaches 

(subreaches 3 through 8; miles 28.7 to 18.7), 

though not as dense as the algae and eelgrass in 

subreach 1.

Uptake of ammonia and sloughing of organic 

nitrogen by benthic algal beds were represented by 

setting some coefficients for nitrogen transformations to negative values (table 7). Subreaches 1, 3, 

4, 5, and 6 were assigned negative coefficients for 

organic nitrogen settling to represent production 

and sloughing of organic nitrogen by algal beds 

(Van Benschoten and Walker, 1984). Subreaches 

1,3, and 4 also were assigned negative values for 

release of dissolved ammonia, thereby representing 

uptake by benthic algae and aquatic plants in these 

subreaches. Rates of oxidation of ammonia and 

nitrite were assumed to be slower in the subreach 

with the beaver pool (subreach 2) than in other 

model subreaches, because of the reduced turbulence and longer traveltime in the beaver pool. 

Also, the beaver pool was assumed to be an area of 

accumulation and active decomposition of organic 

matter and, therefore, a source of dissolved ammonia.

Considering the above assumptions and published ranges (Bowie and others, 1985; Brown and 

Barn well, 1987) for the model coefficients for 

nitrogen transformations, a set of initial coefficients was selected that would enable prediction of 

observed conditions for the August 1992 synoptic 

survey. Wherever possible, values were either 

measured or inferred from related studies. Otherwise, coefficients were varied within published 

ranges to ensure closest agreement between model 

predictions and measured constituent concentrations. A listing of subreach-dependent coefficients 

is given in table 7.

Comparisons between measured and predicted values for total ammonia-nitrogen and total 

organic-nitrogen concentrations are shown in figures 15 and 16 for the calibration and verification 

data sets. Agreement between measured and predicted values was reasonably close given the 

extremely low concentrations of these constituents. 

Predicted ammonia-nitrogen concentrations were 

somewhat lower than measured concentrations for 

the August 1992 data set, and predicted concentrations were higher than measured concentrations for 

the other two data sets. These differences could be 

indicative of changes in the distribution or activity 

of the benthic algal beds.

All measured and predicted nitrite concentrations were lower than the minimum reporting 

level of 0.01 mg/L. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations could not be calculated, because the river 

contains little, if any, phytoplankton, and the model 

makes no provision for benthic nitrate fluxes, as 

discussed above. Consequently, nitrate accumulates in the steady-state solution to concentrations 

as high as 0.26 mg/L, whereas measured concentrations usually were lower than 0.10 mg/L. 

Despite the inability of the model to predict nitratenitrogen concentrations, the contribution of the 

nitrogen cycle to the total biochemical oxygen 

demand was determined because the model accurately represented oxidation of ammonia-nitrogen 

and nitrite-nitrogen.

Dissolved oxygen and carbonaceous biochemical 

oxygen demand

One of the most significant indicators of water 

quality in any aquatic system is the concentration of 

dissolved oxygen. Oxygen is necessary for aquatic 

life, as well as being part of the mechanism of waste 

assimilation, as microorganisms use it to oxidize 

residual organic matter in effluent discharges. The 

dissolved oxygen concentration at any time or place 

in a stream is the net effect of oxygen-consuming 

processes (DO sinks) and oxygen-producing processes (DO sources) operating in the stream. Sinks 

for DO include the biochemical oxidation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous organic matter and the 

uptake of DO by bottom sediments. Sources for DO 

include atmospheric reaeration, photosynthesis, and 

DO present in the feeder streams. Model simulation 

of DO and CBOD is discussed below.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 33
Table 7. Coefficients and rate constants used to simulate nitrogen transformations in the upper Blackwater

[(mg/ft2)/d = milligrams per square foot per day]

Organic- Organic- Ammom

nitrogen nitrogen nitrogen

Model hydrolysis settling oxidatioi 

subreach (per day) (per day) (per day

1 0.01 -0.20 0.20

2 .01 0 .10

3 .01 -.10 .20

4 .01 -.10 .20

5 .01 -.05 .20

6 .01 -.05 || .20

7 .01 0 .20

8 .01 0 ' .20

9 .01 0 .20

10 .01 0 .20

11 .01 0 1 .20

0.10 

0.08 

0.06

£ 0.04 

H

C °-02 

UJ 

CL

c/3 0.00 

< 0.10

tr 

o

H 0.08

i

Z 0.06

TOTAL AMMONIA NITROGEN, 

p P

g O & M

0.04 

0.02 

0.00

EXPLANATION Au9^t 18-19, 1992 ' 

 MEASURED 

 SIMULATED

 

 _*

""""" ~* ^ '

July 14-17, 1992

-

 

 .

July 30 -August 1,1991

/^v___

^ : r~7^ ' : :

32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 

RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH

1.5 - 

1.0 -

£ 5 0.5-

tr

UJ 

CL 

W 0.0 L-1

< 2-°n

cc 

O

=1 1.5-

z

z i-o -

HI

o 

o tr 0.5 -

z 

o

o 2-°r*

oc 

o

«f 1.5 - 

O

1.0 - 

0.5 - 

0,Li

Figure 15. Comparison between calibration (August 18-19, 1992) Figure It 

and verification (July 14-17, 1992 and July 30 - 

August 1, 1991) data for ammonia nitrogen.

Benthic

a ammonia- Nitritenitrogen nitrogen

n flux oxidation 

) [(mg/ft2)/d] (per day)

-0.10 1.0

.10 .5

-.05 1.0

-.05 1.0

0 1.0

0 1.0

0 1.0

0 1.0

0 1.0

0 1.0

0 1.0

EXPLANATION AU9USt 18'19> W92 

 MEASURED 

 SIMULATED

-

.

«* 

July 14-17, 1992 -

-

jy ^ - ' .

July 30 - August 1, 1991

-^^ 

 

 - 

2 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 

RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH

i. Comparison between calibration (August 18-19, 1992 

and verification (July 14-17, 1992 and July 30 - 

August 1, 1991) data for total organic nitrogen.

34 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
The model calculates DO consumption 

resulting from CBOD, using a first-order decay 

equation. The decay coefficients (Kj) for CBOD 

were computed from analysis of 20-day CBOD 

performed on 10 water samples obtained from representative mainstem sites and wastewater discharges. The analysis resulted in time-series data 

that indicate the decay of DO. Two methods were 

used to fit the decay curves and to compute Kp- a 

graphic method (Stamer and others, 1983) and a 

least-squares numerical method (Barnwell, 1980; 

Jennings and Bauer, 1976). There was close agreement between the results of the two methods (table 

8). Decay coefficients ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 

per day and were within published ranges for similar streams (Bowie and others, 1985).

The methods for computing Kj described 

above are also used to estimate the ultimate 

CBOD, which is the amount of oxygen that would 

be consumed if all carbonaceous organic matter in 

the sample were oxidized. Model initial conditions 

for CBOD can be either ultimate CBOD or 5-day 

CBOD. A ratio of ultimate CBOD to 5-day CBOD 

is required by the model when 5-day CBOD is the 

selected model input. The ratio of 6:1 was used for 

both the calibration and verification data sets.

The model calculates nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand (NBOD) with equations to 

describe the oxidation processes of ammonia to 

nitrite and nitrite to nitrate. The oxidation of 

ammonia nitrogen was estimated to require 3.43 

mg of oxygen per mg of nitrogen, and that of nitrite 

nitrogen was estimated to require 1.14 mg of oxygen per mg of nitrogen. These estimates were 

obtained from previously published ranges (Brown 

and Barnwell, 1987). The model also calculates 

CBOD losses due to settling of carbonaceous 

organic matter. In this case, settling was assumed 

insignificant and all settling rate coefficients (K3) 

were estimated as zero per day (table 9).

Reaeration-rate coefficients (K2) were estimated for model input, based on mean stream 

velocity and depth, using the equation developed 

by O'Connor and Dobbins (1958). The value of 

K2 increases with increasing mean stream velocity 

and decreases with increasing mean stream depth. 

Values computed for the August 1992 calibration

data set ranged from 0.10 per day in subreach 2 

(the beaver pool) to 2.0 per day in the downstream 

subreaches 9 and 10 (table 10). Values computed 

for the July 1992 verification data set were similar 

(0.10 to 2.17 per day) to those computed for the 

August 1992 calibration data set. Values computed 

for the July-August 1991 verification data set, 

however, ranged from 0.15 in subreach 2 (the beaver pool) to 3.27 in subreach 9. These dissimilar 

values resulted because discharges were lower and 

the river was more shallow when the July-August 

1991 verification data set was collected, compared 

to discharges and river depths for the other two 

data sets (table 5).

Model calibration was completed by adjusting the rate coefficients for sediment oxygen 

demand (SOD) to predict measured DO concentrations for the August 1992 calibration data set. 

Negative coefficients were used to represent photosynthetic DO production by benthic algae and eelgrass beds (Park and Uchrin, 1990). The dense 

beds of benthic algae and aquatic plants in many of 

the upstream subreaches were hypothesized to be 

the main source of DO in the absence of phytoplankton. Both SOD and photosynthetic oxygen 

production would be proceeding simultaneously, 

since model simulation is limited to midday conditions. The SOD rate determined for each subreach 

represents the net result of these two processes.

The SOD-rate coefficients determined for the 

calibration and verification data sets are listed in 

table 9. Subreach 1 was adjusted to the largest negative value representing the greatest release of DO to 

the stream from the benthic algae and aquatic plants. 

Subreach 2 (the beaver pool) was adjusted to a positive SOD rate, representing a reduced light penetration and the resulting reduction in DO production 

from benthic algae. Subreaches 3 through 8 were 

adjusted to progressively smaller negative SOD 

rates, representing a decreasing amount of DO produced by benthic photosynthesis relative to the 

amount taken up by sediments. Subreach 9 was 

adjusted to a SOD rate of zero gm per ft2 per day 

indicating that the oxygen-consuming and oxygenproducing processes were operating at equivalent 

rates. The two most downstream subreaches (10 and 

11) were adjusted to positive SOD rates.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 35
Table 8. Measured 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand and calculated decay coefficients 

and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand for 10 Canaan Valley sampling sites, August 21,1992

I 

i 

[K! = 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand decay coefficient; mg/L = milligrams per liter; CVSP = Canaan

Valley State Park; CBOD5 = 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand; CBODy = ultimate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand; d = day]

Calculated

Site Site 

identifier name

C-6 Blackwater River at CVSP 

C-9 Blackwater River on Timberline Rd. 

C-23 Blackwater River near Davis, W. Va. 

C- 1 3 Yoakum Run at mouth 

C- 1 9 North Branch at Cortland, W. Va. 

C-28 Mill Run near headwaters 

D-5 Wastewater discharge no. 5 

D-7 Wastewater discharge no. 7 

D-12 Wastewater discharge no. 12 

D-15 Wastewater discharge no. 15

Gr; iphic method 

Measured

CBOD5 Kj CBODu

(mg/L) per d (mg/L)

1.8 0.05 10 

1.9 .02 17 

1.2 l| .il 26 

2.4 .Q6 13 

.9 .01 23 

.3 .01 15 

7.1 .03 82 

16 .04 110 

20 .04 630 

6.0 .33 97

Numerical method

Kj CBODu

per d (mg/L)

0.042 1 1 

.021 18 

.009 31 

.050 14 

.010 24 

.016 11 

.028 86 

.040 108 

.040 623 

.029 101

Table 9. Coefficients and rate constants used to simulate carbolnaceous biochemical oxygen demand and 

dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper Blackwater River, Canaan Valley, West Virginia

[(gm/ft2)/d = grams per square foot per day]

Model

subreach

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Biochemical

Decay

coefficient

per day

0.04

.04

.02

.02

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

oxygen demand

Settling

coefficient

per day

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

O1

0

0

0

Sediment

oxygen

demand

rate

[(gm/ft2)/d)]

-0.15

.05

-.1

-.1

-.05

-.025

-.01

-.01

0.0

.01

.05

36 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
Table 10. Calculated ranges of reaeration rate coefficients for the upper Blackwater River water-quality 

model with August 1992, July 1992, and July-August 1991 boundary conditions

Range of calculated reaeration rate coefficients 1 

per day

Model 

subreach

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

August 1992

0.55-0.79

.10- .32

.86-1.51

1.49-1.54

1.41-1.53

1.40-1.41

1.29-1.40

1.71-1.99

1.88-2.00

1.77-2.00

1.75-1.78

July 1992

0.59-0.84

.10- .34

.88-1.58

1.58-1.60

1.56-1.60

1.57-1.58

1.40-1.57

1.87-2.11

2.12-2.17

1.89-2.16

1.89-1.89

July- August 1991

0.86-1.18

.15- .51

1.30-2.36

2.36-2.38

2.29-2.40

2.37-2.40

2.11-2.38

3.06-2.79

3.09-3.27

2.79-3.26

2.87-2.97

1 K2 calculated by water-quality model using the equation of O'Connor and Dobbins (1958) with boundary conditions set to those 

of the data set shown.

Predicted concentrations of DO are compared 

to measured concentrations for the calibration and 

verification data sets in figure 17. There was close 

agreement between predicted and measured DO 

concentrations for the August 1992 calibration data 

set. Model verification with the July 1992 data set 

predicted DO concentration near the upstream end 

of subreach 2 (the beaver pool, at mile 30.9) as 7.5 

mg/L, whereas the measured value was 5.3 mg/L. 

Model verification with the lower flow conditions of 

the July-August 1991 data set compared to the flow 

conditions of the July 1992 verification data set predicted DO concentration near the downstream end of 

subreach 2 (the beaver pool) as 4.8 mg/L, whereas 

all measured DO concentrations were greater. These 

poor comparisons are due to the single-reach conceptual representation of the model for subreach 2 

(the beaver pool). The model allows for only one set 

of hydraulic characteristics for each subreach, and 

indicates that all subreaches have similar lengths. 

Hydraulic characteristics of subreach 2 are actually a 

decrease in velocity, an increase in stream width, 

and an increase in stream depth, in the downstream 

direction, but the model representation is an average 

of these characteristics. For this reason, predicted 

concentrations lack accuracy, but the processes 

affecting DO concentrations are identified.

Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand 

was accurately predicted for the calibration data set

as well as the two verification data sets, although 

the range of variation in the measured values for 

the July-August 1991 verification data set was 

greater than that predicted by the model (fig. 18). 

Measured CBOD concentrations were low in the 

August 1992 calibration data set (ranging from 0.2 

to 0.9 mg/L) and the July-August 1991 verification 

data set (ranging from 1.1 to 3.5 mg/L). These low 

concentrations indicate low rates of treated-wastewater discharge in the valley during most of the 

months of July and August. Most facilities in the 

valley release treated wastewater into polishing 

ponds that discharge into a receiving stream by 

overflowing. During the summer low-flow period, 

water loss by evaporation from the polishing ponds 

frequently exceeds inputs, so there is very little discharge into the streams. Of the 15 active wastewater discharge in the valley, only 2 discharged 

during the July-August 1991 sampling period, only 

6 discharged during the July 1992 sampling period, 

and only 7 discharged during the August 1992 

sampling period. Only one of these was directly 

into the Blackwater mainstem; the rest were into 

tributaries that eventually emptied into the mainstem. The treatment-facility designs that include 

polishing ponds greatly reduce the effects of the 

discharges on the river and its tributaries during the 

warmer summer months.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 37
August 18-19, 1992

July 14-17, 1992

July 30-August 1, 1991

28 26 24 22 20 18 

RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH

Figure 17. Comparison between calibration (August 18-19, 1992) 

and verification (July 14-17,1992 and July 30 - 

August 1, 1991) data for dissolved oxygen.

Sensitivity Analysis

A sensitivity analysis was performed on the 

calibrated model (the August 1992 data set) by 

increasing all data input to the model individually 

by 5, 15, and 25 percent, and noting the effect of 

predicted DO concentrations at five locations on 

the Blackwater River. The stream locations 

selected for sensitivity analysis were the monitoring site in Canaan Valley State Park (river mile 

30.9), the downstream end of the beaver pool in 

subreach two (river mile 28.8), the mainstem-monitoring site near Cortland, W. Va. (river mile 24.3), 

about 0.1 mi downstream from the mouth of North 

Branch (river mile 20.2), and the monitoring site 

upstream from Davis, W. Va. (river mile 14.0).

Relative sensitivities expressed as percent 

changes in DO concentrations resulting from a one 

percent increase in each input variable are listed in 

table 11 for the model. Only those input variables 

that produced a normalized change in DO concentration of 0.1 percent or more at any of the five 

locations are presented. In the upstream subreach

38 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

26 24 22 20 18 

RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH

Figure 18. Comparison between calibration (August 18-19, 1992) 

and verification (July 14-17,1992 and July 30 - 

August 1, 1991) data for carbonaceous 

biochemical oxygen demand.

i

(river mile 30.9) the DO simulation is most sensitive to input variables that act as forcing functions, 

such as the DO concentrations of tributary inflows 

and wastewater discharges (point-load DO concentrations), headwater DO concentrations, SOD rate, 

and atmjospheric pressure. The simulation at this 

location, also is sensitive to variables that affect the 

solubility of oxygen, such as atmospheric pressure, 

point-load temperature, and humidity (dry-bulb 

temperature and wet-bulb temperature).

At downstream locations, the importance of 

headwater DO concentrations is reduced and that 

of point-load DO concentrations is increased (table 

11). In the beaver pool, for example, atmospheric 

pressure, point-load temperature, and DO concentration have the greatest effect on DO concentrations, followed by variables related to oxygen 

solubility. The magnitudes of the normalized sensitivity coefficients are the same for input-variable 

changes of 5,15, and 25 percent, indicating that the 

sensitivity of the DO simulation is linear for that 

range of changes (Walker, 1982).
Table 11. Sensitivity analyses showing changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations in response to 5, 15, and 25 percent increases in model 

constants and coefficients for the calibration data set, August 1992

[Values are normalized and expressed as percentage of change in dissolved oxygen concentrations resulting from each 1 percent change in the input variable; 

numbers in parentheses indicate rankings of the four most sensitive constants or coefficients affecting dissolved oxygen, with (1) as the highest]

River mile above mouth

Input variable

5% In crease In;Dry-bulb temperatureWet-bulb temperatureAtmospheric pressure

Sediment oxygen demand rate

Headwater dissolved oxygen concentrationPoint-load temperaturePoint-load dissolved oxygen concentration

15% Increase In;

Dry-bulb temperature

Wet-bulb temperature

Atmospheric pressure

Sediment oxygen demand rate

Headwater dissolved oxygen concentration

Point-load temperature

Point-load dissolved oxygen concentration

25% Increase In;

Dry-bulb temperatureWet-bulb temperatureAtmospheric pressure

Sediment oxygen demand rateHeadwater dissolved oxygen concentration

Point-load temperature

Point-load dissolved oxygen concentration

30.9

0.001

.002.21 1 (2).085 (4).182(3).011

.533(1).001.002.211 (2).085 (4).182(3).015.533(1)

.001.002.211 (2).085 (4).182(3).020.533(1)

28.8

-0.082

-.183(4)

.539(1)

-.040

-.146-.202 (3)

.441 (2)

-.086-.198(3)

.539(1)

-.040

.147(4)

-.198(3)

.441 (2)

-.090

-.216(3)

.539(1)

-.040-.147

-.195(4)

.441 (2)

24.3

-0.091

-.197(2)

.799(1).102(4)

-.005-.062

.140(3)

-.090-.196(2)

.801 (1)

.102(4)

.005

-.060

.140(3)

-.092-.192(2)

.802(1).102(4).005

-.058

.140(3)

20.2

-0.086

-.183(3)

.690(1)

.020

-.000-.105(4)

.328 (2)

-.087-.182(3)

.691(1)

.020.000

-.104(4)

.328 (2)

-.087-.174(3)

.692(1).020.000

-.102(4)

.328 (2)

14.0

-0.157(4)

-.337 (2)

1.011(1)

-.036

.000

-.191 (3)

.090

-.161 (4)-.347 (2)

1.013(1)

-.036

.000

-.189(3)

.090

-.164(4)-.354 (2)

1.016(1)

-.036

.000

-.184(3)

.090
Model Limitations

Modifications to the model presented in this 

report will be required if the locations, numbers, or 

sizes of beaver pools, point-load discharges, or 

withdrawals change. Major changes in the density-distributions or types of benthic algae and 

other aquatic vegetation will require adjustment of 

model coefficients; changes in land use in the valley also could cause the model to be less representative of stream conditions.

The model developed in this study is applicable only when discharges are between the 7Q10 

(4.99 ft3/s at the Davis, W. Va. gage; 1.0 ft3/s at the

o

Cortland gage; and 0.5 ft /s at the Canaan Valley 

State Park gage) and the 50-percent flow duration 

(110 ft3/s at the Davis, W. Va. gage; 24 ft3/s at the 

Cortland gage; and 12 ft3/s at the Canaan Valley 

State Park gage).

This study used SOD (sediment oxygen 

demand) as an indirect representation of photosynthetic DO production by benthic algae. In model 

subreaches that were known to contain dense populations of benthic algae and aquatic plants, the 

SOD-rate coefficients were adjusted to reflect the 

expected balance between benthic-oxygen production and benthic-oxygen consumption. Although 

this approach was successful at investigating processes affecting steady-state DO concentrations in 

the stream, the model is limited by the inability of 

the SOD to respond to changes in nutrient concentrations or solar radiation. More accurate predictions of modeled concentrations will require 

additional data for rates of benthic photosynthesis 

and respiration, and the effects of light and nutrient 

fluxes on these rates.

Model applications are limited to late summer (July through August), midday (10:00 a.m. to 

4:00 p.m.), steady-discharge periods, because sampling for calibration and verification data was 

restricted to this time period. Continuous waterquality monitors were used at three mainstem sites 

[(Blackwater River at Canaan Valley State Park 

(mile 30.9), Blackwater River at Cortland (mile 

24.3), and Blackwater River near Davis (mile 

14.0)] during the July 1992 and the August 1992

40 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

synoptic surveys to determine the extent of the diel 

variations in stream temperature, pH, specific conductance, and DO concentrations. Results of the 

DO-concentration measurements for the three sites 

are shown in figures 19 and 20, together with 

steady-state DO concentrations predicted by the 

model. ^he predicted DO concentrations by the 

steady-state water-quality model are indicated by a 

dashed line superimposed over the monitor data for 

each monitoring site. The 6-hour midday periods 

(10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.) in which all calibration 

data usecjl in the model were collected are indicated 

by shading. Manual measurements of DO concentrations were made for part of the August 1992 survey period at the Cortland site (fig. 20) when the 

DO sensor at that monitor failed.

Diel changes in DO concentrations at the 

three continuous monitoring sites during the July 

1992 synoptic survey are shown in figure 19. Daytime increases in DO concentrations occur when i

oxygen production by photosynthetic organisms 

proceeds at a higher rate than does oxygen consumption by all organisms. Maximum DO concentrations can exceed saturation concentrations. At 

night, only the oxygen-consuming processes are 

active, so DO concentrations usually decrease. At 

the upstream monitoring site (Blackwater River at 

Canaan Valley State Park), the predicted DO concentrati6n is close to the measured value for each 

day of the 4-day synoptic survey, indicating the 

model accurately simulated conditions during that 

part of tfie day. Agreement was not as close for the 

other tWo monitoring sites. At the Cortland site, 

the maximum dissolved oxygen concentration was 

measured as 11.9 mg/L at 10:00 a.m. on July 17. 

This va|ue was 147 percent of the saturation concentration of 8.1 mg/L for that combination of temperature and barometric pressure. The DO 

concentration predicted by the model was 8.3 

mg/L, 0r only about 102 percent of saturation.

Diel changes in DO concentrations at the 

three continuous monitoring sites during the 

August 18-19, 1992, synoptic survey are shown in 

figure 2[0. Photosynthetic activity, as indicated by 

the magnitude of the diel DO cycle, was lowest at 

the monitoring site near Davis. Both the magni-
24 12 24 12 24 12 24 12 24 12 24 HOUR 

7-13-92 7-14-92 7-15-92 7-16-92 7-17-92 DAY 

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CANAAN VALLEY STATE PARK, WV

O 10 -

12 

7-13-92

24 12 24 12 24 12 24

7-14-92 7-15-92 7-16-92 

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CORTLAND, WV

12 

7-13-92

!4 12 24 12 24 12

7-M-92 715-92 7-16-92 

BLACKWATER RIVER NEAR DAVIS, WV

24

12 24 HOUR 

7-17-92 DAY

12 24 HOUR 

7-17-92 DAY

< 24

§ 

ZJ

g 24

X 12

12 24 12 24 12 24 12 24 12 24 HOUR 

8-17-92 8-18-92 8-19-92 8-20-92 8-21-92 DAY 

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CANAAN VALLEY STATE PARK, WV

12 

8-17-92

24 12 24 12 24 12 24 12 24 HOUR 

8-'8-92 8-19-92 8-20-92 8-21-92 DAY 

BLACKWATER RIVER AT CORTLAND, WV

12 24 12 24 12 24 12 24 

8-17-92 8-18-92 8-19-92 8-20-92

BLACKWATER RIVER NEAR DAVIS, WV

12 24 HOUR 

8-21-92 DAY

Figure 19. Changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations at three 

locations in the upper Blackwater River for the 

verification period July 13-17,1992. 

[Solid lines are continuously-measured dissolved 

oxygen concentrations. Dashed lines are steady-state 

model predictions of dissolved oxygen concentrations. 

Darker shading indicates model calibration and 

verification time frame, 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.]

Figure 20. Changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations at three 

locations in the upper Blackwater River for the 

calibration period August 17-21, 1992. 

[Solid lines are continuously-measured dissolved 

oxygen concentrations. Dashed lines are steady-state 

model predictions of dissolved oxygen concentrations. 

Darker shading indicates model calibration and 

verification time frame, 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Filled 

circles are manually-sampled dissolved oxygen 

concentrations.]

tude of the daily change in DO concentration and 

the maximum DO concentration were lower than at 

the other sites. Predictions for the midday peak 

DO concentrations were overestimated by about 

0.5 mg/L with the model. Maximum DO concentrations predicted by the model exceeded those 

measured at both the Canaan Valley State Park and 

the Blackwater River near Davis monitoring sites 

(fig. 20). For both sites, the difference between the 

predicted DO concentration and the measured midday peak DO concentration was about 0.5 mg/L. 

Minimum DO concentrations predicted by the 

model are 1.0 to 2.5 mg/L higher than the minimum DO concentrations measured during the 

August 1992 survey period.

Simulation of Dissolved Oxygen in the 

Upper Blackwater River for the 7-Day, 

10-Year Low Flow

The calibrated water-quality model was used 

to investigate processes affecting dissolved oxygen 

dynamics in the Canaan Valley study reach of the 

Blackwater River for the 7-day, 10-year low flow

(7Q10). Estimated boundary conditions for discharge were based on unit discharge relations and a 

published 7Q10 value of 4.99 ft3/s for the USGS 

gaging station at Davis, W. Va. (Friel and others, 

1989). Initial conditions for DO and CBOD concentrations, concentrations of all nitrogen species, 

water temperatures, and local meteorological conditions were taken from the July 30-August 1, 

1991, data set, during which discharges were about 

six times larger than the 7Q10.

Simulated hydraulic characteristics for the 

7Q10 model are presented in table 12. Traveltime 

for the 18.4-mi study reach was 27.28 days; traveltime through the 2.0-mi beaver pool in subreach 2 

was 9.68 days. Simulated depths for most of the 

study reach were less than 1 ft; the beaver pool had 

a simulated depth of 3.29 ft. These traveltimes and 

depths are consistent with those measured during 

the time-of-travel study conducted in July 1993 

and used to develop hydraulic coefficients for the 

model. Flows at the Davis gage during the period 

of the time-of-travel study ranged from 7.1 to 4.2 

ft3/s, bracketing the published 7Q10.

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 41
Table 12. Simulated hydraulic characteristics for the ijpper Blac

with inflows set to the 7-day, 10-year low flows

kwater River, Canaan Valley, West Virginia,

[ft = feet; ft3 = cubic feet; ft/s = feet per second; ft3/s = cubic feet per second; mi =

Mean Mean Mean

Model depth velocity discharge

subreach (ft) (ft/s) (ft3/s)

1 1.47 0.04 0.35

2 3.29 .01 .42

3 .86 .05 .57

4 .86 .05 .58

5 .90 .05 .68

6 .91 .05 .70

7 .99 .06 .94

8 .81 .07 1.42

9 .81 .07 1.45

10 .93 .08 2.30 .I

Volume

(ft3)

57.39

347.60

123.00

124.20

90.19

84.84

145.31

202.95

205.74

263.11

11 .94 .08 2.35 251.68

Model predictions for discharge, DO concentrations, and CBOD concentrations are shown in

figure 21 . The model predicts discharges to be less

than 1 ft3/s in reaches 1 through 7 (miles 32.0 E 10 - f

through 20.5), and to increase to a maximum of 2.4 =i 8 '. j

ft3/s by the end of the study reach. Dissolved oxy- £ e - \

gen concentrations are predicted to be supersatu- | 4 ;

rated in subreach 1. The maximum deficit (2.4 ^ 2 "

mg/L) is predicted in subreach 2 (the beaver pool,

_i o\-l 1 2 c O ' r V r ' a i 

miles 30.7 to 28.7). Maximum and minimum dis- ^

solved oxygen concentrations occurring in sub- |

reach 1 and 2 are discussed in detail below. | 3 " -

Dissolved oxygen concentrations increase rapidly g 2 -

in subreach 3, partly because of the contribution ° 1 -

from benthic photosynthesis and partly because the ,

shallow stream has a high rate of reaeration. In

u r

Q 5 H-f -7 > subreach 5, DO concentrations begin to decrease, 8 4 - m

eventually reaching 6.05 mg/L at the downstream £ 3 _

end of the study reach. This concentration is close £

UU 2 " l

to the State water-quality limit of 6.0 mg/L for the Si!

Blackwater River upstream from Davis, W. Va.

Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand

increases by less than 0.5 mg/L with the inflows

from Freeland Run (mile 28.5) and the Little

y 1 -

CD

= miles; d = days)]

Length Traveltime

(mi) (d)

1.3 1.97

2.0 9.68

2.0 2.51

2.0 2.50

1.3 .54

1.2 .40

1.7 .80

1.8 .65

1.8 .64

1.7 .34

1.6 1.25

Dissolved oxygen

" ^ 

Biochemical oxygen demand

i i

32 30 28

i i i i i i i

Discharge

i

i '

1.1.1,1.1. .1

26 24 22 20 18 16 14

RIVER MILES ABOVE MOUTH

Blackwater River (mile 16.7). Concentrations Of Figure 21. Water-quality model simulations of discharge,

CBOD were high in both tributaries in the July 30- . 

August 1, 1991, synoptic survey. The rate of decay

of CBOD generally decreases in the downstream

direction.

42 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV

dissolved oxygen concentration, and biochemical 

oxygen demand at the 7-day, 10-year low flows 

in the upper Blackwater River.
Maximum DO concentrations are predicted 

in subreach 1. Measurements of DO concentrations that exceed the saturation concentration are 

not uncommon during low flows in the Blackwater 

River (see fig. 6 and the results of the monitoring 

study described previously). In most cases, the DO 

supersaturation probably is due to photosynthetic 

activity by benthic algae and other aquatic plants. 

Numerous investigations have shown that benthic 

algae and aquatic plants in lakes, rivers, and 

streams can increase the DO content of the water to 

supersaturated concentrations (Ondok and others, 

1984; Carpenter and Lodge, 1986; Carter and others, 1991). In subreach 1, there is little turbulence 

at low flows to promote degassing and stream 

depths are low. Photosynthesis produces DO 

supersaturation during the morning hours and the 

warming of the highly colored streamwater further 

reduces the saturation concentration during the 

afternoon. The model does not accurately account 

for these processes. Therefore, predicted concentrations for supersaturation are not accurate, but the 

maximum dissolved oxygen concentration will 

occur in this subreach. Note that the water-quality 

assessment previously discussed in this report indicated DO concentrations below the State waterquality limit at the Canaan Valley State Park mainstem site, but those assessments were at discharges 

greater than the 7Q10.

Minimum DO concentrations are predicted 

in subreach 2 (the beaver pool). Model calibration 

and verification indicated traveltime through this 

subreach was between 3 and 5 days (table 5), and 

traveltime increased to about 10 days for this simulation (table 12). As discharge decreases, traveltime through subreach 2 increases, allowing 

CBOD and SOD processes more time to affect DO 

concentrations. As previously discussed in this 

report, hydraulic characteristics of subreach 2 actually decrease in velocity, increase in stream width, 

and increase in stream depth in the downstream 

direction, but model representation is an average of 

these characteristics. Therefore, predicted concentrations of DO are not accurate, but the minimum 

dissolved oxygen concentration will occur in this 

subreach.

Simulated discharge is consistent with the 

expected 7Q10 discharges (fig. 21). The 0.12 ft3/s

withdrawal at river mile 31.3 represents a 25-percent reduction in discharge at that point. The magnitude of the withdrawal is based on an estimated 

value of 0.08 Mgal/d and includes the drinkingwater supply for the Park Lodge and irrigation 

water for the Park golf course.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Water quality was assessed for the Blackwater River and several of its tributaries in Canaan 

Valley, a large, montane valley in northeastern 

Tucker County, W. Va. Results were determined 

from measurements of discharge and 29 waterquality properties and constituents, collected at 

eight monitoring sites at intervals of 1 to 2 months 

from March 1990 through August 1992. Processes 

affecting dissolved oxygen (DO) were investigated 

by (1) collecting data for three synoptic surveys, 

(2) applying a steady-state, one-dimensional waterquality model, and (3) simulating water quality for 

the 7-day, 10-year low flow.

Most streams in Canaan Valley can be 

described as having a dilute calcium magnesium 

bicarbonate-type water. Streamwater typically was 

soft and low in alkalinity and dissolved solids. The 

highest median values for specific conductance, 

hardness, alkalinity, and concentrations of dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, 

alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids 

were recorded at monitoring sites on Mill Run and 

North Branch, which are tributaries that receive 

inflows of ground water from limestone aquifers. 

Lowest median values for these characteristics 

were recorded for Club Run and Yoakum Run, two 

tributaries that are fed mainly by ground water 

from sandstones and shales. Ionic concentration 

values and other water-quality properties were generally intermediate for monitoring sites on the 

Blackwater mainstem. Maximum values for specific conductance, hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved solids occurred during low-flow periods 

when streamflow was at or near base flow.

Nitrogen and phosphorus were present at low 

concentrations in Canaan Valley streams. Concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, and 

un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen were always lower

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 43
than State water-quality limits. Precipitation could 

supply a significant fraction of the nitrate-nitrogen 

used by stream biota. The mean concentration of 

nitrate-nitrogen in precipitation was at least eight 

times that of streamwater during the study period. 

Concentrations of dissolved nitrite-nitrogen plus 

nitrate-nitrogen and dissolved orthophosphorus 

were highest during periods of high streamflow. 

Particulate forms of nitrogen were more abundant 

during summer low-flow periods and probably represent organic production within the streams.

Dissolved oxygen concentrations usually 

were below the saturation concentrations at the 

Blackwater mainstem monitoring site in Canaan 

Valley State Park and usually were at or above saturation at all other sites. Five measurements of DO 

concentration at the Park site were below the State 

limit of 6.0 mg/L. Diel fluctuations in DO concentrations and low reaeration, rather than problems 

with wastewater discharges, probably account for 

most of the low DO-concentration measurements. 

At discharges near those of the 7-day, 10-year low 

flow, the Canaan Valley State Park mainstem site 

can have supersaturated DO concentrations due to 

photosynthetic activity by benthic algae and other 

aquatic plants.

Fecal coliform bacteria episodically 

exceeded the State limit of 200 colonies per 100 

mL in Canaan Valley streams. Maximum counts 

during the warmest months of the year often were 

in the thousands of colonies per 100 mL. Fecal 

coliform and fecal streptococcus bacteria probably 

originate from nonpoint sources, including wildlife 

and domestic animals. Transport of fecal bacteria 

into the streams during summer months probably 

occurs sporadically following localized rainstorms 

on the watershed.

Concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese were high in Canaan Valley streams. Dissolved iron concentrations were higher than the 

State limit of 500 jig/L at seven of the eight monitoring sites. Maximum concentrations of dissolved 

iron ranged from 380 Jig/L at the mainstem monitoring site near Cortland, W. Va., to 1,100 jig/L at 

the site near Davis, W. Va. Concentrations of dissolved manganese frequently exceeded the recommended maximum of 50 Jig/L for public water 

supplies! The most likely explanation for the high 

concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese is 

that the metals entering the streams in ground 

water are forming complexes with organic matter 

derived :rom adjacent wetlands.

Contamination from pesticide applications 

was not evident in Canaan Valley streams. Of 58 

pesticides and other organic contaminants analyzed 

in August 1991 at seven water-quality-monitoring 

sites, on y four the herbicides picloram, 2,4-D, 

and simazine, and the insecticide lindane were 

detectable, and all of these were at concentrations 

significantly lower than the MCL's.

The dominant environmental processes 

affecting DO concentrations for low-flow periods 

in Canaan Valley streams are reaeration and processes plated to stream turbulence. Dissolved 

oxygen concentrations are most sensitive to processes atfecting the rate of reaeration. The rate of 

reaeration is affected by processes that determine 

dissolved oxygen solubility (the interaction among 

atmospheric pressure, water temperature, humidity, 

and cloud cover) and processes that determine 

stream turbulence (the interaction among stream 

depth, width, velocity, and roughness).

Additional processes play significant roles in 

determining DO concentrations in the headwaters 

beaver pools. In the headwaters, photosynproduction by benthic algae can result in 

persaturated DO concentrations. This process is 

by light availability (dependent upon 

epth and the presence of light absorbing 

constituents) and plant nutrients (dependischarges from wastewater treatment 

overland runoff). In beaver pools, DO 

consumption from SOD and CBOD can result in 

dissolved oxygen deficits. This process is affected 

by sedirj mentation of organic particles (dependent 

upon reduced velocity and increased traveltime).

and

thetic

su

affected

stream <

organic

dent

plants

upon 

and

44 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
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Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 45
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Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 47
Table 3. Summaries of water-quality data collected at eight Canaan Valley monitoring sites, March 1990 to Augus

(Q 

(D

3

O 

O

O

(D

[ft3/s = cubic feet per second; uS/cm = microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligr

per liter; cols/100 mL = colonies per 100 milliliters]

Monitoring site

Club Run near headwaters - 390059079283401

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Streamflow, 

instantaneous 

(ft3/s)

0.08

.25

.02

11

Specific 

conductance 

(u.S/cm)

59

81

32

11

PH

6.3

7.1

5.9

11

Temperature, 

water 

(°C)

16.0

21.0

4.0

11

Oxygen, 

dissolved 

(mg/L)

7.6

10.3

5.5

11

O

d

so

(p

o

a

Mill Run at Canaan Vallev State Park, W. Va. - 390136079273301

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Blackwater River at Canaan Vallev State Park,

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

2.1

7.6

.44

17

W. Va. -

11

41

1.9

17

134

203

102

17

03065050

63

118

49

18

7.2

8.7

6.5

17

6.7

7.0

5.9

18

17.0

29.0

0.0

17

14.0

26.0

0.0

18

10.0

11.9

6.3

17

8.1

11.3

5.3

18

Blackwater River on Timberline Road - 39021 1079253601

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

18

94

2.3

17

90

165

66

17

7.2

8.6

6.2

17

16.5

26.0

0.0

17

9.6

13.1

7.0

17
Table 3. Summaries of water-quality data collected at eight Canaan Valley monitoring sites, March 1990 to Augu

[ft3/s = cubic feet per second; uS/cm = microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = millig

per liter; cols/100 ml_ = colonies per 100 milliliters]

(0

a.

O

x«<

(0 

<D

O

§o

<D

O

y 

o

Q)

Q) 

Q)

Monitoring site

Club Run near headwaters - 390059079283401

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Mill Run at Canaan Valley State Park. W. Va.

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Blackwater River at Canaan Valley State Park,

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Streamflow, 

instantaneous

(ft3/s)

0.08

.25

.02

11

Specific 

conductance 

(|iS/cm)

59

81

32

11

pH

6.3

7.1

5.9

11

Temperature, 

water 

(°C)

16.0

21.0

4.0

11

Oxygen, 

dissolved 

(mg/L)

7.6

10.3

5.5

11

O

d

s

(

-390136079273301

2.1

7.6

.44

17

134

203

102

17

7.2

8.7

6.5

17

17.0

29.0

0.0

17

10.0

11.9

6.3

17

W. Va. - 03065050

11

41

1.9

17

63

118

49

18

6.7

7.0

5.9

18

14.0

26.0

0.0

18

8.1

11.3

5.3

18

Blackwater River on Timberline Road - 39021 1079253601

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

18

94

2.3

17

90

165

66

17

7.2

8.6

6.2

17

16.5

26.0

0.0

17

9.6

13.1

7.0

17
Table 3. Summaries of water-quality data collected at eight Canaan Valley monitoring sites, March 1990 to Augus

q 55'

o

(D

Q.

O

x

2

(D

O 

O

O

§

o

[ft3/s = cubic feet per second; uS/cm = microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligr

per liter; cols/100 mL = colonies per 100 milliliters]

Monitoring site

Club Run near headwaters - 390059079283401

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Sulfate,

dissolved

(mg/L

as SO4)

4.9

6.7

3.8

11

Chloride,

dissolved

(mg/L

asCl)

5.4

8.5

.20

11

Fluoride

dissolved

(mg/L

asF)

0.1

.1

.1

7

Solids,

residue

at 1 80 °C,

dissolved

(mg/L)

34

50

17

11

Nitrogen,

NO2+NO3 ,

total

(mg/L

asN)

0.20

.40

.10

11

N

N

di

so

(m

a

0

11

Mill Run at Canaan Vallev State Park, W. Va. - 390136079273301

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Blackwater River at Canaan Vallev State Park,

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

7.9

18

3.4

17

7.1

15

4.5

17

.1

.2

.1

11

83

146

59

17

.11

.41

.05

17

17

W. Va. - 03065050

6.0

14

3.6

18

3.0

5.6

1.9

18

.1

.2

.1

12

48

97

29

18

.10

.33

.05

1818

Blackwater River on Timberline Road - 39021 1079253601

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

6.8

12

4.3

17

3.0

5.5

2.2

17

.1

.2

.1

12

57

98

37

17

.13

.50

.06

17

17
Table 3. Summaries of water-quality data collected at eight Canaan Valley monitoring sites, March 1990 to Augus

[ft3/s = cubic feet per second; uS/cm = microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligr

per liter; cols/100 ml = colonies per 100 milliliters]

O

o

I

o

OT

O 

to

to 

to

Monitoring site

Nitrogen, 

ammonia, 

dissolved

(mg/L 

asN)

Nitrogen, 

organic, 

total

(mg/L 

asN)

Phosphorus, 

total

(mg/L 

asP)

Phosphorus, 

ortho, 

dissolved

(mg/L 

asP)

Iron, 

dissolved

(MS/L

as Fe)

M

g

d

s

G

a

Club Run near headwaters - 390059079283401

Mill

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Run at Canaan Vallev State Park. W.

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

0.02

.03

.01

11

0.34

.68

.17

6

0.01

.05

.01

11

0.01

.01

.01

11

310

690

100

6

Va. - 390136079273301

.04

.08

.01

17

.48

.97

.16

17

.03

.09

.01

17

.01

.02

.01

17

340

910

140

9

4

Blackwater River at Canaan Vallev State Park, W. Va. - 03065050

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

.03

.06

.01

18

.38

.68

.18

15

.03

.08

.01

18

.01

.01

.01

18

355

820

110

10

2

Blackwater River on Timberline Road - 39021 1079253601

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

.02

.07

.01

17

.36

.76

.18

15

.02

.06

.01

17

.01

.01

.01

17

260

580

94

10
Table 3. Summaries of water-quality data collected at eight Canaan Valley monitoring sites, March 1990 to Augus

[ft3/s = cubic feet per second; jiS/cm = microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligra

per liter; cols/100 mL = colonies per 100 milliliters]

I

Monitoring site

Streamflow,

instantaneous

(ft3/s)

Specific

conductance

(|iS/cm) PH

Temperature,

water

(°C)

Oxygen,

dissolved

(mg/L)

O

di

so

(p

o

a

Yoakum Run at mouth - 390346079244801

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

1.9

11

.11

16

57

110

45

16

7.2

7.8

5.8

16

17.8

25.0

1.0

16

8.1

12.2

6.7

16

1

Blackwater River at Cortland, W. Va. - 03065200

North

Median

Maximum

Minimum 

Number of samples

22

105

 6:3 

14

80

134

-55 

14

7.6

8.0

6 3

14

11.8

23.5

0 ft

14

9.9

12.8

77

14

1

1

Branch at Cortland, W. Va. - 390400079253301

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

10

27

1

17

121

216

83

17

7.2

7.5

6.0

17

15.0

21.5

1.0

17

9.5

11.6

8.0

17

1

Blackwater River near Davis,_W!_Va,^03Q6540Q

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

82

360

12

18

67

124

47

18

7.1

7.5

6.5

18

14.3

26.5

0.0

18

8.5

13.4

6.8

18

1
Table 3. Summaries of water-quality data collected at eight Canaan Valley monitoring sites, March 1990 to Augu

[ft3/s = cubic feet per second; fiS/cm = microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = millig

per liter; cols/100 mL = colonies per 100 milliliters]

oQ>

Monitoring site

Streptococci, 

fecal, 

KFagar 

(cols/ 

100 mL)

Hardness, 

total 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

Calcium, 

dissolved 

(mg/L 

as Ca)

Magnesium, 

dissolved 

(mg/L 

as Mg)

Sodium, 

dissolved 

(mg/L 

as Na)

Potas

sium

dissolve

(mg/

asK

Yoakum Run at mouth - 390346079244801

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Blackwater River at Cortland, W. Va. -

North

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

31

3,300

2

13

03065200

12

1,700

1

14

23

47

19

16

34

59

22

13

7.6

16

6.1

16

12

21

7.6

13

1.1

1.6

.76

16

.98

1.6

.74

14

1.4

3.5

.8

16

1.7

3.7

1.3

14

0.

1.

.

16

.

1.

.

14

Branch at Cortland, W. Va. - 390400079253301

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

Blackwater River near Davis, W. Va. -

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

69

2,500

5

14

03065400

13

3,100

1

15

47

100

34

17

29

54

19

18

16

35

12

17

10

19

6.4

18

1.6

3.1

1.0

17

1.0

1.7

.7

18

2.9

5.6

1.9

17

1.3

3.0

.9

18

.

1.

.

17

18
1

CO

0)

2

'Eo

"§ _n

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C\l CD

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jc -2 0 -52

»= CD 4S O

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CD 

CO CD 

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CD w

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CO CD

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CO "0

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'CD J

CO <D

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54 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
Table 3. Summaries of water-quality data collected at eight Canaan Valley monitoring sites, March 1990 to Augus

[ft3/s = cubic feet per second; uS/cm = microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligr

per liter; cols/100 ml_ = colonies per 100 milliliters]

(Q 

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Median

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Minimum

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ammonia,

dissolved

(mg/L

asN)

0.03

.24

.01

16

Nitrogen,

organic,

total

(mg/L

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0.38

.73

.19

15

Phosphorus,

total

(mg/L

asP)

0.03

.06

.01

16

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ortho,

dissolved

(mg/L

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0.01

.04

.01

16

Iron,

dissolved

(f^g/L

as Fe)

495

920

90

10

M

g

di

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(f

a

Blackwater River at Cortland, W. Va. - 390351079244901

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

.02

.05

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14

.28

.88

.16

12

.02

.05

.01

14

.01

.01

.01

14

200

380

89

7

North Branch at Cortland, W. Va. - 390400079253301

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

.03

.07

.01

17

.28

1.2

.16

12

.02

.08

.01

17

.01

.02

.01

17

210

560

76

10

1

Blackwater River near Davis. W. Va. - 390824079251201

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Number of samples

.02

.05

.01

18

.30

1.0

.20

16

.02

.05

.01

18

.01

.01

.01

18

475

1,100

140

10

1
56 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV
APPENDIXES

Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 57
Appendix A. Computer-model output listing the input calibration data set, August 1992

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File: CAL.INP Date: 06-28-94 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL I SK IN uScm 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL II Cl IN mg/L 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL III Si02 IN mg/L 

TEMPERATURE

5-DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 

ALGAE AS CHL-A IN UG/L 

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE AS P IN MG/L

(ORGANIC-P, DISSOLVED-P) 

NITROGEN CYCLE AS N IN MG/L

(ORGANIC-N, AMMONIA-N, NITRITE-N, NITRATE-N) 

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FECAL COLIFORMS IN NO./100 ML 

ARBITRARY NON-CONSERVATIVE

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NUM OF HEADWATERS

TIME STEP (HOURS)

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Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 59
Appendix A. Computer-model output listing the input calibration data set, August 1992--Continue

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Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 61
Appendix A.-Computer-model output listing the input calibration data set, August 1992-Continued

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66.00

66.00

64.00

67.00

67.00

65.00

0.00

7A (INITIAL CONDITIONS

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. 

11.

0.

8 ( INCREMENTAL

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

CHL-A

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

^T.DTT " ' 

0.00

0.00

INFLOW

FLOW

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

D.O.

7.80

7.30

8.10

8.10

8.80

8.80

8.40

8.00

8.00

8.00

7.30

0.00

BOD

0.20

0.80

0.30

0.30

0.90

0.90

0.20

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.40

0.00

FOR CHOROPHYLL A,

ORG-N

0.20

0.36

0.26

0.26

0.19

0.19

0.28

0.25

0.27

 trr27 

0,27

0.00

CONDITIONS)

TEMP

54.00

52.00

48.00

54.00

57.00

55.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

0.00

NH3-N

0.02

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.03

 0-.G3 

0.03

0.00

$$$

D.O.

6.00

6.00

5.00

5.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.00

CM-1

59.00

64.00

90.00

90.00

82.00

70.00

70.00

70.00

86.00

86.00

61.00

0.00

NITROGEN,

N02-N

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

Q-7-CW 

0.01

0.00

BOD

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CM- 2

2.10

2.20

2.90

2.50

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.60

2.60

1.60

0.00

CM- 3

3

2

3

3

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

0

AND PHOSPHORUS)

N03-N

0.05

0.08

0.13

0.13

0.08

0.08

0.06

0.08

0.09

 6^03 

0.15

0.00

CM-1

89.00

89.00

127.00

127.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

117.00

117.00

0.00

.00

.90

.10

.40

.90

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.10

.00

$$$

ORG-P

0.

0

0

0

0.

0

0,

0

0

0, 

0

0

.01

.01

.01

.01

,01

.01

.01

.01

.02

.02 

.01

.00

CM-2

4.

4.

4,

4.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

0.

.20

.20

.20

.20

.60

.60

.60

.60

.60

.10

.10

.00

ANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

DIS-P

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.02

_0_^02__ 

0.01

0.00

CM- 3

3.00

3.00

3.40

3.40

2.70

2 .70

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.30

2.30

0.00

COLI

110.00

150.00

190.00

190.00

47.00

47.00

50.00

73.00

120.00

120.00

130.00

0.00

 

ANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 

COLI

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

50.00

0.00
Appendix A. Computer-model output listing the input calibration data set, August 1992 Continued

$$$ DATA TYPE 8A (INCREMENTAL INFLOW CONDITIONS FOR CHLOROPHYLL A, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS) $$$

q 55'

I 

a 

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CARD TYPE

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

ENDATA8A

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

ENDATA9

$$$ DATA TYPE

REACH CHL-A ORG-N

1. 0

2. 0

3. 0

4. 0

5. 0

6. 0

7. 0

8. 0

9. 0

10. 0

11. 0

0. 0

.00

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.00

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.00

.00

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0.48

0.48

0.38

0.38

0.29

0.29

0.29

0.29

0.29

0.30

0.30

0.00

NH3-N

0.04

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.00

N02-N

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

N03-N

0.03

0.03

0.13

0.13

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.02

0.02

0.00

ORG-P DIS-P

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

03

03

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

00

00

00

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

9 (STREAM JUNCTIONS) $$$

JUNCTION

0.

ORDER AND I DENT UPSTRM JUNCTION

0. 0.

TRIE

0.

10 (HEADWATER SOURCES) $$$

CARD TYPE HDWTR NAME FLOW TEMP D.O. BOD CM-1 CM- 2 CM- 3

ORDER

HEADWTR-1

ENDATA10

1.

0.

$$$ DATA TYPE IDA

BLKWTR (EST)

(HEADWATER CONDITIONS

2.60

0.00

66.00

0.00

7.60

0.00

FOR CHLOROPHYLL, NITROGEN,

0.10

0.00

64

0

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.00

2.10

0.00

3.10

0.00

PHOSPHORUS,

COLIFORM AND SELECTED NON -CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUENT) $$$

CARD TYPE

HEADWTR-2

ENDATA10A

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

HDWTR

ORDER

1.

0.

ANC

0.00

0.00

11 (POINT SOURCE

POINT

LOAD

ORDER

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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

NAME

CLB RN (EST)

MILL RUN C2

CVSP WTP Wl

CVSP LOG D5

COON R (EST)

RSCHMIDT D6

BLKWT CTR D9

FRELND R C8

COLI

14.00

0.00

/ POINT

CHL-A

0.00

0.00

SOURCE

EFF

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

ORG-N

0.18

0.00

NH3-N

0.02

0.00

N02-N

0.01

0.00

N03-N

0.05

0.00

ORG-P

0.01

0.00

DIS-P

0.01

0.00

CHARACTERISTICS) $$$

FLOW

1.70

4.30

-0.12

0.04

1.10

0.00

0.00

2.90

TEMP

66.00

64.00

66.00

70.00

66.00

70.00

70.00

57.00

D.O.

7.80

7.50

7.80

5.10

8.50

0.00

0.00

9.20

BOD

0.20

0.90

0.20

4.50

0.90

0.00

0.00

0.00

CM-1

64.00

147.00

59.00

300.00

64.00

0.00

0.00

69.00

CM-2

2.10

4.50

2.10

20.00

2.10

0.00

0.00

0.80

CM- 3

3.10

2.50

3.00

0.50

3.10

0.00

0.00

4.00
2 Appendix A. Computer-model output listing the input calibration data set,

0 

in

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POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

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$$$ DATA

9.

10.

11.

12.

0.

TYPE 11A

YOAKUM R C14

SAND RUN C16

N BRANCH C20

L BLKWTR C22

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

(POINT SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS

2.20

4.50

9.00

16.20

0.00

65.00

68.00

64.00

67.00

0.00

- CHLOROPHYLL A,

7.50

7.40

7.80

7 .20

0.00

NITROGEN,

0.50 61

1.10 51

0.80 124

1.00 43

0.00 0

PHOSPHORUS

August 1992-Continue

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

,

2.00

2.00

4.50

0.10

0.00

3.50

3.50

3.00

3.40

0.00

COLIFORMS AND SELECTED NON-CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUENT) $$$

POINT

CARD TYPE LOA:D ANC COLI CHL-A ORG-N NH3-N N02-N N03-N 0RG-P DIS-P

ORDER

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

ENDATA11A

$$$ DATA

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1 .

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

0.

TYPE 12

0.00 10.00

0.00 400.00

0.00 110.00

0.00 31.00

0.00 100.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 490.00

0.00 130.00

0.00 28.00

0.00 260.00

0.00 180.00

0.00 0.00

(DAM CHARACTERISTICS) 

 BAM- - -R H BtE 

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

$$$

ADAM

0.20

0.17

0.20

0.72

0.18

0.00

0.00

0.20

0.26

0.25

0.17

0.35

0.00

_BDAM0.02

0.03

0.02

0.28

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.05

0.03

0.05

0.00

FDAM 1

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

HDAM

0.05

0.12

0.05

0.04

0.05

0.00

0.00

0.28

0.18

0.08

0.16

0.05

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.30

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.05

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

1.70

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.00

ENDATA12 0. 0. 

$$$ DATA TYPE 13 (DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS-1) $$$

CARD TYPE

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY-1 

ENDATA13

TEMP D.O. BOD CM-1 CM-2 CM-3 

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONCENTRATIONS ARE UNCONSTRAINED

$$$ DATA TYPE 13A (DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS-2) $$$

CARD TYPE CHL-A ORG-N NH3-N N02-N NH3-N ORG-P

ANC

DIS-P

COLI

ENDATA13A DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONCENTRATIONS ARE UNCONSTRAINED
Appendix B. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July 1992

' * QUAL-2E STREAM QUALITY ROUTING MODEL 

Version 3.14 January 1992

$$$ (PROBLEM TITLES) $$$

YES

CARD TYPE

TITLE01

TITLE02

TITLE03

TITLE04 YES

TITLE05 YES

TITLE06 YES

TITLE07 YES

TITLE08 YES

TITLE09 YES

TITLE10

TITLE11

TITLE12

TITLE13

TITLE14

TITLE15

ENDTITLE

YES

YES

YES

NO

QUAL-2E PROGRAM TITLES

BLACKWATER MAINSTEM MODEL WITH 7/14-17/92 DATA 

File: VER1.INP Date: 06-22-94 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL I SK IN uScm 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL II Cl IN mg/L 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL III Si02 IN mg/L 

TEMPERATURE

5-DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 

ALGAE AS CHL-A IN UG/L 

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE AS P IN MG/L

(ORGANIC-P, DISSOLVED-P) 

NITROGEN CYCLE AS N IN MG/L

(ORGANIC-N, AMMONIA-N, NITRITE-N, NITRATE-N) 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN MG/L 

FECAL COLIFORMS IN NO./100 ML 

ARBITRARY NON-CONSERVATIVE

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$$$ DATA TYPE 1 (CONTROL DATA) $$$

CARD TYPE

LIST DATA INPUT

WRITE OPTIONAL SUMMARY

NO FLOW AUGMENTATION

STEADY STATE

NO TRAPEZOIDAL X-SECTIONS

PRINT LCD/SOLAR DATA

PLOT DO AND BOD

FIXED DNSTM COND (YES=1)=

INPUT METRIC (YES=1)

NUMBER OF REACHES

NUM OF HEADWATERS

TIME STEP (HOURS)

MAXIMUM ITERATIONS

LATITUDE OF BASIN (DEG)

STANDARD MERIDIAN (DEG)

EVAP. COEFF. (AE)

ELEV. OF BASIN (ELEV)

ENDATA1

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,00000

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.00103

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5D-ULT BOD CONV K COEF = 

OUTPUT METRIC (YES=1) 

NUMBER OF JUNCTIONS 

NUMBER OF POINT LOADS 

LNTH COMP ELEMENT (DX): 

TIME INC. FOR RPT2 (HRS): 

LONGITUDE OF BASIN (DEG)= 

DAY OF YEAR START TIME = 

EVAP. COEFF. (BE) 

DUST ATTENUATION COEF. =

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.04000

0.00000

0.00000

12.00000

0.10000

0.00000

79.40000

195.00000

0.00016

0.06000

0.00000

$$$ DATA TYPE 1A (ALGAE PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN OXIDATION CONSTANTS) $$$

CARD TYPE

0 UPTAKE BY NH3 OXID(MG O/MG N)= 3.4300 

0 PROD BY ALGAE (MG O/MG A) = 1.6000 

N CONTENT OF ALGAE (MG N/MG A) = 0.0850 

ALG MAX SPEC GROWTH RATE(I/DAY)= 2.5000

CARD TYPE

0 UPTAKE BY N02 OXID(MG O/MG N)= 1.1400 

0 UPTAKE BY ALGAE (MG O/MG A) = 2.0000 

P CONTENT OF ALGAE (MG P/MG A) = 0.0140 

ALGAE RESPIRATION RATE (I/DAY) = 0.0500
Appendix B.-Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July 1992 Continued

v>

(0o

I 

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N HALF SATURATION CONST (MG/L) = 0.2000

LIN ALG SHADE CO (1/FT-UGCHA/L=) 0.0008

LIGHT FUNCTION OPTION (LFNOPT) = 2.0000

DAILY AVERAGING OPTION (LAVOPT)= 1.0000

NUMBER OF DAYLIGHT HOURS (DLH) = 14.0000

ALGY GROWTH CALC OPTION(LGROPT)= 2.0000

ALG/TEMP SOLR RAD FACTOR(TFACT)= 0.4400

ENDATAlA 0.0000

P HALF SATURATION CONST (MG/L)= 

NLIN SHADEd/FT- (UGCHA/L) **2/3) = 

LIGHT SAT'N COEF (BTU/FT2-MIN) = 

TOTAL DAILY SOLAR RADTN (INT) = 

TOTAL DAILY SOLR RAD (BTU/FT-2)= 

ALGAL PREF FOR NH3-N (PREFN) 

NITRIFICATION INHIBITION COEF =

0,

0

0,

0.

1500

0,

10

0

$$$ DATA TYPE IB (TEMPERATURE CORRECTION CONSTANTS FOR RATE COEFFICIENTS) $$$

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CARD TYPE

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THETA ( 7)

THETA ( 8)

THETA ( 9)

THETA (10)

THETA (11)

THETA (12)

THETA (13)

THETA (14)

THETA (15) 

 THETA (16)

THETA (17)

THETA (18)

THETA (19)

ENDATA1B

RATE CODE

BOD DECA

BOD SETT

OXY TRAN

SOD RATE

ORGN DEC

ORGN SET

NH3 DECA

NH3 SRCE

N02 DECA

PORG DEC

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DISP SRC

ALG GROW

ALG RESP

ALG SETT 

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ANC DECA

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ANC SRCE

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1.024

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1.074

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1.047

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DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT 

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

$$$ DATA TYPE 2 (REACH IDENTIFICATION) $$$

CARD TYPE

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STREAM

STREAM

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7

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RCH=RCH

RCH=RCH

RCH=RCH

RCH=RCH

RCH=RCH

RCH=RCH

RCH=RCH

RCH=RCH

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RCH=RCH

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01

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13.

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9,

8.

6,

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3

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0

0.

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.8

.6

.9

.1

.3

.6

.0

.0

0400

0000

0900

9200

0000

9000

0000

0000
Appendix B. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July 1992--Continued

$$$ DATA TYPE 3 (TARGET LEVEL DO AND FLOW AUGMENTATION SOURCES) $$$

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$$$ DATA TYPE

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HYDRAULICS

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HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

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ENDATA5

$$$ DATA TYPE

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TEMP /LCD

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ENDATA5A

REACH AVAIL HDWS TARGET ORDER OF AVAIL SOURCES 

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500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

0.00

1.6.

2 ?,

2 6

2 ?,

2 7,

2.2,

2 6

2.6,

2.2,

2.6.

2 ?,

0 0

COMPUTATIONAL

2.2.6.2.7.

,6.2.2.2.2.

,2.2.2.2.2,

2.2.2.2.2.

,6.2.2.2.2.

,2.2.2.2.2,

.2.2.2.2.2,

.2.2.2.2.2,

,2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2,

,2.2.2.2.2,

o . o . n .0 . n

.2.6.6.2.2.

.6.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

n n n .n . n

FLAGS

2.0.0.0.0.

2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.2.

2.0.0.0.0.

0.0.0.0.0.

2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.5.0.

o . n n . n . n

FOR DETERMINING VELOCITY AND DEPTH) $$$

COEFQV

0.059

0.017

0.059

0.059

0.059

0.059

0.059

0.059

0.059

0.059

0.059

0.000

5A (STEADY STATE TEMPERATURE

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

ELEVATION

3218.00

3213.00

3205.00

3186.00

3161.00

3154.00

3148.00

3142.00

3139.00

3135.00

3131.00

0.00

DUST

COEF

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.00

EXPOQV

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.000

COEFQH

2.050

4.316

1.014

1.014

1.014

1.014

1.014

0.723

0.723

0.723

0.723

0.000

EXPOQH

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.309

0.000

0.0.0.

2.2.2.

2.2.2.

2.2.2.

0.0.0.

0.0.0.

0.0.0.

2.0.0.

2.0.0.

0.0.0.

0.0.0.

,0.0.0.

CMANN

0.034

0.034

0.043

0.043

0.043

0.043

0.043

0.034

0.034

0.034

0.037

0.000

AND CLIMATOLOGY DATA) $$$

CLOUD

COVER

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.00

DRY BULB

TEMP

82.40

71.60

77.00

77.00

81.50

81.50

71.60

77.90

82.40

82.40

78.80

0.00

WET BULB

TEMP

65.30

57.20

60.80

60.80

64.40

64.40

57.20

61.70

65.30

65.30

62.60

0.00

ATM

PRESSURE

26.60

26.60

26.60

26.60

26.60

26.60

26.60

26.60

26.60

26.60

26.60

0.00

SOLAR RAD

WIND ATTENUATION

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

11.00 1.00

0.00 0.00
Appendix B. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July 1992--Continued

o55'

V) 

0

S

a

O

$ 

<a

(D

Concentrations,

O

COgCD

CO. 

£

g

^

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF 

REACT COEF 

ENDATA6

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF 

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

ENDATA6A

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG/ OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG/ OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG/ OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ENDATA6B

6 (REACTION COEFFICIENTS FOR

REACH Kl

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8

9

10 

11 

0

6A

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0.

0. 

0. 

0. 

0.

(NITROGEN

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 

9.

10.

11.

0.

04 

04 

02 

02 

01 

01 

01 

01

01 

01 

01 

00

K3

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00

AND PHOSPHORUS

CKNH2

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

a. 01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

SETNH2

-0.20

0.00

-0.10

-0.10

-0.05

-0.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

6B (ALGAE /OTHER COEFFICIENTS)

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

ALPHAO

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

0.00

DEOXYGENATION AND REAERATION) $$$

SOD K20PT 

RATE

-0. 

0. 

-0. 

-0. 

-0. 

-0. 

-0. 

-0.

0. 

0. 

0. 

0.

150 

050 

100 

100 

050 

025 

010 

010

000 

010 

050 

000

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3.

3. 

3. 

3. 

0.

K2 COEQK2 OR EXPQK2 

TSIV COEF OR SLOPE 

FOR OPT 8 FOR OPT

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.00

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

0.00

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0 

0 

0 

0

.00000 

.00000 

.00000 

.00000 

.00000 

.00000 

.00000 

.00000

.00000 

.00000 

.00000 

.00000

8

CONSTANTS) $$$

$$$

ALGSET

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.00

CKNH3

0.20

0.10

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20 

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.00

EXCOEF

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.00

SNH3

-0.10

0.00

-0.05

-0.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

f\ _f\_f\_ tr. UU 

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CK5

CKCOLI

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.00

CKN02

1.00

0.50

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

i on JL . \J O~

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.00

CKANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CKPORG

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10 

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.00

SETANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SETPORG

-0

0

-0

-0

-0

-0

0 

0 

0

0

0

0

.10

.00

.05

.05

.01

.01

.00

,00 

.00

.00

.00

.00

SP04

-0.

0,

-0

-0,

-0.

-0

0,

n

0,

0,

0,

0,

,10

.05

.10

.10

.05

.05

.00

nn 

.00

.00

.00

.00

SRCANC

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00
Appendix B. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July 1992--Continued

$$$ DATA TYPE 7 (INITIAL CONDITIONS) $$$

CARD TYPE

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

ENDATA7

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

ENDATA7A

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

ENDATA8

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

TEMP

79.00

69.00

73.00

73.00

78.00

78.00

73.00

75.00

72.00

72.00

77.00

0.00

7A (INITIAL CONDITIONS

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

8 ( INCREMENTAL

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

CHL-A

0 .00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

INFLOW

FLOW

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

D.O.

6.50

6.70

7.20

7.20

7.30

7.30

7.70

7.10

6.90

6.90

7.30

0.00

BOD

0.70

0.90

0.70

0.70

0.90

0.90

0.70

1.10

1.20

1.20

0.90

0.00

FOR CHOROPHYLL A,

ORG-N

0.25

0.20

0.43

0.43

0.45

0.45

0.37

0.66

0.36

0.36

0.45

0.00

CONDITIONS)

TEMP

54.00

52.00

48.00

54.00

57.00

55.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

0.00

NH3-N

0.05

0.02

0.07

0.07

0.05

0.05

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.05

0.00

$$$

D.O.

6.00

6.00

5.00

5.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.00

CM-1

56.00

73.00

79.00

79.00

72.00

72.00

93.00

76.00

85.00

85.00

75.00

0.00

NITROGEN,

N02-N

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

BOD

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CM- 2

2.60

0.40

3.10

3.10

2.90

2.90

1.10

2.40

3.00

3.00

0.70

0.00

CM- 3

2.

4.

3.

3.

2.

2.

2.

2.

2.

2.

3.

0.

AND PHOSPHORUS)

N03-N

0.05

0.41

0.08

0.08

0.10

0.10

0.12

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.10

0.00

CM-1

89.00

89.00

127.00

127.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

117.00

117.00

0.00

80

10

00

00

80

80

00

40

60

60

00

00

$$$

ORG-P

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0.

0.

01

01

02

02

01

01

01

,02

01

,01

.01

.00

CM- 2

4,

4,

4,

4.

3,

3

3

3

3

3

3

0

,20

,20

.20

.20

.60

.60

.60

.60

.60

.10

.10

.00

ANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

DIS-P

0.01

0.05

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.04

0.02

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

CM- 3

3.00

3.00

3.40

3.40

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.30

2.30

0.00

COLI

260.

1700.

410.

410.

190.

190.

50.

32.

130.

130.

70.

0.

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

ANC

0.

0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0,

0,

0.

0,

0

0

,00

,00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

COL

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

0.0
Appendix B. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July 1992--Continued

(A 

(A 

O_

$ 

Q.

O

X

1

O 

o

I

$$$ DATA TYPE 8A (INCREMENTAL INFLOW CONDITIONS FOR CHLOROPHYLL A, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS) $$$

CARD TYPE

INCR INFLOW -2

INCR INFLOW -2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW-2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW-2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW-2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW -2

ENDATA8A

$$$ DATA TYPE 9

CARD TYPE

ENDATA9

REACH CHL-A

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

( STREAM

0.

0.

0,

0.

0,

0.

0,

0,

0.

0.

0,

0,

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

,00

.00

.00

JUNCTIONS)

JUNCTION

0,

ORG-N

0.

0,

0.

0,

0.

0.

0.

0,

0,

0,

0,

0,

$$$

ORDER AND

.48

.48

.38

.38

.29

.29

.29

.29

.29

.30

.30

.00

IDENT

NH3-N

0,

0

0,

0

0

0,

0

0

0.

0

0

0,

.04

.04

.02

.02

.02

.02

.02

.02

.02

.01

.01

.00

N02-N

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

UPSTRM

0.

01

01

00

00

01

01

01

01

01

00

00

00

N03-N

0,

0

0,

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.03

.03

.13

.13

.11

.11

.11

.11

.11

.02

.02

.00

JUNCTION

0.

ORG-P

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0 .

0.

0,

0.

0.

0,

0.

TRIE

0.

,03

.03

.02

,02

.02

.02

.02

.02

.02

.00

.00

.00

DIS-P

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

$$$ DATA TYPE 10 (HEADWATER SOURCES) $$$

CARD TYPE HDWTR NAME FLOW 

ORDER

CM-1 CM- 2 CM- 3

HEADWTR-1

ENDATA10

$$$ DATA

CARD TYPE

HEADWTR-2

ENDATA10A

$$$ DATA

CARD TYPE

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

1. BLKWTR (EST)

0.

TYPE 10A (HEADWATER CONDITIONS

HDWTR ANC COLI

ORDER

1. 0.00 200.00

0. 0.00 0.00

TYPE 11 (POINT SOURCE / POINT

POINT

LOAD NAME

ORDER

1. CLB RN (EST)

2 . MILL RUN C2

3 . CVSP WTP Wl

4. CVSP LOG D5

5. COON R (EST)

6 . RSCHMIDT D6

7 . BLKWT CTR D9

8 . FRELND R C8

2.60

0.00

70.00

0.00

FOR CHLOROPHYLL,

CHL-A

0.00

0.00

SOURCE

EFF

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

ORG-N

0.17

0.00

6.40 1.00

0.00 0.00

59,

0,

.00 6

.00 0

.00

.00

2.50

0.00

NITROGEN , PHOSPHORUS , 

r E CONSTITUENT) $$$

NH3-N N02-N

0.03 0.01

0.00 0.00

N03-N

0.19

0.00

ORG-P

0.01

0.00

DIS-P

0.01

0.00

CHARACTERISTICS) $$$

FLOW

1.70

4.30

-0.12

0.14

1.10

0.00

0.00

2.90

TEMP D.O.

70.00 6.40

69.00 6.50

78.00 6.50

73.00 6.50

78.00 7.30

70.00 0.00

70.00 0.00

67.00 8.20

BOD

2.00

0.80

0.70

8.70

0.70

0.00

0.00

0.10

CM-1

59.00

185.00

56.00

312.00

56.00

0.00

0.00

86.00

CM- 2

6.00

11.00

2.60

20.00

2.40

0.00

0.00

3.20

CM- 3

2.50

2.60

2.80

1.70

2.90

0.00

0.00

2.90
Appendix B. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July 1992--Continued

Q.

oX

POINTLD-1 9. YOAKUM R C14 0.00 2.20 77.00 6.70 0.90 73.00 

POINTLD-1 10. SAND RUN C16 0.00 4.50 72.00 7.00 1.10 60.00 

POINTLD-1 11. N BRANCH C20 0.00 9.00 75.00 7.00 1.10 117.00 

POINTLD-1 12. L BLKWTR C22 0.00 16.20 73.00 7.50 1.40 67.00 

ENDATA11 0. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

$$$ DATA TYPE 11A (POINT SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS - CHLOROPHYLL A, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, 

COLIFORMS AND SELECTED NON-CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUENT) $$$

POINT 

CARD TYPE LOAD ANC COLI CHL-A ORG-N NH3-N NO2-N N03-N ORG-P

1.00 2.90 

0.30 2.50 

5.00 2.90 

0.30 3.60 

0.00 0.00

DIS-P

ORDER

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

ENDATA11A

$$$ DATA TYPE

ENDATA12

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

0.

12

0 .

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

200.

640.

260.

97.

320.

0.

0.

1000.

280.

110.

310.

180.

0.

,00

.00

,00

,00

,00

,00

,00

.00

,00

.00

,00

,00

.00

(DAM CHARACTERISTICS)

DAM

0.

RCH

0.

ELE

0.

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

$$$

ADAM

0.00

0.17

0.71

0.25

1.20

0.35

0.00

0.00

0.42

0.43

0.28

0.34

0.24

0.00

BDAM

0.00

0.03

0.09

0.05

0.06

0.05

0.00

0.00

0.08

0.07

0.02

0.06

0.06

0.00

FDAM

0.00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

HDAM

0.

.01

.02

.01

.01

.01

.00

.00

.01

.01

.01

.01

.02

.00

00

0.19

0.15

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.00

0.00

0.06

0.21

0.08

0.18

0.34

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.07

0.03

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.00

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0,

0,

.01

.03

.01

.87

.01

.00

.00

.04

.02

.02

.03

.01

.00

$$$ DATA TYPE 13 (DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS-1) $$$ 

CARD TYPE TEMP D.O. BOD CM-1 CM-2 CM-3 ANC COLI

O 

at 

O

0)

Q) 

Q)

Q)

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY-1 

ENDATA13

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONCENTRATIONS ARE UNCONSTRAINED

$$$ DATA TYPE 13A (DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS-2) $$$

CARD TYPE 

ENDATA13A

CHL-A ORG-N NH3-N NO2-N NH3-N ORG-P 

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONCENTRATIONS ARE UNCONSTRAINED

DIS-P
Appendix C. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July-August 1991

QUAL-2E STREAM QUALITY ROUTING MODEL 

Version 3.14 January 1992

$$$ (PROBLEM TITLES) $$$

10 

(D

O

3 

0)

j?

0) 

0)

3

CARD TYPE QUAL-2E PROGRAM TITLES

TITLED 1 BLACKWATER MAINSTEM MODEL WITH 7/30-8/1/91 DATA

TITLE02 File: VER2 . INP Date: 06-22-94

TITLED 3 YES CONSERVATIVE MINERAL I SK IN uScm

TITLE04 YES CONSERVATIVE MINERAL II Cl IN mg/L

TITLED 5 YES CONSERVATIVE MINERAL III SiO2 IN mg/L

TITLED 6 YES TEMPERATURE

TITLE07 YES 5-DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

TITLED 8 YES ALGAE AS CHL-A IN UG/L

TITLE09 YES PHOSPHORUS CYCLE AS P IN MG/L

TITLE10 (ORGANIC-P, DISSOLVED-P)

TITLE11 YES NITROGEN CYCLE AS N IN MG/L

TITLE12 (ORGANIC-N, AMMONIA-N, NITRITE-N, NITRATE-N)

TITLE13 YES DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN MG/L

TITLE14 YES FECAL COLIFORMS IN NO./100 ML

TITLE15 NO ARBITRARY NON-CONSERVATIVE

ENDTITLE

$$$ DATA TYPE 1 (CONTROL DATA) $$$

CARD TYPE CARD TYPE

LIST DATA INPUT 0.00000

WRITE OPTIONAL SUMMARY 0.00000

NO FLOW AUGMENTATION 0.00000

OTIC1 AFW OTA T>T H H H C\ C\ Pi O-±-Crf-db'-i O Lf\ i EJ - ..-. y. T y_yy_y_y 

NO TRAPEZOIDAL X-SECTIONS 0.00000

PRINT LCD/ SOLAR DATA 0.00000

PLOT DO AND BOD 0.00000

FIXED DNSTM COND (YES=1)= 0.00000 5D-ULT BOD CONV K COEF =

INPUT METRIC (YES=1) = 0.00000 OUTPUT METRIC (YES=1)

NUMBER OF REACHES = 11.00000 NUMBER OF JUNCTIONS

NUM OF HEADWATERS = 1.00000 NUMBER OF POINT LOADS

TIME STEP (HOURS) = 0.00000 LNTH COMP ELEMENT (DX)=

MAXIMUM ITERATIONS = 30.00000 TIME INC. FOR RPT2 (HRS)=

LATITUDE OF BASIN (DEC) = 39.05000 LONGITUDE OF BASIN (DEG)=

STANDARD MERIDIAN (DEC) = 75.00000 DAY OF YEAR START TIME =

EVAP. COEFF. (AE) = 0.00103 EVAP . COEFF . (BE)

ELEV. OF BASIN (ELEV) =3167.00000 DUST ATTENUATION COEF.

ENDATA1 0.00000

$$$ DATA TYPE 1A (ALGAE PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN OXIDATION CONSTANTS)

CARD TYPE CARD TYPE

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

12

0

0

79

211

0

0

0

$$$

.00000

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.00000

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.04000

.00000

.00000

.00000

.10000

.00000

.40000

.00000

.00016

.06000

.00000

0 UPTAKE BY NH3 OXIDfMG 0/MG N) = 3.4300 O UPTAKE BY N02 OXIDfMG 0/MG I

0 PROD BY ALGAE (MG 0/MG A) = 1.6000 O UPTAKE BY ALGAE (MG 0/MG A)

N CONTENT OF ALGAE (MG N/MG A) = 0.0850

ALG MAX SPEC GROWTH RATE(1/DAY)= 2.5000

N HALF SATURATION CONST (MG/L) = 0.2000

P CONTENT OF ALGAE (MG P/MG A) : 

ALGAE RESPIRATION RATE (I/DAY) : 

P HALF SATURATION CONST (MG/L) '

1.1400

2.0000

0.0140

0.0500

0.0400
D)

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0

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Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations, Canaan Valley, WV 73
Appendix C. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July-August 1991 Con

2

Q. $$$ DATA TYPE 4 (COMPUTATIONAL REACH FLAG FIELD) $$$

(Q 

<D

O 

W

O

0)

0) 

0)

3

CARD TYPE

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

ENDATA4

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS 

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

ENDATA5

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

TEMP/LCD

TEMP/LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP/LCD

TEMP/LCD

TEMP/LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP/LCD

ENDATA5A

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

ELEMENTS /REACH COMPUTATIONAL FLAGS

13.

20.

20.

20.

13.

12.

17.

18.

18.

17.

16.

0.

1.6.2.2.6.2.7.2.6.6.2.2.2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.

2.2.6.2.2.2.2.6.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.

2.6.2.2.2.2,2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.2.2,2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.6.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.

2.6.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.0.0.0.

2.6.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.0.0.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.0.0.

2.6.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.0.0.0.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.5.0.0.0.0.

0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.

5 (HYDRAULIC DATA FOR DETERMINING VELOCITY AND DEPTH) $$$

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9. 

 1Q-. 

11.

0.

COEF-DSPN

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

c r\f) f\f\ ~>\J\J . \J\J

500.00

0.00

COEFQV EXPOQV COEFQH EXPOQH CMANN

0.059 0.338 2.050 0.309 0.034

0.017 0.338 4.316 0.309 0.034

0.059 0.338 1.014 0.309 0.043

0.059 0.338 1.014 0.309 0.043

0.059 0.338 1.014 0.309 0.043

0.059 0.338 1.014 0.309 0.043

0.059 0.338 1.014 0.309 0.043

0.059 0.338 0.723 0.309 0.034

0.059 0.338 0.723 0.309 0.034 

Q-r4$9 0.338 0^723 0.309 -0^03-4

0.059 0.338 0.723 0.309 0.037

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

5A (STEADY STATE TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATOLOGY DATA) $$$

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

ELEVATION

3218.00

3213.00

3205.00

3186.00

3161.00

3154.00

3148.00

3142.00

3139.00

3135.00

3131.00

0.00

DUST CLOUD DRY BULB WET BULB ATM

COEF COVER TEMP TEMP PRESSURE

0.06 0.75 74.30 59.00 26.80

0.06 0.75 73.40 59.00 26.80

0.06 0.75 78.80 62.60 26.80

0.06 0.75 78.80 62.60 26.80

0.06 0.75 86.00 68.00 26.80

0.06 0.75 86.00 68.00 26.80

0.06 0.75 77.00 61.70 26.80

0.06 0.75 77.00 61.70 26.80

0.06 0.75 86.00 68.00 26.80

0.06 0.75 86.00 68.00 26.80

0.06 0.75 89.60 71.60 26.80

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

WIND 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

8.80 

0.00

SOLAR RAD 

ATTENUATION 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00 

1.00

,00 

,00 

,00 

,00 

,00 

,00

0.00
Appendix C. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July-August 1991 Con

$$$ DATA TYPE 6 (REACTION COEFFICIENTS FOR DEOXYGENATION AND REAERATION) $$$

1

o

o

I

CARD TYPE REACH Kl K3 SOD K20PT 

RATE

K2 COEQK2 OR EXPQK2 

TSIV COEF OR SLOPE

FOR OPT 8

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

ENDATA6

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

ENDATA6A

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ALG/OTHER COEF

ENDATA6B

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

0

6A

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

(NITROGEN

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

04

04

02

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.

0.

-0.

-0.

-0.

-0.

-0.

-0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

150

050

100

100

050

025

010

010

000

010

050

000

3.

3.

3.

3 .

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

0.

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

0.00

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

FOR OPT

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

8

AND PHOSPHORUS CONSTANTS) $$$

CKNH2

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

SETNH2

-0.20

0.00

-0.10

-0.10

-0.05

-0.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

6B (ALGAE/OTHER COEFFICIENTS)

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

ALPHAO

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

0.00

ALGSET

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.00

$$$

CKNH3

0.20

0.10

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.00

EXCOEF

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.00

SNH3

-0.10

0.10

-0.05

-0.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CK5

CKCOLI

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.00

CKN02

1.00

0.50

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.00

CKANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CKPORG

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.00

SETANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SETPORG

-0.10

0.00

-0.05

-0.05

-0.01

-0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SRCANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SP04

-0.10

0.05

-0.10

-0.10

-0.05

-0.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
Appendix C. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July-August 1991--Co

O 55' 

w 

0

(D

Q.

O

X

(Q 

(D

3

O

o

3 

O 

(D

3

I 

O

3

W

O

Q)

Q) 

Q)

3

2L 

JiT

"^

<

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

INITIAL COND-1 

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1 

INITIAL COND-1 

INITIAL COND-1 

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1 

INITIAL COND-1 

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1 

ENDATA7

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE 

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2 

INITIAL COND- 2

INITIAL COND- 2

ENDATA7A

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW -1

INCR INFLOW-1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW -1

INCR' INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

ENDATA8

7 (INITIAL CONDITIONS)

REACH

1. 

2.

3.

4. 

5. 

6.

7. 

8. 

9.

10.

TEMP

70.00 

67.00

79.00 

79.00 

75.00 

75.00

75.00 

72.00 

73.00

73.00

11. 80.00 

0. 0.00

7A (INITIAL CONDITIONS

REACH 

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

8 ( INCREMENTAL

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

CHL-A 

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

a. QO

0.00

0.00

INFLOW

FLOW

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

$$$

D.O.

5.80 

7.20

13.10 

11.30 

9.50 

8.60

7.60 

7.10 

6.70

6.70

BOD

2.80 

3.30

2.40 

2.30 

2.20 

1.70

1.20 

1.10 

3.50

3.50

7.00 2.80 

0.00 0.00

FOR CHOROPHYLL A,

ORG-N 

0.87

0.69

0.58

0.58

0.58

0.58

0.38

0.48

0.57 

O.S7

0.49

0.00

CONDITIONS)

TEMP

54.00

52.00

48.00

54.00

57.00

55.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

0.00

NH3-N 

0 .03

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.03 

0.03

0.01

0.00

$$$

D.O.

6.00

6.00

5.00

5.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.00

CM-1

89.00 

177.00

165.00 

165.00 

165.00 

165.00

156.00 

123.00 

136.00

136.00

108.00 

0.00

NITROGEN,

NO2-N 

0 .01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01 

0^01

0.01

0.00

BOD

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CM-2

4.00 

6.80

5.40 

5.40 

6.00 

6.00

4.60 

3.10 

3.70

3.70

CM- 3

3.40 

3.30

3.30 

3.30 

2.00 

2.00

1.90 

1.20 

1.50

1.50

2.60 2.30 

0.00 0.00

AND PHOSPHORUS) $$$

NO3-N 

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.06

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05 

0.05

0.05

0.00

CM-1

89.00

89.00

127.00

127.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

117.00

117.00

0.00

ORG-P 

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.02

0.03 

Q. 03 

0.01

0.00

CM- 2

4.20

4.20

4.20

4.20

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.10

3.10

0.00

ANC

0.00 

0.00

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00

0.00 

0.00 

0.00

0.00

0.00 

0.00

DIS-P 

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01 

0.01 

0.01

0.00

CM- 3

3.00

3.00

3.40

3.40

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.30

2.30

0.00

COLI

350.00 

1600.00

420.00 

420.00 

20.00 

20.00

80.00 

97.00 

200.00

200.00

7.00 

0.00

ANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

COL

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0
Appendix C. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July-August 1991--Co

$$$ DATA TYPE 8A (INCREMENTAL INFLOW CONDITIONS FOR CHLOROPHYLL A, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS) $$$

CARD TYPE

INCR INFLOW-2

INCR INFLOW-2

INCR INFLOW-2

INCR INFLOW-2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

ENDATA8A

$$$ DATA TYPE 9

CARD TYPE

ENDATA9

REACH CHL-A

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

( STREAM

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

,00

,00

,00

,00

,00

,00

.00

00

,00

00

,00

,00

JUNCTIONS )

JUNCTION

0.

ORG-N

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0,

$$$

ORDER AND

,48

48

38

38

,29

,29

29

29

,29

,30

,30

00

I DENT

NH3-N

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0,

,04

.04

,02

02

,02

,02

,02

,02

.02

,01

,01

,00

NO2-N

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

UPSTRM

0.

01

01

00

00

01

01

01

01

01

00

00

00

NO3-N

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

,03

,03

13

13

,11

,11

,11

,11

,11

,02

,02

,00

JUNCTION

0.

ORG-P

0,

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

TRIE

0.

.03

.03

,02

,02

.02

,02

.02

.02

.02

.00

,00

.00

DIS-P

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

,02

,02

02

02

,01

,01

01

,01

,01

,01

01

,00

$$$ DATA TYPE 10 (HEADWATER SOURCES) $$$

CARD TYPE HDWTR NAME FLOW 

ORDER

TEMP D.O. CM-1 CM-2 CM-3

HEADWTR-1

ENDATA10

$$$ DATA

1.

0.

TYPE IDA

BLKWTR ( EST )

(HEADWATER CONDITIONS

0.77

0.00

69.00

0.00

FOR CHLOROPHYLL,

5.

0.

80

00

, NITROGEN ,

2.80

0.00

89.

0.

.00

.00

4.00

0.00

3.40

0.00

PHOSPHORUS,

COLIFORM AND SELECTED NON-CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUENT) $$$

CARD TYPE

HEADWTR-2

ENDATA10A

$$$ DATA

CARD TYPE

HDWTR

ORDER

1.

0.

ANC COLI

0.00 350.00

0.00 0.00

TYPE 11 (POINT SOURCE / POINT

POINT

LOAD NAME

CHL-A

0.00

0.00

SOURCE

EFF

ORG-N

0.87

0.00

NH3-N

0.03

0.00

CHARACTERISTICS )

FLOW TEMP

NO2-N

$$$

D

0.01

0.00

.O.

NO3-N

0.05

0.00

BOD

ORG-P

0.03

0.00

CM-1

DIS-P

0.02

0.00

CM- 2 CM- 3

ORDER

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9.

10.

CLB RN (EST)

MILL RUN C2

CVSP WTP Wl

CVSP LOG D5

COON R (EST)

RSCHMIDT D6

BLKWT CTR D9

FRELND R C8

YOAKUM R C14

SAND RUN C16

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.51

1.27

-0.12

0.08

0.32

0.00

0.00

0.85

0.66

1.33

69.00

77.00

70.00

75.00

79.00

70.00

70.00

64.00

72.00

79.00

7

13

5

7

7

0

0

8

8

7

.00

.10

.80

.10

.90

.00

.00

.90

.20

.80

2.80

2.90

2.80

7.40

2.90

0.00

0.00

3.00

2.10

1.90

89.00

230.00

89.00

340.00

116.00

0.00

0.00

131.00

93.00

72.00

4.00

12.00

4.00

22.00

4.90

0.00

0.00

0.50

2.50

0.40

3.40

3.50

3.40

2.20

3.30

0.00

0.00

2.50

3.50

0.30
Appendix C. Computer-model output listing the input verification data set, July-August 1991 Co

POINTLD-1 

POINTLD-1 

ENDATA11

11. N BRANCH C20

12. L BLKWTR C22 

0.

0.00

0.00

0.00

2.67

4.80

0.00

73.00

75.00

0.00

7.70

8.00

0.00

1.80 178.00

3.10 91.00

0.00 0.00

6.00

0.30

0.00

2.30

3.60

0.00

(Q 

(D

3

O

o

O

(D

O 

to

o0>

D) 

0>

0>

$$$ DATA TYPE 11A (POINT SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS - CHLOROPHYLL A, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, 

COLIFORMS AND SELECTED NON-CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUENT) $$$

CARD TYPE

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

ENDATA11A

POINT 

LOAD

ORDER

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

0.

ANC

0

0

0,

0,

0.

0.

0

0

0,

0,

0

0

0

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

COLI

350.

480

350,

900,

450,

0.

0

250,

67.

97,

260,

210

0

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

CHL-A

0

0

0,

0,

0,

0,

0,

0

0,

0,

0.

0,

0

.00

.00

.00

.00

,00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

,00

.00

.00

ORG-N

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.87

.69

.87

.60

.68

.00

.00

.48

.48

.27

.48

.50

.00

NH3-N

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.03

.01

.03

.05

.02

.00

.00

.02

.02

.03

.02

.01

.00

N02-N

0

0

0,

0,

0

0,

0,

0

0,

0,

0.

0

0

.01

.01

.01

.03

.01

.00

.00

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.00

N03-N

0.05

0.08

0.05

0.11

0.05

0.00

0.00

0.16

0.13

0.08

0.05

0.05

0.00

ORG-P

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.03

.03

.03

.60

.02

.00

.00

.01

.01

.01

.02

.01

.00

DIS-P

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.02

.02

.02

.40

.02

.00

.00

.01

.04

.02

.01

.03

.00

$$$ DATA TYPE 12 (DAM CHARACTERISTICS) $$$

ENDATA12

DAM RCH ELE 

0. 0. 0.

ADAM BDAM FDAM HDAM 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

-$$$ DATA TYPE 13 IPOWNSTREAM- BOUNDARY COMDITIQNS-1) -$£$-- 

CARD TYPE TEMP D.O. BOD CM-1 CM-2 CM-3

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY-1 

ENDATA13

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONCENTRATIONS ARE UNCONSTRAINED

$$$ DATA TYPE 13A (DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS-2) $$$

CARD TYPE 

ENDATA13A

CHL-A ORG-N NH3-N N02-N NH3-N ORG-P 

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONCENTRATIONS ARE UNCONSTRAINED
Appendix D. Computer-model output listing the simulation data set for the 7-day, 10-year low fl

* * * QUAL-2E STREAM QUALITY ROUTING MODEL * 

Version 3.14 January 1992

$$$ (PROBLEM TITLES) $$$

CARD TYPE 

TITLED1 

TITLED2 

TITLE03 YES 

TITLE04 YES 

TITLED5 YES 

TITLED6 YES 

TITLED? YES 

TITLED8 YES 

TITLED9 YES 

TITLE10 

TITLE11 YES 

TITLE12 

TITLE13 YES 

TITLE14 YES 

TITLE15 NO 

ENDTITLE

QUAL-2E PROGRAM TITLES

BLKWTR MNSTM LO-FLOW VERIF MDL WITH 7Q10 FLOWS 

File: VER2.710 Date: 06-29-94 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL I SK IN uScm 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL II Cl IN mg/L 

CONSERVATIVE MINERAL III SiO2 IN mg/L 

TEMPERATURE

5-DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 

ALGAE AS CHL-A IN UG/L 

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE AS P IN MG/L

(ORGANIC-P, DISSOLVED-P) 

NITROGEN CYCLE AS N IN MG/L

(ORGANIC-N, AMMONIA-N, NITRITE-N, NITRATE-N) 

DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN MG/L 

FECAL COLIFORMS IN NO./100 ML 

ARBITRARY NON-CONSERVATIVE

$$$ DATA TYPE 1 (CONTROL DATA) $$$

O 

O

CARD TYPE

LIST DATA INPUT

WRITE OPTIONAL SUMMARY

NO FLOW AUGMENTATION

STEADY STATE

NO TRAPEZOIDAL X-SECTIONS

PRINT LCD/SOLAR DATA

PLOT DO AND BOD

FIXED DNSTM COND (YES=1)=

INPUT METRIC (YES=1)

NUMBER OF REACHES

NUM OF HEADWATERS

TIME STEP (HOURS)

MAXIMUM ITERATIONS

LATITUDE OF BASIN (DEG)

STANDARD MERIDIAN (DEG)

EVAP. COEFF. (AE)

ELEV. OF BASIN (ELEV)

ENDATA1

CARD TYPE

IS

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

11.

1.

0.

30.

39,

75,

0

=3167

0

.00000

.00000

,00000

,00000

,00000

,00000

,00000

,00000

,00000

.00000

.00000

.00000

.00000

.05000

.00000

.00103

.00000

.00000

5D-ULT BOD CONV K COEF : 

OUTPUT METRIC (YES=1) 

NUMBER OF JUNCTIONS 

NUMBER OF POINT LOADS 

LNTH COMP ELEMENT (DX)= 

TIME INC. FOR RPT2 (HRS); 

LONGITUDE OF BASIN (DEG): 

DAY OF YEAR START TIME = 

EVAP. COEFF. (BE) 

DUST ATTENUATION COEF. =

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.03600

0.00000

0.00000

12.00000

0.10000

0.00000

79.40000

211.00000

0.00016

0.06000

0.00000

$$$ DATA TYPE 1A (ALGAE PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN OXIDATION CONSTANTS) $$$

CARD TYPE

O UPTAKE BY NH3 OXIDfMG O/MG N) = 3.4300 

O PROD BY ALGAE (MG O/MG A) = 1.6000 

N CONTENT OF ALGAE (MG N/MG A) = 0.0850 

ALG MAX SPEC GROWTH RATE(1/DAY)= 2.5000 

N HALF SATURATION CONST (MG/L) = 0.2000

CARD TYPE

O UPTAKE BY NO2 OXID(MG O/MG N)= 1.1400 

O UPTAKE BY ALGAE (MG O/MG A) = 2.0000 

P CONTENT OF ALGAE (MG P/MG A) = 0.0140 

ALGAE RESPIRATION RATE (I/DAY) = 0.0500 

P HALF SATURATION CONST (MG/L)= 0.0400
Appendix D. Computer-model output listing the simulation data set for the 7-day, 10-year low fl

O 

O

O 

(D

LIN ALG SHADE CO (1/FT-UGCHA/L=) 0.0008

LIGHT FUNCTION OPTION (LFNOPT) = 2.0000

DAILY AVERAGING OPTION (LAVOPT)= 1.0000

NUMBER OF DAYLIGHT HOURS (DLH) = 14.0000

ALGY GROWTH CALC OPTION(LGROPT)= 2.0000

ALG/TEMP SOLR RAD FACTOR(TFACT)= 0.4400

ENDATA1A 0.0000

NLIN SHADE(l/FT-(UGCHA/L)**2/3)= 0.0000 

LIGHT SAT'N COEF (BTU/FT2-MIN) = 0.0900 

TOTAL DAILY SOLAR RADTN (INT) = 0.9200 

TOTAL DAILY SOLR RAD (BTU/FT-2)= 1500.0000 

ALGAL PREF FOR NH3-N (PREFN) 

NITRIFICATION INHIBITION COEF =

$$$ DATA TYPE IB (TEMPERATURE CORRECTION CONSTANTS FOR RATE COEFFICIENTS) $$$

CARD TYPE

THETA ( 1 )

THETA( 2)

THETA ( 3 )

THETA ( 4)

THETA ( 5)

THETA ( 6 )

THETA ( 7)

THETA ( 8 )

THETA ( 9 )

THETA (10)

THETA (11)

THETA (12)

THETA (13)

THETA (14)

THETA (15)

THETA (16)

THETA (17)

THETA (18)

THF.TA M Q \ 

RATE CODE

BOD DECA

BOD SETT

OXY TRAN

SOD RATE

ORGN DEC

ORGN SET

NH3 DECA

NH3 SRCE

N02 DECA

PORG DEC

PORG SET

DISP SRC

ALG GROW

ALG RESP

ALG SETT

COLI DEC

ANC DECA

ANC SETT

awr swrK

THETA

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1

VALUE

047

024

024

060

047

024

083

074

047

047

024

074

047

047

024

047

000

024

nnn

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

DFLT

nirT.T

$$$ DATA TYPE 2 (REACH IDENTIFICATION) $$$

CARD TYPE 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

STREAM REACH 

ENDATA2

1

2.0

3.0

4.0

5 .0 

6.0 

7.0 

8.0 

9.0 

10.0 

11.0 

0.0

REACH 

0 RCH 

RCH 

RCH 

RCH 

RCH 

RCH 

RCH 

RCH 

RCH 

RCH 

RCH

ORDER AND IDENT 

=RCH 01 

=RCH 02 

=RCH 03 

=RCH 04 

=RCH 05 

=RCH 06 

=RCH 07 

=RCH 08 

=RCH 09 

=RCH 10 

=RCH 11

FROM 

FROM 

FROM 

FROM 

FROM 

FROM 

FROM 

FROM 

FROM 

FROM 

FROM

R. MI/KM

18,

17 ,

15.

13.

11.

9.

8.

6.

5.

3.

1.

0.

.4

.1

.1

.1

.1

.8

.6

.9

.1

.3

.6

.0

TO

TO

TO

TO

TO

TO

TO

TO

TO

TO

TO

R. MI/KM

17.

15.

13.

11.

9,

8.

6.

5.

3,

1,

0.

0.

.1

.1

.1

.1

,8

.6

.9

.1

.3

.6

.0

.0

0.9000

10.0000

0.0000

$$$ DATA TYPE 3 (TARGET LEVEL DO AND FLOW AUGMENTATION SOURCES) $$$ 

CARD TYPE REACH AVAIL HDWS TARGET ORDER OF AVAIL SOURCES

ENDATA3 0. 0. 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
Appendix D. Computer-model output listing the simulation data set for the 7-day, 10-year low fl

$$$ DATA TYPE 4 (COMPUTATIONAL REACH FLAG FIELD) $$$

M 

M 

O

I

O

x«<

(Q 

(D

O 

O

O 

(D

a

O 

(A

O

D)

D) 

D)

D)

CARD TYPE

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

FLAG FIELD

ENDATA4

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

ENDATA5

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

TEMP/LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP/LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

TEMP /LCD

ENDATA5A

REACH

1 .

2 .

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0 .

ELEMENTS /REACH

13.

20.

20.

20.

13.

12.

17.

18.

18.

17.

16.

0 .

5 (HYDRAULIC DATA

REACH

1.

2 .

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11 .

0.

COEF-DSPN

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

0.00

FOR

1.6

2 ?

2.6

2 ?

2.2

2, ?,

2 fi.

2.6

2 ?

2.6,

2.2

0 0

COMPUTATIONAL FLAGS

.2.2.6.2.7.

.6.2.2.2.2,

.2.2.2.2.2,

.2.2.2.2.2.

.6.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2,

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.2.

.0.0.0.0.0.

.2.6.6.2.

.6.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.

.2.2.2.2.

,2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.

0.0.0.0.

DETERMINING VELOCITY AND

COEFQV

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

.059

,017

.059

.059

.059

,059

.059

,059

.059

.059

.059

.000

5A (STEADY STATE TEMPERATURE

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9.

10.

11 .

0.

ELEVATION

3218.00

3213.00

3205.00

3186.00

3161.00

3154.00

3148.00

3142 .00

3139.00

3135.00

3131.00

0.00

DUST

COEF

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.00

EXPOQV

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.338

0.000

COEFQH

2.050

4.316

1.014

1.014

1.014

1.014

1.014

0.723

0.723

0.723

0.723

0.000

2.2 .

2.2.

2.2.

2.2.

2.2.

2.0.

2.2.

2.2.

?, ?,

2.2.

2.2 .

0 0

0.0.

? 7,

?, ?,

7 7

0.0.

0 0

7 7

2.2.

7 7

2.2.

2.2.

0.0.

0.0.

? ?

9 ?

7 7

0.0.

o n

7. 7..

2.2.

2 2

2.2.

5.0.

0.0.

DEPTH) $$$

.0

7

7

7

.0

0

0

.2

7

,0

,0

0

EXPOQH

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

AND CLIMATOLOGY DATA)

CLOUD

COVER

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.00

.309

.309

.309

.309

.309

.309

.309

.309

.309

.309

.309

.000

$$$

DRY BULB WET BULB

TEMP

74.30

73.40

78.80

78.80

86.00

86.00

77.00

77.00

86.00

86.00

89.60

0.00

TEMP

59.

59.

62.

62.

68.

68.

61.

61.

68.

68.

71.

0.

00

00

60

60

00

00

70

70

00

00

60

00

.0.0.

.2.2.

.2.2.

.2.2.

.0.0.

.0.0.

.0.0.

.0.0.

.0.0.

.0.0.

.0.0.

.0.0.

CMANN

0.034

0.034

0.043

0.043

0.043

0.043

0.043

0.034

0.034

0.034

0.037

0.000

ATM SOLAR RAD

PRESSURE WIND ATTENUATION

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

26.80 8.80 1.00

0.00 0.00 0.00
Appendix D. Computer-model output listing the simulation data set for the 7-day, 10-year low f. l

Q. 

O

(Q 

(D

O

O

O

(D

$$$ DATA TYPE 6 (REACTION COEFFICIENTS FOR DEOXYGENATION AND REAERATION) $$$

CARD TYPE REACH Kl K3 SOD K20PT 

RATE

K2 COEQK2 OR EXPQK2 

TSIV COEF OR SLOPE

FOR OPT 8

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

REACT COEF

ENDATA6

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF 

 N AND P COEF 

N AND P COEF

N AND P COEF

ENDATA6A

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

ALG/ OTHER COEF

ALG/ OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ALG /OTHER COEF

ENDATA6B

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

0

6A

0.04

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

(NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 

9^ 

10.

11.

0.

CKNH2

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01 

 0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

SETNH2

-0.20

0.00

-0.10

-0.10

-0.05

-0.05

0.00

0.00 

 9^r&«

0.00

0.00

0.00

6B (ALGAE/OTHER COEFFICIENTS)

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

ALPHAO

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

0.00

-0.

0.

-0.

-0.

-0.

-0.

-0.

-0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

150

050

100

100

050

025

010

010

000

010

050

000

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

0.

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

0.00

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

FOR OPT

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

8

CONSTANTS) $$$

$$$

ALGSET

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.00

CKNH3

0.20

0.10

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20 

 0^2-0 

0.20

0.20

0.00

EXCOEF

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.00

SNH3

-0.10

0.10

-0.05

-0.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00 

0.00 

0.00

0.00

0.00

CK5

CKCOLI

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.00

CKNO2

1.00

0.50

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00 

 i.OO

1.00

1.00

0.00

CKANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CKPORG

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10 

0 10

0 .10

0.10

0.00

SETANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SETPORG

-0.10

0.00

-0.05

-0.05

-0.01

-0.01

0.00

0.00 

0 00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SRCANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

SPO4

-0.10

0.05

-0.10

-0.10

-0.05

-0.05

0.00

0.00

n.nn

0.00

0.00

0.00
Appendix D. Computer-model output listing the simulation data set for the 7-day, 10-year low flo

$$$ DATA TYPE 7 (INITIAL CONDITIONS) $$$

(D 

O

o 

o(D

IO 

JO

O

m

m 

m

CARD TYPE

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

INITIAL COND-1

ENDATA7

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

INITIAL COND-2

ENDATA7A

$$$ DATA TYPE

CARD TYPE

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

INCR INFLOW- 1

ENDATA8

REACH

1 .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

7A (INITIAL

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

TEMP

70.00

67.00

79.00

79.00

75.00

75.00

75.00

72.00

73.00

73.00

80.00

0.00

CONDITIONS

CHL-A

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

8 (INCREMENTAL INFLOW

REACH

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

FLOW

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

D.O.

5.80

7.20

13.10

11.30

9.50

8.60

7.60

7.10

6.70

6.70

7.00

0.00

BOD

2.80

3.30

2.40

2.30

2.20

1.70

1.20

1.10

3.50

3.50

2.80

0.00

FOR CHOROPHYLL A,

ORG-N

0.87

0.69

0.58

0.58

0.58

0.58

0.38

0.48

0.57

0.57

0.49

0.00

CONDITIONS)

TEMP

54.00

52.00

48.00

54.00

57.00

55.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

0.00

NH3-N

0.03

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.01

0.00

$$$

D.O.

6.00

6.00

5.00

5.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.00

CM-1

89.00

177.00

165.00

165.00

165.00

165.00

156.00

123.00

136.00

136.00

108.00

0.00

NITROGEN,

NO2-N

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

BOD

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

CM- 2

4.00

6.80

5.40

5.40

6.00

6.00

4.60

3.10

3.70

3.70

2.60

0.00

CM- 3

3.40

3.30

3.30

3.30

2.00

2.00

1.90

1.20

1.50

1.50

2.30

0.00

ANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

COLI

350.00

1600.00

420.00

420.00

20.00

20.00

80.00

97.00

200.00

200.00

7.00

0.00

AND PHOSPHORUS) $$$

NO3-N

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.06

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.00

CM-1

89.00

89.00

127.00

127.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

105.00

117.00

117.00

0.00

ORG-P

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.01

0.00

CM- 2

4.20

4.20

4.20

4.20

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.10

3.10

0.00

DIS-P

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

CM- 3

3.00

3.00

3.40

3.40

2.70

2.70

2 .70

2 .70

2.70

2.30

2.30

0.00

ANC

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

$$$ DATA TYPE 8A (INCREMENTAL INFLOW CONDITIONS FOR CHLOROPHYLL A, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS) $$$

CARD TYPE REACH CHL-A ORG-N NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N ORG-P DIS-P

INCR INFLOW-2 1. 0.00 0.48 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02

INCR INFLOW-2 2. 0.00 0.48 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02

INCR INFLOW-2 3. 0.00 0.38 0.02 0.00 0.13 0.02 0.02

COLI 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00
Appendix D. Computer-model output listing the simulation data set for the 7-day, 10-year low fl

a. 

O

$ 

<Q 

fl>

O 

O

O

O

0)

0) 

0)

I

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW-2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

INCR INFLOW- 2

ENDATA8A

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

0.

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.38

0.29

0.29

0.29

0.29

0.29

0.30

0.30

0.00

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.13

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.02

0.02

0.00

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

$$$ DATA TYPE 9 (STREAM JUNCTIONS) $$$

CARD TYPE 

ENDATA9

JUNCTION ORDER AND IDENT 

0.

UPSTRM 

0.

JUNCTION 

0.

TRIE 

0.

$$$ DATA TYPE 10 (HEADWATER SOURCES) $$$

CARD TYPE HDWTR NAME FLOW 

ORDER

D.O. BOD CM-1 CM-2 CM-3

HEADWTR-1

ENDATA10

$$$ DATA

1. BLKWTR (EST)

0.

TYPE 10A (HEADWATER CONDITIONS

0.14

0.00

69.00

0.00

FOR CHLOROPHYLL,

6.

0.

00

00

NITROGEN,

2.80

0.00

89

0

.00 4,

.00 0

.00

.00

3.40

0.00

PHOSPHORUS ,

COLIFORM AND SELECTED NON-CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUENT) $$$

CARD TYPE

HEADWTR-2

ENDATA10A

$$$ DATA

CARD TYPE

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

POINTLD-1

ENDATA11

HDWTR ANC COLI

ORDER

1. 0.00 350.00

0 . 0 .00 0.00

TYPE 11 (POINT SOURCE / POINT

POINT

LOAD NAME

ORDER

1. CLB RN (EST)

2 . MILL RUN C2

3 . CVSP WTP Wl

4 . CVSP LOG D5

5. COON R (EST)

6. RSCHMIDT D6

7 . BLKWT CTR D9

8 . FRELND R C8

9 . YOAKUM R C14

10 . SAND RUN C16

11. N BRANCH C20

12 . L BLKWTR C22

0.

CHL-A

0.00

0.00

SOURCE

EFF

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

ORG-N

0.87

0.00

NH3-N

0.03

0.00

CHARACTERISTICS)

FLOW

0.09

0.24

-0.12

0.00

0.06

0.00

0.00

0.16

0.12

0.25

0.50

0.90

0.00

TEMP

69.00

77.00

70.00

75.00

79.00

70.00

70.00

64.00

72.00

79.00

73.00

75.00

0.00

N02-N

$$$

D

7

13

5

7

7

0

0

8

8

7

7

8

0

0.01

0.00

.0.

.00

.10

.80

.10

.90

.00

.00

.90

.20

.80

.70

.00

.00

N03-N

0.05

0.00

BOD

2.80

2.90

2.80

7.40

2.90

0.00

0.00

3.00

2.10

1.90

1.80

3.10

0.00

ORG-P

0.03

0.00

CM-1

89.00

230.00

89.00

340.00

116.00

0.00

0.00

131.00

93.00

72.00

178.00

91.00

0.00

DIS-P

0.02

0.00

CM- 2

4.00

12.00

4.00

22.00

4.90

0.00

0.00

0.50

2.50

0.40

6.00

0.30

0.00

CM- 3

3.

3.

0.

2.

3.

0.

0.

2.

3.

0.

2.

3.

0.

40

50

34

20

30

00

00

50

50

30

30

60

00
Appendix D. Computer-model output listing the simulation data set for the 7-day, 10-year low fl

Q.

ox

<

CO 

CD

O

o 

o

CD

3

$$$ DATA TYPE 11A (POINT SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS - CHLOROPHYLL A, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, 

COLIFORMS AND SELECTED NON-CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUENT) $$$

CARD TYPE

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

POINTLD-2

ENDATA11A

POINT 

LOAD

ORDER

1 .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

0.

ANC

0.

0,

0,

0.

0,

0,

0.

0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0,

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

COLI

350,

480

350

900,

450

0

0,

250,

67

97,

260.

210,

0.

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

CHL-A

0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0,

0,

0.

0.

0,

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

ORG-N

0.87

0.69

0.87

2.60

0.68

0.00

0.00

0.48

0.48

0.27

0.48

0.50

0.00

NH3-N

0.

0,

0,

0.

0,

0.

0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0.

0.

.03

.01

.03

.05

.02

.00

.00

.02

.02

.03

.02

.01

.00

NO2-N

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.00

N03-N

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

,05

,08

05

,11

,05

00

,00

,16

,13

,08

,05

.05

00

ORG-P

0.

0.

o.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0.

0.

.03

.03

.03

.60

.02

.00

.00

.01

.00

.00

.02

,00

.00

DIS-P

0.

0.

0.

1.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

,02

.02

.02

,40

,02

.00

,00

,01

.04

,02

,01

,03

,00

$$$ DATA TYPE 12 (DAM CHARACTERISTICS) $$$

DAM RCH ELE 

0. 0. 0. ENDATA12

$$$ DATA TYPE 13 (DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS-1) $$$ 

CARD TYPE TEMP D.O. BOD

ADAM BDAM FDAM HDAM 

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

CM-1 CM-2 CM-3

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY-1 

ENDATA13

DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONCENTRATIONS ARE UNCONSTRAINED

$$$ DATA TYPE 13A (DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS-2) $$$

CARD TYPE CHL-A ORG-N NH3-N NO2-N NH3-N ORG-P

ENDATA13A DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONCENTRATIONS ARE UNCONSTRAINED

ANC COLI

O

0)

0) 

0)

3

rf