a oí—.

nsi

CONSUMPTION OF FOOD

IN THE UNITED STATES

1909-52

j

Agriculture Handbook No. 62

ff(^ LIBRARY V

1354 ^\ i* JAN 20

'^..

:J"S\/(Li_g B^i

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Washington, D. C.

September 1953
CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter 1 • Food supplies and distribution 1

GenersúL description of data and methods 1

Disappearance data and their limitations 1

Analysis of total food supplies and utilization 2

Production 28

Data on foreign trade 36

Stocks k2

Military and other Government takings \ k^

Nonfood utilization hk

Sources and methodology of data for major foods kk

Meats kk

Fish k8

Poultry and eggs 54

Dairy products 58

Fats and oils 67

Fruits and nuts 76

Vegetables 83

Cereal products 90

Sugars and sirups 97

Peanuts 100

Coffee, tea, and cocoa beans 102

Spices and herbs 103

Chapter 2. Consumption of food per capita: Primary distribution weights IO6

Chapter 3» Consumption of individuell foods per capita: Approximate retail

weights 127

Index of per capita food consumption 132

Selection of retail prices as weights 1^5

Relative importance of food groups in the index 157

Use of the index of per capita food consiimption and other related

measures 157

Chapter k. Estimating the nutritive value of the United States per capita

food supply 160

Procedure used 16I

Adjustments in data I6I

Contributions of food groups to the total supplies of nutrients I69

Chapter 5* Supplementary material on food consumption and demand 172

Retail cost of farm food products 173

Approximate values at retail of food consumed 175

Supplies of major nutrients 175

Description of income and expenditxire series 176

Description of price series 178

Family survey data on food consxamption 179

Nonhousehold food consumption I87

Population data used in this handbook * 187

Appendix: Supply and distribution tables 191

Guide to tables and figure 2^9
PREFACE

This is a revised edition of United States Department of AgriciiltLire

Miscellaneous Publication No. 691^ Consumption of Food in the United

States, I909-U8. It was prepared by members of the staff of the Bureau

of Agricultural Economics under the leadership of Marguerite C. Burk, in

charge of the consumption work of the Bureau, who wrote the general sections and who brought together and integrated the other sections to form

the report as a whole. Helen Eklund was responsible for the assembly of

the basic statistical materials. A number of the statisticians in the

Bureau who specialize in commodity fields, as well as several analysts

elsewhere in the Department, particularly in the Bureau of Himan Nutrition and Home Economics, made specific contributions. These are indicated at appropriate points in the text. Finally, much credit for the

development of the great mass of data on which the study rests belongs to

former members of the staff of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and

to other researchers in the Department, who have been adding to the

knowledge of this field throughout the last 20 to 25 years.

Experience with the earlier publication and its two supplements has

led to the formulation of plans for making annual revisions generally

available. Provision has been made for inserting this handbook in a

loose-leaf binder. Space has been provided at the end of each table for

entering data from an annual supplement to be published in The National

Food Situation each year. It is planned to issue a revised set of looseleaf tables after about 3 years.
Agriculture Handbook No. 62

Washington, D. C. September I953

CONSUMPTION OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES^ 1909-^2

INTRODUCTION

This publication revises and brings to date the detailed information

on per capita consumption of all major food commodities in continental

United States, including the basic data on supplies and distribution from

which the consumption estimates are derived. Sources and methods are

described and evaluated; indexes of çupply-utilization, production, and

per capita civilian consumption are developed; the nutritive value of the

food supply is estimated and appraised; and some supplementary information

useful for the analysis of the consumption of and the demand for food is

presented.

The U. S. Department of Agricult\ire has collected and published information on food production for many years, but information on food consumption is of comparatively recent development. Interest in food consumption

was heightened by the appearance of the surplus problem in agriculture

following World War I, and the need for accurate data became particularly

apparent in connection with production planning programs under the

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 and subsequent legislation. One

objective of the production programs was the maintenance of adequate supplies of food for domestic consumers. To establish this objective it was

necessary to develop historical series on per capita food disappearance

which could be analyzed in terms of long-time trends, shifts in demand,

and nutritive content. This interest in food-consuniption data, which

arose partly from the farm-surplus problem, was reinforced through events

of an opposite character - the droughts of 193^+ and I936 awakened fears of

food shortages. The effects of these droughts on the national food supply

were analyzed in a series of special reports issued by the Bureau of

Agricultural Economics between October I93U and September 1936.

The Bureau issued its first compilation of per capita consumption

data in 19^1 for use in appraising our food requirements and resources

in the war emergency. The official estimates of the per capita consumption of major foods have been reviewed and published ío\xr times a year in

the Department of Agriculture publication. The National Food Situation,

since I9U2. In I9U9 all pertinent data and related information for the

years beginning with I909 were brought together in the Department's publication, Consumption of Food in the United States, 1909-^8. 1/

The Bureau's data on per capita consumption have proved useful to

agricultural economists, producer and consumer groups, nutritionists.

1/ U. S* Department of Agriculture, Misc. Pub. No. 691. Washington,

D. C. 19^9.

iii
market researchers, advertisers. Government analysts, and food specialists

of all kinds. Demand has increased not only for the regularly published

series, but for the underlying data on supplies and distribution, for

descriptions of the methods used in estimating, for numerous special breakdowns of the data, and for index numbers of several kinds.

Methods and data used in ascertaining the supply and distribution of

the major food commodities are presented in chapter 1. A new index of

total supply-utilization of agricultural food commodities and a revised

index of food production, described hereafter as the index of farm marketings and home consumption, were developed. The data and methods used in

these computations are given in considerable detail and their uses and

limitations are discussed.

The long-time series of per capita consumption of major foods on a

primary distribution weight basis and for calendar years, comparable with

the series regularly published in The National Food Situation, are to be

found in chapter 2. In response to many requests, this information is

supplemented by tables showing the fresh weight equivalents of processed

fruits and vegetables.

For many purposes, it is desirable to convert the per capita consixmption of individual foods to comparable terms, rather than to work with

farm weights of some and processed weights of others. The most comprehensible basis for use in the study of consumption of food is the form in

which it is sold in retail stores. Accordingly, the per capita consumption of individual foods is given in chapter 3 on a retail-weight basis,

with pertinent information concerning the limitations of the data to

enable discriminating use to be made of the series. The price-weighted

index of per capita consumption, which is widely used as an indicator of

changes in average consumption of food in this country, was partly

revised and shifted to a post-World War II base. The prices used as

weights and the methodology followed in this food-consumption analysis

are discussed in this chapter. To satisfy a persistent demand, an index

of food consianrption on a poundage basis is also included.

During and since World War II, estimates of per capita consumption

of food, together with information relating to the composition of food,

have been used by the Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics to

determine the nutritive value of the food supply of this country and to

provide a basis for international comparison with the food supplies of

our principal allies. Methodology and limitations of these estimates

are discussed in chapter h. Comparable data are published currently in

The National Food Situation.

Information concerning income, prices, and expenditures related to

food consumption through the period covered by the quantity data has been

assembled in chapter 5 in forms readily adaptable to analytical purposes.

The material in this publication provides the basis for much of the

analysis of the demand for food carried on within the Bureau. It is hoped

that this publication may stimulate further progress on the part of

others who are doing statistical and economic analysis in the field of

food consumption.

iv
CHAPTER 1. FOOD SUPPLIES AND DISTRIBUTION

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF DATA AND METHODS

Disappearance Data and Their Limitations

Official estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture

of per capita consumption of food in this country are derived as residuals

from data on production and utilization. From the annual supply of each

food (production plus beginning stocks plus imports) are deducted feed

and seed use, industrial use, other nonfood use, exports and shipments.

Government purchases for export, and ending stocks. The residual is considered to be civilian consumption. (See the appendix for tables of the

supply and distribution of all major food commodities.)

Strictly speaking, estimates of this sort should be designated as

supplies moving through trade channels for domestic consumption. Because

of the perishability of most foods, however, changes in disappearance may

be presumed to be closely associated with changes in actual consumption,

provided the estimates of disappearance are reliable. The disappearance

data for food have proved accurate enough to permit measurement of the

average level of food consumption in the country as a whole, to show yearto-year changes in consumption of the principal foods, to permit calculation of the approximate nutrient content of the food supply, to establish

long-time trends, and to permit statistical analyses of effects of prices

and incomes on consumption of the principal foods.

Despite the fact that the existing estimates of disappearance permit

the measurement of a number of significant aspects of food consumption in

this country, several limitations on these estimates need to be fully

recognized.

The basic disappearance data for the several foods are obtained at

various levels of distribution; for example, meat in terms of dressed

weight where slaughtered and fruits and vegetables in terms of farm

weight. (See tables 5U, 58, and 59*) To approximate more closely the

actual consumption level, it is necessary, in most instances, to convert

the estimates of disappearance at the primary distribution level to

approximate weight at the retail level by the application of average waste

factors. (See chapter 3 for discussion of the estimates of the waste

factors and their limitations.) These factors were not varied from year

to year in preparing the estimates of consumption in terms of retail

weights, although we know that annual variations do exist, as shown by

estimates of waste now prepared by the Crop Reporting Board for a few

commodities.

Ideally, estimates of consumption at the retail level should undergo

a fiirther adjustment for food wastes in the home, but data for this

purpose are sketchy and unreliable. Therefore, both the index of per

capita consumption and the nutritive value of the per capita food supply

are calculated in terms of food as purchased at retail.
. 2 -

In addition to the gap between the disappearance data in terms of

primary distribution weights and actual consun^tion in the home and elsewhere, certain limitations of the disappearance data themselves should

be noted. The basic statistics on agricultural food production are tied

to the Census of Agriculture, which has been taken every 5 years. Statistics for intermediate years are estimated from sample data and by

elaborate checks with supplementary materials. The degree of accuracy

in the production estimates varies considerably. Moreover, although

production of major items, such as citrus fruits, is estimated with care,

no estimates are made of production of minor foods, as some of the

berries. Federally inspected livestock slaughter is reported regularly,

but information on year-by-year farm slaughter is estimated from sample

reports. Beyond the production level, important information is lacking

on the nonfood utilization of certain items; and the nonavailability of

crucial data regarding stocks presents insurmountable problems in estimating the disappearance of some food commodities. Finally, the per

capita estimates are subject to statistical errors made in the course of

estimating production, changes in stocks, foreigr trade, and military

takings.

Furthermore, estimates of per capita disappearance are subject to

limitations not connected with the statistical accuracy of the basic

data. These estimates are national averages which do not reflect changes

in the make-up of the population; for example, the proportion of babies

in the population and the withdrawal of younger men into the armed services during World War II. (See table 53 for population data.)

As national averages, the per capita consumption estimates also

obscure the differences between seasons of the year, regions, urban and

rural habits, family size and income, age composition, occupational differences, and wartime anomalies such as black markets in rationed commodities. Furthermore, differences between household consumption and

consumption in restaurants, hotels, and private institutions, are not

indicated.

Analysis of Total Food Supplies and Utilization 1/

The needs of World War II required not only the improvement of data

with respect to the supply and utilization of individual foods, but also

the development of several measurements that would provide answers to

overall questions, such as the general level of our food supplies, the

relative contribution of domestic production to these supplies, and the

utilization of the supplies by the civilian population, the military

services, our allies, and through foreign commercial purchasers. A

revised and more comprehensive index of total supply-utilization was

developed to replace the index of total food utilization which has beer

published in The National Food Situation for a number of years. The

1/ Prepared by Martin J. Gerra and Marguerite C. Burk, Bureau of

Agricultural Economics.
- 3 -

new index covers all agricultural commodities having food uses; it will

form an integral part of the index of total supply and utilization of

all agricultural products, both food and nonfood, now in preparation.

Estimates for this index for current years are to be carried in each

issue of The National Food Situation. As soon as the final data for the

great number of series used in confuting this index are available for

each year, revisions will be made in the preliminary estimates, probably

about 6 months after the end of the year.

The index of total supply-utilization of agricultural food commodities provides an aggregative measure of the relative level of food supplies, the sources of our food supply, and the distribution of the food

supply to the civilian population, to our Armed Forces, to our Territories

and foreign countries. Each year's food supply is equivalent to the total

flow of agricultural food products into distribution during the year, not

the total supply available at any particular time in the year nor for the

year. Agricultural food commodities, as defined for this index, included

crop and livestock products that were, used as human food in any way.

Forest products (with the exception of maple sugar and sirup), greenhouse and nursery items (other than fresh tomatoes, lettuce, and cucumbers), fishery products, and spices were excluded. Approximately 8?

percent of the annual 19^^-7-^9 farm value of agricultural commodities is

covered.

This index was designed to measure changes in quantity. However,

it was not developed from aggregate tonnage alone but from the cumulative totals of quantities of agricultural commodities having food use

utilized in each year multiplied by average farm prices in the base

period, I9U7-U9. Thereby it combined these commodities on the basis of

their value relationships or economic importance rather than on the

basis of physical weights. The same prices were used for all years so

that changes in price did not affect the index. But shifts in supply

and utilization from lower priced items, reflecting lower costs of production and consiimer preference, to higher priced commodities did affect

the aggregate values and the index even though the total tonnages might

have remained the same or might have actually declined.

The indexes given in tables 1 and 2 cover I92U to date. Table 1

presents both the percentage contribution of domestic production,

imports, 2/ and reported changes in stocks to the total supply of agricultural food products used each year, and the percentage distribution

of such supplies moving into civilian consumption as food, to the

military services, to the Department of Agriculture primarily for export, for export and shipment through commercial channels, and into

domestic nonfood uses. In 1950, for example, this index shows that of

all agricultural food products in this country, 9li*7 percent was

2/ Imports for consumption, I93U to 1952; general imports less reexports from I92I+ to 1933 i*or most commodities. However, for a few

commodities prior to 193^^ import data are general imports only.
Table I«- Supply-utilization of agric\atural food products: Percentage of total

utilization in each year, 1924-52 l/

; Food llflA : Commercial exporter: Départaient of

; Pro-

•duction

: Stock : Total

ucv

:ifonfood

: and shinnents 5/ .: Agri-culture

• • •

6/

Net

Year Imports i change :utiliza- MiUtaiT

2/ ;

use :Stock JDeliv-; pur2/ : tion 'Civilian- k/ « Food • Nonfood : change

t 2/

jeries |

chases

for

I

: Percent Percent

6.6

Percent Percent

100.0

Percent

63.5

Percent Percent

31.0

Percent

4.8

Percent

0.7

Percent Percent Percent

1924 i 93.4 j _

1925 ; 91.9 6.9 1.2 100.0 62.5 33.4 3.4 .7 _ ... ...

1926 : 93.3 7.5 - .8 100.0 64.3 .— 31.7 3.4 .6 .». ...

1927 ; 92.8 7.2 _ 100.0 63.0 _

32.4 3.9 .7 .— ... ...

1928 : 94.3 7.1 -1.4 100.0 63.1 33.0 3.1 .8 —

1929 : 91.4 7.9 .7 100.0 64.1 _ 32.1 3.1 .7 ... ... ...

1930 : 92.3 7.3 .4 100.0 65.4 31.5 2.8 .3 ... ... ...

1931 : 96.1 6.7 -2.8 100.0 65.6 31.6 2.5 .3 ... ...

1932 : 96.1 6.0 -2.1 100.0 64.3 .— 33.4 2.0 .3 ... ... »..

1933 : 90.1 6.5 3.4 100.0 65.2 33.0 1.5 .3 ... ...

1934 : 87.3 6.6 6.1 100.0 68.6 -.» 29.2 1.5 .2 0.5 .., 0.5

1935 : 96.4 8.9 -5.3 100.0 69.5 29.2 1.2 .2 - .1 ...

- .1

1936 86.1 8.4 5.5 100.0 67.9 —« 31.2 1.1 .2 - .4 ...

- .4

1937 98.8 9.1 -7.9 100.0 69.4 28.9 1.4 .3 ...

I930 95.5 7.2 -2.7 100.0 66.1 30.5 2.2 1.2 -i.. ... _,, _

1939 : 93.2 7.4 - .6 100.0 66.7 _ 30.8 2.1 .4 _., ...

1940 : 95.3 7.2 -2.5 100.0 67.5 ...» 30.7 1.4 .4 ... ... _

19a : 95.2 7.8 -3.0 100.0 65.0 1.2 30.9 1.2 .1 .3 1.3 1.6 1942 : 96.8 4.6 -1.4 100.0 59.5 4.0 31.7 .7 .1 1.1 2.9 4.0

1943 : 90.4 5.7 3.9 100.0 54.6 6.1 33.6 .5 .1 .4 4.7 5.1 1944 : 93.1 6.8 .1 100.0 55.8 8.9 30.3 .7 .1 - .1 4.3 4.2

1945 : 92.9 5.B 1.3 100.0 57.7 8.4 29.8 1.0 .1 - .7 3.7 3.-0 1946 : 95.1 5.7 - .8 100.0 63.7 2.2 29.1 1.8 .1 - .6 3.7 3.1 1947 92.0 6.0 2.0 100.0 64.6 2.3 27.5 3.0 .3 .1 2.2 2.3 1948 100.2 6.8 -7.0 100.0 65.7 2.8 27.2 2.4 .3 - .1 1.7 1.6 1949 : 94.1 6.7 - .8 100.0 64.2 2.7 28.0 2.3 .5 .6 1.7 2.3

1 6

1950 : 94.4 6.9 -1.3 100.0 65.3 1.4 28.5 2.5 .7 .2 1.4 1951 : 90.6 6.9 2.5 100.0 63.6 2.8 28.0 3.8 .8 - .7 1.7

.4

1.0 1952 S/ : 95.2 6.9 -2.1 100.0 65.8 2.0 26.6 4.4 .9 - .1

X.. v/

.3

1/ Those data replace the index of total food utilisation. That index traced only the OMntitlea of f.

tural products haying food uses, including their nonfood uses. The percentage distribution for each vfir

Z-^'IM""^ fro» quantitative daU on supplies and use of the unpr^ce.s«! fam pi^uSts Ld of^Sc^sL

coBBodities by nrultiplying quantities by average prices in 19A7-49. Values of processed IteLfor^h!

several categories were adjusted back to values in terns of fam pricosT P«««"««! items for the

n.fÄii;:L'?^::ockl'"''^"' '" "^""^ '^ **'• ^«^^^^ ^'^ *•*• ««^ «^ *»>• ^-^ P-^^lves Signify

2/ Includes procurement for civilian feeding in areas occupied by our Aned Forces.

fa^ serAproxî::àt?i?Vf'Îrcero?Îo^^^^^^^^ -•. «-^ —-»te and los, at

5/ Excludes deliveries by the Department of Agriculture.

è/ Deliveries by the Department of Agriculture were for lend-le»«« ~n-^ .^ v - ..

govemoente, except for meat transactions in the drwght^^ Net'n^!!' I««ha««» for foreign

drawn from comnercial channels while deliveries r-nr^f-^t^f * Pa^hases represent quantities wlthbetween the two measures chaígerÍn tS DIS^.;^?S ^Sk^"^ ""' "' *'' '"^"'^ *•'' <llfference

2/ Negatives indicate net reduction, in stocks; positives signify increases.

S/ Preliminary.
Table 2.- Supply-utilization of agricultural food products:

total utilization, 192U-52 1/

Percentage of 19^7-^9

; Food use Ccimnercial exports Department of

; Pro- Stock Total Nonfood

and shipments 5/ Agriculture 6/

: Net

Year ;duction Imports change

i/

utilization .Civilian Military

3/

use

Food Nonfood

Stock

change

1/

Deliveries

: ptir-

: chases

for

export

iPercent Percent Percent Percent

4.9 — 7^.7

Percent

i*7.5

Percent Percent

23.1

Percent

3.6

Percent

0.5

Percent Percent Percent

I92U ! 69.8

1925 : 70.5 5.3 0.9 76.7 48.0 ... 25.6 2.6 .5

1926 : 71.0 5.7 -.6 76.1 48.9 .-- 24.1 2.6 .5

1927 : 71.5 5.6 — 77.1 48.6 ... 25.0 3.0 .5

1928 : 73.3 5.5 -1,1 11.1 49.0 — 25.7 2.4 .6

1929 : 71.2 6.2 .5 77.9 49.9 --. 25.0 2.4 .6

1930 : 70-6 5.6 .3 76.5 50.0 ... 24.1 2.2 .2 ..* ——. ...

1931 : 73.7 5.2 -2.1 76.8 50.4 24.3 1.9 .2

1932 : 7Í+.2 k.e -1.6 77.2 49.7 25.8 1.5 .2 ---

1933 : 69.3 5.0 2.6 76.9 50.1 --_ 25.4 1.2 .2

193»* : 65.0 h.9 k.6 7*^.5 51.1 21.7 1.1 .2 0.4 ..— 0*4

1935 : 68.3 6.3 -3.8 70.8 49.2 — 20.7 .9 .1 -.1 ... -.1

1936 : 65.0 6.3 if.l 75.4 51.2 ... 23.5 .8 .2 -.3 ——. -.3

1937 : 7*^.2 6.8 -5.9 75.1 52.1 ... 21.6 1.1 .3

I93Ö : Ih.l 5.7 -2.1 78.3 51.8 — 23.9 1.7 .9 ... ... .--

1939 : 75.7 6.0 -.5 81.2 54.2 25.0 1.7 .3 ... ... ...

19Í«) : 79.it 6.0 -2.1 83.3 56.3 ... 25.6 1.1 .3 ... ... ...

19^1 . 83.5 6.8 -2.6 87.7 57.0 1.1 27.1 1.0 .1 .3 1.1 l.k

19i^2 : 92.1 i^.3 -1.3 95.1 56.6 3.8 30.2 .6 .1 1.0 2.8 3.8

19^*3' : 9k.k 5.9 k.l 104.if 57.0 6.3 35.1 .5 .1 .5 U.9 5.^^

19M* 98.3 7.2 .1 105.6 59.0 9.4 32.0 .7 .1 -.2 k.6 k.k

19^*5 : 96.0 6.0 l.U 103.4 59.7 8.7 30.8 1.0 .1 -.7 3.8 3-1 19k6 ' 97.1 5.8 -.8 102.1 65.0 2.3 29.7 1.8 .1 -.6 3.8 3.2

19^7 : 93.6 6.1 2.0 101.7 65.7 2.3 28.0 3.1 .3 .1 2.2 2.3

19^ : 97.6 6.6 -6.8 97.4 64.0 2.7 26.5 2.4 .3 -.1 1.6 1.5

19^9 : 9it.9 6.8 -.8 100.9 64.8 2.7 28.1 2.4 .5 .6 1.8 2.k

1950 : 95.8 7.0 -l.k 101.4 66.2 1.4 29.0 2.5 .7 .2 l.k 1.6

1951 : 9^.5 7.2 2.6 104.3 66.3 2.9 29.2 4.0 .8 -.7 1.8 1.1

1952 8/: 99.2 7.2 -2.2 104.2 68.6 2.1 27.8 4.5 .9 -.1 .U .3

1/ These data replace the index of total food utilization. That index traced only the quantities of farm

products used for food. This new index covers the supply and utilization of the total amounts of all agricultural products having food uses, including their nonfood uses. The percent€ige distribution for each year

vas developed frcm quantitative data on supplies and use of the unprocessed farm products and of processed

conmodities by multiplying quantities by average prices in 1947-49. Values of processed items for the

several categories were adjusted back to values in terms of fana prices. This table shows the supplyutilization in each year expressed as percentages of total utilization in 1947-49.

2/ Negatives indicate net increases in stocks from the beginning to the end of the ve«ur; positives signify

net withdrawals frcm stocks.

3/ Includes procurement for civilian feeding in areas occupied by our Armed Forces.

4/ Includes use for seed, feed, industrial alcohol, alcoholic beverages, etc., and seme waste and loss at

farm level. Approximately 80 percent of nonfood use is for feed.

5/ Excludes deliveries by the Department of Agricxilture.

6/ Deliveries by the Department of Agriculture were for lend-lease, relief, and purchases for foreign

governments, except for meat transactions in the drou^t years. Net purchases represent quantities withdrawn from commercial channels while deliveries represent shipments out of tha country; the difference

between the two measures changes in the Department's stocks.

7/ Negatives Indicate net reductions in stocks; positives signify increases.

8/ Preliminary.
- 6 -

supplied by domestic production, 6.6 percent by imports and shipments,

and 1.3 percent by net increases in stocks from the beginning to the

end of the year. On the distribution side, the index shows that àj.h

percent of total utilization was consumed in food uses (66.0 percent by

civilians and l.U percent by the military), 27.8 percent in nonfood uses,

3.2 percent by commercial exports and shipments (2.5 percent for food

use and 0.7 percent for nonfood use),and net purchases by the United

States Department of Agriculture for export amounted to 1.6 percent. It

should be noted that the Department's activities are expressed in terms

of net purchases for export as well as in terms of shipments out of the

country. Thus, although purchases in 1950 represented 1.6 percent of^

total utilization of agricultural food commodities, quantities approximating l.U percent were shipped. The difference between the two is

represented by increases in stocks in the hands of the Department.

Total piATchases by the Department in each year were adjusted by sales

from its stocks or current purchases by the Armed Forces, by sales to

commercial firms, and by direct distribution to domestic consumers to

arrive at net purchases for export. In table 2, the figures for each

year are expressed as a percentage of total food supply-utilization in

1911-7-1^9, instead of that for each year.

Uses of the Index

At the risk of repetitiveness, it seems desirable at this point to

summarize some of the uses for which this index was designed. It provides an overall measure of the changing economic significance of foreign

trade to our agricixltural economy by indicating the proportions of OTor

food supplies which come from outside continentsú. United States and the

proportions that are shipped out to our territories and foreign co\mtries. For years beginning with I9U1, the index similarly measures the

changing significance of military takings of food and that of the Department of Agriculture's procurement of food for export.

By relating data for individual years to the base period, 19UT-14-9,

the index meets the need for a framework for the overall analysis of the

demand for farm products, measured at the farm level. A supplemental

bulletin with value aggregates by commodity grovtps, through time, is

expected to be issued to facilitate such analytical work no later than

completion of the extension of this index to agricultural commodities

with only nonfood uses, such as cotton, tobacco, and wool. The subindex

of civilian use for food purposes can be adjusted for changes in the

population to derive a measure of changes in the per capita utilization

of farm food products, in terms of farm-product weights and farm prices

(see table U3) as opposed to the civilian per capita food-consumption

index (described in chapter 3) which involves the use of equivalent

retail weights and prices. The index of domestic utilization at the

farm level will provide a more satisfactory basis for study of the

demand for farm products because it avoids the complication of differences among commodities in marketing services. However, both of these

indexes utilize base-period prices throughout so they should not be

confused with measures of farm income (changing quantities times

changing farm prices) or of food expenditures (changing quantities times
- 7 -

changing retail prices plxis the effects of shifts in marketing patterns)•

Other uses of this index and its comporient3 will no doubt be discovered,

as analyses of the patterns of supply and utilization of food are

developed.

The Revision

The major conceptual differences between the revised index and the

old series are: (1) The new index provides a more comprehensive measure

by representing total supply and utilization of all agricultural commodities with food uses, whereas the pld index represented only food uses of

such commodities; and (2) adjustments are made for food and nonfood uses

in successive stages of distribution. Formerly, only an estimated allowance for initial food use was made.

The significant statistical changes that were made are: (1) The

index of total supply-utilization of agricultural food commodities iises

the averages for I9Í+7-U9 as its base instead of the averages for 1935-39;

(2) price weights in the base period axe weighted averages of annual farm

prices, whereas price weights for the old series were simple averages of

monthly farm prices; (3) the commodity coverage of the index was expanded;

(h) the handling of processed commodities was combined with that of

unprocessed items on a consistent basis.

As the first step in revising the index, data on farm production of

food crops, excluding quantities not harvested for economic reasons or

excess cullage of harvested crops, and data on livestock marketings were

substituted for net production for food. Whereas, net production for

food represented only the volume which either entered the marketing system or went directly into human consumption on farms, farm production

shows agricultural production of food crops for food and nonfood use,

whether it is marketed or retained on farms where grown. This change

was necessary to include in the source of supply the quantities of farm

production utilized for feed, seed, and nonfood industrial uses and production of nonfood crops and livestock products - mainly cotton, tobacco,

hay, field seeds, vegetable seeds, wool, and mohair - which will be in

the index of total supply-utilization of all agricultural products.

Because the concept of farm production includes production for use

as seed and feed, some d\q)lication results, as the quantity of production used for seed in a given year is again measured as a unit of crop

production in the following year. Similarly, production of feed is later

recounted in the form of milk and live animal s marketed. But no adjustments

were made to obtain a net farm-production basis because the aim of the

index is essentially to provide a measure of the flow of goods produced

by agriculture to the agricultxiral system itself (internal transfers)

and outside the agricultural system (external transfers), in terms of

the quantities used each year. For example, the quantity of corn fed

to livestock reflects the demand by agriculture for part of its own production, whereas the quantity of corn used by the corn-oil industry

represents demand from outside the agricultural economy. This flow of

goods has two aspects. One is the soiirce of the supply of commodities,

production, imports, and stocks, for utilization in a given year, and
. 8 -

the other reflects the channel of utilization, by agriculture itself

and by other industries 3/ for food and nonfood uses, exports and shipments, and Department of Agriculture takings.

Compilation of uses by industries required the second conceptual

change of the revision. For each agricultural commodity produced there

are many uses. Some are classified as food uses, the remainder as nonfood uses. But a complex problem is entailed in measuring the quantity

of production that goes into these two broad categories because subsequent processing changes the identity of many products. For exainple,

we can readily obtain data showing the quantity of soybeans produced at

the farm level. Quantities used for seed and feed on farms where grown

as well as the quantity sold are reported by the Department of Agriculture. It is then simple to classify disposition for feed and seed as a

nonfood use. But how is the quantity sold to be classified? Additional

quantities are used for feeding in the form of soybeans, and the remainder is used for crushing, which yields oil and cake and meal. In turn,

soybean cake and meal are utilized as feed and as flour for food; the

processed oil goes into shortening, margarine, and other edible Tises,

as well as into the soap industry, the drying-oils industry, and other

nonfood industrial uses. Quantities of soybean oil and cake and meal

are also exported through commercial channels or bought by the Department of Agriculture for export. If the index of total supply-utilization is to be used in analyzing demand, the effect of the quantity of

stocks and imports of these soybean products had to be considered. In

addition to a measurement of soybeans, there was also needed the supply

and disposition of soybean oil and soybean cake and meal - three distinct

commodities.

It was desirable to allocate the quantity of soybeans and soybean

products \ised annually to the industries consuming them; then to combine such industrial disappearance into two major categories - food and

nonfood - and, in addition, to make CLLlowances for commercial exports

and shipments, military takings, and Department of Agriculture takings.

When these groupings were obtained, they coTild be expressed as percentaiges of total utilization in each year (and compared with that in a

base period) to give an index of the distribution of agricultural commodities that have food uses.

The major difficulty in constructing such an index lay in the fact

that many products are used in various forms and for different purposes.

For example, the quantities of soybeans crushed are not comparable with

the physical units of output (crude oil, cake and meal) which are subsequently consumed for food and nonfood \ises. Formerly, this problem

was avoided by working only with food uses of soybean oil. The new

procedure traced the flow of soybeans into final utilization.

3/ It shoiad be noted that "other Industries" is used in a general

sense denoting all consumers outside agricultural enterprises. The term

industry" includes both "other industries" and agriculture.
- 9 -

allocating to each category its share of the total farm value of soybeans

used in that year after adjustment for imports and net changes in stocks

of processed products. This procedure took prices of joint products (in

the hase period) into account as well as quantities of each, because the

principal objective of the index is to supply a measure of the changing

structure of the utilization of agricultural products for use in economic

analysis. Several steps were involved-in this procedure.

First (again using soybeans as the example), total stocks of soybeans

available on January 1 were added to farm production and imports of soybeans. When adjusted for ending stocks this figure gave the total quantity of soybeans used in a year. The quantities used for feed and seed

on farms where grown were obtained from published reports of the Department of Agriculture. The quiantity of soybeans crushed by mills was compiled from monthly census reports; and the quantity exported was obtained

from official Bureau of the Census reports. The quantity of soybeans

sold to other farmers for feeding purposes was then derived as a residual

figure. These basic data were valued at the average price received by

farmers (in the base period) to get the supply and distribution of soybeans in terms of farm value. See figure 1.

The second step was to develop supply and distribution tables for

soybean products and to express them in equivalent farm values. The

figure shows this follow-through in terms of products processed from soybeans. The total quantity of soybeans sold by farmers for crushing is

used to produce two valuable joint products - oil and cake and meal. As

the equivalent farm values of the production of these two iten: were

already represented by the value of soybeans crushed, the values of oil

and of cake and meal were not included in the index per se. But as mentioned above, changes in the stocks of these products, of the quantities

imported, and of the uses of such products by different industries

influence the total supply-demand relationship for soybeans. For example, if stocks of soybean oil are large, and demand for oil remains

\mchanged, then it can be expected that smaller quantities of soybeans

will be delivered by farmers to the crushing mills (or conversely, the

crushing mills will demand fewer soybeans from farmers). Or an increase

in production of margarine would call for more soybean oil, and therefore greater quantities of soybeans for crushing.

To introduce the effects of stocks and imports of the processed

products, the qixantities of oil and of cake and meal produced were

valued at their average primary market price kj. This total value of

joint products produced (on a wholesale basis) was compared with the

value of soybeans sold for crushing (on a farm-level basis). The

res\ilting ratio (farm value of soybesins crushed to wholesale value of

oil and of cake and meal produced) was then used to reduce the wholesale values of imports and stocks of oil and of cake and meal to their

kj The primary market price is the price at the first transaction

level, frequently described as the wholesale price.
- 10

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- 11 -

equivalent values at the farm level. These farm-value equivalents were

then added to the original farm values of soybean imports and stocks.

Furthermore, the farm value of the processed products added to the supply side was also added on the distribution side to the value of soybeans sold for crushing. Consequently the total value of soybeans used

in a year then reflected shifts in supplies of processed products as

well as in soybeans as such.

Incliision of the utilization of processed items in the index was

accomplished as follows. Again, referring to figure 1, we note that soybean oil is used for food products (margarine, shortening, and other such

products) and for nonfood items (such as soap and drying oils) and that

some quantities are exported. Cake and meal are used for edible and

inedible uses and exported. To express this level of final consumption

of soybeans in processed form in terms of equivalent farm values, the

cons\xraption data for each industry or use were multiplied by the appropriate primary market price for soybean oil or meal to develop a total

value of consuHtption. A percentage distribution by end use was then

developed for this total consumption value, and the percentages obtained

were applied to the farm value of soybeans crushed (developed above) to

get farm-level aggregates reflecting the value of each of the final uses

of the soybeans crushed in a given year. These aggregates were then

summed into food, nonfood, export, and other uses.

The uses to which exported commodities are later put cannot be

reported by the Bureau of the Census,which derives its data from information on ships* manifests. However, the problem of allocating exports

and shipments between food and nonfood categories was relatively simple

for most commodities for most countries, on the basis of general information on types exported to partic\ilar coimtries. For example, linseed

oil is considered to be inedible by most coimtries to which we have

shipped it, but not all. Although we use corn in processed food commodities as well as for feed, practically all of our exports of corn are

for feed. In such instances, special information concerning the commodities was utilized in making the allocations.

The next step was to add the aggregates of direct soybean uses

(feed and seed used on farms where grown and quantities sold to other

farmers for feeding) obtained earlier, to the food, nonfood, export,

and other categories for processed items indicated above. The total

aggregates for each of these categories were then compared with the

total value of soybeans utilized each year in all forms. The result of

this computation was the percentage utilization of soybeans in a given

year. All values are in terms of constant dollars. This procedure was

used in order later to show changes in quantities from year to year

rather than changes in value arising from price changes.

Similar computations were made for each of the farm products

included in the index. The index as published, however, shows distribution to broad categories only. Although the estimates for individual

industries are not precise, the totals for broad classes of utilization are regarded as siifficiently reliable for analysis of shifts in

utilization.
- 12 -

Statistical Changes

The utilization data for each year present an ^^^^^J^^^T^^^^^^^^e

year's moving economic picture. In order to ^^^lllJ'/'lJlll^ ^J^'^"'

Tith that of another, yearly information ^^^.^^r^^^f^/ït^Îf^ose,

ratios to utilization in the base period, 191+7-^^9. For ^hxs purpose,

rSxed-base weighted-aggregate type of index was constructed, usxng

the formula ¿/:

-4

where :

V = the total value in constant 19^7-1^9 dollars of agricultural

^ commodities (both those used in unprocessed form and the

equivalent farm value of processed products) utilized m a

given year.

V = the average total value in constant 19Í^7-^9 dollars of

0 agricultural commodities (both those used in unprocessed

form and the equivalent farm value of processed products)

utilized in the base period I9U7-Í+9.

By substituting in the numerator of the formula the appropriate

value aggregates for each source of supply and channel of distribution

in terms of the values of the farm commodities, the indexes of percentage of base-period utilization were derived for each category (that is,

farm production, imports and shipments, net stocks, nonfood use, food

use, military takings, exports and shipments, and Department of Agriculture transactions; see table 2). As prices were held constant, it

is evident that this type of index shows the change in total value

between a given year and the base period caused by changes in quantity

and shifts among end vises.

For the index base period and for price-weighting purposes, 19U7-I+9

replaces 1935-39, which was used as the base for the old utilization

index. The change to a more recent period was made in accordance with

the recommendation of the Office of Statistical Standards that all

revised Federal index numbers be put on a postwar base representing the

average of the 3 years 191+7, 19li-8, and 19^+9. It should be stressed that

the adoption of a base period does not necessarily signify a "normal

period"; it merely serves as a convenient measuring point. Adoption of

fixed base-period prices freezes into the index-weighting structure the

economic relationships that existed in the period selected. If the

5/ This is actually the familiar Laspeyres* formula for quantity ^p -^

where the p's are farm prices and the q's are quantities of farm 0^

products (in unprocessed form). However, because this index includes

the equivalent farm values of processed items, it was necessary to

modify the customary symbolism.
- 13 -

base-period price weights used to express values in constant dollars

were $1.00 for commodity A and $3.00 for commodity B, a unit change in

the quantity utilized of A would influence the total movement of the

index only a third as much as a unit change for B. But 10 years later,

because of shifts in consumer demand commodity A might sell for $3.00

and commodity B for $1.00. The effect of a unit change in A is now

three times as important in the economy as a unit shift in B. But, as

the index was constructed with base-period prices as weighting factors,

a unit change in A still has only one-third the effect on the total

movement of the index as a change in B.

As these price relationships change over time, comparisons among

several years that are remote from the base period are not as valid as

direct comparisons between specified years and the base, which give

relatively accurate approximations of trend. So far as I9I4.7-Í19 more

closely represents the economic relationships existing at present than

does 1935-39^ it is to be preferred to the more distant date. After

careful testing of the results of linking to prewar price weights for

prewar years, it was concluded that the differences in the estimates

for the index were insignificant and did not merit the extensive statistical computations that would be involved.

Prices used in combining farm production of the several commodities in the revised index were obtained by: (1) Multiplying the average midmonth prices received by farmers 6/ by the volume of monthly

sales to obtain calendar-year average prices at the farm level for each

commodity; and (2) weighting these annual prices by the yearly production of each commodity to get the average 19ii7-ii.9 farm prices. The use

of monthly sales weights permitted each monthly price to influence the

yearly price according to the relative importance each month's marketing returns bore to annual marketed value. By weighting each of these

annual prices by the quantity of the commodity produced in the given

year, an allowance was made for year-to-year changes in the value pf

farm production not marketed (that is, supplies retained on farms for

home consumption, feed, or seed). All quantity data for processed items

were combined by use of weighted-average 19ÍÍ-7-U9 wholesale prices. 7/

Weighting factors used were the annual production of the processed items

for each of the 3 base years. If available, price data used were

United States annual averages; otherwise they were annual averages at

the most representative markets. In the unrevised index, price weights

for the 1935-39 base period were 60-month simple arithmetic averages of

prices received by farmers.

6/ Prices received by farmers for their products sold at local markets

or at the point to which they deliver their products in their own conveyances or in local conveyances hired for the purpose. These prices,

monthly sales, and annual production data are reported by the Department

of Agriculture.

7/ As reported by the Bureau of Agriciiltural Economics, the Production

and Marketing Administration, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and trade

papers. Wholesale prices as used here are prices at the first transaction level, that is, primary market prices.
. Il4 -

Table 3 lists the base-period utilization aggregates and the relative importance of major commodities (including both unprocessed and

processed forms) in the index in 1925-29, 1935-39, 19^+2-^^5, 19^1-^9,

and 1952.

Iiiç)orted Commodities Not Produced in the United States

For imported commodities - coffee, tea, cocoa beans, bananas, and

certain tree nuts and oils - which are not produced in this country,

value aggregates for total utilization were developed for the supply

side by (1) using quantities of imports and average prices at the first

transaction level in the United States (usually at the dock), and

(2) adjusting value aggregates by the net value of stocks where reported.

This utilization value was then distributed in the same way as that for

itenis produced domestically. The untevised index used average import

prices reduced by one-third as an approximation of the comparable value

at the farm level. (Import prices are prices at foreign ports where

loaded.) The change to prices at the. level of the first domestic transaction was made because that is the level at which imported commodities

which have undergone little or no processing may be competitive with

domestically produced commodities. Also, it is the point at which these

commodities enter into domestic channels for processing and distribution

to the final consumer. For imported tree nuts, Brazil, cashew, pignolia,

and pistache, it was necessary to use the average import price because

no other data were available.

Sources and Methodology of Data by Commodity Groups

The following paragraphs contain a detailed description of the

handling of oilseeds in preparing this index. Practically every conceptual and statistical problem encountered in the development of the

index was faced in the case of oilseeds. The handling of other commodity groups is described with less detail to avoid repetitiveness, but

wherever special problems were met, their solutions are reported.

Oilseeds and Peanuts.- The value of oilseeds and peanuts utilized

yearly is represented in the index by cottonseed, flaxseed, peanuts,

and soybeans.

Data for cottonseed for 192l|--52, showing the quantity produced,

the quantity used on farms and for planting, and the quantity delivered

to oil mills are reported on a crop-year basis by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. This information was put on a calendar-year basis

by adjusting for January 1 stocks at oil mills, and for calendar-year

imports, exports, and shipments reported by the Bureau of the Census.

Cottonseed is crushed to obtain crude cottonseed oil, cottonseed cake

and meal, and cottonseed hulls. Before crushing, the seeds are

delinted, thus separating cottonseed linters from the seeds. A calendar-year supply and distribution table was developed for each of these

products. For crude oil, the Bureau of the Census report of January 1

stocks, production, and imports was used.
- 15

Table 3.- Average farm value of agricultural food products used in 1947*49 and relative

importance of individual commodities in selected years l/

Average farm '

value of

quantities

Relative importance in total value 2/

Commodity : •

used in ! 1947-49 : 1925-29 '. 1935-39 : 1942-45 ': 1952

19L7'L9 1/ •

Million

dollars Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent

Cottonseed : 3A3 1.0 1.7 1.5 0.9 1.1

Flaxseed : 184 .6 .9 .6 .8 .5

Peanuts ; 225 • 7 .3 .6 .6 .5

Soybeans : 539 1.6 .1 .5 1.3 2.2

Barley : 384 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.1

Com : 4,466 13.5 16.0 12.9 u.i 13.8

Grs.in sorghums ; 139 .4 .4 .3 .5 .7

Oats ! 1,092 3.3 3.9 3.3 3.1 3.3

Buckwheat : 9 2/ .1 2/ 2/ 2/

Rice : 178 .5 .4 .5 .4 .7

Rye : 45 .1 .3 .3 .3 .1

V-heat : 2,428 7.3 6.5 6.1 6.9 6.5

Maple sugar : 5

Maple sirup : 10 ^

2/ 2/ ^ H 2/ .1 .1 2/ 2/

Honey : 40 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2

Sorgo sirup : 17 .1 .1 .1 .1 2/,

Sugarcane sirup : 18 .1 .1 .1 .1 2/

Sugarcane and sugar beets : 54? 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.7

Fruits : 1,058 3.2 2.8 3.3 2.9 3.1

Tree nuts : 79 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2

Vegetables : 1,765 5.3 5.1 5.8 5.4 5.3

Potatoes : 625 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.4

Sweetpotatoes : 102 .3 .5 .6 .4 .2

Dried field peas : 24 .1 2/ 2/ .1 2/

Dried edible beans : U5 .5 .4 .5 .5 .5

Total crops : U,462 43.7 45.3 42.7 43.5 43.1

Chickens ': 1,099 3.3 2.8 2.8 3.5 4.2

Turkeys : 258 .8 .3 .6 .7 1.1

Egg» : 2,345 7.1 6.3 6.1 6.8 7.5

Cattle and calves : 4,332 13.1 11.3 12.7 12.4 12.0

Hogs : 3,898 11.8 12.6 11.2 13.5 13.1

Sheep and lambs : 349 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.5 .9

Milk : 4.886 U.8 16.3 17.7 14.9 13.9

Total livestock Î 17,167 51.9 50.8 52.6 53.3 52.7

Coffee '; 810 2.5 1.7 2.2 2.0 2.3

Tea : 49 .1 .2 .2 .1 .2

Cocoa : 202 .6 .5 .8 .6 ,6

Bananas : 191 .6 .7 .7 .3 .5

Tree nuts : 61 .2 .1 .2 .1 .2

Copra : 125 .4 .4 .4 .1 .3

Olive oil 4/ : ^ -JL .3 .2 2/ .1

Total not produced

domestically ': 1,452 4.4 3.9 4.7 3.2 4.2

Total all ccmmoditiea i 33,081 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1/ Average quantities used in 1947-49 times weighted average farm prices in those years, except for imported commodities not produced in this country. For them, prices approximately at

the port of entry were used. Quantities used include food and nonfood use, additions to stocks,

and exports, supplied from domestic production, imports, and withdrawals from stocks.

2/ Calculated from unrounded data.

2/ Less than O.O5 percent.

4/ In terms of olive equivalent.
- 16 -

On the distribution side, census reports and BAE estimates showing

utilization of oil in margarine, shortening, other edible uses, soap,

drying oils, other inedible industrial uses, and exports and shipments

were used for most of the period. Before 1931^ estimates of uses other

than margarine were made. Production, imports, exports, and January 1

stocks of cake and meal are reported by the Bureau of the Census. The

quantity of cake and meal used for fertilizer is estimated by the Bureau

of Agricultural Economics. The residual (after accounting for disappearance as fertilizer and exports) is utilized as feed. The only data

available concerning cottonseed hulls are census production figures,

and January 1 stocks from I9I+I to date. Imports and exports are not

reported separately. For years before 19UI it was assumed that stocks

remained constant because data relating to stocks were not available.

There are no data on disappearance of hulls; however, their chief use

is for feed. Therefore, the total quantity utilized each year was

designated for feeding purposes. Production, exports, and August 1

stocks of linters are reported by the Bureau of the Census for 192^1. to

date. Imports have been reported, since 1936# The quantity of linter

stocks on hand January 1 was estimated by adjusting the reported

August 1 data on stocks for August-December production, imports, exports, and consioraption. The total quantity utilized in each year was

distributed to exports and the textile and allied industries (reported

by the Bureau of the Census). A small quantity was destroyed each

year (estimated by BAE)#

Flaxseed production and July 1 stocks are reported by the Bxireau

of Agricultural Economics for I92I+-52. Data relating to stocks were

adjusted to a January 1 basis by taking July 1 stocks, adding to them

production of flaxseed, and allowing for imports, exports, and crushings for July through December. The Bureau of the Census has reported

imports of flaxseed for I92U to date, while data on exports have been

available only since I9U2. Because this country was on a net import

basis for flaxseed before World War II, very little, if any, would have

been exported for this period. Distribution is to seed use (reported

by BAE), to exports, and to crushings (reported by Census). The products of flaxseed crushing are crude linseed oil and linseed cake and

meal. Reported data are available from the Bureau of the Census for

production, January 1 stocks, imports, exports, and shipments of linseed oil. In addition, the Bureau of the Census also reports disappearance into food uses (margarine, shortening, and other edible purposes)

and into nonfood uses (soap, drying oils, other industrial uses). The

Bureau of Agricultural Economics estimates the unreported quantity used

for nonfood purposes. Only data on production, imports, and exports

are available for linseed cake and meal before I950. Data on production were compiled by the Department of Agriculture for I92I+-I4.8; by

the Bureau of the Census from I9Í+9 to date. Data on January 1 stocks

also were collected by the Bureau of the Census, beginning in I950. No

information is available on the use of cake and meal; but after allowing

for quantities exported, the residual used was assumed to go for feed.

Supply and distribution of peanuts were compiled on a farmers»

stock basis. For this purpose, cleaned unshelled nuts were multiplied

by the factor I.05, and shelled nuts by the factor I.U3. The
.- 17 -

quantities of peanuts iniported, exported, and shipped to our territories

are reported by the Bureau of the Census. The quantity crushed was

reported by the Bureau of the Census for 192^-37; from I938 to date,

the Bureau of Agricultural Economics has reported it. Data on stocks

have been obtained from the Bureau of the Census, the Federal Trade Coramission, and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For I92U-38, the

Bureau of the Census reported January 1 stocks at crushing mills; from

1939 "to date BAE has reported January 1 fig\ires in all commercial positions. BAE reports the quantities used for seed, feed, and farm loss,

and the quantity taken by the military for food uses. The quantity of

nuts available for civilian food uses was partly obtained from reported

disappearance and partly estimated. Two products are obtained from

peanut crushings - oil and cake and meal. Data on January 1 stacks,

imports, and exports of peanut oil are available from the Bureau of the

Census, I92U-52. Production data were reported by the Bureau of the

Census for 192lf-38; from I939 to date by BAE. Disappearance in food

uses (margarine, shortening, other edible) and nonfood uses(soap, drying

oils, other industrial) is reported from I93I to date. Before 1931^

only data on disappearance of margarine and soap are available. Estimates of other uses were made for this period by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Production of peanut cake and meal is reported by BAE.

Data on stocks are available from January 1, 1939^ to date. For earlier

years, it was assumed that stocks remained constant. Information on

imports is available from the Bureau of the Census for 193*+ to date;

information on exports from I9U6. Peanut cake and meal are used chiefly

for feed. After allowing for exports, the residual qioantity utilized

was designated for feeding.

The Bureau of Agricultural Economics reports for soybeans production, qiiantity used for seed, and^ quantity fed on farms where produced.

Since 19i^3, it has reported January 1 stocks of soybeans; previously,

data on stocks were available for October 1 of each year. These

data were adju3tevd to a January basis. The Bureau of the Census has

reported imports for the entire period; data on exports have been available since 1931, and shipments to territories since 19Í4-1. Soybeans not

going.into feed uses, seed uses, or exported are crushed. The Bureau

of the Cens-us reports monthly crushings of soybeans. These crushings

yield oil and meal or flour. 8/ Census reports production, January 1

stocks, imports, exports, and disappearance of oil in margarine, shortening, other edible uses, soap, drying oils, and other nonfood industrial uses. For I92U-30, it. was necessary to estimate uses in other

than the soap and drying-oils industries. From I92Í1-I+8, BAE reported

production of cake and meal; the Census has reported it since January

I9U9. No data on stocks were available before January 1, 1950;

8/ A negligible part of the soybean crop is ground whole for full-fat

soy flour which contains all of the oil in the seed. In addition, lowfat soy flour is produced in criishing for oil. An allowance for low-fat

soy flour was made in the supply-distribution data for soybean cake

and meal.
- 18 -

therefore^ stocks were considered as constant for 192i<--U9. Data on imports are available from the Bureau of the Census for the entire period;

on exports since 1939. In addition to the quantity of cake and meal

exported, distribution is made to nonfood industrial uses^ to food uses

in the form of flour, and to feed. The Bureau of the Census has reported

soybean meal and flour used for industrial and food purposes since 1935

when such production became significant. The quantity of this production utilized for nonfood industrial purposes was estimated by BAE for

1935 to 1914-8. Beginning with 19^1-9 the Bureau of the Censiis reported

industrial uses separately. Since that date, the food use of meal has

been compiled as the quantity of soybean meal utilized for low-fat soy

flour. After accounting for these uses and exports, the residual quantity was considered the quantity used in the year as feed.

In order to trace the distribution of products made from, oilseeds

to their final consumption, it was necessary to make an adjustment in

the oilseed data. As noted in figure 1, soybeans produced on the farm

were traced through to consumption in the form of oil in the margarine,

shortening, soap, and other industries. Obviously, this industrial use

is not the final level of consumption; the final level is the disappearance of margarine, shortening, soap, and other products containing cottonseed, linseed, peanut, and soybean oil. Therefore, data were

adjusted to reflect the utilization of these end products. This was

accomplished by adjusting the value of crude oil used by food and nonfood industries by the value of exports, shipments, and military and

Department of Agriculture takings of processed products (margarine and

shortening, for instance) so that these categories would include the

crude-oil equivalent of the processed products.

Data on imports were not considered because imports of edible processed products made from cottonseed, linseed, peanut, and soybean oil

are negligible, while data on imports for inedible products containing

these oils could not be readily compiled. Factors were not available

to convert products containing these oils into oil and seed equivalents.

Therefore, estimates were derived of the value of oils which had been

exported and taken by the military and the Department of Agricultiore in

the form of processed products by applying the percentage that yearly

export, military, and Department requirements for margarine and shortening were of the total domestic consumption of margarine and shortening,

and applying these percentages to the value of oil utilized in food

uses. For example, if in a given year the Military Forces bought 20

percent of total margarine and shortening used, then 20 percent of the

quantity of crude oils utilized for food purposes was designated as

military takings. No estimates were made of nonfood military requirements because of lack of data.

It was not necessary to use this estimating procedure for most

commodity groups as data on final consumption as processed products

could be directly converted to an equivalent lower level of processing.

To Illustrate, m the case of beef, exports, imports, and military and

lllVlTnT f ^^^^^^^*1^^^ ^^i^6^ -f canned, dried, and frozen beef and

beef products are regularly converted to a carcass-weight equivalent

m estimating civilian per capita consumption. Therefore, it was only
- 19 -

necessary to convert carcass-weight equivalents to the basis of the

farm product^ as outlined in the general description of methodology.

In compiling the data for these commodities^ it was not always

possible to have the quantity utilized in a year (obtained by adding

production and imports to January 1 stocks^ and subtracting December 31

stocks) balance with the data on consuii5)tion by uses because of underor over-reporting* VThen the data did not balance, adjustments were m^de

in the series that appeared to be most subject to reporting error.

Livestock. - Utilization in this coijintry was measured in terms of

the value of meat from cattle, calves, hogs, and sheep and lambs

slaugiitered annually and the major part of the value of other products

derived from these animals.

For the purpose of this index, production of livestock was considered to be the total live weight of animals slaughtered in each year.

The major product that results from the slaughtering operation is meat.

Other products include hides, skins, fats, oils, and other lesser items

as glue, gelatin, boneblack, blood, hair, and bristles. The procedure

followed was to establish the farm value (that is, the live weight of

hogs or other livestock slaughtered, multiplied by the average price

per pound received by farmers) for each type of animal utilized in a

year, and to adjust this value for the effect of changes in stocks

and imports of the major products processed from the animal carcass,

reduced to equivalent farm values, to derive total utilization. 9/

The distribution of this value to food, nonfood, export, and other

uses was then accomplished by the same method as outlined above for

illustrative purposes.

Beca\ise of the complexity of allocating separately the values from

certain processed products (that is, tallow, oleostearine, and other

fats and oils obtained from both cattle and calves) to either the live

value of cattle or of calves, these animals have been treated together

in the index. The total live weight of cattle and calves slaughtered,

both commercially and on farms, has been reported annually since 1935

by the Bureau of Agricult\iral Economics. For 192if-3^, slaughter was

estimated on the basis of the average relationship existing from 1935

to 1951 between slaughter weight and the weight of beef and veal produced, that is, the 1935-'51 average dressing percentage. Data on

supply and utilization of beef and veal are published regularly by the

Bureau of Agricultural Economics. As data on production and consumption of beef and veal are on a carcas s-weight basis, they exclude

edible offals. No established reports are available as to production

9/ This procedure does not directly reflect changes in farm inventories of live animals or imports and exports of live animals, because

data are not available for these categories on a live-weight basis.

However, this aifects neither the production nor the utilization value

because the live weight of animals slaughtered represents net marketings of livestock.
. 20 -

of offals; accordingly, estimates of production for edible beef and

veal offals were derived as equivalent to 6.7 percent of the dressed

weight of beef and 10.7 percent of veal. The quantities of stocks on

hand January 1, the quantity of offals exported and imported, and the

quantity taken by civilians and by the military forces are compiled by

the Bureau of Agricultural Economics as aggregate figures representing

all edible offals (beef, veal, pork, and lamb and mutton). These data

were distributed to each meat category in the ratios that offals of each

type of meat were to total production of edible offals in each year for

I92I+ to date.

The number of cattle hides and calfskins produced was estimated

as the quantity of cattle and calves slaughtered in all places plus the

number of animals dying each year. This method slightly overestimates

production because not all hides and'skins are recovered for further

processing into leather. January 1 stocks of cattle hides were reported

by the Production and Marketing Administration of the Department of

Agriculture from 1924 until discontinued in I9U6. No data are available on calf and kip skins; therefore, stocks were considered as remaining constant from year to year. The quantity of cattle hides euid calf

and kip skins ultimately procured by the military in the form of shoes

and leather equipment was derived from trade data 10/ and from BAE

estimates. All supply and distribution data for the remaining items

processed from cattle and calves, and included in this index - edible

tallow, inedible tallow, oleostearine, oleo stock, and oleo oil - are

reported by the Bureau of the Census. January 1 stocks of oleo stock

currently are not available; therefore, they were considered as unchanged. Data on in^orts of edible tallow are not available prior to

1936 while imports of oleo stock are not reported separately. Because

imports of edible tallow are generally small and the greater part of

cleo stock produced is exported, little error is introduced into the

index by this noncoverage. Exports are available for these fats and

oils from 192^1- to date. Data on utilization were grouped into food

uses (margarine, shortening, and other edible uses) and nonfood uses

(soap, drying oils, and other industrial uses). Prior to I93O, these

series were not fully reported and when necessary, estimates were made

based on relationships prevailing in succeeding years.

Live-weight slaughter data for lambs and sheep were obtained

similarly to those for cattle and calves. In addition, the supply and

distribution tables for lamb and mutton (carcass-weight equivalent),

for edible offals, and for sheep and lamb skins were developed from

the same sources and by the same methods as outlined for beef and

veal. Production of edible offals was derived as equivalent to 5.I

percent of the dressed weight of lamb and mutton. Data on stocks are

not available for sheep and lamb skins; therefore, utilization in each

year was estimated as equivalent to production plus imports. In

addition to the meat, offals, and skin obtained from the slaughtered

10/ Estimates of the Tanners Council of America compiled in Leather

and Shoes, Blue Book of the Leather Industry. Ed. 30. 19Í4-8.
- 21 .

animals, a quantity of wool is recovered. This is called pulled wool

and is distinguished from shorn wool which is obtained from shearing

live 8üiiraals.

The only data available for pulled wool are production figures from

192I+ to date on a grease basis, 11/ Data pertaining to stocks, imports,

exports, military takings,and consumption by domestic mills include both

pulled and shorn wool. In order to develop separate supply and distribution tables for pulled and shorn wool (the value of shorn wool was

not imputed to the farm value of lambs and sheep as was pulled wool;

rather production of shorn wool was treated as an independent agricultiiral product similar to corn, cotton, or wheat), the first step was to

ascertain on a scoured basis 11/ the ratio of production of pulled wool

to total production of wool. These data are reported by the Bureau of

Agricultural Economics. This ratio was then applied to January 1 stocks

of don^stic apparel wool and to the quantities of wool exported (both

reported by the Bureau of the Census) to obtain estimates of pulled

wool stocks and exports. Data on stocks include quantities held by

dealers, manufacturers, and the Federal Government, but exclude any

stocks that may be on farms. This information is available only from

1936 to date; stocks were considered as unchanged prior to 1936.

Quantities of foreign wool were excluded from all calculations of

pulled wool as imports of this wool are negligible, if any. Military

takings of pulled wool were derived by expressing the total quantity of

wool used by the military each year, estimated fcfr use in this index,

as a percentage of the total wool used ann\ially. These percentages,

when applied to the total quantity of pulled wool, give a rough approximation of military takings of pulled wool. Mill consumption for civilian use was derived as a residual after allowing for exports of pulled

wool and military takings. All data were converted to a greasy-shorn

equivalent in order to avoid duplication with the supply and utilization of shorn wool.

Data on live-weight hog slaughter, pork (carcass-weight equivalerit excluding lard), and edible offals were compiled in the same way

as those for cattle, calves, and lambs and sheep. Edible pork offals

were derived as 6.7 percent of the dressed hog weight, excluding lard.

In addition to utilization of the carcass as meat and offals, an important part of the slaughtered animal is utilized as lard. Data on use

of lard were grouped into margarine, shortening, and other edible uses,

and into soap, drying oils, and other nonfood uses. All necessary data

were available for I92U-52.

In compiling the data for exports, imports, military takings, and

Department of Agriculture activities, the carcass-weight equivalents of

11/ Grease wool is wool as taken from the animal, and before any

scouring preparatory to manufacturing. Scoured wool is wool that has

had the grease removed by scouring, ior conversion purposes, lüü

pounds of greasy shorn wool are equivalent to U^i pounds of scoured

wool, and 100 pounds of greasy pulled wool are equivalent to 75 pounds

of scoured wool.
- 22 -

canned and dried beef, veal, lamb and mutton, and pork were included

where possible.

Poultry and Eggs.- The processing of chickens, turkeys, and eggs

for food use does not generally produce byproducts of appreciable value.

Accordingly, as processed poultry (canned) and eggs (dried and frozen)

are regularly converted to unprocessed equivalents, the measuring of

their supply-utilization in terms of farm values was comparatively

simple. Multiplying the quantities in terms of farm weights in each

supply and distribution category by the average price received by

farmers in the base period gave the value for each source of supply and

channel of distribution. These values were then combined with the

values for other farm commodities to obtain the supply-utilization index. For use in this index the quantity of eggs used for hatching was

designated as a nonfood use. In addition to eggs for hatching, the nonfood category also includes quantities that were spoiled or wasted in

I9ÛU, I9U5, and 191^8-50 in connection with Government price-support programs. Other than this spoilage and wastage, no data are available

concerning the nonfood uses of eggs. As a result, the relatively small

quantities of e^^s used for culture media, medicinal purposes, photographic emulsions, adhesives, tanning and finishing leather, and other

nonfood purposes were not taken into account. Therefore, the food use

is slightly overstated.

Dairy Products.- This group is represented in the index by the supply and distribution data for total milk fat and total nonfat milk

solids. The use of these bases permitted the conversion of all manufactured dairy products (butter, cheese, ice cream, condensed and evaporated milk, etc.) into their unprocessed milk-solid equivalents. Supply

and distribution tables published by the Bureau of Agricultural

Economics were used.

Although the principal nonfood use of milk fat (fed to calves) is a

reported figure, the quantity of nonfat milk solids used for nonfood

purposes was derived as a residual figure. This slightly overstates

nonfood use because, in addition to the quantity of nonfat milk solids

going into feed and industrial nonfood uses or wasted, reliable estimates could not be made for some food uses.

For the entire index period total fat and nonfat milk solids-data

were combined and included in the index by multiplying each supplyutilization category by the estimated weighted base-period average price

received by farmers for milk solids. That price was derived by dividing

the farm value of milk produced by the total solids equivalent of milk

sold and used for farm household use, plus the solids equivalent of

whole milk fed to calves. Thus, the total price was attributed to milk

solids only.

Fruits.- To measure the supply-utilization of fruit at the farm

level, data on production of fruit were adjusted for changes in stocks

and for imports to obtain the total quantity of fruit used annually.

This quantity was then apportioned'to the various disappearance categories (for exainple - food use, nonfood use, exports, and shipments).
- 23 -

Farm production of fruit consists of the total quantity of fruit 12/

harvested each year. Part of this production is consumed in its unpro~

cessed, fresh form. The rest is processed into dried, canned,and frozen

fruits and juices and subsequently consumed in those forms. Data on

production of the processed items were not used an construction of the

index because they duplicate output of fruit measured when harvested.

Supply and distribution tables were developed for processed fruits

and the data put on comparable fresh-equivalent bases by the use of conversion factors so that quantities of dried, canned,and frozen fruits

and juices in each supply and distribution category could be aggregated

with quantities of fruit sold in fresh form. As an example, total imports of fruit, on a fresh basis, consist of the quantity of fruit

imported in fresh, unprocessed form plus the quantities of imported

dried, canned,and frozen fruits and juices converted to fresh, unprocessed equivalents. Canned fruit was converted to a fresh-equivalent

basis by using the factor 1.2; canned fruit juices (excluding frozen

juices) by using a variable factor which ranged between I.9 and 2.i^;

frozen fruits (including frozen juice concentrates) by using 1.1 through

19^5 and a variable factor ranging from 1.2 to 3.8 from 19li-6 to date;

and dried fruits by using the factor 3.6. All conversion factors were

developed by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Average factors were

used for the entire index period for those items for which the vetriation

in conversion ratios from year to year was extremely small.

Similarly, stocks, exports, shipments. Department of Agriculture

transactions, military takings, and nonfood uses of canned, frozen,

and dried fruit items were converted to fresh equivalents and added to

the quantity of unprocessed, fresh fruit falling into each of the

above categories. Domestic civilian disappearance of fruit for use as

food (in terms of fresh fruit as produced at the farm level) was derived

as a residual. Nonfood use of fruit, for the purpose of this index,

was defined as the quantity of fruit used in the brandy and still-wine

industries. These data are available from the Bureau of Internal

Revenue from I938 to date. Data for 192^1--37 were estimated by using

the linear relationship of the quantity of fruit, juices, and concentrates used in production of still wine and brandy with total production of still wine and brandy.

12/ Production having value (excludes quantities not harvested

because of economic conditions) of oranges, tangerines, grapefruit,

lemons, limes, apples, peaches, pears, grapes, cherries, plums, prunes,

apricots, figs, olives, avocados, dates, cranberries, pineapples, persimmons, pomegranates, and strawberries. As adequate production data

are not available for berries, the supply and distribution of berries

were excluded except for small quantities appearing in data on exports

and imports. Bananas were excluded because they are not produced

domestically. They are included in a separate index group of commodities not produced in this country.
. 21^ -

The quantity obtained for each category was then valued at the

average farm price 13/ for fruit in the base period to get the value

aggregates to be used in the total supply-utilization index.

Tree Nuts.- Domestic production of tree nuts includes almonds,

filberts, pecans, and walnuts. lU/ No data on stocks are available for

tree nuts. Therefore, imports of these four commodities were added to

production data to obtain an estimate of the quantity consumed yearly.

This quantity was distributed to exports and military takings and the

residual was designated as domestic civilian disappearance. Because

data for this index were measiired in terms of the farm level, the supply and utilization of tree nuts was compiled on an "in-the-shell"

basis. Shelled nuts were converted to an equivalent unshelled basis by

the use of average conversion factors.

Vegetables.- As the first step in measuring the supply-utilization

of vegetables at the farm level, all commercial production sold for

fresh use and for processing and the rough approximation of total production of farm,rural nonfarm, and urban gardens were totaled to obtain

the quantity of vegetables 1^/ produced yearly for consumption in fresh,

canned, frozen, and dried form.

Data on stocks, exports, imports, military procurement, and Department of Agriculture takings of processed vegetables were converted to

fresh equivalent basis by u^ing average conversion factors. They were

then used to adjust the quantities supplied and distributed in those

categories as fresh vegetables. The residual of all vegetables remaining after adjustments for the above categories was considered to be

civilian consumption. Each category was valued at the average weighted

price received by farmers in the base period for the fresh vegetables

listed below to derive the value aggregates for the index.

Potatoes, sweetpotatoes, dry edible beans (cleaned basis), and dry

field peas (cleaned basis) were handled similarly. Data used were BAE

supply and distribution tables. Nonfood uses of these commodities were

seed, feed and waste, industrial alcohol, alcoholic beverages, starch,

flour, and glucose.

13/ The 19I17-U9 average weighted farm price of the 22 fresh fruits

enumerated above.

lA/ Data on Brazil nuts, pignolia, pistache, chestnuts, cashews,

and miscellaneous tree nuts, for which statistics on domestic production are not available or which are not produced domestically, were

treated separately in the group of commodities not produced in this

coiintry.

15/ Artichokes, asparagus, lima beans, snap beans, beets, broccoli,

Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cantaloups, carrots, cauliflower, celery,

sweet corn, cucumbers, eggplant, escarole, garlic, honeyballs, honeydews, kale, lettuce, onions, green peas, green peppers, pimientos,

shallots, spinach, tomatoes, watermelons, and miscellaneous minor

vegetables.
- 25 -

Feed Grains,- Corn, barley, oats, and sorghum grains are customarily classified as feed grains because their primary use is for livestock

feeding, with food use of secondary importance. The supply-utilization

of these commodities in terms of farm values includes both the grainequivalents of products processed from grain as well as the supply-disappearance of the grains as such* For the purpose of this index, supplyutilization tables for barley, corn, oats, and grain sorghums showing

the movement of grain only were used. To these basic tables were added

the grain-equivalents of products processed from these grains. Grainequivalents were obtained by using average conversion factors developed

by the United States Department of Agriculture. 16/

To illustrate, the total number of bushels of corn produced for all

purposes (grain, silage, fodder, hogged-off, grazed) was noted for each

of the index years. To these production data were added imports of

grain corn plus the difference in stocks of corn between January 1 and

December 31* The total was the quantity of corn utilized during the

year. As it was necessary to cover the entire use of corn in all its

unprocessed and processed forms, allowances were made for processed

corn products made by the corn-grinding industries. These industries

are the wet-process industry which produces cornstarch, sugar, sirup,

dextrins, oil, gluten feed and meal and corn oil meal, and the dryprocess industry which produces breakfast foods, cornmeal, flour, hominy

grits, and flakes. Conceptually, the net changes in stocks and imports

of processed corn products should be converted to grain-equivalents and

added to the supply side of total utilization. However, data on stocks

were not available for processed corn products and imports were negligible except for cornmeal. Accordingly, only imports of cornmeal were

converted to a grain-equivalent basis and added to the supply side of

total utilization.

On the distribution side of the index, the total quantity of corn

utilized in a year was reduced by the quantity of corn used for seed

ana by commercial and Department of Agriculture exports of grain corn. 17/

Nex't, each product produced by the corn-grinding industry was converted

to its grain-equivalent by applying the appropriate conversion factor.

16/ See United States Department of Agriculture, Production and Marketing Administration publication. Conversion Factors and Weights and

Measures for Agricultural Commodities and Their Products. Washington,

D. C. May 1952.

17/ For commodities other than feed grains and rood grains. Department oi Agric\ilture transactions were handled in terms of net purchases

for export, that is, deliveries made through the Department for export

abroad adjusted by the net annual change in stocks held by the Department. For grains. Department transactions were traced only in terms of

deliveries because of the nature of the grain-support program. Accordingly, for these items purchases were assumed to equal deliveries in

each year. On the other hand, changes in stocks of flour held by the

Department of Agriculture were taken into account.
- 26 .

The grain-equivalents of the processed products were then classified

into the quantities used for domestic food and nonfood purposes, the

quantities exported coramercially and by the Department of Agriculture,

and the quantities taken by the military- In addition, the grain equivaient of corn not marketed but used in the farm household for food as

well as the quantity of corn used in the alcohol and distilled-spirits

industry (classified here with nonfood uses) were added to the food and

nonfood categories. The suin of all these reported food, nonfood,

export, and other uses was subtracted from the total utilization^figure

developed from the supply side, to obtain a residual figure. This

residual was the net quantity of grain corn used as feed. Farm-level

aggregates for each category to be used in the supply-utilization index

were obtained by multiplying the quantities obtained above by the

weighted average price received by farmers for corn in I9U7-Í19.

Food Grains.- The food grains consist of buckwheat, rice, rye, and

wheat. The supply-utilization of these commodities, with the exception

of wheat, in terms of farm-level values was developed as outlined above

for feed grains.

But this procedure does not take into account the millfeeds produced in processing grain, which are subsequently used for feed.

After studying for the base-period years I9U7-Í19 the value of production of each of the grain millfeeds in relation to the value of the

grain products utilized, it was decided that an alloweince foi* millfeeds

would be made for wheat only. For the rest of the grains, an allowance

for the nonfood use of millfeeds was considered to be insignificant in

the total supply-utilization picture.

As the first step in measuring the supply and utilization of wheat

and wheat products, in terms of farm-level equivalents, production of

wheat was added to imports of wheat. 18/ This total was then adjusted

for changes in wheat stocks to derive the total quantity used annually.

This quantity was used for seed, by the industrial alcohol and alcoholic beverage industries, for commercial and Department of Agriculture

shipments, by the military, for domestic processing into flour, millfeeds, and wheat cereals, and the residual was designated as used for

feed.

Using supply and distribution tables for wheat flour, I9/ wheat

cereals, and wheat millfeeds, each of the categories (production,

imports, exports, food and nonfood use) for flour, cereals, and millfeeds was multiplied by the pertinent average wholesale price in the

18/ Imports of wheat for grinding in bond (free) and imports for

grinding and export to Cuba were excluded because data for the quantity

of wheat processed and data for production of flour were to represent

supplies available to the domestic economy. This required a similar

adjixstment in the export data.

12/ Including the flour equivalent of macaroni, spaghetti, semolina,

bread, biscuits, cakes, and crackers.
- 27 -

base period to obtain value aggregates in terras of constant dollars.

These value aggregates for processed wheat products were then deflated

to equivalent farm values by the process outlined in the section on

general methodology.

Sugar and Sirups.- The sugar and sirups group is represented in

this index by sugarcane and sugar beets^ by the products resulting

from their processing - industrial molasses, edible molasses, refined

cane and beet sugar, refiners* sirup, molasses beet pulp, dried beet

pulp, and moist beet pulp - as well as honey, sugarcane sirup, sorgo

sirup, maple sirup, and maple sugar.

The production of sugarcane and sugar beets was distributed to

seed use and to the quantity going to processing mills. No data on

stocks of unprocessed items are available and imports of sugarcane and

sugar beets are negligible. Sugarcane generally is crushed at the mill

to produce raw sugar. 20/ This quantity of raw cane sugar is then augmented by imports of raw cane sugar to make up the total supply of raw

sugar. Some of the cane sugar is used in this raw form, but the

greater part moves to refineries to be processed into refined sugar.

But in the case of beet sugar, the mills take the sugar beets delivered

from farms and process them into refined beet sugar. For the purpose

of this index, all data for raw cane were converted to a refined basis

to enable cane sugar to be aggregated with beet sugar as data on disappearance do not distinguish between the two kinds of sugar.

The total quantity utilized on a refined basis was derived by

adding imports for consumption and shipments from our Territories to

the cane and beet sugar produced from domestic sugarcane and sugar

beets and adjusting for stocks. This utilization was distributed to

tobacco, alcoholic beverages, pharmaceutical, educational, and other

nonfood uses; to commercial exports and shipments; to Department of

Agriculture transactions; and to quantities taüken by the military.

After accounting for these uses, the residual was designated as the

quantity of sugar used domestically by civilians. Most of these data

are published by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and the Production and Marketing Administration. Sugar used in tobacco is reported

by the Bureau of Internal Revenue while alcoholic beverage and other

nonfood uses of cane and beet sugar were estimated.

In the processing of sugarcane and sugar beets industrial

molasses 2l/, edible molasses, molasses beet pulp, dried beet pulp,

20/ Raw sugar is the juice extracted from sugarcane and processed

until it is in crystalline form, containing approximately 96 percent

sucrose. Refined sugar is raw sugar after additional processing to

yield virtually 100 percent sucrose. Generally, 100 pounds of raw

sugar yield 93»^6 pounds of refined sugar* No allowance was made for

the bagasse and sugar-beet tops produced in processing sugarcane and

sugar beets because production data for them were not available.

21/ Industrial molasses is a term applied to those types of molasses

that are used primarily for ^purposes other than human consuii5)tion.
- 28 -

moist beet pulp, and refiners« sirup are produced. Supply and distribution tables were developed for each of these commodities and they were

converted to a farm-level equivalent by means of the procedure described

in the general section on methodology.

The remaining sugar and sirup products included in this index -

honey, sugarcane sirup, sorgo sirup, maple sirup, and maple sugar - are

reported in terms of farm-equivalents. Data on changes in stocks, production, and imports were totaled to obtain the quantity utilized yearly.

After allowing for the quantities exported, the residual amount was considered to be used ior food. Ko allowance was made for military or

Department of Agriculture takings for these commodities, except in the

case of honey. The sirups taken could not be identified as to type and

the quantities concerned were relatively small.

Production

The Crop Reporting Board of the Rureau of Agricultural Economics

is the central fact-collecting and estimating agency for current agricultural statistics, including those of production. The data on fish

are collected by the Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior.

The present crop reporting service has developed gradually since

establishment of the United States Department of Agriculture more than

90 years ago. 22/ The Crop Reporting Board was organized in 1905 to

review all State crop and livestock reports and to issue national reports.

Significant improvements in the reporting system were made just before

World War I and in 1923 and 1924. Fact-collecting and estimating are

carried on through the offices of Federal agricultural statisticians

located in 4l States. Three of these serve more than one State, one

serving the six New England States. These offices obtain much of their

current information through the cooperation of some 750,000 voluntary

reporters. These reporters are chiefly individual growers reporting

for their localities or their own farm operations but they include also

many local merchants, handlers, storers, and processors of agricultural

commodities, assessors, and other State and local officials. An important characteristic of all data for this country is the many sources

from which statistics are drawn to check the basic data received from

the producers. These checks have been developed over a period of years

so that even when the sample is small, a high degree of reliability is

attained.

Historical data on annual national production of most of the major

food commodities are reasonably adequate for the last 30 years. Information for years before I92U is much less satisfactory. It is described

in detail in the commodity sections which follow.

22/ See U. S. Dept. of Agr. Misc. Pub. 703, The Agricultural Estimating and Reporting Services of the United States Department of Agriculture, issued December I9I+9, for a more detailed description of the crop

and livestock reporting system.
. 29 -

• The detailed estimates of food production are illustrated by the

mass of data in the annual publication of the Department, Agricultural

Statistics 23/. Estimates of food production are based on: (1) Data

from the censuses of agriculture which provide benchmarks every 5 yearsj

(2) the Crop Reporting Service for interim annual and for some''seasonal'

information; and (3) i.he Market News Service for day-to-day information.

Briefly, the Department of Agriculture has good historical records, by

States, of acreages, yields, production, and prices of major crops, of

livestock movements, livestock production - including annual estimates

of the lamb and calf crops and semiannual estimates of the pig crops -

and number of animals on feed as of a given date each year.

To fill in gaps in information considered essential during World

War II, certain special surveys were made. These included Bureau of

the Census surveys of the packs of processed fruits and vegetables and

Bureau of Agricultural Economics surveys of nonfederally inspected wholesale and retail slaughter. The former work has since been taken over by

the National Canners Association, but the latter has been continued.

Among the types of production data still lacking are information

on both rural and urban home gardens - their number and size, and the

total production and value by crops; local fish catch and game kill;

noncommercial production of apples (forbidden by statute); nonfarm production data on milk, eggs, and poultry; production of ducks and geese,

concerning which there are only some scattered census data; estimates

of acreage and production of quinces and small fruits, other than cranberries and strawberries; regular and uniform reporting of the number

and age of fruit and nut trees by varieties (lack of which prevents

forecasting marketing shifts); and wholly comprehensive estimates of

total production of vegetables for sale, including market gardens for

which census data are still somewhat incomplete. No annual data are

available on the dry milling of cereal products. Information on wet

milled products is available only from trade associations. Check data,

such as receipts of poultry atnd eggs at primary receiving plants and

at principal markets, cover too small a part of total production to

give -completely satisfactory checks on production estimates of many

commodities. Information on nonfederally inspected production of canned

meat and on processing of meat, by type, is lacking. Furthermore, with

the exception of wheat and corn, there are only scattered data by

counties, collected by some States, on acreages, production, and value

of and income from agricultural products with food uses.

With the mass of data on production of the multitude of agricultural products to deal with, the use of overall measures or indexes is

necessary. Certain of these measures were available at the beginning

of World War II. They included the index of the volume of agricultural

production for sale eüid farm-home consumption, with breakdown by

types (described below); and the indexes of prices received and paid by

farmers. During the war, a gross farm-production index and a farm-output

23/ U. S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Statistics. Annual.
. 30 -

index were developed by farm-management specialists. 2h/

Index 01 Vol^jme or rarra Marketings and riome uunsiomption 25/

The index of the voluiae of larm marketings and home consumption is

a new set of index numbers designed to suimarize changes in quantities

included in the commodity elements of realized gross farm income. It

covers all commodities included in gross farm income except those few

that are estimated on a value basis and for which no information as to

quantity is available. It includes quantities of farm products sold

by farmers and also quantities consumed directly in farm households on

farms where grown. The latter are usually referred to collectively as

"home consumption."

Although measurement of the physical-volume factor underlying

gross income is the main purpose of the index, it may serve other purposes as well. Specifically, the major subindex for food products

serves as a measure of changes in food production on farms as indicated

by farmers* sales and home consumption. The food index combines all

farm products used primarily for food, and represents about threefourths of the total index in terms of commodity coverage. (See tables

h and 5.)

The new index replaces the previously used index of "farm production for sale and home consumption." It differs from the old index

as follows: (1) The base period is shifted from 1935-39 to I947-U9;

(2) more up-to-date price weights (19^7-^9) are used for the period

since 1939; (3) the commodity coverage is increased; and (h) crops sold

or consumed in the calendar year are included regardless of when they

were produced. The old index of production for sale and home consumption included crops sold or consumed from the given yearns production,

although some of the sales and consumption actually extended into the

next calendar year.

The new index of marketings and home consumption also differs in

concept, though not generally in commodity coverage, from the index of

farm output. However, the main difference is in year-to-year timing,

for both indexes reflect long-run changes in farm production for human

use. The farm-output index covers total production in the calendar

year, including changes in farm inventories as well as marketings and

home consumption. In years when farmers sell or consume more than they

produce, the marketings-and home-consuniption index tends to be higher

than the farm-output index; and conversely, it tends to be lower in

years when farmers are building up their inventories.

An important aspect of this difference with respect to inventories

is in the treatment of feed crops. The crop component of the farm-output

2h/ Barton, Glen T., and Cooper, Martin R. Farm Production in War

and Peace. U. S. Bur. Agr. Econ. P.M. 53, 85 pp. I9U5.

25/ Prepared by Ernest W. Grove, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
- 31 -

Table k,- Volume of farm marketings and home consunçtion: 191O-52 l/

(Index numbers; 19^7-^9P100)

Crops Livestock

All

COIflDOdities

Food

Year '

Food

grains

Feed

crops

Cotton,

(lint

and

seed)

Tobacco

Oil

crops

2/

Vege-

. tables

3/

Fruits

nuts

Sugar

crops

Seeds

All

crops

5/

Meat

animals

: Dairy:

:prod-:

: ucts:

Poultry

and

eggs

All

livestock

6/

Crops

LivestockAll

food

1910 kÔ 70 78 kQ 10 55 kQ 80 20 55 6k 58 k6 59 57 50 58 56

1911 . kQ 6k 102 52 12 53 56 87 21 59 68 59 k9 62 61 51 61 58

1912 53 67 98 k9 17 57 63 81 21 61 66 59 k7 61 61 56 60 59

1913 57 66 97 55 Ik 57 k6 83 26 61 66 61 k7 61 61 5k 60 59

191^ 69 59 90 k5 U 58 63 79 26 62 63 61 k7 60 61 61 59 60

1915 69 66 102 51 10 60 63 82 28 65 66 63 k9 62 6k 62 61 62

1916 I 63. 69 86 57 12 57 55 85 26 61 71 63 k7 6k 63 58 63 62

I9IT 50 6k 78 60 Ik 62 57 103 30 59 71 6k k6 6k 62 56 63 62

1918 70 75 Ik &i^ 15 65 50 10l|. 30 6U 79 6k k7 68 66 63 68 66

1919 : 70 61 87 7k 13 61 56 92 33 6h 77 66 50 69 67 62 6Q 66

1920 : 61 69 75 60 12 65 61 105 30 62 71 65 k9 65 6k 62 66 65

1921 : 73 83 77 70 12 62 kQ 100 51 66 69 67 50 65 65 62 65 6U

1922 : 65 75 70 55 11 68 65 80 k3 63 76 69 5k 69 67 6k 69 68

1923 : 60 67 71 63 13 69 68 82 k2 63 81 72 57 73 69 63 73 71

I92U : 66 76 89 0^ 22 72 67 79 55 69 82 75 57 7k 72 66 7k 72

1925 'i 53 66 107 66 20 72 61 77 52 67 76 76 58 72 70 61 72 69

1926 : 61 69 115 62 16 71 79 77 61 72 75 78 61 73 73 66 73 71

1927 ; 69 6k lOU 68 22 7k 65 77 62 71 75 79 6k 7k 73 68 7k 72

I92Ö : 68 70 100 61 20 76 7k 73 53 71 76 80 63 75 7k 70 75 7^^

1929 : 6k 63 108 66 18 79 70 78 58 71 7k 83 63 75 73 69 7^^ 73

1930 ! 57 58 97 76 21 79 69 91 72 69 71 Qk 66 75 72 67 7k 72

1931 : 5Ô ko 103 70 17 78 83 78 5^ 69 7k 86 6k 76 73 69 75 7k

1932 : 50 59 95 58 21 78 71 97 56 66 72 87 62 75 71 65 75 72

1933 : hk 63 85 58 15 77 69 no 61 63 78 88 63 78 72 63 77 73

193^ I 37 k3 83 62 18 81 66 91 61 59 83 Q6 60 79 71 61 79 7k

1935 : hk 36 75 63 25 &k 80 98 51 61 65 86 59 70 66 67 70 69

1936 I kk 50 88 56 2k 83 70 103 66 63 7^^ 87 63 76 71 65 75 73

1937 : 55 k5 122 66 25 dk Qk 101 6k 73 69 87 65 7k 7k 72 7^ 73

I93Ö : 66 66 92 72 3^ 87 81 119 71 75 73 89 6k 77 76 77 76 77

1939 : 61 71 Ok Qk ko 87 88 113 98 76 78 89 69 80 78 76 80 79

\SikO : 56 76 82 70 k5 88 81 111 96

I9UI : 62 70 7k 65 60 91 103 103 99

19>^2 : 73 75 81 66 83 97 98 119 98

V^Z : 67 73 77 65 106 99 Ö7 89 SO

19^ : 78 77 89 79 8Í* 102 99 88 90

19»*5 \ 87 9»^ 66 100 87 102 93 98 100

19U6 { 82 86 58 99 85 106 106 108 112

19»^7 : 100 93 Qk 116 m 99 103 114 93

19tô . 102 86 100 93 JX)9 103 99 91 99

I9Í+9 : 98 121 116 92 107 98 98 9*^ 108 1

1950 81 112 79 98 113 99 99 116 138

1951 > 77 88 93 m 102 99 107 93 120

1952 7/ ^ 87 1X)3 lOlf 109 95 102 93 135

7k 85 92 71 Qk 80 74 84 81

76 Qk 96 76 86 82 81 86 85

83 95 100 87 95 90 88 95 93

81 106 99 101 104 94 84 103 98

87 111 101 iQk 107 99 91 107 103

89 107 lOU 106 106 99 94 106 103

87 105 102 102 104 97 96 104 102

96 105 101 99 103 100 101 103 102

98 96 98 96 97 97 102 97 9Ö

106 99 101 105 101 103 98 101 100

96 100 101 111 102 99 92 102 100

<^ 10k 99 118 104 101 91 105 102

97 107 100 123 108 104 95 108 105

1/ For items included in each group, see table 6.

2/ Includes peanuts; excludes cottonseed.

3/ Includes dry edible beans, dry field peas, mung beans, potatoes, and sweetpotatoes.

4/ Excludes peanuts.

¿/ In addition to groiq)8 shown includes "miscellaneous crops."

6/ Includes "miscellaneous livestock products" in addition to groups shown here.

7/ Preliminary.
- 32 -

Table 5.- Total and per capita volume of farm marketings

and home consumption, 1910-52

1921

1922

1923

I92U

1925

1926

1927

192.3

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193»*

1935

1936

1937

I93B

1939

19i*0

191*1

19^*2

I9U3

19»*'*

19U5

191*6

19lt7

I9U8

I9U9

1950

1951

1952 1/

(Index numbers: 191*7-1*9 = 100)

Total

Food

All : ,^-^. "Crops food ;

56

58

59

59

60

62

62

62

66

66

65

61*

68

71

72

69

71

72

71*

73

72

71*

72

73

71*

69

73

73

77

79

31

85

93

93

103

103

102

102

93

100

100

102

105

50

51

56

51*

61

62

58

56

63

62

62

62

6k

63

66

61

66

63

70

69

67

69

65

63

61

67

65

72

77

76

71*

81

38

8U

91

91*

96

101

102

98

92

91

95

Livestock

53

61

60

60

59

61

63

63

63

6-3

66

65

69

73

71*

72

73

71*

75

71*

71*

75

75

77

79

70

75

71*

76

80

Sk

36

95

103

107

106

lOU

103

97

101

102

105

103

Nonfood

: All

: couiuiod'

: Itles

63

70

70

70

61*

71

63

63

67

6S

59

70

62

62

72

71*

78

71*

73

75

71

69

68

65

59

56

63

75

71*

76

75

72

79

79

8k

85

79

92

95

113

99

97

100

57

61

61

61

61

6k

63

62

66

67

6k

65

67

69

72

70

73

73

71»

73

72

73

71

72

71

66

71

71*

76

78

80

32

90

91*

99

99

97

100

97

103

99

101

lOlf

Per capita

Food

All : Pr.«^c'^^'®~

food : ^'^"P^; stock

:^ , rcommovl"

:^°°^ titles

89 79 92 100

91 80 95 109

91 86 92 108

89 31 90 106

89 90 ^ 95

90 90 89 103

89 3', 91 9B

88 79 39 89

93 83 95 91*

92 37 95 95

90 85 91 31

86 3U 83 95

91 35 92 83

93 83 96 81

93 85 95 93

37 77 91 91*

89 32 91 93

89 8k 91 91

90 35 91 89

88 83 89 90

36 80 88 35

37 82 39 32

85 76 83 80

85 71* 90 76

86 71 92 69

79 77 81 65

31* 71* 86 72

83 32 8U 85

87 87 86 8k

89 35 90 85

90 32 93 83

93 89 95 79

101 96 103 86

105 90 111 85

109 96 113 89

103 99 111 89

106 100 108 82

lOU 103 105 91*

98 102 97 95

93 96 99 111

97 89 99 96

97 87 100 92

98 89 101 93

90

95

91*

92

90

93

91

33

93

91»

38

88

39

90

93

89

91

90

90

38

86

86

33

8k

32

76

Si

8k

86

87

89

90

93

101

105

lOl*

101

102

97

101

96

96

97

1/ Preliminary
- 33 -

index credits farm«produced feed in the year in which it was produced^

and the livestock coinponent is in terms of "product added" after a

deduction for feed consumed by livestock. But the marketings-and homeconsumption index includes only feed sold in its crop component and

credits other feed indirectly in the form of livestock in the year the

livestock is sold or consumed - which is usually the year following

that in which the feed was produced. This obviously affects comparability of the separate crop and livestock components of the two indexes^

but on an overall basis it is merely a special case of the major difference with respect to inventories. The farm-output index reflects net

increases or decreases in numbers and weight of livestock on farms and

increases or decreases in stocks of farm-produced feed; the marketingsand home-consumption index excludes both. 26/

In short, the farm-output index*measures the volume of farm production when it is produced, whereas the new index reflects it only as

it enters the marketing system in the form of sales by farmers or as

direct consumption in farmers' households. But because of this characteristic of the new index, it is the more suitable one to use in

relation to data on consumption.

The index is calculated by the familiar weighted-aggregate method

in which the quantities for each year are multiplied by fixed prices as

weights and the price-quantity aggregates for individual years are then

expressed as percentages of the average price-quantity aggregate ii> the

base period (19U7-'+9) • The price used as the weight for each commodity

is itself a weighted average of prices during several calendar years in

which the average price reported as of the middle of each month in each

State is weighted by the quantity sold during the month in that State.

The same price weight is used for marketings of a commodity and for the

quantity, if any, used as home consuunption. ZjJ (See table 6 at the

end of this section.)

The old index of production for sale and home consumption used

1935-39 average prices as weights for I9IO to date. The new index uses

them for I9IO-39 only, and adopts average prices for 19^7-^9 as weights

for subsequent years. The 1910-39 price-quantity aggregates based on

the older weights have been adjusted or "spliced" to the levels indicated by the newer weights on the basis of overlapped calculations for

I9Í+O.

As the index is constructed primarily as a measure of changes in

physical volume associated with changes in realized gross farm income.

26/ Other less important differences between the two indexes are discussed in chapter 6, Production Measures, of the forthcoming Bureau of

Agricultural Economics Statistical Handbook. This chapter also contains

a more complete description of the new index of marketings and home

consumption than is provided here.

27/ For a discussion of the price data and J:heir adequacy, see chapter 1, Prices Received, in the forthcoming Bureau of Agricultural

Economics Statistical Handbook.
- 3k .

commodities for vhich quantity data are not available for the whole

period covered by the index have simply been introduced into the pricequantity aggregates in the year in which they were first included in

gross farm income - or dropped out in the year in which they disappeared

from gross farm income. In other words, no "splicing" was necessary to

bring new commodities into the index or to drop old ones out. In most

cases where this occurred, the quantities involved were actually zero

or were negligible before a commodity was introduced, or had become so

by the time it was dropped. 28/

The overall index of marketings and home consumption is broken

down in three different ways: (1) Between crops on the one hand and

livestock and livestock products on the other, with subindexes for the

principal commodity groups in each category; (2) between marketings on

the one hand and home consumption on the other, with the marketings

index also subdivided by commodity groups; and (3) between food products

on the one hand and nonfood products on the other, with the food index

also subdivided by commodity groups. The underlying data permit even

finer classifications, such as a brealidown between marketings and home

consumption within the food category, but these are not ordinarily

published.

The following is a list of commodities or commodity groups which

were omitted from the old index of production for sale and home consumption, but which were added to the new index: Honey, turkey eggs

for hatching, horses and mules, broomcorn, dry field peas, peppermint,

avocados, popcorn, tung nuts, bees and beeswax, dates, filberts, spearm.int, limes, mung beans, persimmons, pomegranates, flax fiber, pineapples, and 33 types of legume and grass seed. The new index also includes all truck crops, both sales and farm home consumption, whereas

the old index covered only the commercial production.

Still omitted from the index are: (1) Forest, nursery, and greenhouse products; (2) goats, kids, and goat milk; (3) rabbits, fur animals,

and'pelts; {k) ducks, geese, guineas, pigeons, quail, and pheasgtnts;

(5) boysenberries, blackberries, dewberries, blueberries, loganberries,

youngberries, currants, and gooseberries; and (6) nectarines, bananas,

guavas, jujubes, mangoes, papayas, pricklypears, quinces, sapodillas,

kumquats, loquats, and tangeloes.

These commodities for -wrhich no quantity data are available are

included in gross income. But altogether they account for only 3 percent of the commodity total included in realized gross farm income,

the overall coverage having been increased from 9U percent of gross

income in the old index to 97 percent in the new. 29/

20/ For a description of the sources and methods used in estimating

the quantities included in the index, see chapter 9, Farm Income and

Expenses, in the forthcoming Bureau of Agricultural Economics Statistical Handbook.

29/ This analysis of coverage is based on I950 prices, quantities,

and values, but it would apply equally well to other recent,years.
93.2 Ö7.Ö

99.7 99.3

9^.1 76.8

97.2 95.6

89.3 ö6.3

99.5 97.1

9V.0 9I+.Í+

- 35 -

Commodity coverage as a percentage of gross income was increased

as follows in the new index as compared with the old:

New Old

Crops ,

Livestock and products

Home consumption .•

Marketings .•o

Nonfood products

Food products

Total

Coverage is now almost complete with respect to livestock and livestock products, marketings, and food products. It is less so in the

case of crops, home consumption, and nonfood products because of the

continued exclusion from the index of forest, nursery, and greenhouse

products. However, the statistics for products retained for home consumption show the greatest improvement; consiimption of these products

increased from only 77 percent in the old index to 9k percent in the

new. The main reason is that truck crops produced in farm gardens are

included in the home-consumption list of products.

Although the new index is a considerable improvement over the old,

two difficulties could not be overcome. These were: (1) The problem

of duplication resulting from interfarm sales; and (2) the problem of

mixed food and nonfood uses for some commodities.

The marketings component of the index includes some- interfarm sales

of livestock, feed crops, and seeds. The extent of such duplication

cannot be ascertained exactly, but it probably did not exceed 10 percent

of the 1950 value aggregate for the combined index. Year-to-year changes

in the index are affected only to the extent that purchases of farm products by other farmers are a varying proportion of total marketings and

home consumption from year to year. The proportion of interfarm sales

included in the index is not constant. But changes are usually rather

small^ and they probably make little difference on an index-number

basis. 30/

The effect of duplication is even less important for the food component alone. Interfarm sales of livestock, the only duplicated food

item, probably represented about 6 or 7 percent of the 1950 value

aggregate for the food-products index.

The second difficulty arises from the fact that many farm products

have both food and nonfood uses. For example, meat animals, included

30/ Interfarm sales are included in the index to the same extent that

they are included in gross farm income. Thus, some duplication is

essential if the index is to serve its primary purpose. It may, however,

be a weakness in the index when used for other purposes and it is mentioned for that reason. The farm-output index is net of interfarm sales.
. 36 -

in the food index, have iniportant nonfood byproducts such as hides.

Soybeans and cottonseed are counted as nonfood iteras, although about 40

percent of their end-use value lies in the use of their oils as an

ingredient of food products. Similarly, most of the food grains are

used in small quantities as feed for livestock, whereas most of the leed

grains are used in some measure for human consumption.

Each farm product included in the index was allocated to a food or

nonfood group in accordance with its major use as indicated by end-^

product values. This procedure was unavoidable but essentially arbitrary, and it may have introduced some small distortion in the food and

nonfood components of the index. However, any such effect is limited

by considerations similar to those mentioned above in connection with

the problem of duplication. There is no ambiguity in the uses of ^many

farm products, and secondary uses distinguishable for others are in

most cases relatively unimportant. There is also a certain degree of

stability in these relationships from one year to xhe next, and the

eliects or arbitrary classification are probably quite small on an

index-number basis.

Table 7 contains data showing the relative importance of major commodity groups in the food subindex in selected years.

Data on Foreign Trade

Inforraation on foreign trade in food comornodities for years up to

19Í12, and for imports throughout the period, was taken from annual

reports of the Bureau of the Census. 31/ Data in these publications

were derived from documents filed by exporters and importers. Before

January 1, 193^, the only data on imports were those on general imports,

which included commodities entering immediately into merchandising or

consumption channels plus commodities entering into bonded customs warehouses for storage. To obtain data roughly comparable to imports for

consumption, exports of foreign merchandise (re-exports) were subtracted

from general imports.

Beginning January 1, 193^^ data on imports for consumption are

available. These include commodities entering immediately into merchandising or consumption channels plus commodities withdrawn for domestic

consurrrption from bonded warehouses.

31/ From 1909 through 19^6, Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the

United States; beginning with 19^+7 data on iiTiports appear in Report No.

FT 110--United States Imports of Merchandise for Consiomption, export

information in Report No. FT i+10—United States Exports of Domestic

and Foreign Merchandise. Annual statistics on trade with offshore Territories and possessions of the United States from I909 through I9U6 were

obtained from the December issues of Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce; beginning with 19^7^ Report No. FT 8OO—United States Trade in

Merchandise and Gold and Silver with United States Territories and

Possessions is the source.
- 37 -

Table 6,- Index of volume of farm marketings and borne consui!Ç)tion: Average annual

farm marketings and hotne consunçtion, prices, and value aggregates

in 19^7-^9> ana percentage conç)arison8

> t t Percentage of

; Unit

1Marketings ]

' and home

1 consunçtion

¡Average!

: price ; Comnodlty Value " Group :

• total:

All :^

crops:'

All

cOTmodities

1,000

: Thousands Dollars dollars Percent Percent Percent

Crqps:

Food grains:

Buckwheat : Bu. : 2,526 1.41 3,562 0.1 0.03 0.01

Rice !! Cwt. : 36,417 5.00 182,085 7.1 1.41 .59

Rye ! Bu. ! 16,670 1.73 28,839 1.1 .22 .09

Wheat ! Bu. : 1,123,638 2.09 2,348,402 91.7 18.10 7.58

Total 2,562,888 100.0 19.76 8.27

Feed crops:

Barley : Bu. : 171,1'*9 1.34 229,340 10.5 1.77 .74

Com !: Bu. •! 8W,8T5 1.51 1,281,801 58.9 9.88 4.14

Bay : Ton "! 13,278 22.85 303,395 13.9 2.34 .98

Oats : Bu. : 321,923 .82 262,689 12.1 2.03 .85

Sorghum grain ! Bu. : 70,635 1.42 100,301 4.6 .77 .32

Total ! 2,177,52^ 100.0 16.79 7.03

Cotton:

Cotton lint : Lb. ! 7,121^,578 .30 2,165,872 87.4 16.70 6.99

Cottonseed ! Ton ! 4,9'iO 63.44 313,372 12.6 2.41 1.01

Total ! 2,479,244 100.0 19.11 8.00

Tobacco !: Lb. :: 2,118,834 .45 959,832 100.0 7.40 3.10

Oil crops:

Flaxseed ; Bu. : 42,788 5.29 226,350 24.1 1.74 .73

Peanuts :! Lb. !: 2,040,396 .10 210,161 22.3 1.62 .68

Soybeans !, Bu. ! 196,258 2.55 500,457 53.2 3.86 1.62

Tung nuts :! Ton '! 64 61.77 3,974 .4 .03 .01

Total ! 9ííO,942 100.0 7.25 3.04

Sugar crops: !

Maple sirup iÍ Qal. :! 1,708 4.84 8,267 4.5 .06 .03_ /

Maple sugar . Lb. !: 249 .84 208 .1

^

1/

Sorgo sirup ; Qal. !! 5,657 1.75 9,900 5.3 .08 .03

Sugar beets :! Ton iÍ 10,708 11.01 117,891 63.5 .91 .38

Sugarcane 6lnq> :! Gel. :! 13,178 .99 13,112 7.1 .10 .04

Sugarcane sugar :

Total i

' Ton !! 5,674 6.38 36,198

1B5;576

19-5

100.0

.28 .12

.60

Seeds :! !: — — 138,088 100.0 1.06 .45

Continued
- 38 -

Table 6.- Index of volume of farm marketings and hcaie consuiic)tion: Average annual

farm marketings and home consumption, prices, and value aggregates

in l^kj'k^, €uid percentage compcurisons - Continued

;Marketings

1 and home

*consuiQ>tion,

1 Percentage

» of

Comniodity : Unit ¡Average;

: price ;

' Value .

¡Grovtp :

total:

All i

crops:

All

commodities

1,000

: Thousands Dollars dollars Percent Percent Percent

Vegetables:

Dry edible beans : Cwt. : 17,292 9.05 156,490 6.6 1.21 0.51

Dry field peas : Cwt. : If, 142 4.78 19,798 .8 .15 .06

Mung beans : Lb. : 8,366 .06 510 2/

4.24

1/

Potatoes : Bu. : 376,9'*5 1.46 550,3»«) 23.0 1.78

Sweetpotatoes : Bu. : 35,173 2.16 75,973 3.2 .59 .24

Truck crops -

Fresh (for sale):

Artichokes : Box :* 738 3 M 2,577 .1 .02 .01

Asparagus : Crt. : 4,7*^2 3.60 17,070 .7 .13 .05

Beans, lima : Bu. : 2,623 2.60 6,820 .3 .05 .02

Beans, snap : Bu. : 22,7*^6 2.27 51,635 2.2 .40 .17

Beets ! Bu. : 3,531 1.06 3,71*3 .2 .03 .01

Broccoli !: Crt. : lf,069 3.85 15,666 .7 .12 .05

Brussels sprouts :. Ton !: 22 !231.38 5,044 .2 .04 .02

Cabbage ; Ton ! 1,218 39.39 1*7,977 2.0 .37 .15

Cantaloups : Crt. : I6,281f 2.98 lrô,525 2.0 .37 .16

Carrots : Bu. : 29,1^5 1.59 46,882 2.0 .36 .15 Cauliflover : Crt. : 11*, 120 1.29 18,215 .8 .14 .06

Celery : Crt. : 20,732 2.54 52,659 2.2 .41 .17 Com, sweet : 5 doz.: 23,351 1.64 38,295 1.6 .29 .12

Cucunibers : Bu. : 7,797 2.25 17,51*3 .7 .13 .06

Eggplant : Bu. : 1,802 1.53 2,758 .1 .02 .01

Escarole : Bu. : 2,91*7 1.18 3,1*77 .1 .03 .01

Garlic : Cwt. ; 144 12.82 1,846 .1 .01 .01

Kale : Bu. : 2,170 .68 1,482 .1 .01 y

.39 Lettuce : Crt. : 36,258 3.33 120,739 5.0 .93 Onions : 50 lb.: 39,936 1.61 64,297 2.7 .50 .21

Peas, green ; Bu. : 1*,504 2.16 9,729 .4 .07 .03

Peppers, green : Bu. : 11,768 2.04 24,007 1.0 .18 .08 Shallots : Bbl. : m 7.16 797

%

.01

Tomatoes

Spinach

:

: Bu.

Bu. :

: 1^,513

35,528

.9^ 13,643 .10 K

3.13 111,201 1*.7 .86 .36 Watermelons : 1,000: 98 332.13 32,521* 1.4 .25 .10 Minor vegetables : Ton : 1,453 77.43 112,498 1*.7 .87 .36 Px'ocessing (for sale)::

• >^ 1

Asparagus : Ton : S^ 164,30 15,519 .6 .12 .05 Beans, Hn» : Ton : 74 149.70 11,064 .5 .09 .ok

Beans, snap : Ton : 211 n?.6o 23,721 1.0 .18 •08 Beets : Ton : 107 21.10 2,264 .1 .02 .01 Cabbage : Ton : 149 14.11 2,100 .1 .02 .01 Com, sweet : Ton : 1,256 21.39 26,863 1.1 .21 .09 Cucxambers : Bu. : 10,638 1.46 15,532 .6 .12 .05 Peas, green : Ton : 377 88.40 33,357 1.4 .26 .11

Continued -
39 -

Table 6.- Index of volume of farm marketings and home consumption: Average annual

farm marketings and home consuaiption, prices, and value aggregates

in 19^7-^9> and percentage coinparisons - Continued

' Percentage of

[Marketings

Commodity ; Unit * and home : Averages

; Value ' All

* consumption': price : ¡Group

; total

: All !

: crops:

commodities

1,000

Vegetahles, processing : Thousands Dollars dollars Percent Percent'i Percent

(for sale) continued —

Pimientos : Ton : 20 66.65 1,358 0.1 0.01 1/

Spinach : Ton 80 kk.79 3,57»^ .1 .03 0.02

Tcxnatoes : Ton 2,862^ 26.53 75,969 3.2 .59 .24

Home consumption : — : — — 502,755 21.0 3.88 1.62

Total 2,388,836 100.0 18.42 7.71

Fruits and nuts:

Grapefruit : Box i tô,965 .73 35,891 3.3 .28 .12

Lemons : Box : 12,188 3.17 38,636 3.6 .30 .13

Limes : Box : 220 3.33 731 .1 .01 1/

Oranges : Box : 109,501^ 1.55 169,731 15.8 1.31 .55

Apples : Bu. : 119,726 2.16 258,608 24.0 1.99 .84

Apricots : Ton ! 209 76.70 i6,oUo 1.5 .12 .05

Avocados : Ton ! 21 370.79 7,601^ .7 .06 .02

Cherries : Ton ;: 219 201.90 1^4,256 4.1 .3»* .14

Cranberries ; Bbl. ^: 856 12.03 10,294 1.0 .08 .03

Dates ; Ton : Ik 116.29 1,579 .1 .01 .01

Figs ; Ton : lllf 53.88 6,127 .6 .05 .02

Grapes : Ton : 2,884 37.93 109,399 10.2 .84 .35

Olives ; Ton : h^ 158.3Í* 7,060 .7 .05 .02

Peaches : Bu. : 66,kk7 1.66 110,302 10.2 .85 .36

Pears : Bu, : 30,320 1.88 57,001 5.3 .44 .18

Persimmons : Ton : k 67.8I1 248 2/ 1/ 1/

Pineapples : Box : 5 k.ee 22 2/ y V

Plums and prunes 3/ : Ton : 678 15 M 51,1*05 478 .50 .17

Pomegranates : Ton : 3 35.89 109 2/ .ií 1/

Strawberries : Crate : 10,303 7.63 78,614 7.3 .25

Almonds : Ton : 39 'l^29.1l^ 16,525 1.5 .13 .05

Filberts : Ton : 9 2if5.33 2,099 .2 .0? .01

Pecans : Lb. : Ik9,lh6 .17 25,355 2.4 .19 .08

Walnuts : Ton : 75 37i*.9^ 27,984 2.6 .21 .09

Total : L,075,620 ;LOO.O 8.29 ZM

Miscellaneous crops: :

Broomcom : Ton : 37 !268.56 9,851 15.5 .08 .03

Hops : Lb. : he,565 .60 28,125 44.2 .22 .09

Peppermint : Lb. : 1,607 5.95 9,563 15.0 .07 .03

Popcorn : Lb. : 199,813 ,0h 8,152 12.8 .06 .02

Spearmint : Lb. : 620 4.29 2,659 4.2 .02 .01

Other \J : --- : ... 5,310 8.3 .04 .02

Total : 63 660 ;LOO.O M .20

Total crops : 12,972,212 100.00 41.87

Continued
ko

Table 6.- Index of volume of farm marketings and home consumption: Average annual

farm marketings and home consunçtion, prices, and veú.ue aggregates

in 19^7-49, and percentage comparisons - Continued

: Percentage of

All

Commodity I Unit

'Marketings

; and hicane

'consumption;

:Average.

: price !

: Value ]'Group ,'

• total;

livestock

and

products

: All

: ities

1,000

: Thousands Dollars dollars Percent Percent Percent

Livestock and products:

Meat animals:

Calves : Cwt. : 30,81*0 22.51 69l*,209 7.2 3.9 2.21*

Cattle : Cvt. : 219,lk6 20.15 I*,l*27,875 1*6.2 2l*.6 11*. 29

Hogs : Cwt. : 186,820 21.85 If,082,021* 1*2.5 22.7 13.17

Lamibs : Cwt. : 15,826 21.87 31*6,122 3.6 1.9 1.12

Sheep : Cwt. : 5,028 9.11 1*5,805 .5 .2 .15

Total 9,596,035 100.0 53.3 30.97

Dairy products:

Sales:

Butter : Lb. : 1*3,772 .63 27,1*89 ,6 .1 .09

Butterfat : Lb. .: 762,927 .71 51*2,1*1*1 11.1* 3.0 1.75

Milk, retail : Qt. !! 2,128,667 .18 389,51*6 8.2 2.2 1.26

Milk, wholesale j, Cwt. !. 709,530 U.36 3,093,550 65.0 17.2 9.98

Home consimç)tion : Cwt. : 151^,580 If.56 70l*,885 11*.8 3-9 2.28

Total : ]+,757,911 100.0 2Ô.I* 15.36

Poultry and eggs: :

Broilers : Lb. : l,Pll,09l* .32 382,706 11.0 2.1 1.21*

Chickens, other : Lb. : 2,51*7,708 .27 692,977 20.0 3.9 2.21*

Eggs (chicken) : Doz. : k,606,kkh .U6 2,lllf,358 61.1 11.7 6.82

Turkeys : Lb. : 655,1*08 .39 251*, 951* 7.1* 1.1* .82

Turkey hatching eggs : Each : 65,231* .26 16,830 .5 .1 •05

Total : $,461,025 100.0 19.2 11.17

Miscellaneous live- :

stock: :

Beeswax : Lb. : l*,232 .1*1 1,756 .9 2/ .01

Honey : Lb. : 220,129 .19 1*1,601* 21.1* .2 .11* Mohair : Lb. : 15,719 .1*9 7,671 i*.o .1 .02 Wool : Lb. : 232,031 .1*7 107,895 55.6 .6 .35 Other 5/ : — : _-_ 35,01*5 18.1 .2 .11 Total :

193,971 100.0 1.1 .03

Total livestock

and products : 10,009,71*2 100.0 5B.I3

Total all commodities :

30,981,951* 100.00

2/ Less than O.O5 percent.

3/ Fresh basis.

V Henç) fiber, hemp seed, and vegetables grown under glass.

5/ Bees, horses, and mules.
Ul -

Table 7.- Relative Importance of major '^oups in the index of volume of farm

marketings and home consumption in selected years l/

Commodity ] 1910-1'* ; 1925-29 ; 1935-39 ••

I9U2-U5 • 19U7-U9 ; 1952 2/'

Percent Percent Porcí»nt Percent

ve Importance In total value

Percent

of food com

Percent

Eelatl ponent

Crops

Food grains:

Wheat 3.5 7.-B 6.U 7.3 9.7 3.U

Rice .3 .u .k .6 .3 1.0

Other •3

9.1

.2 ,2 0 .1

10.6

.1

Total 7.0 8.1 9.5

Vegetables:

Tinick crops:

Commercial for fresh use : 2.U 3.7 »».3 3.Í* 3.6 3.5

Farm home-garden produce : 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.9

Commercial for processing : •5 .7 .B .9 .9 1.0

Potatoes and sweetpotatoes 3.9 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.6 1.9

Dry beans and peas .k

10.2

.5

11.0

_7

Î2.T

.3

9.9

.7 .6

Total 9.3 3.9

Fruits and tree nuts:

Fruits:

Citrus : .5 .9 1.5 .9 1.0 1.0

Apples : 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.1 .9

Other : 2.2 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.1

Tree nuts

Total

: .1

: 5.3

.2

5.5

•3

6.2 -ri- -rf- ^

Sugar crops:

Sugar beets : .5 .5 .7 .u .5 .k

Sugarcane : .U .2 .3 .3 ,2 .2

Other : .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1

Total : 1.2 .9 1.2 .9 .3 .7

Peanuts : .2 .3 .5 .3 .9 .5

Other : .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1

Total food crops : 26.1 26.2 27.1 23.9 26.6 2U.0

Livestock

Meat animals:

Cattle and calves : 19.0 15.9 16.1» 19.9 21.1 20.7

Sheep and laonbs : 2.k 1.9 2.3 2.3 1.6 l.k

Hogs : 17.2 13.1 IU.7 }?-'? 16.3 13.U

Total : 33:é 35.9 33.I* U1.7 39.5 UO.5

Poultry and eggs:

Chickens : 5.0 5.2 h.7 3.6 2.8 2.5

Broilers : 0 0 .5 1.1 1.6 3.3

Turkeys : .5 .5 .9 1.0 1.0 1,6

Eggs

Total

: 3.U

: 13.9

9^

IU.9

3.7

ii*.è

8.6

1»*.3 ii».i ^

Dairy products:

Milk (wholesale and retail) i 3.7 11.9 1U.2 13.U lU.U

2.2)

.1)

Ih.k

Farm separated cream 2/ : 2.9 U.9 U.B 3.1 1.8

Farm butter : 1.7 .6 .3 .2

Home cons\imption

Total

: 1-9

: 21.2 22.ÍÍ

5.2

2U.5

3-3

20.0

2.9

19.6

2.5

Honey

Total food livestock

: .2

: 73.9

.2

73.3

.2

72.9

.1

76.1

.2

73.U

.2

76.0

All food : 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

: 77.3

Relative Imoortance In total value of

marketings and home consumption

Food 79.2 31.0 81.5 78.U 79.1

Nonfood : 22.7 20.3 19.0 13.5 21.6 20.9

1/ See text for limitations of data. Prior to 19^0, values in terms of 1935-39 prices; thereafter, valued at I9U7-U9 prices. For list of all items included in each commodity group see table

6. 2/ Preliminary. 2/ Usually reported as '^butterfat" or, recently, "milkfat".
- 1^2 -

Dat, on exports contained in this handbook cover only domestic

merchandise. They do not include re-exports of foreign merchandise

which are thus omitted from measures of both the incoming and the outgoing flow of goods.

For the World War II years, additional data on foreign trade were

available to supplement the regular reports of the Department of Commerce. These included information on Government shipments to our Territories under the stock-piling programs. Government procurement in the

Territories for immediate export or for military use, shipments by

Government agencies for use of our allies in military or other Government-leased or Government-owned vessels or in commercial vessels. For

most commodities it was possible to reconcile data on lend-lease shipm.ents for the war period as a whole. In those instances in which differences in classification of timing or errors in reporting prevented

such reconciliation, detailed study was made of the purchase and financial data of the Department of Agriculture to learn whether the Department's reports on shipments or the Department of Commerce data on lendlease and other Government exports were more accurate, allowing for

some lags in reporting. As the Department of Agriculture data on

deliveries for export and deliveries to military and domestic agencies

could be coordinated more satisfactorily with its data on stocks, they

were used for most commodities to indicate takings from market supplies

on a year-to-year basis. In many instances the differences between the

two sets of export data proved to be insignificant even on an annual

basis.

Exports and shipments of food through commercial channels were

estimated for the war years after a careful analysis was made of total

exports and of Government exports such as those under lend-lease.

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, and relief

programs - often country by country. Beginning in April 19'+8, no

official data are available on inshipments from and shipments to Alaska

and'Hawaii, because shippers were not required to file documents on the

subject in accordance with the provisions of Public Law U76, 80th

Congress, approved April 7^ 19*+8. For those foods for which receipts

from or shipments to these Territories are large, estimates were made

for years beginning with I9U8. This is discussed in the individual

commodity statements that follow.

Food procured by the military services for civilian feeding in

occupied areas was measured in the year procured rather than in the

year shipped. It was included with military procurement as described

below. Therefore, total exports and shipments cannot be derived from

the tables for 194U to date for those commodities thai were used for

military civilian-feeding programs. Because of the abnormal character

of such exports, this method of handling the data is not likely to

interfere with analysis of export trends.

Stocks

Stocks of food commodities include supplies held in raw, semiprocessed, and processed .forms by farmers, manufacturers, and various types
- 1^3 -

of distributors. Although available information on total stocks held on

January 1, for example, may often be incomplete, changes in known stocks

from year to year are useful if on a comparable basis.

Information on stocks of food were obtained from reports of stocks

in commercial cold-storage warehouses (issuance begun in 191^+); from

reports of the Crop Reporting Board such as grain stocks on farms and at

interior points and stocks of several vegetables; market-news data on

stocks in terminal markets; and some trade data. During V/orld War II

such data were supplemented by special surveys when the Government took

control over the distribution of coffee, tea, cocoa, and some of the

spices. Monthly reports on packers* and wholesale distributors' stocks

of canned fruits and juices, vegetables, dried fruits, etc., were

required for administration of the rationing program.

Only scattered information on retail stocks of food and supplies In

transit has ever been gathered. Wholesalers* and processors* stocks of

perishable items are partially covered in the cold-storage reports, but

supplies held outside commercial cold-storage warehouses are not

reported.

During the war and postwar years, the distinction between strictly

commercial and Government holdings has been important. Data on War Food

Administration stocks were generally statistical residuals until igUiiwhen the first complete physical inventory was made. A second complete

inventory was taken in 19^5-^6. Since that time, the data on stocks

have been derived from data on purchases and shipments but periodic

physical checks on holdings have been made for critical commodities to

adjust for errors in reporting and storage losses. Although information

on military stocks in this country is available for recent years, such

stocks were excluded from changes in supplies because military procurement is defined as the quantities taken from commercial marketing

channels in a given year.

Military and Other Government Takings

Information on military and other Government purchases from domestic supplies for civilian use outside continental United States is

necessary if we axe to derive estimates of civilian consumption from

data on production, stocks, and foreign trade. Although a thorough

investigation of source material has been made, it seems impossible to

obtain usable data on military takings during the period of World War

I. The only available information is the records of shipments to the

American Expeditionary Forces, which api>arently included supplies for

Belgian relief, Aioerican Red Cross, and the allies. No data have been

foimd for food purchases for troops in this country. Accordingly,

estimates of domestic consumption for I917-I9 include the Armed Forces

in the population and supplies for the A. E. F. in the total food

supply. Information on military takings before I9I4.2 are fragmentary,

partly becaiise procurement was largely decentralized, but they have

been estimated for 19^1 when they first became significant.
. 1+1+ .

Estimates of military takings after I9I+I were based on reports of

actual deliveries to military agencies plus certain allowances for unreported local purchases. Supplies procured and used by the Armed Forces

for feeding civilians in occupied areas are included with those for the

Armed Forces. The only information on the quantities so used, in 19^3

and 191+^, is shipments from warehouses in this country to theaters of

operations, and there is no supplementary information on quantities

diverted to troop use nor on quantities diverted to civilian feeding from

supplies for troops. By I9U5, the feeding programs were so organized

that reports on shipments from this country are a fair indication of the

quantities used. Information is not available, however, concerning supplies of food procured vinder the regular supply programs, and held by

the Armed Forces abroad at the end of the war, which were sold or used

for civilian feeding. Because procurement for civilian-feeding programs

is a better measure of withdrawals from market supplies than are shipments, and because they avoid problems of duplication, such data were

used in the supply-and-distribution tables in the appendix.

Purchases by the Government under various domestic and foreignrelief programs were allocated by means of stock adjustments as far as

possible to the years when such supplies were distributed for domestic

consumption or withdrawn from domestic supplies. Until 19^1^ quantities

exported were automatically included in the exports reported by the

Department of Commerce.

Nonfood Utilization

The Crop Reporting Board provides information on principal nonfood

utilization of food commodities at the farm level. Some data on such

use at processing stages are available from the Census of Manufactiires.

These quantities were subtracted from the supplies when civilian food

consumption was estimated. But data on nonfood use (other than for feed,

seed, and alcohol, and alcoholic beverages) of such items as dry milk,

cornmeal, wheat, and rice are inadequate or not available. Specific

note is made of such problems in the following commodity statements.

SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY OF DATA FOR MAJOR FOODS

Meats 32/

Estimates of the quantity of meat consumed annually by the civilian

population of the United States, given for 1909-52 in table 5U, were calculated as the difference between the supply available from all sources

and the disappearance into all noncivilian uses. 33/ Essentially, the

32/ Prepared by Harold F. Breimyer, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

33/ Data in the table are in terms of "carcass weight." Carcass weight

of beef, veal, and lamb and mutton can be defined as approximately equivalent to the dressed carcass, excluding offal. But as pork is immediately

cut into products, the carcass weight of pork is a total of the individual

products, excluding offal, and omitting the weight of material rendered

into lard as well as the weight of head bones. Head bones are not excluded from dressed weights reported for beef, veal, and lamb and mutton.
. h3 -

supply of meat in each year is made up of production from total United

States slaughter, of imports from foreign countries, and of cold-storage

stocks carried over from the preceding year. Distribution includes

exports to foreign countries and shipments to Territories and possessions of the United States, military takings, cold-storage stocks held

at the end of the year, and civilian consumption.

Meat is produced in commercial plants and by slaughter on farms.

Commercial production of meat is reported from federally inspected

slaughter and from other wholesale and retail slaughter. Data on federally inspected slaughter are obtained incidentally to the administration

of the Meat Inspection Act of I906, applying to meat for interstate sale.

The Bureau of Animal Industry has reported numbers of animals slaughtered

under Federal inspection I907 to date. Meat produced from this slaughter

was calculated using average dressed weights per head reported by inspected

slaughterers from I921 to date and estimated from available data for I909-20

Data on meat produced by wholesale slaughterers not under Federal inspection and by retail slaughterers were estimated by the BAE up to 19^3,

\ising the Census of Manufactures 3^/* The census showed the number and

total live weight of animals slaughtered in the entire wholesale slaughtering and meat-packing industry. To estimate nonfederally inspected meat

production, changes in sample data on number and live weight of animals

slaughtered without Federal inspection were compared with corresponding

data relating to those slaughtered under Federal inspection. Basic data

for estimating retail slaughter up to 19^3 were even more incomplete. Estimates of quantities slaughtered by retailers generally have been made in

connection with balance sheets of livestock numbers, production, marketings,

income, and local farm slaughter. The estimates of retail slaughter were

based on miscellaneous records of local slaughter obtained through State

agencies, disposition of animals as indicated by records of marketings,

deaths, and farm slaughter. The census data on retail slaughter in 1929

provided a benchmark for these estimates. Average weight per head of local

slaughter was estimated on the basis of average weights at the principal

markets and of averages for animals slaughtered under Federal inspection.

Beginning July I9U3, data on number and live weight of livestock

slaughtered by nonfederally inspected wholesalers and retailers were obtained monthly. Mandatory reports were submitted to the War Food Administration from July I9U3 through March 19^5^ and subsequently to the Office

of Price Administration. From them, the BAE prepared monthly estimates of

nonfederally inspected slaughter. At the end of 19^5^ vhen the slaughtercontrol program was temporarily terminated, the BAE provided for voluntary

reporting. The slaughter-control program was reinstituted in April 19^6.

Since October I9U6, the BAE has collected voluntary monthly reports from

nonfederally inspected wholesale and retail slaughterers.

3U/ U. S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Manufactures. 191\x-19hl.

Washington, D. C.
. kS -

The slaughter-control program, administered through licenses, provided the most complete list of slaughtering establishments ever

obtained. Coverage of reports during the time when these were mandatory

and filed with the War Food Administration was exceptionally large.

About 90 percent of wholesale slaughterers, about 85 percent of local

slaughterers, and about TO percent of the butchers who were required

to report were included in the tabulations.

Primary data on the number of head of meat animals slaughtered on

farms have been obtained for about 25 years as a part of annual field

STirveys by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics relating to the disposition of livestock. The censuses of agriculture provided periodic benchmarks for the estimates of numbers slaughtered. No information was

obtained on live weight prior to I9U3. The average live \teight for the

years prior to 19^1-3 was based on general knowledge regarding the type

of livestock raised and slaughtered in the different States along with

information on average weights of animals slaughtered under Federal

inspection and as reported in the Census of Manufactures. Since 19^3^

basic data on live weight of farm slaughter have been obtained annually

through the regular crop and livestock surveys made by the Bureau of

Agriciiltural Economics. Estimated totals of meat slaughtered on farms

were published in connection with the balance-sheet estimates of livestock disposition. As indicated, they were less reliable than those for

federally inspected slaughter.

Several minor qualifications regarding production data are to be

noted. For example, production data for 1933 to 1936 include the quantities of meat slaughtered on Government account from livestock bought

by the Federal Government, mainly for drought relief. Beginning in

19^4-0, data on Federal inspection exclude slaughter and meat production

in Hawaii and the Virgin Islands.

Because commercial cold-storage stocks of meat have been reported

only since I916, supply data for I909-I5 use no adjustment for changes

in^'stocks during each year. The absence of such figures does not

materially affect the estimates for consumption. As a rule, the estimates of civilian consumption are poorest for earliest years; then they

progressively improve in accuracy, decade by decade. Currently, the

data on stocks are published in the Cold-Storage Report of the Transportation and Warehousing Branch, Production and Marketing Administration. 35/

Total stocks are a siommation of stocks of beef, pork, lamb and mutton,

and veal. Sausage, sausage-room products, canned meats, and canned-meat

products, data for which are available only since October 1, I9Í4.I+, are

excluded. Edible offal also is omitted. Stocks of meat held by the

Government during its programs of 1933-36 and of World War II were

deducted from the data on commercial stocks and are carried as Department of Agriculture stocks in table ^h. Stocks are reported in product

35/ United States Production and Marketing Administration* Transportation and Warehousing Branch. Cold Storage Report. Monthly. (Processed.)
- hl .

weight rather than carcass-weight equivalent, but the difference in

these two reporting categories is small.

Commercial imports and exports of meat, including shipments to our

Territories, are published in official reports of the United States

Department of Commerce- Since 19^8, data have not been available on

the shipments of meat to Hawaii and Alaska, but their magnitude is relatively quite small. Data in the supply-and-distribution table are the

published series, converted to a carcass-weight-equivalent basis, with

exports of UNRRA and lend-lease and other Government programs shown

elsewhere. "^

The meat operations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in the

middle thirties and in World War II are shown in a separate section of

table 5I+. Meat produced under Government programs of the earlier period

went into domestic consumption. Some of each year's production was held

in storage until the following year. The net change in USDA stocks, as

calculated from beginning and ending storage fig\ires, carries forward the

supplies from USDA slaughter. In this way, the quantity of each year's

consumption includes only that part of emergency slaughter meat actually

released to civilian consumers during the year.

Operations of the Department of Agriculture in the meat field were

quite extensive during and just after World War II. At that time, the

Department supplied meat for lend-lease, UIîRRA, and several other

agencies. Data on these operations also are brought together in summary

form in the Department of Agriculture section of the table. Receipts of

meat by the USDA were taken from meat-grading certificates of the Commodity Credit Corporation and from net-transfer data on the relatively

small quantities of meat received by the CCC from military agencies.

Information on USDA exports and shipments was taken from USDA records.

These records were more detailed than Department of Commerce data. USDA

stock data for war years were calculated from net purchases and total

deliveries. This calculation was made necessary by the fact that the

accounting-record data on USDA stocks before I9Î1-U were not comparable

with purchase and delivery data. Beginning in 19^^ the calculated USDA

stocks are quite similar to those reported from warehoxise receipts.

Information on meat procxarement by the military agencies during and

since World War II is based principally on the records of the Chicago

Quartermaster Center and Chicago Quartermaster Depot. These organizations bought most of the fresh, frozen, and canned meat for the Army,

Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and War Relocation Authority, and for

civiliaji relief feeding in occupied areas abroad. Data were converted

to carcass-weight equivalent. They do not cover military acquisition

of meat from foreign sources. Such meat did not enter the United States

and so has no bearing on the domestic meat supply. No figures are available for military use in World War I or any other years before 19i|-l.

Production and Distribution of Edible Offal. - A secondary but by no

means negligible product from slaughter of livestock is edible offal.

Offals are commonly omitted in data for United States production and

consimption of meat, both of which are expressed in terms of the
. kQ -

carcass-weight equivalent of all carcass products* Data on carcass

weights of meat production and consumption exclude edible offals.

The most important offal products, in terms of weight per animal,

are head meat (including tongue), heart, liver, and tripe. Other items

the production of which is included in table 55 include plucks, sweetbreads, weasands, and tails. Kidneys are included for hogs, sheep, and

lambs, but are excluded for cattle, because the kidneys are part of the

dressed-beef carcass for which meat-production data are reported. Data

in the table exclude weight of caul and other fats, tallow, oleo oils,

and casings.

Data on production of offals are not currently collected. It was

necessary to estimate production by means of average percentage yields

per 100 pounds dressed weight of carcass. The percentage factors were

based on data for the production of each offal item relative to weight

of animals for a number of plants during I9U1. As thus derived, edible

offals are estimated as equivalent to 6.7 percent of the dressed weight

of beef, 10.7 percent of veal, 5.1 percent of lamb and mutton, and 6.7

percent of pork, excluding lard.

For the recent years, the supply of offals was computed by adding

imports and beginning stocks to the estimates of production. The supply

was distributed among e3q)orts and shipments, military takings, ending

stocks, and civilian consumption. The data on foreign trade were obtained by combining several classes of meats that are mostly offals.

As kidneys and livers make up the bulk of foreign trade in offals, any error

due to classification is slight. Comparable data on imports and exports

are not available for the years before 193^« For this reason, consumption figures for the earlier years are somewhat less accurate than those

from I93I+ to date.

Quantities of offals used by the military forces, including those

for relief feeding abroad, were obtained from the Quartermaster General

on deliveries and acceptances by the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.

Cold-storage stocks of edible offals are reported regularly.

Before July 1, 19Ui|-, trimmings were included in the stocks of offals

but since that date they have been included with the individual meats.

Data on stocks for the earlier and later periods are therefore not

entirely comparable. For 19^U, an approximate adjxistment for the

changeover was included in the consumption estimates.

Fish 36/

Production statistics on fish and shellfish are collected by the

Fish and Wildlife Service of the United States Department of the

Interior. Information on the annual commercial catch is first

36/ Prepared by Harry Sherr, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, in cooperation with specialists^ of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Department

of the Interior.
-ks -

assembled from State records by marketing specialists. Wherever complete data are not available from these central sources, visits are

made to fishermen, wholesale dealers, and manufacturers of fishery products to obtain information from them on their production or purchases

of fishery products. Although it is impossible for the few marketing

specialists to interview each fisherman in a given locality, the leading ones and a representative number of those of lesser importance are

interviewed to obtain reliable information on their production.

To the extent that funds have permitted, the representatives of

the Fish and Wildlife Service have made annual canvasses of all commercial fishery operations of the oceans and bays, and of the coastal

areas as far inland as commercial fisheries are of significance; of the

fisheries on the Mississippi River and all of its tributaries where

commercial fishing activities are conducted; and the Great Lakes, the

adjacent bays, the international lakes of northern Minnesota, and the

rivers that have outlets in these waters. The only years for which a

confíete survey of the entire country, was made were 1908^ 1931^ ancL

1950. For all other years since I88O some parts of the country were

not canvassed. Although no survey data were available for the Mississippi River States from I93I until 1950, the annual commercial-fishery

production statistics for the United States from I929 to date have been

more complete than in the preceding years. For the years in which no

catch or production data were reported, estimates of consumption were

made on the basis of the consumption pattern or trend. Actual or

partly estimated data are available on the total catch in the United

States for all years following 1929*

Data relating to the previous year's production of canned fishery

products and byproducts are obtained at the beginning of the current

year from each plant in the United States that processes these products.

The reports are obtained by mail, and personatl visits by the marketing

specialists are made to those firms that find it impossible to furnish

the necessary information by mail. Annual production data have been

complete in coverage since I921.

Statistics on commercial production of frozen fish and coldstorage holdings of fresh and frozen fish are collected each month

directly from warehousemen and fish processors by the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Department of Agriculture.

Incomplete data on stocks of canned and cured fish affect the

accuracy of the estimates of civilian consumption in this country by

making them too high in some periods and too low in others. For canned

fish, only the stocks of salmon are available and only for I926 to

I9U2. The annual reports of the Pacific Fisherman 37/ are the source

for these data. Even the data for canned salmon are inadequate

because they represent quantities held by packers only. There are

indications that for some prewar years the carryover stocks in the

37/ Pacific Fisherman. Seattle, Washington. January issues.
. 50 -

hands of wholesale distributors were unusually large. But for World

War II years 191^2-1+5, distributors' stocks as of December 31 were undoubtedly insignificant. For canned tuna and Pacific mackerel, data on

packers' year-end stocks are available for 19ÍÍ-1-Í+6 but they were not

used in making estimates of consumption of canned fish because the

holdings were small, both relatively and absolutely. Beginning with

19^8, when inventories of canned fishery products began to increase,

estimates of annual changes in packers» stocks have been made on the

basis of trade reports.

Stocks of cured fish, as indicated in the table, refer to reported

commercial cold-storage holdings of smoked fish only. The reported

cold-storage stocks for cured fish include products other than the

smoked items; these "other" products include commodities that are subject to reprocessing. To avoid duplication with reported commercial

production of canned and cured fish, the intermediate (that is,

partially processed) products were excluded from stocks.

Data on foreign trade, including shipments between continental

United States and the noncontiguous Territories of fresh and processed

fish and fishery products, were obtained from the annual reports.

Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, and from official

records of the Bureau of the Census. Beginning with April I9Í18 official reports on shipments between continental United States and both

Alaska and Hawaii were discontinued. Since that time, annual receipts

of canned and cured fishery products from Alaska were estimated, based

on production of these commodities in that area. Comparable estimates

are not available for the relatively small volume of receipts from

Hawaii because production in that Territory is not reported. Imports

of fresh and frozen and cured fishery products were adjusted to eliminate possible duplication with reported domestic commercial production

of canned and cured fishery products. The adjustment was on the basis

of the major use made of the individual species after arrival in the

United States. For example, most of the fresh and frozen tuna imported

intb this country is subsequently canned and is therefore later

reported among the statistics on domestic production of canned fish.

In the handling of the exports of fishery products, it was necessary

to exclude one minor commodity group (fish, not elsewhere specified)

because of the impossibility of separating the data into fresh or

frozen, canned and cured products.

Data on purchases of fish and fishery products by military

agencies are available for each year beginning with I9Í13. Information

for 19l<-2 was estimated, using fragmentary data as a base. No purchase

data are available for the years prior to 194-2, but they probably were

relatively small.

The data on supplies and distribution of fishery products were

converted to an "edible-weight" basis, using factors developed over a

period of years by specialists of the Fish and Wildlife Service and

the United States Tariff Commission (table 56). In general, for the

purpose of converting the production estimates to an edible-weight

basis:
- 51 -

(1) Canned, cured, and fresh and frozen packaged fin fish

were assumed to be 100 percent edible;

(2) Fresh and frozen unpackaged fin fish were assumed to contain no more than 50 percent edible portion;

(3) Among the shellfish, the catch of mollusks (clams, oysters,

etc.) was ass\imed to be 100 percent edible beca\i6e the

data are reported on a meat-equivalent basis and the crustaceans (such as crabs and lobsters) were converted, based

on the average yield of meat for each species.

For many individual species of fresh or processed fish, separate

conversion factors were used, depending on (1) the basis on which production estimates were reported and (2) the yield factors obtained

from laboratory tests and from fish processors* experience.

In using general statistics relating to fish and fishery products

it is important to note the basis on which the data are presented.

Listed below are the terms most commonly used in connection with fishery

statistics:

Fish includes (1) fin fish

(2) mollusks - clams, oysters, scallops, etc.

(3) crustaceans - crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc.

Round weight, except for mollusks, is the weight of the fish as

taken from the water. Catch statistics for mollusks

are on a "meat" basis.

Drawn weight is the weight of the fin fish after the entrails have

been removed.

Dressed weight is the weight of the fin fish after the entrails,

head, tail, and fins have been removed.

Edible weight is the weight of the edible portion of the fin fish,

mollusk, or crustacean.

Fillets are the meaty sides of the fin fish which have been cut

lengthwise away from the backbone.

Steaks are cross-section cuts of larger species of fish, usually

5/8-inch thick or more.

Marketed weight is the weight of the fish in the form in which it

was marketed - ro\md, drawn, dressed, etc.

A comprehensive and detailed statistical analysis of the supply

and distribution of fish for human consumption in this country covering
- 52 -

the period 193O-U7 38/ was prepared in 19^8 by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in cooperation with specialists of both the Fish and

Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior and the United States

Tariff Commission. The statistical series are maintained currently.

Information for years prior to 1930 iß less satisfactory (except for

canned fish) and is described here.

For fresh and frozen fish the annual production data for I929 to

date represent estimates of the quantity of the corresponding total

catch thus utilized. The estimates of utilization were developed by

specialists of the Fish and Wildlife Service on the basis of the catch

reported in areas in which a survey was made for the period plus an

estimate of the catch in the \msurveyed regions. The estimates of

annual utilization were adjusted to exclude production in Alaska, and

were then converted to an edible-weight basis by eliminating the items

for which the conversion factor was known - for example, fresh and

frozen packaged fish and shellfish - and converting the remainder on

the basis of a 50-percent yield of meat. The annual production data on

packaged fish were reasonably complete, but for packaged shellfish the

output had to be estimated for the years between I9U0 and I95O because

no surveys were made for this item.

Foreign-trade data, including shipments between the United States

and the noncontiguous Territories, on fresh and frozen fish have been

available, although not on a strictly comparable basis, since 1909»

For example, for current years it was necessary to omit imports of

frozen tuna and fresh herring into this country because most of these

commodities are reprocessed before they are distributed here. This

adjustment resiilted in an understatement of imports but it forestalled

what would have been a serious duplication with the reported United

States production of canned tuna and Maine sardines (Atlantic sea

herring).

Monthly reports on cold-storage holdings of fresh and frozen fish

have been available since 1917* Before 19^3 stocks were reported on a

midmonth basis. The January 1 carryover for I93O-U2 was assumed to be

the midpoint of the stocks on January 15 and the holdings on* the preceding December 15*

The year-end stocks of frozen fish were adjusted to eliminate

holdings in Alaska and the quantities to be used for bait or animal

food in order to obtain the figures for stocks held in continental

United States for hximan consiomption. Separate data on cold-storage

holdings in Alaska were not available prior to 191^2 so the information

for 1930-Í4-1 was reduced by 2 percent - the average relationship

between reported total United States plus Alaska holdings and the

stocks in Alaska on January 1, 19^2-47. Likewise, on the assumption

38/ Sherr, Harry, and others. Supply and Distribution of Fishery

Products in the Continental United States, 1930-14-7. U. S. Bur. Agr,

Econ., The National Food Situation, July-Sept. I9I+8, pp. I9-U0.
- 53 -

that frozen fish for animal food became increasingly popular after I930

a progressive allowance from less than 1 to almost 2 percent was made '

for 1930-Ul.

Military takings of fresh and frozen fish in I9U3-52 were reported

as a total. Thus the data had to be converted to an edible basis by

using an average conversion factor of about 50 percent. This factor may

be somewhat high as the total includes purchases of fish fillets and

steaks•

The cold-storage holdings in continental United States of frozen

fish for human consuinption were converted to an edible basis using

information obtained from a study made in 19^5- This study indicated

the form (round, dressed, fillets, etc.) in which the various species

of fish were stored.

For 1909-28, per capita estimates of fresh and frozen fish consumed by civilians in this country were made on the basis of a straightline interpolation between I909 and I929. With data on both production

and foreign trade available for I908, it was possible to make an estimate of civilian disappearance of fresh, canned, and cured fish. That

year was the only one between I88O and I929 for which a complete survey

of the country was made.

Reported production of canned fish 32/ in continental United States

has been complete in coverage since I921. The output data were expressed

in terms of product weight, which coincides with the edible-weight

basis, and had only to be converted from the basis of "standard cases"

to "equivalent pounds."

Foreign-trade data and, \antil 19^8, shipments between the United

States and its noncontiguous Territories have always been complete in

coverage, but in some instances minor adjustments were necessary. For

example, imports of canned sardines are reported on the basis of the

weight of the product including the weight of the immediate container.

An allowance had to be made for the weight of the can.

Calendar year-end data on stocks of canned fish are available only

for salmon and only for those quantities held at the packers^ level during 1926-Í4-2. Data regarding packer stocks of canned tuna and Pacific

mackerel were available for I9UI to 19^6, but they were not used

because comparable data on salmon, a major canned-fish item, were missing for those years. For the war years, the lack of adequate data on

stocks was not a problem because most of the canned fish had moved into

the distribution channels by the end of the year.

39/ Excludes canned food products containing small quantities of

fish or shellfish; for example, canned clam chowder, clam broth, and

codfish-cake material.
. 5h .

After the end of World War II the general movement of these products into distrihutlon channels began to approximate the prewar marketing pattern, and packers » stocks gradually began to increase from year

to year. As a result, beginning with 19^18, estimates were made of the

year-to-year change in the size of packers• stocks of canned fishery

products. These estimates were based on fragmentary information from

trade sources.

Because of inadequate data on stocks it was possible to estimate

only the total and the per capita movement of canned fish into civilian

distribution channels, not actual consumption.

Estimates of the per capita civilian consumption of canned fish in

the United States, I909-20, were made on the basis of a straight-line

interpolation.

Estimates of the consumption of cured fish by civilians in this

country from I929 through 1952 were derived from information on production which was relatively complete only for I929-3I, 1937-^0, and 1950.

Surveys made by the Fish and Wildlife Service indicated the quantity of

cured fish manufactured in this country during those years. For the

intercensal years and after 1950 rough approximations of annual production were derived on the basis of estimates of the amount of fish from

the annual domestic catch which was processed into cured products,

plus imports of partially and completely processed cured fish for

subsequent reprocessing in this coimtry.

Information on cold-storage holdings of cured fish have been inadequate throughout for it was not possible to separate the quantities

subject to reprocessing before sale from the cured fish which were

finished products. Beginning in 19i|-l, the commodity classification

used in the reporting of monthly cold-storage holdings of cured fish

was expanded. It became possible at that time to Identify stocks of

some of the cured-fish items that were available for direct movement

into distribution channels.

Information on imports and exports of cured fish, and on trade

between the United States and the noncontiguous Territories, is complete

in coverage. However, beginning with I9I+8 data on trade with the Territories is partly estimated. But not all the reported data on foreign

trade could be used because of statistical obstacles. For instance,

some of the imported fish were generally reprocessed and later reported

among domestic-production estimates.

For 1909-28, civilian per capita consumption of cured fish was

estimated on the basis of a straight-line projection.

Poultry and Eggs hoj

Estimates of poultry production cover farm chickens and eggs,

tiirkeys, and cojnmercial broilers. No annual estimates are available

40/ Prepared by Gerson Levin, George A. Rogers, formerly of the Bureau

of Agricultui-al Economics, and Edward Karpoff, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. ^ y^^^
- 55 -

for other species of poultry in intercensal years• Rough approximations

of consumption of ducks and geese are described in chapter 3. Konfarra

production of turkeys is regarded as of little significance and was not

estimated. To estimate total production of chickens and eggs in this

country, 10 percent of the current farm estimate was used for nonfarm

output of both chickens (excluding broilers) and eggs, based upon unpublished census data for sample town holdings in I93O and a special survey

made in 19^0.

Eggs.- Estimated total production of chicken eggs in a given year

is the sum of production of farm eggs plus a 10-percent allowance for

nonfarm output. Estimates of the number of layers on farms and the rate

of lay per bird were used to estimate egg production. Numbers of layers

on farms January 1 of census years were obtained by adjusting the census

base (for example, April 1) to a January 1 equivalent. Numbers on farms

January 1 for intercensal years were estimated primarily by use of yearto-year changes shown by December rural mail-carrier surveys covering about

160,000 flocks. Month-to-month changes in numbers in laying flocks, average rate of lay per bird, and the resultant farm production of eggs were

based upon monthly samples covering about 30,000 farm flocks. Checks on

rate of lay are not currently available. In 1930, however, the results of

the April census enumerations of "eggs produced yesterday" agreed closely

with monthly returns from crop reporters.

Supplies of eggs for civilian consiimption in terms of shell-egg equivalents were determined for most of the period by adjusting total egg production for changes in cold-storage stocks (both commercial and Department of

Agriculture), adding imports, and subtracting exports, shipments to Territories, eggs used for hatching, and storage losses of the Department of

Agriculture, USDA deliveries for export, and military takings. (Table 590

Cold-storage data on shell eggs became available in 1915 and on frozen

eggs in 1916. Data on stocks of dried eggs were first collected in 19^3^

Data on the Department's stocks have included shell eggs since 19^+0 and

Government holdings of frozen eggs since I9UI.

Total eggs used for hatching were computed for years through 19^0 by

adding the number of farm chickens raised, plus 10 percent for nonfarm

production, to the number of comciercial broilers produced, and multiplying

this sum by a conversion factor representing eggs required per chicken

raised. Commercial hatchery production has gradually supplanted farm

hatchings as a source of chicks. On the basis of special surveys of such

output in 1937^ 1938, and I9U3, a regular report on hatchings was instituted

by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in 19^3^ and estimates for earlier

years have been made. For years beginning 19^1^ hatchery output was used

as the primary basis of estimates of eggs used for hatching. An allowance

for loss was made for each year (for example, number of chicks produced in

1952 is divided by O.7 to obtain number of eggs set) and eggs reported as

used for hatching on farmc were added.

Data on exports and imports have been available since I9IO. Before

1922, export data included only shell eggs. From 1922 to 19^0 (1938 and

1939 not available), eggs and yolks, other than in shell, were reported only
. 56 -

in total. This conversion problem was met by treating these egg products

as all equivalent to whole frozen eggs. Data on egg products in other

instances were converted to shell-egg basis using standard factors for

individual products. Shipments to Territories, Department of Agriculture

deliveries, and military procurement have been separately reported since

I9I+I. However, no data on shipments to Hawaii and Alaska have been

available since I9U8.

No allowance was made in the data on supply and distribution given

in table 59 for breakage and loss nor for the relatively small quantity

of eggs used for nonfood purposes such as culture media and tanning. The

data were developed in terms of millions of dozens. Some of them, such

as stocks, had to be converted from pounds of frozen eggs. The estimates

of per capita consumption of eggs are frequently needed in terms of

pounds. Accordingly, conversion factors were developed from trade iPoformation, and were changed from time to time. For example, for 1951 and

1952, 38.5 pounds of liquid or frozen eggs were deemed to be equivalent

to a 30-dozen case of eggs, rather than the factor 37-5 pounds used for

1937-50. The increasing average size of eggs necessitated a change from

the standard factor of 1.5 pounds per dozen eggs. Beginning with 19^7

data, the factor has been changed 0.01 pound a year to reach I.56 pounds

per dozen eggs in 1952.

Chickens.- Estimated total output of chicken meat in each year is

the Sinn of chicken consumed on farms where produced, sales of farm

chickens Ul/, production of commercial broilers, plus 10 percent of farm

consTjuiption and sales to allow for nonfarm production of chickens (in

backyards of villages and towns). (Table 57.)

Estimates of numbers of farm chickens raised were based primarily

on the census enumerations every 5 years,with certain allowances for incompleteness based on State farm census and inspection records and other

check data. NiJmbers raised in intercensal years were estimated on the

basis of year-to-year changes in the June rural mail-carrier survey, certain monthly General Crop Schedules, and other annual check data described

below. Returns from these surveys cover holdings on about 150,000 farms.

Check data of an enumerative character for intercensal yearô consist of

assessors' annual farm censuses in I3 States, an annual school survey in

one State, the report of hatchery output, and marketings data.

Estimates of production of farm chickens were obtained by subtracting the death loss during the year of chickens on hand at the

beginning of the year from the number of farm chickens raised during

the year. The number raised was assumed to be the nimiber of baby

chicks started minus death losses. Slaughter from farm production

was taken as the figure for production plus or minus inventory changes

in numbers of chickens on hand at the beginning and end of each year.

hi/ Farm chickens are produced incidentally to egg-producing enterprises as opposed to cormercial broilers which are produced solely for

their meat.
- 57 -

It included both fanii corisimption and sales off farms. The December

rural carrier survey was the principal source of inventory information.

The rural carrier surveys provided the main basis for determining yearly

United States output for 1931^-1^7. Chick-placement data for the seven

major broiler areas since 19^7 have provided a better basis for making

annual estimates of broiler production. During the earlier years -check

data vere not available for these estimates in all States.

Monthly and annual estimates of chick production in hatcheries were

based on sample data obtained from about 25 percent of the total capacity of the 10^000 hatcheries in the country. Monthly surveys were

followed at the end of the year by a check-up survey to obtain information from hatcheries not reporting in monthly surveys. About every

5 years a comprehensive survey covering all hatcheries in the country

has been made to obtain basic infonnation for any necessary revisions.

Hatchery production in 1952 accounted for about 93 percent of farm

chickens raised plus all of the commercial broilers. It is a rough

check on chickens raised on farms ^ after allowances are made for nonfarm production^ commercial broiler production, chickens hatched on

farms where produced, and death loss of farm chickens raised.

Correspondents supply information on average weights of young and

matLire chickens consimed on farms or sold and on approximate percentages

of each. Weights are also reported for broilers. In the last few years,

commercial broilers have averaged about 3 pounds each and farm chickens

up to k.^ pounds at time of sale, on a live-weight basis. The data were

converted to dressed-weight equivalents (New York style, excluding blood

and feathers), using 12 percent loss through 1950, 11 percent since then.

In recent years, more chicken is sold ready-to-cook or eviscerated. So

data on supply and distribution are given on eviscerated basis also for

19^7-52 and eviscerated equivalents of all per capita data were computed.

This basis will be used henceforth. Percentages applied to liveweights

to obtain eviscerated basis are: 1909-^6 - all chickens, 66 percent;

191^.7-52 - commercial broilers 70 percent",Tarm chickens 68.

Annual supplies of chicken meat for domestic civilian consumption

were ascertained by adjusting total production for changes in coldstorage holdings (including Government held), by adding imports, and by

subtracting commercial exports and shipments to Territories, USDA deliveries, and military takings for years since 19^1. Data on cold-storage

stocks have been available since 1916; import data began in 19IO, exports in 1922. Data on cold-storage stocks and some on foreign trade do

not differentiate between New York dressed and eviscerated. So the same

product weights were used for computing both dressed and eviscerated

weights for 1947-52.

In the computation of the supply and distribution of chicken meat,

no attempt was made to differentiate between broilers and other

chickens, except that the slaughter figure is based on the addition of

separate figures for the two classes. However, their proportions in
- 58 .

the slaughter estimate indicate the proportions in the total civilian

supply. For 1952, they were: broilers 51 percent, farm chickens

U5 percent, and nonfarm chickens h percent.

Turkeys.- Basic data on numbers of turkeys raised were obtained

from the quinquennial census enumerations adjusted for incompleteness

on the basis of State census reports, inspection records, and State

assessors^ data. Year-to-year changes during intervening years were

determined from special surveys of turkey producers made in January and

August of each year, supplemented by State farm-census and inspection

records. There are no check data on production for the country as a

whole, but annual farm censuses in 8 States collect data on turkeys

raised. In several States a check is obtained from sales and inspection records; some of these cover a major part of total production.

Annual estimates of production began in 1929- Annual slaughter includes numbers sold and the numbers consumed on farms, estimated

independently. In recent years live turkeys have averaged about

17 pounds per bird at tme of sale, allowing for weight differences

among breeds and between hens and toms. Dressed weight (only blood

and feathers off) is estimated at 91 percent of the live weight,

eviscerated at 75 percent. Recent changes in marketing practices to

greater emphasis on ready-to-eat poultry make a changeover of the

published series to this basis desirable. Therefore, both bases are

given for supply and distribution in 19^7-52.

Annual supplies of turkey for domestic civilian consumption were

ascertained by adjusting farm slaughter (no nonfarm production) for

changes in cold-storage holdings, by adding imports, and by subtracting Department of Agriculture deliveries and military takings.

Separate data on exports of turkeys are not available. Cold-storage

holdings of turkeys have been available since I916, imports since 1930,

and Department of Agriculture deliveries and military procurement since

1941. See table 58.

Dairy Products k2/

Estimates of consumption of milk and of individual manufactured

dairy products were developed from a variety of data, including farm

production of milk, use of milk as fluid milk and cream, output of the

several manufactured dairy products, and data on stocks, military

procurement, and foreign trade. The series for major individual milk

and dairy products, including the revised series for fluid milk and

cream, were estimated directly, that is, independently of the total

milk supply. The three tables on total supply and distribution of

whole milk, nonfat milk solids, and milk fat solids {tables 65-67)

which were computed fxam total production of milk, including an

k2/ Prepared by H. C. Kriesel, Bureau of Agricultural Economics,
- 59 -

allowance for nonfarm output, and milk equivalent of stocks, trade, and

so forth, include some milk consiamed in unenumerated forms as well as

the individual items listed in the separate tables. The several series

on per capita rates of consumption for dairy products are shown in

tables 9 and 31.

Farm Milk Production; Current Estimates.- Since 192U, estimates of

annual production of whole milk ^3/ have been based on sample returns

showing numbers of milk cows and milk produced on individual farms.

Milk production on farms in this country is estimated currently for each

month, separate estimates now being published for about two-thirds of

the States. Estimates of yearly milk production and quantities of milk

disposed of in the different outlets available to farmers are prepared

annually for each State. Annual estimates of production and disposition

of milk in each State are based on indications of commercial milk

deliveries, dairy products manufactured, records of milk-market administrators, cens\is enumerations, and other records. In general, the estimates for the main commercial dairy areas appear to have been somewhat

more accurate than estimates of production and utilization for areas in

which only a few cows are kept and in which most of the milk is used on

farms.

The yearly figures of the Department of Agricultiire as to numbers

of milk cows on farms are based on information from various sources,

including census enumerations at 5-year intervals, semiannual rural

mail-carrier livestock surveys, monthly reports from crop correspondents,

quarterly reports from dairy correspondents, annual records in some

States of cows assessed for tajcation, numbers eniomerated by assessors,

or numbers tested or inspected for disease. Census enumerations are

made at varying dates and for various age limits and classifications,

but they provide basic information regarding numbers of farms keeping

cows, numbers of cows milked and niombers of all milk cows. The livestock surveys obtain records of numbers of milk cows and daily milk

production on 125,000 farms. These data are gathered each June and

December on cards distributed and collected mainly by rural mail-carriers,

The monthly reports from crop correspondents show the numoers of milk

cows, niirabers milked, aoid daily production the first of each month, on

about 20,000 farms. The quarterly reports from dairy correspondents

show current production and utilization of milk, and factors affecting

production on about 7,000 farms that produce milk in commercial quantities. Assessment and inspection records vary among States in completeness and classification.

Estimates of production per cow are based on 1 day^s production

reported monthly by crop correspondents, 1 day's production reported

quarterly by special dairy correspondents, and 1 day's production

reported on rural-carrier livestock-survey records. Allowances are

hzj Milk production is defined as all cows' milk drawn, whether marketed, used on farms, or fed on farms, but excludes milk sucked by

calves.
. 60 -

made for the fact that records obtained from the first two sources are

from progressive farmers whose skills are better than average and who

keep larger herds than are typical*

In earlier years a significant quantity of milk was produced by

cows owned by nonfarm residents. The Census of Agriculture of 1920

obtained data on nonfarm milk cows. A sample of counties from the 1930

census provided additional information on this subject. For years prior

to 1930, interpolations were made to obtain approximations of annual

output by nonfarm milk cows. No data are available to indicate the

trend of output for this milk since 1930. However, on the basis of

general information concerning economic activity, population movements

and other considerations, the allowance for nonfarm milk production

was reduced to less than a half billion pounds by 1952 from the nearly

3 billion pounds in 1930. Within a few more years, output of milk by

nonfarm cows probably will be negligible.

Data on disposition of milk by farmers, such as quantities retained

on farms for human consumption, for feeding to livestock, for making

farm butter, or for sale as cream or whole milk, are based chiefly on

quarterly reports from dairy correspondents and on monthly and annual

reports on farm production of butter by crop correspondents. Estimated

quantities of milk and cream sold by farmers are checked with receipts

of milk and cream by dairy plants, the quantities required to produce

manufactured dairy products, and the quantities used in fluid consumption where available.

Farm Milk Production Before I92U. - Data on farm production and

disposition of milk have been officially estimated and published only

since I92I+. These data are released in April of each year, hhj For

1909-23, tentative approximations to the general level of milk output

were made on the basis of the I9IO and I920 Censuses of Agriculture,

on quantities utilized for manufactured products and for fluid uses,

and on the basis of certain considerations relative to producing conditions. These fig\ires are believed to show general trends fairly

well, but they are not considered reliable for studies of year-to-year

variation.

Consumption of Fluid Whole Milk and Cream. - Of the total supply of

milk produced in the United States in the last two decades, between 1+0

and 50 percent was consumed as fluid whole milk and cream. The percentage was higher in later years than formerly. In recent years, around

a fifth of the fluid whole milk and cream was consumed on farms where

it was produced. From 192lf to date the series on consumption of fluid

milk and cream represents the sum of independent estimates of farm and

nonfarm consumption. The farm component consists of estimates of

consumption of families on farms not producing milk as well as those on

UU/ United States Department of Agriculture. Farm Production, Disposition, and Income from Milk. I92U-I+O, 1935-39, 19i|0-^9, I95I-52 and

1952-53. Washington, D. C.
. 61 -

farms producing milk. Consumption on farms where milk was produced was

estimated on the "basis of quarterly reports on per capita rates of consumption from dairy correspondents and estimates of the numbers of

people living on farms that produced milk* For farms not producing

milk^ consumption was determined from estimated numbers of people living on such farms and scattered data on per capita rates by the people

concerned. The number of farms not producing milk has increased in

recent years and indications are that per capita consumption of milk

by people on these farms is below the consumption rates of people who

live in urban areas and of those on farms with milk cows. The trend

in consunrption per capita by people on farms without milk production,

however, is assumed to be essentially the same as for the rest of the

population.

Consumption of fluid milk and cream by the nonfarm population is

one of the most difficult items on which to obtain satisfactory information. No regular reporting mechanism for the country as a whole has

been devised to compile information on the flow of milk into current

fluid uses. The Bureau of the Census has been authorized to obtain this

kind of information for the first time in connection with its 1953 Census of I4anufactures; previously that Bureau had collected no data

relating to volume of fluid milk processed and sold. Data on consumption of fluid milk have been obtained for a number of years in a few

large markets where Federal marketing orders have been in operation.

In recent years the number of such areas with marketing controls has

been substantially increased, reaching U9 in early 1953- In the administration of these controls, data are collected on receipts of milk

from farmers and on sales of whole milk, skim milk products, and fluid

cream. But a significant limitation on the use of these data is the

difficulty of obtaining data on population for areas which exactly match

the marketing areas affected by the individual orders. In recent years,

data on milk consumption also have been available for some States as a

byproduct of the administration of the State milk-control laws.

A special research study whose purpose was to obtain more comprehensive and accurate estimates of consumption of fluid milk in nonfarm

areas of the country was recently completed under authority of the

Agricultural Marketing Act (EMA, Title II). This project was designed

to estimate consumption of milk in 19^^, using data on III+ separate

milk-marketing areas which were subject to War Food Order 79« This

order, which was designed to limit further expansion of sales of fluid

milk and cream through the establishment of sales quotas by individual

milk distributors, provided data on sales by all distributors in the

markets. Per capita rates of consumption for these ll^i separate areas

were computed on the basis of sales data for the markets concerned and

data on population, which were obtained from registration data in connection with war ration books, with adjustments for the farm population

and for military personnel on leave. Supplementing these data with

returns from Health Officers» surveys, new estimates of milk consumption

by States in I9Í+U were established. The resulting national figure was

substantially below the previous estimate for that year. Largely on

the basis of data for that one year, the general level of estimates of

consumption of fluid milk and cream in this coiintry 'from 192ÍÍ- to date
- 62 .

was lowered. (Data for individual States, however, were not developed

for years other than 19^^^.) Year-to-year changes for years before 19^0

were kept essentially the same as in the previous series- From 19^

to 19i^5 some additional new evidence indicated that the rate of increase

was moderately less than the previous published series showed.

For 1909-23, estimates of per capita consuiic)tion of fluid milk and

cream were derived on the basis of tentative approximations to the quantity of milk produced (farm and nonfarm) for food, as described above,

and the quantities used for manufactured whole-milk products, with

adjustments for net imports of fluid milk and cream. Collection of data

on stocks of fluid milk and cream was not begun until 1930-

For some purposes, such as computation of the nutrient content of

the food supply, it has been necessary to use separate data on the

product-weight of whole milk and of cream consumed, rather than the milk

equivalent of the two items combined. Only rather recently have data

become -available to indicate the relative magnitudes of these two items.

For the period ending in 19^+1, it was assumed that of the total equivalent of fluid milk and cream consumed, 80 percent was whole milk and 20

percent cream. After I9Í+I, under wartime conditions and controls, the

cream component declined to an estimated lU percent in 19^i+. There

appears to have been a rise to 1? percent for I9U6-I4.8, with a subsequent

falling off to 15 percent in 1951 and 1952.

Fluid Skim-Milk Products and Buttermilk.- Substantial quantities of

fluid skim milk are consumed in this country, either in the form of skim

milk as such, or as products made from skim milk, such as cultured buttermilk and chocolate-flavored drinks. Large quantities of fresh (or

natural) buttermilk still are consumed on farms, mainly in the South.

Among the nonfarm population, there has been a substantial shift from

fresh buttermilk to the cultured product. Consuiiî)tion of chocolateflavored drinks made from skim milk apparently began in the early

twenties and has increased markedly, especially in recent years.

Large quantities of skim milk are used here for animal feed and for

other nonfood purposes. Consequently, there is no firm basis for estimating the quantities of skim milk used directly for food, such as that

for whole milk or cream. Data have been collected from special dairy

reporters to ascertain the quantities of buttermilk and skim milk consumed per person in households of farmers. The per capita quantities

consumed in 19^6 were estimated and applied to the number of people on

farms with milk cows. The aggregate quantities for each calendar year,

1909 through 19^6, were calculated by assuming the same per capita rates

for skim milk and buttermilk as were estimated for 1914-6. It was assumed

that the consumption rate declined slightly after 191+6.

For the nonfarm population, the quantities of skim-milk items consumed were based on results of consumer-purchase surveys and on records

from milk-marketing areas for recent years. The per capita levels of

recent years were extended back toward I909, with adjustments in

accordance with general information as to the trends in the volume of

the respective items. The aggregate quantity consumed by nonfarm people
. 63 -

was determined in each case by multiplying the estimated per capita

level by the number of persons. An increasing volume of data is becoming available on consumption of liquid skim-milk products in conjunction

with the administration of milk marketing regulations. Moreover, the

intensive study for 19kk previously referred to in connection with whole

milk, also provided data on the combined quantity of skim-milk products

consumed per person. The per capita rates for the skim-milk products

shown in table 31 are equal to the total obtained for I9I4I+ in the

above survey.

Manufactured Dairy Products. - Data on production have been obtained

for an increasing number of manufactiored dairy products since reporting

of such data began during World War I. For many major products, estimates have been made and released monthly. For some of the less important items, monthly data on quantities produced are made and released

after the close of the calendar year. For most products, the first

release is based on a sample of plants which manufacture these items.

The final data are based on complete enumerations of all plants in the

United States that produce dairy products. In recent years, somewhat

more than 11,000 plants have been engaged in processing milk or cream

into various items.

Diiring most of the period available data from the Department of

Commerce have been used for the figures on exports and imports of the

different products. But during World Viar II, that Department did not

get complete data on exports, because certain types of noncommercial

vessels did not file usual shipping docioments. So, for this period,

available data from the Department of Agriculture on program operations

were used as a basis for the estimates of foreign shipments.

During World War II, the quantities taken by the military forces

were estimated from military-procurement records for all dairy products,

except fluid milk and ice cream; for these two items reported figures

were obviously understated. Thus, for these two products, the data

shown in the tables were calculated on the basis of probable consumption

of each item per person in the Armed Forces, as indicated by some survey

data.

Butter Consumption. - Estimation of the consumption of butter is

described in the section on fats and oils.

Cheese Consumption. - Estimates were made of the supply and distribution of American cheese, cheese other than American made of whole milk

and part skim, full skim cheese, and cottage, pot, and bakers' cheese.

In an earlier publication h¿J data on total and factory production

of cheese in this country were published for the period ending with

1917. For 1918-39, the United States estimates of cheese production

h^/ Vial, Edmund E. Production and Consumption of Maniifactured Dairy

•oducts. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech, BvH. 722, 76 pp., illus. I9I1O.
. 6U .

were recently developed using data from the Bureau of the Census, ^State

departments of agriculture, and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics,

Department of Agriculture. For the period 19i^0 to date, production

estimates are those originally published by the Bureau of Agricultural

Economics. Production of cheese on farms was relatively small from

1909 onward and gradually declined so that by I927 it was estimated

that no appreciable quantity of cheese made from whole milk was produced

on farms. For the period I909-I7, the estimated total quantity of^

cheese produced was apportioned between American and other cheese in

accordance with the relationship that existed between the two items

from I9I8 to 1922.

Data on cold-storage stocks of cheese have been estimated by the

Department since I916 and are now published monthly in the Cold Storage

Report, issued by PMA. This report covers holdings of cheese in commercial warehouses. Practically all imports consist of types other than

American. When the types were not reported separately, it was assumed

that all imports were cheese other than American.

Cheese Made from Skim Milk. - The Bureau of Agricultural Economics

has estimated production of full-skim American cheese from I919 to date,

on the basis of enumerations. For the period before 1919^ ^ta from the

Census of Manufactures on production of skim-milk cheese were used as a

basis for interpolation for years between censuses. In recent years,

production of this item has been small. There are no data on storage

stocks of this product or on foreign trade. It was assumed that the

quantity produced each year was consumed during the year. Production

of cottage, pot, and bakers* cheese has been officially estimated back

to 1920. For years before 1920, production was approximated on the

basis of censiis data for 1909-1^^. It was assumed that the total quantity of cottage cheese produced off farms was cons\xmed by the nonfarm

population. Data on consumption of cottage cheese, provided by consumerpurchase studies, indicated that in recent years consumption by farm

people was about 50 percent greater than consumption by nonfarm people.

In earlier years, however, the ratio of farm to nonfarm consumption

probably was greater. For this study, it was assumed that from 1909-19>

per capita consumption on farms was twice that for nonfarm people.

From 1920-29, it was assumed that consumption on farms was 75 percent

greater than nonfarm consumption. The per capita quantities of cottage

cheese given in table 3I are averages for the entire population, as

computed by this procedure.

Condeiijed and Evaporated Whole Milk.- Collection of production data

for condensed and evaporated whole milk was begun in I919. The data as

published were used back to that time. For years before I919, output

of the different items was based on interpolations between census years

1909 and I91U and BAE data for 1919* Data on manufacturers« stocks

were collected beginning with 1919* These data are available only for

the canned items. It was assumed that the quantity of the bulk product

produced during the year was consumed in that year. Exports and imports

were not reported separately for all years for condensed and evaporated

milk, respectively. For years when the two products were reported in a

combined figure, and separal^e figures were wanted, distribution was made
- 65 -

in accordance with the relative quantities of each product in the total

in the immediately following years.

Dry Whole Milk.- Production of dry whole milk began on a very small

scale early in this century. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics has

estimated production of this product, by months, from I918 to date.

Before I918, annual production was determined on the basis of the BiJE

estimate for I9I8 and the Census of Manufactures report for I91I+. Figures

on manufacturers» stocks have been available since the early twenties.

Exports and imports of dry whole milk were not reported separately

from other dry milks throughout the period. For years in which combined

figures \^re reported, the quantity of dry whole milk involved was determined according to the relative quantity of this item in the to cal in

years when separate reports were made.

Ice Cream.- There is practically no commercial storage nor international trade in ice cream. Thus, the quantity of ice cream consumed

in each calendar year is essentially equal to the quantity produced in

that year. Data on production of ice cream have been collected from I916

to date. For I909-I5, production was estimated on the basis of Census of

Manufactures data for I91U and BAE data for the later period. 46/ For

1916-39^ production reported by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics was

recently revised to allow for incomplete enumerations. The basis for

these revisions was provided by data from the Census of Manufactures,

State departments of agriculture, and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

The data for 1914-û to date have been changed only as necessary to

incorporate minor current revisions.

Production data on ice cream are published in terms of gallons.

These were converted to product-weight, assuming a gallon of ice cream

weighed I+.7 pounds through I9U2, h.6 pounds in I9U3, U.5 pounds from 191+14TU5

and that this weight had increased to 4.8 pounds by 1952. Information as to

the supply and distribution of ice cream on a product-weight basis is given

in table 65• Production and consunrption of ice cream in terras of gross and

net quantities (computed on fat-solids basis) of milk used also were

estimated. A considerable part of the fat and some of the nonfat milk

solids used in making ice cream are provided in the form of butter and

condensed whole milk. For some puirposes, it is useful to have the net

quantity of milk used in making ice cream. .This was obtained by subtracting from the gross quantity used, the quantity of milk (fat solids basis)

equivalent to the condensed whole milk and butter used in making ice

cream. The series on net milk used in making ice cream, as well as on

the quantity contributed by condensed milk and butter, is issued annually

by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in the publication, Farm Production,

Disposition, and Income from Milk. V7/

In recent years milk products have been used in an increasing

number of frozen desserts. Estimates oí* production of milk sherbet -

k6/ See footnote 45, p. 63.

1+7/ See footnote kk, p. 60.
- 66 -

one of the older of this group - have been made since 1932. Estimates

have also been made of production of frozen custard, frosted malted milk,

and ice milk, although part of the statistics on these products was

recently discontinued. In the last few years the output of frozen dessert in which varying quantities of nonfat milk solids and vegetable oils

or fats are used in place of milk fat has increased. At present, the

making of this product is legal only in Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Texas, and estimates of production have been made only for 1952.^

Approximately 11 million gallons were produced in these four States m

that year.

Malted Milk.- Production of malted milk in this country has been

fairly steady during the last three decades. Official data on production

of malted milk began with I918. These data, as published by the Bureau

of Agricultural Economics, have been used for the years since then. For

years before I918, estimates were based on trends from the quantity

reported in the I9IÍ1 Census of Manufactures and the output reported by

BAE for 1918. ITo information is available concerning stocks of malted

milk. Exports of malted milk, through 19*+^, vere reported with information on baby foods, and so forth. But for this analysis, the entire quantity was assuraed to be malted milk. Beginning with 19^5^ ¿ata on malted

milk were included with figures on a few minor items also. But, as in

the period before I9U5, the entire quantity was assimed to be malted

milk.

Manufactured Skim-Milk Products.- Many products are manufactured

from skim milk, buttermilk, and other byproducts of the miIk-processing

industries. Some are for food and some for nonfood purposes. Only the

more important food products are considered in this study.

Nonfat Dry Milk Solids (Dry Skim Milk). - Data on production of nonfat dry milk solids in this country have been collected by the Bureau of

Agricultural Economics since I918. Beginning with 1935; the quantities

pro.duced for food and nonfood uses have been reported separately. The

total quantity produced was distributed between food and animal-feed

types for the years before 1935 on the basis of the relative quantities

of each produced in I936-U0. Production of nonfat dry milk solids for

years before I9I8 was not estimated, but their domestic use as food

apparently was probably equivalent to a small fraction of a pound per

person.

Information as to manufacturers' stocks of nonfat dry milk solids

has been published since I93O. As this is a relatively nonperishable

item, it is probable that large but varying quantities have been held

by establishments other than the original manufacturers. Thus some

error is introduced in the computation of domestic consumption. In

several years, exports and imports of nonfat dry milk solids were

reported along with quantities of other dairy products. It was necessary, therefore, to make certain assumptions as to composition of the

combined totals in order to obtain approximations of foreign trade in

this item.
- 67 -

A considerable proportion of the byproducts of cheese and butter

respectively, has been dried or condensed. Estimates of total production of dried whey began in 1937; estimates of condensed or evaporated

buttermilk have been made since 1920. It was assumed for purposes of

this study that about 15 percent of the quantities of each of these

items produced annually was used for food purposes. The per capita

figures shown in table 31 are based on this assumption. There are no

data on stocks of these items. Exports of dried whey are not reported

separately, although small quantities were exported after World War II.

No condensed or evaporated buttermilk was presumed to have been

exported.

Total Milk.- For a number of years the supply and distribution of

all dairy products have been combined on the basis of their fat content

and expressed in terras of the equivalent of whole milk. The total production of milk. Including nonfarm output, was taken directly from data

of the Crop Reporting Board. For other components of the supply and the

breakdown of distribution, factors indicating the ratio of the butterfat

in individual commodities to the fat content of whole milk were applied

to the detailed data on the foreign trade, stocks, and military takings

of each dairy product. The products were then totaled to obtain the

whole milk equivalents shown in table 65.

Because of the divergent movements which have occurred in recent

years in the consumption of dairy products, tables 66 and 67 were

developed to measure the supply and distribution of milk fat and of

nonfat milk solids, respectively. The estimates of production of milk

fat consist of the reported farm output of milk fat plus an estimate

of the fat content of milk produced off farms, obtained by applying the

percentage of fat contained in farm milk to the data on nonfarm output

of milk. The data on milk fat stored, imported, exported, and procured

by our Armed Forces were computed by applying factors Indicating the

percentage of milk fat contained in each dairy product to the detailed

data on supply and distribution of all individual dairy products and

totaling the quantities. Civilian consumption of milk fat was estimated

as the residual item of disappearance after foreign trade, military

takings, and changes in stocks were considered. Table 67 contains

comparable estimates for the nonfat milk solids contained in dairy products, including nonfat dry milk solids. For this table, factors were

assembled from the Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics, the

Bureau of Dairy Industry, and other sources which indicate the percentage of nonfat milk solids contained in each product. These factors

were applied to data on milk production, and to available data on stocks,

foreign trade, military procurement, and civilian consiomption of each

dairy product and the results were totaled. In this table nonfood use

of nonfat milk solids is the residual item.

Fats and Oils kQ/

Food fats and oils include butter, margarine, lard, shortening, and

a miscellaneous groiJip consisting mainly of vegetable oils used in

48/ Prepared by Sidney Gershben, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and

Sidney J. Armore and Edgar L. Burtis, formerly BAE.
. 68 -

mayonnaise^ salad dressing, and salad and cooking oils. The estimated

disappearance of food fats includes their use in bakery goods, confectionery, commercial frying as in the manufacture of potato chips, fish

canning and nut salting and roasting, as well as their direct use in

hotels, restaurants, institutions, and homes.

Estimates of domestic disappearance of food fats and oils represent

disappearance from factories and warehouses. Disappearance differs from

consumption because of chstnges in distributors* and consumers* stocks,

for which data are not available. In some years, the difference between

consiomption and disappearance may be considerable; the years 19l|-l and

1950 are extreme examples. An important part of the sharp rise in

domestic disappearance during those years probably was due to a substantial increase in inventories not included in reported stocks.

Domestic disappearance of edible fats and oils is estimated by subtracting from the total available supply, the following: Exports and

shipments to Alaska, Hawaii if9/, Puerto Rico, and (beginning with 1935)

the Virgin Islandsj indirect use, as lard in shortening and soap; and

factory and warehouse stocks at the end of the period. Total supply is

represented by the sum of domestic production, imports, and factory and

warehouse stocks at the beginning of the period. Prior to 191^-8 disappearance of margarine was computed from reported withdrawals from manufacturers * stocks.

Detailed information for the individual items follows. The supply

and distribution data are given in tables 68-73.

Butter.- Production of butter, both on farms and by creameries, is

estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Total output from

1909 to 1916 was estimated from data in the Census of Manufactures and

the Census of Agriculture by interpolation on the basis of market receipts

at New York and Chicago. 50/ For I917 through I938, data on creamery

production of butter have been recently revised, including estimates by

States using information from State departments of agriculture. Censuses

of Manufactures, and original data gathered by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, with adjustments for incompleteness. The data for the

period I939 to date represent virtually complete enumeration.

Production of butter on farms was approximated for I909 through

1923 from information in the Censuses of Agriculture. Since I92I+ it has

been estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics on the basis of

reports from voluntary cooperators. These reports were received monthly

from about 5,000 farmers in I3 major farm-butter-producing States and

annually from about 15,000 farmers in the remaining States. Census of

Agriculture data were used as benchmarks for these estimates.

M.ëh ?Srr^' ^"^ tl^^^^ ^""^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^* ^^^^ subtracted since March I940 because they are no longer reported

50/ See footnote 1+5, p. 63.
. 69 -

Some butter formerly was used in margarine production. Quantities

so used were excluded from the estimated civilian disappearance of butter

to avoid duplication. Estimated quantities of butter used in margarine

before 1922 were averages of fiscal-year data from' records of the Bureau

of Internal Revenue (I913-IÍ1 through I916-I7), the Institute of Margarine

Manufacturers (I917-I8 through I919.20), and reports of the Commissioner

of Internal Revenue (1920-21). 51/ Figures for I912 and I913 were based

on the trend of the fiscal-year data in later years. Calendar-year

totals of the Quantity of butter used in margarine production in I922-U9

are totals of monthly data published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin.¿2/

Since 1930, practically no butter has been used in margarine.

Lard ¿3/«- Lard is primarily a byproduct of pork production. The

lard yield per 100 pounds of carcass weight of hogs slaughtered is

generally determined by the weight of each hog, the degree of its fatness, and the percentage of the available raw fats which is used in producing lard. Using the same parts or cuts of the carcass, the yield of

lard increases with the weight of the^animal. Some of the parts rendered

for lard, however, have an alternative use as pork (in the form of fat

cuts) and the proportion of these parts rendered into lard varies largely

in accordance with the demand for these cuts as pork. The parts or cuts

which have alternative uses are the fatbacks and plates and, to a lesser

extent, the jowls together with the 'trimmings containing some lean meat

which can be used in the mau^acture of sausage. Owing to variations in

the use of the different cuts and in the weights and fatness of hogs

slaughtered, the yield of lard may range from as little as 5 percent to

a possible maximum of 20 percent or more of live weight.

Total production of lard is made up of production in federally

inspected establishments, in wholesale and retail establishments not

under Federal inspection, and of lard produced on farms. About threefourths of the total output of lard in recent years has been produced

in federally inspected establishments, with the remainder about equally

divided between farm-rendered lard and that produced by wholesalers and

retailers not xinder Federal inspection.

Yearly estimates of lard production in federally inspected establishments, I899-I920, were based on records of the number of hogs slaughtered

by these establishments, available data on hog marketings and weights,

and the Census of Manufactures. From I921 to 1936, monthly production

of lard by these plants was computed by the*U. S. Department of Agriculture on the basis of average monthly yields reported by a 90- to 95-

percent sample of packers and the records of the number of hogs

51/ U. S. Bureau of Internal Revenue. Annual Report of the

Commissioner ... 1920-21. Washington, D. C.

52/ U. S. Bureau of Internal Revenue. Internal Revenue Bulletin.

Cumulative. Monthly 1922-date. Washington, D. C.

53/ Charles A. Burmeister, formerly with the Production and Marketing

Administration, collaborated in the preparation of this section.
. 70 -

slaughtered under Federal inspection. Since 1937, production of lard

in federally inspected establishments has been reported monthly by the

Federal Meat Inspection Service of the Department.

Estimates of annual output of lard by wholesalers and retailers

not under Federal inspection, 1899-19^5, were based on reports of the

Census of Manufactures and other data on hog marketings, weights, ana

slaughter. Since 19^+5, this series has been based on monthly reports

from these slaughterers compiled by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Census reports on livestock slaughter and meat and lard production m

all wholesale establishments were published every 5 years from 1Ö99 to

1919, and biennially thereafter through 1939, when they were temporarily discontinued until 19^7 because of the war. A census of retail

slaughter was taken in I909 and in 1929-

The yield of lard in nonfederally inspected wholesale and retail

establishments, 1899-1939, was estimated at 12 percent of the live

weight of hogs slaughtered in these establishments, compared with a

1921-39 average of II+.5 percent in federally inspected plants. This

estimated yield of lard was based on the relationship of yields reported

by the Census of Manufactures to yields reported by federally inspected

establishments.

Monthly reports on production of lard (ab well as number and live

weight of hogs slaughtered) by nonfederally inspected wholesale and

retail slaughterers were begun in December 19^5* Reports for 19^6

showed a lard yield of 8.5 percent for wholesale plants. It is recognized that I9U6 was a year of relatively low production of lard in both

federally and nonfederally inspected plants. This reflects the practice

during World War II years of leaving more fat on meat cuts and rendering

fewer fat cuts for lard. In view of these findings, the lard yield of

12 percent used for earlier years for wholesale and retail slaughter not

under Federal inspection was revised downward for 19^4-0-^5. Yield was

estimated at 10 percent for 19i^0 and 19^1, 9-7 percent for 19^2, 9.Û

percent for 19^3, and 8.5 percent for 19Í^U-^6. Reports for I9U7 to I9U9

indicated an average yield of about 10 percent for nonfederally inspected

wholesalers and retailers. This average rose to 11 percent in 1950-51

and tends to substantiate the larger yield percentage used in prewar

years.

Annual production of lard on farms, 1899-19^5, was estimated on

the basis of estimated number and live weight of hogs slaughtered by

farmers. Nimber and live weight of farm hog slaughter were based, in

part, on reports of the Census of Agriculture and, in part, on yearly

surveys of farm slaughter and other data relating to-hog production and

marketing, collected by the Department of Agriculture. The Census of

Agriculture was taken every 10 years before I919 and every 5 years thereafter. Since 19^5, the annual farm surveys made by the Departiaent of

Agriculture have included specific questions on lard production and these

data were used in estimating quantities of lard produced on farms. The

annual samples .were obtained by mail questionnaires received from approximately 75,000 livestock producers. Before I9Û3, average weights of farm
- 71 -

slaughter were based on available data on hog marketings and production.

Since 19^3^ these have been based on regular reports from about 70,000

crop and livestock reporters on the niomber and total live weights of

hogs slaughtered.

Farm production of lard, l899-19i|-l, was estimated at I5 percent of

the estimated live weight of farm-hog slaughter. This yield was based

on information as to methods commonly used by farmers in utilizing the

products obtained from hogs.

The survey in 19it6 made available, for the first time, reported

data on lard produced on farms. This survey indicated that there was

an average lard yield of I3 percent. As locker plants and deep-freeze

units gradually became available to farmers, methods of handling hog

products on the farm changed greatly and a smaller proportion of the

products were converted into lard. This reduced the yield of lard in

relation to live weight. The yield percentage of farmer-produced lard

was revised to lU percent for I9I+2 and since then has averaged slightly

more than I3 percent, compared with 15 percent used previously.

Relatively small quantities of lard have been used in most years

in the manufacture of margarine, shortening, soap, and other products.

For 1912-23, quantities used in margarine, shortening, and soap were

estimated. For I92U-30, the estimates include lard used in margarine

and shortening manufacture only. Since 1930 the Bureau of the Census

has reported the use of lard in maniofactured products, including minor

quantities going into such uses as printing ink, lubricants, and

greases.

Use of lard in margarine manufacture before 1922 was estimated by

averaging fiscal-year data reported by the Bureau of Internal Revenue

(1913-1^ through 1916-17)^ the Institute of Margarine Manufacturers

(1917-13 through 1919-20), and reports of the Commissioner of Internal

Revenue (1920-21).¿y^ Estimates for I912 and I913 were based on the

trend of data in subsequent fiscal years. Beginning with 1922, calendaryear totals of the quantity of lard used in margarine have been obtained

from monthly data published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin through

June 1950 ¿5/^ since then from Bureau of Census reports. Fiscal-year

totals were published in the annual report of the Commissioner of

Internal Revenue.

Consumption of lard in the manufacture of shortening was compiled

by the Fats and Oils Division of the U. S. Food Administration 56/ for

1912, I91U, and 1916-18, from a survey made during I917 and 191^7

Consumption of lard in shortening manufacture during I92O-23 was

¿j-/ See footnote 51, p. 69.

55/ See footnote 52, p. 69.

50/ United States Department of Agriculture. The Production and

Conservation of Fats and Oils in the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr.

Bui. 769, Sup., 7 PP- 1919*
- 72 -

estimated by the U- S. Tariff Commission £7/ from data obtained in 1924

from producers representing about 80 percent of total production of ^

shortening. The I929 estimate was prepared by the U. S. Tariff Commission from a special report by the Bureau of the Census on the consumption of various oils in specified industries during 1929- This report

did not segregate consumption in the shortening industry. ¿8/ The 1929

figure assumes that all the animal oils reported as used in food

industries other than margarine manufacture were consumed in making

shortening. Estimates of use of lard in shortening for the other years

during 1912-30 were made by BAE on the basis of trend. This use since

1930 has been regularly reported by the Bureau of the Census. 59/

Since I9I46 the use of lard in shortening has increased sharply and

in 1951 it comprised 10 percent of all lard consxamed compared with 1

percent in I9U6. Most of this probably was lard processed and packaged

in much the same way as hydrogenated vegetable-oil shortening, rather

than (as in earlier years) lard mixed with other fats to make a "compound"

shortening.

Consumption of lard in soap for I912, 191^^ 1916, and 191?^ vas compiled by the U. S. Food Administration from its survey. Estimates of

lard used in soap for the other years in 1912-30 are based on the trend

in the percentage of lard to total fats and oils used in soap manufacture

during 1912, I91I+, I916, and 1917- It appears that very little, if any,

lard was used in soap manufacture during 192^^-30, for the trend in previous years was sharply downward. Beginning with 1931> the quantity

used in soap has been regularly reported by the Bureau of the Census. 59/

Margarine.- In collecting Federal taxes on margarine until July 1,

1950, the Bureau of Internal Revenue required monthly reports on production and shipments by manufacturers. 60/ These reports were the basis

of data published by the Bureau on production and "withdrawals." Withdrawals represent quantities of margarine withdrawn from manufacturers'

supplies - that is, shipments to distributors - and were classified into

three categories: (l) Tax-paid withdrawals for use in continental United

States and Territories (Alaska and Hawaii); (2) tax-free withdrawals for

export, including shipments to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and

shipments by the Armed Forces to personnel stationed abroad; and (3) taxfree withdrawals for use of the Federal Government. Before 19^+1, withdrawals for use of the Federal Government were considered to be entirely

for Federal institutions in continental United States. In I9Í+I-U7, these

withdrawals also included procurement by the Armed Forces for personnel

57/ U. S. Tariff Commission. Report to the Congress on Certain Vegetable Oils, Whale Oil, and Copra* Report No. Ul. 2U0 pp. 1932.

58/ U. S. Bureau of the Census. Factory Consumption of Animal and

Vegetable Fats and Oils by Products. Annual preliminary report, I929.

Washington, D. C.

52/ U* S. Bureau of the Census. Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils:

Production, Consumption, Imports, Exports and Stocks. Reports by quarters

and annually I919-22 to June 191^9; since then, monthly and annually.

60/ See footnote 52, p. 69.
- 73 -

in the United States and by the USDA for the Red Cross, for export to

our wartime allies, and for shipment to Puerto Rico and the Virgin

Islands.

Through I9I4.7 domestic disappearance was computed from tax-paid

withdrawals by subtracting shipments to Alaska and Hawaii, as estimated

from reports of the Bureau of the Census, and adding use in Federal

institutions. Withdrawals for use in Federal institutions in I9UI-U7

were estimated at a million pounds annually. Beginning in I9U8, domestic disappearance was computed from data on production, stocks, foreign

trade, and military procurement.

Exports, 1909-UO, were estimated by subtracting shipments to Puerto

Rico from total tax-free withdrawals, for export. Shipments to the Virgin

Islands were not deducted from exports until 1935, in order to make them

consistent with the export data used in the supply and disposition tables

for the other fats and oils. Since I9U1, exports have been from Bureau

of the Census reports, which do not include shipments to Alaska, Hawaii,

Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands.

Estimates of margarine shipments to U« S. Territories began in I923.

Reported statistics on shipments before I923 were not classified in

sufficient detail to afford a basis for estimates of margarine. Shipments to Alaska in 1923-39 vere estimated at 50 percent of "other animal

fats and oils, edible". Shipments of margarine to Alaska were separately

reported in I9U0. In I9Í+I-U7, all edible animal fats and oils shipped to

Alaska were reported in one group and margarine shipments were estimated

at 10 percent of this total group. Shipments to Hawaii in I923-36 were

estimated at 93 percent of "other animal fats and oils, edible," shipped

to this Territory. From 1937 to March I9U8 margarine was reported

separately. Shipments to Alaska and Hawaii have not been reported since

March I9U8. Shipments to Puerto Rico were estimated at 95 percent of

"other animal fats and oils, edible" shipped in 1923-27; for subsequent

years, 1928-52, these shipments were separately reported. Official

statistics on exports before 1935 included shipments to the Virgin Islands.

After 1935 (except for 1937-39), margarine shipped to the Virgin Islands

was included with shipments rather than exports and was reported separately.

In 1937-39> 100 percent of the miscellaneous group of fats shipped to the

Virgin Islands was considered to be margarine.

Shortening.- Statistics on shortening have been reported under differing titles as: Lard substitutes, lard com;^ounds and other lard substitutes, lard substitutes and cooking fats, vegetable oil-lard compounds,

shortening other than lard, and hydrogenated shortening. The varying

nomenclature reflects somewhat the development of the shortening industry.

After the introduction of the steam-rendering process in the middle of

the 19th century, whole carcasses, except for the hams, were rendered for

lard in the western part of the United States because long-distance

transportation costs were too high for all but the choicest cured meats.

As this "whole hog lard" was softer than kettle-rendered lard from

intestinal fats to which consumers were accustomed, it was stiffened by

the addition of a hard fat, usually lard stearin. This practice led to

the gradual emergence of the lard-substitute indiistry.
- Ih -

After the growth of the margarine industry in the latter part of

the 19th century, large supplies of oleostearine, a byproduct in the

manufacture of oleo oil for use in production of margarine, were available and were used to stiffen steam-rendered lard. Following the rapid

development of the cottonseed-oil industry during the same period, substantial quantities of this oil were used with oleostearine and lard in

the manufacture of so-called lard compounds. Later, compounds were made

from mixtures of stéarine or edible tallow and cottonseed or other

vegetable oils, with or without lard.

The shortening industry gradually shifted after I909 from production of lard compoimds to production of vegetable shortenings, as a

result of the introduction of the hydrogénation process into the United

States in that year.ól/ It was possible, with this process, to produce

shortening entirely from vegetable oils and the trend has since been in

that direction. At first, vegetable shortening was mostly made of

hydrogenated cottonseed oil but since the early 1930's soybean oil has

become increasingly important in shortening manufacture and in I9I+U

it became the principal vegetable oil used in shortening.

Table 7I contains data on the supply and distribution of shortening

starting with I912. Adequate data on production are not available for

earlier years. Shortening production has been reported since 1922 by the

Bureau of the Census.62/ Before 1922, production was not reported regularly. The Fats and Oils Division of the U. S. Food Administration 63/

compiled shortening-production data for 1912, 191^^ and I916-I8, from a

survey made during I917 and I918. Production for I913 and I915 was

estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics on the basis of the

trend in the reported years. Production for 1919 vas estimated on the

basis of the total value of all shortening production reported in the

Census of Manufactures and the average value per pound of shortening

produced by the meat-packing industry.61/ The I920 production was estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics from U. S. Tariff Commission estimates for 1920 and I921 6h/ and the I921 Census of

Manufactures.65/

Shipments of shortening for 1912-22 represent reported quantities

of lard compound shipped to Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Shipments in I923-27

represent reported shipments of lard compound to Alaska, Hawaii, and

Puerto Rico, plus estimated shipments of vegetable shortening which was

not reported separately. These estimated shipments are 50 percent of

reported "other vegetable fats and oils, edible" shipped to Alaska,

85 percent of this group shipped to Hawaii, and 80 percent of this group

61/ See Weber, G. M., and Alsberg, C. L. The American Vegetable

Shortening Industry, Its Origin and Development. Leland Stanford Junior

Univ. Food Research Inst. Fats and Oils Studies 5, 359 pp. 1934.

62/ See footnote 59, p. 72.

53/ See footnote 56, p. 7I.

^/ See footnote 57, p. 72.

ÏÏ5/ See footnote 3!+, p. Ù5.
- 75 -

shipped to Puerto Rico. For 1928-32, shipments include reported quantities of lard compound and vegetable oil-lard compound shipped to Hawaii

and Puerto Rico, plus reported quantities of lard compound and 50 percent

of "other vegetable fats and oils, edible" shipped to Alaska. Shipments

in 1933 and I93Í+ represent ^reported quantities of lard compound and vegetable oil-lard compound shipped to Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. To

these were added, in 1935-I+O, reported data on shipments of vegetable

oil-lard compound to the Virgin Islands. Before 1935, shipments to the

Virgin Islands were reported with exports to foreign countries. For

I9UI-I+7, total estimated shipments comprise reported shipments to Hawaii,

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; 75 percent of reported total vegetable fats and oils, edible, shipped to Alaska; and quantities shipped

in 19U2-U5 by the U. S. Department of Agriculture to Puerto Rico and the

Virgin Islands under special wartime programs. Shipments in I9U8 were

reported for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and estimated for Alaska

and Hawaii by BAE on the basis of data for earlier years. Beginning in

1949 shipments refer only to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

Other Edible Fats and Oils.- This category includes principally

cottonseed, peanut, soybean, corn, edible olive oils, and oleo oil, oleo

stock, oleostearine, and edible tallow. These are generally described

as "edible oils" and are used in the manufacture of salad and cooking

oils, mayonnaise, and salad dressings, in canning fish and soup, and in

processing potato chips and salted nuts. Production, factory and warehouse stocks, and use of these fats and oils in nonfood products have

been reported by the Bureau of the Census since 1930. From these data

and from information on foreign trade, domestic food disappearance was

calculated.

Some of the so-called inedible oils - for example, coconut, babassu,

palm-kernel, and palm oils - have some food uses. For example, coconut

oil is used by the confectionery and baking industries. The quantities

of such oils used for food each year were estimated from data on factory

consumption plus some allowances for other uses.

Beginning with 1931^ the Bureau of the Census has reported factory

consumption of fats and oils according to end products.66/ This gives

a firm basis for the computation of disappearance in "other edible" uses.

For the years before 1931^ considerable estimating was necessary both

in the basic source material and by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

Annual use of oils and fats in soap in 1922-30 was estimated by the U. S.

Tariff Commission.67/ Annual use of soybean oil in paints, varnishes,

linoleum, and other drying-oil products, 1922-30, was estimated by BAE

as 25 percent of total domestic disappearance of soybean oil. Other

basic data were firmer. The Bureau of Internal Revenue published monthly

data on use of fats and oils in margarine for the period 1922 through

June 1950.68/

GGl See footnote 59^ P* 72.

57/ See footnote 57^ P* 72.

5H/ See footnote 52, p. 69.
- 76 -

Because substantial quantities of these fats and oils are used in

the manufacture of shortening and margarine, which are reported separately

in this bulletin, these quantities were deducted in deriving estimates

of the domestic disappearance of other edible fats and oils.

Fruits and Kuts 69/

Statistics on production of fruit cover I9 important kinds of fruits

and berries and h kinds of tree nuts grown commercially in this country.

Statistics on production in some States began as early as I889 for apples;

1899 for peaches; I9OO for cranberries; I909 for cherries, pears, grapes,

apricots, plums and prunes, figs, olives, grapefruit, oranges, lemons,

walnuts, and almonds; I918 for strawberries; I919 for dates, limes, and

pecans; I92I+ for avocados and pineapples; and I927 for filberts.

The published statistics represent total production of these fruits,

berries, and tree nuts in all the important commercial producing States,

with the exceptions of apples, cherries, plums, and strawberries, for

which estimates are limited to the commercial crop. To arrive at total

consTonrption of these items, allowance was made for production in States

not included in the reported commercial crop, using Census of Agriculture

data. Statistics on total production of apples were available from I889

through 1938, and -for the commercial crop alone they have been available

since 193^; commercial apple production accounted for about four-fifths

of our total production of apples in 19U9, according to the Census of

Agriculture. In several States where production of some of these fruits

is somewhat minor, and for other minor fruits in any State, no estimates

of production are made. Although strawberries and cranberries are

covered by production statistics, other berries and small fruits - raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, elderberries, loganberries, boysenberries, youngberries, gooseberries, and currants - are not covered.

Production in backyards and vacant lots of cities and towns is not

covered.

Despite these limitations, statistics on fruit production in the

United States cover nearly all the important domestic tonnage. This is

more true for the last two decades and generally so for thé 1920's. But

production data were less complete, both as to items and States

included, for earlier years. Hence, production data for I909-I8 are not

strictly comparable with similar data for following decades. However,

for total production of fruit and even for the principal individual

items, they are useful for indicating general trends and levels. They

are less reliable for making comparisons between individual items in

any one year or for the same item between 2 consecutive years. Production of fruits, berries, and tree nuts has changed over the years with

respect to kinds, varieties, quality, areas of production, and quantity.

Thus comparability diminishes somewhat with the passage of time.

69/ Prepared by Ben H. Pubols, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
- 77 -

The principal source of statistics on production of fruits and tree

nuts is the Crop Reporting Board of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

Separate estimates are made for each State for important fruits and tree nuts

grown there. State totals include total production on farms for all

counties, except for apples and strawberries. Over the years, States

have been dropped in the case of some fruits, as production declined to

an insignificant percentage of the national total, and other States have

been added as production increased. Hence, if production of fruit in

some States was small, no estimates were made. But such omissions are

not important in relation to the United States totals, which are the summations of the separate estimates of the State totals.

In preparing estimates of production of fruit, indications of the

size of the current year's crop in relation to the previous season and

in relation to normal are obtained by sending mail schedules about the

first of each month during the growing season - beginning with May for

deciduous fruits and October for citrus - to a list of informed farmers

and country dealers who are well distributed. These sample data are

supplemented by information obtained by the crop statistician in each

State through personal contact with informed individuals and actual

observations of the prospective crops in the orchards or vineyards.

Records of shipments by railroads and trucking concerns, quantities

inspected by State or Federal inspection services, reports of processors

as to quantities canned, dried, manufactured into wine, juice, and cider,

have been used extensively as checks on production and utilization of

fruit crops. At the season's end, comprehensive mail surveys of crop

utilization have given other valuable indications of production and

utilization.

At 5-year intervals the enumeration of the Census of Agriculture

has given a relatively complete coverage of number of trees and vines,

and production for 1 year in 5* These census figures served as benchmarks for adjusting estimates of the Crop Reporting Board and for making

estimates in succeeding years, especially for several minor fruit States

where comprehensive checks on shipments and processor utilization were

not available.

Fresh Use.- The quantities of fruit used in the farm household

where grown and the quantities s'old have been determined by the Crop

Reporting Board from reports received from growers. Fruit sold for fresh

use and that sold for processing have been determined principally from

reports on rail, boat, and truck shipments, reports from processors, and

inspection reports. Reports of certain fruit associations also were

used. Such utilization figures have ordinarily been prepared and published at the close of each fruit season.

Estimates relating to the utilization of fruit within the farm

household and to that sold for fresh use and for processing - canned,

dried, frozen - were available for most fruits beginning with I909 in

reports of the Crop Reporting Board. Statistics on utilization as far

back as I909 were fairly complete for California, where most processing

of fruit in this country is done. Estimates for fruit utilized in
. 78 .

various ways were prepared for other States whenever considerable quantities were used other than in fresh form. All pineapple produced in the

United States was considered as used fresh and all dates and olives as

processed. Utilization data were not available for strawberries, although

substantial quantities are frozen and some are canned. In some States

all production of some fruits was considered as used fresh. In those

cases where separate utilization data were not available, but data were

available on packs of processed fruit, such pack data were converted to

a fresh-fruit-equivalent basis and then deducted from total production

in order to arrive at a figure for the quantity used fresh.

Quantities of fruit used in households of farms where grown were

considered as used fresh and were added to the quantities sold for fresh

use, to obtain the total quantities from domestic production that were

for fresh use.

Preserves, jams, jellies, fruit butters, and marmalades constitute

a group of fruit spreads, the manufacture of which draws upon fruit

material from various sources. Some material comes directly from commercial fresh fruit and some from the commercial packs of frozen and

canned fruits. Such material is included among the consumption figures

relating to fresh, canned, and frozen fruit. But some probably comes

from unreported production of fruit. Hence such fruit material is not

included in the reported consumption of fruit. But the latter may comprise a minor part of the total fruit material made into fruit spreads.

In recent years, commercial production of fruit spreads has been about

3.5 to Í+ pounds per capita. Consumption probably has been about the

same. Fruit material comprised about a third to half of the fruit

spread. The rest consisted of sugar and other ingredients.

Statistics on cold-storage stocks of fresh apples and pears are

obtained as of the first of each month by the Production and Marketing

Administration of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. For this purpose data are collected from public, private, and semiprivate warehouses

and''from apple houses. The series for apples begins January 1, I915,

and the series for pears begins July 1, I923.

Quantities of fruit imported from foreign countries or shipped

into the United States from Territories were added to domestic supplies

in order to obtain figures on total supplies (table 7ii). Bananas

constituted the largest volume of fruit imported for fresh use and were

the only important fruit entirely of foreign origin for which supply

and distribution figures were calculated. Other fresh fruits imported

for fresh use comprised only small percentages of total supplies of

the individual fruits. Among imports of processed fruits, those of

canned pineapple, pineapple juice, olives, and dried figs and dates

were most important. Because inshipments from Hawaii and Alaska have

not been reported since March I9W, it was necessary to estimate the

quantities of canned pineapple and pineapple juice for 191^8 to date.

Estimates were based on trade data showing the proportion of Hawaiian

packs shipped to the mainland in recent years.
- 79 -

Data on foreign trade were principally from the Department of Commerce and data on quantities used or handled by the military were based

on reports from the military services. Shipments to Hawaii and Alaska

since March 19^8 were approximated on the basis of the rates of the

years before I9Í+8. Adjustments in military and foreign trade data were

made for some World War II and early postwar years to allow for transfers

from military stocks to UIÍRRA and for other quantities used by the Army

for civilian feeding in occupied areas.

Statistics relating to the supply and distribution of tree nuts

were handled similarly to the handling of those for fruits generally.

Statistics were available beginning I909 on imports of the four domestic

tree nuts - almonds, walnuts, pecans, filberts - and on other tree nuts -

Brazil, cashews, pignolias, pistache, chestnuts, and miscellaneous tree

nuts. In recent years total imports have comprised about two-fifths of

total supplies. Data on exports, which constitute only a small percentage of domestic production, were available beginning with 1922. All

trade data were on a fiscal-year basis, and came from the Department of

Commerce. No data were available on stocks. Despite these limitations,

the figures on supply and distribution, including consumption, provide

a fairly useful series beginning 1909- With the inclusion of export

data beginning 1922, the series are more complete and are generally

satisfactory. But the figures for I909-21 are not fully comparable

with the later figures.

Statistics on domestic production of tree nuts are on an unshelled

basis, while figures on imports are reported partly on an unshelled said

partly on a shelled basis. Data on consumption were computed on a

shelled-weight basis. To arrive at the shelied-weight or kernel yield

of tree nuts reported in the shell, these percentages were used:

Almonds, domestic, k^ percent 1909-^9 and 50 percent beginning 1950;

imports, 50 percent. Filberts, domestic, U5 percent I909-U9 and kO

percent beginning 1950; imports, k^ percent• Pecans, domestic, improved

varieties, kO percent; seedlings, 36 percent; imports, 36 percent.

Walnuts, domestic, 39 percent; imports ¡+2 percent. Chestnuts, Qk percent. Pignolias, 77 percent. Brazil and pistache nuts, 50 percent.

Cashews, 22 percent. Miscellaneous other nuts, iiO percent.

Statistics on civilian disappearance or consumption of fruits,

berries, and tree nuts, were calculated as residuals after all other

distribution outlets of total supplies were taken into account.

Such residual figures contain whatever errors there may be in the

supply and other distribution figures. Errors probably are largest

for series on individual items of fresh and processed fruits and least

for series for the various groups. Series on individual items and

groups undoubtedly are less trustworthy for showing year-to-year

changes than for showing levels for different periods of time and

trends over several decades. For the latter uses, they probably are

generally satisfactory.

Processed.- Statistics on dried fruits cover apples, apricots,

dates, figs, peaches, pears, prunes, and raisins. Statistical series

on production begin with I909 for all these fruits except dates, for
- 80 -

which they begin with I916. Such statistics were obtained mainly from

the estimates of the Crop Reporting Board, Dried Fruit Association of

California, Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, and the

trade publication, Western Canner and Packer.70/

For purposes of calculating supply and distribution figures, the

production figures, which are reported on a natural-condition basis,

were converted to a processed-weight basis to allow for losses in

cleaning, adjustments for moisture standardization, and the like. Statistics and calculations on foreign trade, stocks, and apparent consumption also were carried through on a processed-weight basis.

Data on packers» stocks of dried fruits at the end of season,

1920-Ul, were from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics.

For I9Í+2-I15 data on stocks of both packers and wholesale distributors

were from the Department of Commerce. Beginning with 19^6, only data

on packers» stocks,compiled by the Production and Marketing Administration, have been available. No adjustments were made for unavailable

data on stocks. In prewar years distributors' stocks probably did not

change very much from year to year. To the extent that this was so,

the calculated figures on consumption show fairly accurately levels and

trends in consumption of both individual dried fruits and total dried

fruits. Since 19^6, changes in distributors' stocks may have had a

greater bearing on actual consumption.

Statistics on frozen fruits deal with apples and applesauce, apricots, red sour cherries, sweet cherries, grapes, peaches, pineapples,

plums and prunes, fruit juices, miscellaneous fruits, strawberries,

blackberries, raspberries, blueberries, loganberries, elderberries,

boysenberries, youngberries, gooseberries, and currants. Figures on

pineapple include production in Hawaii, for which separate data are not

available• Such production is still relatively small. Statistics have

been available for the commeicial pack only. That is to say, data

were not available on the quantities frozen by such industrial users

as hotels, bakeries, and confectioners, and hence such quantities were

not included. Fruits and berries frozen in the homes or in community

frozen-food locker plants also were not included. But practically all

of the fruit frozen by industrial users and some of that frozen by homemakers was counted with the quantities used "fresh." Although statistics

on total commercial pack were available beginning with 1925> data on

individual items began first with 1937^ the year of rapid expansion in

the pack. Beginning with 1937^ the data have been fairly complete and

constitute generally comparable series.

Statistics on packs of frozen fruits for prewar years were taJien

from Western Canner and Packer.70/ Those for war years were based

primarily upon data and reports of the Department of Commerce, Department

70/ Western Canner and Packer. Monthly. San Francisco.
- 81 -

of Agriculture, National Association of Frozen Food Packers, and Office

of Price Administration. Statistics on frozen fruits and fruit juices

for postwar years were from reports of the National Association of Frozen

Food Packers, Florida Canners» Association, and surveys by the Production and Marketing Administration for California-Arizona production.

Quantities of frozen fruits, fruit juices, and berries held in commercial cold-storage warehouses have been reported, as of the end of

each month, by the Production and Marketing Administration. Statistics

on total stocks at the end of each year were available beginning with

1924. But beginning with I937, data on stocks were available for the

important individual items as well as the total.

Statistics on canned fruits cover apples and applesauce, apricots,

cranberries and cranberry sauce, otheV berries, cherries, olives, peaches,

pears, pineapple, plums and prunes, fruit cocktail and fruit for salad,

figs, and citrus segments. Pack data for most of these items started

with 1909; but those for cranberries started with I919, those for citrus

segments in I921, and those for fruit cocktail and salad in I923. Data

on pineapple shipments from Territories started with I910 and data on

imports began in I923.

Pack statistics for the early years, 1909-22, for some canned fruits

and up to I932 for others, were obtained from various sources or were

derived in various ways. Such early sources included the Census of Manufactures, Western Canner and Packer 71/, and estimates by the Giannini

Foundation of Agricultural Economics.72/ Among the derived pack figures,

those for apricots for 1909-20, for example, were calciilated by converting the quantities of fresh apricots that were reported by the Crop

Reporting Board as used for canning to a net canned-weight basis. Pack

figiures for later years through I9ÍI were obtained almost entirely from

the National Canners Association. For the war years, I942-U5, estimates

of the packs were made in a manner similar to that for frozen fruit;

that is, they were based upon the reports of Government and private

agencies. Thereafter pack statistics were from the National Canners

Association. Although derived in various ways, the figures on packs of

canned fruits for I909-28 do give a general view of the composition and

size of the pack. Figures beginning in I929 are believed to be fairly

complete, accurate, and comparable.

Data relating to receipts of canned pineapple from Hawaii, which

constitute the principal off-shore supplement to the domestic pack,

were those from the Department of Commerce until March 19i^8, when they

were discontinued. Since then, receipts have been estimated upon the

basis of the size of the Ha»iaiian pack. Export data on canned fruits

came from the Department of Commerce. Beginning January 1, 1922, such

71/ See footnote 70, p. 80.

f Shear, S. W. Deciduous Fruit Statistics. January 1939 - January

Giannini Found. Agr. Econ. Mimeogr. Kept. ^^, 69, 76, 79.
- 82 -

data were available for peaches, cherries, pears, plums and prunes, and

pineapples. Similar data for apricots began with 1923, apples and applesauce with I92I1, fruit cocktail with I929, and grapefruit with 1931.

Statistics on stocks of canned fruits were not available for 1909-20,

Figures on packers» stocks at the end of the season were available for

peaches and apricots, 1921-33, and pears, 1922-33, from Deciduous Fruit

Statistics of the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics.73/

Similar data for cherries, 1930-33, were available from Western Canner

and Packer. Data on season-end stocks of canned fruits held by packers

and wholesale distributors, including chain-store warehouses, 193'+-^6,

were available for all canned fruits, except olives, coming from the

Department of Commerce. Such data also were available for the same

fruits for January 1, I9U3-U7. Beginning 19^8, data on packers' stocks

of the most important fruits are reported by National Canners Association, and wholesalers• stocks similarly by the Department of Commerce.

The deficiencies in data regarding stocks for both the early and the

more recent years limit somewhat the comparability of related supply-anddistribution figures for the several periods (table 75)*

Canned fruit juice statistics begin as early as 1909» Fruit juices

now covered include grape, pineapple, apple, prune, fruit nectars, grapefruit, orange, tangerine, lemon and lime, blended orange and grapefruit

juice, citrus concentrate, and other fruit and berry juices. Grape

juice was the principal fruit juice packed during I909-28. For these

years estimates of the pack were based upon shipments of grapes to grapejuice plants in the producing areas in New York. For I929-UI, pack

statistics were from the Census of Manufactures, ajid beginning with 19i^2

they were from Western Canner and Packer.

Concerning other canned-fruit juices, pack statistics began with

1928 for grapefruit juice, I929 for orange juice, I934 for lemon and

lime juice, prune juice, and fruit nectars, I935 for blended orange-andgrarpefruit juice, 1939 for apple juice, I9J+0 for citrus concentrate, and

I9I+5 for tangerine and other fruit and berry juices. Statistics on

shipments of canned pineapple juice from Territories to the United States

began with 1933•

Data on packs of apple juice were from the National Canners Association; those for other deciduous fruit juices were taken from Western

Canner and Packer; and those for citrus juices were from reports of the

Florida Canners» Association, Texas Canners Association, and the Production and Marketing Administration.Jlj^ Data on receipts of pineapple juice

from Hawaii were from the Department of Commerce. With the discontinuance of such data March 19^8, receipts have been estimated, based upon

the size of the Hawaiian pack.

73/ See footnote 72, p. 8I.

W U. S. Production and Marketing Administration. Fruit and Vegetable

Branch, Canned Citrus Fruit Segments and Juices: Annual Pack and^

Disposition Data, I928-29 to igk'^-kQ. I9 pp. (Processed.)
- 83 -

Data on stocks of most canned noncitrus fruit juices held by packers

and wholesale distributors January 1, I9l^2-U7, were from the Department

of Commerce. For earlier years, beginning 193I+ for grape juice, such

stock figures for these noncitrxis juices were estimated upon the basis

of the 19I12-U6 average percentage relationship between stocks on January 1

and production of the preceding year. Since late I9I17 data have not been

available on stocks of these fruit juices, and no estimates have been

made to cover probable stocks. For canned orange, grapefruit, and

blended orange-and-grapefruit juice, data on stocks held by packers for

years before I93I+ were from Canned Citrus Fruit Segments and Juices

issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.75/ Data on stocks of

these three juices held by both packers and wholesale distributors,

1931^.1^6, were from the Department of Commerce. Beginning with I9U7, data

on packers» stocks were from the Production and Marketing Administration

and the Florida Canners Association, and those on distributors« stocks

were from the Department of Commerce. Figures on stocks of canned lemon

and lime juice for years before I9Í4.2 were estimated in the same way as

those for noncitrus juices. For 19ÍÍ.2-U6, data on packers» and wholesale

distributors» stocks were from the Department of Commerce. Beginning

with 19^7^ only data on packers» stocks of lemon and lime juice were

available; they have been obtained from the citrus industry throiigh surveys conducted by PMA. Data on stocks of citrus concentrate were not

available, and no estimates were made.

Statistics on packs of canned-fruit juices, I909-28, were rough

approximations of the probable actual size of pack, because of the

indirect method of estimation. Pack statistics for I929-UI were somewhat

better but they involved some uncertainties because it was not always

known whether the reported statistics were in terms of standard cases of

2I+ No. 2 cans or in actual cases. Pack statistics beginning with I9U2

are believed to be fairly complete, accurate, and satisfactory; these

were years of rapid expansion in pack of canned citrus juices. The pack

figures, as established beginning 1909^ on the whole do give a good idea

of composition and trends. Data on stocks were most complete and satisfactory for the years I9U2-U6, But even with the deficiencies of earlier

and later years, the figures on total supplies and distribution, including consumption, give a fairly useful measure of supplies and distribution

over the years (table 76).

Vegetables 76/

Fresh Vegetables.- t'resh vegetables are grown commercially both in

areas shipping to distant markets and in local market gardens for sale

in the fresh form. They are also grown in farm and nonfarm gardens for

home use. Commercial production for fresh market formerly included

principally those crops grown for shipment to more-or-less distant markets. Most of the important growing areas near the large cities that consume much of the produce are now also covered in the official estimates.

75/ Ibid.

76/ Prepared by Herbert W. Mumford, Jr., Bureau of Agricultural

Economics.
- Qk .

In order to obtain total commercial production of vegetables for

fresh sale, it was necessary to add to the regularly reported data for

individual crops, estimates of unreported output, that is, of major

vegetable crops in areas not covered and of minor crops m all areas.

For 1909 through I918, staff members of the Department have developed

judgment approximations of aggregate annual fresh-market production of

vegetables, taking into account such indications as were available

from the 19IO Census, average annual pasture condition as an indication

of weather, and the trend in total production of fresh-market vegetables

after I918. Although no claim is made as to the precision of the total

estimates for individual crops either as to level or year-to-year

change, it is felt that these approximations in the aggregate are reasonable indications of the general level of fresh vegetable supplies

from commercial production and of trend in this early period.

More reliance can be placed on the data from 1919 forward. Official

estimates of commercial production of vegetables for the fresh market

for 1918-38, inclusive, as published by the Crop Reporting Board, BAE,

covered primarily production in we11-recognized commercial areas producing mainly for shipment to distant markets. For 1939-52, the revised

official estimates are more inclusive, covering all fresh-market production on acreage grown primarily for sale of all major vegetables and

melon crops, complete for the States and the crops reported,whether for

distant markets or for local sale. Production of major vegetable crops

for fresh market in relatively unimportant producing States and production of minor vegetable crops in all States are not covered by the 1939-52

series of estimates. Production for home use from farm and nonfarm gardens is not included in the commercial (for sale) production estimates

for either I918-38 or 1939-52.

For 1919-38, estimates have been developed to cover the unreported

production in all three categories: (1) Local market (market-garden)

production of major vegetables, (2) production of major vegetables in

the relatively unimportant producing States, and (3) production of minor

vegetables in all States. For 1939-52, estimates of unreported production were required only for items (2) and (3) since the published estimates covered, for the crops and States reported, all local-market

production as well as production for shipment to distant markets.

In the development of estimates of unreported production, consideration was given to acreages of all vegetables grown for sale as reported

by the census for 1919^ 192^^^ 1929, 193^, 1939> 19^^, and I9U9. Adjustments of acreage were made, based largely on the degree of coverage by

the census compared with the published estimates for the crops and

States covered in the regular program of reports. Yields on the \mreported acreages were based partly on yields on acreages regularly reported and

partly on data obtained from special surveys of selected northeastern

and midwestern local-market vegetable areas, made with funds provided

under the Agricultural Marketing Act of I9U6 (RMA, Title II). Acreages

and yields were interpolated for the intercensal years and annual

national estimates of unreported production were computed from these

acreages and yields. These estimates of unreported production (as well
. 85 -

as estimates of greenhouse production) were added to the official estimates of production, to give total commercial fresh-market production.

Estimates of total commercial production of vegetables for fresh

market for I919-52 include allowances for greenhouse production of vegetables for fresh sale.

Whereas the official Crop Reporting Board estimates of acreage,

yield, and production of major vegetables and melon crops grown conmiercially for fresh market are published monthly, with appropriate seasonal

breakdowns, the estimates of total production of commercial vegetables

for fresh market are available only in the form of national totals on

an annual basis.

Although the estimates of unreported production, I918-52, are necessarily rough approximations, a large part of the estimated total production of fresh-market vegetables is covered by the regular official

estimates. Furthermore, the proportion covered by the official estimates

increased steadily during the 35 years. In I9I9 official estimates were

made for I6 vegetable crops for fresh market which accounted for only 50

percent of the estimated total production. By I929 the number of crops

regularly estimated had increased to 25 and the percentage of total production covered had risen to 69 percent. In I939 with 27 crops estimated,

and with the estimates revised to include all local-market production,

the official estimates account for 77 percent of the total production.

By 19^+9 the official estimates covered 28 crops and 82 percent of the

total production for fresh-market sale. Production of minor vegetables,

not covered in the regular program of reports, is of relatively minor

importance, ranging from 10 percent of the total in I919 to 13 percent

in 19^9« Additional crops and additional States will be added to the

regular program of official estimates, if and when development of the

vegetable industry brings such crops and States into sufficient prominence,

Information for official estimates of commercial production of fresh

vegetables is obtained principally from two sources: (1) Some 15,000

schedules are mailed each month during the growing season to correspondents who report progress of their own crops, harvested acreages, and

yields per acre. These correspondents also give their opinions of conditions in their localities. (2) Information obtained by statisticians

from State field offices of the Crop Reporting Service who travel

through producing areas, making personal observations and interviewing

"key*' men acquainted with conditions in their localities. These *'key"

men are principally well-informed growers and shippers who grow

vegetables for a livelihood and so are interested in having reliable

data as to the industry throughout the country. Other "key" men

include local bankers who help finance growing operations, managers of

local cooperatives or shipping associations, county agents. United

States Department of Agriculture market news reporters, railroad station and agricultural agents, and State marketing officials. From

information obtained through interviews with these men, the representatives assemble information for each area on acreage at planting time,

on the progress of the crop during the growing season, and on yield per
. 86 -

acre and production at harvest time. Data obtained from these two

sources are built up into State and national totals which are subsequently

checked in various ways: Viith carlot rail-shipment data; with truck

unloads in I9 large cities (the number of cities varies from year to

year), with auction receipts and assessors» data in some States; and in

some instances, with sales of fertilizer and seed. A few States, including Arizona, Florida, and California - all three inrportant vegetablegrowing States - maintain virtually complete records of the quantities

of important vegetables shipped out of State by motortruck.

In developing estimates of per capita consumption of certain fresh

vegetables, a deduction has been made from the reported commercial production to cover the farm-weight equivalent of vegetables canned, frozen,

or dehydrated, for which no separate official estimate of production for

commercial processing is made. Production not harvested because of

economic conditions also has been deducted. (See table 79.)

The farm-garden output of vegetables for farm-home consumption was

formerly included with coi^imercial production in the supply and distribution estimates. Because the information available for use in estimating

the output of farm gardens is so much less satisfactory, the rough

approximations of per capita consumption of vegetables from this source

are now included with supplies from nonfarm gardens, as described in

chapter 3 and given in table 36.

The only items for which statistics on stocks of fresh vegetables

were used in developing estimates of annioal domestic consumption were

cabbage, onions, potatoes, sweetpotatoes, dry beans, and peas. Periodic

reports for cabbage, onions, and potatoes - prepared during the year by

the Crop Reporting Board - show the combined stocks on farms and in

commercial storage in producing areas. Similar reports formerly were

made for dry beans and peas. Farm stocks are based on sample reports

frpm individual growers. Stocks in commercial storage represent complete

enumerations in a few States; in most States they are estimations based

on returns from a very large sample of commercial storage concerns.

Little or no data are available on stocks in retail channels or in

nonproducing States.

Estimates of stocks held on January 1 were developed individually

for all except dry peas. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics has

published official estimates of January 1 stocks of dry onions beginning

in 1918, and of cabbage beginning in 1922. The per capita consumption

series for individual fresh vegetables began in I918. Stocks of

cabbage'were ignored for the period I918 through I921. Beginning

January 1, 1953^ January 1 stocks of cabbage are reported for New York

State only.

The data on foreign trade, derived from official reports of the

Bureau of the Census, include shipments from Puerto Rico beginning

in 1938. Shipments to the Territories are included throughout the

period except for those to Hawaii and Alaska since March I9I+8 when

reporting ceased.
- 87 -

Estimates of purchases of fresh vegetables by our Armed Forces in

191^-1 and I9U2 were based on Navy issues per man per day in this country.

Beginning with 1943 they were based on reported procurement by üiarket

centers and some supplementary information on local purchases.

Potatoes^ Sweetpotatoes^ Dry Beans^ and Peas.- Throughout the entire

period production of potatoes, sweetpotatoes, dry beans and peas has

been estimated officially by the Crop Reporting Board from data on harvested acreages and yields per acre. These estimates were checked with

acreages and yields enumerated every 5 years in the Census of Agriculture. The intercensal estimates were based primarily on mailed inquiries

returned by the voluntary crop reporters of the Crop Reporting Board

and the returns from about 200,000 farmers who report on the rural mailcarrier surveys made in cooperation with the Post Office Department.

These sample survey data were collected and analyzed by State statisticians. In some States the annual estimates are checked against data

from annual enumerations by assessors. Reports from inspectors, warehousemen, and trade handlers such as cleaners, dealers, and processors,

and carlot-shipment records and recorded truck movement provide a further

check on production estimates for some States. Estimates have been

revised every 5 years in line with data from the Census of Agricultiire.

Nonfarm production was not included in total production as it is believed

to be relatively unimportant, but estimates of per capita consumption

of vegetables from nonfarm sources are given in table 35»

Reports on farm disposition - that is, quantities used in the farm

household, quantities fed to livestock and lost through shrinkage and

waste, quantities used for seed, and quantities sold - have been made

annually. These are based primarily on returns from mailed inquiries

regarding individual farm reports on disposition. In these inquiries

farmers are asked to report the quantity produced, the quantities sold,

and the quantities used on the farm for each item of disposition. Wherever possible, sales have been checked against reports of processors, or

by records of handlings, such as shipments by truck, railroads, and

steamships.

The supply and distribution data for dry edible beans incorporate

without distinction the use of beans in canned form, baked, or in

soups, as part of the total consumption. Nonfood use shown is as

reported by the Crop Reporting Board.

For white potatoes, stocks at the beginning of the calendar year,

shown in table 81+ were estimated so as to include: (1) Merchantable

potatoes left in the hands of local dealers in the producing area on

January 1 that would be marketed for all purposes; (2) the quantity of

potatoes saved and u^ed for seed on farms where produced, and (3) ^0

percent of the potatoes estimated as consixmed for food on farms where

produced. Merchantable potato stocks from I929 to date were published

estimates of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.77/ Stocks for

77/ Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Merchantable Potato Stocks

with Comparisons. Issued Jan. Feb. Mar. (Processed.)
. 88 .

earlier years were backward projections by staff members of EAE, based

upon the relationship between January 1 stocks of potatoes and the size

of the crop in important surplus late States in years reported.

January 1 stocks of sweetpotatoes are not officially estimated by

the Department. For these tables they were computed by subtracting

monthly sales prior to January 1 from the total quantity sold m the

crop year by States; they represent estimated stocks held by growers.

Estimates of monthly sales by States have been made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture beginning with the 1908 crop. Sales by months in

1908-17 were presumed to have followed the average pattern shown m the

years immediately following 1918. This pattern was used in estimating

monthly sales for these earlier years.

For I9U2 through 19i^6, stocks of dry edible beans on January 1

were approximations based upon the Bureau«s published estimates of

September 1 stocks 78/, with the addition of estimated sales in the preceding January through August, plus the homegrown seed saved out of the

previous yearns crop on farms where produced, plus an assumed percentage

of the quantity consumed out of the previous yearns crop on farms where

produced. Since I9I+6, no official estimate of September 1 stocks has

been made, but rough approximations were made by BAE after consultation

with the Grain Branch of PMA. From 1922-iH, the September 1 stock

figures were developed from limited data supplied by trade sources. In

the years before 1922 the September 1 stocks were ignored; therefore,

in effect, they were assimed to remain constant. Estimates of monthly

sales by States have been made by the Department beginning with the 1919

crop.

Stocks of dry peas were computed for January 1 in a way similar to

that used with dry beans for recent years. When these rough approximations were combined with other items of supply and distribution, the

results were so unsatisfactory that supply and distribution on a cropyear basis has been used for dry peas.

Processed Vegetables.- Estimates of the supply of canned vegetables

were based on pack data for most items. Before 1919^ pack data for most

vegetables were available for I909 and I91U from the Census of Manufactures. Data regarding the total pack for I9IO-I3 and I915-I8 were computed on the basis of the relation existing between the aggregate pack

of corn, green peas, and tomatoes (for which annual estimates have been

available since I909 from the National Canners Association) and the

total vegetable pack as reported in the census. Comparable interpolations were made for the noncensus years since 1919- In 19^2-^5 detailed

and complete reports on packs, shipments, and stocks were made each

month by all packers to the Department of Commerce under wartime control

programs. Since that time, packs of major vegetables have been estimated at least once each year by the National Canners Association.

78/ Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Stocks of Dry Beans and Dry

Peas, September 1. Annual. (Processed.)
- 89 -

Production of pickles and sauerkraut was estimated on the basis of

reports of the Crop Reporting Board on production of vegetables for processing.79/ In fact, such estimates are made for nine other vegetables,

but pack data were used whenever available. The 11 crops reported by

the Department of Agriculture 80/ account for 90 percent or more of the

total canned vegetable pack. All of 2,000 commercial processors (approximate) are circularized in the spring after they have made contracts

with growers for their crops. About 80 to 85 percent of the acreage of

vegetables for commercial processing is contracted for in advance. From

information supplied by the reporting processors, estimates of total

production for processing are prepared. Through the season, reports on

the progress of crops are made by the processors. After the harvest,

final reports are received on total tonnage canned, frozen, or otherwise

processed.

Official information on January 1 stocks of canned vegetables was

not available until I9Í+3 when holdings were reported at the end of each

month to the Department of Commerce and the Office of Price Administration. However, end-of-season stocks for most items held by commercial

canners have been estimated by the National Canners Association for I921

to date. Some information on stocks held by distributors (not including

retailers) was developed for 193^-^2 by the Department of Commerce.

After the termination of the wartime reporting system in the spring of

I9Í17, the Bureau of the Census of the Department of Commerce set up a

sample of wholesalers who have reported their holdings of five major

canned vegetable items in cases smaller than and larger than No. 10 cans.

Supplemental data were obtained for a total of ik vegetables from wholesalers in connection with projects of the Agricultural Marketing Act

(RMA, Title II) for January 1, I9I+8 and I9U9, including information

broken down into five groups of can sizes. Since 19^9 "the Bureau of the

Census has continued to collect data on distributors* stocks for ik

vegetables, but with the 2-can size break described above.

Information on commercial stocks and foreign trade was not available before I921 so the estimates of total consumption of canned vegetables were made on the basis of pack data only. For 1921-ii2 consumption was computed from, data on packers' stocks, foreign trade, and packs

on a pack-year basis. Since January 19^3^ availability of stocks at the

beginning and end of each calendar year has permitted the estimates to

be made on a calendar-year basis. The data on per capita consumption

of individual items derived on a pack-year basis have been prorated to

obtain estimates of calendar-year consumption rates for years before

1943 (table 18).

From 1937 through 19^^-3 data on frozen vegetable packs were obtained

from the Western Canner and Packer. Information for subsequent years

22/ U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics* Truck Crops for Conmercial

Processing. Monthly. (Processed.)

80/ Asparagus, lima beans, snap beans, beets, cabbage for kraut, sweet

corn, cucumbers for pickles, green peas, pimientos, spinach, and tomatoes-
. 90 -

was from data of the National Association of Frozen Food Packers. These

estimates were used in deriving the domestic consumption of frozen

vegetables. Stocks of frozen vegetables in commercial cold storage are

reported to the Department of Agriculture.

Consumption of baby foods and soups from 193^+ through 19^+5 is as

estimated by the Department of Commerce.81/ Before 193^. ^iata were^

based on annual packs as given by the Census of Manufactures, vith interpolations for intercensal years. Since 19^6, no national annual data

have been available for canned soups, but data on annual pack and ^

packers• stocks have been supplied for canned baby foods by the National

Canners Association.

Cereal Products 82/

The information on supply and distribution of cereal products was

developed from data on production, trade, and stocks of the grains, use

of grains in floiir and other products, and nonfood uses. Data in

appendix tables 88, 9O-9I+ are expressed in terms of grain equivalents,

but the data in tables 23 and 89 are in terms of the primary cereal products, such as flour and breakfast foods.

Statistics of production of the various grains are derived from estimates of acreage and yield per acre. Estimates of acreage are based on

benchmark data supplied by the agricultural censuses taken every 5 years

by the Bureau of the Census.

In intercensal years, indications of change in acreages are obtained from approximately 200,000 individual farmers through the cooperation of rural mail carriers. These are supplemented in each State by

returns to mailed inquiries and other indications of acreage or production, such as annual State assessors» enumerations, frontage measurements

by crop meter, carlot shipments, elevator and warehouse receipts, and

other checks on crops.

The census enumeration of acreage and production of individual crops

also furnishes benchmarks for yields to which current estimates are

adjusted when the census data become available. In intercensal years,

estimated yields per acre are based on reports from farmers on the average yield per acre in their localities and on reports of acreage and

production of principal crops on individual farms. During the growing

season, the yields are forecast from reported condition of the crop.

81/ U. S* Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

Fruit and Vegetable Canning Industries, 19l^.lt.-li5, u. S. Dept. Com.

Prod, and Wholesale Distr. Indus. Ser. I5, 26h pp. I9U5.

82/ Material on wheat, rye, rice, and buckwheat prepared by R. E.

Post; on corn, oats, and barley by Malcolm Clough, Bureau of Agricultural

Economics.
. 91 -

Wheat.- Records of stocks of wheat on January 1^ in all positions

now reported, began in 1935» These January 1 stocks consist of wheat in

the following positions, with the date in parentheses indicating when

first collected: On farms (I927); in terminal markets (I927); in

interior mills, elevators, and warehouses (1935); in merchant mills

(1932); and Commodity Credit Corporation holdings not otherwise accounted

for (19^3^ when such storage started). For I909-3U, comparable stocks

were estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics by starting with

July 1 stocks (themselves estimated from partial coverage") and adding

the new crop and July-December imports. From this total was deducted

the estimated distribution for the July-December period, which included

the quantity of wheat and flour exported and shipped, and the quantity

estimated to have been used domestically for food, feed, and fall

seeding.

Farm stocks are estimated quarterly from individual farm reports

of production and grains on hand. Stocks in terminal markets (commercial stocks) are reported weekly to the Production and Marketing Administration. Stocks in interior mills, elevators, and warehouses, come

from sample data from these firms reported to the Crop Reporting Board.

Stocks in merchant mills, 1932-UU, consisted of the reported figure

from the Bureau of the Census for wheat in mills and mill elevators

attached to mills, owned by mills and stored for others, raised to represent all merchant mills; figures for 19^5 were reported by the Crop

Reporting Board. CCC stocks not included in reports for other positions,

consist of wheat owned by CCC and stored in bins or other storage owned

or controlled by CCC; also CCC-owned grain in transit and in Canadian

elevators.

Imports include full-duty wheat, wheat imported for feed, and

dutiable flour in terms of wheat. They exclude wheat imported for milling in bond and exported as flour; such data were compiled from reports

of the Bureau of the Census.83/

Exports and shipments 1909-31+ include all wheat and flour exported

to foreign countries and shipments to Territories of the United States

(including estimates for Alaska and Hawaii since March I9U8) min\is wheat

imported for milling in bond; in 1935-^0 they include exports of wheat,

and flour made wholly of United States wheat, plus shipments, plus

domestic wheat and flour used with foreign wheat in milling in bond.

Data for I909-UO were compiled from reports of the Bureau of the Census.

For the war years, shipments of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for

stockpiling in the Territories were added to reported census totals.

Deliveries of wheat, flour, and other wheat products by the Department

of Agriculture include exports under lend-lease and other foreign-aid

programs, to cash-paying Governments, as well as shipments to the

83/ United States Department of Commerce. The Foreign Commerce and

Navigation of the United States and other official records of the

Bureau of the Census.
- 92 -

Territories. Wheat, flour, and other products used for civilian relief

in occupied areas are carried with other military takings, measured at

the time of procurement. Although military procurement of flour was^

reported for most of the war period, purchases of bread had to be estimated on the basis of surveys of naval shore stations and Army-baking

facilities in this country.

The nonfood items in domestic disappearance include wheat used for

seed, alcohol, and feed. The quantity used as seed is reported by the

Crop Reporting Board. The quantity used for alcohol was estimated by

the Bureau of Agricultural Economics as the quantity withdrawn from the

wheat supply rather than as reported by the Bureau of Internal Revenue

when the tax is paid. The quantity used for feed includes that used in

mixed commercial feeds and wheat fed on farms other than where grown, as

well as wheat fed on farms where grown. This was derived as a balancing

item for the computation; hence, considered alone, it reflects errors in

other data.

Viheat used for food is considered at the time the wheat is withdrawn for processing rather than when distributed, because complete data

on stocks offlour are not available. Ordinarily stocks of flour do not

change materially. But in some years relatively large stocks are held

by wholesalers and retailers; in other years such stocks are small.

Consumption of flour was determined by adding imports of flour to domestic production of flour (flour commercially produced plus an allowance

for farm use 8k/) and by deducting the following items: Exports and

shipments, military procurement, and breakfast food produced in the

flour-milling industry. (See table 89.) Commercially produced flour

for 1909-39 ^as estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics

largely on the basis of census figures as adjusted by the Food Research

Institute. For 19^^-0 to date millings reported by the Bureau of the

Census were expanded to represent all mills. Revisions for 19ii.0-i|-U

were developed by the Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the Bureau

of Agricultural Economics.

Total consumption of flo\ir includes semolina. This food use in

1909-21*- was estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics but

because of the scarcity of information the series for this period is

not considered very reliable. For I925 to date the series represents

production, pl\is imports, minus exports, of semolina, durum flour,

and macaroni products, minus military food use, all in terms of semolina

and durum flour.

Total wheat for food includes use in breakfast foods. The estimates of wheat used for breakfast foods before I93I were made on the

basis of only scattered trade information and are not considered very

reliable. Beginning with I931, the series was based on reports of

the Census of Manufactures,

QhJ Wheat used on the farm consisted of the estimated flour equivalent

of wheat ground or exchanged for flour, as reported by the Bureau of

Agricultural Economics.
- 93 -

Rye> - Stocks of rye on Janiiary 1, 19^Î4., to date consist of (1) stocks

on farms and (2) in mills, elevators, and warehouses, both of which

were reported by the Crop Reporting Board, and (3) stocks in terminal

markets, obtained from reports to PMA. For the years before l^kk only

stocks on farms and in terminals were used. Those on farms for I909 were

estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, but the Crop Reporting

Board reported farm stocks as of December 1 for I909-43. Figures for

terminal stocks, I9IO-26, were taken from records of the Chicago Board of

Trade, and include grain in regularly authorized warehouses at leading

grain centers east of the Rocky Moimtains, and grain in transit by canals

and lakes. Since July I9II the figures have included stocks at Omaha

and in private elevators at Chicago, St. Louis, and Buffalo. Since

1917-21 Canadian rye in bond has been included. Imports and exports,

including flour in rye equivalent, were taken from the Bureau of the

Census figures.

Food use of rye was computed as rye flour for human consumption,

minus exports of flour,minus military procurement. Production of flour

for 1935-^^ ^as estimated by PMA and BAE on the basis of the production

of rye flour reported in the periodical. Northwestern Miller 8^/, and

the Census of Manufactures. Estimates of flour production before 1935

were made by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics on the basis of data

from the Census of Manufactures. Flour was converted to rye grain on

the basis of 76.1 percent of rye for 1909-Í+U, 77.6 percent for 19h6,

79.0 percent for I9U7, 79.2 percent for 19^48, and 8O.O percent beginning

with 19^9• Nonfood items for which rye is used include seed, spirits

and alcohol, and feed. Seed is reported by the Crop Reporting Board,

spirits and alcohol use by the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and the

residual is considered to be the approximate quantity fed.

Buckwheat.- Estimates of buckwheat consumption were computed as

follows: Production of flour plus that ground for home use (converted

from grain at 60 percent) plus imports, minus exports. Flour produced

1909-39 was based on figures from the Census of Manirfactures; that

produced from I9Í4-O to date was estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural

Economics.

Rice.- For rice, the marketing years beginning the previous August

in the South and the previous October in California were used for the

calendar years. All data are in terms of milled-rice equivalents.

(Table 9I.) Unmilled rice was converted on the basis of pounds of milled

rice (heads, second heads, and screenings, excluding brewers» rice)

produced annually from rough rice, using different factors for the

Southern States and for California.

Stocks of rice include quantities on farms, in country warehouses,

and in mills; in addition, they include USDA holdings outside mills

for I9Í4.3-5I. Farm stocks were reported by the Crop Reporting Board and

stocks in country warehouses and in mills and USDA holdings outside mills

have been reported by the Production and Marketing Administration.

8^/ Northwestern Miller. Weekly. Minneapolis.
. 9h .

Information on imports of rice was taken from reports of the Bureau

of the Census 86/ as was information regarding the exports and shipments

of rice. Before I9I+I export data were on a marketing-year basis. For

I9UI to date a July-June year was used because USDA deliveries and data

on military procurement are more complete on such a basis. Because

exports and military procurement for July, which is usually the low point

of the year in rice marketing, have not differed greatly from one year

to another, the use of the July-June year does not affect the res^olts.

Exports include exports of rough rice in terms of milled equivalents and

exclude shipments by the Armed Forces for civilian relief feeding. Procurement for civilian relief feeding has been included with procurement

for the use of the Armed Forces because for certain periods, they were

not reported separately. Census data on shipments to United States

Territories for April I9Í18 to date have been supplemented by satisfactory

trade information on shipments to Alaska and Hawaii.

Civilian consumption of rice as food in 1935 to date consists of

commercially milled rice produced from domestic grain, rice used on

farms where grown, quantities milled by custom mills for locaJL consumption, and use of broken rice by brewers. The estimates of rice consumption represent the quantities of rice entering trade channels rather

than the quantities actually consumed in each year. In some years relatively large stocks have been held by wholesalers and retailers while in

other years such stocks have been small. No reports are available as to

the quantities involved. For I909-21 the use of rice for food was calculated from available data on stpcks, production, imports, exports, seed,

eind feed. Compared with information for later years, these data are

relatively unsatisfactory. The estimates of consumption of rice for food

in 1922-3^ were taken from annual reports of the Rice Millers Association

which has headquarters in New Orleans.

Nonfood use of rice includes use for seed and feed, broken rice used

by brewers (other than brewers» rice as such), and the residual which

includes drying loss, waste, and unidentifiable errors that occur when

rice is converted from rough to milled rice.

Corn, Oats, and Barley Grains.- Production data for corn, oats, and

barley harvested as grain have been reported by the Crop Reporting Board

for many years. The Board also reports total production of corn including silage, corn hogged off, and fodder. Information on farm stocks of

com and oats has been collected quarterly since April I926. Farm stocks

of barley have been estimated for January 1 and July 1 since 193^4- and

quarterly since 1939* The Market News Service of the Department has

reported stocks of the three feed grains at terminal markets since I927.

Beginning with April 1914.3 the Crop Reporting Board has compiled a

quarterly series of stocks at interior mills, elevators, and warehouses.

Statistics on production, imports, and changes in the quarterly

stocks of grains, are the basis for the estimated disappearance of these

86/ See footnote 83, p. 91.
- 95 -

grains annually and by quarters. The quantity of grain consumed in this

country for all purposes was ascertained by taking from this total

disappearance the volume of grain exported.

Information on the use of these grains for various purposes in this

country was obtained from many sources - including reports on processing

for food and industrial uses as described later, estimates of the Crop

Reporting Board for farm household use, and reports on utilization of the

grains in production of malt beverages, alcohol, and distilled spirits.

Use for seed was estimated on the basis of plantings for the following

year. The remainder of the supplies disapp':îaring in a given year is

largely for feed, but it also includes other minor uses, and waste.

Corn, Oats, and Barley Products.- The estimated consumption of the

cereal products from corn and oats for food in this country is based on

the production or sale of these products by the industry with adjustments

for imports, exports, and domestic nonfood uses.

Information on consumption of corn sirup, sugar, and starch, was

derived from sales data as reported by the Corn Refiners Statistical

Bureau for earlier years and as reported by Price, Waterhouse and Company,

of New York, for recent years. Sales data, which were reported annually

for earlier years and monthly for recent years, were adjusted for

industrial and other nonfood use and for exports and military takings.

Estimates of domestic consumption of cornmeal aind flour include

corn consumed in farm households and the output of commercial mills for

civilian food use. Data for I909-I8 were based on: (1) United States

Census for I909 which includes cornmeal aind corn flour produced in merchant and grist mills and (2) data published in War Industries Board

Bulletin No-. 10.87/ The estimated production of cornmeal taken from the

above sources for this period was adjusted downward to allow for some

duplication with custom milling and for estimated heavier use of cornmeal in this earlier period for livestock and poultry feeding. It was

assumed that in this 10-year period considerable quantities of cornmeal

were used for feeding poultry and young stock as the commercial mixedfeeds industry was producing at a much smaller volume at that time than

in later years. Some cornmeal was used for livestock feed after this

period but it was assumed to have been of smaller and in decreasing

volume. Data for I919-39 were based on production of cornmeal and flour

in merchant mills reported in the Census of Manufactures. For 19^4-0 to

date estimates were based on information furnished by the dry-processing

industry to the War Food Administration, and the I9U7 Census of Manufactures, rail movement during these years, and corn supplies and marketings. Corn consumed for use in farm households on farms where grown,

converted to cornioeal basis, was added to the estimated quantities of

cornmeal produced in ntôrchant mills to arrive at the total quantity of

cornmeal and flour consumed for food.

87/ Br\ming, Harry F. Prices of Corn and Corn Products. U. S. War

Indus. Bd. W.I.B. Price Bui. 10, I9 pp., illus. 1919«
- 96 -

Information on prepared breakfast cereals made from corn was based

on production data in the Census of Manufactures for 191^, 1919^ and

every 2 years from I919 to 1939. Data for 19^+0 to date were based on

reports of cereal industries to the War Food Administration, on the 19^1-7

Census of Manufactures, and on other factors relating to production of

cereal preparations.

Quantities of corn products used in the manufacture of malt liquors

and other alcoholic beverages were deducted from the food supplies wherever possible and only minor quantities of these products going into

such uses remain in the series of consumption for food. Corn grain used

in such beverages is reported by the Bureau of Internal Revenue and was

excluded from the food supply.

Production of hominy and grits was reported by the Bureau of the

Census for 1909, I91I+, 1919, 1937^ 1939^ and 19^+7- In 1937, 1.939> and

19^7j» the quantities produced for human consumption were reported

separately from those for nonfood purposes, but in earlier years the

production includes quantities used by brewers in making fermented malt

liquor. For the earlier years, estimated quantities of brewers' grits

used in producing malt liquors were deducted from the total production

to derive an estimate of the quantity used for human consumption. The

quantity used for human food in the intervening years was derived by

straight-line interpolation between census years. Because of the few

years for which data were available on hominy and grits used for human

food, the data for most of the years for this series are merely interpolations indicating the general level or trend of consiomption and not

necessarily the actual consumption figures for each individual year.

The chief food product made from oats is oatmeal. An allowance

has been made in recent years for ready-to-eat cereals and infant food

processed from oats. Estimates of the ready-to-eat oat cereals and

oat infant foods are based on confidential information from the industry.

Production of these foods has increased markedly in the last two decades,

and they are currently estimated to account for about one-seventh of the

total quantity of oats used for food. With the usual adjustments for

noncivilian use, the data on consumption of oatmeal were derived from

production statistics drawn from several sources. Data for I909-I2 were

based on statistics on production of oatmeal given in General Index of

Food Prices on a Nutritive Value Basis.88/ Data for I913-I8 were based

on statistics on oatmeal production given in War Industries Board Price

Bulletin No. 11.82/ Data for 1919-39 were based on production of oatmeal

published in the Census of Manufactures. Data for I9U0 to date were

based on reports from the industry to the War Food Administration and

the I9U7 Census.

88/ Pearl, Raymond. General Index Numbers of Food Prices on a Nutritive Value Basis. I31 pp. U. S. Food Admin. I918.

89/ Willard, Harley R. Prices of Oats, Rice, Buckwheat and Their Products. U.S. War Indus. Bd. W.I.B. Price Bui. 11, 23 pp., illus. I919.
- 97 -

Consumption of food products made from barley include estimated

quantities of malt, meal, flour, and pearl barley, consumed as food.

Census data indicate that, before 1919^ considerable quantities of barley meal were used for food, especially during World War I, but data

on this use are not available for later years and it is assumed to have

been small since that time. In recent years barley malt has been the

principal food use of barley. Malt is used for such purposes as malt

extracts, malt sirup, malt drinks, and prepared infant and breakfast

foods. The quantity of barley malt used in producing malt liquors or

other alcoholic beverages was not included as a food use. The food

use of barley malt was based on statistics of the Bureau of the Census

on malt production for I919-39 (with allowance for the quantities

reported by the Bureau of Internal Revenue as used in producing alcoholic

beverages) and on data published in Barley and Barley Malt Extracts and

References.90/ It was assumed that the utilization of malt for food in

1909-18 was close to the I919 level. Estimates for I9I+3-Í17 were based

on reports of the Beverage Division, Special Commodities Branch, PMA.91/

Production of pearl barley was reported by the Bureau of the Census to

be about 20 million pounds in 1939^ which would have been produced from

a little less than a million bushels of barley. Unofficial estimates

for a few earlier years were available regarding pearl barley; they

indicate that from 1 to 2 million bushels of barley were used for pearling in most of the period covered. The estimates of the quantity of

pearl barley expressed in malt equivalent used for food were added to

estimated quantities of barley for meal, flour, and malt to arrive at

the total quantity of barley products used for human food.

Sugars and Sirups 92/

Cane and Beet Sugar.- Cane and beet sugars are supplied for domestic consumption in this country by substantial imports and inshipments

as well as domestic production. The production data given in appendix

table 95 represent the quantity of sugar obtained from mainland beets

and cane during the harvesting years, 1909-3^.93/ For this period, the

data were derived from sugar-beet- and cane-production statistics by

means of ratios of raw sugar to sugarcane and sugar beets. Beginning

with 1935 the data are on a calendar-year basis. For 1935-38 statistics

on deliveries by mainland cane mills were used for cane sugar, but data

on beet sugar were based on production reports by beet-sugar processors.

Statistics on stocks of cane and beet sugar, on receipts, production,

and distribution have been collected by the Sugar Branch of the U. S.

90/ Phillips, C. Louise, and Boerner, E. G. Barley and Barley Malt:

Abstracts and References ... 75 PP-^ illus. Bur. Agr. Econ. 1935*

(Processed.)

21/ U. S. Production and Marketing Administration. Special Commodities

Branch. Malt Requirements, Production and Stocks. (Processed.)

92/ Prepared by Maxwell Klayman, formerly with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and Richard Butler, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

93/ The harvesting period for mainland cane is October-April, and

for mainland beet, July-January.
. 98 -

Department of Agriculture since 193^. Beginning with 1939 reports giving their production were received from mainland cane mills.

The annual reports of Foreign Conimerce and Navigation of the United

States^ issued by the U. S. Department of Commerce, were the source of

import and inshipment data from I909 to 193^^ and of export data from

1909 to 19ifl. The Sugar Branch of the Department of Agriculture has provided the data for imports and inshipments from 1935 to date, and for

exports and shipments to Territories from I9U2 to date. Data on imports

are obtained from records received from importers in connection with the

administration of the Sugar Act. Export data are based on reports of

deliveries made by primary distributors.

Data on stocks of cane sugar for I909 through 1933 were taken from

1:he v.eekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal.9^+/ Stocks of beet sugar

for 1909 through I913 were estimated from production data of the Department of Agriculture and from the delivery figures of Willet and Gray.

Data on stocks of beet sugar from 191^^ through 1933 were estimated by

the Meinrath Brokerage Company. These data on stocks (described as

visible stocks) include holdings of the principal groups of primary

distributors, but exclude substantial supplies in the hands of other

distributors and users. For 193^ to date, information on stocks was

based on reports made to the Sugar Branch by primary distributors.

Holdings of wholesalers, retailers, and industrial users (so-called

"invisible" stocks) were estimated by the Sugar Branch on the basis of

a sample of these groups from 1938 to mid-19i+2, and from I9I48 to mid1951« From 191+2 to 19^+7 when sugar was rationed, no reports were obtained by the Department of Agriculture on stocks held by secondary

distributors and industrial consumers. However, based on information

from the sugar-rationing authorities in the Office of Price Administration and from the trade, annual changes in these stocks were assumed to

be relatively minor. Data from mid-1951 to date were estimated by the

Bureau of the Census on the basis of a statistical sample of secondary

distributors and users.

Honey.- Rough approximations of honey production were made by the

Bin'eau of Agricultural Economics for I919 to I938 on the basis of

trade information. For I939 much more adequate information was assembled from census data. State license inspection records, survey

records, and from leading producers and handlers of honey. Official

figures on the number of colonies and production of honey have been

prepared and published for each year beginning 1939, using reports from

beekeepers on numbers of colonies on hand at the beginning of the honey

flow and the quantity of honey produced in apiaries. The number of

such reports has increased from a few thousand in the early years to as

many as 10,000 in later years.

9V Weekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal, published by Willet and

Gray, New York.
- 99 -

The Bureau of Agricultural Economics has prepared yearly data on

stocks since 19^2, "based on schedules made out by beekeepers. Stocks

were reported as of November 15 in I9Í12 and 19i^3, and as of December 15

in later years. Data on imports, shipments into the United States,

and exports of honey, are published by the Department of Commerce.95/

Sugarcane Sirup.- Sugarcane sirup is produced from sugarcane grown

in the Southern States. With the exception of Louisiana, cane sirup

is produced mainly in small sirup mills located on farms producing the

cane. In Louisiana most of the sirup is produced by large-scale,

factory-type mills. About 70 percent of the production is sold and the

rest is used in the home by producers. Consumption of pure sirup is

largely confined to the producing area; sirup blends containing some

cane sirup are more widely marketed for industrial and home use. The

crop is harvested and the sirup made in late fall.

The Bureau of Agricultural Economics has a production series on

sugarcane sirup that goes back to I9Û9. The reporting schedule was

begun in 191?^ and production statistics were projected backward through

1909 on the basis of data already available in the Department. The production figure is based on yield data obtained from a small sample of

producers - about 5 percent. Census data in enumeration years were used

as checks. No data on stocks are available.

Sorgo Sirup.- Like sugarcane sirup, sorgo sirup is produced, in late

fall in small mills usually located on farms producing sorghum. It is

produced in areas north of the 33^ latitude line. Farmers usually sell

about half of their production mainly to local market outlets and neighbors. Available statistics are similar to those on sugarcane sirup.

Edible Sugarcane Molasses.- The Bureau of Agricultural Economics

has a production series on edible sugarcane molasses back to 1909» This

series is rather accurate for it is based on the production records of

caiie-sugar mills, most of which are in Louisiana.

Data on imports and exports have been available from the Department of

Commerce only since I929. Before I929 imports were probably not large.

The consumption figures of I909 through I928 are still probably understated, mainly because of the lack of information on imports. No data

on stocks are available in the case of molasses.

Maple Sugar and Sirup.- The Bureau of Agricultural Economics production series on maple sugar and sirup goes back only to I916. The production data are based on a sample of a small percentage of the total number

of producers. Information is obtained on the number -Of trees tapped, and

the quantities of sugar and sirup produced. Census data are used as a

check. In some of the important producing States, the size of the sample

is fairly large, as higli as 10 percent. The data are reliable enough to

show accurately the year-to-year changes.

95/ See footnote 83, p. 91»
- 100 -

Up to I9IT the data on imports were kept by the Department of Commerce on a fiscal-year basis. Through 1922 import data on maple sugar

and maple sirup were combined- No data on stocks are available on

either maple sugar or maple sirup.

Refiners' Sirup.- Production data on refiners' sirup have been

available for Census of Man\ifactures enumeration years since 1925- From

I9I+3 to 19i^6 production data were reported by refiners to the Department

of Agriculture. During the war, production of refiners« sirup was

greatly expanded. Starting with 191^8 complete data have been collected

by the Sugar Branch of the Department of Agriculture. In other years

estimates of production were made by interpolation of census data.

The data on exports are somewhat overstated for they include sirups

other than refiners' sirups. The consunrption figures are correspondingly

understated. No data on stocks are available.

Peanuts 96/

The year's supply of peanuts includes the production of picked and

threshed peanuts, beginning stocks, and imports. The data are reported

in table 100 on a kernel or shelled basis. Some of the supplies available in each year are exported; some are used, on farms, including seed

for planting and consumption as food in farm households; farmers sell

some peanuts locally; substantial quantities are crushed for oil and

meal; the rest goes through commercial trade channels for food products

or is held over into the next year.97/

Production figures have been published by the Crop Reporting

Board 98/, beginning with I909. They are based upon reports by farmers

in all parts of the country. They cover picked and threshed peanuts

only, and do not include peanuts left on farms to be hogged off.

Farmers in the Gulf States plant a large acreage which they do not intend to dig for nuts but expect to use as pasture for hogs.

Information on stocks of peanuts in all commercial positions was

not collected by the Department of Agriculture before September 1938.

Only stocks at crushing mills and, for a few years, at cold-storage

warehouses were available. Beginning in 1919^ the Bureau of the Census

collected stocks at crushing mills on an October 1 basis. Stocks at

cold-storage warehouses were compiled from a report of the Federal Trade

Commission.99/ Since 1938^ stocks include peanuts held at shelling and

96/ Prepared by Antoine Banna and Sidney Gershben, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

97/ See Peanuts and thoir Uses for Food by Banna, Antoine, Armore,

Sidney J., and Foote, Richard S. U. S. Dept. Agr. Market Research Rpt.

16. 1952.

98/ U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Peanut Stocks and Processing

Report. Monthly. (Processed.)

99/ U. S. Federal Trade Commission. Price and Competition among Peanut

Mills, U. S. Cong. 72d, 1st sess.. Senate Doc. I32, I932, 78 pp.,

Washington, D. C.
- 101 -

crushing mills^ in cold-storage and other warehouses, and in peanutconsuming plants. Stocks as of September 1 may include not only the

carryover of old-crop peanuts from the previous crop year into the new

crop year but also new-crop peanuts harvested in the Southeast and

particularly in the Southwest and delivered to the mills before September 1. The adjustment column is used to take care of such discrepancies.

Inçorts and exports are on a September-August year basis. They

were coiq)iled from the Monthly Siommary of Foreign Commerce of the United

States. 100/ Before 193^^-^ the import figures represent general imports

minus re-exports. Data on imports for consumption were not published

before 193^» Beginning with 193^ the figures are for imports for

consumption.

Exports of shelled and unshelled peanuts were not reported

separately before January 19^5- A breakdown of the total exports into

shelled and unshelled peanuts was estimated. This estimate was based

on the assumption that shelled peanuts accounted for the same percentage of the total exports as of the total estimated domestic disappearance, as virtually all of these exports were to Canada, where consuming

habits presumably are about the same as in the United States. Beginning

with 19^3^ "the export figures include shipments of peanuts to our Territories. Before 19^3^ complete figures on shipments of peanuts to the

Territories were not available. Beginning in 19^8, shipments are for

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands only, as shipments to Hawaii and Alaska

were not reported after March 19^8.

For the years before 1938, crushings of peanuts were compiled from

Animal and Vegetable Fats and Olls.lOl/ This report gives the crushings

of hulled and in-the-hull peanuts, by quarters and calendar years. As

no monthly figures on crushings were available, the sums of the quarterly

figures from October through September 30 were used for the crop year.

Beginning with the crop-year 1938, data on crushings have been published

by the Bureau of Agric\iltural Economics. 102/

Domestic food use of peanuts includes: (1) Peanuts consumed by

farm households where grown, for which information is published separately by the Crop Reporting Board; (2) peanuts marketed through local

and direct sale by farmers for edible use, which is included in the

total sale of peanuts by farmers, also published by the Crop Reporting

Board (arrived at by subtracting from total sales peanuts sold for

seed and the estimated quantities moving into commercial channels);

and (3) peanuts going into commercial food uses in peanut butter, in

candy, for salting, and shelled and roasted.

100/ U. S. Bureau of the Census* Monthly Summary of Foreign

Commerce of the United States. 1866 to date. Washington, D. C.

101/ See footnote ^9, P* 72.

102/ See footnote 98, p. 100.
- 102 -

Estimates of domestic food use for years before I920 were computed

as residuals from data on production, foreign trade, crushmgs, seed,

feed, and farm loss. For 1920-37, the estimates of domestic disappearanee for food use were made directly by the Market News Division of the

Fruit and Vegetable Branch, PMA, using information on movements of peanuts from mills and on quantities taken by some major users. These

estimates were raised slightly to the same average level as commercial

production (the total quantity cleaned, shelled, or crushed) estimated

by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and then adjusted for imports

and exports.

Beginning with I938, the domestic food use of peanuts was computed

by totaling the quantities of shelled peanuts disappearing into edible

uses, domestic disappearance of cleaned peanuts, the quantity used in

farm households, and the quantity disi:ributed through local sales by

farmers for edible use. Edible use of shelled peanuts is the residual

obtained by subtracting crushings, exports, and ending stocks from the

total of production, imports and beginning stocks. Similarly, domestic

disappearance of cleaned peanuts is the residual obtained after taking

into account production, stocks, and foreign trade. Estimates of military use of peanuts for edible purposes, both directly and indirectly,

have been compiled from procurement data, estimates of requirements

which were submitted to the Department of Agriculture during World War

II and takings by post exchanges.

Coffee, Tea, and Cocoa Beans 103/

Coffee, tea, and cocoa beans are not grown commercially in this

country. Some coffee is produced in the noncontiguous Territories,

Hawaii and Puerto Rico, but the output is not sufficient to cover the

needs of these areas and shipments to continental United States are

relatively very small.

Statistics of imports of coffee, tea, and cocoa beans from foreign

countries and receipts from Puerto Rico and, until 19^8, from Hawaii

were obtained from the annual reports of the Department of Commerce,

Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, through 19^6 and

from reports on imports and exports of the Bureau of the Census for

later years.

Before World War II, data on stocks of coffee, tea, and cocoa

beans held in the United States were obtained from trade reports.

For green coffee the following sources for beginning stocks were used:

(1) 1910-19, Balde Directoría de Industria E. Commercia Sao Paulo;

(2) 1920-36, The Brazilian Review lOl^/; (3) I937-I+O, reports of the New

York Coffee and Sugar Exchange; {hYT^hQ and I953 from Coffee Intelligence .105/ No information is available as to the adequacy of these

103/ Prepared by Harry Sherr, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

10^/ The Brazilian Review, a weekly record of trade and finance.

103/ Published by George Gordon Paton and Company, New York, N. Y.

Monthly. (Processed.)
- 103 -

data or the number of coffee importers and distributors covered in the

estimaten of year-end stocks prior to 19^1.

For I9U1 to early 19^7 and from late 191^8 to 1951, data on stocks

of both green and roasted coffee held in the United States were collected

by the Bureau of the Census from importers, primary and wholesale distributors, chain-store warehouses, major roasters, and others who were known

as or were believed to be holders of, green coffee in this country.

The coverage was good. The data on stocks excluded quantities held for

or by United States military agencies. No official data on stocks were

available from early 19^7 to late 19^+0, and for this period the reports

of the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange were \ised as the source for

information on the subject.

No information has been available on stocks of vacuum-packed coffee,

soluble coffee, or soluble coffee product. This gap in the data probably

affected to some extent the accuracy of estimates of civilian disappearance for individual years. The output and sales of these products have

increased since the end of World War II.

Information on stocks of tea maintained in the United States,

beginning with I936, were obtained from reports of The Tea Bureau,

Inc.106/ No information is available for earlier years. The data collected by that agency include stocks held by qualified distributors, importers, packers, jobbers, wholesale grocers, and chain grocers (excluding retail-store inventories).

Data on stocks of cocoa beans from 19IÖ to I923 were obtained from

The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.107/ For 1924-41, and beginning again

in I9U7, data from the New York Cocoa Exchange were used. These represent stocks of cocoa beans held by importers and primary distributors in

warehouses of storage companies that are licensed by the New York Cocoa

Exchange. In 1942-46 information on stocks was reported to the U. S.

Department of Agriculture by a committee of representatives of the cocoa

ind-ustry. The data were better than the prewar information in that the

stocks of cocoa beans held by major confectionery manufacturers were

also reported. One of the major problems in data on disappearance of

cocoa beans is the nonavailability of data on stocks in the hands of

distributors outside of licensed warehouses or of processors, either in

the form of beans or products.

Spices and Herbs 108/

This country imports most of its spices and herbs. Imports for

consumption have been reported by the Department of Commerce in

considerable detail on a calendar-year basis since I918. Data on all

106/ Tea Stocks S\irvey, a quarterly publication of the Tea Bin-eau,

Inc. New York City.

107/ Tea and Coffee Trade Journal. Weekly.

108/ Prepared by Leva C. Taylor, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
- lüU -

items listed under "spices" as well as fenugreek seed, poppy seed,

crude saffron, and turmeric were assembled in table 101. Iiriports for

consunïption of duty-free items do not represent the quantity remaining

in the country for use as some, usually small quantities, maj/ be

shipped out in unchanged form as exports of foreign merchandise,

frequently called re-exports.

On June 18, I93O, many spices became duty-free. From that date

imports for consumption of duty-free items were adjusted by deducting

exports of foreign merchandise. However, exports of foreign merchandise are reported in much less detail than imports for consumption. ^^

For example, the category, "spices, n.e.c. (not elsewhere classified),

includes ground cloves, curry and curry powder, ground ginger root,

laurel leaves, mace, marjoram, ground nutmegs, paprika, ground pepper,

sage, thyme, and tonka beans, for which separate ixnport data are available. Consequently, domestic use of individual spices is overstated

by the amounts of these exports of foreign merchandise, and the 'other

spices" group is understated. In fact, beginning in 19^7 the imports

of "other spices" for consumption less re-exports turned out to be

negative because of differences in categories. Although this may be

somewhat confusing it does give the proper totals for imports of spices

for consumption for table 102. As there is no record of shipments of

spices from the Territories to continental United States, they are

probably negligible.

Although limited quantities of condiment plants are grown each

year in this country, data on production are available only for mustard

seed beginning I9I9. These data on production were adjusted for seed

used in planting the crop the following year by allowing h pounds per

acre. As no data on stocks are available, it was assumed that the crop

of each year was used in the following calendar year. Some mustard is

ujsed for pharmaceutical purposes. Although pertinent data are not

available, the quantities for such use are believed to be small.

There are no satisfactory data on stocks of spices.

Commodities of foreign origin whose form has changed in this country

from the form in which they were imported or which have been enhanced

in value by further processing here,are repo^rted as exports of domestic

merchandise. Exports of all spices combined are available for 1922-1+2.

Beginning in I9I+3, ground and unground capsicum, ground and unground

cinnamon, ground and unground cassia, unground cloves, unground nutmegs,

unground pepper, and vanilla beans have been reported separately.

Shipments of spices to our Territories have been reported since

1929 except that reports of trade with Alaska and Hawaii were discontinued after March 19li8.

Apparent domestic consumption of all spices together was derived

by adding imports for consumption, adjusted for re-exports of duty-free

items, and production of mustard seed for cons\xmption, and then subtracting the exports and shipments to the Territories. (See table 102.)

No satisfactory estimates of military takings coiild be made so total
. 105 -

domestic use of all spices, and of pepper and mustard separately, was

divided by the total population to arrive at estimates of civilian

consumption per person, (See table 26 in chapter 2.)

Similarly the apparent consumption of pepper w^s obtained by

subtracting exports and shipments (when reported) from the imports

for consumption, adjusted for re-exports of duty-free items.

The apparent domestic consumption of miistard seed for each year

was estimated by adding the imports for consumption (adjusted for

re-exports of duty-free items) and the production of the preceding

year (adjusted for seed for planting). Exports of mustard, as seed

or in processed formbare not reported separately and therefore they

could not be deducted.
. io6 -

CHAPTER 2. CONSUMPTION OF FOOD PER CAPITA:

PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION WEIGHTS

The estimates of civilian per capita consumption of major foods in

the following tables are directly comparable with those published each

quarter in The National Food Situation issued by BAE. 1/ They are the

official estimates of the Department of Agriculture. Their derivations

and limitations were discussed in detail in the preceding chapter. In

general, it should be noted again that these estimates are in terms of

primary distribution weights. They are annual and national averages.

At present no directly comparable data are available on regional, State,

or local consumption, although some quarterly estimates for the country

as a whole have been made by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics covering consumption of meats, poultry and eggs, and some dairy products. ^

Such estimates have been made on the basis of less adequate information,

however, because of seasonal changes in stocks in the distribution system and because of lack of data on changes in farm consumption. 2/

As discussed in chapter 1, data on food consumption contained in

tables 8 to 26 are derived from disappearance data - that is, they are

residuals remaining after noncivilian takings and changes in stocks

have been subtracted from the yearns supply of individual commodities.

Therefore, they are measured at various points in the distribution process. In siommary: Meats are measured at the slaughter level - farm,

wholesale, and even retail in terms' of dressed or carcass weights, with

adjustments made in cold-storage holdings. Data on poultry (and eggs)

are taken at the farm level, but they have been converted to eviscerated

weights and have been adjusted for changes in reported stocks. As discussed in the preceding chapter, fish has been put on an edible-portion

basis because of the variety of forms in which it is marketed.

Among the dairy products, fluid milk and cream are measured in

terms of farm production for milk consumed on farms and in terms of

quantities of fluid milk and cream (combined on the basis of fat content) sold by milk distributors, mainly in urban areas. Consumption of

manufactured dairy products is given in terms of the processed commodities. This holds true also for most of the fats-and-oils products, with

butter, margarine, lard, and shortening on an actual-weight basis. The

fat content of other edible oils is used as the primary distribution

weight for this heterogeneous category.

Fresh fruits, vegetables, potatoes, sweetpotatoes are given in

terms of fann weights. Beans and peas are on a cleaned basis. Canned

and diried fruits, canned fruit juices, frozen fruits and vegetables,

!_/ U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The National Food Situation. Quarterly. (Processed.)

2/ See current issues of The Livestock and Meat Situation, The Poultry

and Egg Situation, and The Dairy Situation, processed publications

issued by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
- 107 -

and canned vegetables are in terms of processed weight. The estimates

of per capita consuinption of the processed fruits and vegetables have

been converted to fresh-weight equivalents at the farm level for use in

analyzing changes in utilization. Most of the factors used for such

computations are contained in the bulletin, Conversion Factors and

Weights and Measures for Agricultural Commodities and their Products.3/

The fresh-equivalent data are given in tables l6 and 21.

The cereal products are in terms of a milled or manufactured

basis - that is, consumption of floior, not consumption of wheat grain

nor consiiraption of bread. Cane and beet sugar is on a refined basis.

Data on coffee, tea and cocoa are in terms of the commodities as usually

imported - green coffee beans and cocoa beans. Nuts are in teq^'ras of

shelled equivalent*

3/ U. S. Dept. Agr., Production and Marketing Administration, 96 pp.

May 1952.
- 108 -

Table 8 .- Meat, fish, poultry, and egga: Per capita consumption,

primary distribution weight, 1909-52 1/

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

'1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952 y

Meat (carcass weight 2/) jPish (edible-weight equivalent) \ Poultry 2/

Beef

: Lamb : : : Fresh : :

Veal : and :Pork : Total : and : Canned: Cured

imutton; ; ; frozen :

Total : Chicken Turkey:

Eg, if

Lb.

73.1

69.5

67.5

63.6

62.5

61.1

55.6

58.1

63.7

67.6

60.7

58.3

54.7

58.3

5S.8

58.7

58.6

59.4

53.7

48.1

49.0

48.2

47.9

46.0

50.8

63.0

52.5

59.7

54.4

53.6

53.9

54.2

60.0

60.4

52.5

54.9

58.6

60.8

68.6

62.2

63.0

62.5

55.2

61.3

Lb»

7.2

7.1

7.0

6.9

6.2

5.7

5.8

6.3

7.1

7.2

7.8

7.9

7.5

7.7

8.1

8.4

8.5

8.0

7.3

6.i

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.5

7.0

9.2

8.4

8.3

8.5

7.6

7.5

7.3

7.5

8.1

8.1

12.2

11.7

9.8

10.7

9.4

8.8

7.9

6.6

7.1

Lb.

6.6

6.4

7.2

7.6

7.1

7.1

6.0

5.7

4.4

4.7

5.6

5.4

6.0

5.1

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.4

5.2

5,K

5.5

6.6

7.0

7.0

6.7

6.2

7.2

6.5

6.6

6.8

6.5

6.5

6.7

7.1

6.4

6.6

7.2

6.6

5.2

5.0

4.0

3.9

3.4

4.1

Lb. Lb.

66.1

61.4

68.1

65.7

65.9

64.2

65.6

68.1

58.1

60.2

63.0

62.6

63.9

64.8

73.2

73.0

65.8

63.3

66.8

69.9

68.7

66.1

67.4

69.7

69.8

63.6

47.7

54.4

55.0

57.4

63.9

72.4

67.4

62.8

77.9

78.5

65.7

74.9

68.6

66.8

66.8

68.1

70.6

71.6

153.0

144.4

149.8

143.8

141.7

138.1

133.0

138.2

133.3

139.7

137.1

134.2

132.1

135.9

145.3

145.3

138.0

136.1

133.0

129.8

129.4

127.3

12Ç.9

129.2

134.3

142.0

115.8

128.9

124.5

125.4

131.8

U0.4

U1.6

138.4

144.9

152.2

143.2

152.1

153.1

143.4

142.6

142.4

135.8

144.1

Lb. i

I

6.9

5.8

4.9

4.3

4.2

4.3

5.1

5.2

5.6

5.3

5.4

5.7

6.3

5.3

5.5

5.6

.S.6

5.9

5.8

6.0

5.8

6.6

6.6

6.3

Lb.

I

?.?

3,2

2.9

3.2

3.2

3.4

3.8

3.8

3.9

3.3

3.2

3.3

3.8

4.2

4.7

5.8

4.2

4.8

4.6

4.1

4.2

2.8

1.8

2.5

2.5

3.8

3.6

3.8

4.1

4.3

4.0

4.1

Lb. Lb.

5/ i/

5/ V

5/ V

5/ V

5/ 5/

¿/ 5/

¿/ i/

¿/ 5/

5/ i/

5/ i/

5/ y

5/ 1/

5/ 5/

5/ 5/

¿/ v

5/ v

.5/ 5/

5/ 5/

^' y

^1 ¿/

1.0 11.8

1.0 10.1

.8 8.9

.7 8.3

.6 8.6

.7 9.2

.7 10.5

.7 11.7

.8 10.6

.8 10.9

.7 10.7

.7 10.5

.6 11.1

.6 8.7

.6 7.9

.6 8.7

.7 9.8

.7 10.4

,6 10.0

.6 10./t

.6 10.5

.6 11.5

.6 11.2

.6 11.0

Lb.

14.5

15.3

15.4

14.7

l4.3

14.3

14.2

13.6

13.1

13.1

14.1

13.5

13.2

14.0

14.4

13.Ô

lU.l

l4.0

15.0

14.4

14.1

15.4

13.9

14.2

14.5

13.3

12.9

13.5

13.4

12.5

13.9

13.9

15.2

17.4

22.7

20.1

21.3

Í9.1

17.9

18.1

19.4

20.3

22.2

23.0

Lb.

1.5

1.4

1.7

1.9

1.8

1.7

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.4

2.9

2.9

3.0

2.7

2.7

3.4

3.7

3.5

3.0

3.2

4.0

4.3

'^4

Ho.

289

302

325

307

299

291

308

295

277

280

299

295

295

312

322

320

3U

334

337

334

330

327

328

309

293

285

276

285

304

306

309

3U

307

3U

342

350

397

374

378

384

378

383

395

407

1/ Civilian consumption only, beginning 194l.2/ Approximately at wholesale level cTdistribution. 3/ Equivalent eviscerated weight basis. Although most of the poultry was sold in

dressed form until recent years, more is now sold ready-to-cook. The entire series was put on

the latter basis to achieve comparability. 4/ Measvtred approximately at wholesale level of

distribution. Average weight of eggs 1909-46 is I.5 pounds per dozen; I947, 1.51- 1948, 1.52;

1949, 1.53; 1950, 1.54; 1951, 1.55; and 1952, I.56. This change in factor aUows for the increasing size of eggs marketed. 5/ Not available. (See table 29 for approximations of fish

consumption, table 30 for turkey.J 6/ Preliminary,
Table 9.- Dairy products:

- 109 -

Per capita consumption, primary distribution

weight, 1909-52 1/

•

••

All dairy products •Fluid milk;

;and cream ;

: 2/ !

Cheese

; Condensed

¡and evapor-

' ated milk

• Dry

! whole •

Nonfat

, dry

; milk

: Ice cream

Year :

Total ; Milk I Nonfat :(product

:

• milk 2/: fat : solids \ ^

: i/ ! milk !

»

solids : weight)

•

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Founds Pounds Pounds

1909 : 759 29.7 36.6 343 3.8 5.4 6/ 6/ 1.5

1910 : 748 29.3 34.7 315 4.2 5.8 2/ 6/ 1.9

1911 ! 739 28.9 33.6 301 3.9 6.3 2/ U 2.3

1912 ! 752 29.4 37.6 355 3.8 6.9 2/ y 2.6

1913 i 743 29.1 36.9 342 4.2 7.9 2/ 6/ 3.0

19U : 736 28.8 35.5 321 4.1 8.8 2/ 6/ 3.4

1915 ! 739 29.0 35.4 318 4.1 9.4 U 3.8

1916 ; 737 28.9 35.2 315 3.3 9.4 -

6/ 4.3

1917 ! 718 28.2 36.2 328 3.7 9.3 ^ y 4.8

I9I8 ! 716 28.1 38.9 361 3.° 10.1 2/ y. 6.3

1919 ! 724 28.4 37.1 335 4.2 9.7 0.1 y 6.8

1920 : 726 28.5 37.9 348 4.0 8.5 .1 0.2 7.5

1921 : 757 29.7 37.4 346 4.1 9.8 2/^ .2 7.5

1922 : 772 30.3 37.3 342 4.2 10.7 -L' .2 8.0

1923 : 777 30.4 36.8 328 4.4 11.3 .1 .4 8.9

1924 : 785 30.7 37.2 33-: 4.5 11.6 .1 .4 8.7

1925 : 790 30.9 37.3 337 4.^ 11.5 .1 .4 9.6

1926 : 806 31.6 37.6 338 4.6 11.7 .1 .5 9.4

1927 ; 801 31,4 37.4 336 4.5 11.5 .1 .7 Ç.8

1928 : 793 31.1 37.7 337 4.4 12.0 .1 .8 9.8

1929 : 800 31.4 38.7 340 4.6 13.4 .1 1.1 1'^.6

1930 : 808 31.7 38.4 337 4.6 13.4 .1 1.3 9.6

1931 : 826 32.4 38.1 335 i.5 13.3 .1 1.4 8.5

1932 : 820 32.2 38.3 339 4.4 13.8 .1 1.4 6.2

1933 : 803 31.5 38.3 337 4.5 13.6 .1 1.4 6.0

1934 : 803 31.6 .37.'' 322 4. S 14.7 .1 1.5 7.0

1935 : 789 31.2 33.6 326 ?.2 16.0 .1 1.6 8.0

1936 ; 782 30.8 39.2 330 5.'- 15.6 .1 1.7 9.4

1937 : 786 31.0 39.8 331 5.5 16.5 .1 1.9 10.5

1938 : 785 31.0 40.0 329 5.8 17.0 .1 2.1 10.2

1939 : 813 32.1 40.4 332 5.8 17.6 .1 2.1 10.8

1940 : 807 32.0 40.8 331 5.9 19.1 .1 2.2 11.2

1941 : 791 31.6 41.6 334 5.8 18.3 .2 2.4 13.4

1942 : 821 32.8 44.2 354 6.3 18.2 .2 2.5 15.6

1943 : 740 29.7 45.9 371 4.9 18.6 .4 2.1 12.9

1944 : 752 30.3 46.1 381 4.8 15.5 .3 1.5 14.1

1945 : 777 31.2 49.1 399 6.6 18.0 .4 1.9 15.4

1946 : 775 31.0 50.3 389 6.6 18.3 .5 3.2 22.8

1947 : 758 30.3 47.8 369 6.8 20.0 .4 2.9 19.8

1948 : 7U 28.5 46.0 355 6.8 19.8 .3 3.3 18.2

1949 : 724 28.7 46.1 352 7.2 19.5 .2 3.2 17.4

1950 : 731 29.0 46.4 349 7.6 19.8 .3 3.6 17.0

1951 : 707 28.0 46.6 352 7.1 18.0 .3 4.2 17.1 -

1952 8/ : 694 27.3 47.3 352 7.7 17.4 .4 4.4 17.5

1/ Civilian consumption only, beginning 1941« 2/ Whole milk equivalent on a fat-solids basis.

l/lncludes cream in terns of >/hole milk equivalent. Farm weight for farm consumption, distribution weight for nonfarm, ¿/ V/hole and part whole milk cheese; excludes full skim, cottage,

pot^and bakers • ¿/ Case and bulk goods, unskimmed only. 6/ Not available, jj Less than 0.05

pound. 8/ Preliminary.
- uo .

Table 10•- Fats and oils: Per capita consumption, 1909-52 l/

; Total

. Butter,

; ffergiiid

Year : Fat ; Actual ; actual : lAr-l Fat

: content ;

: ^ '

weight ;

2/ :

weight ! consent' 1

: Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds

1909 : ~~ __ 17.5 12.3 1.0

1910 : — — 18.1 12.3 1.3

1911 : — — 18.4 12.0 .9

1912 : — 16.3 11.1 1.2

1913 : — 16.2 10.5 1.3

191¿ : — — 16.7 10.5 1.2

1915 : — — 17.0 11.3 1.2

1916 : — — 17.1 11.4 1.5

1917 : — — 15.5 9.9 2.3

1918 : — — 13.9 11.7 2.8

1919 : — — 15.0 10.5 2,8

1920 : — — U.6 11.8 2.9

1921 : — — 16.0 10.6 1.7

1922 : — 16.9 13.1 1.4

1923 : — — 17.6 14.1 1.7

192/^ : — — 17.6 14.0 1.7

1925 : — 17.8 12.1 1.7

1926 : — — 18.1 12.1 1.7

1927 : — — 18.0 12.5 2.0

1928 : — — 17.3 13.0 2.2

1929 : — — 17.3 12.6 2.4

1930 : — — 17.3 12.5 2.2

1931 : 43.8 47.5 18.0 13.4 1.5

1932 : 42.3 46.1 18.2 14.2 1.3

1933 : 42.4 46.2 17.9 13.8 1.5

1934 ; 43.9 47.8 18.3 12.8 1.7

1935 • 43.5 47.4 17.3 9.5 2.4

1936 45.1 48.9 16.6 11.1 2.5

1937 44.6 48.3 16.5 10.4 2.5

1938 44.7 43.4 16.4 10.9 2.4

1939 : 45.8 49.6 17.2 12.5 1.8

1940 : 45.8 49.4 16.7 14.2 1.9

1941 : 46.9 50.4 15.8 13.6 2.2

1942 : U.3 47.9 15.7 12.7 2.2

1943 : 41.4 44.5 11.7 12.9 3.1

1944 : 40.3 43.3 11.8 12.1 3.1 m5 : 38.6 a.4 10.8 11.5 3.3

1946 ; 39.5 42.2 10.4 11.7 3.1

1947 : 41.4 1*1^.5 n.i 12.4 4.0

1948 : 42.0 45.1 9.9 12.6 4.9

1949 : 42.0 45.2 10.4 11.7 4.6

1950 : 45.2 48.4 10.6 12.4 4.9

1951 : U.6 44.6 9.5 12.1 5.3

1952 y : 43.9 47.1 8.7 11.8 6.4

Actual

weight

Pounds Pounds

Other

edible

fats and

oils (fat

content)

4,/

Pounds

1.2 i/ i/

1.5 y ^

1.1 V V

1.4 8.2 V

1.5 9.4 V

1.4 10.6 5/

1.4 9.8 y

1.8 9.4 ¿/

2.7 10.6 ^

3.3 10.3 V

3.3 11.5 ¿/

3.4 7.5 V

2.0 6.9 v

1.6 6.6 5/

2.0 6.5 ¿/

2.0 6.9 ¿/

2.0 9.5 ^, 2.0 9.4 i/

2.3 9.6 y

2.6 9.2 ¿/

2.9 9.7 v

2.6 9.6 V

1.8 9.2 5.1

1.6 7.4 4.7

1.9 7.4 5.2

2.1 9.3 5.3

2.9 11.9 5.8

3.0 12.2 6.0

3.0 12.2 6.2

2.9 11.4 6.8

2.3 10.5 7.1

2.4 8.8 7.3

2.7 10.2 8.1

2.7 9.3 7.5

3.8 9.5 6.6

3.8 8.8 6.8

4.0 9.0 6.1

3.8 10.0 6.3

4.9 9.3 6.8

6.0 9.6 7.0

5.7 9.6 7.8

6.0 10.9 8.5

6.5 8.9 7.6

7.8 10.0 8.8

"o^e?2i^ä: ?:ä^:;Iä k^-c^ní^sf/.^Tíniír St^-^^s^rs:^ i^ "r^^

and salad oils, salad dressing and mayonnaise, in bakery prSuctsan^Íní^L- ''°°*^'^^. .

canning, i/ See table 32 for approximations.' 6/ SSSIÎy! * "'^' '"""^ ^' ^^^^
- in

5^

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I «>

S u

u u

CO P

m

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A4 «5

O

5

O

»4

O

o

o

o

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3

V 0)

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- 112 -

Table 12.- Canned fruits: Per capita consumption, 1909-52 l/

:Apples Salad Plums Citrus

Year

: and

:apple-

: sauce

Apricots Berries Cherries Cran-

"berries

Figs and

cocktail

Peaches Pears Pineapple

and

prunes

Olives segments

Total

\ Lb. I¿b. îè- Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.. Lb. Lb. Lb.

1909 ': 0.6 0.1^ 0.2 0.1 — 11 ... 0.6 O.lf 2/0.3 0.1 2/0.2 ... 2.9

1910

1911

1912

': .7

: .6

.7

.k

.5

.5

.3

.3

.3

.1

.2

.2

—

%

.—

.9

.8

.8

.If

.If

.If

.5

.6

.8

.1

.1

.1

.2

.3

.3

... 3.6

3.8

If.l

if.2

5.6

5.6

1913 .5 .k • 3 .1 V .9 .5 1.1 .1 .3 ...

19li^ .7 .6 .3 .2 2/ — 1.2 .5 1.7 .1 .3 ...

1915 .5 .k .h .2 —

2/ 1.0 .6 2.0 .1 .if

1916

1917

: 1.1

: 1.5

.6

.9

.h

.5

.2

.3 ::: ÍJ ...

1.2

l.k

.7

.8

2.3

1.8

.1

.2

.if

.2

7.0

7.6

7.if

9.6

19IÖ : 1.1 .9 .5 .3 ... 1/ ... 1.2 .9 2.0 .2 .3 ...

1919 : 1.1 1.8 .7 .k 1/ V — 2.1 1.0 1.9 .3 .3 ...

1920 :* .8 .9 .6 .5 1/ 11 ... 2.1 1.1 2.8 .2 .3 1

9.3

1921 : 1.0 .7 .6 •2 1/ -^ 1.9 .3 2.9 .2 .3 8.1

l.k 1922 : .8 .6 .6 .5 ?/ 11 — 2.0 .3 2.1 .2 .3

1923 : 1.1 .5 .6 .6 V 0.1 0.1 2.1f .If 2.if .1 .5 0.1 8.9

192lf : .9 .5 .8 .6 0.1 .1 .2 2.0 .3 2.7 .1 .if .1 8.8

1925 : .9 .7 .6 .6 rt 1

.1 .2 3.1 .6 l^k .2 .if .1 10.9

1926 : .9 .8 .8 .9 .1 .2 .2 3.1 .9 3.1 .2 .if .2 11*8

1927 .8 .6 .7 .if .1 .2 .3 If .2 .7 3.5 .2 .5 .2 12.1f

1928 1.0 .8 .7 .7 .1 .2 .3 3.6 .7 3.2 •3 .6 .2 12.if

1929 1.1 .8 .7 .7 .1 .1 .U 2.8 .9 3.1 .if .6 .if 12.1

1930 .8 .8 .5 .8 .1 .1 .If 3.2 .9 3.7 .3 .5 .6 12.7

1931 .7 .5 .7 .7 .1 .1 .2 2.0 .7 lf,0 .3 .5 .2 10.7

1932 .8 .6 .3 .7 .1 u .3 2.8 .8 2.7 .2 .if .if 10.1

1933 .9 .7 .U 1.0 .1 11 .5 2.5 1.0 3.5 .3 .if .3 11.6

193Í* 1.0 .6 .i^ .8 .2 .1 .5 2.6 1.0 3.6 .if .5 .6 12.3

1935 1.0 .7 .k 1.0 .2 11 .7 2.8 1.0 3.8 .6 .5 .5 13.2

1936 1.2 1.0 .5 1.1 .3 .1 •9 3.if 1.3 if.8 .7 .5 .7 16.5

1937 1.0 1.0 .3 1.0 .3 .1 .9 2.6 1.1 l.k .6 .if .6 13.3

1938 1.1 1.0 .5 1.0 .k .1 1.1 3.^ 1.2 3.6 .5 .5 .8 15.2

1939 1.2 •9 .If 1.2 .5 .1 1.2 3.3 1.1 U.2 .6 .5 .5 15.7

19ÍK) l.lf .9 .If l.k .6 .1 1.6 lf.2 1.5 If.6 .5 .7 .8 18.7

19i^l l.k 1.0 .5 1.2 .5 .1 1.5 3.2 1.5 if.lf .6 .6 1.0 17.5

19^2 1.7 1.1 .6 1.1 .6 .3 1.8 lf.3 1.2 2.8 .6 .6 .3 17.0

19*^3 l.k .3 .U .7 .3 .2 1.3 3.2 l.lf 2.0 .6 .6 ^

12.1f

19Wf 1.0 1.0 .1 .8 .3 .1 1.0 1.3 .if 1.9 .5 .7 2/' 9.1

19»^5 1.1 1.3 .1 .8 .5 .2 2.If k.3 .9 .7 .7 .6 y llf.2

191*6 1.3 2.8 .2 1.8 .8 .2 2.6 5.3 1-7 3.3 .7 .7 .5 21.9

19»*7 : 1.6 .9 .3 1.0 .8 •3 2.1 k.Z 1.2 3.3 .6 .7 .8 17.9

19Í48 1.8 1.0 .5 1.2 .5 .1 2.1 k.^ 1.2 2.6 .5 .8 1.0 17.8

19i*9 2.0 1.1 .7 1.5 .5 .1 2.2 k.l l.lf 2.5 .5 .5 .9 18.6

1950 2.k 1.1 .k 1.7 .7 .1 2.6 5.7 1.5 2.8 .If .8 .7 20.9

1951 : 2.3 .9 .u 1.3 .8 .2 2.0 if.6 1.2 3.0 .3 .7 .9 18.6

1952 V : 2.7 .9 •3 1.5 .8 .1 2.1f k.3 1.7 2.9 .if 1.0 .7 20.3

1/ The pack year, on vhich data are based 1909-if2, begins in early June of year indicated.

consumption only, beginning 19ifl.

2/ Estimated.

3/ Less than O.O5 pounds.

5/ Preliminary.

Civilian
113

Table 13.- Canned fruit Juices (excluding frozen): Per capita consunçtlon, 1910-52 1/

Citrus juices

Berry- Apple Fruit

nectars Grape Pineapple Prune

Year

: Orange Grcçefruit

: Blended

; orange

: and

:grape-

:Lemon

: and

tllme

Tangerine

Citrus

concentrate

2/

Total

Total

: fruit

: Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.

1910

1911 : --- ... ...

... — —. ... 0.47

.18

... ... 0.47

.18 1912

1913

191**

1915

1916

: —

—

...

... ...

... .—

...

... —

M

.3k

.12

.60

... ...

.k5

.3k

.12

.60 : -— —- ... — — — ... .44 ... .44

1917

1918

1919

: — ... ... ...

...

... ...

...

.31

.45

.28

...

...

.31

.45

.28

1920 : — ... ... --- ... .58 .58 1921

1922 • ...

~~~

...

...

... :::

— .33

.16

... — .33

.16

1923

1921^

: — ... ... ... ... ... — .29 ... .29 ; ... ... —- ... —- — ... ... ... ... .12 ... ... .12

1925 • — . ... ... ... ... .16 .16

1926 : — — — ... .17 ... ... .17 1^1 : -— ... ... ... .32 ... ... .32

1928 : — — — ... .13 ... ... .13

1929 : — 0.05 — — 0.05 .— — ... .27 ... ... .32

1930 \ 0.01 .Ok —. ... ... .05 ... ... ... .27 ... .32

1931 : .02 .11 — .13 ... ... ... .29 ... ... .42

1932 : .01 .10 ... ... ... .11 ... ... ... .31 ... ... .42

1933 .02 .16 ... ... .18 ... ... .27 ... ... .45

I93h .07 .20 — — .27 ... ... 0.01 .22 ... 0.01 .51

1935 .22 .61 0.01 ... ... .Qk ... .01 .29 0.80 .02 1.96

1936 .20 .55 0.02 .01 ... .78 .05 .35 1.15 .04 2.37

1937 : .27 1.27 .06 .Olf ... ... 1.64 ... ... .20 .39 2.02 .18 4.43

1938 : .18 1.53 .12 •05 — 1.88 ... ... .26 .41 1.82 .20 i*.57

1939 : .23 2.57 .15 .03 — 2.98 0.05 .13 .53 2.08 .07 5.84

19*40 ': .68 2.29 .25 .02 ... ... 3.24 0.37 .10 .23 .64 2.49 .06 7.13

I9ÍH .73 3.03 .kl .Ok ... 0.1^2 4.63 .03 .20 .25 .58 2.63 .06 8.38

19i*2 : .92 2.60 M .08 ... .1^ k.51 .05 .36 .33 .63 2.12 .42 8.42

19í^3 : .26 2.99 .27 .02 ... .k2 3.96 .08 M .14 .70 1.56 .46 7.33

19W* : IM h.l3 1.10 .03 ... .19 l.k9 .07 .61 .20 .33 .93 .56 10.19

19i^5 : 2.71 3.1i^ 1.06 .06 .76 7.73 .33 .26 .06 .42 1.10 .88 10.78

1^6 : U.lO k.oe 2.32 .10 0.11 .96 :L2.45 .85 .3Í* .19 .48 2.33 .89 17.53

19^*7 : U.06 3.33 2.15 .07 .21 1.08 10.90 .3h .26 .28 .67 2.23 .Ik 15.42

19»»8 lf.96 3.77 2.25 .08 .16 1.86 13.08 2/ .25 .36 .64 2.10 .73 17.16

I9U9 : 3.82 2.80 1.83 .10 .21 1.91 10.67 % .50 .56 .56 2.13 .88 15.30

1950 i 3.31 2.00 .99 .07 .23 2.14 8.74

^

.64 .92 .50 1.95 .93 13.68

1951 : 3.75 2.70 1,30 .08 •19 2.06 10.08 .61 .88 .50 1.75 .78 U.60

1952 V : 3.53 2.02 .94 •09 .lA 2.06 8.78 y .68 .67 .84 2.03 .88 13.88

1/ Civilian COTisunptioti l)eglnn1ng 194l. Calendar-year basis except for citrus Jriices which are on a packyear basis beginning in Hoveaáber of year prior to that indicated and grape jxilce \Aiich in the years 1909-33

and 1948 to date begins November prior to year indicated.

2/ Converted to single-strength equivalents on basis of 5.5^ pounds single strength to 1 pound concentrate

for griçiefïnilt and orange juice and 5.l6 to 1 for lemon.

^ Not available; aamimed to be negligible.

kj Preliminary.
I i3"M

0) f> 0^,

H M

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a (u -H

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CO -P 0}

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I ! ! ! I ! o O O O O OÖ OJ S CM-^ H H H O H

I I I I

I I I I

I i I I

I I I I I I I I

I I » I I I I I

I I I I I I I «

1(411

11(11

t I I I I

III

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I I I I I I I H

I I I I I I I O

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OOÖOOi-lroir\0OCMH»HH0J

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I I I I I

I I I I I

I I I I I

rHHCMoOCUCVICVIfnCVJCOmvOii^vOi/N^

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I I I I I I I I I I I I H-Í H rH CO t-rH o 00 ON-4- <\J CO op H irt I t I I I I I I I I I o o o o o o H nO-4- ir\ roooOl 01 CSi CVJ

I I I I I ir\ r-MDOO-^-CO COa\VO-4- Cvl-^ OGO t*-ON

I I I I lOOHrHHOOHHCMCUCMOICSJHCXI

I I • • I » • I • I I • H 00 CO-Jt H CO CVI OJ-* CO CO h-SO vO CO 0\

I i I I « » i • I I I I OJ CVJ 0O-4- iA UN CO no Ol oo t—K-O\00 ON H

« • « » • « « I • • ^ 00 Ov ON-* CO^ Cw<o LTv r-l 0\ iTv CVJ H H

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irwo h-oo Oso H O» cn^ irwo t^oo 0\<

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(S« H O M 4^•H
- 115 -

Table 15.- Dried fruits: Per capita consimption, pack years, 1909-52 l/

Pack ;

year |

1 •

, m

•• : : Raisins :

Apples -1 Apricots: Dates : Figs : Peaches : Pears -; Prunes : and : Total

• • 1

Poïinda Founds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds

1909 : 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 2/ 1.0 1.7 4.2

1910 : .2 .1 .3 .3 .5 2/ .6 1.4 3.4

1911 : .3 .1 .2 .3 .3 0.1 1.5 1.4 4.2

1912 : .4 .1 .3 .3 .6 H 1.0 1.8 4.5

1913 ! .2 .1 .3 .3 .7 2/ .6 1.4 3.6

19U ! .1 .2 .2 .3 .6 .1 .8 1.7 4.0

1915 ! .4 .2 .3 .2 .6 2/ 1.5 1.8 5.0

1916 : .5 .1 .2 .3 .5 2/ 1.4 2.0 5.0

1917 : .4 .3 .1 .3 .7 ¿/, 2.0 2.4 6.2

1916 : .4 .1 .2 .3 .4 ÍI .9 2.1 4.4

1919 .4 .1 .3 .5 .6 .1 2.0 2.8 6.8

1920 : .2 .1 .3 .4 .5 .1 1.7 3.3 6.6

1921 : .1 .1 .4 .6 .4 2/ 1.1 2.7 5.4

1922 : .3 .2 .4 .5 .5 .1 1.9 2.6 6.5

1923 : .1 .2 .3 .4 .4 2/ 1.4 2.6 5.4

1924 : .2 .2 .5 .5 .4 .1 1.5 2.9 6.3

1925 : .1 .1 .6 .5 .3 .1 1.8 2.8 6.3

1926 : .1 .2 .4 .5 .4 .1 1.6 2.7 6.0

1927 : .1 .2 .4 .4 .2 .1 2.2 2.6 6.2

1928 : .1 .2 .4 .4 .4 .1 1.7 2.8 6.1

1929 : .2 .2 .4 .4 .2 .1 1.3 2.4 5.2

1930 : .1 .2 .4 .3 .4 0 1.8 2.1 5.3

1931 : .1 .3 .4 .2 .2 |/. 1.6 1.8 4.6

1932 : .1 .3 .4 .3 .3 1/ 1.7 2.3 5.4

1933 : .1 .3 .4 .3 .3 ^. 1.4 2.3 5.1

1934 : .1 .2 »5 .3 .3 2/ 1.5 2.1 5.0

1935 : .1 .2 .5 .3 .3 II. 2.1 2.3 5.8

1936 : .2 .3 .5 .3 .4 \1.8 1.9 5.4

1937 : .2 .3 .4 .4 .3 0 2.1 2.0 5.7

1938 : .1 .1 .4 .4 .3 2/ 1.6 2.6 5.5

1939 : .2 .4 .4 .3 .3 .1 2.1 2.5 6.3

1940 : .1 .1 .4 .4 .-4 2/ 2.0 2.5 5.9

19a : 2/ .2 .2 .4 .1 0 1.6 1.8 4.3

1942 : 0 0 .2 .4 0 0 1.4 2.2 4.2

1943 : .1 2/ .2 .4 .1 2/ 2.2 3.0 6.0

1944 : .1 .1 .4 .4 .2 t 1.8 3.0 6.0

1945 : .2 .1 .4 .4 .3 .1 2.2 2.4 6.1

1946 : .2 .2 .5 .3 .1 H. 1.6 1.8 4.7

1947 : .2 .1 .3 .3 .2 1/ 1.1 1.7 3.9

1948 ! .1 .2 .4 .3 .1 2/ 1.1 1.9 4.1

1949 : ,2 .2 .4 .3 .2 F 1.5 1.8 4.6

1950 : .1 .2 .5 .3 .1 2/ 1.4 1.7 4.3

1951 : .1 .1 .5 .3 .1 2/ 1.4 1.8 4.3

1952 a/ : .1 .1 •5 .3 .1 1/ 1.5 1.7 »^.3

l/ Production begins mid-year,

2/ Less than 0.05 pounds,

2/ Preliminary.

Civilian consumption 1941 to date.
U6

32^ Í3I

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Table 19 .- Canned soups and baby foods:

consunçtion I909-52 1/

Per capita

Baby foods 3/

Caimed :

: soups : : Year !

Canned

Year . soups

: ^ : : ^ :; Fruit ; Vegetable ;

Other : V :

Total

5 Pounds : : Pounds Poionds Pounds Pounds Pounds

1909 i 0.3 ' : i 193Í* •: 3.2 0.01 O.OU o.oi* 0.09

1910 !: .5 : 1935 !: 3.6 .01 .01* .Ok .09

1911 : .7 : : 1936 :! 1^.2 .02 .09 .05 .16

1912 : .9 : : 1937 !! 5.0 .05 .17 .06 .28

1913 ÎÍ 1.2 : : 1938 : 5.k .06 .18 .03 .27

1911^ :: 1.6 : 1939 !I 6.3 .08 .21 .09 .38

1915 :! 1.6 :

1916 :: 1.6 : : 19^*0 !! 6.7 .11 .28 .12 .51

1917 !: 1.7 : : 19'H !: 6.9 .Ik .32 .26 .72

1918 !: 1.7 : : 19i^2 !! 7.3 .38 .k8 .29 1.15

1919 !! 1.8 : : 19if3 Î 5.3 .hk .72 .kk 1.60

1920 !: 1.9 : : 19M^ ! 6.6 .55 .81 .71 2.07

1921 ! 2.0 : : 19»^5 : 7.^ .86 .91 •93 2.70

1922 • 3.1 : : 19»^ : 8.7 .95 .80 1.01 2.76

1923 •: k.O : : 19^*7 :! (8.7) .99 .77 .99 2.75

192*^ !: 3.2 : : 19»*8 !: (9.6) 1.23 .90 1.36 3.»*9

1925 !: 2.5 : : 19»^9 ' (9.6) 1.21 .82 1.29 3.32

1926 !: 2.7 :

1927 ! 3.0 : : 1950 ; (10.2)

! (10.5)

: (11.2)

1.26 .79 1.32 3.37

1928 !: 3.h : : 1951 ! 1.26 .77 1.35 3.38

1929 !: 3.9 : : 1952 5/. 1.36 .82 1.1^5 3.63

1930 •: 3.1 :

1931 !Í 2.3 :

1932 !: 2.2 :

1933 :: 2.0 :

1/ Civilian consuBçtlon beginning 19^1.

2/ In cupxrent years tcanato soup constitutes about 20 percent of the total.

In years 1909-3JÍ4' based on production data froa Census of Manufactures^ with

interpolations for years not reported; beginning I9U7 rough approximations

only,

2/ For constoaption "per child tinder 3 years, see table 8I.

k/ In current years ineat constitutes approxlisately 80 percent of this item,

custards and puddings 20 percent.

¿/ Prelimixiary.
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58

Tí ÍJ

9Ií

á5â

Ü8I

OHO

HI wl^^^^

n
- 121 -

Table 21.- Vegetables and canned potatoes and sweetpotatoes, estimated fann-weight equivalent:

Per capita consumption 1909-52 1/

Vegetables

Tomatoes Leafy, green, yellow Other vegetables Water- Canned

potatoes

and

: sweet-

'potatoes

5 i/

melons

Year j Fresh

2/

Ccmned

: 2/

¡Total Fresh

: ^

'.Canned

: 2/

1 Frozen

4/

[Total :Fresh

: ^

: Canoed

: ^

Frozen: Total

and

canta-

. loups

¡Total '

Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Xb, Lb. Lb.

1919 i 10.6 16.2 26.8 35.2 9.4 44.6 30.4 12.1 42.5 24.5 138.4

1920 ' U.O U.0 25.0 48.8 7.8 -.^ 56.6 34.3 10.4 ... 44.7 31.4 157.7 0.4

1921 : 9.8 12.9 22.7 39.8 7.1 46.9 31.7 9.6 a.3 34.5 U5.4 .3

1922 : 11.5 13.1 24.6 46.8 7.2 54.0 33.9 9.7 43.6 36.8 159.0 .3

1923 1 11.5 16.4 27.9 44.6 9.1 53.7 33.5 12.2 45.7 28.7 156.0 .3

1924 : 11.7 17.6 29.3 51.9 9.9 —- 61.8 36.9 13.1 50.0 35.2 176.3 .3

1925 : 12.4 19.6 32.0 50.6 U.O —. 61.6 38.0 14.6 ... 52.6 33.9 180.1 .3

1926 : 10.4 22.3 32.7 52.5 10.5 _ 63.0 37.4 15.7 53.1 36.0 184.8 .2

1927 : 12.1 18.0 30.1 56.0 10.1 66.1 37.5 13.6 51.1 30.3 177.6 .2

1928 : U.8 17.7 29.5 53.3 10.6 _

63.9 39.2 13.5 52.7 30.2 176.3 .2

1929 : 13.3 19.2 32.5 59.2 12.5 71.7 40.8 14.4 ~ 55.2 31.6 191.0 .2

1930 : 12.7 21.9 34.6 57.0 12.5 ... 69.5 42.2 16.2 58.4 32.6 195.1 .1

1931 : 12.2 19.7 31.9 57.4 10.8 ... 68.2 38.1 15.1 ... 53.2 32.3 185.6 .1

1932 : 13.3 17.9 31.2 55.9 8.7 ... 64.6 39.3 13.1 ... 52.4 26.7 174.9 .1

1933 : 12.3 19.0 31.3 53.7 9.0 62.7 38.7 12.0 50.7 25.0 169.7 .1

1934 : 13.3 19.8 33.1 61.1 10.1 — 71.2 40.6 12.2 — 52.8 25.4 182.5 .1

1935 : 13.8 21.7 35.5 57.9 10.7 68.6 38.9 14.7 ... 53.6 26.4 184.1 .1

1936 : 12.5 23.4 35.9 57.9 11.2 69.1 42.4 15.6 58.0 25.4 188.4 .1

1937 : 12.6 24.9 37.5 57.2 12.4 0.8 70.4 U.2 15.6 0.2 57.0 27.3 192.2 .2

1938 : 13.7 25.8 39.5 59.5 13.0 .8 73.3 a.i 17.5 .1 58.7 25.3 196.8 .1

1939 : 13.9 26.1 40.0 60.2 13.5 1.0 74.7 43.1 17.8 .2 61.1 ?3.6 199.4 .1

1940 i 13.1 28.3 a.4 61.5 15.6 1.1 78.2 42.8 18.0 .3 61.1 24.7 205.4 .2

19a : 12.9 29.9 42.8 59.0 16.7 1.4 77.1 42.5 19.4 .3 62.2 22.5 204.6 .4

1942 : U.1 32.7 46.8 61.5 17.4 2.2 81.1 44.0 21.6 .3 65.9 19.3 213.1 .3

1943 : 14.4 31.5 45.9 62.3 15.8 1.5 79.6 39.4 20.2 .1 59.7 18.6 203.8 .3

194«^ : 14.8 34.0 48.8 67.6 15.2 3.0 85.8 44.7 17.8 .8 63.3 24.7 222.6 .4

1945 •17.0 43.4 60.4 72.1 18.2 3.5 93.8 49.4 20.6 .8 70.8 25.8 250.8 .4

1946 : 16.4 42.9 59.3 69.1 20.9 3.6 93.6 51.3 24.2 1.0 76.5 26.9 256.3 .9

1947 : U.7 36.5 51.2 65.0 16.2 4.5 85.7 46.6 23.7 1.6 71.9 24.5 233.3 .8

1948 : 14.9 32.1 47.0 64.7 16.3 5.4 86.4 48.7 20.0 1.6 70.3 23.7 227.4 .7

1949 : U.O 33.6 47.6 61.4 15.3 5.1 81.8 46.5 20.5 1.7 68.7 24.4 222.5 .9

1950 i 13.4 37.1 50.5 61.6 16.3 5.6 83.5 47.9 22.3 1.8 72.0 22.8 228.8 1.1

1951 : 13.8 40.5 54.3 58.7 16.3 6.7 81.7 46.6 a.o 2.5 70.1 24.0 230.1 .7

1952 i/: 13.5

:

•

38.5 52.0 58.7 16.2 7.9 82.8 46.5 21.1 3.6 71.2 23.3 229.3 1.4

1/ Excludes quantities from home-garden production (table 36). Civilian consumption only, beginning 1941.

2/ See table 17 for items covered.

3/ Excludes quantities used for soups and baby food; see table 18 for items covered.

y See table 20 for items covered.

5/ Computed from data in table 18. To derive total potatoes consumed, add quantities shown in Uble 22.

y Preliminary.
129 -

l^ble 22.- R>tatoe8, swaetpoUtoes, dry edible beans and di^ ^]^^V/ ^"^ "^^^

consumption, primary distribution weight. 1909-5¿ J/

Potatoes Year *

2/

Pounds

1909 : 184

1910 : 195

Í9U : 155

1912 ! 176

1913 : 186

19U ! 154

1915 !! 182

1916 ! 141

1917 : 144

1918 ! 172

1919 : 150

1920 : 138

1921 : 154

1922 : 141

1923 : 172

1924 : 152

1925 : 155

1926 : 126

1927 : 139

1928 : U5

1929 : 157

1930 : 130

1931 : 134

1932 : 132

1933 : 130

1934 : 13'^

1935 : 140

1936 : 128

1937 : 124

1938 : 127

1939 : 121

1940 : 121

1941 : 126

1942 : 125

1943 : 124

1944 : 135

1945 : 120

1946 : 122

1947 : 124

1948 : 104

1949 : 109

1950 : 101

1951 : 108

1952 ¿/ : 101

Dry edible beans

2/

Dry field peas

Pounds Pounds

25.8 6.7

25.9 6.4

23.4 6.2

24.0 6.7

23.3 6.0

22.0 6.3

24.7 5.7

24.1 5.0

27.5 7.3

25.8 7.3

29.5 5.4

28.6 5.6

26.7 4.7

28.7 5.1

24.5 5.8

17.3 7.7

17.5 7.2

20.9 7.4

24.6 8.6

20.4 8.5

22.0 7.7

18.2 9.4

20.3 8.7

27.3 7.3

23.7 7.0

24.1 8.9

25.3 8.3

19.5 8.9

21.2 7.7

21.0 9.5

19.4 9.2

16.1 8.2

18.1 8.7

20.2 11.0

a.2 8.8

19.5 8.0

18.0 7.7

17.0 8.6

14.3 6.4 11.2 6,7

11.5 6.8

12.3 8.5 7.2 8.0

6.6 8.4

Pounds

0.5

.4

.5

.7

.6

.9

.8

.5

.6

.6

.6

.7

.7

.5

.5

.8

.8

.8

.7

.5

.8

.4

.7

.7

.7

1/ Civilian consvimption only, beginning 1941.

2/ Fara weight basis, calendar years. Includes farm «>~4-» 2/ Cleaned basis, calendar yeara -^c-Luaes fam garden produce but not nonfarm.

£/ Preliminary. -^^
lö

Table 23.- Flour and other cereal products: Per capita consumption, 1909-52 1/

Wheat flour

Wheat Rye

Buckvheat Rice

Com products ¿/

Oat food Year : White: Semolina Flour "Barley

; Total : and ; and cereal faour flour W and * Hominy products produci

: "Whole: products ¿/

'

meal [Cereal ; starch* and 1/ 8/

: wheat: 2/ 6/ ; grits

' H^' Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.

1909 '. 211* 210 (U.l) (2.7) 3.h 2.3 7.2 52.2 (1.3) (1.0) (4.5) 3.2 3.6

3.5

3.Í»

3.3

3.2

^.1

1910 . 212 208 /(^•\^ (2-7) 3.5 2.1 8.2 50.1* (1.3) (1.0) (4.5) 3.3

1911 210 206 (h.l) (2.7) 3.7 1.9 6.2 1*8.9 (1.3) (1.0) (4.4) 3.1 1912 : 208 204 (U.l) (2.7) 3.8 1.7 5.9 1*7.1 (1.3) (1.0) (4.4) 3.3

1913 206 202 (h.l) (2.7) 3.9 1.6 6.6 1*5.3 (1.3) (1.0) (4.4) 3.1 I9IÍ* ' 20I* 200 (h.2) (2.8) 3.9 1.5 6.9 kk,k (1.3) (1.0) (4.3) 3.4

1915 : 202 198 (h.2) (2.8) 3.9 1.1* 6.9 1*3.6 (1.4) (1.0) (4.0) 3.6 3.1 1916 . 201 197 (1*.3) (2.8) k.l 1.3 6.8 1*1*.5 (1.4) (1.0) (3.6) 3.6 3.2

1917 : 188 181| ('^.3

(1^.3)

(2.8) 3.6 1.2 9.2 1*5.8 (1.4) (1.0) (3.3) 4.6 3.3 I9IÖ : 176 172 (2.7) 2.0 1.2 10.0 1*9.0 (1.5) (1.0) (3.0) 5.1 3.8

1919 . 190 186 (h.h) (2.9) 2.7 1.1 10.2 35.0 (1.5) 1.6 2.7 5.4 3.7 1920 . 177 173 {h.5) (3.0) 3.1 .9 6.1 34.8 (1.5) 1.6 (2.6) 5.6 3.1 1921 . I6I* 159 íí:l! (3.0) 2.5 .8 6.9 33.9 (1.6) 1.7 (2.5) 5.7 3.0

1922 . 178 171* (3.1) 2.7 .7 l*.5 35.9 (1.6) 1.9 (2.3) 5.7 2.8

1923 178 171* (h.O) (3.2) 2.7 .6 5.2 35^3 (1.7) 1.5 (2.3) 5.4 2.9

1924 177 173 (3.8) (3.3) 2.5 .6 5.1 32.0 (1.8) 1.7 (2.1) 5.5 3.4

1925 178 171* 3.5 (3.3) 2.7 .5 5.3 29.0 1.8 1.5 (2.1) 4.4 3.9

1926 180 176 h.3 (3.3) 2.8 .5 5.1 28.5 2.1 1.5 (2.0) 5.2 4.1

1927 178 171* 3.9 (3.3) 2.8 .5 5.6 28.4 2.4 1.5 (1.9) 6.4 4.3

1928 176 172 k.2 (3.2 2.8 .5 6.1 29.5 2.7 1.6 (1.8) 5.7 5.1

1929 175 170 U.8 (3.2) 2.7 .1* 5.7 30.1 3.1 1.7 (1.7) 5.2 4.9

1930 169 165 h.3 (3.2) 2.6 .1* 5.2 27.9 3.0 1.4 (1.7) 5.9 5.4

1931 166 161 k.6 3-2 2.5 .3 5.7 26.2 2.9 1.3 (1.6) 6.3 5.7

1932 167 163 3.9 3.1 2.7 .3 5.2 26.1 2.7 1.1 (1.5) 5.6 4.2

1933 161 156 l*.6 2.6 2.9 .3 6.0 25.1+ 2.5 1.4 (1.5) 4.9 2.8

I93Í* 154 150 U.2 3.0 2.5 .3 i*.3 25.0 1.9 1.4 (1.4) 4.4 2.2

1935 156 152 k.k 3.1 2.5 .3 5.7 21*.3 1.4 1.2 (1.3) 4.0 1.5

1936 161 157 h.3 3.3 2.3 .3 5.3 23.8 1.5 1.4 (1.3) 3.9 1.5

1937 156 152 3.7 3.1* 2.1 .3 6.0 22.5 1.6 1.3 (1.2) 3.7 1.4

I93Ö 158 153 k.6 3.1^ 2.0 .2 6.0 21.8 1.7 1.3 1.5 3.8 1.3

1939 156 151 5.0 3.1* 2.2 .2 5.6 21.1* 1.9 1.4 1.6 3.8 1.1

loító 153 11*8 k.l 3.3 2.3 .2 5.8 21.5 1.8 1.3 1.7 3.9 1.1

19U1 153 11*8 ^.k 3-3 2.2 .2 5.8 20.3 2.3 1.5 1.9 4.0 1.3

19^*2 151* 11*8 6.2 3-3 2.5 .2 5.2 19.5 2.5 1.7 2.0 4.8 1.5

19^3 161 151* 6.9 3.3 3.0 .1 5.6 20.2 2.5 1.7 2.1 4.1 1.8

19i^ 11*7 11*1 5.9 3.2 2.6 .1 5.3 18.9 2.5 1.4 2.4 3.2 1.4

I9U5 : 159 151 7.5 3.2 Z.k .1 l*.8 17.4 2.1 1.9 2.6 3.4 1.5

19k6 151* 11*8 6.1 3.2 1.8 .1 1*.0 15.7 1.9 1.8 2.7 3.1 2.0

1<^1 : 137 131 6.U 3.2 1.3 .1 k,6 13.7 1.4 1.9 2.8 3.3 1.9

191*0 : 135 129 6,0 3.1 1.1* .1 1*.8 13.5 1.5 1.7 2.8 3.4 1.5

191*9 : 131* 128 6.1 3.1 l.h .1 l*.9 13.0 1.5 1.7 2.7 3.4 1.5

1950 : 133 127 6.2 3.1 1.1» .1 5.0 12.7 1.5 1.9 2.7 3.4 1.4

1951 : 132 125 6.7 3.1 1.5 .1 5.7 12.6 1.5 1.9 2.7 3.4 1.4

1952 9/ : 130 123 6.7 3.1 1.5 .1 5.2 12.3 1.5 1.8 2.6 3.4 1.3

1/ Consumption figures for most items are measured at the processing level. Excludes quantities used in

alcoholic beverages. Civilian consuiiÇ)tion only,beginning 1941. Data in parentheses are approximations.

2/ Semolina and durum flour in products such as macaronic spa^etti^ and noodles.

3/ Estimated cai basis of data in Census of Manufactures plus an allowance for grind for farm home use.

^ Milled basis. Rice consumption for year beginning August previous to year stated. Includes sane table

rice used by brewers prior to August 1934.

5/ See table 24 for data on com sugar and com sirup.

6/ Based on census data. In recent years approximately 50 percent of commeal was degermed.

7/ Principally oatmeal but includes an allowance for ready-to-eat oat cereals and infant foods in recent

years.

8/ Barley food products expressed in terms of malt equivalent. Includes malt, pearl barley, and barley

meal (in 1909-I9) •

9/ Preliminary.
- 124 -

T, ^„«4+0 r^nsimntion Primary distribution weight, 1909-52 l/ Table 24.- Sugars, sirups, and beverages: Per capita consumption, pnmair ^^^ _^

Cane and*

beet :

sugar 2/ ;

Com

sugar

Sirups Edible ;

cane ¡

Year \

Cane [ Com ; Sorgo ; Maple 2/Î Refiners molasses *

Pounds Pounds

1.1

Pounds

(2.5)

Pounds

4.8

Pounds

(2.0)

Pounds

(0.5)

Pounds

(0.2)

Pounds

1909 *: 72.7

(1.3)

1910 : 74.4 1.1 2.6 5.3 2.0 ( .5) ¡ 'l\ 1.3

1.5

1.6

.8

1.0

1911 : 76.3- 1.1 2.9 5.1 2.1 ( .5) ( .2)

1912 : 74.8 1.2 2.9 5.2 1.8 i 'l\ ( .2)

( .2)

( .2) 1913 : 80.1 1.1 3.0 5.2 1.8 ( .5

19U : 79.9 1.1 3.0 4.9 1.5 ( .5)

1915 : 76.4 1.2 2.7 5.6 1.5 ( .5) ( .2)

( .2

( .2)

( .2)

2/

.7

1916 : 75.8 1.3 2.7 6.1 1.7 .4 .7

1.3 1917 : 76.9 1.4 3.0 5.9 1.5 .5

1918 : 73.6 .8 3.1 7.4 4.1 .6 1.9

1919 : 85.4 .6 3*6 11.2 3.6 .5 1.3

1920 84.3 .5 2.4 10.0 3.3 .5 .7

1921 86.1 1.0 2.4 6.7 3.5 .3 .7

1922 : 103.0 2.0 2.4 7.5 3.0 .4 ' D

.8

1923 : 89.3 3.6 2.3 7.4 1.9 .4 .8

1924 : 98.2 4.1 1.9 8.6 1.5 .4 ( .1) .8

1925 : 102.8 3.9 1.7 7.6 1.2 .3 .4 .6

1926 : 103.1 4.9 1.5 7.9 1.0 .4 ( .4) .6

1927- : 101.0 6.3 1.6 7.6 1.4 .4 .3 .4

1928 : 102.3 6.7 1.6 7.8 1.1 .4 ( .3) .4

1929 : 95.6 6.1 1.7 7.7 1.0 .4 .1 .1

1930 *: 108.2 5.8 1.8 7.3 .8 .5 ( .2) .3

1931 : 99.1 5.4 1.5 6.6 .9 .2 .2 .7

1932 : 93.3 5.2 1.4 5.7 1.9 .3 ( .3) 1.2

1933 : 92.4 5.6 1.6 7.2 1.9 .2 .3 1.2

1934 : 92.5 4.2 1.9 7.2 1.9 .3 ( .2) 2.0

1935 ': 95.7 2.4 2.1 6.8 1.7 .3 .2 1.6

1936 : 96.5 2.8 2.1 8.3 1.4 .3 ( .2) 2.0

1937 : 95.1 2.7 1.9 7.4 1.1 .3 .2 1.4

1938 : 94.5 2.6 2.1 7.6 1.1 .3 ( .2) 1.0

1939 : 101.6 2.9 1.8 7.9 1.0 .3 .1 1.2

1940 : 94.4 2.9 1.9 7.8 .9 .3 Í 'H 1.2

19a : 102.8 4.0 1.1 8.4 .9 .2 ( .2) .6

1942 : 85.7 4.7 1.5 13.7 .9 .4 ( .5) 1.1

1943 : 79.7 4.2 1.5 11.7 1.1 .3 1.0 .8

1944 : 88.3 3.9 1.7 11.5 1.0 .3 1.2 1.6

1945 : 72.9 3.8 1.6 11.8 .9 .1 1.8 .6

1946 : 74.0 3.8 2.2 11.7 .7 .2 1.2 1.2

1947 : 90.5 4.4 1.8 12.7 .8 .2 ( .8) 1.1

1948 : 95.5 4.0 1.4 8.2 .6 .2 .3 .8

1949 : 94.5 4.1 .8 8.5 .4 .2 .4 .9

1950 : 95.0 4.5 .7 9.0 .3 .2 .3 1.0

1951 : 96.1 4.0 .7 8.9 .3 .2 .4 1.0

1952 a/': 96.1 3.9 .4 8.6 .2 .2 .3 1.3

Cocoa

beans ¿/

Pounds Pounds Pounds

1.1

Pounds

(1.2) 1.3

(1.2) 9.0 1.0 1.2

(1.2) Ö.2 1.1 1.4

(1.2) 10.7 1.0 1.6

(1.2) 8.8 .9 1.5

(1.2) 9.1 .9 1.7

(1.2) 10.4 1.0 1.9

(1.2) 11.3 1.0 2.3

(1.2) 11.9 1.2 3.6

(1.2) 9.9 1.2 3.2

1.0 11.6 .6 3.4

1.1 11.5 .8 2.9

1.2 11.8 .7 2.7

1.3 11.6 .8 3.0

1.4 12.5 .9 3.4

1.4 12.1 .8 3.2

1.5 10.4 .9 3.1

1.5 12.2 .8 3.5

1.6 12.0 .7 3.3

1.7 11.8 .7 2.9

1.7 12.0 .7 3.9

1.3 12.3 .7 3.0

1.3 12.8 .7 3.3

1.3 12.3 .7 3.2

1.1 12.6 .8 3.4

1.2 12.2 .6 3.4

1.2 13.2 .6 4.7

1.4 13.6 .6 5.0

1.2 13.1 .7 3.9

1.5 14.7 .7 3.4

1.4 U.7 .7 4.6

1.5 15.3 .7 4.7

1.7 15.7 .8 4.7

1.5 13.4 .5 4.0

1.7 12.8 .5 3.1

1.6 15.6 .5 3.0

1.8 16.2 .5 3.4

1.7 19.8 .6 4.2

1.3 17.2 .6 4.1

1.3 18.2 .6 3.8

1.5 18.5 .6 4.0

1.5 16.0 .6 4.3

1.7 16.3 .6 4.0

1.6 16.5 .6 4.0

1/ Consumption of sugars and sirups other than cane and beet sugar is derived from production and foreign

trade data; minor military takings, beginning 1941, have not been subtracted from total supply, so per capita

estimates are for the total population; all other items, civilian consumption only beginning 1941. Data in

parentheses are approximations, g/ Refined, measured at approximately v»holesale level of distribution.

2/ Includes sirup equivalent of maple sugar. 4/ Green bean equivalent. ¿/ Includes cocoa bean equivalent

of cocoa products Imported 1942 to date. 6/ Not available. ¿Z Less than 0.05 pounds. ¿/ Preliminary.
125 -

Table 25.- Tree nuts, coconuts,and peanuts (shelled basis): Per capita consunption,

crop years, 1909-"52 \J

Tree nuts __* O/^/^^NWt««^ •

Year ;

Almonds • Filberts : Pecans : Walnuts : Other 2/: Total

"• ooconuu

'• (dessi- •

; cated) 2/ ;

Peanuts

Pounds Pounds

0.06

Potinds

0.01

Pounds

0.31

Pounds

0.26

Pounds

0.8

Pounds

(0.06)

Pounds

1909 : 0.15 2.4

1910 .17 .07 .01 .29 .19 .7 ( .06) 2.4

1911 : .15 .05 .01 .31 .25 .8 .06 2.2

1912 : .17 .06 .01 .27 .Ir'' .7 .07 2,2

1913 : .16 .07 .01 .30 .29 .8 .10 2.5

19U : .15 .07 .01 .28 .19 .7 .06 2.5

1915 : .17 .05 4/ .34 .21 .8 .08 2.8

1916 : .22 .07 .01 .34 .13 .8 .09 2.7

1917 : .23 .10 M .28 .18 .8 .20 4.1

1918 : .28 .06 U .25 .15 .7 .13 2.8

1919 .33 .15 .24 .48 .23 1.4 .37 4.5

1920 : .19 .07 .04 .31 .35 1.0 .19 2.9

1921 : .30 .11 .16 .48 .35 1.4 .40 2.6

1922 : .29 .11 .05 .43 .33 1.2 .29 2."

1923 : ,30 .12 .19 .41 .38 1.4 .39 3.2

192I» : .25 .07 .13 .48 .34 1.3 .37 3.5

1925 : .22 .10 .17 .50 .29 1.3 .44 3.5

1926 : .25 .08 .30 .37 .35 1.3 .44 3.3

1927 : .24 .10 .11 .50 .13 1.1 .51 3.9

1928 : .25 .09 .21 .37 .30 1.2 .47 3.7

1929 : .19 .06 .16 .43 .23 1.1 .43 4.0

1930 : .20 .06 .17 .33 .28 1.0 .32 3.1

1931 : .17 .05 .26 .31 .33 1.1 .33 4.4

1932 : .14 .05 .20 .35 .26 1.0 , 2^ 4.1

1933 : .12 -.03 .23 .25 .24 .9 .38 3.6

1934 : .11 ;.03 .16 .33 .34 1.0 .50 3.3

1935 : .17 .04 .35 .34 .43 1.3 .57 4.0

1936 : .16 .05 .17 .27 .46 1.1 .63 4.5

1937 : .19 .03 .30 .38 .45 1.3 .58 4.3

1938 : .U .03 .20 .32 .48 1.2 .60 4.3

1939 : .20 .05 .27 .37 .45 1.3 .68 4.3

1940 : .11 .03 .34 .32 .54 1.3 .77 4.9

1941 : .09 .04 .33 .44 .39 1.3 .60 4'. 7

1942 : .22 .03 .23 .34 .14 1.0 .01 6.1

1943 : .23 .05 .37 .37 .07 1.1 .01 5.6

1944 : .35 . .10 .40 .a .16 1.4 .03 6.1

1945 : .33 .10 .37 .38 .24 1.4 .06 6.4

1946 : .35 .13 .20 .38 .40 1.5 .26 5.0

1947 : .30 .08 .30 .33 M 1.5 .70 4.6

1948 : .29 .09 .43 .37 .48 1.7 .82 4.3

1949 : <?6 .1'. .30 .41 .52 1.6 .82 4.2

1950 : .32 .06 .30. .36 .55 1.6 .86 4.4

1951 : .29 .08 .37 .42 .46 1.6 .52 U.5

1952 5/ : .28 .10 .36 A3 .46 1.6 .6 \X

1/ Crop year beginnijag July of year indicated for tree nuts; peanuts on September-August year.

Civilian per capita consumption beginning 19^1.

2/ Includes the following nuts: Brazil, pignolia, pistache, chestnuts, cashews, and miscellaneous tree nuts.

3/ Based on imports beginning July 1 of year indicated.

V Less than 0.005 pounds.

5/ Preliminary.
- 126 -

T^ble 26.- Spices: Apparent per capita conamptlon, 1918-52

Tear | Pepper l/

Mustard

seed Z/

; other 2/ !

Pounds Founds Pounds

1918 ! 0.3 0.1 0.4

1919 : .2 .1 .4

1920 : .2 .1 .5

f

1921 : .3 .2 •4

1922 : .3 .2 .5

.6 1923 ! .2 .1

1924 !! .2 .2 .4

1925 !! .3 .2 .4

1926 !: .1 .2 .4

1927 !! .2 .3 •4

1928 ! .2 .2 •4

1929 Í .2 .2 .4

1930 : .2 .2 .4

1931 : .3 .1 .4

1932 : .3 .1 .4

1933 : .3 .2 .4

1934 : .3 .2 .4

1935 : .3 .1 .5

1936 : .6 .2 .4

1937 : .3 .2 .4

1938 : .4 .1 .4

1939 : .5 .2 .4

1940 .1 .1 .5

19a • '^ .2 .6

1942 : 4/ .5 .4

1943 á/ .3 .2

1944 : A/ .2 .3

1945 : 4/ .2 .4

1946 : .1 .2 .4

1947 : .3 .3 .2

1948 : .2 .2 .4

1949 : .2 .2 .3

1950 : .2 .2 .4

1951 : .1 .3 .4

1952 2/ : .2

•

.3 .3

Total

Pounds

0.8

.7

.8

.9

1.0

.9

.8

.9

.7

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.9

.9

.9

1.2

.9

.9

1.1

.7

1.2

.9

.5

.5

.6

.7

.8

.8

.7

.8

.8

.8

1/ Based upon imports for consumption, ad;)usted for exports of foreign unground

pepper froa mld-1930, minus domestic exports and shlpnents to the Territories of

tinground pepper, >Aen reported.

2/ Based upon Imports for constmptlon plus the production of the preceding year,

adjusted for seed for planting.

y Eased upwi Imports for cwwumptlon of all Items, except pepper and mustard,

shown In table 191.

kf Less than 0.0^ pounds.

2/ Preliminary
- 127 -

CHAPTER 3. CONSUMPTION OF INDIVIDUAL FOODS PER CAPITA:

APPROXIMATE RETAIL WEIGHTS

Estimates of per capita consuniption of individual foods which are

regularly developed and published by the Department of Agriculture are

made at various levels of distribution, as discussed in the two preceding chapters. These have proved satisfactory for study of changes

through time in consumption of major foods. But they are not fully

satisfactory for such purposes as construction of an index of overall

food consiomption, nutritive analysis, and comparisons with consumption

in other countries. To meet these needs, information has been gathered

from many sources as to the wastes and losses in the process of distribution from farms to retail stores. No satisfactory information as to

the proportions of supplies of individual commodities reaching consumers

through the various channels of distribution - retail stores, door-todoor deliveries, as meals in restaurants and other institutions - is

currently available. Therefore, the data on consumption in primary

distribution weights were converted to approximate retail weights for

this study, despite the fact that substantial quantities of food do not

move throTigh retail food stores.

Although estimates of per capita consumption of all major foods are

now made regularly, supplemental data on relatively minor commodities

and detailed breakdowns of the major groupings were required for

analyses of trends in consumption, nutritive analysis, and for comparison with information on food consumption in such countries as Canada

and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, until recent years, background

data were not available for estimating consumption of some major foods.

Realizing that, for some purposes, informed guesses by coimnodity specialists are preferable to omissions, estimates of per capita consumption

were made to carry the series for individual foods, even minor ones,

back to 1909. These are given in detail in the following tables. When

figures are outright guesses, they are enclosed in parentheses. Otherwise, the data do have some statistical basis and the estimates which

correspond to general categories and years indicated in tables Ö to 26

in the preceding chapter were derived from the data in terms of primary

distribution weight. The data for individual commodities on a retail

basis should be used with great caution. Most of them are far less

reliable than the official estimates of per capita consumption in terms

of primary weight given in chapter 2. However, they are useful in

indicating trends and approximate levels, particularly for groups of

foods. For this reason these data are published here despite the known

inadequacies.

The conversion or waste -factors used to derive each series from

the primary distribution weight data are noted on the tables and summarized in table 27. With only a few exceptions, principally for World

War II years, the same factors have been applied for the whole period

because no data have been foimd on which to make changes in factors.

Some of the considerations involved in arriving at the estimates

of civilian per capita consumption in terms of retail weights deserve

special note. For purposes such as nutritive analysis, the fat cuts of
- 128 -

pork belong with the fats and oils rather than with the lean meats.

Some trade data have indicated that about 28 percent of the carcass

weight of pork is bacon and saltsides and this proportion has been used

throughout. The calculation of edible weights of various kinds of commercially caught fish was described in chapter 1 as well as their differences from retail or market weights. But it was necessary to use

the edible weights as retail weights. No information is available for

estimating the consumption of game fish, that is, noncommercially

caught fish. A rough approximation of 1.2 pounds per capita was used

throughout the period.

The most troublesome question in regard to the meat group is the

estimation of consumption of game, both birds and animals. The only

study of this kind found l/, covered the total number and total dressed

weight of game birds and mammals killed in 19^2 by sportsmen, hunters,

trappers, and others on both public and private lands. Statistics on

the number of big game killed annually in this country are available

for 19^2, 19^3, and from 19^6 to 1951. However, these data are only a

part of the total nimber of game taken in each year. Except for 19^2

they do not include small game and fowl. Rough approximations of the

quantities of such game and fowl killed were based on the 19^2 data and

indications of the Fish and Wildlife Service as to changes in numbers

of important species and information as to sales of "duck stamps."

Commercial production of rabbits for meat has become significant in

recent years. But on a per capita basis it is still less than 0.5 pound

so estimates of cons^jmption each year are included with the rough approximations of wild game and fowl.

Practices of marketing chicken and turkey have changed from selling

them dressed, New York style, to the ready-to-cook form in recent years.

For purposes of comparison, the ready-to-cook or eviscerated (including

giblets) basis has been used for the entire series. The only data

available on which to estimate the consumption of domesticated ducks

and geese were those of the decennial censuses on numbers raised.

Straight-line interpolations were used for intercensal years. Supply

and distribution data for eggs were developed in terms of dozens of

eggs; the consumption estimated for eggs in table 8 are in numbers.

The factor used to adjust for breakage and spoilage from farm to retail

is given in table 2?. The average size of eggs has increased recently

so 1.5 pounds per dozen eggs were used to obtain per pound equivalents

of the nimiber of eggs consumed for each year from I909 to 19k6^ then

increased to I.5I for 19^7j, then 0.01 pound more each year to I.56 for

1952. Table 30 contains the retail weight data.

Three different methods of calculating overall consumption of

dairy products were used for this publication. The first and most

1/ U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. The

Case for Continued Hunting of Game Birds and Mammals for the Duration.

Mar. 5^ 19^3. Includes data supplied by the Forest Service of the U. S,

Department of Agriculture and by State Fish and Game Departments.
- 129 -

obvious is the sum of the weights of the individual foods. This series

is given in table 31; it was used in arriving at the total retail weight

of all foods consumed per capita. But it is generally more desirable

to measure consuniption of all dairy products on an equivalent basis.

For this purpose the various dairy products are usually evaluated in

terms of their relationships to fluid whole milk, frequently on the basis

of the fat content, the second measure of overall consumption illustrated

in table 9. Nutritionists prefer to combine dairy products in terms of

their mineral and protein content as described in chapter k and given

in table 38. Table 9 also contains the total number of pounds of nonfat

milk solids and fat solids consumed per capita in each year.

For the fats and oils group, the primary distribution weights of

individual products were used with the addition of the fat cuts of pork,

as described above. But it is recogiTized that this overlooks the problem

of the prepared salad dressings and salad oils. Because these contain

ingredients such as sugar and eggs which are already counted in those

categories, only the fat and oil content of such products was used for

the per capita consumption index described below and. for nutritive analysis. This content is identical with the category "other edible oils,"

described in chapter 2.

The estimates of per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables

given in the tables of chapter 2 included commercial production of

fruits and vegetables sold as fresh and commercially processed items

in terms of processed weights. The estimates of consumption of fresh

fruits given in table 11 included supplies from commercial production

covered by the Crop Reporting Board, plus an estimate of unreported commercial production of strawberries. As noted in chapter 1, because of

statutory restrictions, only the coumiercial production of apples in

certain States and areas has been estimated regularly in the crop reports

since 1937« To estimate total consumption of apples in fresh form, indications of the unreported production were computed by comparing commercial production reported by the Crop Reporting Board with census data on

production of apples, by States. All of the "unreported production" was

assumed to be used fresh, and after allowing for loss from farm to

retail, was added on a per capita basis to retail equivalents of per

capita data from table 11 to develop data for table 33. With the exception of these two fruits, cherries and plums, no attempt has been made

to estimate the unreported fruit production because it appears to be

relatively quite small for most items, judging from available census

data.

A coTEpletely revised series on the commercial production of vegetables for fresh sale was described in chapter 1. It covers all freshmarket production grown primarily for sale, both production in wellrecognized commercial areas producing mainly for shipment to distant

markets and to local market production in areas surrounding major cities.

It does not include production for home consumption in farm, ruralnónfarm, or urban gardens. A new series of approximations of the quantities of major vegetables produced for home use has been developed as

follows: Fam-home gardens - several censuses of agriculture contain

data on the value of vegetables produced on farms for home consumption
- 130 -

and the proportion of farms having such gardens. By using weighted average prices of ve-etahles sold fresh, as reported by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, the first approximations of the possible number of

pounds of garden output for each farm household were obtained. These

were checked with a number of Home Management Supervisors of the Farmers

Home Administration who had had long experience with advising on and

recording output of farm gardens in their States. They also supplied

their informed r;uesses as to types of vegetables grown in farm gardens

in their States'now and in the past. Revised approximations were then

made for the average number of po\mds of fresh vegetables produced in

farm home gardens and the breakdowns by major kinds of vegetables were

developed for census years.

Even less inform.ation is available for estimating the output of

gardens of rural nonfarm and urban households. But such production

undoubtedly makes a significant contribution to the country»s food supplies. The only sources of information found for use in making rough

approximations to fill this gap were studies of family food consumption

in individual weeks in 1935-36, 19^2, 19^+1^ (urban), 19^5 (Georgia and

Ohio coionties), and sample surveys of production in victory gardens

during and following World War II, plus information on changes in numbers of rural-nonfarm households and of households in urban areas with

less than 50,000 population. The relationship between consumption of

home-produced vegetables reported by farm households and rural-nonfarm

households in I9Í2 was used as a benchmark for estimating the garden

output of rural nonfarm households. Changes in the number of such

households and rough guesses as to the proportion having gardens were

also taken into account. The survey of city gardens made by the Bureau

of Labor Statistics in the fall of 19^+1; 2/ provided some indication of

the quantity of vegetables supplied by urban home gardens. Here again

it was necessary to consider the number of households in towns and

small cities and to guess at the proportion having gardens. Fortunately,

the victory garden surveys supplied some information on the proportion

of rural and urban families having gardens.

The rough approximations of home-garden output by category are

given on a per capita basis in table 36 in order to roimd out the consumption picture for fresh vegetables, but no claim is made for accuracy

of level of total production or for breakdown by kind of vegetable.

Both may be changed if, and when, a statistically satisfactory, comprehensive survey of garden output is made. These approximations of horaegarden output are very different so far as reliability is concerned

from the estimates of commercial vegetable production described in

chapter 1, on the basis of which the consuii5)tion estimates contained in

table 16 were developed and converted to a retail weight basis for

table 3U, by means of the factors shown in table 27. Total per capita

consumption of fresh vegetables may be obtained by adding per capita

output of home gardens to per capita consumption from commercially

2/ U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. City Gardens in Wartime,

Monthly Labor Review, Oct. 19*4-5.
- 131 -

produced supplies. It should be noted that a substantial proportion of

home-garden output is processed at home so commercial fresh and homegarden fresh vegetables are not directly comparable.

Farm-garden output of potatoes and sweetpotatoes for farm home use

are included in the official Crop Reporting Board estimates of production. Relatively few urban gardens include potatoes and sweetpotatoes

because of the space these crops take. Therefore^ output of rural nonfarm gardens was approximated on the basis of information as to the number of rural nonfarm households and the consumption of home-produced

potatoes and sweetpotatoes reported in surveys in the spring of I9Í1-2 3/

and in one Georgia and one Ohio coxmty in the early siommer of I945.4/

Data on production of canned soups have not been available since

19h6; therefore, rough estimates of changes in per capita consumption

were made with the assistance of trade information.

The primary distribution data on canned fruits and vegetables are

in terms of processed weights, excluding the weight of the tins and jars

but including ingredients such as salt and sugar. Data on these processed items and the frozen and dried products require no adjustments

to shift from primary distribution weights to retail weights. Therefore, the data in tables 12 to 15 and I8 to 20 are not repeated here.

But these data were included in table 3Ö which summarizes all foods on

a retail-weight basis, in terms of the food groups used by the Bureau

of Human Nutrition and Home Economics. (See chapter 4.) Likewise, the

data on primary distribution weights of tree nuts and peanuts are used

as retail-weight equivalents and reference should be made to table 25

of the preceding chapter.

Bakery products include fats, sugar, eggs, and other ingredients

already counted elsewhere. Data for making satisfactory estimates of

their consumption and content are not available so the per capita

consumption of wheat, rye, and corn flours is given in table 23. Consumption of several minor commodities was also estimated on the basis

of some production data and these are included in the same table,

except soya grits and flour for which data were included in table 35»

For purposes of overall analysis of consumption, certain adjustments must be made in the data on consumption of sugar to avoid duplication. The estimates of per capita consumption of processed fruits

and vegetables, sweetened condensed milk, and frozen dairy products

are on a product-weight basis and include the sweetenings used. Some

data are available as to the indiistrial use of beet and cane sugar.

3/ U. S. Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics. Family Food

Consumption in the United States, Spring I9U2. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc.

Pub. 550, 157 PP- 19^^-

h/ Adelson, Sadye F., and Blake, Ennis C. Diets of Families in the

Open Country, a Georgia and an Ohio County, SiJmmer 19^+5^ U* S. Dept.

Agr. Misc. Pub. 70^+, 90 pp. April I950.
- 132 -

corn sugar, and corn sirup in dairy products and other broad groups of

food items,5/ They are not, however, detailed enough to enaole tne

content of individual"sweetenings in such products to be subtracted

from the per capita consumption of each sugar and sirup listed m

table 2k. Therefore, a summary column was inserted in table 37 foj

all sugars and sirups combined which excludes their use in the food

products listed above as including sweetenings in their product

weights. The estimates of sweetening content were based on data from

the National Canners Association, the Office of Price Administration,

the Production and Marketing Administration, the Bureau of Dairy

Industry, and miscellaneous trade and census data. However, it should

be noted that this adjusted series on sugar consumed includes quantities of sugars and sirups contained in such products as jams and

jellies, soft drinks and confectioneries, for which satisfactory estimates of per capita consunrption have not been developed.

Coffee beans were converted to a roasted basis and cocoa beans to

a chocolate liquor equivalent of cocoa and chocolate. Ho change was

necessary in the figures for tea (table 37).

Alcoholic beverages were excluded'from this study of food consumption. Data on per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages are

published in section 30 of the Statistical Abstract of the United

States.6/

The processed commodities listed in tables 12-15, 18-20, and 23

are included with data in tables 28-37 in the food-group totals in

table 38 (including subtotals by food groups) and an index was

constructed by setting the 19^+7-^9 average equal to 100.

INDEX OF PER CAPITA FOOD COKSWiPTION

This index of per capita food consumption was developed to

describe overall changes in food consumption from year to year and

over a period of years. Primarily, it measures changes in quantity,

although of necessity it reflects certain changes in quality of foods

consumed, such as the shift from lower priced to higher priced foods.

It does not reflect price changes per se, because base-period prices

(19ÍÍ-7-U9 averages) are used throughout.

The index as constructed was designed to measure changes in the

total quantity of food consumed at the retail level; it utilizes the

per capita data of the preceding section of this chapter. It assumes

that all food moves through retail stores. This is as close to the

actual consumption level as price weights can be constructed. A

¿/ See pages 37-^+5^ U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Inform. Bui. kQ, Competitive Relationships between Sugar and Corn Sweeteners by Phillip E.

Jones and F. G. Thomason, June I95I. 2U5 pp. Washington, D. C.

6/ U. S. Bureau of the Census. Annual publication.
- 133 -

Táble 27.- Conversion factors used to obtain retail wei^t from

primary distribution weight l/

Item

Primary

distribution

level 2/

Factor Item

Primary

distribution Factor

level 2/

Dairy products

Farm, distributor 1.0 ':

: Fresh fruit - Contlnußd

Fluid milk and cream Apples Farm 0.90

Other dairy products Processor 1.0 : : Other fresh fruit:

: Apricots do. .91

Meats : Avocados do. .91

Beef Slaugjtiter .79 I : Bananas do. .92

Veal do. .91 : Cherries do. .91

Lamb and mutton do. .89 : : Cranberries do. .96

Pork, excluding lard Figs do. 1.00

Lean cuts do. .65 ! Grapes do. .90

Fat cuts do. .28 : : Peaches do. .89

: Pears do. .90

Poultry Slaughter and : Pineapples do. .85

evisceration 3/1.0 ; : Plums and prunes do. .89

Fish and shellfish Stra^^berries do. .89

Fresh and frozen Market weijíits

already converted

: Canned fruit and Juices Canner

Packer

1.00

: Dried fruit 1.00

to edible weights 1.0 ': : Frozen fruit Packer 1.00

Canned Processor 1.0 :

Cured do. 1.0 :

: Fresh vegetables 6/.85

Eggs Farm V.97 •! : Leafy, green,and yellow:

Artichokes Farm .90

Fats and oils : Asparagus do. .91

Butter, actual weigjit Processor 1.0 : : Lima beans do. .92

Laixi do. 1.0 Snap beans do. .89

Margarine : Cabbage do. .85

Actual weig^it do. 1.0 : Carrots do. .90

Shortening do. 1.0 : : Kale do. .81

Other edible, fat content 5/ do. 1.0 : Lettuce and escarole do. .81

: Green peas do. .95

Su^ar : Peppers do. .87

Refined Refiner 1.0 : : Spinach do. .81

Raw to refined .935 : : Tomatoes

: Other fresh vegetables:

do. .75

Sirups Processor 1.0 : : Beets do. .90

: Cauliflower do. .86

Dry beans and peas Faun, cleaned basis 1.0 : Celery do. .86

Com do. .86

Peanuts, kernel basis Sheller 1.0 : : Cucumber» do. .86

: Eggplant do. .87

Beverages : Garlic do. .81

Coffee, green bean Inçort I/.81* ; : Onions do. .86

Tea do. 1.00 : : Shallots do. .90

Cocoa beans do. 8/.73T : Cantaloups do. .85

: Watermelons do. .87

Fresh fruit : Canned vG£^otables Canner 1.00

Citrus; : Frozen vegetables Packer 1.00

Oranges Farm .95 ': : Potatoes Fann .93

.86 Tangerines do. .91 : : Sweetpotatoes do.

Grapefruit do. .95 :

Lemons do. .95 :

Limes do. .95 : : Grain products Milling, processing 1.0

1/ These factors were based on information from many sources, including special surveys and trade data. (See text.)

Many are approximations, but they are the best available at this time. During the war such factors were assembled,

reviewed, and published in Conversion Factors and Weights and Measures for Agricultural Ccanmodlties and their Products,

Production and Marketing Administration, May 1952. 96 pp.

2/ Stage in production and processing at-which consunrptlon of particular ccnmiodity is measured, as described in

chapters 1 and 2. xi cc

il Factors for obtaining eviscerated weight frcm live weight: Turkey, 75 percent. Chicken—prior to 19^7, oó percent; I9Í+7 to date, broilers 70 percent, farm chickens 68 percent.

hj Factor of O.96 used 19U2-U6 to cover additional loss resialting from shortage of wooden cases during the war

period.

5/ This category Includes fats and oils in cooking and salad oils, in salad dressings, mayonnaise, in bakery Products, and for minor uses such as fish canning. To avoid duplication with other foods, no attempt was made to put data

on actual weight basis. . ^

6/ Average factor often used for all fresh vegetables, excluding potatoes and sweetpotatoes but Including cantaloups,

watermelons, and onions.

7/ Roasted.

0/ Chocolate liquor equivalent of cocoa and chocolate (5^ percent fat content).
. 13^ -

Table 2Ö.- Meats and game: Per capita consumption, retail weight, 1909-52 l/

Beef

2/

Veal

2/

Poiinds Pounds

57.7

54.9

53.3

50.?

49.4

48.3

43.9

45.9

50.3

53.4

48.0

46.1

43.2

46,1

46.5

46.4

46.3

46.9

42.4

38.0

38.7

38.1

37.8

36.3

40.1

49.8

41.5

47.2

43.0

42.3

42.6

42.8

47.4

47.7

41.5

43.4

46.3

48.0

54.2

49.1

49.8

49.4

43.6

48.4

6.6

6.5

6.4

6.3

5.6

5.2

5.3

5.7

6.5

6.6

7.1

7.2

6.8

7.0

7.4

7.6

7.7

7.3

6.6

5.8

5.6

5.8

6.0

5.9

6.4

é.4

/.6

7.6-

7.7

6.9

6.8

6.6

6.8

7.4

7.4

11.1

10.6

8.9

9.7

8.6

8.0

7.2

6.0

6.5

Lamb and

mutton

2/

Poupds

5.9

5.7

6.4

6.8

6.3

6.3

5.3

5.1

3.9

4.2

5.0

4.8

5.3

4.5

4.6

4.6

4.5

4.6

4.8

4.9

5.9

6.2

6.2

6.0

5.5

6.4

5.8

5.9

6.1

5.8

5.8

6.0

6.3

5.7

5.9

6.4

5,9

4.6

4.4

3.6

3.5

3.0

3.6

Lean

pork

2/

Edible

offals

Game

Fat pork

(bacon and

salt side) 2/

Poiinds Pounds Pounds Pounds

43.0 10.9 3.0 18.5

39.9 10.2 2.8 17.2

44.3 10.6 2.6 19.1

42.7 10.2 2.5 18.4

42.8 10.0 2.4 18.5

41.7 9.5 2.3 18.0

42.6 9.9 2.2 18.4

44.3 10.5 2.3 19.1

37.8 10.1 2.5 16.3

39.1 10.5 2.6 16.9

41.0 10.9 2.5 17.6

40.7 10.1 2.4 17.5

41.5 9.6 2.3 17.9

42.1 9.9 2.4 18.1

47.6 10.5 2.4 20.5

47.4 10.4 2.3 20.4

42.8 10.0 2.1 18.4

41.1 9.6 1.9 17.7

43.4 9.3 1.8 18.7

45.4 8.9 1.8 19.6

44.7 8.9 1.6 19.2

43.0 8.8 1.6 18.5

43.8 9.1 1.6 18.9

45.3 9.0 1.6 19.5

45.4 9.2 1.6 19.5

41.3 9.4 1.6 17.8

31.0 8.0 1.6 13.4

35.4 8.3 1.7 15.2

35.8 8.7 1.7 15.4

37.3 8.4 1.7 16.1 a.5 8.7 1.7 17.9

47.1 9.6 1.8 20.3 43.8 10.0 2.1 18.9 40.8 11.3 2.1 17.6 50.6 12.2 2.2 21.8 51.0 13.3 2.3 22.0

42.7 12.4 2.3 18.4 48.7 11.1 2.3 21.0 44.6 11.0 2.1 19.2

43.4 10.1 2.2 18.7

43.4 10.0 2.4 18.7

44.3 10.0 2.4 19.1 45.9 9.8 2.5 19.8 46.5 10.2 2.5 20.0

Canned

meat 4/

Pounds

2.9

2.7

3.5

4.3

5.2

1.5

3.4

3.3

4.9

7.9

7.1

7.7

7.1

8.4

8.6

9.0

in^teSrS"V:r^?:iTcu^^:na"^a\^f;aiit^^^^^^^^^^ f^^^-' ^"-^--^^"^ Processed,

using the folloving average flctSs^ Beeï! ?5 p^rceÎÎ? S'^r^iïîr^? '? ^f^'^ equivalents

cent; lean pork, 65 percent of. carcass weight S^ S^ îT^'JX ^^'^ ' J^\f"^?>^"on, 89 perof carcass weight of pork. 2/ Approximations onl?! incSdS Íal^h-ÍL.''"'* !*^* Bide), 28 percent

cially i^ised rabbits; excludes gLe fish. For ¿î;poses of nut^ti^" ^"í """^^^ ^"^ °°^^^ that about 1.2 pounds of game fish were consumed^^ !!. nutritional analysis it is assumed

federally inspected only;^excluÎeÏ íol^ "S ^nsuÍSíon/'^^Íi; ^ ^^' °^""«^ ^«^S^^'

data for meats on a "fresh retail cut^^V;ánt':íSÍr,rtSrSbír 1/ SaTnaÍ^.''^
Table 29.- Fish:

- 135 -

Per capita consumption (edible weight), 1909-52 1/

Fresh and frozen '•

Canned 2/

Cured '

4/ ;

Total

Year :

Fish :

Shell-'

fish ;

Total *

2/ :

Salmon:

Sardines

(pilchards

and herring)

•

: Tuna

*

Shell-

; fish : Other : Total i

all

fish

Pounds Pounds Pounds

(4.3)

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds

(2.7)

Pounds

(3.9)

Pounds

1909 5/i , , (10.9)

1910 : — — (4.5) —— — — — (2.8) (3.8) (11.1)

1911 : — (4.8) (2.8) (3.6) (11.2)

1912 : — (5.0) — -—• — — — (2.9) (3.4.^

(3.3)

(11,3)

1913 : — (5.3) — -— —- — (2.9) (11.5)

19U : — _—. (5.6) —« —- — — •— (3.0) (3.1) (11.7)

1915 : ._- __ (5.8) — — — — — (2.4) (3.0) (11.2)

1916 — (6.0) — — — — (2.2) (2.8) (11.0)

1917 : — (6.2) — — — ~- — (2.0) (2.7) (10.9)

1918 : —

— (6.4) —- — — -— — (2.0) (2.5) (10.9)

1919 : -— — (6.4) — — — —— — (2.8) (2.4) (11.6)

1920 : -— — (6.3) —- — — — — (3.2) (2.3) (11.8)

1921 : —

— (6.2) 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.2 (2.1) (10.5)

1922 : —— —- (6.1) 2.1 .7 .1 .2 .1 3.2 (2.0) (11.3)

1923 : — — (6.0) 1.9 .6 .2 .2 ^. 2.9 (1.8) (10.7)

1924 : — (6.1) 2.1 .8 .1 .2 ^

3.2 (1.7) (11.0)

1925 — (6.3) 2.0 .8 .2 .2 6/ 3.2 (1.6) (11.1)

1926 : —

._ (6.6) 2.1 .8 .2 .2 .1 3.4 (1.4) (11.4)

1927 : — ._ (7.0) 2.5 .8 .2 .2 .1 3.8 (1.3) (12.1)

1928 : — (7.1) 2.3 1.1 .2 .2 6/ 3.8 (1.1) (12.0)

1929 : 5.5 1.4 6.9 2.1 1.0 .3 .3 .2 3.9 1.0 11.8

1930 : 4.6 1.2 5.8 2,0 .6 .3 .2 .2 3.3 1.0 10.1

1931 : 3.5 1.4 4.9 2.1 .5 .2 .2 .2 3.2 .8 8.9

1932 : 3.4 .9 4.3 2.2 .5 .3 .2 .1 3.3 .7 8.3

1933 : 3.2 1.0 4.2 2.2 .7 .3 .2 .4 3.8 .6 8.6

1934 : 3.3 1.0 4.3 2.3 .8 .4 .2 .5 4.2 .7 9.2

1935 : 3.9 1.2 5.1 2.2 1.0 .5 .2 .8 4.7 .7 10.5

1936 : 4.0 1.2 5.2 3.4 1.1 .5 .2 .6 5.8 .7 11.7

1937 : 4.1 1.5 5.6 1.9 1.0 .5 .3 .5 4.2 .8 10.6

1938 : 3.9 1.4 5.3 2.8 .7 .5 .2 .6 4.8 .8 10.9

1939 : 4.0 1.4 5.4 2.0 1.2 .7 .2 .5 4.6 .7 10.7

1940 : 4.3 1.4 5.7 1.9 .7 .7 .2 .6 4.1 .7 10.5

1941 : 4.8 1.5 6.3 2.3 .9 .5 .2 .3 4.2 .6 11.1

1942 : 4.1 1.2 5.3 1.1 .8 .4 .2 .3 2.8 .6 8.7

1943 : 4.1 1.4 5.5 .7 .4 .4 .2 .1 1.8 .6 7.9

1944 : 4.0 1.6 5.6 .7 .9 .5 .1 .3 2.5 .6 8.7

1945 : 4.8 1.8 6.6 .8 .8 .6 .1 .2 2.5 .7 9.8

1946 : 4.1 1.8 5.9 1.1 1.1 .7 .2 .7 3.8 .7 10.4

1947 : 4.0 1.8 5.8 1.5 .6 .9 .1 .5 3.6 .6 10.0

1948 : 4.2 1.8 6.0 1.4 1.0 .9 .2 .3 3.8 .6 10.4

1949 : 4.1 1.7 5.8 1.5 1.0 1.0 .2 .4 4.1 .6 10.5

1950 : 4.7 1.9 6.6 1.4 1.1 1.2 .2 .4 4.3 .6 11.5

19512/ :(4.7) (1.9) 6.6 1.4 .8 1.1 .3 .4 4.0 .6 11.2

1952 2/ :(4.5) (1.8) 6.3 1.4 .5 1.5 .2 .5 4.1 .6 11.0

1/ Civilian only, beginning 1942. 2/ Fresh and frozen fish consumption in the period 1909-28

are based on a straight-line projection, adjusted, 2/ Canned fish consumption estimates 1910-20

based on straight-line projection, adjusted for heavy export and military takings of canned fish

from 1915-18; beginning in 1921 based on production reports, packer stocks, and foreign trade

statistics for individual years, ij Cured fish estimates 1909-28 based on straight-line projection, unadjusted. ¿/ Data for 1909 assumed to be same as 1908 which were estimated on basis

of the 1908 Census and Department of Conmerce foreign trade data. 6/ Less than 0.05 pounds.

2/ Preliminary.
- 136 -

Table 30.- Poultry and eggs: Per :!aplta consumption, approximate

retail weight. 1909-52 1/

Chicken Turkey k/ Ducks and geese

Year

Dressed ,

w»lght

2/

: Equivalent

• eviscerated

weight

Dressed = Equivalent

»«i»ht •• eviscerated

. **Jf''* : weight

Eviscerated weight

1/

: Eggs

6/

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds

1909

1910

19.3

20.3

1*^.5

15.3

(1.2)

(1.2)

(1.0)

(1.0)

(1.5)

(1.5)

(l.U)

(l.U)

35.0

36.6

39.u

37.2

36.3

1911 20.5 15.»* (1.3) (1.1)

1912 19.6 lit.7 (1.3) (1.1)

1913 19.1 11^.3 (1.3) (1.1) (1.3) / _ _ \

191** 19.0 1'».3 (1.3) (1.1) (1.3) 35.3

37.U

35.8 1915 13.9 1U.2 (l.U) (1.2) (1.2)

1916 ; 18.2 13.6 UM (1.2) (1.2)

1917 17 .U 13.1 UM (1.2) (1.1) 33.7

3U.0

36.3

35.8

35.8

1918 ! 17.5 13.1 (IM (1.2) (1.1)

1919 13.7 1Í+.1 (1.5) (1.3) (1.1)

1920 : 18.0 13.5 (1.5) (1.3) (1.0)

1921 17.6 13.2 (1.5) (1.3) (1.0)

1922 : 18.6 lU.o (1.5) (1.3) (1.0) 37.7

1923 19.2 lU.U (1.6) (1.3) ( -.9) 39.1

192Í» : 18.1 13.6 (1.6) (1.3) ( .9) 33.8

1925 : 18.8 lu.l (1.6) (1.3) ( .8) 38,0

1926 : 18.7 lU.O (1.6) (1.3) ( .8) UO.U

1927 : 20.0 15.0 (1.7) (l.U) ( .8) U0,9

1923 : 19.2 lU.U (1.7) (1.1^) ( .7) UO.U

1929 : 18.8 lU.l 1.7 l.U .7 UO.O

1930 : 20.6 15.'t 1.3 1.5 ( .7) 39.6

1931 18.5 13.9 1.7 l.U ( .7) 39.8

1932 : 18.9 li*.2 2.1 1.7 ( .6) 37.u

1933 : 19.»^ 1U.5 2.3 1.9 ( .6) 35.5

193*^ : 17.8 13.3 2.2 1.3 ( .6) 3U.5

1935 : 17.2 12.9 2.1 1.7 ( .6) 33.5

1936 18.0 13.5 2.6 2.2 ( .5) 3U.5

1937 : 17.9 13.U 2.7 2.2 ( .5) 36.9

1933 : 16.7 12.5 2.7 2.2 ( .5) 37.2

1939 : 13.5 13.9 3.0 2.U .5 37.U

I9U0 : 18.5 13.9 3.5 2.9 ( .5) 38.1

19»*1 : 20.3 15.2 3.5 2.9 ( .5) 37.2

19'»2 : 23.2 17.« 3.6 3.0 ( .u) 37.6

I9U3 : 30.3 22.7 3.3 2.7 ( .U) Ul.l

I9UU 26.3 20.1 3.2 2.7 ( M U2.Û

19'^5 : 23.5 21.3 h.2 3.U ( .U) U7.6

I9U6 ! 25.5 19.1 • .5 3.7 ( M UU.9

191+7 23.1 17.9 U.2 3.5 ( .u) U6.2

19^3 22.9 18.1 3.6 3.0 ( .u) U7.I

19'*9 : 2U.9 19.u k.o 3.2 .U U6.8

1950 ! 26.2 20.3 U.8 U.O ( M U7.6

1951 28.3 22.2 5.2 U.3 ( .3) U9.5

1952 1/ : 29.6 23.0 5.»* u.u ( .3) 51.3

1/ civilian consumption only, I9U1 to date. 2/ Excluding only blood and feathers. Usual form

of marketing until after VorId War II. ¿/ Beady-to-cook Including giblets. Chicken: I909-U6

estimated from dressed weight data using ration of 75 percent (equivalent to 66 percent of live

weight); I9U7 to date computed from live-weight basis, using 70 percent for commercial broilers

and 63 percent for farm chickens. Turkey calculated at 32.i percent of dressed weight (or 75

percent of live weight). U/ Based on straight-line projection I909-28, with rough estimate for

1909. ^ Rough approximations only. See text. 6/ Loss to retail 3 percent, I909-U1 and I9U7 to

date; U-percent loss, 19tó-U6. See text for description of adjustment made for changing size of

©ß8s« 1/ Preliminary.
- 137 -

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^ I

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I
-138 .

Table 32*- Fats and oils: Per capita consumption, retail weight, 1909-52 l/

Butter

(actual

weight)

Lard

Margarine

(actual

weight)

Bacon and

salt side

2/

Shortening

Other

edible

oils y

Pounds

17.5

18.1

18.4

16.3

16.2

16.7

17.0

17.1

15.5

13.9

15.0

U.6

16.0

16.9

17.6

17.6

17.8

18.1

18.0

17.3

17.3

17.3

18.0

18.2

17.9

18.3

17.3

16.6

16.5

16.4

17.2

16.7

15.8

15.7

11.7

11.8

10.8

10.4

11.1

9.9

lO.if

10.6

9.5

8.7

Pounde

12.3

12.3

12.0

11.1

10.5

10.5

11.3

11.4

9.9

11.7

10.5

11.8

10.6

13.1

14.1

14.0

12.1

12.1

12.5

13.0

12.6

12.5

13.4

14.2

13.8

12.8

9.5

11.1

10.4

10.9

12.5

14.2

13.6

12.7

12.9

12.1

U.5

11.7

12.4

12.6

U.7

12.4

12.1

11.8

Pounds

1.2

1.5

1.1

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.8

2.7

3.3

3.3

3.4

2.0

1.6

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.3

2.6

2.9

2.6

1.8

1.6

1.9

2.1

2.9

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.3

2.4

2.7

¿.7

3.8

3.8

4.0

3.8

4.9

6,0

5.7

6.0

6.5

7.8

Pounds

18.5

17.2

19.1

18.4

18.5

18.0

18.4

19.1

16.3

16.9

17.6

17.5

17.9

18.1

20.5

20.4

18.4

17.7

18.7

19.6

19.2

18.5

18.9

19.5

19.5

17.8

13.4

15.2

15.4

16.1

17.9

20.3

18.9

17.6

21.8

22.0

18,4

a.o

19.2

18,7

18.7

19.1

19.8

20.0

Pounds

(8,0)

(8,0)

(8,0)

8.2

9.4

10.6

9.8

9.4

10.6

10.3

11.5

7.5

6.9

6.6

6.5

6.9

9.5

9.4

9.6

9.2

9.7

9.6

9.2

7.4

7.4

9.3

11.9

12,2

12.2

11,4

10,5

8.8

10,2

9.3

9.5

8.8

9.0

10.0

9.3

9.6

9.6

10,9

8.9

10,0

Pounds

(1.5)

(1.5)

(1.5)

(1.2)

(1.9)

(3.8)

(3.1)

(2.0)

( .9)

(3.7)

(2.4)

(1.8)

(2.7)

(4.8)

(4.8)

(3.8)

(4.8)

(5.2)

(4.0)

(4.7)

(5,4)

(5,9)

5.1

4.7

5.2

5.3

5.8

6,0

6.2

6,8

7.1

7.3

8,1

7.5

6.6

6.8

6.1

6.3

6.8

7.0

7.8

8.5

7.6

8.8

1/ Civilian only, I941 to date.

|/ Estimated to be 28 percent of carcass weight of porte

y Represents fats and oils used in cookin« ^ alll^ «4%

A/fr'uSr*"*'*'' ^ ^" "^*"' '"*" '^"^ ^ fieh^amiS dressing, and mayonnaise.
- 139 -

11

111

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T * *? '?"^ "^ "^ R ">**î ^^'l^^^^^'O^^ *?-* "^ O ^ <^ <*^ i*^ en-* W O H 0\-* 0-*00\HvOOi/N

oiN<n(noiin<ncnwcvJcu^cùcO<nHcOcnoJcOwoncOcûwcOwcOwcyw

r- h- t* t*-CO OO I»- UMTMTN m liN l/NVO 00 00 O O OO t—00 CO O\G0 UMPMTk t—OO 00 OO t- t^ i^ ^^

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Table 35.- Potatoes, sweetpotatoes, dry edible beans, dry field peas, and soya grits and

flour: Per capita consumption, approximate retail weight, 1909-52 l/

Potatoes

2/

Pounds

• Sweetpotatoes

: 2/

Dry edible

beans 4/

Dry field

peas 4/

Pounds Pounds Pounds

Soya grits

and flour

Pounds

171.1 22.2 6.7 (0.5) ««

181.4 22.3 6.4 ( .5)

144.2 20.1 6.2 ( .5) —

163.7 20.6 6.7 ( .5)

173.0 20.0 6.0 ( .5)

U3.2 18.9 6.3 ( .5)

169.3 21.2 5.7 (' .5)

131.1 20.7 5.0 (: .5)

133.9 23.7 7.3 <: .5)

160.0 22.2 7.3 (: .5)

139.5 25.4 5.4 ([ .5) ~

12s. 3 24.6 5.6 ( .5)

U3.2 23.0 4.7 [ .5)

131.1 24.7 5.1 ( .5) —

160.0 21.1 5.8 ( .5) —

UI.4 U.9 7.7 ( .5) —

144.2 15.1 7.2 ( .5) —

117.2 18.0 7.4 ( .5) —

129.3 21.2 8.6 ( .5)

134.8 17.5 8.5 .5 —

U6.0 18.9 7.7 .4

120.9 15.7 9.4 .5 —

124.6 17.5 8.7 .7

122.8 23.5 7.3 .6

120.9 20.4 7.0 .9

124.6 20.7 8.9 .8 ~

130.2 21.8 8.3 .5 ( 0.2)

119.0 16.8 8.9 .6 (' .2)

115.3 18.2 7.7 .6 (' .2)

118.1 18.1 9.5 .6 (' .2)

112.5 16.7 9.2 .7 (' -2)

U2.5 13.8 8.2 .7 (; -2)

117.2 15.6 8.7 .5 (: -2)

116.2 17.4 11.0 .5 (; -6)

115.3 18.2 8.8 .8 (:i.o)

125.6 16.8 8.0 .8 <: -0)

111.6 15.5 7.7 .8 (: .7)

113.5 14.6 8.6 .7 (: .7)

115.3 12.3 6.4 .5 1[ -7)

96.7 9.6 6.7 .8 [ -7)

101.4 9.9 6.8 .4 •8

93.9 10.6 8.5 .7 •9

100.4 6.2 8.0 .7 •7

93.9 5.7 8.4 .7 • 9

1/ Civilian consumption only, beginning 1941« Calendar-year basis except for dry field peas

for which year begins in September of year indicated. Data for potatoes and sweetpotatoes include fann garden production but exclude nonfann garden output. Data for dry beans and peas

exclude all home-garden produce. Data in parentheses are rough approximations only. 2j Retail

weight estimated at 93 percent of primary distribution or farm weight. 2/ Retail weight estimates

at 86 percent of primary distribution or farm weight. 4/ Cleaned basis. 5/ Preliminary.
- 142 -

Table 36.- Rough approrimUons of per capita ^^^^^fJlt^lVl/'^''^'' "^ sweetpoUtoee from home-garden production, 1909-52 1/ ^^^^^

Vegetables

: Leafy, green,; other *•

Tomatoea : and yellow tTOgetablee V Melons

; vegetables 2/ ; :

Pounds

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

27

27

25

25

25

22

22

22

22

22

21

¡0

23

25

25

23

25

25

25

25

24

24

22

25

30

31

29

27

25

24

22

20

20

20

Pounds

30

30

30

30

31

35

35

35

40

40

40

40

45

45

45

45

45

45

43

43

43

46

46

46

46

46

46

46

46

46

48

48

49

50

53

55

54

45

40

40

37

36

36

36

Pounds

66

66

66

66

60

60

55

55

50

50

49

49

46

42

38

38

38

38

35

35

35

35

35

38

38

34

32

32

32

32

36

36

37

38

40

40

40

33

30

27

27

27

27

27

Pounds

18

18

18

18

18

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

U

13

12

12

12

12

12

13

13

13

33

13

U

U

Ik

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

16

U

13

13

12

12

11

11

11

Di7 beans;

and peas • ^""'•^

Potatoes

Pounds Pounds Pounds

Sweetpotatoes

k/

Pounds

6 150 8 1.5

6 150 8 1.5

6 150 7 1.4

6 150 7 1.4

6 145 7 1.3

5 145 7 1.3

5 140 7 1.2

5 140 7 1.2

5 140 7 1.5

5 140 7 1.5

4 135 7 1.3

4 135 6 1.3

4 135 6 1.1

4 130 6 1.1

4 125 5 1.0

3 120 4 1.0

3 120 4 1.0

3 120 4 1.0

3 115 4 .9

3 115 4 .9

3 115 4 .8

3 120 4 .8

3 120 4 .8

3 125 4 .8

3 125 4 .8

3 120 4 .9

3 120 4 .7

3 120 3 .6

3 120 3 .6

3 120 3 .6

3 125 2 .6

3 125 2 .6

3 125 2 .6

3 130 3 .5

3 140 4 .5

3 145 4 .7

3 140 3 .5

2 120 3 .4

2 110 2 .3 2 105 2 .3 2 100 2 .3 1 95 2 .3

1 95 2 .3

1 95 2 .3

Ji^'^oT^^fZl^ of consumption of the produce fro« fam, rural nonfam. and urban

gardens. 2/ Includes snap beans, li»a beans, peas, cabbage, lettuce, other gree¿. pumpSTand

s«piash,and miscellaneous leaiy green, and yellow vegetablei. 2/ Includes oSJ^ liïïheï

V ^iSSÏ^r' '^ ' "^"•^'^ »^»»«^ vegetablesT k/ acclud^ÍlÜ-SrtAput.
- 143 -

Table 37*- Sugars, sirups, and beverages: Per capita consumption,

approximate retail weight, I909-52 i/

.: Sirups

: and

: Sugar

:duplication

: Coffee, :

Year ; Cane and : C.fSTVX ! roasted :

beet :

VVX il : honev : 2/ : 3/

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds

1909 : 72.7 1.1 12.5 1.8 (7.6)

1910 : 74.4 1.1 13.1 2.0 7.6

19U : 76.3 1.1 13.5 2.0 6.9

1912 : 74.8 1.2 13.4 2.1 9.0

1913 : 80.1 1.1 12-7 2.2 7.4

19U : 79.9 1.1 12.3 2.3 7.6

1915 ! 76.4 1.2 12.4 2.6 8.7

1916 : 75.8 1.3 13.0 2.9 9.5

1917 : 76.9 1.4 13.6 3.1 10.0

1918 ! 73.6 .8 18.5 3.2 8,3

1919 ! 85.4 .6 21,2 2.8 9.7

1920 ! 84.3 .5 18.0 2.0 9.7

1921 ! 86.1 1.0 14.8 2.0 9.9

1922 ! 103.0 2.0 15.6 2.3 9.7

1923 : 89.3 3.6 U.2 2.3 10.5

192/» ! 98.2 4.1 U.7 2.3 10.2

1925 : 102.8 3.9 13.3 2.9 8.7

1926 : 103.1 4.9 13.3 3.0 10.2

1927 : 101.0 6.3 13.3 2.9 10,1

1928 : 102.3 6.7 13.3 2.9 9.9

1929 : 95.6 6.1 12.7 2.8 10.1

1930 : 108.2 5.8 12.2 2.9 10.3

1931 : 99.1 5.4 11.4 2.6 10.8

1932 : 93.3 5.2 12.1 2.3 10.3

1933 : 92.4 5.6 13.5 2.4 10.6

1934 : 92.5 4.2 U.7 2.5 10.2

1935 : 95.7 2.4 13.9 2.7 11.1

1936 : 96.5 2.8 15.7 3.4 11.4

1937 : 95.1 2.7 13.5 3.0 11.0

1938 : 94.5 2.6 13.8 3.3 12.3

1939 : 101.6 2.9 13.7 3.6 12.3

19W) : 94.4 2.9 13.7 4.1 12.9

19a : 102.8 4.0 13.1 4.0 13.2

1942 : 85.7 4.7 19.6 3.8 11.3

1943 : 79.7 4.2 18.1 3.7 10.8

1944 : 88.3 3.9 18.9 3.9 13.1

1945 : 72.9 3.8 16.6 4.6 13.6

1946 : 74.0 3.8 18.9 5.0 16.6

1947 : 90.5 4.4 18.7 5.1 U.4

1948 : 95.5 4.0 12.8 4.7 15.3

1949 : 94.5 4.1 12.7 4.7 15.5

1950 : 95.0 4.5 13.0 5.1 13.4

1951 : 96.1 4.0 13.2 5.0 13.7

1952 i/ : 96.1 3.9 12,6 5.2 13.9

Tea

Pounds

Chocolate

4/

Pounds

1.1 1.0

1.0 .9

1.1 1.0

1.0 1.2

.9 1.1

.9 1.3

1.0 1.4

1.0 1.7

1.2 2.7

1,2 2.4

.6 2.5

.8 2.1

.7 2.0

.8 2.2

.9 2.5

.8 2.4

.9 2.3

.8 2.6

.7 2.4

.7 2.1

.7 2.9

.7 2.2

.7 2.4

.7 2.4

.8 2.5

.6 2.5

.6 3.5

.6 3.7

.7 2.9

.7 2.5

.7 3.4

.7 3.5

.8 3.5

.5 2.9

.5 2.3

.5 2.2

.5 2.5

.6 3.1

.6 3.0

.6 2.8

.6 2.9

.6 3.2

.6 2.9

.6 2.9

1/ Civilian consumption beginning 1941« 2/ Approximate quantities of sugar used in production

of canned and frozen fruit, canned fruit Juices, canned vegetables, unskimmed sweetened condensed

milk, and frozen dairy products except ice cream« These were deducted to avoid duplication in

the nutritional analysis of the food supply. Information on ice cream was supplied to nutritionists in terms of net milk and cream content only» 2/ Equivalent to 84 percent of green beans,

ifc/ Chocolate liouor (54 percent fat content) used in products, equivalent to 73• 7 percent of

cocoa beans. ¿/ Preliminary.
-11*4 -

Table 38.. Approxl^te cons^Mption of food per l^^^^l^^l^^'i^^^^

food groups; total in pounds and in comparison with 19^1-^9 average, ijA^y p¿ _/

Dairyproducts,

excluding

"butter

Milk : Prodequiv-: uct

aient :weight

£/ : 2/

V

: Meats,: Fats

: fish, : and

: and : oils,

:po\iltry,: indud-

: evis- : ing fat

:cerated:cuts and

: basis : butter

: 5/ Î 6/

Qt. Lb. No. Lb. Lb.

192 385

183 362

176 350

197 390

19l|-

186

185

384

366

363

183 360

187 370

201 398

191 374

194 384

195 383

195 381

191 369

195 375

196 376

197 375

196 373

197 374

202 379

201 376

200 372

201 376

201 376

198 366

203 371

206 374

210 378

211 376

213 379

215 380

219 384

232 4o8

239 432

241 441

258 456

261 448

249 428

241 4l2

242 412

245 410

245 412

249 413

280 35

293 37

315 39

298 37

290 36

282 35

299 37

286 36

269 34

272 34

290 36

286 36

286 36

303 38

312 39

310 39

305 38

324 4o

327 41

324 40

320 40

317 40

318 Uo

300 37

284 36

276 34

268 34

276 34

295 37

297 37

300 37

305 38

298 37

301 38

328 41

336 42

381 48

359 45

367 46

372 47

367 47

372 48

383 50

395 51

Lb.

156 59

150 59

154 60

148 57

146 58

143 61

138 61

142 61

139 56

144 60

144 60

140 57

136 57

l4l 61

148 66

147 65

142 65

140 64

139 65

134 66

134 67

132 66

130 66

130 66

136 66

142 66

123 61

135 64

131 64

130 64

136 68

143 70

146 69

146 66

154 66

160 65

157 60

160 63

159 64

151 64

152 64

154 68

150 64

158 67

Drybeans

and peaE^:

nuts,

soya

products

1/

Lb.

16

16

16

16

16

15

15

14

18

16

16

14

14

14

15

16

16

16

17

17

16

17

18

16

15

17

18

19

17

19

19

19

19

22

20

20

20

19

16

17

17

18

18

18

Potatoes

and

sweetpotatoes

8/

Citrus

fruit

and

tomatoes

2/

Lb.

202

213

173

193

201

170

198

160

166

191

173

161

174

163

187

162

165

l4l

156

157

169

141

147

151

146

150

156

litó

137

IÍ40

132

130

136

137

138

l47

131

132

131

109

114

108

no

103

Lb.

59

59

60

60

60

67

65

63

65

61

64

65

66

62

71

70

67

70

70

67

79

73

82

79

81

82

90

92

92

98

no

106

107

112

117

129

133

127

123

116

108

101

109

uo

Leafy,

green,

and

yellow

vegetables

10/

Lb.

63

63

61

63

62

66

68

69

73

75

74

87

83

89

88

96

95

96

98

96

102

103

102

100

99

106

104

104

105

107

no

n3

112

n7

120

127

131

122

no

in

105

105

102

103

other

vegetables

and

fruit

11/

Lb.

248

246

259

267

237

255

249

232

226

222

225

250

214

248

231

240

233

260

221

242

230

232

242

214

210

209

227

221

242

227

237

235

239

223

199

222

232

244

231

223

224

220

220

220

Flour

and

cereal

products

12/

Lb.

295

292

287

282

279

277

274

273

264

255

256

239

226

239

239

235

232

235

235

235

234

226

222

220

2n

200

201

206

200

201

199

196

196

197

205

188

198

190

171

169

167

166

166

163

Sugars

and

sirups

12/

Lb.

84

87

89

87

92

91

87

87

89

90

104

101

100

118

105

115

n7

n8

n8

119

112

123

113

108

109

109

109

112

108

108

115

107

n6

106

98

107

91

92

108

108

107

107

108

107

Coffee,

tea,

and

cocoa

Tcxtal

Retail-: j^^^

weight :^^^j,^

equiv- : ^QQ

aient :

Lb.

10

10

9

n

9

10

11

12

14

12

13

13

13

13

14

13

12

14

13

13

14

13

14

13

14

13

15

16

15

16

16

17

18

15

14

16

17

20

18

19

19

17

17

17

Lb.

1,612

1,59^

1,557

1,611

1,580

1,556

1,566

1,509

1,51^^

1,558

1,539

1,547

1,502

1,567

1,572

1,573

1,558

1,569

1,546

1,560

1,576

1,542

1,548

1,510

1,499

1,494

1,509

1,517

1,526

1,523

1,558

1,554

1,579

1,587

1,604

1,664

1,674

1,662

1,605

1,545

1,536

1,522

1,526

1,530

103

102

100

103

101

100

100

97

97

100

99

99

96

100

101

101

100

100

99

100

101

99

99

97

96

96

97

97

98

98

100

99

101

102

103

107

107

106

103

99

98

97

98

98

1/ See text for description of methods used and discussion of limitations of data. Ci-vilian consunqption only, 1941 to date.

2/ Conçaited from data in "table 3I with factors based primarily on mineral and protein constituents as given on page l64. Factors

used for other items were ui^ublished approximations by the Bureau of Human Ihitrition and Home Economics. One quart of fluid milk

weighs 2.15 pounds.

Data from table 31.

5/ Data from table 30.

5/ Data from tables 28

6/ Data from table 32.

7/ Data from tables 25, u

Allows for breakage from farm to re-tcd.1 and increasing size of eggs in recent years.

29, and 30. Excludes fat pork cuts; includes game fish; poultry on eviscerated basis.

Product weight except for "other edible fats and ons," which represents oils used in salad dressings etc,

. 35, and 36.

5/ Data from tables I8, 35, and 36.

2/ Data from tables 12, 13, l4, I8, I9, 33, 34, and 36. Product weight except for concentrated citrus Juices, which are on a

s ingle-strength basi&. Soup estimated "to be approximately one-third tomato through 1945; thereafter, percentage tona-to reduced

gradually to 20 percent in current years.

10/ Data from tables I8, 19, 20, 34, and 36. For purposes of nutritional analysis vegetable baby foods are assumed to be "leafy,

green, and yenow."

n/ Data frcOT tables 12, 13, l4, I5, I8, I9, 20, 33, 34, and 36. Includes soups other than tomato - see footnote 9.

12/ Excludes com sugar and sirup. Data from table 23.

13/ Excludes sugar used in production of canned and frozen fruit, canned fruit Juices, canned vegetables, unskimn»â sweetened condensed milk, and frozen dairy products except ice cream (see -table 37). Sugars based on data in table 37; for sirups (which Include

molasses and honey) see table 24.

14/ Data from table 37. Includes coffee on roasted basis and chocolate liquor equivalent of cocoa and chocolate products.

15/ Preliminary.
- 1U5 .

price-weighted index is superior to a simple index derived from the

total poundage of foods consumed because it combines the various foods

on the basis of their relative economic importance, reflecting consider preference and cost of production and marketing. However, the

use of retail prices as weights does result in combining the effects

of shifts in consumption among foods having different processing and

marketing costs with the effects of quantitative changes.

The index of per capita food consumption was computed with fixedprice weights according to the Laspeyres formula

where p^ = average retail price in I9I+7-U9

q = average quantity consumed in 19if7-U9

qj_ = average quantity consumed in given year

In constructing an index that uses fixed v/eights the question

arises as to the applicability of base-period price relationships to

consumption patterns in years distant from the base period. After

study of indexes constructed with 1935-39 prices and with 1914-7-1+9

prices, it was found that the use of postwar prices decreases by about

2 percentage points the relative importance of dairy products and increases that of meats about 1 percentage point and those of some other

food groups very slightly. The shifts in price relationships have been

offsettingj they do not influence the overall index of food consumption. Because of this, 191+7-^9 prices were used throughout.

Food items were grouped into 11 categories: Dairy products (excluding butter); meats, fish,, and poultry; eggs; fats and oils, including butter; potatoes and sweetpotatoes; dry beans, peas, and nuts; all

other vegetables; all fruits, including melons; cereal products; sugars

and sirups; coffee, tea, and cocoa. The overall index and subindexes

are given in table 39«

The index of per capita food consumption given below has been

revised (1) to a postwar base, 19^7-^9; (2) to achieve more uniformity

in handling the several food groups; and (3) to include detailed

estimates for additional foods.

Selection of Retail Prices as Weights

The following description of the processes, sources, and reasoning

entering into the selection of retail prices for each food item is

given in detail. It is believed that the prices selected reflect

satisfactorily the price relationships among the many foods covered in

the base period; however, they are not precise and the degree of

accuracy can be judged only after consideration of the methods and

sources used. Much effort has been expended in comparing these prices

with all available information on wholesale and retail prices because

they are expected to have uses other than the construction of this index.
- 1U6 -

Table 39.- Index of per capita food consuraption (price-weighted basis), 1909-52 l/

(l9it7-^9 = 100)

Meat,

fish, Dairy products

' Fats and oils

(excluding Fruits

and

poultry

fat pork cuts)

.

Year [(includ- Eggs

ing

fat

Including

Excluding

Including

Excluding Fresh Canned .Canned

juice

Frozen Dried Total

pork butter butter butter butter

cuts)

1909 100 75 86 73 101 60 107 15 4 ... 103

84

79

1910 96 78 83 70 104 60 106 19 4 -—- 79

88

1911 99 84 82 67 104 59 119 20 2 ——— 102

1912 95 80 87 76 95 57 121 22 3 --- 111 90

1913 9U 78 86 75 98 63 104 23 2 — 90

98

77

19ll^ 92 76 84 72 107 74 122 31 1 --- 91

89 1915 89 80 84 72 106 70 Ors, 116 31 5 — 123

1916 92 77 84 72 104 66 103 38 3

— 121 80

0^

1917 . 89 72 84 74 96 64 100 4l 2 — l49 80

74 1918 92 73 88 81 101 80 94 40 3 —- 105

1919 92 78 86 77 102 76 96 52 2 — 163 80

1920 : 90 77 88 80 94 65 111 51 5 — 154 89

1921 : 88 77 90 80 96 60 91 44 2 — 128 74

1922 : 91 81 91 80 107 72 114 40 2 — 157 90

1923 ! 96 8k 91 79 111 75 111 48 2 — 127 88

192U : 95 83 92 80 109 72 115 48 1 — 150 91

1925 92 81 93 81 115 80 105 60 2 6 l49 86

1926 91 87 93 81 117 81 125 65 2 3 143 100

1927 . 90 88 93 81 115 78 101 68 2 9 146 85

1928 88 87 92 81 114 82 115 68 1 15 144 95

1929 . 88 86 94 83 117 86 109 67 2 17 124 90

1930 : 87 85 93 82 117 87 104 70 2 15 126 87

1931 . 85 85 92 80 117 82 121 60 3 12 110 96

1932 . 86 80 91 79 114 76 97 56 3 17 128 81

1933 : 89 76 91 79 114 78 95 64 2 15 121 79

193U 92 Ik 91 78 118 83 96 68 3 15 119 81

1935 . 80 72 92 80 118 88 110 73 13 15 137 93

1936 : 88 Ih 93 82 119 93 103 92 16 20 132 91

1937 : 85 79 94 84 118 93 118 74 29 15 138 99

1938 : 85 80 94 84 118 9k 108 84 30 29 128 95

1939 89 80 96 85 121 94 116 87 35 32 150 102

19Îrô ; 9k 82 96 86 119 93 109 104 45 38 139 100

19^*1 : 96 80 97 88 120 100 113 98 53 38 101 102

19*^2 95 81 102 95 115 93 97 94 53 41 95 90

l9í^3 ; 102 88 98 95 101 94 87 68 45 32 135 80

19M» 105 90 99 97 99 91 io4 51 58 58 138 92

19't5 : 102 102 103 103 94 88 103 78 66 67 145 96

19U6 : 105 96 107 109 95 92 103 122 106 92 113 106

19í^7 103 99 103 103 100 96 106 99 96 95 93 103

19U8 : 98 101 98 99 99 102 99 98 106 89 97 99

19U9 ; 99 100 98 98 101 102 95 102 98 116 110 98

1950 : 101 102 99 98 107 m 86 115 91 146 103 9k

1951 ; 99 106 97 98 98 102 90 102 94 172 102 97

1952 1/ : 103 no 97 99 102 114 87 111 92 246 102 100

See footnotes at end of tal>le'

Continued
- Ik7 -

Table 39.- Index of per capita food consumption (price-weighted basis), 1909-52 l/ -Contd.

(191^7 J^9 = 100)

Vegetables

Potatoes

and Beans, Cereal Other ; Sugar Coffee, All

Year ;

Fresh Canned

proc- \

essed

products

Total , sweet-

¡potatoes

peas,

nuts

products

and

sirups

tea and

cocoa

, food

1909 : 93 39 2 73 176 82 131 58 60 89

1910 : 93 37 3 72 18I+ 79 131 59 58 88

1911 : 91 1+0 1+ 72 151 79 128 61 56 88

1912 : 93 1+8 5 71* 167 79 126 60 67 89

1913 : 89 51 6 72 173 80 125 63 56 87

I91I+ : 92 lf9 9 71* 1I+8 76 125 63 58 87

1915 90 1+6 9 73 172 77 12I+ 60 66 87

1916 91 1+2 9 73 ll+l 71+ 121+ 60 71 86

1917 91 k9 9 71* 1I+8 93 120 61 79 85

1918 ! 92 58 9 77 166 82 115 61 69 87

1919 : 90 56 10 75 151* 95 118 71 69 88

1920 : 96 1+7 10 77 1I+I+ 77 113 69 70 87

1921 : 93 1+1+ 11 75 153 80 107 68 70 85

1922 : 95 U5 17 77 11*5 78 113 81 71 89

1923 : 92 55 21 78 162 89 113 72 77 91

192»^ : 95 59 17 79 138 93 111 86 71+ 92

1925 : 95 66 13 81 li+l 91 111+ 88 67 91

1926 : 95 68 11+ 81 12I+ 90 116 89 75 92

1927 : 95 57 16 79 137 98 116 88 72 91

1928 : 95 58 18 79 136 97 116 90 70 91

1929 : 99 67 21 81+ 11+7 93 115 81+ 73 91

1930 : 102 73 17 87 122 91 115 93 73 91

1931 : 99 65 12 83 128 99 113 86 76 90

1932 : 102 56 12 83 135 90 113 82 73 88

1933 : 101 57 11 82 129 86 109 82 76 88

193** : 101 60 17 81+ 133 95 103 82 72 89

1935 : 99 66 20 81+ 138 101 105 90 79 87

1936 : 100 69 21+ 86 122 105 107 91 81 91

1937 : 100 73 33 87 121 101 IOI+ 89 78 90

1938 : 101 78 35 89 123 107 105 88 85 91

1939 : 106 80 h3 9h 116 109 IOI+ 91* 87 9k

19Í4O : 106 87 1+7 95 112 110 105 91* 90 95

19IH : 105 92 h9 96 118 108 106 102 93 97

191^2 : 108 98 58 101 120 113 107 90 77 97

98 191*3 : 113 91 1*7 101 121 103 119 81+ 73

191+4 : 119 86 66 107 128 107 108 92 86 101

191*5 : 122 105 77 111+ 111+ 109 III+ 76 89 102

_ ^1.

191+6 : 113 118 86 111 III+ IOI+ 113 81 109 104

19U7 : 102 105 91 102 111 98 101 99 97 102

191*8 : 101 96 105 101 92 103 100 101 101 99

191+9 : 96 99 IOI+ 98 97 100 99 100 103 99

1950 : 95 107 ilO 99 92 106 99 101 91 100

1951 : 93 107 119 99 90 100 98 102 92 99

1952 3/ : 93 108 133 101 85 100 97 101 93 101

1/ Derived from data on per capita consunçption of individual foods, using estimates of retail

weights multiplied l?y average retail prices in 19^7-^9. Civilian consumption only, beginning

19^1.

2/ Includes frozen vegetables, canned soups,and canned baby foods.

3/ Preliminary.
. 11^8 -

The average retail prices used for the base period were compiled

from several sources. (See table kO.) Retail prices collected by the

Bureau of Labor Statistics provided the basic material for the prices ol

major foods. Because BI£ prices refer to a specific grade of goods,

usually a high grade, sold in cities, those prices were adjusted by the

Bureau of Agricultural Economics, using data on prices paid by farmers,

to approximate the average price for all grades and for rural areas as

well as cities. Such adjusted prices were used whenever available,^

and they are referred to in the following discussion as the^BAE estimated average retail prices. When such a price was not available, or

was not applicable, the official BIS figure was used. When no prices

were available for the 3 years of the base period, special surveys

were relied upon to indicate levels of prices and price relationships

but so far as possible they were checked with other data. Among such

special surveys were those of retail prices of particular foods made

by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the process of revising the index

of prices paid for food by moderate-income families in large cities.

Another was the survey of urban food consumption by the Bureau of ^Human

Nutrition and Home Economics in the spring of 19^8. This survey is

referred to hereafter as the I9U8 Urban Survey, using U. S. spring data

except when noted otherwise. Other sources used for prices of a few

individual foods are described in the sections that follow.

\ihen retail prices were not repçrted in terms of 1-pound units -

in which consumption data were reported, the prices were adjusted to

the 1-pound equivalent, as, for example, wheat cereal. In other cases,

consumption data are given in terras of the "primary" product rather

than the refined or manufactured product, so the adjustment was made

in the price. This was done in the cases of macaroni and cocoa beans.

Meat, Fish, Poultry.- No attempt was made to adjust prices of

fresh cuts of meat for processed meat, either canned or cured, because

a relatively small proportion is processed^ Also, more of the cheaper

grades are processed, and their prices are not adequately reported.

Thé' average price for beef in urban areas was derived by weighting

prices of the cuts priced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics by quantities based on information obtained in the survey of purchases of food

by urban consumers in the spring of 1951^ made by the Bureau of Labor

Statistics.7/ The urban price was reduced by 2 percent to allow for

slightly lower prices in rural areas, according to information from

surveys of consumer purchases. Such information indicates little difference between prices for veal and lamb in "rural and in urban areas.

The price of veal was estimated by applying to the Bureau of Labor

Statistics price of veal cutlets the relationship between the approximate average price of all veal cuts in New York City, and the price of

veal, cutlets in that city in I9I+7-5O (62 percent). A similar procedure

was followed in estimating the average price for lamb and mutton in

I9U7-U9 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics prices of leg of lamb.

7/ Unpublished data.
- 149 -

applying the monthly ratios of the price for all lamb to the retail

price for leg of lamb in New York City. The revised BAE price for pork

in urban areas was estimated by combining Bureau of Labor Statistics

prices for 3 pork cuts according to the yield of these cuts and related

ones from the pork carcass. This approximation of a weighted price for

major cuts was adjusted to allow for minor cuts by means of the relationship of the wholesale value of major cuts to total wholesale value of

all pork excluding lard at Chicago. The urban price for pork was

lowered 3 percent to allow for lower prices in rural areas.

Offals were included in the revised index, using the average

price from the 19^8 Urban Survey, adjusted downward slightly to compensate for lower prices in rural areas.

The BLS has some unpublished data for 19^7-1+9 on retail prices of

fish, presumably fresh, that sell in largest volume which check well

with 19U8 Urban Survey data. However, our data on fresh and frozen

fish are combined and on an edible weight basis so the price had to be

adjusted to match. Data on imports of frozen fish and domestic freezings for 19^7 to 19^9 indicate that a little more than a third of the

combined per capita consumption of fish for those years was frozen,

generally sold at retail in form ready for cooking. The retail equivalent weight of the fresh fish approximated 7 to 7 l/2 pounds. Accordingly, the total retail-weight equivalent might be about 9 "to 9 1/2

pounds. Shellfish probably accounted for roughly 1 1/2 pounds of the

total. A price of 75 cents a pound for shellfish at retail appears

reasonable. Combining the derived value of shellfish and the product

of the BLS price of U2 cents a pound times 8 pounds of fish other than

shellfish, a total retail value of $U.50 was obtained. This, divided

by the total edible weight of fresh and frozen fish, yielded 70 cents

as the retail price equivalent per pound of fresh and frozen fish. The

19^8 Urban Survey prices for canned and cured fish checked out well

with available wholesale price data so they were used.

The BAE price for New York dressed chickens was used. Retail

prices are not reported for turkeys so a price on dressed weight basis

was estimated at I30 percent of the retail price per pound of chicken

meat. This percentage is midway between the 19^7-^9 ratio of fann

prices of turkeys to prices of chickens and the relationship derived

using the markup in cents from farm price of chickens to retail price

of chicken meat.

Eggs.- The BAE estimate of the average retail price of eggs was

used. The estimate was somewhat lower than the BLS estimate, as the

BLS reports one grade of eggs sold in cities, whereas the BAE figure

represents the average of all grades in both urban and rural areas.

Dairy Products.- For the revision of the index, consumption of

fluid cream has been estimated separately from fluid milk in order to

permit the introduction of skim milk products into the computation of

the index. Prices of fluid milk are reported by BLS and BAE so an

average price was readily available. Although retail prices of fluid

cream are reported for some Federal-order milk markets, they cannot

be regarded as representative for the country as a whole. Prices for
- 150 -

Table UO.- Index of per capita food consumption: Average retadLl prices In 19^7-^9, average quantities consumed In 19l^7-'í^9

(retail veigbts in pounds), value aggregates, and percentage coaqMurisons l/

Coamodlty

Retall price

Source 2/ ; 191^7-^9

\ Per capita

—' consuo^tion

\ in 19*^7-^9

Value

aggregates

y

Percentage of

value aggregates

Of group

total

Of grand

total

Meat, fish, and poultry

Meat

Beef

Veal

Laoib and mutton

Pork (including iMiocm ax^l sedt side)

Offals

Total naat

Fish

Fresh (edible vei^it)

Canned

Cured

Total fish

Poultry

Chicken (dressed weight)

Turkey (dressed weight)

Total poultry

Total meat, fish, and poultry

Other

do.

do.

do.

do.

Other

Dairy products

Fluid mik

Fluid cream

Cheese

Condensed and evaporated miiir

Ice cream (actual weight)

Btittemilk (natural and cult\ired)

Fluid akim w^iv

Milk in chocolate drinks

Nonfat dry 1^l^^v solids

Cottage cheese

Total dairy products

Excluding hutter

Tncitilling butter

Fats and oils

Butter

Lard

Margarine

Shortening

Other edible oils

Total fats and oils

Including butter

Excluding butter

Fruits

Fresh

Oranges and tangerines

Qrapefruit

Leaons euod limes

Apples

do.

BA£

Other

BAE

BAE

Other

BAE

do.

BHNHB

Other

do.

do.

do.

do.

BAE

Other

BAE

do.

Grapes

Peaches

Pears

Cantaloi^s

Watermelons

Other

Hone garden melons

Total fresh

Canned

Apples and applesauce

Apricots

Peaches

Pears

Pineapple

Salad and cocktail

Other

ToteÚL canned

Canned ,)uices

Orange

Blend

Other

Total canned Juices

Frozen fruits and Juices

Concentrated Juices

Fruits

Total frozen

Dried fruits

Prunes

Raisins

Other

Total dried

Total fruits

BAE

Other

do.

BAE

B[£

Other

do.

Other

do.

do.

do.

Other

BAE

do.

Other

do.

do.

do.

Other

BAE

Other

do.

Cents

61.8

57.8

63.9

51.2

58.0

70.0

78.6

72.0

53.9

69.7

1^3.2

9.3

iiO.O

58.3

12.8

52.8

6.0

5.5

9.4

25.0

25.6

77.9

27.0

37.7

38.7

52.7

9.0

7.3

17.2

11.6

15.9

lif.O

11.0

IU.9

7.3

3.0

13.5

3.9

llf.7

19.0

11.k

19.8

19.6

21.5

1B.9

8.8

12.0

U.O

15 .i^

35.0

23.3

I9.U

30.0

Pounds Dollars Percent

10.5

12.2

5.5

9.5

7.2

35.3

11.6

i^.3

27.7

18.9

5.3

U.l

k,9

6.5

li^.3

6.2

12.5

1.8

1.0

1.3

2.8

2.1

3.3

2.1

6.3

2.9

1.2

1.8

1.2

53.1385

61.3180

8.1795 3.29ÍK)

2.0735

3.6765

21.0179

12.8381*

3.1770

.81^

.7396

3.2132

3.0051

,1K20

1.2210

.7301

.1*290

.8370

15

.261*6

.1900

.7830

.257»^

.5^^

.4515

.8691*

3.36t7

.2901*

.5160

.2310

2.0076

.2176

1.0150

1.2326

.2796

.3*^92

3600

See footnotes at end of table.

23.4965

100.0

38.9

15.7

9.9

17.5

18.0

100.0

13.5

3.6

3.1

13.7

12.8

3.2

5.2

3.1

2.0

1.8

3.6

2.1

1.1

.8

3.3

1.1

2.1*

1.9

M

1.3

2.2

1.0

4.1

"O

.9

5.2

1.2

1.5

100.0

Percent

51.0 31.5180 31.3 9.8

8.8 5.O86I* 5.1 1.6

1*.2 2.6838 2.7 .8

62.7 32.1021* 31.9 10.0

10.1* 6.0320

77.4226

6.0

77:0 24.1

5.9 4.1300 4.1 1.3

3.8 2.9868 3.0 .9

.6 .4320 .4 .1

7.5488 7.5 2.3

23.7 12.7743 12.7 4.0

1*.0 2.7880

15.5623

2.8

15.5 Ttl

100.5337 100.0 31.3

1*6.7 20.1741* 100.0 6.3

299 27.8070 52.3 8.7

9.6 3.81*00 7.2 1.2

6.9 4.0227 7.6 1.3

19.8 2.5344 4.8 .ii

18.5 9.7680 18.1* 3.0

38.9 2.3340 4.1* .7

12.8 .7040 1.3 .2

6.5 .6110 1.1 .2

3.1 .7750 1.5 .2

2.9 .7421* 1.4 .2

16.5

2.5

1.0

.7

1.1

1.2

6.5

1.1

Continued -
151 -

Table Jtó.- Index of per capita food conßunmtlon: Average retail prices In 191^7-^^9, average quantities consumed in IQlfTJfQ

(retail weights in pounds), value aggregates, and percentage ccaç^arisons l/ - Continued

Comaodity

; Retail price Per capita

consumption

in 19»+7-i^9

Value •

aggregates ^

i/ ;

Percentage of

value accficrecrAtefl

: Source 2/ ; 19'*7-49 Of group

total

: Of grand

: tot«i

Cents Pounds Dollars Percent Percent

Vegetal)le8 :

Fresh :

Beans, snap I BA£ 20.7 k.l 0.81^7 2.3

2.3

2.5

3.5

0.3

.3

.3

.1^

Cabbage : do. 6.2 13.8 .8556

Carrots

Celery

: do.

: BBRHB

11.1

18.2

8.1

7.0

.8991

I.27ÍK) Com I do. 6.3 6.8 .k2Bk 1.2 1

Lettuce

Onions

I BA£

do.

13.7

9.0

llf.O

10.2

1.9180

.9180

5.2

2.5

'.6

.3

^1 Spinach do. 12.9 l.k .1806 .5

l*.l Tcnatoes Other 13.6 10.9 l.U82lf .\

Other : BHNHB 16.0 29.6 1*.7360 12.9 1.5

^0

Home garden output

Total fresh

Canned

: Other 13.1^ 90.6 12.l4ol^

25".ôai2

33.2

70.2

Beans, snap BHHHB 16.2 2.8 .»^536 1.2 ,1

Beets do. 13.5 1.1 .11*65 .1* 2/

.3 Com : BA£ 15.7 5.2 .816U 2.2

Peas : do. 12.2 5.6 .6832 1.9 .2 Pickles, Mixed BHNHB 27.5 3.3 .9075 2.5 .3

Spinach do. 15.3 1.1 .1683 .5 .1

Tooatoes, nhole BAE li^.5 k.3 .6235 1.7 .2

Tonato catsiq) and chill sauce : BHWHV! 25.7 2.5 .61*25 1.7 .2

Tcaato paste, pulf^ and puree do. 21.2 3.3 .6996 1.9 .2

Vegetable Juices do. 9.6 k.l .3936 1.1 .1

Other

Total canned

do. 21.3 5.3 M .1*

2.1

Other processed products

Canned baby foods BLS 32.0 3.2 1.02ltó 2.8 .3

BMW^K 38.0 2.9 1.1020 3.0 .3 Canned soiq?s do. 22.6 9.3 2.1018 ¿1 .7

Total other processed U.2278 1.3

Total vegetables 36.571*6 100.0 n.u

Potatoes and sveetpotatoes

Potatoes BAE 5.3 lOif.5 5.5385 82.8 1.7

Sveetpotatoes do. 9.6 10.6 1.0176 15.2 .3

BoBie garden output do. 5.9 2.3 .1251 2.0 .1

Total r.-59i5 100.0 2.1

Beans, peas« and nuts

Dry edible beans Other 28.9 6.6 1.9071^ 26.9 .6

Dry field peas do. 23.1 .6 .1386 2.0 2/

Peanuts BHHHE k3,0 k.k 1.9800 28.0 76

Tree mrts (including coconut) do. 103 A 2.4 2.1*816 35.1 .8

Bone garden dry beans f^rui peas Other 28.5 2.0 .5700 8.0 .2

Total 7.0776 100.0 2.2

Cereal products

White and lAole vheat flour Other Vli^.5 129 18.7050 79.1* 5.8

Senolina flour 19.9 6.2 1.2338 5.2 .1*

Wheat cereal do. 23.0 3.1 .7130 3.0 .2

I^ flour Other IB.5 l.k .2590 1.1 .1

Commeaú. BAE 7.7 I3A 1.0318 k.k .3

Com cereal 3 BHHHE 2lf.5 1.5 .3675 1.6 .1

Oatmeal and other oat food products : BAE 13.0 2.9 .3770 1.6 .1

Rice : do. 17.9 k.Q 3-7

100.0

¿:

Total : 23.5^^ 7.3

Sugars and sirups

Sugars (excluding duplication) ¿/ ] Other k/2û.k 90.1^ 18.1*1*16 92.1 5.7

BLS 12.3 12.9 1.5867 7.?

Total : 20.02B3 100.0 Til

Beverages 1

Coffee : BIS 1^3.0 18.0 7.71*00 8l*.3 2.1*

Tea : BLS 22k.0 .6 .ikko 8.1 .3

Cocoa j Other 17.5 k.O •7000 7.6 .2

Total ! 9.lfl»*0 100.0 2.9

All foods in index : ia.i*636 TJTHU

1/ Value aggregates derived by Bttltipajrlng the 19lf7-l4.9 average quantities for individual foods by the retail prices. For actual

caqnitations of the index, the value aggregates for the 3 years of the base period were averaged and used to achieve arithmetic

accinracy. The differences are negligible for aost purposes.

2/ BLS indicates average of retail prices repoorted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. BAE indicates BIS average prices adjusted

by the Bureau of Agricultural EconoBics to 1r^iii«<<* all grades of food ite« and to alloir for sales in rural as veil as urban areas.

BHHHE indicates prices derived by BAE fro» the I9W urban survey conducted by the Bureau of Human Hutrition and Hen» Bcononics.

Other - see text.

2/ Leas than O.O5 percent.

k/ Price aqpplleB only to base period. See table 1*1 for prices for other years and text for description of methodology used.

¿/ Excludes sugar used in frozen and canned fruits and Juices, canned vegetables, condensed Bilk, and ioe cream.
. 152 .

fluid cream were derived from the 19^8 Urban Survey. These prices are

all urban, whereas it is believed that much fluid cream is consujned m

rural areas, and at lower prices. After consideration of available

prices, a rough approximation of kO cents was chosen for cream wxtn

25-percent butterfat content.

The BAE average price series for American cheese was used for all

whole and part-whole milk cheese and that for evaporated milk for condensed and evaporated, combined, because these commodities represent

the major part of each item. The same source was used for prices of

butter. No price series for ice cream was available. The prices

derived from the I9Í18 Urban Survey and from BLS surveys in March 19^7

and October 19Í+9 were within a cent of each other so the Urban Survey

price of 52.8 cents a pound was selected.

Skim-milk products were introduced into the index because of their

growing importance. Information on retail prices of buttermilk, fluid

skim milk, chocolate mâlk, nonfat dry milk solids, and cottage cheese

is meager. Rough approximations were made on the basis of prices

derived from the I9I+8 Urban Survey data and compared with the prices

southern farmers received for skim milk, buttermilk, and cottage

cheese.8/

Fats and Oils.- BAE prices were available for butter, margarine,

and shortening. The average price of lard reported by BLS for 191+7-^9

was adjusted upward slightly to 27 cents because the prices paid by

farmers for lard in those years averaged about 1 cent higher than the

urban prices. The 19^8 Urban Survey price per poimd for salad and cooking oils was used for the whole category "other edible oils," which

includes materials going into mayonnaise and salad dressings. Although

large quantities of fats and oils are used in processed foods, the

proportion of the total in the base period, perhaps 20 percent, did not

appear to merit special handling to derive a weighted average price for

the fats and oils purchased as such and those bought in processed forms,

particularly in view of the lack of data for such adjustments.

Fruits.- The only fresh fruits for which BAE prices are available

for 1947-49 are oranges and apples. Tangerines were combined with

oranges. Grapefruit prices at retail were estimated by BAE for the

whole country from late 19^1 to mid-1947. The relationship of these

prices to prices paid by farmers was used to derive the estimate of 7*3

cents a pound for I9U7-49. A similar method was applied for lemons

(with which limes were combined), using the relationship of data reported

for 1935-39. The BLS retail price for bananas was used. Problems

arising from seasonality of supplies and prices greatly complicate the

estimation of annual average retail prices for fresh fruits. The

8/ Moser, Ada M., and others. Family Food Consumption in Three Types

of Farming Areas of the South. Part XL. An Analysis of Weekly Food

Records, Late Winter and Early Spring, I9Í+8, Appendix C. Clemson, S. C.

Agriciatural Experiment Station (Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 20).

November 1951
- 153 -

auction prices of California table grapes and of fresh peaches at

Chicago in I9U7-Í19 vere adjusted upward by the margins from auction to

retail prices. For ¿rapes this was derived from data in the Agricultural Income Inquiry, Part II, p. IO6 9/, and for peaches the retail

price was based on the prices paid in urban areas in I936 as reported

in the Consumer Purchases Study.lO/ This L.ethod was checked by comparing the results for 1950 with retail prices reported in Baltimore. The

I9U8 Urban Survey price for pears checked reasonably well with Baltimore prices in the second half of I9U9 when difference in supplies is

taken into account so it was adopted for the base period. The price

for fruits not handled separately was estimated as a simple average of

the five noncitrus fruits - bananas, apples, grapes, peaches, and pears.

Although there is no series of reported retail prices on melons,

scattered data on retail prices could be comxpared with season average

prices received by farmers, as reported by BAE. For cantaloups, information on retail prices occurs in the Consujaer Purchases Study for

1936, in the 19^8 Urban Survey, and in a special survey by BLS for

July 19^9« A markup of 70 percent from farm to retail seemed reasonable on the basis of these data and when applied to farm prices for

19^7-^9 gave an average price of 7-3 cents per pound of cantaloup.

The only retail prices found for watermelons were for New York City

and Baltimore in 1950» Prices for melons in these cities are probably

high in comparison with those in other parts of the country. But the

relationship between watermelons and cantaloups in those cities was

averaged to get the ratio of 1:2.5* Applying this ratio to the cantaloup price estimated above, the price of watermelon was approximated

at 3 cents a pound. Comparing this price with season average prices

received by farmers for watermelons, the markup from farm to retail

for watermelons appears to be a little more than 100 percent, whereas

that for cantaloups was estimated at 70 percent.

Prices for canned fruits were selected as follows: BAE price

fo-/ peaches, BI£ price for pineapple, 19^^-8 Urban Survey prices for

peaYs, apples and applesauce, fruit salad and cocktail, and for other

canned fruits except apricots. The average markup from wholesale to

retail for canned peaches in I9U7 to I9U9 was applied to the wholesale

price of apricots, f.o.b. California canners, to arrive at the price

of 19 cents a pound.

The BLS reported retail prices for canned grapefruit juice for

early 19^+7 and late I9U9. These were compared with the average

9/ U. S. Federal Trade Commission. Agricultural Income Inquiry,

Part II. - Fruits, Vegetables, and Grapes. 906 pp. 1937»

10/ Stiebeling, Hazel K., Monroe, Day, Coons, Callie M., Phipard,

Esther F., and Clark, Faith. Family Food Consumption and Dietary Levels,

Five Regions. (Consumer Purchases Study - Urban and Village Series).

U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. i+52, 268 pp. illus. 19^+1.
price of canned grapefruit juice exported in those years, indicating a

60.percent markup from export price to retail- This relationship

yielded a retail price of 8.8 cents a pound, for 19^7-1^9- For canned

orange juice, the markup from 19^+9 f-o.b. prices, quoted m trade

papers, to the retail prices of the BIß special survey was applied to

average f.o.b. prices for 19Í^7-^9. A rough approximation of 11 cents,

"between the prices for orange and grapefruit juices, was selected tor

blended orange-grapefruit juice. The 19lf8 Urban Survey data for pineapple and other juices combined indicated that their prices ran about

75 percent above those of grapefruit so this markup was adopted for the

I9U7-Í+9 average.

The pricing of frozen concentrated fruit juices presented a serious

conceptual problem. In 19^7-^9 the concentrates were new products and

were overpriced compared with prices in 1951 and 1952. For purposes

of construction of this index, a price more representative of relationships to be expected in coming years was desirable. Therefore, the

ratio of the price of frozen orange juice per pound in 1951 to the BIS

price of fresh oranges per pound was applied to the latter series for

1914.7-119^ giving a projected price for frozen orange juice of 5^*^

cents, used for all concentrated juices. The average price of frozen

fruits was taken from the I9U8 Urban Survey.

The Bureau of Agricultural Economics has data on retail prices of

dried prunes only. For raisins, the ratio of wholesale prices of raisins to wholesale prices of prunes, times the average retail price for

prunes in I9U7-Í+9 gave i9.it cents, which checked well with a BLS survey

made in 19^+9. After consideration of the relationships between f.o.b.

and import prices to retail prices for other dried fruits reported in

the 19^4-8 Urban Survey and by the Market Research Corporation of America

for 1950, a price of 30 cents a pound was chosen.

Vegetables.- BAE prices were developed for fresh cabbage, onions,

lettuce, carrots, snap beans, and spinach for 19147-^^9. Prices of fresh

tomatoes were not reported during this base period. They are probably

highly seasonal. Accordingly, it is reasonable to tie the estimation

of average retail prices to season average prices received by farmers.

This was done by deriving the relationships between retail prices of

tomatoes reported in several surveys of urban food purchases and season

average prices received by farmers in those periods. These relationships were quite consistent at about 2.6:1. This ratio was applied to

the base-period farm prices. Rural prices for this period were inadequate so the resulting urban price was lowered 10 percent to arrive at

an approximation of 13.6 cents for the average U. S. price of tomatoes.

The I9U8 spring Urban Survey price for celery checked well with average farm prices for the period so it was used. The prices of fresh

corn derived from the 3-season, i+-city data of the 19ÍÍ.8 Urban Survey

and the BLS sample survey for August 1914-9 were identical at 6.3 cents.

The simple average of prices per pound of the eight vegetables listed

in the I9Î+8 Urban Survey not covered above was used for "other vegetables," assuming that lower rural prices offset higher prices at other

times of the year.
- 155 -

The two principal sources of retail prices were used for canned

vegetables: BAE prices for peas, corn, and whole tomatoes; I9I+3 Urban

Survey prices for snap beans, spinach, tomato products, beets, mixed

pickles, tomato juice (for all vegetable juices), for other canned

vegetables (simple average of prices for asparagus, lima beans, and

"other canned vegetables") and for canned soups. The ELS made a 12-city

survey of the retail prices of canned baby foods in April 19^+9, indicating an average of 32 cents a pound.

The 19Í18 Urban Survey supplied the only retail price information

available for frozen vegetables, 38 cents.

Potatoes and Sweetpotatoes.- The only problem in the choice of

retail prices for potatoes and sweetpotatoes was that of inclusion of

the canned products. All the consumption of these two foods was priced

at the BAE price for the fresh product.

Beans, Peas, and Kuts.- A substantial proportion (perhaps one-third

of beans and more than two-thirds of the peas) of dry beans and peas is

bought in processed form. To give this fact due consideration, a

weighted average price was developed for dry beans - one-third at the

price of equivalent bean content of canned baked beans reported in the

19^3 Urban Survey and two-thirds at the BAE price for navy beans in

19^7-^9« Retail prices of dry peas in either processed or product form

are not available so the relationship of wholesale prices of dry peas

to prices of dry beans (80 percent) was applied to the weighted average

retail price of dry beans. Similarly, the 19^8 Urban Survey prices of

pesinut butter and shelled peanuts were combined (half and half) to

arrive at the retail price for peanuts. The 19^4-8 Urban Survey price

for nuts other than peanuts was $1.03^ a pound (shelled basis).

Cereal Products.- The procedure used in developing price weights

for wheat flour (and for sugar) for the revision of this index differed

si'gnificantly from that previously used. Adequate data are not available for estimating annual per capita consumption of family flour and

of flour in the^ wide variety of baked goods. But the retail price of

flour in processed foods is much higher and should be taken into account

for consistency of treatment with dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. As an approximation, the BAE retail price of flour, as such,

in 19^+7-^9 vas combined with an estimated price of flour in processed

form developed from production data in the l^k^ Census of Manufactures,

BAE prices of bread and crackers, and I9U8 Urban Survey prices of

cookies and other bakery products, as follows: The quantities of the

individual products made from flour were multiplied by pertinent 19^7

BAE prices and 19if8 Urban Survey prices and added together to derive

an estimated total retail value of the products. The proportion of

this value that could be considered as the value of flour in processed

form was derived from the ratio of cost of flour to cost of all ingredients, also based on the censiis. The estimated total retail value of

flour alone was divided by flour content of the products (again based

on Census of Manufactures) to obtain the price per pound, I8.5 cents.

Because the proportion of flour bought in processed forms has changed

so much in the last Uo years; the various censuses were used to derive
. 156 .

benchmarks for the flour so used. These were compared with domestic

consumption of flour and these proportions were used to combine the

price of flour as such, and of flour in processed forms. The proportions of flour consumed in processed products and the weighted prices

are given in table Ul.

Table ill.- Approximate proportions of flour and sugar consumed

in processed products and weighted average prices

Flour Sugar

Period

¡Proportion

¡consumed in 'weighted : Period

¡Proportion

¡consumed in [Weighted

: products . price ¡ products . price

: Percent Cents ¡ Percent Cents

1909-19 : 25 10.9 .¡1909-23 : 15 14.3

1920-21+ : 30 11.1+ ,;192l+-3i+ ¡ 20 15.8

1925-29 : 35 11.9 : 1935-39 : 25 17.Í+

1930-39 :: UO 12.U : 191+0-U5 : 30 18.9

I9I+O-I+2 : h5 12.9 : I9I+6 to date . 35 20.1+

19^3-^6 ; 55 ll+.O :

19k6 to date j! 60 Hi. 5 :

The 1948 Urban Survey price was used for macaroni and spaghetti

and that for uncooked cereals for wheat cereals. Most rye flour is processed into bread and rolls. The price of rye bread was not collected

by BIS after July 19^7 so it was necessary to assuirie that the average

price of rye bread in I947-Í19 bore the same relationship to July 1947

prices as did the average price of white bread. An estimate of the proportion of cost of ingredients for rye bread represented by rye flour

was developed. The retail value of rye flour in bread was divided by

rye flour content to get the approximate retail price of rye flour^

1Ö.U cents.

The BAE price was used for cornmeal^ oatmeal^ and rice and the

I9U8 Urban Survey price of cornflakes for corn cereal.

Sugars and Sirups,- The price of sugar other than that contained

in canned and frozen fruits and juices, canned vegetables, salad

dressings, and condensed milk, was estimated according to the same procedure as that for wheat flour. Prices for refined sugar (BAE-cane,

9.8 cents) and for sugar in processed foods (1+0.0 cents) were combined

to obtain changing price weights. (See table i+1 above.)

Most of the sirup consumed is corn sirup, but the BI5 did nox price

corn sirup after June I9I17. Fortunately, however, the June I9Í+7 price

probably was close to the average price for 19^7-^+9, Judging from wholesale price data.

Beverages.- The BIS price of roasted coffee was adjusted to a

green-bean basis to match the consumption data. Although much of the

cocoa is consumed in candy, the lack of information on candy content

and on prices necessitated reliance on prices for cocoa powder. The
- 157 -

wholesale price of cocoa in I9U7-I19 was increased 20 percent, using the

markup estimated from earlier data of BIS, and adjusted to a cocoa-bean

basis. The only usable information on retail prices of tea was the

average price of $1.2U a pound from an April I9U9 survey in 12 cities

by BIS.

Relative Importance of Food Groups in the Index

The importance of individual food groups in the index is shown for

selected years in table k2. The shifts among food groups arise principally

from changes in the rates of per capita consumption for each group as a

whole compared with others. To a lesser degree, however, a food group

might increase absolutely (that is, might have a larger value aggregate)

because of a shift from purchase of a food in unprocessed form to purchases of processed items, as in the case of flour. However, the shift

from fresh to processed does not necessarily increase the retail value

of food consumed because marketing costs for the fresh product may be

greater than processing costs for the processed items, as in the case of

fluid and evaporated milk.

Use of the Index of Per Capita Food Consuirrption and

Other Related Measures

The index of per capita food consumption is regarded as the best

available measure of changes in overall consumption of food at the

retail level. It reflects the quantitative aspects of changes in consumer

demand, but excludes the effects of demand on prices. However, as mentioned previously, it does incorporate shifts from lower priced to higher

priced foods. The higher prices for some foods result from higher costs

of farm production, marketing, or processing, or of the three together.

Changes in marketing costs because more food is bought in urban than in

rural areas or because of increased purchases of food as meals rather

than as food from retail stores are not included as all food was priced

wi1^ the same retail-store prices throughout. Moreover, changes in

quality or shifts between price lines of particular foods are not

covered. Accordingly, the index of per capita food consumption cannot

be used directly with the BIS retail price index to derive an index of

food expenditures comparable to the Department of Commerce food-expenditure estimates.

Because this index is constructed from estimates of per capita consunrption of individual foods in the forms in which they are sold at the

retail level, using retail prices as weights, it does not measure changes

in utilization of farm food products as well as would an index constructed

in terms of per capita quantities in fann weights combined by means of

farm.prices in the base period. The equivalent of the latter index has

been constructed from' the value aggregates of civilian utilization derived

in the calculation of the index of supply-utilization. This index is

given in table k^.

An index of consumption in terms of actual poTonds is useful for

some purposes so an index on a strictly physical weight basis has

already been constructed and presented in table 38. The breakdown of
- 158 -

Table 42*- Relative importance of major food groups in the index of per capita

food consimiption in selected years

Commodity •1909-13 11925-29

••

:1935-39

•

;1942-45

•

11947-49

•

:i952 1/

i

'Percent Percent

100.0

Percent

100.0

Percent

100.0

Percent

100.0

Percent

Total food : 100.0 100.0

Meats, fish, poiiltry - total

Meats

Fish

Poultry

i 34.3

: 27.4

: 2.9

: 4.0

30.8

24.0

2.9

3.9

29.5

¿2.8

2.8

3.9

31.8

24.4

2.0

5.4

31.3

24.1

2.3

4.9

32.0

23.4

2.5

6.1

Eggs i 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.7 6.3 6.8

Dairy products

Including butter

Excluding butter

: 18.3

: 13.6

19.5-

U.8

19.7

15.2

19.3

16.3

19.0

16.5

18.3

16.2

Fats and oils

Including butter

Excluding butter

: 7.4

! 2.7

8.3

3.6

8.6

4.1

6.7

3.7

6.5

4.0

6.6

4.5

Fruits - total

Fresh, including melons j

Canned fruits ;

Canned Juices j

Frozen *

Dried j

! 6.8

' O

! .2

: -£

.4

2i3

ó.O

.8

2/

.5

7.7

6.0

.9

.2

.1

.5

6.6

4.9

.8

.3

.2

.4

7.3

4.9

1.1

.6

.4

.3

7.2

4.3

1.1

.6

.9

.3

Vegetables - total :

Fresh .

Canned i

Other processed products 2/ :

1.0

.1

10.1

é.4

1.4

.3

11.1

Ö.9

1.7

.5

12.1

9.3

2.0

.8

11.4

O.Ô

2.1

1.3

11.3

7.4

2.2

1.7

Potatoes and sweetpotatoes : 4.0 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.8

Dry beans, peas, nuts : 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2

Cereal products . 10.7 9.3 8.5 8.3 7.3 7.0

Sugars and sirups • 4.3 6.0 6.2 5.3 6.2 6.3

Beverages .

•

1.9 2.2 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.6

1/ Preliminary.

2/ Leas than 0.05 percent.

2/ Includes frozen vegetable«, canned soups, and canned baby food.
- 159 -

Table 1^3.- Per capita utilization of farm products for food, 192l»-52 l/

Year

: Index : I Year ; Index : • Year • Index

¿947-49=100: 1947-149=100: 1947-49=100

192i^ : 93 : : 1935 '• 07 ! : 19^6 i 105

1925 : 93 : : 1936 : 90 : : I9U7 :! 103

1926 : 93 : : 1937 :: 91 : : 191^8 ;: 99

1927 : 91 : : 1938 :: 89 : : 19U9 : 98

1928 : 91 : : 1939 : 93 : : 1950 : 99

1929 : 92 : : 191^0 : 95 : : 1951 : 98

1930 Î: 91 : I9UI : 97 : : 1952 2/ : 100

1931 !: 91 : : I9U2 : 96 :

1932 :: 89 : : I9U3 : 99 :

1933 : 89 : : 19U4 : 103 :

1931^ : 90 : : 19i^5 : 103 :

1/ Index derived from civilian food diseppearence column in table 2,

adjusted by index of population eating out of civilian supplies.

2/ Preliminary.

the total poundage in table 38 ie given according to categories commonly

used by food specialists. Study of the poundage totals reveals that the

shift from bulkier foods such as potatoes and cereal products vas more

than offset by increases in such foods as fruit Juices and other fresh

fruits and vegetables, \rtiich have high water content.

Another useful index of food consun^tion would be one with weights

assigned to individual foods according to their nutritional importance,

but no satisfactory basis has yet been found for combining nutrients•

The price-weighted index of per capita food consunption is reported

currently in table 1 of The National Food Situation. It is reworked

four times each year. The subindexes are to be published each year in

the suppleiasnt to this handbook which will appear in The National Food

Situation, as will the derived index of per capita utilization of farm

food products and the index of retail weight of food consumed.
- l6o -

CHAPTER 1+. ESTIMTIEG THE I^UTRITIVE VALUE OF THE UI^ITED STATES

PER CAPITA FOOD SUPPLY 1/'

The chief purpose of estimating the nutritive value of the per

capita food supply of the country is to ascertain trends in supplies of

various nutrients and^ when significant changes occur, to learn the

causes.

In some instances, trends in supplies of certain nutrients are

directly related to consumption of specific foods. For example, year

by year, the quantity of calcium available in the per capita food

supply follows closely the supply of milk. Also, quantities of vitamin

A and ascorbic acid are closely related to the supply of specific

fruits and vegetables. But some of the other nutrients are more widely

distributed in foods, so trends in the supplies of these are usually

the result of net changes in consumption of many foods.

Estimates of the nutrient content of the food supply tend to be

higher than those based on studies of food actually consumed. These

higher values may be due to several factors. For example, they may

be partly due to waste of food between the retail level of distribution and actual intake. This would include such waste as spoilage

because of improper storage, plate waste, and losses of nutrients

during cooking.

Also influencing these estimates of the nutrient content are the

food composition values used. Except for a few foods, the composition

values were from Agriculture Handbook 8, Composition of Foods - Raw,

Processed, Prepared. So far as data were available, these represent

the nutrients in foods obtained the year around and throughout the

country. They are for foods "as purchased" and allow for refuse, such

as bones, rinds, and peelings which are usually discarded when food is

being prepared. They assume products in good condition with an average amoimt of refuse. They do not allow, for example, for losses in

fruits and vegetables due to excessive peeling and trimming or to

bruises and rot. Neither do they take into account losses in nutrients

that occur in home storage or during cooking.

Influencing these data is the possibility of error in the basic

food supply estimates as described in preceding chapters. For

example, the accuracy of estimates of individual commodities vgories

widely. In some instances, information on production is still relatively unsatisfactory. In others, it is difficult to arrive at the

distribution of an agricultural product between human food and nonfood

uses. Although the extent of errors of this type may be small for

individual foods, there is no way of knowing whether they cumulate or

balance each other when translated into terms of quantities of nutrients

per capita per day.

~ 1/ Prepared by Rosalind C. Lifquist, Berta Friend, and Ennis C. Blake,

Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics, in consultation with

Bernice K. Watt#
- I6l -

If these data are compared with nutritional goals for nutrients

ingested, still another factor should be considered. The data are

averages. Therefore, they do not show distribution, and dietary studies

have shown that food is unevenly distributed araong individuals. This

uneven distribution, together with the factors discussed earlier, indicates that, in any appraisal of the adequacy of the food supply, quantities of nutrients computed from this base should be generous in relation

to goals for nutrients ingested.

These same factors, and especially waste, should be considered

when estimates of the nutritive value of our food supply are compared

with those of other countries. People in some countries consume

practically all the food available. This makes any estimates of the

nutritive value of their food supply much closer to nutrients ingested

than is true of ours.

PROCEDURE USED

Unless otherwise indicated, the method used in this study to'calculate the nutritive value of the per capita food supply was to multiply

the pounds of each separate food by its nutritive value per pound "as

purchased."2/ The resulting values for eadh nutrient were added to

obtain a yearly total. These totals were divided by 365 to arrive at

the nutritive values per capita per day given in table 4U. Table ^5

contains indexes based on these quantities. Quantities of individual

foods used in estimating the nutrient content of the food supply are

listed and described in chapter 3» Table 38 on page lUU summarizes

the quantities by food groups.

Adjustments in Data

Current estimates of consumption include data on approximately 200

different foods. For the earlier years of the series, however, detailed

data for this number of individual foods were not available, as in

some instances, estimates were given only as totals for groups of similar foods. Because even similar foods often vary greatly in the proportions of the' particular nutrients they contain, it was necessary for

those earlier years to approximate roughly the quantities of individual

foods comprising these group totals. In most instances, these approximations applied to foods that represented only a small percentage of

all food.

Dairy Products (Excluding Butter)

Except for ice cream, all per capita estimates of consumption of

dairy products were made in terms of quantities of individual foods.

Estimates of consuinption of ice cream were available, but, from year

2/ Composition of Foods - Raw, Processed, Prepared. U. S. Dept.

Agr. Agr. Handbook No. 8. 1950. Table 2.- Coniposition of foods, 1

pound, as purchased.
162 .

Table kk.- Nutrients available for consumption per capita per day, 1909-52 l/

Year Food :

energy :

Proteinj Fat : Carbo-

:hydrate

: :

•Calcium*

: :

t :

Iron

2/

: Vitamin:

: A :

: value :

: 3/ :

Thla- ;

miDe ',

2/ ;

Ribo- !

flavin*

:

Niacin:

2/ :

:

Folie

acid

;Ascorbic

: acid

Milli- Int'l MlUi- Milli- Milli- Milli- MilliCalories Grams

103

Grams

126

Grams

499

Grams

0.86

grams units

7,000

grajss

1.68

grams

1.92

grams grams

0.133

grams

1909 t 3>530 15.5 18.1 106

1910 3,500 101 123 498 .84 15.3 7,000 1.63 1.86 17-8 .131 107

1911 3,1*80 100 126 490 .81 15.2 6,800 1.62 1.84 17.4 .128 100

1912 • 3,^60 101 123 493 .88 15.3 6,900 1.65 1.93 17.5 .130 •105

1913 3,460 99 124 491 .86 l4.9 6,700 1.62 1.88 17.3 .127 103

191^ 3,hkO 97 126 485 .84 14.6 6,700 1.58 1.83 16.8 .124 102

1915 Í 3M0 96 126 483 .83 14.7 7,000 1.60 1.83 16.9 .125 106

-.0

1916 . 3,380 95 125 472 .82 14.5 6,800 1.57 1.81 16.5 .122 98

1917 • 3>320 95 120 471 .84 14.9 7,100 1.55 1.83 16.7 .128 100

1918 i 3>370 96 127 465 .89 15.6 7,100 1.60 1.91 17.0 .129 103

1919 : 3,U30 96 128 480 .87 15.4 7,^^oo 1.55 1.87 17.1 .126 103

1920 \ 3>28o 93 122 460 .88 14.9 7,U0O 1.53 1.86 16.2 .124 107

1921 \ 3,200 90 122 443 .87 14.3 1,U<X> 1-51 1.83 15.7 .120 107

1922 ! 3,430 93 128 483 .88 14.8 7,800 1.5'* 1.87 16.3 .125 108

1923 { 5Mo 95 134 470 .87 15.2 7,600 1.62 1.89 17.1 .130 113

192^^ \ 3,460 95 134 476 .88 15.0 7,200 1.61 1.90 16.8 .132 112

1925 t 3,450 94 133 476 .88 14.6 7,200 1.5'^ 1.88 16.5 .131 no

1926 Í 3,460 94 133 481 .89 14.7 7,700 1.53 1.89 16.3 .132 109

1927 : 3,460 94 133 479 .89 14.7 7,900 1.56 1.89 16.4 .I3U 110

1928 ! 3,490 93 134 484 .89 14.5 7,600 1.58 1.89 16.3 .133 109

1929 : 3,470 93 136 476 .91 14.7 8,000 1.59 1.91 16.4 .135 117

1930 5 3,450 92 134 477 .90 14.3 7,800 1.55 1.89 15.9 .134 108

1931 : 3,390 91 134 463 .90 14.3 7,900 1.57 1.90 16.1 .135 115

1932 5 3,330 90 132 451 .90 14.1 8,200 1.5»^ 1.87 15.9 .130 113

1933 : 3,290 90 132 442 .90 14.1 7,900 1.51 1.86 15.8 .126 111

193^ 5 3,250 90 132 433 .90 14.5 8,100 I.U9 1.86 16.1 .131 114

1935 I 3,200 87 125 441 .91 14.2 8,200 l.UO 1.83 15.4 .130 118

1936 5 3,290 91 132 444 .93 14.6 7,900 l.JA 1.87 16.1 .133 115

1937 5 3,240 89 131 436 .93 14.2 8,200 I.U3 1.88 15.7 .130 115

1938 • 3,260 90 132 436 .94 14.3 8,200 IM 1.88 15.7 .133 118

1939 3,350 91 138 445 .95 14.7 8,U00 1.51 1.92 16.1 .136 123

I9ÍO ^ 3,340 92 142 432 .96 14.8 8,200 1.55 1.95 16.5 .136 122

19^1 : 3,400 94 142 445 .97 15.1 8,U00 1.65 1.98 17.0 .138 123

19^2 3,340 96 139 434 1.02 16.1 8,700 1.85 2.07 17.7 .1U8 125

19^*3 • 3,370 99 142 431 1.03 16.8 9,000 2.06 2.20 19.0 .1U7 124

19Mf 3,360 99 142 430 1.04 18.3 9,300 2,10 2.42 21.2 .150 136

19^5 J 3,310 102 138 421 1.10 18.7 9,600 2.08 2.51 21.5 .151 136

19i^6 ' 3,320 102 143 415 1.12 18.8 9,200 2.16 2.51 21.5 .11*7 132

19»*7 • 3,270 96 141 412 1.06 17.6 8,500 1.94 2.38 20.1 .136 127

19U8 3,210 94 139 403 1.02 16.9 8,200 1.89 2.30 19.1 • 133 120

19U9 i 3,200 94 139 401 1.02 16.9 8,100 1.88 2.30 19.3 .131 116

191^7.49 av.' : 3,230 94 140 406 1.03 17-2 0,300 1.90 2.33 19.5 .133 121

1950 3,250 95 144 401 1.03 17.1 8,200 1.90 2.31 19-4 .134 112

1951 3,210 94 140 402 1.03 16.9 7,700 1.91 2.31 19.3 .131 114

1952 V 3,240 96 145 398 1.04 17.1 7,800 1.92 2.34 19.7 .133 114

1/ Quantities of nutrients computed by the Bureau of HumBui Nutrition and Home Economics on the basis of

estimates of apparent per capita consumption (retalL basis), including estimates of produce of rxtral and

Tirban home gardens, prepared by the Bureau of A^pricultural Economics. No deduction has been made in

nutrient estimates for loss or waste of food in the home or for destruction or loss of nutrients during

the preparation of food. Civilian per capita only, 194l to date.

2/ Beginning 194l, data for iron, thiamine, riboflavln, and niacin include estimates of the quantities

of these nutrients added to prepared cereals, white flour, and bread.

3/ For level of fortification of margarine with vitamin A see table 46.

4/ Preliminary.
- 163

Table k^.- Nutrients available for consumption per capita per day, 1909-52 l/

(Index numbers: 19^7-^9 = 100)

Year ]

Food

energy

Protein Fat '

Carbohydrate Calcium Iron

Vitamin'

A

value

Thia-:

mine :

Ribo-:

flavin; Niacin, Folie:

acid :

Ascorbic

acid

1909 ! 109 no 90 123 83 90 eh 88 82 93 100 88

1910 : 108 107 88 123 82 89 eh 86 80 91 98 88

1911 . 108 106 90 121 79 88 82 85 79 89 96 83

1912 ' 107 107 88 121 85 89 83 87 83 90 98 87

1913 107 105 89 121 83 87 81 85 81 89 95 85

191Í* . 107 103 90 119 82 85 81 83 79 86 93 8k

1915 : 106 102 90 119 81 85 Oh 8U 79 87 9^ 88

1916 : 105 101 89 116 80 Ok 82 83 78 85 92 81

1917 : 103 101 86 116 82 87 86 82 79 86 96 83

1918 : lOl^ 102 91 115 86 91 86 eh 82 87 97 85

1919 : 106 102 91 118 8h 90 89 82 80 88 95 85

1920 : 102 99 87 113 85 87 89 81 80 83 93 88

1921 : 99 96 87 109 8k 83 89 79 79 81 90 88

1922 106 99 91 119 85 86 Sh 81 80 eh ^ 89

1923 107 101 96 116 eh 88 92 85 81 88 98 93

192lf 107 101 96 117 85 87 87 85 82 86 99 93

1925 107 100 95 117 85 85 87 81 81 85 98 91

1926 107 100 95 118 86 85 93 81 81 8U 99 90

1927 : 107 100 95 118 86 85 95 82 81 6k 101 91

1928 : 108 99 96 119 86 eh 92 83 81 ek 100 90

1929 107 99 97 117 88 85 96 8U 82 8k 102 97

1930 107 98 96 117 87 83 9»^ 82 81 82 101 89

1931 105 97 96 llU 87 83 95 83 82 83 102 95

1932 103 96 ^ 111 87 82 99 81 80 82 98 93

1933 102 96 9k 109 87 82 95 79 80 81 95 92

I93Í 101 96 9H 107 87 81» 98 78 80 83 98 Sh

1935 99 93 89 109 88 83 99 7^ 79 79 98 98

1936 102 97 9»* 109 90 85 95 76 80 83 100 95

1937 100 95 9»* 107 90 83 99 75 81 81 98 95

98 1938 : 101 96 9k 107 91 83 99 77 81 81 100

1939 • lOU 97 99 no 92 85 101 79 82 83 102 102

19l»0 103 98 101 106 93 86 99 82 eh 85 102 101

191^1 105 100 101 no 9»^ 88 101 87 85 87 lOi^ 102

19U2 103 102 99 107 99 ^ 105 97 89 91 ni 103

19lf3 : lOll- 105 101 106 100 98 108 108 9h 97 m 102

19Mf : loU 105 101 106 101 106 112 in Wk 109 113 _ _ 1

112

19^*5 102 109 99 lOU 107 109 22.6 109 108 no lla- 112

19k6 : 103 109 102 102 109 109 in nu 108 no lli 109

191^7 : 101 102 101 101 103 102 102 102 102

^^

102 105

19tó : 99 100 99 99 99 98 99 99 99 98 100

98

99

96

I9U9 ! 99 100 99 99 99 98 98 99 99 99

1950 !

1951 :

1952 2/;

101

99

100

101

100

102

103

100

lOU

99

99

98

100

100

101

99

98

99

99

93

9^

100

101

101

99

99

100

100

99

101

101

98

100

93

9k

1/ Based cm data in tai>le Uk.

2/ Preliminary.
to year, the fat content was so variable that BAE data giving the J^jntity

of ice cream in terms of milk and cream equivalents were used for this

analysis. The hutterfat content of cream also varied considerably from

year to year throughout the series. Therefore, for the nutritive

analysis, the BAE converted the yearly estimates for cream to a 25-percent

butterfat basis.

From a nutritional viewpoint, it is frequently desirable to consider the dietary contribution and consuraption of dairy products as a

group. For this purpose factors based on the protein and mineral content were developed for converting various dairy products to fluid whole

milk equivalent. Below are given the miIk-equivalent factors used in

this study for converting pounds of dairy products to pounds of fluid

milk equivalent.

Po\mds of fluid whole

milk equivalent

Dairy product to 1 pound of product

Cheese, cottage 3«00

Cheese, other • 6.00

Milk, condensed • 2.38

Milk, evaporated 2.02

Dry whole milk 7 • 64

Nonfat dry milk solids (dry skim) 9«83

Condensed, skim 3»00

Cream, 20 to 25 percent .70

Cream, 35 percent • »67

These factors have shortcomings, as they do not represent all nutrients equally well. When losses of nutrients during manufacturing are

small, mi Ik-equivalent factors pose no special problem. But in processing, several dairy products lose a portion of certain nutrients

while others have ingredients added which change markedly the proportions of various nutrients in the resulting products from those of

fluid whole milk. Fortunately, per capita consumption is relatively

small for the products for which the conversion factors are least

satisfactory (cottage cheese, for example), hence the degree of error

introduced in this way is considered insignificant.

Total pounds, per capita, of dairy products (except butter) stated

in terms of quarts of fluid whole milk equivalents are shown in table

38. These were derived by applying the factors given above to the

quantities of individual products. The resulting poimds of milk

equivalent were totaled, then divided by 2.15 (weight in pounds of 1

quart of fluid milk) to obtain milk equivalent quarts (mineral and

protein basis).
- 165 -

Meat^ Fish^ and Poultry

Supplies of meat from different kinds of animals were estimated in

pounds of carcass trimmed for retail distribution. But the proportion

of lean to fat varies greatly from year to year and even from season to

season. As reliable estimates of these fluctuations could not be made,

nutritive values were chosen that appeared most representative of the

average trimmed carcass. The values used are those in Agriculture Handbook 8, table 2 3/ for items described as follows:

Beef: Medium fat carcass, trimmed to retail

Lamb: Shoulder roast (wholesale 3-rib)

Pork: Miscellaneous lean cuts

Veal: Carcass or side, excluding kidney fat:

medium fat

Edible offal include such items as liver, tripe, brains, and

tongue. To estimate the nutrients contributed by these foods, the

nutritive values per pound of offal from different meat animals (beef,

pork, lamb, and veal) were weighted by the percentage of each kind in

the estimates of the 1950 meat supply. These average values were used

for the entire series.

Fats and Oils

In computing nutrients contributed by the fats and oils group,

two problems had to be considered, (1) the nutritive values assigned

to "fat cuts," and (2) the degree of fortification of margarine with

vitamin A.

For all years of the series, estimates for bacon and salt pork

were given only in terms of total fat cuts. As bacon and salt pork

differ considerably in nutritive value, an approximation had to be

made of the proportion of each in these estimates. Trade data indicated that these products were available in the proportion of about

three parts of bacon to one part of salt pork. Using this rate,

weighted nutritive values per po\md of fat cuts were developed. These

were used for the entire series.

No fortification was assumed for margarine before 1937• The

proportion and the level of fortification assumed for I938-52 are

given in table U6.

3/ See footnote 2, page I6I.
- 166 -

Table k6.- Estimated proportion of margarine fortified with

vitamin A and level of fortification used in estimating

the nutritive value of the national food supply

Proportion :Level of fortification

Year ] fortified : per pound

Percent

65

International Units

1938 i 9,000

1939 : TO 9,000

19itO : 75 9,000

19U1 : 80 9,000

191^2 : 85 9,000

1943 : 95 9,000

I9UI+ : 100 9,000

19if5 : 100 9,000

19h6 10 9,000

; 90 15,000

19^7 :; 5 9,000

: 95 15,000

I9U8 ; 1 9,000

• ^

; 99 15,000

I9I+9.52 : 100 15,000

Fruits and Vegetables

Except for watermelons and cantaloups, estimates of per capita

consumption rates for individual fruits were available for the entire

series. Prior to 1919^ totals only were given for melons.

Starting in 1919^ estimates -were given for individual vegetables.

Before that time, ^however, estimates were available for all vegetables

except for fresh leafy, green, and yellow vegetables and for fresh

"other vegetables." For these two classifications, totals only were

given. Therefore, for years prior to I919, it was necessary to assume

proportions of the individual foods within these categories. Using a

5-year average, I919-23, the relative quantity of each vegetable was

calculated. These percentages were used to estimate the distribution

of vegetables for I909-I8.

The same procedure was used to estimate the quantities of watermelons and cantaloups available before I9I9.

Tlie so-called "miscellaneous" vegetables consist of minor items

which are only quantitatively significant in certain seasons or in

particular regions. Included are such vegetables as collards, Chinese

cabbage, parsnips, turnips, and rutabagas. The only information as to

supplies of individual vegetables is from carload reports for the

major cities of the United States. Based on these data, the relative
- 167 -

distribution of individual vegetables within each of these groups was

used as the basis for deriving weighted nutritive values per pound for

"miscellaneous leafy, green, and yellow vegetables," and for "miscellaneous other vegetables/' These weighted values were used for all

years.

Cereal Products

For most foods in this group, nutritive values for individual foods

were used. But for a few foods, composite values seemed more representative of the products for which estimates were given. Nutritive

values used for "wheat cereals" assumed the use of 50 percent of the

farina type and 50 percent of the shredded type of cereal. Cornmeal

was assumed to be equal parts of white, whole ground, and yellow

degerminated meal. These composite values were used throughout the

series.

During 19^6, about 17 percent of all white flour was assumed to

be milled using 80-percent-extraction rate.

Data on supplies of self-rising and phosphated flour were available for only 2 years of this series, so that the calcium contributed

by these flours could not be evaluated year by year.

A major problem encountered in estimating the nutrients contributed

by grain products was learning the extent to which the various products

were enriched during the later years. The methods used in deriving the

levels of enrichment assumed in this study are described in the following paragraphs.

Enrichment of White Flour.- No enrichment of white flour was

assumed before 19^1. For IQkl-'k^, estimates were made of the proportion of flour used in white bread and rolls and this rate was assumed

to be enriched to the minimum levels promulgated by the U. S. Pood and

Drug Administration, which were published in the Federal Register for

May 27, 19^+1, and July 3, I9I+3. After the expiration of Viar Food Order

No. 1, it could not be assumed that enrichment was continuing at the

previous rate and a different procedure for estimating it was used.

Data on the extent of enrichment was almost nonexistent, so during the

fall of 19Í4.8 and the spring of I95O the Bureaus of Agricultural

Economics, Hioman Nutrition and Home Economics, and the Census cooperated

in collecting information from the firms who manufactured or sold, or

both, about 95 percent of the enrichment mixes and wafers used to enrich

bread kj» These data, combined with information on supply and utilization of flour, indicated that for I9U7-50 about 65 percent of the

h/ See Cereal Food Enrichment in the United States, I9Í+6-U8. The National

Food Situation, July-September l^k^ and Review of Cereal Food Enrichment

in the United States, 19^^-8 to I950. The National Food Situation,

October-December 1950.
- 168 -

civilian flour and bread was enriched. This rate of enrichment at the

minimum levels published in the Federal Register for July 3^ 19^3> was

used for all years from 19^6 to 1952.

The percentage of total white flour (exclusive of semolina and

dur\m) estimated to have been enriched each year since 19^0 and the

level of enrichment that was assumed are given below:

Percent

Year enrichment Level of enrichment

19Í1-1 20 Minimum levels, Federal Register,

May 27, I9I4.I

19^2 50 As in I9Í+I

191^3 50 As in I9UI

15 Minimxoiû levels, Federal Register,

July 3, 19i^3

I9U4-52 65 Minimum levels. Federal Register,

July 3, 19*^3

It is kno^Tn that some millers and bakers enriched their products to

higher levels than those given above. As the extent of this practice

could not be ascertained, only minimum levels of enrichment were assumed.

Enrichment of VTheat and Corn Cereals and Cornmeal.- No enrichment

was assumed for wheat or corn cereals before 1939^ although there may

have been some during the latter part of the period. Based on the

best trade data available for I939-Í1I, half of the farina-type wheat

cereal and half of the corn cereal was assumed to be enriched to the

values given in Agriculture Handbook 8. From I9I+2 to 19^+5, all of the

farina-type cereal and all of the com cereals were assumed to be

enriched.

For I9Í16-52, the effect of the enrichment of cereals was estimated in a different way. For this period, yearly estimates of the

total quantity of each nutrient were derived from a special survey

made in I950 among manufacturers and distributors of the premlxes used

for cereal products 5/»

Sugars and Sirups

Both the nutritive values and the poundage data for canned and

frozen fruits and vegetables, condensed milk, and frozen dairy products

other than ice cream include the sugar and other sweetening agents

added in their manufacture. As described in chapter 3, the consumption

5/ See footnote k, page I67.
- 169 -

estimates for sugars and sirups were reduced by the estimated amounts

contained in such products. Therefore, the nutrient data for this food

group do not represent the total carbohydrates contributed by all sugar

and sirup consumed.

Miscellaneous Foods

Cocoa was the only food in this group for which nutrient content

was computed. As estimates of annual consimiption were not available

for other foods in this classification, such as yeast, mold inhibitors,

and baking powder, no account was taken of the nutrients such as

calcium and thiamine which they provide.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF FOOD GROUPS TO THE TOTAL SUPPLIES OF IWTRIENTS

For purposes of comparison and study of trends in nutrients, information on percentages of total supplies of nutrients derived from the

different groups is given in table h'J for a few significant periods»
Taljle hl.

- 170 -

Percentage of total nutrients contributed by major food

groups in selected periods

Food group ;

Food :

energy:

Protein

;Car- ;

' Fat *bohy-;

; |drate;

Calcium

' Iron

Vita- ;

mln A 1

; value;

Thia-:

mine :

Riboflavin

[Niacin

P»T..

' ,^ 'Ascor-

:Fol±c ^^^

=«=i^ * acid

Po-r- PerPercent

Percent

Percent

Percent

Percent

Percent

Percent

Percent

Percent cent cent cent

Section a. Average 1909-13

Dairy products, excluding :

butter ' 9.6 17.7 15.1 5.0 69.k

2.6

3.1

2.6

7.2

26.k

11.3

6.7

10.3

10.0

2 k

kk.k

6.3

20.0

2.9

.2

i;8

1.8

5.8

0

Eggs

Meat, poultry, and fish :

1.9

11.6

5.2

27.1

3.8

25.0

.1

1/

23.h 44.5 17.1 l.k

Fats and oils, including :

pork fat cuts and butter : 15.9 1.9 if9.2 .1 .8 1.1 10.3 k.6 1.2 2.1 .3 0

Dry beans and peas, nuts, :

and soya flour :

Potatoes and sweetpotatoes :

Citrus fruit and tomatoes 2

2.2

5.2

.5

k.O

.6

1.7

.3

.1

2.2

8.1|-

.7

3.k

3.2

1.2

7.8

9.5

2.3 7.9

13.0

2.2

2.3

k.k

1.2

k.Q

12.8

1.6

17.5

10.6

3.0

.3

17.1

Leafy, green, and yellow

vegetables :

Other vegetables and fruit :

Flour and cereal products :

.6

3.6

37.2

1.2

2.1

35.7

.1

.6

3.8

.8

6.3

55.1

3.3

k,6

6.5

1.6

•3

LOO.O

3.5

7.8

2lf.9

5.6

1.3

100.0

13.9

10.7

1.6

0

100.0

3.0

6.2

.1

100.0

2.7

5.6

11.2

.3

.k

100.0

1.9

5.5

23.2

.3

.2

100.0

11.8

9.3

26.8

0

19.1

21.9

0

1/

Sugar and sirups :

Cocoa :

11.6

.1

0

.1

0

.3

21.1

.2 0

100.0

0

100.0 100.0 100.0 LOO.O LOO.O

Section b. Average 1925-29

Dairy products, excluding :

butter

Eggs

Meat, poultry, and fish

lO.lf

2.1

10.6

20.0

6.1

26.3

15.6

3.8

21.3

5.2

.1

1/

69.5

2.7

2.8

3.1

8.2

21^.7

11.3

6.5

8.If

n.o

2.7

26.5

1^6.1

6.8

17.9

3.3

.2

kZ.5

2.0

1.9

\k.l

5.5

0

1.2

Pats and oils, including

pork fat cuts and butter ! 18.1 2.1 52.0 .1 .8 1.2 9.5 k.9 1.2 2.3 .3 0

Dry beans and peas, nuts,

and soya flour

Potatoes and sweetpotatoes

Citrus fruit and t<snatocs

\ 2.k

: k.2

: .7

k.l

3.5

.8

2.5

.2

.2

2.1

7.0

1.1

3.1

2.5

1.5

7.5

8.0

2.6 7.2

7.3

11.0

2.7

2.2

3.6

X.k

e.e

n.o

2.1

15.9

8.1f

3.^

.2

26.0

20.0

Leafy, green, and yellow

vegetables

Other vegetables and fruit

Flour and cereal products

! 1.0

: 3.9

: 30.5

2.2

2.3

31.6

.2

.6

2.9

l.k

6.9

kS.k

k.e

5.h

6.5

8.7

21.2

2lf.8

10.Í*

.8

5.2

G.k

22.0

1/

.3

k.l

5.5

9.6

3.8

6.0

20.k

22.0

9.0

22.1*

26.7

20.3

0

.1

0

Sugar and sinç>s

Cocoa

: 15.7

: .h

0

.1^

0

.7

29.3 1.1

.6

5.0

3.3

0

1/

.2

.8

.2

.6

0

0

|ioo.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOC.O

:

Section c. Average 1935-39

Dairy products, excluding

butter i H.k 22.1 16.2 5.8 70.2 3.k 11.0 12.2 U9.0 3.5 2.3 5.2

Eggs

Meat, poultry, and fish

: 2,0 5.7 3.5 .1 2.3 7.5 5.5 2.7 6.1 .2 1.7 0

: 10.6 26.k 20.1 i/ 2-9 2lf.l 7.2 21^.8 17.0 kl.9 13.9 1.0

Fats and oils, including

pork fat cuts and butter : 19.1 1.Ö 52.6 .1 .7 1.0 8.7 If.if 1.0 2.0 .2 0

Dry beans and peas, nuts.

and soya flour : 2.9 5.6 2.9 2.6 3.2 8.6 1/ 8.9 2.k 7.8 18.1 .2

Potatoes and sweetpotatoes ! k.O 3.2 .2 6.8 2.2 7.3 19.5 10.6 3.2 10.1 7.6 22.0

Citrus fruit and tomatoes : 1.0 1.0 .2 1.7 2.0 3.k 8.3 k.O 1.8 2.9 k.5 26.U

Leafy, green, and yellow

vegetables : 1.1 2.6 .2 1.7 5.7 l.k 29.Í* 6.2 5.2 »^.5 2k.z 27.0

Other vegetables and fruit : k.O 2.1^ .6 l.h k.2 8.8 9.8 6.8 5.3 6.2 9.1 18.2

Flour and cereal products : 27.8 28.7 2.5 i^3.2 k.5 18.If .6 18.9 7.6 17.8 IÖ.3 0

Sugar and sirups : 15.6 0 0 30.0 l.k 5.8 0 1/ .3 .3 0 1/

Cocoa : .5 .5 1.0 .6 .7 k.3 1/ .5 1.1 .8 0 0

:100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Continued -
. 171 -

Table If?.- Percentage of total nutrients contributed by major food

groups in selected periods - Continued

Food group

Food I Proenergy: tein Fat

'Car- Cal- ;VitaIron •min A

value

Thia-: Ribo-i

mine :flavin; Niacin :Folic

;acid

[Ascor-

; bic

' acid

PercentPercent

Per- Per- Percent cent cent

Percent

Percent

Percent

Percent

Percent

Per- Percent cent

Section d. Average 19U2-l*-5

Dairy products, excluding

butter

Eggs

Meat, poultry, and fish

Fats and oils, including

pork fat cuts and butter

Dry beans and peas, nuts,

and soya flour

Potatoes and sveetpotatoes

Citrus fruit and tomatoes

Leafy, green, euid yellow

vegetables

Other vegetables and fruit i

Flour and cereal products 2^

Sugar and sirx:g98

Cocoa

Dairy products, excluding

butter

Eggs

Meat, poultry, and fish

Fats and oils, including

pork fat cuts and bxitter

Dry beans and peas, nuts,

and soya flour

Potatoes and sveetpotatoes

Citrus fruit and tonatoes

Leafy, green, and yellov

vegetables

Other vegetables and fruit

Flour and cereal pzx)ducts2/:

Sugar and sirups

Cocoa

Dairy products, excluding

butter

Eggs

Meat, poultry, and fish

Fats and oils, including

pork fat cuts and butter

Dry beans and x>«as, nuts,

and soya flour

Potatoes and sveetpotatoes

Citrus fruit and tomatoes

Leafy, green, and yellov

vegetables

Other vegetables and fruit

12.9 23.2 n.k 7.2 71.9 3.6 11.3 10.3 46.3 3.3 2.4 5.5

2.3 6.0 3.8 .1 Z.k 7.2 5.8 2.2 5.9 .2 1.8 0

02.2 27.9 22.h i/ 2.2 24.0 9.2 22.3 17.3 41.8 16.0 1.3

18.5 2.1 U8.9 .1 .6 1.1 6.5 4.1 1.1 2.1 .2 0

3.2 6.0 3.3 2.8 3.2 7.8 1 7.1 2.3 8.2 18.6 .2

3.8 2.9 .2 6.9 1.9 5.9 léX 7.4 2.6 7.9 6.6 19.4

1.3 1.2 .3 2.3 2.3 3.6 9.2 3.7 1.9 3.0 5.1 31.4

1.3 2.8 .2 2.1 5.9 7.3 33.2 5.2 5.0 4.2 25.2 27.0

3.6 2.2 .6 6.9 3.8 6.9 7.9 4.6 4.3 4.8 8.2 15.2

26.8 25.4 2.2 U3.5 3.9 24.0 .5 32.8 12.4 23.7 15.9 0

13.7 0 0 27.6 l.k 5.8 0 1/ .2 .3 0 1/

.1* •3 .7 •5 .5 2.8 1/ .3 .7 .5 0 0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Section e. Average 1947-49

: 13.5

: 2.6.

: 12.6

24.7

7.0

29.2

17.9

4.2

22.2

7.4

.1

y

73.8

2.7

2.5

3.7

8.1

24.0

12.9

7.1

8.7

10.8

2.6

22.6

46.0

6.4

16.1

3.3

.2

41.9

3.0

2.2

16.6

: 19.2 2.1 43.9 .1 .6 1.0 7.9 4.1 1.0 2.0 .3

i 2.8

: 3.3

: 1.3

4.9

2.6

1.2

3.0

.1

.2

2.3

6.1

2.5

2.6

1.5

2.1

6.4

5.1

3.4 9.2

5.9

6.7

3.8

1.8

2.2

1.7

6.1

7.0

2.9

16.4

6.1

5.5

:

z 1.2

: 3.9

': 23.8

: 15.4

: .4

2.6

2.4

22.9

0

.4

.2

.6

1.9

0

.8

1.9

7.7

39.7

31.6

.6

5.3

3.8

3.4

1.1

.6

6.6

7.2

26.6

4.6

3.3

33.0

9.2

.4

0

1/

4.8

4.9

1

4.3

4.3

15.2

.2

.8

3.7

5.2

26.9

.2

.6

25.2

9.5

15.2

0

0

;100.0

•

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0

:

•

Section f. 1952 1/

: 13 A

: 2.8

: 12.8

24.9

7.6

29.7

17.0

4.5

22.2

7.7

.1

1/

74.4

2.9

2.4

3.6

9.0

24.0

13.7

8.3

9.4

10.8

2.9

23.4

46.1

7.0

16.1

3.3

.2

43.4

U

16.4

5.7

0

1.2

.2

17.6

32.7

25.6

17.0

0

1/

0

100.0

: 20.1 2.1 1^9.7

Flour and cereal products^ 22.8

Sugar and mliMpe

Cocoa

15 A

5.^

2.2

1.1

2.k

2.k

21.8

0

2.9

.1

.2

.2

.7

1.7

0

.8

2.6 2.8

5.3 1.3

2.7 1.9

1<

7.

38,

32.

5.0

3.8

3.3

1.0

.6

1.1

7.2

3.3

e.k

7.2

26.6

3.7

3.^

8.7 k.3 1.1

.1

7.8

9.3,

33.3

9.0

0

6.6

5.8

3.7

i*.5

k.Q

32.9

1/

2.

1,

1.

k.

k,

15.

2.1

6.6

6.1

2.8

3.5

5.0

26.2

.2

.6

6.1

0

1.3

18.6 .2

5.2 16.2

5^^ 33.8

2k.k

lk.6

0

0

25.0

17.3

0

.1

0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1/ 0.05 percent or less. 2/ These percentages were derived frcoi nutrient data which included the quantities of iron, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin added to prepai^d cereals, vrtiite flour, and bread.

3/ Preliminary.
. 172 -

CHAPTER 5* SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ON FOOD CONSIBIPTION AND DEMA^ID

The information on food consuiDption described in the preceding chapters was derived from data on aggregate supplies and disappearance of

food. Related to these data are the estimates of the retail value of

farm food products, the data on the approximate values at retail of

selected food commodities conSTomed, and some calculations on nutrients

yhich are described hereafter.

Another aggregative measure often used for food consumption is the

Department of Commerce series on food expenditures. This series is an

integral part of the estimation of national income. Because disposable

income, food expenditures, and BIS retail price data are so frequently

\ised with time-series data on food consumption, they are, for convenience,

included in this handbook. Information on sales of retail food stores

is reported regularly by the Department of Commerce.!/

During the last two decades, concern as to the adequacy of diets

of the population as a whole and of particular groups and the need for

data for food market analysis have contributed to increased emphasis on

collection of information concerning food purchases and food preferences

of households ajid institutions. Data on food piirchases of families or

households may be obtained for one period in time or over a period of

time. The former may indicate consumption, or expenditures, or both in

a particular day, week, or year. When information is collected over

time, a panel of respondents must be .set up. Surveys of these types

and pilot studies of purchases by eating places and institutions are

described in the sections that follow.

Related to studies on purchases by consumers are the studies of

sales by retail stores. The methodology for store studies is described

in publications issued under the direction of Max Brunk of Cornell University.2/ Because of difficulties in estimating the population served

by individual stores and in obtaining information on other purchases of

such families, it is practically impossi^ble to derive satisfactory data

on per capita consumption from such studies. However, these studies

provide much information on consimer behavior.

All of the foregoing types of data indicate or reflect consumer

behavior with respect to food. To some extent they have been used to

infer consumer preferences.3/ However, more satisfactory methods of

1/ U. S. Bureau of the Census. Monthly Retail Trade Report.

2/ Brunk, Max E., editor. Methods of Research in Marketing. Paper

Nos. 1, 2, and 3* Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell Agr.

Expt. Sta. July 1951 and July I952. See also Burrows, Glenn L. An

Experiment in Marketing. Agricultural Economics'Research U(l|.) : 128-135.

Oct. 1952, and Godwin, Marshall R, Customer Response to Varying Prices

for Florida Oranges. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 508. Dec. I952.

3/ Burrows, Glenn L.Consumer Acceptance or Consumer Preference.

Agricultural Economics Research U(2):52-56. Apr. I952.
- 173 -

ascertaining consumer wants and preferences have been developed in

recent years. They take the form of carefully designed surveys by

trained interviewers who use detailed question schedules.i|/ Among

such studies of consumer preferences regarding food commodities made

by the U. S. Department of Agriculture are Potato Preferences among

Household Consumers ¿/^ Consumer Preferences Regarding Apples and

Winter Pears 6/, Consumers* Use of and Opinions about Citrus Products 7/,

and Rice Preferences among Household Consumers 8/. ""

RETAIL COST OF FARM-FOOD PRODUCTS ¿7

The estimates of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the

retail cost of farm food products are an out.growth of the continuing

research on marketing margins and costs for farm products. Estimates

of the retail cost in table 1+8 represent the cost at retail-store prices

of all domestic farm foods that were both sold by farmers and bought by

civilian consumers in this country.10/ These retail-cost estimates are

derived from estimates of cash income received by farmers for these products and the estimated percentages that prices received by farmers

represented of retail prices for the various commodities. These

farmers* shares used in the computations were derived from retail food

prices of the BAE (prices paid by farmers) combined with the BLS data

on prices for food paid by urban wage earners.

Retail-cost series are estimated for each of six major commodity

groups of farm food products. The groups are (1) meat products,

(2) dairy products, (3) poultry and eggs, (k) bakery and other cereal

products, (5) fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, and (6) other

miscellaneous food products.

These estimates of the retail cost of farm food products are

measured at the retail-store sales level. Therefore they do not include

the additional costs of food bought in restaurants and other eating

places nor do they include the value of foods consuraed in households of

farms where produced or the value of food products that are not produced

on farms in this country. They do include sales by farmers directly to

consumers.

h/ For discussion of various techniques see Clements, Forrest, and

Meyers, Trienah, Ascertaining Consumer Wants, in forthcoming Yearbook

of Agriculture for 195^ on Marketing.

5/ U. S. Dept* Agr. Misc. Pub. 667- 119 PP- Washington, D.C. Aug.19^8.

69 pp. V/ashington,D.C. 1950.

167 PP* Washington, D. C.

101 pp. Washington, D. C.

Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and

Richard 0. Been, formerly of Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

10/ Revised data for table 48 are not available for years since I9U5 because of revisions in the margin series 19^6-52 now in process from which

the estimates will be derived. Such data will be published later in the

quarterly publicatlp.n of the BAE, The Marketing and Transportation Situation«

0/ U. S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Inform; Bui. 19.

7/ U. S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Inform. Bui. 50.

Oct. 1951•

3/ U. S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Inform. Bui. 15.

July 1950.

9/ Prepared by Kenneth E. Ogren, Bureau 0
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r4 v4 a Vi

« o -4» a n g -p

•o * 8.5

|g4?||'

- a J äX

» v o 6 fl

p, (4 4^ í; -H
- 175 -

The estimates or retail cost of farm food products do not include

all components of consumers* expenditures for all foods as do the

estimates prepared and published by the Office of Business Economics,

of the Department of Commerce which are described below. Several elements of additional cost are included in total food expenditures, which

are omitted in the retail cost of farm food products. These include:

(1) Cost of foods which are imported or of nonfarm origin such as

coffee, tea, offshore sugar, fishery products, and spices, currently

amounting to about 10 percent of the total; (2) value of foods consumed

in households of producers, amounting to about 11 percent when valued

at equivalent retail prices and (3) value of foods bouijht by the Federal

Government for personnel in Armed Forces; (k) additional charges, above

retail-store valuation, for preparation^ service, and entertainment

obtained with foods bought in eating places, accoi^nting for perhaps 8

to 10 percent of total food expenditures.

APPROXIMTE VALUES AT RETAIL OF FOOD CONSUMED

Still another approach to estimating food expenditures has been

used by members of the staff of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics

from time to time, to meet the need for information on expenditures for

various groups of food commodities. Average quantities of individual

foods or groups of foods consumed per capita in the United States were

multiplied by average retail prices, usually the combination of Bureau

of Labor Statistics data on prices paid by moderate-incom.e families in

large cities and BAE data on prices paid by farm families. (See Misc.

Pub. No. 576 11/ and current issues of The Marketing and Transportation

Situation 12/77 For some commodities - fluid milk, for example -

additional refinements were iTiade, such as valuing milk consumed on

farms where produced at prices received by farmers. In other instances

a rough approximation of this method was to multiply the indexes of

average prices paid by indexes of civilian consumption of the various

food groups.

Such estimates of food expenditures have certain inherent difficulties. These difficulties arise principally from failure to allow for

variations in the part of the food supply that is marketed through

restaurants and institutions at prices higher than those charged in

retail stores, for the increases in costs of processing and service,

and for the shifts in consumption within food groups.

SUPPLIES OF MAJOR NUTRIENTS

A hi^ly desirable measure of overall food consimiption would be

the intake of the several nutrients on an index basis. Unfortunately,

11/ U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Price Spreads between

Farmers and Consumers for Food Products. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub.

576, 290 pp., illus. 191+5-

12/ U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The Marketing and

Transportation Situation. (Proceosed.)
- 176 -

measurement of food as ingested has been developed ^^""^y^^lf^^^^

and as yet no way of assigning relative importance to^the ^^^^^^^^^^^

has heen developed to be used in combining them. Various suggestions for

dealing with this problem have been made, and it is apparent tnat tne

kind of index used depends largely on the purpose at hand. The suggestions have included the use of harmonic means of the nutrient content

and the use of harmonic means of the percentages which the supply ior

each of the 12 major nutrients bears to the Recommended Dietary Allowances. 13/ Christensen has developed a technique of deriving the output

of eaclTof 10 nutrients for each food product of 1 acre of land or otner

unit of resources, dividing these outputs by the recommended daily

allowance for a moderately active man to obtain the number of man-days

for which the allowance would be supplied.l^t The simple average of the

number of day^s allowances for each nutrient is used as an index.

For certain purposes, estimates of the nutrient content or nutritive value of the food supply are a useful measure of changes in food

consumption. These estimates and a description of the methodology

involved are given in chapter U.

DESCRIPTIOKS OF INCOME AM) EXPENDITURE SERIES

The three series described below were revised back to I929 by the

Department of Commerce in accordance with the new concepts of national

income, and were published in the National Income Supplement to Survey

of Current Business.15/ Figures for years preceding I929 were estimated

by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, based on studies made by the

National Bureau of Economic Research and the National Industrial Conference Board, and on unpublished data of the United States Department

of Commerce.

Disposable personal income represents the actual current income

receipts of persons from all sources, less personal tax and nontax paymerits to Federal, State, and local governments. It is the closest

oveï-all statistical approximation to consumer purchasing power derived

from current incomes (table U9)•

Personal consumption expenditures consist of the market value of

purchases of goods and services by individuals and nonprofit institutions and the value of food, clothing, housing, and financial services

received by them as income in kind. They include the rental value of

owner-occupied houses but do not include purchases of dwellings, which

are classified as capital goods (table 50).

Food expenditures data represent the current dollar value of foods

bought. This measiore emphasizes the short supplies of individual foods

13/ National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Nati.

Res. Counc. Reprint and Cir. Ser. 122, rev., 6 pp. 1945.

Ik/ Christensen, Raymond P. Efficient Use of Food Resources in the

United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 963, 98 pp. illus. I9J+8.

15/ U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics. National

Income and Product of the United Staates, A Supplement to the Survey of

Current Business. 216 pp., illus• 195l«
- 177 -

and changes in the general price level^ rather than changes in food consiimption. Also food is bought with varying amounts of service - sometimes more is bought in self-service stores, at other times more of it

moves through delicatessens, restaurants, and hotels. Available information on food expenditures is given in table 51.

The Department of Commerce estimates of expenditures for food and

alcoholic beverages 16/ include (1) food and alcoholic beverages bought

for off-premise consumption, (2) purchased meals and beverages, (3) food

furnished Government (including military) and commercial employees and

withdrawn t,/ nonfarra proprietors (valued at wholesale prices), and

(U) food pro'luced and consumed on farms (valued at farm prices). For

1929-39, the basic data for manufactured foods and alcoholic beverages

were from the Census of Manufactures, for nonmanufactured farm food products from BAE estimates of farmers* cash income from marketings, for

fresh and frozen fish from the Bureau of Fisheries, and for exports and

imports from the foreign-trade statistics of the Department of Commerce.17/

The data on production from the Census of Manufactures were analyzed

to exclude duplications - foods used in further manufacture of foods.

The net-production data were adjusted for changes in manufacturers»

inventories, transportation allowance added; and the resulting values

were distributed among manufacturers» sales to wholesalers, retailers,

and others (mainly institutions), consumers, and manufacturers» exports.

Iniports, including duties, were added to wholesalers» purchases from

manufacturers, inventory adjustments were made, and markups were added to

obtain total wholesalers» sales. From this total, exports by wholesalers

were deducted, and the remainder of wholesalers» sales was broken down

between sales to consumers and sales to retailers and others.

Values for foods other than those based on the Census of Manufactures were developed separately, using BAE cash marketings and data

from the Bureau of Fisheries. Direct sales to retailers and consumers

by farmers were segregated, and sales of thei^e foods by wholesalers

were estimated by adding imports, adjusting for changes in wholesalers»

inventories, adding their markups, and deducting exports. As in the

ca^e of manufactured goods, wholesalers» sales of nonmanufactured foods

were broken down bet-^een sales to consumers and sales to retailers and

others.

At this point in the calculation an aggregate of food sales to

retailers and others, of both manufactured and nonmanufactured food

commodities, had been obtained which included: (1) Food sales for the

population of institutions, for passengers on ocean transportation,

etc.; (2) value of food furnished to Government and commercial employees

and withdrawn by nonfarm proprietors; and (3) sales of food and

16/ The following description was prepared in consultation with members

of the staff of the Office of Business Economics, Department of Commerce.

YjJ See footnote 83, p. 91*
. 178 -

alcoholic beverages to retailers for resale both as meals and beverages

and as food and alcoholic beverages for off-premise consunrption.

From this figure on aggregate sales were deducted estimates of food

sales for the population of institutions and other categories in (1)

above. They were excluded from the data on food expenditures because

they were included in other expenditure items such as Government expenditures and personal consumption expenditures for hospital services. From

the remaining aggregate of sales to retailers and others were^deducted

food furnished to governmental and commercial employees and withdrawn

by nonfarm proprietors and food and alcoholic beverages bought for resale

as meals and beverages. Estimates of institutional and other excluded

food and of food furnished to employees and withdrawn by nonfarm proprietors were developed from census and other sources. Purchases of

food and alcoholic beverages at wholesale for resale as meals and beverages were based on pertinent sales data taken from retail and service

censuses, but markups had to be subtracted and inventory adjustments

made before this item could be subtracted from the remaining aggregate

of sales to retailers and others to derive sales to retailers for resale

for off-premise consixmption. Residual food and beverages were t.reated

as purchases by retail food and liquor stores, inventory adjusted, and

markups to retail values added, which then were added to consumers»

purchases from manufacturers, farmers, and wholesalers to give offpremise food sales. Sales of meals and beverages were taken directly

from the retail and service censuses.

Data on food purchased for off-p¿"emise consuiîiption were extrapolated,

for the years after 1939 ^Y retail sales data covering food and liquor

stores, sales data of State liquor monopolies, and purchased meals and

-beverages by data on sales of eating and drinking places. Estimates of

food furnished to employees and withdrawn by nonfarm proprietors were

carried into the later period from the same sources used through 1939

with the important military component obtained from the military services. General retail sales taxes and alcoholic beverage taxes not

covered in markups were added beginning in 1933» Adjustments were .made

for nonconsujner purchases - business entertainment, salesmen's expense

accounts, etc. - of food and alcoholic beverages, in the form of meals

and beverages and of off-premise consuraption.

DESCRIPTION OF PRICE SERIES

Consumer price index measures time-to-time, changes in costs of

fixed quantities of selected goods, rents, and services, by moderateincome families in large cities. Figures for I909-I2 were estimated by

BAE, using data on living costs of nonagricultural employees as given

in Real Wages in the United States, I89O-I926 by Paul H. Douglas>18/

Other data were from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (table 52).

18/ Douglas, Paul H. Real Wages in the United States, l890-iq26.

682 pp., illus. Boston and New York. I930.
- 179 -

Index of retail food prices measures the time-to-time changes in

the costs of fixed quantities of food bought by moderate income families

in large cities. Data for I909-I2 were estimated by BAE; I913 to date

by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (table 52).

Index of nonfood costs measures changes in costs of fixed amounts

of goods and services bought by moderate-income families in large cities.

Data for I909-I2 were estimated by BAE; hitherto unpublished data for

1913 to date were prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (table 52).

FAMILY SURVEY DATA ON FOOD CONSUMPTION I9/

Family survey data provide another measure of consimiption. The

information is usually given in terms of quantities bought or consumed

at home by the household and of expenditures for food at home and away

from home by members of the family. -Prewar studies have been conveniently

summarized by Woodbury 20/.

There are two chief methods of obtaining household data on consumption. One is to ask the housewife to recall the quantities of food

consumed during a previous period^ usually a week. An interviewer then

enters the amounts on a food list. The second is to record food purchases (or nonpurchased food brought into the kitchen) day by day and

obtain an inventory of food on hand both at the beginning and at the

end of the period. The disadvantages amd advantages of each method have

been the subject of several investigations 2l/. For large-scale studies^

the first method - recall, food list - is probably the more suitable,

especially for describing the diets of groups of families.

Several nationwide surveys and many small-scale studies of food

consumption have been made in this country. The first large-scale

family study that included data on food consiomption was made by the

U. S. Department of Commerce and Labor in I899-I902 22/. Surveys of

the consumption of wage earners and lower salaried clerical workers

were made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in I9I8-I9 23/ and in

19/ Revised with the assistance of Faith Clark, Bureau of Human

Nutrition and Home Economics.

20/ Woodbury, Robert Morse. Methods of Family Living Studies, Income,

Expenditures, Consumption. lUU pp. 19U0 (International Labour Off.

Studies and Repts. Ser. N (Statistics) No. 23).

21/ National Research Council. Nutrition Surveys: Their Techniques

and Value. Nati. Research Counc. Bui. 11?, 1^+^ pp. May 19^9* Murray,

Janet, Blake, Ennis C, Dickens, Dorothy, and Moser, Ada M. Collection

Methods in Dietary Surveys. A Comparison of the Food Jjlat and Record

in Two Farming Areas in the South. Southern Cooperative Series Bull.

23, April 1952.

22/ U. S. Dept. Commerce and Labor. Cost of Living and Retail Prices

bf Food. Commr. Labor Ann. Repto I8: 15-631* 190^.

23/ U. S. Dept. Labor, Bur. Labor Statis. Retail Prices and Cost of

Living Ser. Bull. 357, ^66 pp. 192^^.
- 180 -

Table 1.9.- Disposable personal income, total and per capita, 1909-52 l/

Total Income Per capita income

Actual

2/

: Index : Index

: (191+7.1^9 : divided by:

: = 100) •• consumer

: (actvial : price

: divided by: index

: $181,696: (l9i^7-^9

: million); = lOO)

Mil. dol.

28,300

30,000

30,600

32,700

3^^,500

3lt,lvOO

36,700

43,100

51,800

57,900

65,800

69,200

54,700

59,100

68,500

69,100

73,100

75,800

76,100

78,100

Q2,k8k

73,680

62,977

47,819

45,165

51,635

57,973

66,095

71,055

65,465

70,167

75,743

92,015

116,740

132,441

146,957

151,060

158,916

169,494

188,352

187,241

205,833

224,995

235,015

15.6

16.5

16.8

18.0

19.0

18.9

20.2

23.7

28.5

31-9

36.2

38.1

30.1

32.5

37.7

38.0

40.2

41.7

41.9

43.0

45.4

40.6

34.7

26.3

24.9

28.4

31.9

36.4

39.1

36.0

38.6

4l.7

50.6

.3

• 9

.9

.1

.5

64.

72.

80.

83.

87.

93.3

103.7

103.0

113.3

123.8

129.3

Actual

3/

Dol.

41.8 308

41.9 320

41.3 321

43.7 338

44.9 350

44.1 342

46.5 360

50.9 417

52.0 494

49.6 546

48.9 618

44.5 641

39.4 497

45.4 530

51.7 604

52.0 597

53.6 622

55.2 637

56.5 630

58.7 639

61.9 668

56.9 590

53.'* 501

45.0 378

45.0 355

49.7 403

54.3 449

61.4 509

63.7 544

59.7 497

65.0 529

69.6 565-

80.4 680

92.3 854

98.5 956

107.6 1,047

108.1 1,065

104.9 1,108

97.7 1,160

100.9 1,267

101.2 1,238

110.2 1,336

111.5 1,438

113-9 1,476

, . Index

Actual . ^ ¡_^'J,¡^^

= 100) ]divided

by

* consumer

price

index

Dol.

826

812

789

820

827

797

829

895

901

849

835

748

651

740

829

817

829

843

849

872

911

826

771

647

642

705

765

858

886

824

891

9^3

1,081

1,225

1,292

1,392

1,385

1,329

1,215

1,232

1,216

1,302

1,295

1,300

(actual

divided

by

$1,222)

25-2

26.2

26.3

27.7

28.6

28.0

29.5

34.1

40.4

44.7

50.6

52.5

40.7

43.4

49.4

48.9

50.9

52.1

51.6

52.3

54.7

.3

.0

.9

.1

.0

.7

48.

41.

30.

29.

33-

36.

41.7

44.5

40.7

43.3

46.2

55.6

69.9

78.2

85.7

87.2

90.7

95.0

103-7

101.3

109.5

117.7

120.8

Index

divided by

constaner

price

index

(1947.49

=100)

67-6

66.5

64.6

67

67

65

68

73.2

73.7

.5

.4

.3

.3

.6

69.

68.

61.

53.

60.

67.8

.9

.9

.9

.5

66.

61.

68.

69.

71.4

74.6

67.6

63.1

52.9

52.6

57.7

62.5

70.3

72.5

67.5

72.9

77.1

88.4

100.3

105.7

114.0

113.4

108.8

99.

100.

99.

106.

106.

106.4

91.8

93.7

95.2

96.7

98.6

100.5

102.0

103.4

104.9

106.0

106.5

108.0

110.1

111.6

113.

115.

117.

119.

120.

122.

123.

124.8

125.8

126.6

.5

.7

.5

.0

.7

.2

.5

127.

128,

129.0

129.8

130.6

131.6

132.7

134.0

135.3

136.7

138.6

l40.3

141.8

143.4

146.1

148.7

151.3

153-8

156.5

159.2

Consumer

price

index

(1947-49

= 100)

s/

.3

.4

.7

.2

.3

.9

37.

39.

40.

41.

42.

42.

43.4

46.6

54.8

64.3

74.0

85.7

76.4

71.6

72.9

73.1

75.0

75.6

74.2

73.3

73.3

71.4

65.0

58.4

55.3

57.2

.7

.3

.4

.3

.4

.9

.9

58.

59.

61.

60.

59.

59.

62.

69.7

74.0

75.2

76.9

83.4

95.5

102.8

101.8

102.8

111.0

113.5

1/ See text for definitions. 2/ Estimates for 1909-28.by the Bureau of Agric\ilt\iral Economics,

for 1929 to date by the Department of Commerce. 3/ This series uses the adjusted estimates of

total population so the data are uniformly 98.6 percent of the per capita series which uses the

unadjusted Census estimates of total population, including Armed Forces overseas. Because the

adjustment factor is a constant percentage, indexes derived from adjvisted per capita data are

the same as those that might be calciilated using imadjusted population data. 4/ Bureau of

Census estimates have been adjusted for underenumeration by a constant factor, assxjmlng that

98.6 percent of the population was enumerated in the decennial censuses. See text. 5/ Estimates for 1909-12 by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, for I913 to date by the Bureau of

Labor Statistics.
181

Table 50.- Personal consumption expenditvires, total and per capita, I909-52 l/

: Total expenditures Per capita expenditures

Total

popula-

: Index

(l9lf7_Ji9

= 100)

(actual

divided by

' Index *

divided

Actual

divided

Index

,(191*7-1*9

Index

divided

[ BLS

[coususer

, i-Tice

Year • Actual

; s/ ;

consuDier

Actual,

. 3/

by

consumer _

; =100) ,

' (actual

by

consumer

, tion

' July 1

index

(i<-A7-i*9

, $17^,683

million)

price

index

price '

[ index

.divided by

; $1,171*)

price

Index y = 100)

: Mil. dol. Dol. Dol. Mil.

1909 i 28, »too 16.3 1*3.7 309 828 26.3 70.5 91.8 37.3

1910 : 30,100 17.2 1*3.7 321 815 27.3 69.3 93.7 39.1*

1911 : 30,100 17.2 1*2.3 316 776 26.9 66.1 95.2 1*0.7

1912 : 32,300 18.5 l*i*.9 33U 811 28.1* 68.9 96.7 1*1.2

1913 : 33,900 i9.lt 1*5.9 31*1* 813 29.3 69.3 98.6 1+2.3

191^* : 33,200 19.0 1*1*.3 330 769 28.1 65.5 100.5 1*2.9

1915 : 31,700 18.1 1*1.7 311 717 26.5 61.1 102.0 1*3.1*

1916 : 38,700 22.2 1*7.6 371* 803 31.9 68.5 103.1* 1*6.6

1917 : i^5,000 25.8 1*7.1 1*29 783 36.5 66.6 10l*.9 5l*.8

1918 : If9,^*00 28.3 1*1*.0 1*66 725 39-7 61.7 106.0 61*.3

1919 : 58,700 33.6 1*5.1* 551 71*5 1*6.9 63.1* 106.5 7l*.0

1920 : 64,300 36.8 1*2.9 595 691* 50.7 59.2 108.0 85.7

1921 : 56,200 32.2 1*2.1 510 668 1*3.1* 56.8 110.1 76.1*

1922 : 57,900 33.1 1*6.2 519 725 1*1*.2 61.7 111.6 71.6

1923 : 6U,300 36.8 50.5 567 778 1*8.3 66.3 113.5 72.9

I92U :. 67,800 38.8 53.1 586 802 1*9.9 68.3 115.7 73.1

1925 : 70,100 ItO.l 53.5 597 796 50.9 67.9 117.5 75.0

1926 : 73,800 U2.2 55.8 620 820 52.8 69.8 119.0 75.6

1927 : 73,500 U2.I 56.7 609 821 51.9 6^.9 120.7 71*.2

1928 : 76,600 1^3.9 59.9 627 855 53.1* 72.9 122.2 73.3

1929 : 78,761 lt5.1 61.5 638 870 5l*.3 7l*.l 123.5 73.3

1930 : 70,789 U0.5 56.7 567 791* 1*8.3 67.6 121*. 8 71.1*

1931 : 61,153 35.0 53.8 1*86 71*8 1*1.1* 63.7 125.8 65.0

1932 : U9,208 28.2 1*8.3 389 666 33.1 56.7 126.6 58.1*

1933 : 1*6,3tó 26.5 1*7.9 361* 658 31.0 56.1 127.3 55.3

193Jt : 51,882 29.7 51.9 1*05 708 31*. 5 60.3 128.1 57.2

1935 : 56,215 32.2 51*.9 1*36 71*3 37.1 63.2 129.0 58.7

1936 : 62,515 35.8 60.1* 1*82 813 1*1.1 69.3 129.8 59.3

1937 : 67,121 38.U 62.5 51U 837 1*3.8 71.3 130.6 61.1*

1938 : 6U,513 36.9 61.2 1*90 813 1*1.7 69.2 131.6 60.3

1939 : 67,1*66 38.6 65.0 508 855 1*3.3 72.9 132.7 59.1*

19^3 : 72,052 lH.2 68.8 538 898 1*5.8 76.5 131*. 0 59.9

19ÍH ! 82,255 1*7.1 71*. 9 608 967 51.8 82.1* 135.3 62.9

19^*2 : 91,161 52.2 71*.9 667 957 56.8 81.5 136.7 69.7

I9U3 102,2Mt 58.5 79.1 738 997 62.9 85.0 138.6 71*.0

19Mf • 111,550 63.9 85.0 795 1,057 67.7 90.0 11*0.3 75.2

19'*5 123,079 70.5 91-7 868 1,129 73.9 96.1 11*1.8 76.9

191*6 . 1U6,907 Qk.i 100.8 1,021* 1,228 87.2 10l*.6 11*3.1* 83.1*

19U7 ' 165,570 9U.8 99.3 1,133 1,186 96.5 101.0 11*6.1 95.5

19W • 177,890 101.8 99.0 1,196 1,163 101.8 99.0 11*8.7 102.8

19U9 : 180,588 103. U 101.6 1,191* 1,173 101.7 99.9 151.3 101.8

1950 ; l9l^,550 lll.U 108.1* 1,265 1,231 107.8 10l*.9 153.8 102.8

1951 : 208,108 119.1 117.3 1,330 1,198 113.3 102.1 156.5 111.0

1952 :

:

4

4

218,130 121*. 9 110.0 1,370 1,207 116.7 102.8 •159.2 113.5

1/ See text for definitions. 2/ Estimates for 1909-28 by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics,

for 1929 to date by the Department of Conmerce. 3/ This series uses the adjusted estimates of

total population so the data are uniformly 98.6 percent of the per capita series yrtlch uses the

unadjusted Census estimates of total population, including Armed Forces overseas. Because the

adjustment factor is a constant percentage, indexes derived from adjusted per capita data are

the same as those that might be calculated using unadjusted population data, h/ Bureau of

Census estimates have been adjusted for underenumeration by a constant factor, assuming that

98.6 percent of the population was enumerated in the decennial censuses. See text. 5/ Estimates for 1909-12 by the_^uregy^of Agricultural Economics, for I913 to date by the Bureau of

Labor Lstics. \
- 182 -

Table 51.- Food expenditures, total and per capita, 1929-52 l/

: Total food expenditures

: excluding alcoholic

: beverages

: Per capita food expendittures

! excluding alcoholic

: beverages

: Total

¡population !

July 1 !

4/ :

Year

: Actual'

: ^ ;

: Index

:(1947.49

: = 100)

¡(actual !

¡divided !

by ¡

$50,095!

million):

' Index

' divided

: by

; retail

; food ;

price ]

index '

(1947-49;

= 100)"

ActuSLL'

1/ ;

• Actual

•divided

: ^y .

* retail;

food "

price ;

index ;

• Index

:(1947-49

; = 100)

'(actual ,

' divided

by ;

$337) ;

• Index

• divided

' by ; • retail ;

; food ;

' price ;

index

(1947-49;

= 100);

: Retail

: food

: price

! index

(1947-49

= 100)

5/

tMil.dol. Dol. Dol. Mil.

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938 -

1939 !

1940 !

1941 ;

1942 :

1943 :

1944 :

1945 i

1946 :

1947 :

1948 :

1949 :

1950 i

1951 :

1952 :

i 19,674

: 18,065

: 14,779

: 11,394

: 10,876

: 12,256

: 13,690

: 15,295

: 16,465

! 15,669

15,849

17,085

20,148

25,254

29,324

31,879

35,229

41,615

47,739

51,587

50,959

53,108

60,562

63,725

39.3

36.1

29.5

22.7

21.7

24.5

27.3

30.5

32.9

31.3

31.6

34.1

40.2

50.4

58.5

63.6

70.3

83.1

95.3

103.0

101.7

106.0

120.9

127.2

59.9

57.9

57.4

53-0

52.2

52.8

54.9

60.9

63.1

64.7

67.1

71.3

77.0

82.2

85.7

94.4

102.0

105.2

99.4

98.9

101.7

104.7

107.4

111.0

159

145

117

90

85

96

106

118

126

119

119

128

149

185

212

227

21*8

290

327

347

337

345

387

400

242

232

228

210

204

207

213

236

242

246

253

268

285

302

310

337

360

367

341

333

337

341

344

349

47.2 72.0 123.5 65.6

43.0 68.9 124.8 62.4

34.7 67.5 125.8 51.4

26.7 62.4 126.6 42.8

25.2 60.6 127.3 41.6

28.5 61.4 128.1 46.4

31.5 63.4 129.0 49.7

35.0 69.9 129.8 50.1

37.4 71.8 130.6 52.1

35.3 72.9 131.6 48.4

35.3 74.9 132.7 47.1

38.0 79.5 134.0 47.8

44.2 84.7 135.3 52.2

54.9 89.6 136.7 61.3

62.9 92.1 138.6 68.3

67.4 100.0 l40.3 67.4

73.6 106.8 i4l.8 68.9

86.1 109.0 143.4 79.0

97.0 101.1 146.1 95.9

103.0 98.9 148.7 104.1

100.0 100.0 151.3 100.0

102.4 101.2 153.8 101.2

114.8 102.0 156.5 112.6

118.7 103.6 159.2 114.6

1/ See text for definitions. 2/ Estimated by the Deparianent of CcoBnerce. 3/ This

series uses the adjusted estimtes of total population so the data ^ZlfoÄy

foiL^lZT^ilL JrV.T^^l^ 'ri^' "^'"^ ^"^^ *^^ unadjusted Census estlSs of total population, including Armed Forces overseas. Because the adjustment factor is

those that mig^t be calculated using unadjusted population data k/ -R^ZJIT^I

Census estimates have been adjusted for underemm^i«: v ^ Bureau of

Burning that 98.6 percent of thrpSulaÎi^^^îîS.^^r'l*"'* í^*^''' ^-

See text. 5/ Bureau of Labor StaSstlcs «^""»^ated in the decennial censuses.
- 183 -

Table 52.- ConeuiDôr price index for moderate-Income families in large cities, 1913-52: index of nonfood costo.

X913-52; index of retail food prices, all foods, I913-52, by food groups, I923-52 if

(Index numbers: 19^7-^9 = 100)

Consumer Non- All Moats.

price food foods

index 3/ hJ ;

2/

[Dairy

gsj products

: S/

Fruits and vegetables 7/ Cere-

• Fats

als

and Sugar•

' and bak- and •

• oils Freeh Canned Dried Total ery sweets*

: 6 /

products

Beverages

1*2.3

U2,9

1*3.^

5U.8

61^.3

7U.0

85.7

76.1*

71.6

72.9

73.1

75.0

75.6

7U.2

73.3

73.3

ii.h

65.0

^^5.3

57.2

58.7

59.3

61A

60.^

59.¿

59.9

62.9

69.7

7U.0

75.2

76.9

83.1^

95.5

102.8

101.8

1+5.2

»^5.7

U6.7

1*9.1

51^.7

65.0

76.3

89.7

86.5

81.3

82.3

83.0

83-0

82.6

81.7

80.9

80.2

79.1

75.8

70.1*

66.0

66.1

66.8

69.2

69.8

69.3

83.8

87.3

95.1

101.9

103.0

102.8 IOU.2

111.0 110.8

113.5 113.5

39.6

U0.5

uo.o

1*5.0

57.9

66.5

71*.2

83.6

63.5

59.1*

61.1*

60.8

65.8

68.0

65.5

6U.8

65.6

62.1*

51.^

1*2.8

1*1.6

U6.1*

1*9.7

50.1

52.1

kQ,k

1*7.1

1^7.9

50.7

1^9,. 9

53.0

51^.7

51.3

1*3.5

31*.1

29.7

31*. 0

1*3.0

1*2.6

1*5.5

U2.6

1*1.6

69.5 1^7.8 Ul.2

71.6 52.2 1*6.3

76.8 61.3 51*.2

78.9 68.3 57.6

81.9 67.1* 55.9

68.9 56.5

79.0 69.1*

95.9 93.5

ioi*.i 106.1

100.0 100.5

101.2 10l*.9

112.6 117.2

111*.6 116.2

66.8

68.3

71*.3

69.6

65.1*

67.1*

70.6

59.6

1*7.0

1*0.1*

38.3

1*3.5

51.2

50.7

1*9.7

1*9.3

1*14.7

1*6.1

55.1

67.0

79.5.

75.1

67.2

66.6

66.1

67.9

68.2

68.0

62.8

53.1*

1*1*.1

U3.0

1*7.2

50.6

52.8

51+.7

51.7

U9.8

52.6

58.2

65.1

69.9

69.1*

80.7 69.5

82.9 85.7

98.6 96 7

102.5 106.3

98.8 96.9

69.9

71*.3

82.6

80.3

73.6

71.1

70.5

66.0

53.2

39.1*

36.8

1*2.3

61.1

57.0

58.6

51.8

1*8.6

1*5.5

52.1

66.3

69.9

68.3

68.7

81*.^

109.5

108.3

82.2

85.3 95.9 79.9

103.8 107.0 93.5

91*.8 111.5 79.3

82.3

77.1

91.7

107.3

92.2

78.9

82.3

88.1

61.0

50.2

56.1^

58.0

U6.8

50.1+

51.5

1*3.7

1*5.1

1*6.1

1*9.1*

63.0

81*.li

81*.0

89.2

90,1*

95.5

100.7

103.7

97.7

105.9

123.2

78.5

80.6

83.2

77.3

76.0

75.8

78.2

71*.6

65.0

57.3

55.3

65.3

58.1

61.6

76.5

82.1

81.1*

81.9

88.6

10U.5

99.1*

96.2

71.3

61*.9

61*.7

62.0

59.3

62.6

69.5

61*.5

1*8.3

37.1

35.9

1*1.1

66.^ Ul.O

63.5 39.3

61*. 9 1*7.2

61.3 37.9

58.1 37.9

1*0.9

U?.li

55.1*

68.1*

77.1*

107.2

100.1*

92.5

83.0

78.1

90.6

103.2

90.0

79.0

82.8

86.9

61.6

50.7

55.7

58.3

1*8.8

51.?

52.8

U5.6

U6.3

1*7.3

50.5

6I4.I

82.7

82.1*

63.8

6U.9

70.2

70.0

68.5

66.6

65.1

63.1

55.3

50.0

51.2

59.5

61.6

60.9

62.5

60.14

57.2

58.6

59.2

63.6

65.1

65.6

86.7 65.9

89.1* 75.6

97.6 91^. 0

100.5 103.1*

101.9 1C2.7

91.8 92.9 97.6 ioi*.5

101*.3 101.6 8/106.7 11^.0

103.0 97.9 8/117-2 116.8

99.2

90.0

70.5

67.9

71.9

69.6

61*.6

61*.1*

72.3

83.1*

83.1*

80.0

80.9

80.7

60.7 70.2

56.1 61.0

50.7 55.1

53.:' 50-I

55.1^ 52.7

57.0

^6.^

57.2

55.1*

56.9

51*.8

60.2

71.5

71.9

71.5

71.5

81.U

101.8

98.1*

99.B

50.9

U8.7

^0.7

Ú7.8

1*6.8

1*5.3

1*9.7

59.8

61.1

60.9

61.0

68.1*

91-5

100.1*

108.1

101.8 l':3.0

105.5 168.7

106.1* 169.8

1/ DarlTed by the Bureau of Aerloultural Economics from data on 1935-39 base published by the Bureau of

LaKr siaUstlcB Beginning JaiLry 1953, the laiex has been on a revised ^^«^^/^^^^^^^^^^J^^^

velSts, an expa«ied fample^of Items, and a revised sample of cities as ^««^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^t no^ yet

»tonSly'Labor Review. 2/ Bepresente all goods and servlcee^^ 3/ derived ^^^^/^¿^%P^^ í^eludes"^

published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics; represents goods and services ^^^^^^/^^¿îiion to

poultry and fish. S/ Includes butter. 6/ Excludes butter. 1/ Includes potatoes. 8/ In addition

categories shown separately. Includes frozen fruits and vegetables.
- I8ii -

I93I+.36 21+/. The first nationwide study to include both farm and nonfarm

families—as the 1935-36 Consumer Purchases Study 25/. Another major

study based on a much smaller saniple but designed to cover all households

in the country was the 191+1-1^2 study of Family Spending and Saving in

Wartime 26/. Two studies, using small samples, were made later during

World War II - the I9UI+ study of wartime food purchases and a survey oí

food purchases of city families in 19lí-5 27/*

With funds originally allocated under the Research and Marketing

Act of I9U6 the Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics made several

studies of family food consiomption in urban areas in 19^4-8•Í+9« I^^ta

collected in the spring of 19i^8 in 68 cities were comparable with information obtained in the spring of 19^+2. In addition, a sample of housekeeping families in each of four cities in widely separated parts of the

country reported on their consumption of food during one week in the

winter of 191^8. Studies of limited sanrples of families made in the

spring and fall of 19li-8 and the spring and summer of 19^9 provided a

basis for studying seasonal variations in food consumption and for

adjusting the 68-city spring data to calendar-year averages. A series

of 29 processed reports on the 19^8 Food Consumption Surveys have been

issued by the BHNHE 28/. Three publications for print are in press or

in preparation. They review some of the more significant problems

encountered in the analysis of family survey data. They are:

2ljy Stiebeling, Hazel K., Phipard, Esther F. Diets of Families of

Employed Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Cities. U. S. Dept. Agr.

Cir. 507, 1^1 PP- 1939-

25/ Stiebeling, Hazel K., Monroe, Day, Coons, Callie M., Phipard,

Esther F., and Clark, Faith. Family Food Consumption and Dietary Levels.

Five Regions. (Consumer Purchases Study - Farm Series) U. S. Dept. Agr*

Misc. Pub. ^05, 393 pp., illiis. 19^+1; and Stiebeling, Hazel K., Monroe,

Day, Phipard, Esther F., Adelson, Sadye F., and Clark, Faith. Family

Food Consumption and Dietary Levels. Five Regions. (Consumer Purchases

Study - Urban and Village Series) U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. k^2^

268 pp., illus. 19l|.l.

26/ U. S. Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics. Family Food

Consu33iption in the United States, Spring I9U2. U.S. Dept. Agr. Mise*

Pub. 550, 157 PP* 19^^; and U. S. Bxireau of ¿abor Statistics. Family

Spending and Saving in Wartime. U. S. Bur. Labor Statis. Bui. 822,

218 pp., illus. 19^5.

27/ U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Wartime Food Purchases. U.S.

Bur. Labor Statis. Bui. 838, 26 pp. 19^5; Brady, Dorothy S. Expenditures

and Savings of City Families in 19ivU. U.S. Bur. Labor Statis. Monthly

Labor Rev. January 191^6; Food Pxirchases by City Faonilies in February 19^5.

U. S. Bur. Labor Statis. Monthly Labor Rev. Feb. 191+6.

28/ U. S. Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics. List of

Publications, I9U8 Food Cons\ixiç)tion Suiweys. (Processed.)
. 185 -

Clark, Faith, and Fincher, Lillisin. Nutritive Content of

Homemakers» Meals, Four Cities, Winter 19Í4-8. U* S. Dept.

Agr. Agr. Inform. Bull. 112 (In press.) (Data in this

bulletin for separate meals and for food away from home

contain implications for analysis of family surveys.)

Clark, Faith, and others. Food Consumption and Expenditures

of Urban Families, 19^8 and Comparison with I9I+2. (In

preparation.)

Phipard, Esther, and others. Nutritive Content of Food

Supplies of Urban Families, I9U8. (In preparation.)

The latter two publications present the complete methodology for

the surveys and additional analyses of the data not included in the

earlier processed reports. Much of the tabular data are included.

Excluded are the detailed commodity data for the four cities found in

Preliminary Reports 1-U and 8-11 above.

Two recent studies of rural food consuniption add to earlier

regional data from the Consumer Purchases Study. These are a cooperative study of family food consumption in three type s-of-farming areas

in the South 29/ and a study of rural farm and rural nonfarm

consumption of food made by the Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home

Economics in the North Central States in the spring of 1952 30/* These

are supplemented by several smaller studies made by the Bureau of Human

Nutrition and Home Economics 31/ QJid by many studies of food consumption made by experiment stations and nongovernmental institutions.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics made a comprehensive study of urban

consumers' expenditures in 1950^ supplemented by a survey of consimier

purchases of food (and other goods and services) in the spring of

1951 32/« This study was made to provide the basis for a complete

revision of the consumers» price index. No quantitative data are

available as yet.

29/ See footnote 8, p. 152.

30/ Data being processed now.

31/ Adelson, Sadye F., and Blake, Ennis C. Diets of Families in the

Open Country, A Georgia and an Ohio County, Summer I9Í18. U. S. Dept.

Agr. Misc. Pub. 70Í+, April 1950.

Reagan, Barbara B., and Grossman, Evelyn. R\iral Levels of Living

in Lee and Jones Counties, Miss., I9I+5 and A Comparison of Two Methods

of Data Collection. U. S. Dept. Agr. Agr'. Inform.Bull. 1^1, Oct. 1951«

Clark, Faith, and LeBovit, Corinne. Food Consunçtion of Farm

Families, Meeker and Wright Counties. Spring 1950. (In preparation.)

32/ Ruark, Mary C, and Hurwitz, Abner. Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950. Monthly Labor Review 75(2):125-133* August 1952. See

also Survey of Consumer Expenditures in I95O: Interpretation and Use of

the Results. Monthly Lator Review 75(1+) :U25-1|28. October 1952.
. 186 -

In providing data on the'nutritive value of food consumed, it was

found that the family survey type of measurement of consumption presents

many of the same problems as the disappearance type of measurement. In

those studies noted above in which the nutritive content of diets was

computed, the nutritive value of the diets was computed in terms of the

quantities of foods brought into the kitchen. Hence, losses from household waste and preparation of food must be subtracted before the

nutritive value of diets can be compared with such yardsticks as the

Recoiamended Dietary Allowances 33/. Current information on such losses

is inadequate and probably highly variable so that the nutritive content

of food as ingested can be ceilculated only in rough terms at this time.

Other problems arising from the character of the information obtained

in family surveys are the seasonality of the data, the shortness of the

reporting period (usually a week), and the exclusion of information on

food eaten away from home from the commodity consumption data.

Certain differences between family survey data and disappearance

data prevent close comparisons. In some instances survey data for

various regional, urbanization, family type, or income groups must be

weighted by the population in such categories to get national averages,

but information on the distribution of families into such categories

is inadequate. As yet no good method has been developed for including

with or adding to the food consumed in homes the food that is consumed

in restaurants and other institutions and at refreshment counters,.

Seasonality of the survey data may make direct comparisons with disappeargmce data meaningless for some commodities. An additional problem

is the reporting in surveys of foods as processed - in the forin in

which they enter the kitchen. Many of the disappearance data are in

the unprocessed or partially processed state. For example, in family

surveys, consumption of bread is reported while in the disappearance

data, quantities are in terms of flour, fat, sugar, and other ingredients

that go into bread.

Family survey data are a reservoir of information for use in the

study of the variations in food consumption and their causes. They

are directly valuable to market analysts by indicating the location

of present and potential markets for individual commodities. They are

indispensable to economists who are concerned with realistic projections

of aggregate demand and with interrelationships of prices and consimption of substitutable commodities. As is obvious from the sources of

most of the surveys, they are basic to the formulation of consumer price

indexes and to the evaluation of dietary adequacy.

Records of families food purchases on a continuing basis have

been obtained by several private market-research organizations which

sell the information on particular items to business firms manufacturing

or distributing such commodities or to Government agencies: For

33/ Op. cit.
. 187 -

example^ with funds provided by the Agricultural Marketing Act {BlAk^

Title II) the Bureau of Agricultural Economics has contracted with the

Market Research Corporation of America to collect data on consumer buying practices for selected fresh fruits, canned and frozen juices, and

dried fruits, as related to family characteristics, region, and size of

city since October 19^9'. Monthly, quarterly, and annual suramaries of

consumer purchases of fruits and juices are published by the Bureau of

Agricultural Economics and the Production and Marketing Administration.

With other funds from the same act, Michigan State College and Harvard

University have set up much smaller panels, the former being concerned

primarily with dairy products, the latter with meats, poultry, and

fish. Reports on these projects have not yet been published.

Panel-type surveys provide current measures of changes in family

household purchases for home consumption as well as much background

data. The vsilidity of the results of panel surveys depends greatly on

the care taken in sampling and maintaining the panels. Such surveys

do not cover purchases by public or private eating places such as

restaurants, hotels, hospitals,and other institutions.

NONIÍOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION OF FOOD

In 19^9-51 the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and the University

of Minnesota cooperated in a pilot study to investigate the role of

eating places in the marketing of food products.3^/ The field work

covered only Minneapolis and Fairmont, Minn., but procedures were developed

to measure food consumption in eating places. In addition, the relative

importance of eating places in food marketing was evaluated.

Studies of food consumption in selected institutions of several

types are now imder way by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and

the Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics. The first report

on the findings of these studies and the procedures used is not expected

to be published for some month's*

POPULATION DATA USED IN THIS HANDBOOK 35/

Estimates of the population of the United States, for January 1

and July 1, I909. to 1952, used in computing per capita consumption rates

are shown in table 53« Because data on military takings before 19^1

were not available, estimates of per capita consumption for that period

were based on total domestic food disappeareuice and utilized data for

the total population, including members of the Armed Forces overseas.

For 19^1 to date, data on military takings for most commodities were

deducted from total domestic consumption and the per^ capita figures

were based on the estimates of the population eating out of civilian

¿t/ Sartorius, Lester C, and Burk, Marguerite C. Eating Places as

Marketers of Food Products. Bur. Agr. Econ. and Univ. of Minn.

Marketing Research Report 3, II8 pp. Washington, D. C, 1952.

35/ Prepared by Helen R. White, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
. 188 -

food supplies. In computing per capita food consumption, estimates of

the population as of July 1 were used when the food consumption estimates related to calendar-year periods; the January 1 population estimates were used for several commodities still carried on a crop-year

basis.

The total population, including members of Armed Forces overseas,

is defined as the civilian population residing in continental United

States plus all Armed Forces of the United States. Members of the Armed

Forces are included without regard to place of previous residence or

induction, citizenship, or place of station. However, the estimates for

1909 to 1916 and for I92O to 1939 do not take into account the small

number of persons serving in the Armed Forces overseas.

The population eating out of civilian food supplies is defined as

the civilian population residing in continental United States plus

military personiKl eating out of civilian food supplies (Armed Forces

personnel on furlough, etc.) minus that part of the civilian population

eating out of military supplies (primarily dependents of military personnel eating food bought at military commissaries). At present, the

number of members of the Armed Forces eating out of civilian food supplies is probably approximately balanced by the number of civilians

eating out of military supplies.

Both series of population estimates are based on estimates provided by the Bureau of the Census. Basic estimates for July 1, 1909>

to 1939, and for January 1 and July I from 19ifO to 1952, have been

published by that agency in Historical Statistics of the United States,

I789-I9U5 36/, Statistical Abstract of the United States: I9I+7 3?/^ and

Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Nos. 71 and 7I+ 38/. Descriptions of the methods and data used by the Bureau of the Census in preparing these published estimates are presented in these reports.

It should be noted that the basic population estimates provided

by the Bureau of the Census have been adjusted for underenumeration of

persons of all ages in the decennial censuses. These adjustments are

based on the assiraptions (1) that 98.6 percent 39/ of the population

36/ U. S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United

States, 1789-19'+5, Washington, D. C, I9U9, p. 26.

37/ U. S. Bioreau of the Censiis, Statistical Abstract of the United

States, 19^1, Washington, D. C, 19^7, ?• 9«

38/ U. S. Biireau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series

P-25, Nos. 71 and 7I+. (Processed.)

39/ This percentage is based on the results of a post-enumeration

survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census as part of the I950

Census. For discussion of this survey and of completeness of enumeration in other censuses, see the U. S. Bureau of Census report entitled

U* S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Characteristics of the

Population, Part 1, U. S. Summary, Chapter B (Washington, D. C, 1952,

pp. 20-23)-
- 189 -

of continental United States was enumerated at the time of each decennial

census, (2) that the relative underenumeration of the civilian population

was the same as that of the total continental population, and (3) that

there was no underreporting of the number of members of the Armed Forces

overseas. Because of these adjustments, the estimates of the total population including members of the Armed Forces overseas are somewhat

larger than those for the same dates published by the Bureau of the

Census. Estimates of the population eating out of civilian food supplies

are larger than estimates of the civilian population for the same dates

published by the Bureau of the Census because of the underenumeration

adjustments and, for Jajiuary 1, 19^1, through Janizary 1, 19^6, because

of the adjustments for members of the Armed Forces eating out of

civiliaii food supplies. These latter adjustments were originally estimated by the Office of Price Administration on the basis of data from

several official sources.
190 -

Table 53.- Pqpiilation: Total and number eating out of civilian food

supplies. United States, 1909-52 1/

Year

Total, Indnfllng :

; Ajned Forces overseas :

:

: Year

! Totcü., Inclxidlng

! Armed Forces overseas

> HuBber eating out of

: civilian 8vq»plle8 2/

January 1

: :

: July 1 : ! Januairy 1 : July 1 !t January 1 : July 1

! Mimons HLlllons : ! Millions Millions Minions Millions

1909 ; 91.8 : i 1935 ', 128.6 129.0 — —-

1910 ! 92.8 93.7 t : 1936 •: 129.5 129.8 --- *•""

1911 ! 9«*.5 95.2 : : 1937 !. 130.3 130.6 """ " — ~

1912 Í 96.0 96.7 : : 1938 ! 131.2 131.6 --- " ——

1913 ! 9T.7 98.6 : : 1939 ! 132.2 132.7 --- ""•-

igiJ* ! 99.6 100.5 :

: : 19^0 : 133.3 13lf.O --- ...

1915 !'. 101.3 102.0 : : 19*H ! 13^^.6 135.3 133.9 133.7

1916 ! 102.7 103.1* : : 19í^2 ! 136.0 136.7 ISif.l 133.3

1917 104.2 lOlf.9 : : 19i»3 : 137.7 138.6 131.6 130.6

1918 i. 105.5 106.0 : : 19Wv !. 139.5 lltO.3 130.6 130.3

1919 . 106.3 106.5 : : 1

: 19»v5 ! llH.l lUl.8 130.5 130.9

1920 ! 107.2 108.0 : : 19»f6 ! 1U2.6 m.k 136.3 litó.3

1921 109.1 110.1 : : 19«i-7 i 1U4.8 lk6.1 1U2.9 lUk.6

1922 !! 110.9 111.6 : : I9W ! 11*7.5 Ht8.7 lh6.l 1^7.2

1923 !! 112.6 113.5 : : 19»»9 ! 150.1 151.3 ikQ.h 11*9.6

192»* : 11«*.7 115.7 : : :

: 1950 1 152.7 153.8 151.1 152.3

1925 !! 116.7 117.5 i : 1951 1 155.2 156.5 152.8 153.2

1926 ! 118.3 119.0 : : 1952 ! 157.9 159.2 151*.»* 155.5

1927 : 119.9 120.7 :

1928 ! 121.5 122.2 :

1929 ! 122.9 123.5 :

.

t

1930 • J2k.2 12k.Q I

1931 ! 125.U 125.8 :

1932 ! 126.2 126.6 : :

1933 t 127.0 127.3 !

193^ ! 127.8

!

128.1 !

1/ Basic population estimates provided by the Bureau of the Cens\i8 were adjusted for underenumeration of all age groups in decennial censuses. In coiqputing per capita food consun^rtion, the

pppxilation for the date closer to the midpoint of the year concerned vas used (e.g., for consumption data on a calendar-year basis, July 1 population vas used). Beginning 19^1, data on military takings for most coooiodities vere deducted from total domestic consuiq)tion and per capita

figures vere coopxxted using the series for population eating out of civilian supplies; data on

military takings prior to 19^1 vere not available.

2/ Estimates cooqsuted from data supplied by several Federal agencies. For the period January 1,

19^1, through January 1, 19^, an adjustment vas made to allov for members of the Arm»d Forces

eating out of civilian supplies; these adj\istaents vere originally estimated by OPA on the basis

of data from several official sources.
Table 5^.

Year

Supply

- 191 -

APPENDIX

Meat: Supply c.nd distribution, 1909-52 l/

fCftroass vejght equivalent^

Production

2/

ComiDercial

stocks

Jan. 1

Imports Total

Distribution

!GommerCommer-: cial

cial : exports

stocks : and

Dec. 31: ship3/ *. ments

5¿

Department of Agric\ilture

Beginning

stocks

Ending

stocks

Deliveries

6/

Net

purchases

for

export

2L

Domestic disappearance

Military

8/

Civilian

Per

capita

2/

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

191^

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193^^

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

191*0

19*^1

19J^2

19^3

19M*

19^*5

19*^6

19^*7

19*^

19¿9

Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million MiUion

pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds Pounds

A.- Beef

6,915

6,61*7

6,51*9

6,231*

6,182

6,017

6,075

6,1*60

7,239

7,726

6,756

6,306

6,022

6;588

6,721

6,877

6,878

7,089

6,395

5,771

5,871

5,917

6,009

5,789

6,1*1*0

8,3^5

6,608

7,358

6,798

6,908

7,011

7,175

8,082

8,81*3

8,571

9,112

11*8

21*0

355

335

299

11*3

85

116

106

11*3

85

101

77

99

lOl*

75

53

1*3

79

11*1

106

19I*

61

58

77

107

136

127

227

10,276 89

9,373 11/258

10,1*32 151

9,075 169

9,^39 1^9

1

1

3

1*2

277

111

21

51

375

76

51

29

3i*

30

32

33

72

13I*

182

21*6

13I*

52

63

lOl*

118

201

226

227

200

219

168

257

211

225

189

6,916

6,61*8

6,550

6,237

6,221*

6,291*

6,186

6,629

7,530

8,1*56

7,167

6,656

6,19»*

6,707

6,867

7,015

7,051*

7,21*6

6,630

6,030

6,216

6,155

6,136

5,905

6,587

8,51*2

6,950

7,690

7,219

7,169

7,288

7,1*20

8,1*1*6

9,190

8,923

9,528

2l*0

355

335

299

11*3

85

116

106

11*3

85

101

77

99

lOl*

75

53

1*3

79

11*1

106

191*

61

58

77

107

136

127

227

89

127 10,1*92 11/258

19 9,650 151

61* 10,61*7 169

3^*1 9,585 11*9

228 9,816 121

203

ll*0

121*

81*

67

150

518

386

1*88

951*

1*06

220

85

88

90

86

81

71

69

59

61*

59

58

32

39

56

53

51*

51

53

52

56

51

31

26

37

31*

35

176

^^

27

1950 : 9,538 1?1 322 9,981 ll*7 21

1951 : 8,81*3 11*7 1*56 9,1*1*6 218 18

195211/ 9,667 218 382 10,267 262 29

6,713 73.1

279

300

279

300

279

21

-300

6,508

6,1*26

6,153

6,157

6,11*1*

5,668

6,003

6,687

7,167

6,1*62

6,293

6,024

6,503

6,671

6,786

6,888

7,071*

6,1*81*

5,872

6,01*8

6,021

6,025

5,830

6,1*69

8,066

6,770

7,71*2

7,107

7,058

7,159

1

16

93

78

2U2

3

296

71*8

1*58

9,517

8,1*62

9,518

69.5

67.5

63.6

62.5

61.1

55.6

58.1

63.7

67.6

60.7

58.3

51*. 7

58.3

58.8

58.7

58.6

59.1*

53.7

1*8.1

1*9.0

1*8.2

1*7.9

1*6.0

50.8

63.0

52.5

59-7

5l*.i*

53.6

53.9

7,257 51*. 2

1 1 2 236 8,021 60.0

16 21* 39 91*1* 8,01*9 60.1*

9S 61* 11*1 1,669 6,860 52.5

78 65 50 2,206 7,1^6 51*.9

2l*2 12/295 1*59 2,076 7,665 58.6

^ 12/626 387 51*1* 8,533 60.8

3

386 9,916 68.6

. 239 9,153 62.2

-__ 2lrô 9,1*20 63.0

62.5

55.2

61.3

See notes at end of table. Continued -
192

Table 5^.- Meat: Supply and distribution, 1909-52 l/ - Continued

(Carcass weight equivalent)

Supply

rConniierProduc-: cial

tion :stocks

2/ : Jan. 1:

: 3/ :

'Imports Total

Distribution

: Commer

Commer-: cial

cial : exports!

stocks : and

Dec. 31: ship3/ : ments

Department of Agriculture :

Beginning

stocks

Ending

stocks

Deliveries

6/

Net

purchases

for

export

IL

Domestic disappearance

Military

8/

Civilian

Per

capita

Million Million Million

pounds poiinds pounds

660

667

666

662

60Ö

569

590

655

7UU

760

819

81*2

820

852

916

972

989

955

867

773

761

792

823

822

891

1,2U6

1,023

1,075

1,108

99»^

991

981

1,036

1,151

1,167

1,738

l,66i<

l,i*^3

1,605

1,1*23

1,33^

1,230

1,061

195213/ 1,173

8

10

12

21

21

1

3

1

1

1

1

5

10

k

6

3

5

8

8

5

2

1

Million'Million'Million'Mllllon milion Million Million Million Million

^^¿undTp^^ e^un^

660

667

666

662

609

572

591

656

71*5

761

82U

852

82U

858

919

977

993

959

875

781

766

79^

824

12^' 822

10/ 891

1,246

--- 1,023

•^ 1,075

w 1,108

10/ 99^

w 991

10/ 981

ip/ 1,036

1 1,152

1 1,168

1 1,739

1 1,673

1 1,'*5'»

10/ 1,617

5 1,1*49

7 1,362

B.- Veal

660 7.2

64

6U

10

12

21

21

16

5

3^

3

k

3

3

17

k

2

6

11

1

9

6

11

1

16 10 1,256 11* 2

Ik 12 1,087 17 2

17 10/ 1,190 2k 1

... ... 667 7.1

... ... 666 7.0

... ... 662 6.9

••» ... ... 609 6.2

... ... 572 5.7

... 591 5.8

»M ... ... 656 6.3

... ... 745 7.1

... ... 761 7.2

-.- — — 824 7.8

... 852 7.9

— «» ... ... 624 7.5

--- ... 858 7.7

.•• ... ... 919 Ö.1

... ... 977 8.4

... 993 8.5

... ... ... 959 Ö.0

... ... ... 875 7.3

..• ... ... 781 6.4

... — 766 6.2

... 794 6.4

... ... ... 824 6.6

..» ... ... 822 6.5

... ... 891 7.0

64 ... 1,182 9.2

-64 ... 1,087 8.4

... ... ... 1,075 8.3

... ... ... 1,108 8.5

... 994 7.6

... ... 991 7-5

... ... ... 981 7.3

... 26 1,005 7.5

10/ 10/ 65 1,084 8.1

16 25 81 1,059 8.1

25 22 111 1,594 12.2

7 12 U2 1,536 U.7

18 8 49 1,382 9.8

1 ... 34 1,545 10.7

— — 40 1,384 9.4

-— — 33 1,311 8.8

... ... 34 1,206 7-9

— — 63 1,005 6.6

— — 62 1,103 7-1

See notes at end of table. Continued-
193 -

Table 5^ • - Meat : Supply and distribution, 1909-52 1/ - Continued

(Carcass weight equivalent)

Year

Supply

Produc

tion

:CoiiiDer-:

-: cial :_

:stocks :^^^

: Jan. 1: ^

: 3/ :

Total

rCommerCommer-: cial

cial : exports

stocks : and

I>ec. 31: ship-

¿/ : ments

5Z

Distribution

Department of Agriculture ; Domestic disappearance

Beginning

stocks

Ending

stocks

Deliv.;

eries ]

^ ;

Net

pur- :

chases:

for Î

export:

2L

Military

0/

Million Million Million Million Million Million MiUion'Million'milion'Million'Million

pounds^ pounds^ joounds^ £Oundg_ pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds

Civil,

ian

1909

1910

19U

1912

1913

1915

1916

1917'

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

192U

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193^

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

19MD

19^1

19^2

19»*3

19Mf

19»^5

19*^6

1947

19W

19»*9

1950

1951

195211/

608

597

693

735

706

693

605

585

U63

506

590

538

639

553

588

597

603

639

629

663

682

825

885

88lf

852

851

877

854

852

897

872

876

923

l,0i*2

1,10*^

1,02U

l,05lf

968

799

7Í+7

603

597

522

5

5

7

13

10

68

6

1^

2

5

5

2

3

5

3

10

3

U

10

lU

1

12/

1

20

12

16

6

1

8

102

26

12

5

2

3 3

2 3

5 3

U 3

6 4

1

12/

5 12/

8 1

21 1

33 —

20 •••

16 ...

16 la/

19 3

26 1»

3

7

6

608

598

693

735

707

713

617

606

klh

51^

611

650

733

571

597

601

609

644

637

670

692

831

890

886

855

855

882

857

862

900

876

881

928

1,051

1,126

1,057

1,074

984

815

.769

633

6l4

539

5

7

13

10

68

6

4

2

3

2

5

4

6

5

5

2

3

4

5

3

10

3

4

5

5

8

21

33

20

16

16

19

26

14

Lamb and mutton

2

3

6

6

5

5

6

4

2

3

4

65

2

3

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

6

4

3

3

4

4

12

5

3

10 2

14 1

22 1

50

4

50

4

50

-46

19

21

12

6

19

21

12

8

126

68

24

17

27

128

59

18

11

13

49

132

118

93

30

22

5

10

6

6

5

Million

pounds

606

596

690

729

701

708

612

595

463

499

598

578

662

565

592

596

605

637

631

662

686

824

886

882

849

798

923

849

857

894

869

873

901

950

830

857

943

923

762

733

606

596

51Ö

640

Per

capita

Pounds

6.6

6.4

7.2

7.6

7.1

7.1

6.0

5.7

4.4

4.7

5.6

5.4

6.0

5.1

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.4

5.2

5.4

5.5

6.6

7.0

7.0

6.7

6.2

7.2

6.5

6.6

6.8

6.5

6.5

6.7

7.1

6.4

6.6

7.2

G^

5.2

5.0

4.0

3.9

3.4

4.1

See notes at end of table. Continued
19** -

Table 54.- Meat: Supply and distribution, 1909-52 l/ - Continued

(Carcass weight equivalent)

Supply

Production

2/

Commercial

stocks

Jan. 1

3/

Imports Total

Distribution

rCommerCommer-: cieil

cial :exports

stocks : and

Dec. 31: ship3/ : ments

Department of Agriculture : Domestic disappearance

Beginning

stocks

Ending

stocks

Deliveries

6/

Net

pur- :

chases :

for :

export:

2L

Military

8/

Civilian

Per

capita

Million'Million Million'Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million

pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds Pounds

6,557

6,087

6,961

6,822

6,979

6,82U

7,616

8,207

7,055

8,3^*9

8,i^77

7,6i^

7,697

8,U5

3Ml

9,1^9

8,128

7,966

8,430

9,04l

8,833

8,U82

8,739

8,923

9,234

8,397

5,919

7,474

6,951

7,680

8,660

421

559

564

723

598

534

415

571

709

647

472

473

523

670

621

521

563

491

630

688

327

667

399

430

10,044 469

9,528 656

10,876 459

13,640 488

13,304 503

10,697 316

11,150 14/365

10,502 272

10,055 518

10,286 469

10,714 474

11,483 499

11,547 549

1

2

2

1

28

6

1

3

4

6

3

1

1

2

7

9

13

22

14

9

3

4

6

3

2

11

45

80

57

45

6

12

1

8

10/

2

10/

10/

1

3

6,558

6,088

6,963

6,824

6,980

6,852

7,622

8,629

7,617

8,917

9,206

8,249

8,232

8,561

10,056

9,865

8,784

8,451

8,925

9,578

9,512

9,106

9,264

9,492

9,728

9,029

6,618

7,846

7,698

8,136

9,135

10,519

10,196

11,336

14,136

13,807

11,015

11,515

10,774

10,574

10,758

D.- Pork (excluding lard)

493

332

481

467

479

399

559

564

723

598

534

415

571

709

647

472

473

523

670

621

521

563

491

630

688

327

667

399

430

469

656

459

488

503

316

14/365

272

518

469

474

932

1,033

960

1,810

1,896

949

788

754

1,037

767

578

449

344

363

407

339

224

176

202

211

136

118

114

152

192

162

111

66

36

54

34

75

107

85

104

33 ll,??l 499 110

51 12,033 549 136

71 12,167 489 154

11

11

11

-11

74

450

467

171

63

25

74

450

467

171

63

25

372

1,134

2,075

1,660

15/839

15/405

25

446

1>510

2,092

1,364

731

367

6,065 66.1

... 5,756 61.4

... 6,1^2 68.1

... 6,357 65.7

... 6,501 65.9

— 6, »»53 64,2

... 6,690 65.6

— 7,037 68.1

6,093 58.1

6,384 60.2

... 6,712 63.0

... 6,766 62.6

7,029 63.9

7,236 64.8

8,310 73.2

... 8,451 73.0

... 7,734 65.8

7,529 63.3

... 8,058 66.8

... 8,545 69.9

... 8,484 68.7

... 8,246 66.1

8,477 67.4

8,825 69.7

8,885 69-8

... 8,141 63.6

.•. 6,155 47.7

... 7,061 54.4

— 7,185 55.0

7,554 57.4

— 8,474 63.9

... 9,701 72.4

173 9,007 67.4

9(A 8,368 62.8

1,331 10,172 77.9

1,843 10,230 78.5

1,287 8,598 65.7

295 10,506 74.9

230 9,919 68.6

180 9,840 66.8

181 9,993 66.8

251 10,361 68.1

530 10,818 70.6

392 11,132 71.6

See notes at end of table. Continued
195 -

Table 5^.- Meat: Supply and distribution, 1909-52 1/ - Continued

(Carcass weight equivalent)

Supply Distrilmtion

:Coiimer- Comner-:

Couuuer-:

cial :

Department of Agriculture Domestic disappearance

Net :

Year \

Produc-: cial

tion :stocks

2/ : Jan. 1

^ : 3/

Imports Total

, clal :

stocks :

Dec. 31:

: ^ :

exports :

and :

ship. :

ments :

Beginning

stocks

Ending

stocks

Deliv-;

eries ;

: 6/ ;

pur- :

chases:

for :

export :

Military

à/

Civilian

; Per

; capita

; 2/

• 5/ « 7/ :

Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million

pounds I>ound8 pounds pounds pounds pounds

E.-

pounds pounds

Total meat

pounds pounds pounds pounds Pounds

1909 : 11*, 7^*0 — 2 lU,7l*2 ... 698 ... .— ... ... ... 14,044 153.0

1910 • 13,998 ... 3 ll*,001 ... 474 ... ... 13,527 144.4

1911 ' ll*,869 3 11*, 872 — 608 ... — — ... ... 14,264 149.8

1912 lh,k5Z ... 5 IhM' — 557 —« — — — — 13,901 143.8

1913 li*A75 -.- ^5 11*, 520 ... 552 — —. 13,968 l4l.7

1914 1^,103 ... 328 11*, 1*31 — 554 — — — — — 13,877 138.1

1915 \ ll*,886 ... 130 15,016 1,455 ... ... — — 13,561 133.0

1916 : 15,907 5TU 39 16,520 801* 1,425 — — — — ... 14,291 138.2

19IT : 15,501 6(A 61 16,366 926 1,452 — — — — — 13,988 133.3

1918 : 17,3^*1 986 381 18,61*8 1,071 2,766 ... — —. ... ... 14,811 139.7

1919 : 16,61*2 1,071 95 17,808 907 2,305 — .— ... — 14,596 137.1

1920 : 15,334 907 166 16,1*07 71*5 1,173 — — — — 14,489 134.2

1921. : 15,176 7'»5 60 15,983 506 938 — — — — — 14,539 132.1

1922 : 16,138 506 53 16,697 691 844 — — — —. ... 15,162 135.9

1923 : 17,708 691 1*0 18,1*39 817 1,130 — — — — — 16,492 145.3

192I* : 17,595 817 1*6 18,1*58 793 855 — — .— — ... 16,810 145.3

1925 i 16,596 793 1*9 17,1*1*0 559 661 — ... — — ... 16,220 138.0

1926 : 16,61*9 559 92 17,300 579 522 ... — — .— 16,199 136.1

1927 : 16,321 579 167 17,067 601* 415 — — — — 16,048 133.0

1928 : 16,21*8 601* 207 17,059 775 424 — ... — — — 15,860 129.8

129.4

1929 : 16,11*7 775 261* 17,186 730 472 — — — ... ... 15,984

1930 : 16,016 730 lltO 16,886 601 400 — — — ... 15,885 127.3

128.9 1931 : 16,1*56 601 57 17,11'* 618 284 — —- ... — — 16,?12

1932 : 16,1*18 618 69 17,105 537 209 ... ... — — — 16,359

17,094

18,187

129.2

134.3

142.0 1933 : 17,417 537 107 18,061 713 243 — 11 — 11

1934 : 18,839 713 120 19,672 831* 269 11 393 — 382 —.

1935 : il*, 427 83U 212 15, »»73 U36 191 393 304 -69 ... 14,935 115.8

128.9

124.5

125.4

131.8

1936 : 16,761 U36 271 17,1*68 871 174 304 — ... -304 — 16,727

1937 : 15,709 871 307 16,887 1*63 167 —. — — — ... 16,257

16,500

17,493 1938 : 16,479 1*63 257 17,199 1*92 207 — — -— ... ...

1939 : 17,534 i*92 261* 18,290 551 246 ... — ... ... ...

191*0

191*1

19^*2

19^3

19W*

! 19,076

: 19,569

: 21,912

: 24,482

: 25,178

551

768

603

636

763

I7I*

269

2ll*

235

190

19,801

20,606

22,729

25,353

26,131

768

603

636

763

íf33

??^

173

104

70

98

75

485

590

75

485

590

267

373

1,166

2,281

1,818

i*i*8

1,576

2,386

l,'*95

448

1,962

3,213

4,278

18,812

18,934

18,451

18,921

19,827

140.4

141.6

138.4

144.9

152.2

191*5 : 23,691 433 130 2l*,25l* 61*9 75 267 322 16/1,165 1,220 3,568

918

672

464

472

18,742

21,3^4

22,142

PI 110

143.2

152.1

153.1

143.4

191*6 : 22,934 6i*9 20 23,603 1*51 117 322 29 Î§/1,066 773

19»*7 : 23,338 1*51 61* 23,853 727 312 29 — 29

19W

19**9

: 21,300

: 21,662

727

665

350

21*2

22,377

22,569

665

625

138

136 — ... "l 6

CJL, J-J-W

21,330 11*2.6

1950 : 22,079 625 368 23,072 670 135

1951 -,21,909 670 526 23,105 798 157

195211/23,035 798 1*59 21*, 292 797 1Ö5

587 21,680

1,347 20,803

917 22,393

142.4

135.8

144.1

See notes at end of table.

Continued -
196 -

Table ^k.^ Meat: Supply and distribution, 1909-52 l/ - Continued

(Carcass weight equivalent;

1/ Includes products converted to carcass weight equivalent; excxuaes eaxDx^ uxfais. See text for explanation.

2/ Includes following slaughter under Emergency ^^^^^J"^^' ^AÎ'Jnlon"^^^

li^ pounds in 1931^, 60 million in 1935,and 1 J^lli^,^,^?36; veal, l8l Jj^^^

pounds in 193^, 6 million in 1935; lamb and mutton, 51 miUion in 193^. „JTi.^"^ "^

100 million pounds slaughtered under sow and pig P^^^^I^ef^,??f,53 nil^^^

pounds under^lemental hog purchase program in ^933 and 159 niilllon^

meat produced under Government emergency programs: 1933, 153 million ^^^/^J^^l""'.^^

1,669 million Pounds; 1935> 65 million pounds; 1936, 1 million pounds. Prior to 19^0

d^ta include f¿dually insi)ected meat production in Hawaii and the Virgin Islands.

3/ Cold-storage holdings in public warehouses and packing plants, minus Government

holdings during 1941-^7. Product weight as reported by IMA assumed to be equivalent

to carcass weight.

y For all meats except beef, general imports prior to 1933 and imparts for cons\:^ion 1934 and thereafter. Beef, imports for consumption 1909 to date.

5/ Beginning 19U1 excludes military shipments and all USDA shipments for lend-lease,

UITORA and other claimants. Exports and shipments of veal are not reported separately;

beginning 19^^ estimates obtained as a constant percentage of total beef and veal.

6/ Deliveries for lend-lease, üHRRA,and other foreign supply programs.

7/ Net quantities of meat drawn by USDA from domestic channels for consumption

1933-36, for export beginning 19i|-l. USDA transactions 193^-36 show acciimulation of

stocks in first years of Emergency Drought Program for consumption in later years.

8/ Total military takings, including those for civilian feeding in occupied areas.

Exclude Anny transfers of meat to UNRRA, adjusted to year procinred. Estimates of

military takings are not available for World War I or for any other year prior to 19*^L

2/ Beginning 19^1, per capita consuxaption of civilian population only.

10/ Less than 500,000 pounds.

11/ Includes Ilk million pounds of beef procured by Army in 19*^5 and transferred to

USDA and UMRRA in 19^5 and 19*^.

12/ Indxides beef transferred by military agencies to UMEíRA: 19^5, I87 million

pounds; 19^, 73 million pounds.

13/ Preliminary.

ik/ Incliides 55 million pounds of park procxired by Army in 19^5 azKL transferred to

USDA and UNRRA in 19^5 and 19>*6.

15/ Includes pork transferred by military agencies to UHRRA: 191^5, II8 million

pounds; 19^, 35 million pounds.

16/ Includes beef and pork transferred by military agencies to UNRRA« See foot*

notes 12/ and 15/*
- 197

Table 55-- Edible offals: Supply and distribution 1909-52

Year

: Total

: produo-

: tion

Supply

:Beginning: :

: com- : Iniports:

: mercial : j[/ :

Total

Snding

com'l

stocks

Dist]

: Cctnmerclal

: exports and

: shipments to

rilDution

Dcanestlc disappearance

Militaryicivilieni

Per

capita :stooKs 2/: 2/ :Territories 3/ h/

: Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. ' Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Lb.

1909

1910

1911

1912

: 1,00U

: 955

: 1,012

: 983

—

:::

1,004

955

1,012

983

—

—- — 1,004

955

1,012

983

10.9

10.2

10.6

10.2

1913 983 — — 983 — ». 983

956

10.0

191'^ : 956 — 956 -.- «. —« 9.5

9.9

10.5

1915 : 1,011 — ... 1,011 •—• .•«. 1,011

1916 : 1,083 — — 1,083 .... 1,083

1917 : 1,061 — --- 1,061 ... 1,061 10.1 1918 : 1,184 56 — 1,240 129 ... ... 1,111 10.5

1919 : 1,138 129 — 1,267 109 ... ... 1,158 10.9

1920 : 1,052 109 — 1,161 75 ... 1,086 10.1

1921 : l,0l»0 75 — 1,115 60 ... ... 1,055 9.6

1922 : 1,106 60 — 1,166 63 ... ... 1,103 9^9 1923 : 1,21U 63 — 1,277 83 ... ... 1,194 10.5

192h : 1,208 83 — 1,291 92 ... 1,199 10.4

1925 : l,lit2 92 — 1,23^* 57 ... ... 1,177 10.0

1926 : 1,11*4 57 — 1,201 64 ... ... 1,137 9-6

1927 : 1,118 64 — 1,182 61 ... ... 1,121 9.3 1928 ! 1,109 61 — 1,170 83 ... ... 1,087 8.9

1929 1,101 83 — 1,184 90 ... 1,094 8.9

1930 1,092 90 — 1,182 34 ... ... 1,098 8.8

1931 1,121 84 — 1,205 66 ... ... 1,139 9.1

1932 ' 1,119 66 — 1,185 U3 ... 1,142 9.0

1933 1,189 1*3 — 1,232 65 ... ... 1,167 9.2

193»t • 1,298 65 1/ 1,363 126 28 ... 1,209 9.»*

1935 : 99^ 126 1 1,1 ?1 74 17 ... 1,030 8.0

1936 ! 1,152 74 5/ 1,226 132 18 ... 1,076 8.3

1937 : 1,083 132 1 1,216 67 Ik ... 1,135 8.7

1938 : 1,130 67 5/ 1,197 72 19 1,106 8.4

1939 : 1,200 72 1 1,273 95 19 ... 1,159 8.7

191*0 : 1,303 95 2 1,400 102 11 ... 1,287 9.6

19**! : 1,338 102 4 1,444 105 8 ... 1,331 10.0

19i»2 : 1,J*98 105 2 1,605 86 11 5/ 1,508 11.3

19^3 : 1,669 86 5/ 1,755 137 22 2 1,59^ 12.2

19M* : 1,7U0 6/97 1/ 1,837 37 68 2 1,730 13.3

19«*5 : 1,637 37 1,674 41 3 3 1,627 12.4

lSk6 : 1,579 41 5/ 1,620 56 1 5/ 1,563 11.1

1947 : 1,615 56 5/ 1,671 71 9 5/ 1,591 11.0

19W : 1,U72 71 5 1,548 58 1 5/ l,it89 10.1

I9U9 : 1,»*95 58 10 1,563 62 2 5/ 1,^99 10.0

1950 : 1,519 62 9 1,590 59 3 5/ 1,528 10.0

1951 : 1,502 59 8 1,569 64 6 1/ 1,1*99 9.8

1952 7/: 1,580 64 9 1,653 69 5 1/ 1,579 10.3

1/ Production of offeds based on percentage of carcass-weigiit meat production, including farm:

beef 6.7, veal 10.7, laznb and mutton 5-1, pork excluding lard 6.7 percent.

2/ Trimmings included prior to 19^4; excluded beginning that date.

3/ Côoçarable data not available prior to 193^.

5/ Civilian per capita only, beginning 19^1.

5/ Less than 500,000 pounds.

o/ Excludes an estimated allovance of kO million pounds for trimmings, vhich were reported in

stocks prior to Jiily 1, 19M*.

7/ Preliminary.
Table 56

- 198 -

CoDjnercial fish: Supply and distribution,

(Edible weight)

1929-52 1/

Supply Distribution

: ; Begin-

: p^^ :ning com-

•^,,.>4^„ imerclal

Í Im-

: ports TotaJ

: Ending

: com-

. ¡mercial

: Com-

: merclal

: exports:

DexÄTtanent of Agriculture : Domestic disappearance

Year Begin- ;

ning ;

stocks \

Ending : DellT-

:Net pur-

: chases : P«r

•Milltary'Civlllan: capita

I : stocke • 3/ : stocks :and ship-( stocks : eries : for • •

; 5/ : 2/ : 2/ :inents 4/: : eacport : I

: Million Million Million Million Million Minion Million Minion Minion Million Minion Million

: pounde pounds pounds pound£1 pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds Pounds

', A. Freeh and frozen

1929 ' 796 56 61 913 55 10 — — ... ... ... 848 6.9

1930 ! 662 55 73 790 52 8 — — ... ... ... 730 5.8

1931 : 547 52 73 672 44 8 ... ... 620 4.9

1932 : 489 44 55 '^aa 32 7 -— -_- ... 549 4.3

1933 482 32 62 576 34 8 _-- -_. 534 4.2

1934 515 34 63 612 46 9 --- 557 4.3

1935 594 46 76 716 47 7 ... 662 5.1

1936 609 47 89 745 64 8 673 5.2

1937 628 64 99 791 53 8 ... 730 5.6

1938 622 53 8k 759 57 7 ... ._- 695 5.3

1939 624 ,57 96 777 59 6 - — — ... ... ... 712 5.4

191^0 : 674 59 96 829 63 3 _-_ .-— ... ... ... 763 5.7

191*1 : 757 63 92 912 71 3 ... ... --- 838 6.3 191^ : 626 71 86 783 61 2 --_ ... 6/20 700 5.3

191*3 : 678 61 98 837 57 3 --- ... ... 55 722 5.5 I9H : 692 57 110 859 67 4 ... .-_ 64 724 5.6

19^5 : 793 67 152 1,005 90 4 _-- ... .__ 54 864 6.6

191*6 : 719 90 151 960 98 4 ... ... 26 832 5.9

191*7 : 695 98 147 940 86 5 ... ... ... 15 834 5.8 191*8 : 727 86 191 1,004 101 5 ... ... ... 16 882 6.0

191*9 : 696 101 198 995 100 5 — — ... —. 18 872 5.8

1950 773 100 259 1,132 102 3 • •• ... ... 18 1,009 6.6

1951 7/ : 770 102 277 1,149 no 4 --- ... 32 1,003

974

6.6 1952 7/ : 730 no 307 LA47 138 3 32 6.3

B. Canned 8/

1929 i 384 59 303 746 84 184 — — ... ... 478 3.9

1930 : 295 84 279 658 99 144 415 1931 : 216 99 315 630 142 89 3.3

1932 : 136 142 333 6n 122 69 399

420

491

3.2

1933 : 233 122 333 688 134 63

... 3.3

3.8 193^ : 286 134 410 830 192 99

...

1935 : 354 192 308 854 149 104

... ... 539

601

747

4.2

1936 : 325 149 478 952 no 95

... 4.7

5.8 1937 351 no 388 849 194 104

...

1938 277 194 396 867 133 103

... ... 551 4.2

1939 : 376 133 314 823 103 112 — — ... — ...

631

608

4.8

4.6

191*0 :

191*1 :

191*2 :

1943 :

370

470

383

345

103

51

9/

270

354

260

255

743

875

681

600

51

38

1/

140

105

30

9

13

21

59 1

119 "

89

141

120

120 48

48 85

85 147

147 10/88

0/88 -^29

Ort -.

"56

195

176

123 6/l5¿

552

556

378

4.1

4.2

2.8

191*1* :

191*5 :

191*6 :

191*7 :

403

419

463

454

9/

2/

248

241

200

254

651

660

663

708

257

119

104

133

89

294

181

45

74

62

124

11/260

5

235

333

334

525

1.8

2.5

2.5

3.8

1948 : 484 9/ 244 728 12/50 3

J 63 10 516 3.6

191*9 : 515 12/50 261 826 12/68 ---

7 4 19

9

566

608

3.8

4.1

1950 :

1951 7/ :

643

485

12/68

i2;^oo

260

240

971

92«)

12/200

12/140

119

156

55

.- ... — ... 7 645 4.3

1952 7/ : 422 12/140 275 837 12/130 ... ...

16

11

613

641

4.0

4.1

See footnotes at end of table.
- 199 -

T&ble 56 .- Coimnerclal fleh: Supply and dleta-lbution, 1929-52 l/ -Continued

(Edible weight)

Supply Distribution

; ProIductlon

: Begin- :

unixLß ooBíA Im-

¡morclal : ports Total

I Ending

: ccmrmerclea

: Com-

: merclal

: exports

: Department of Agriculture : Domestl c dlsappeamace

Year [Begln- Ending DellT-

:Net pur-

: chases

: :

; Per

: stocks ' 11 : stocks amd shli>^ """? . stocks erles Î for ÎMllltary .ClYllIan.capita

: 2/ ' M :inents 4/ .BTiOCKS

: export j . ; 5/

: Million Million Million Minion Million MlUlon Minion Minion Million Minion Minion Million

: pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds poimds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounis Pounds

:

C . Cured il/

1929

: ®^ — 55 138 — 12 — _-- ... ... ... 126 1.0

1930 i 90 — 42 132 13 --- ... ... 119 1.0

1931 : 69 — 38 107 — 12 — .-_ 95 .3

1932 : 77 — 22 99 11 — ... ... 88 .7

1933 : 64 — 16 80 — 7 — ... ... 73 .6

193^ : 70 — 21 91 — 7 — 84 .7

1935 : 77 — 22 99 — 8 ... ... 91 .7

1936 : 71 — 32 103 — 8 ... 95 .7

1937 : 75 — 40 115 — 8 ... ... 107 .8

1938 : 73 — 39 112 — 6 --- ... ... 106 .8

1939 : 73 — 31 104 - — 8 --- ... — ... ... 96 .7

1940 : 71 _-- 24 95 ___ 7 --_ ._. ... ^ .7

1941 : 71 14/ 24 95 1 8 ... ._- 06 .6

1942 : 72 1 22 95 1 5 14/ 3 3 4 82 .6

19^3 : 73 1 28 102 14/ 4 u/ 2 20 22 76 .6

19^*4 : 75 14/ 32 107 1 4 2 3 25 26 1 75 .6

19^5 : 77 1 33 111 2 4 3 14/ 7 4 13 88 .7

1946 : 74 2 37 113 2 8 14/ 14/ 14/ 14/ 103 .7

1947 : 72 2 25 99 2 6 91 .6

1948 : 70 2 26 98 2 4 92 .6

1949 : 69 2 29 100 2 2 - — —- ... ... ... 96 .6

1950 1 70 2 29 101 2 2 — — ... ... ... 97 .6

1951 7/ : 68 2 30 100 2 1 ._- 97 .6

1952 1/ : 68 2 27 97 1 1 95 .6

D. Total, ftresh and processed

1929 : 1,263 115 419 1,797 139 206 - — --- ... ... ... 1,452 n.8

1930 ! 1,047 139 394 1,580 151 165 _-_ ... ..- ... ... 1,264 10.1

1931 : 832 151 i*26 1,409 186 109 — 1,114 8.9

1932 : 702 186 410 1,298 154 87 ... ... — 1,057 8.3

1933 : 779 154 411 1,344 168 78 — 1,098 8.6

1934 : 871 168 494 1,533 238 115 — — — ... 1,180 9.2

1935 : 1,025 238 406 1,669 196 119 — — — — 1,354 10.5

1936 : 1,005 196 599 1,800 174 m — — — — 1,515 11.7

1937 : 1,054 174 527 1,755 247 120 ... 1,388 10.6

1938 : 972 247 519 1,738 190 116 — — 1,^32 10.9

1939 : 1,073 190 441 1,704 162 126 --- ... ... ... ... 1,416 10.7

1940 ' 1,115 162 390 1,667 114 150 __- --- ... ... ... 1,403 10.5

1941 1,298 114 470 1,882 no 116 --_ 120 56 176 — 1,480 11.1

1942 1,081 no 368 1,559 62 37 120 48 198 126 6/174 1,160 8.7

1943 1,096 62 381 1,539 57 16 48 87 277 316 "117 1,033 7.9

1944 1,170 57 390 1,617 68 21 &7 150 144 207 189 1,132 8.7

1945 1,289 68 426 1,783 92 29 150 10/88 ni 49 n/327 1,286 9.8

1946 1,256 92 388 1,736 100 71 10/88 29 133 74 31 1,460 10.4

1947 1,221 100 426 1,747 88 130 -29 3 89 63 25 1,441 10.0

1948 : 1,281 08 461 1,830 153 98 3 7 4 35 1,540 10.4

1949 : 1,280 153 488 1,921 170 148 ... ... 27 1,576 10,5

1950 i 1,486 170 548 2,204 304 124 ... ... ... ... 25 1,751 11.5

1951 1/ : 1,323 304 547 2,174 252 161 48 1,713 11.2

1952 1/ : 1,220 252 609 2,081 269 59 43 1,710 11.0

See footnotes at end of table.
- 200 -

'Ifeble 56.. Conuaercial fish: Supply and dietrlbutlon, 1929-52 l/ -Continued

(Edible welffit;

1/ Data shown are for continental United States.

2/ Fresh and frozen fish stocks are ^^^^-^^^\^^''T''\''flT^^^^^

19íá,"^hen actual January 1 stocks were reported. As of the end of 19^5,

stoäs exclude quantities reported held for Governir^nt agencies^ Ja^

fish stocks include only salmon at the producer level; ^^P^^^^^« ^^,^^^'!

data discontinued after January 1, 19^2. Indications ^%^^f^^^^!iff ^

icant year-to-year change in producers' stocks of canned fish ^^-^^^^^

between 19^.2 a^ I9U8. Beginning with 191^8 annual stock f^^^J/^^^f^J^^

based on fragmentary data from trade sources. Cured fish stocks include

smoked fish only; data not available prior to January 15, l^^J--

1/ Includes shinments from the Territories to continental United States,

but excludes imports through territorial customs districts.

kj Excludes exports through the Territories of the United States.

^ Civilian only, 19^2 to date.

6/ Estimated.

jj Preliminary.

8/ Excludes canned food products containing small quantities of fish or

shellfish, for exami>le, clam chowder, clam broth, and codfish cake material.

2/ Not available.

10/ Includes about 1 million pounds of canned fish transferred to UNEPA by

united States military agencies.

11/ Ercludee about 1 million pounds of canned fish transferred to UKKRA by

United States military agencies.

12/ Based on estimated net change in stocks during the year.

13/ Excludes intermediate products which may be shown in the final stage

of processing in this table or the canned fish table. Cured fish classified

as "intermediate products" include green salted: Cod, haddock, hake, pollock,

and cusk; mild cured salmon.

Ik/ Less than O.5 million pounds.
201

Table 5?.- CMcken: Supply and distri"bution, 1909-52

1950

1951

1952 2/

19^1

19U8

19it9

1950

1951

1952 2/

Supply Distribution

: Begin

Produc- •• -^^

tlon 1/ : =<»:,

-' : mercial

stocka 2/

Imports Total

Ending : Com- : Departcon- : mercial : ment of

mercial : exports : Agrlstocks -.and ship-: culture

2/ -.ments 3/ : deliveries

Domestic disappearance

Military Civilian

Per capita h/

Dressed

weight

Mil, lb. Mil, lb. Mil, lb. Mil, lb. Mil, lb. MÎT: lb. Mil, lb. Mil, lb. Mil, lb. Lb.

Equivalent

eviscerated

1,904

1,955

1,896

1,885

1,907

1,928

1,878

1,857

1,896

1,976

1,932

1,952

2,076

2,172

2,126

2,192

2,252

2,383

2,333

2,354

2,540

2,339

2,378

2,480

2,288

2,198

2,392

2,273

2,213

2,458

2,513

2,788

3,241

4,135

3,903

4,154

3,639

3,479

3,288

3,830

4,081

4,598

4,690

2,706

2,563

2,991

3,176

3,563

3,637

29

60

100

82

73

96

91

83

118

105

134

108

99

131

100

106

93

103

110

87

148

92

110

109

i4o

161

149

178

134

7/290

166

220

107

161

163

187

166

220

107

161

163

187

1

1

1

1

4

3

2

2

1

2

4

6

4

3

4

5

8

6

7

7

2

1

1

1

1

2

5

2

1

2

2

3

2

22

22

12

36

15

5

1

3

12

36

15

5

1

3

1,774

1,905

1,956

1,897

1,886

1,911

1,931

1,880

1,888

1,957

2,078

2,018

2,031

2,176

2,266

2,213

2,315

2,365

2,523

2,448

2,460

2,673

2,440

2,485

2,573

2,392

2,309

2,481

2,426

2,307

2,569

2,624

2,930

3,405

4,286

4,103

4,310

3,929

3,657

3,544

3,952

4,247

4,762

4,880

2,884

2,819

3,113

3,342

3,727

3,827

Dressed-veight basis 5/

60

100

73

96

91

83

118

105

134

108

99

131

100

106

93

103

110

87

148

92

110

109

140

161

l49

178

134

7/290

166

220

107

161

163

187

123

2

:>

2 22

1

7 1

12 4

24 8/57

23 —

12 —

13 —

15

28

20

Eviscerated basis 6/

220 23

107 12

161 13

163 15

187 28

123 20

52

135

148

470

8/278

100

68

51

54

134

133

54

40

43

65

106

105

1,774

1,905

1,956

1,897

1,886

1,911

1,931

1,880

1,828

1,857

1,996

1,945

1,935

2,079

2,177

2,090

2,204

2,227

2,4l0

2,345

2,326

2,570

2,331

2,391

2,468

2,280

2,220

2,332

2,332

2,195

2,457

2,482

2,714

3,097

3,959

3,491

3,726

3,582

3,346

3,374

3,724

3,987

4,413

4,6o4

2,537

2,660

2,896

3,099

3,4o6

3,579

19.3

20.3

20.5

19.6

19.1

19.0

18.9

18.2

17.4

17.5

18.7

18.0

17.6

18.6

19.2

18,1

18.8

18.7

20.0

19.2

18.8

20.6

18.5

18.9

19-4

17.8

17.2

18.0

17.9

16.7

18.5

18.5

20.3

23.2

30.3

26.8

28.5

25.5

23.1

22.9

24.9

26.2

28.8

29.6

Lb.

14.5

15.3

15.4

l4.7

14.3

14.3

14.2

13.6

13.1

13.1

14.1

13.5

13.2

14.0

14.4

13.6

14.1

14.0

15.0

14.4

14.1

15.4

13.9

14.2

14.5

13.3

12.9

13.5

13.4

12.5

13.9

13.9

15.2

17.4

22.7

20.1

21.3

19.1

17.9

18.1

19.4

20.3

22.2

23.0

1/ The estimated total output of chicken in the United States i^ based on^ trg^rfH^^'^^t^»^'^^^^

and the quantity sold from farms, with a 10-percent additi^i to these ^^/^f^,^^^^2/ p^^^r to 1933 stocks include

^tput beginning 1934 also includes the estimated production of ^^«^^^^^^^^^^^ f/e^^so excluded. Data in terms

alTpoultry other t¿an turkey; beginning 1933 ducks have been J-^Ported separately and^ ^ ^^^^^^

^r^^Z product weights."^ 3/ Includes exports of turkey, /f^^^*«^/ ITZX-^oT^X^^^^^^

per Spita cinsunrption beginning 194l. 5/ Excluding ^^^f^^^J^^^"^^^^;^ f¿rce^(e^ival4nt to 66 percent of

Per capita series 1909-46 estimated from dressed weight ^^^^^^^^^^° frol Uv^-wei^t^asis, using 70 percent for

live weight). Data on supply and distribution for ^947 to date computed from l^^^^^g ^^^^ ^^ds canned) transccmmercial broilers and 68 percent for farm chickens. 7/ Includes 57 ^nillionpounds C14 m^ P Preliminary,

ferred to UHRRA in 1946. 8/ Adjusted for transfer of 57 million pounds of Army stocks to UNKKA. 2/
- 202 -

Table 58.- Turkey: Supply and distribution, 1929-52 l/

; Supply * Distribution

I Department of Domestic: disappearance

* Produc-

: Begin-

: ning

Ending

com-

: Agriculture

Year Net pur- ' Per capita 3/

; tion : com-

:mercial

'Imports Total '

mercial Deliv- chases

for Military {Civilian Dressed Equivalent

: stocks stocks eries export

2/

weight ' V •

eviscerated

: Million Million MiUion Million Million Million Million Million Million

: pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds Pounds Pounds

': 213 10 223

Dressed-weight basis ^t/

1929 10 ... ... 213 1.7 1.4

1930 : 216 10 1 227 5 ... — — 222 1.8 1.5

1931 : 21k 5 5 224 10 — — 214 1.7 1.4

1932 : 264 10 1 275 15 — — - — 260 2.1 1.7

1933 : 298 15 313 16 — — — 297 2.3 1.9

193^ : 284 16 300 19 — — 281 2.2 1.8

1935 : 267 19 286 17 — — — 269 2.1 1.7

1936 : 361 17 1 379 35 — — — 344 2.6 2.2

1937 : 346 35 — 381 26 — — — 355 2.7 2.2

1938 : 355 26 — 3Ö1 23 — — — 358 2.7 2.2

1939 : 422 23 --- 445 52 --- — — 393 3.0 2.4

I9U0 1 476 52 --_ 528 61 -_- 467 3.5 2.9

19^1 : 461 61 1 523 50 8 465 3.5 2.9

19^2 : 487 50 1 538 36 5 5 18 479 3.6 3.0

19^3 : 452 36 3 491 19 — — 47 425 3.3 2.7

I9U4 535 19 5 559 37 2 2 100 420 3.2 2.7

19^5 662 37 4 703 103 1 1 55 544 4.2 3.4

19^*6 684 103 787 128 ... 30 629 4.5 3.7

19^7 588 128 2 718 83 31 604 4.2

1948 < 510 83 7 600 51 16 533 3.6 ...

19^9 691 51 3 745 118 ... 9 16 602 4.0 —

1950 • 736 118 ... 854 110 --- -9 25 728 4.8 —

1951 • 839 110 — 949 107 43 799 5.2 ...

1952 6/: 925 107 — 1,032 145 --. — 50 837 5.4 ...

484 128 2 614

Eviscerated-weight basis 5/

19^7 ! 83 25 506 3.5

19i^8 : 421 83 7 511 51 ... ... 13 447 3.0

19i^9 Î 570 51 3 624 118 — 9 13 484 — 3.2

1950 i 606 118 724 110 ... -9 20 603 4.0

1951 : 692 110 — 802 107 -»-. .-— 35 660 4.3

4.4 1952 6/: 762 107 869 145 41 683

1/ The annual output of turkeys includes the quantity sold from farms and the quantity consumed on farms.

Exports have been negligible and data are not reported separately.

2/ Data take into account changes in USDA stocks.

3/ Civilieui consumption only, beginning 194l.

k/ Excluding blood and feathers only.

5/ Ready-to-cook. Including giblets. Calculated ae 75 percent of live-weight (or 82.U percent of dressedweight). Per capita series on eviscerated basis calculated directly from dressed-weight dTta igSQ-Uo- but

?eSä/'°° """^^ """ distribution data for 19U7 to date. Stoc/data in tl^ oVToÂT^e\^tsls

6/ Preliminary.
Table 59 .-

- 203 -

Supply and distribution, 1909-52

SWPPIY

Production

1/

Beginning

CTTimeir'

cial

stocks

2/

Imports Total

Distribution

Ending

•conuner-j

cial :

stocks.

2/ :

Conmercial; Eggs ; Depar^pi^t of AgrjcxAture

exports ; used

and ] for [Beginship- [hatch-; ning

ments * ing 'stocks

4/ : 5/ :

Ending:DellVstocksreries

Net

purchases

for

export

DoTiesti c

disappearance

Military

Civilian

Per

capita

1950

1951

1952 8/

Mil,

doz«

2,319

2,4?5

2,695

2,594

2,576

2,557

2,7a

2,640

2,539

2,567

2,796

2,722

2,023

3,025

3,208

3,171

3,-205

3,414

3,5a

3,544

3,476

3,581

3,532

3,327

3,255

3,156

3,081

3,166

3,443

3,424

3,561

3,640

3,840

4,456

5,000

5,366

5,154

5,130

5,077

5,032

5,148

5,384

5,433

5,593

Mil.

doz.

Mil. Mil.

doz. doz.

Mil.

doz.

45

30

52

30

63

35

43

59

85

50

79

61

66

89

66

125

109

50

72

72

85

61

112

59

74

77

75

74

100

80

61

109

73

72

53

52

63

3

5

8

11

19

17

26

40

29

49

50

52

54

31

a

58

53

36

35

53

44

34

10

9

8

22

27

32

6

5

7

15

3

1

1

2

1

1

2

8

2,319

2,478

2,700

2,602

2,587

2,576

2,758

2,711

2,609

2,648

2,875

2,835

2,910

3,122

3,298

3,297

3,313

3,546

3,638

3,645

3,618

3,691

3,691

3,446

3,314

3,236

3,175

3,278

3,536

3,542

3,625

3,721

3,932

4,534

5,075

5,467

5,236

5,192

5,187

5,107

5,228

20 5,457

8 5,493

8 5,664

30

52

30

63

35

43

59

85

50

79

61

66

89

66

125

109

50

72

72

85

61

112

59

74

.77

75

74

100

80

61

109

73

72

53

52

63

55

Mil.

doz.

5

6

13

19

18

21

22

28

20

21

39

27

33

35

31

28

25

27

29

20

12

19

8

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

5

12

13

15

17

17

66

48

40

28

30

28

43

Mil.

doz.

106

116

112

109

112

116

114

lU

113

120

119

116

125

131

136

136

139

146

151

139

147

U9

135

136

137

122

124

134

115

124

133

129

174

197

238

206

231

179

176

178

202

201

230

230

Mil.

doz.

Mil.

doz.

Mil.

doz.

mi.

doz.

Mil.

doz.

Mil.

doz. Nunb*r

47

221

208

422

47

61

144

96

206

304

67

47

221

208

422

47

61

144

96

206

304

67

0

U3

428

629

658

390

286

176

33

56

150

215

U

190 62

602 164

616 382

872 495

15 583

300 163

259 77

-15 2/127

166 2/62

248 71

-22 155

-56 118

2,208

2,356

2,575

2,474

2,457

2,439

2,622

2,542

2,424

2,477

2,654

2,657

2,709

2,897

3,046

3,083

3,070

3,312

3,392

3,397

3,393

3,398

3,439

3,258

3,103

3,040

2,964

3,081

3,307

3,357

3,415

3,510

3,a9

3,484

3,724

3,797

4,329

4,375

4,554

4,705

4,717

4,055

5,039

5,274

269

30?

325

30?

299

291

308

295

277

280

299

295

295

312

322

320

3U

334

337

334

330

327

328

309

293

285

276

285

304

306

309

314

307

314

342

350

397

374

378

384

378

383

395

407

1/ Total production of eggs consists of the estimated farm output plus 10 percent of such production to

allow for nonfann ©gg production. 2/ Data on storage stocks include only holdings of shell and frozen eggs

through 1942. Data on year-end holdings of dried eggs prior to 1943 are not available. V Import data consist of shell eggs and the approximate shell-egg equivalent of dried and frozen eggs, y Export data include shell eggs only prior to 19a, but the quantities in other forms not reported were small. 5/ The

quantities of eggs used for hatching were estimated from the number of chickens raised annually in thelhitsd

States and the average number of eggs required per bird raised. As a nonfood item, the following storage

losses have been included: 16 railUon dozen in 1944, 2 in 1945, 4 in 1948, 2 in 1949, and 1 in 1950. 6/ Civilian per capita only,beginning 1941. 2/ Includes quantities transferred from USDA stocks for civilian

feeding: 1948, 21 million pounds dried (63 million dozen): 1949, 703,OOO pounds dried (2 million dozen).

8/ Preliminary.
204

Table 60.- All cheese: Supply and distribution. 1909-52

1950

1951 ^

1952 i?y

Production

i/

Supply

Beginning

camnorcial

stocks

Total

supply

Millicm

pounds

Ending

conmercial

stocks

Million ' MtUlcgi' miiioi Million

pounds pounds pounds pounds

Comaercial

Distribution

TS^pft7.43ii«it or Agrlculture_

T "1 : NeInipoz*ts:

1/

iJonestic disappearance

: Civilian

exports : Begin

and : ning

•shipments: stocks

Total

Per

capita

313

355

323

359

367

kho

k22

1*72

kl3

k&6

k23

U3i*

H32

1*71

1*71*

503

U68

lf62

U79

U99

510

U99

H91

5U8

587

628

650

653

726

710

785

956

1,112

993

1,017

1,117

1,106

1,183

1,098

1,199

1,191

1,161

1,195

29

32

70

30

65

51

k2

k5

61

68

77

7U

66

39

86

83

78

69

92

102

100

no

104

120

109

130

159

V119

6/79

7/75

87

121

l47

IU8

168

181

221

38

kk

U5

h9

56

55

39

29

6

8

11

13

27

U7

64

59

62

78

79

81

76

68

62

56

48

48

1*9

60

61

3k

59

33

20

24

25

9

8

21

9

24

32

56

52

1*9

351

Million

pounds

MiUion

pounds Pounds

31*6 3.8

399 —

390 —

372

U15

"""

422

1*79

480 32

510 70

1*93 30

527 65

501

512

521

580

600

633

623

615

626

664

664

644

625

665

727

779

810

824

884

889

927

1,106

1,295

1,137

1,105

1,200

l,2l4

1,313

1,269

1,379

1,1*15

1,39^

1,1*65

51

42

1*5

67

68

77

71*

66

89

86

83

78

69

92

102

100

no

io4

120

109

130

159

V119

6/79

7/75

87

121

l47

148

168

181

221

237

4

15

4

4

5

64

56

55

50

16

19

15

8

n

8

13

7

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

6

8

8

3

4

8

10

137

2/9»*

102

13

46

8

395 4.2

~~— 375 3.9

• --

— — — — g

3.Ö

4.2

— _-- """ 417 4.1

— _—

U15 4.1

—-

... 392 3.8

--- """ ... 385 3.7

— """ 1*13 3.9

-— — ... — 446 4.1

1*31 4.0

•—~ 1*55 4.1 _-- 468 4.2

---

... 502 4.4

-_-

... 521* l*.5

~~ — ... 51*3 4.6

—"" ... 51*2 4.6

_--

5i*3 l*.5 —-

532 4.4

-_- — — ... 573 4.6

577 4.6 • --

562 l*.5

*""* ... 553 4.4

570 U.5

--- 621 4.Ö

... 675 5.2

_-- 696 5.Í*

... ... 716 5.5

... 760 5.Ö

— — ... ... 776 5.Ö

... 791 5-^

56 92 148 n 780 5.8

56 Kf. 305 269 56 843 6.3

5/20

142

168 290 128 i^ h,9

35 297 190 212 624 4.8

35 8/66 182 213 31 861 6.6

8/66

9

^ 9 202 li*5 8 930 6.6

1*5 36 4 989 6.8

22 1,005 6.8

— 23 -1 24 10 1,075 7.2

23 10/31 11/46 3h 12 1,155 7.6

10/31 10/1 11/39 9 23 1,095 7.1

10/1 10/2 ~~ 1 2 23 1,195 7.7

1/ itans covered* An types of cheese except fun-skim American cheese and cottage, pot, and bakers' cheese. Includes production

itv^actories and quantities made on farms until 1927 vhen fann cheese ceased to be a significant factor. Data for 1909 as reported

b Cmsus of Manufactures; for 1910-17 estimates of total production were derived by interpolation on the basis of market receipts.

iqi8-"í9 «riniifti estimates of factory production based on data from Census of Manufactures, State Departanents of Agriculture, and

fr 'data received directly by the Bureau of Agricultural EconoBics from cheese factories; 1940-date, data are as published by BAB

in^oduction of Manufacttired Dairy Products. Output of cheese on farms througji 1926 vas determined by interpolation between census

years.

2/ Stock data cover quantities in ccnnercial storage warehouses, reported beginning 1916 in Cold Storage Report, Production and

Marketing Administration.

3/ Data on imports, exports, and shipaents are those published by the Department of Coomerce, except for the period during World

War II when this information was supplemented and partiany replaced by data from Department of Agriculture records. Inçorts prior

to 193I* vere "general Imports," whUe for 1934 and fonowlng years they are "laports for consunçtlon."

4/ Cold-storage stocks of 131 minion pounds include approximately 12 million pounds held by USDA and military.

5/ The total stocks of 20 minion pounds include about 8 minion pounds held outside coooercial cold storage.

b/ Cold-storage stocks of 176 million pounds include about 102 minion pounds held by Department of Agriculture eiA. military.

USDA holdings outside of coranercial cold storage estimated at 40 million pounds and coMaercial holdings at 5.5 minion pounds.

7/ Cold-storage total of ll*5 minicHi pounds includes 75 million pounds held by USDA and mnitary. USDA holdings outside

cial cold storage totaled approximately n minion pounds and conmerclal holdings were about 5 minion pounds.

8/ Includes 23 million pounds transferred from mnitary stocks.

5/ Excludes 5.5 million pounds for civilian feeding abroad; Included in military.

10/ Government stocks as reported in Cold Storage Report.

11/ Donations included.

17/ Preliminary,
- 205.

Tabla 61.- Condenflad and evaporated milk: Supply and distribution, I909-52

Year

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

191*^

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

192U

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193*^

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

19MD

19ÍH

19U2

19i^3

19H

19i*5

19*^6

19i^7

19^^

19U9

1950

1951

1952 2^:

gTiipply

Production

Beginning

clal

stocks

2/

Iinporte

2/

Total

Distribution

Ending

commercial

stocks

2/

Commercial

exports

and

shipments

3/

Department of Agriculture

Beginning

stocks

Ending

stocks

Î Net pur-;

Deliv-: chases

eries î for

•export

t

Domestic

disappearar^e^

Mili-:

tary

Civilian

Per

capita

4/

Mil, lb. Mil, lb. »y¿^JLb.Mi3,J^.My^J^. MllJ^ M11^_J^ MUa]b. jgj^JUb.MnjLb^ MljLlb.miJJb ' Lb^

i*95

556

624

701

787

883

1,028

1,196

1,391

1,619

1,883

1,1^16

1,323

1,281

1,586

1,507

1,5*^7

1,U56

1,576

1,601^

1,8^9

1,761

1,682

1,780

1,899

1,908

2,032

2,271

2,132

2,322

2,368

2,731

3,555

3,783

3,3*^3

3,750

U,125

3,333

3,630

3^755

3,107

3,205

3,228

3,166

119

217

177

6k

171

llU

152

91

165

167

237

220

IU5

112

219

168

82

268

188

212

192

196

3VO

87

190

150

77

13»^

168

khk

253

169

238

1

1

1

2

15

3h

18

18

30

20

16

2U

9

k

10

7

5

1

3

2

3

1

2

1

1

1

2

Í

I

U96

557

625

703

802

917

i,0Ji6

1,21U

1,U21

1,639

1,899

1,559

1,5^^9

1,1^62

1,660

1,685

1,666

1,609

1,670

1,771

2,019

1,999

1,90U

1,926

2,012

2,127

2,201

2,355

2,U01

2,511

2,580

2,923

3,751

i^,123

3,»*30

3,91^0

l+,280

3,^11

3,761^

3,923

3,551

3,^*58

3,397

3,U0U

217

177

6U

171

llU

152

91

165

167

237

220

IU5

112

210

166

82

268

188

212

192

196

3U0

87

190

150

77

13h

168

U38

253

169

238

39**

21

25

29

27

33

87

232

i^U2

562

865

U26

302

200

207

221

161

130

119

132

125

107

93

68

56

65

62

51

59

58

61

176

230

6h

29

UO

121

229

55U

366

310

161

229

152

82

813

301

192

6/U85

28

0

1

82

813

301

192

6/U85

28

0

1

I195

380

633

629

613

879

78

79

UO

38

28

577

1,111

121

520

906

U22

50

80

39

38

28

165

U32

661

1,218

816

51

88

113

36

7**

1U6

156

U96

536

600

671*

775

881^

959

982

979

1,077

1,03U

916

1.070

1,198

1,282

1,350

1,353

1,388

1,386

1,U72

1,657

1,672

1,666

1,71^6

1,737

") .8?U

2,057

2.036

2,15^

2.2U1

2.327

2,551

2,U39

2,1*29

2,U29

2,012

2,360

2,575

2,90U

2,926

2,913

3,016

2,756

2,702

5.i*

5.8

6.3

6.9

7.9

8.8

9.U

9.h

9.3

10.1

9.7

8.5

9.8

10.7

11.3

11.6

11.5

11.7

11.5

12.0

13.i*

13.3

13.8

13.6

U.7

16.0

15.6

16.5

17.0

17.6

IQ.l

18.3

18.2

18.6

15.5

18.0

18.3

20.0

19.8

19.5

19.8

18.0

11.h

1/ Items covered: Evaporated milk, case goods, (unskimmed, unsweetened); condensed milk, case goods (unskinmed sweetened) and for earlier years also unsweetened; condensed milk, bulk goods, unskimmed sweetened

and unsweetened. For years I909-I8, annual, production estimates were interpolated on the basis of Census

of Manufactures data for 1909 and 19U and the BAE estimate for 1919. For the following years, the total

output of these items was published by the Bureau of Agric\iltural Economics in Production of Manufactured

Dairy Products. (Processed.) 2/ Manufacturers» stocks compiled from Evaporated, Condensed, and Dry Milk

Report of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics (issued monthly, processed). They include stocks of condensed milk (case goods) and evaporated milk (case goods), both of which were first reported in 1920. Beginning 1949, cold storage holdings of bulk condensed whole milk, as reported in Cold Storage Report,

Production and Marketing Administration, are included. 2/ I9O9-U, based on data reported by the Department

of Commerce; 1942-46, from records of the Department of Agriculture and Department of Commerce; beginning

1947, as reported by the Department of Commerce. Beginning April 194Ö, trade with Hawaii and Alaska is no

longer reported. 4/ Civilian per capita consumption only, beginning 19a. 5/ Le" than 0.5 million pounds.

¿/ Includes 347 million pounds transferred to USDA and 4 million pounds transferred to UNRRA from military

stocks in 1946. 2/ Preliminary.
- 206 -

Table 62.- Dry vhole milk: Sxqqply and distribution, 1910-52

SupDly : Distribution

: Produc-

[ Beginning

conaaor- lapor^ts Total

- Snding

coiMor

:Coiiiaer-

: cial

-Îexports

; Department of Agriculture

: Domestic

: disappearance

Year : Net civilian

: tion

: 1/

cial

stocks 3/ supply cial

stocks

: and

: shipI Begin-: ning Ending DeliT-

: pur-

: chasec Mili- :

Per

2/ capita

L

2/ : mente : stocks stocks eries : for ;

: export

tary Total :

: Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million

: pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds Pounds

1910 : 1 -.. 1 1 0.01

1911 : 1 — 1 --_ ... ... ... .._ 1 .01

1912 : 2 — 2 --- ... ... ... 2 .02

1913

191i^

: 3

k

— — 3

k

— ... ... ... ... --_ — 3

k

.03

.Ok

1915 : U — — k --- ... ... k Ok

1916 : k — --- k —-• k Ok

1917 : k k k Ok

1918 : k — U ... ... —- k Ok

1919 : 9 — — 9 ... —. ... ... ... ... ... 9 .08

1920 : 10 10 ... 2 8 .07 1921 : U 1 --- 5 1 5 ... ... ... ._- y-i

2

1922 : 6 1 5/ 7 1 k ... ... ... .02

1923

1924

1925

1926

7

: 8

: 9

: U

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

9

10

11

Ik

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

2

...

...

... ... ...

7

6

8

11

.06

.05

.07

.09

.10

.08

.10

1927

1928

1929

11

10

13

1

1

2

3

3

3

15

Ik

18

1

2

3

2

2

3 ... ;;; :;; i:! ...

12

10

12

1930

1931 :

15

13

3

k

1

5/

19

17

k

2

k

7

... ... ... ... ... 11

A

.09

.06

.07

.09

12

1932 : 12 2 5/ lU 3 2 .-. -_. 9

11

15

17

18

Ik

15

17

1933 :

I93U :

13

16

3

3 ^

16

19

3

2

2

2

... ... —. ... ...

1935 :

1936 :

19

18

2

3

2

k

23

25

3

k

3

3

— ... ... ... ... .13

.lU

.11

.11

.13

1937 :

1938 :

lU

21

k

3

2 20

2k

3

k

3

5

— ... ... ... ...

1939 : 2k k ^ 28 k 7

... ... ... ... ...

I9U0 :

I9UI :

29

k6

k

5 \¡ 33

51

5

6

9

16

... ... ... ...

8

20

76

60

7

k

12

2

19

21

26

50

kk

kQ

71

65

k2

37

.Ik

.16

.20

'.38

.3U

.37

.51

.U5

.29

.25

19*^2 :

191^3 :

19UU :

I9U5 :

19*^6 I

191*7 :

I9U8 :

I9U9 :

62

138

178

217

188

165

170

126

6

7

8

16

12

18

12

18 I

68

1U5

186

233

200

183

182

Ikk

7

8

16

12

18

12

18

11

12

12

Ik

23

61

95

97

9k

12

12 12

12 6/55

6/55 5

5 2

2

3

29

36

^1

93

10

15

3

Ul

36

90

U3

7

13

1950 : 125 11 5/ 136 10 77 7

20

16

k2

Ul

66

.28

.27

.k2

1951

1952 2/ :

131

99

10

18

9

37

150

15U

18

15

70

57 ... ...

1 1

1/ 1910-17, approximated on basis of Census of Manufactures data for IQlk mnA i->,. T>,«,^«„ * * ^ ,... , ,. .. -

% '^•T^X>v^^^,.tt^^^ ^„S" °' Agricultural Eoonomlcs m ívapor»fd. Condensed, a i Dr, Milk P.port.

Whole rep?:-ent¿d^the totÍTi? Zf^Z ^Xj ^^.^^2^^^C i^^^tlT^"-^.* *^' ""° "^'"S *''

.8.u>»d to be 39 percent of the co«bined ehlp»ntí of Sled Aole ok tw-^n¿ *í^°í"*?' ^f' "^^^^ '°^ ^928-31 were

the Items vere reported separately m 1932-3" 1«2.^„!:°Í! ffl !Í^' ^^' *?• i»l*«onehlp which prevailed ^en

«ccept far the period durl^orld V« Il when t^^'o^tl^^^^ '"'l"*'* '^ *^' D.p«to»nt of CoM»rce

Departwnt of Agriculture recorte. «nanBBtion vaa supplemented and partially replaced by data from

|/ Exports «»"'1 change m stocks exceed production by 1 million pounds.

2/ Less than 500,000 pounds. <-~.= .

6/ Includes 36 million pounds transferred to U S Tv.mti-i^Mn'f «* » . 1^ 1/ Preliminary. «> u. t>. Départaient of Agriculture from military stocks.
- 207 -

Table 63.- Nonfat dry milk solids: Supply aiad distribution, 1920-52

Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million

pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds Pounds

1950

1951

1952 8/

Supply

Production

Beginning

comiiercial

stocke

2/

Imports

3/

Total

supply

Distribution

:Commor-:

: cial :.

Ending¡exporte:

oomimT-: and

cial : ship- :

stocks: ments :

2/ : 3/ :

Department of

Afqri culture

Domestic

dieapTwarance

Beginning

stocks

Ending

stocks

: Net

Deliv-: purerles : chafes :

: for

: export :

Military

Civilian

:Per

Total :cap-

:ita

27

25

26

1^0

U5

hi

60

77

96

135

lo9

170

176

187

192

188

22U

2U5

289

268

322

366

565

510

583

6U3

653

678

682

935

881

702

8^2

17

22

Ik

9

16

19

6

22

21

28

9

26

19

26

22

38

Ik

39

15

kk

k9

22

k2

1

2

1

k

k

3

1

y

Hy

20

1

1

H

K

i^

i^y

3

5

27

25

27

k2

U6

51

61^

80

97

135

186

192

190

196

208

207

250

268

310

297

33a

392

58U

536

605

681

667

717

700

98U

3 933

1 725

1 885

22

ik

9

16

19

6

22

21

28

9

26

19

26

22

38

Ik

39

15

kk

k9

22

k2

128

1

k

3

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

3

6

2

1

1

1

2

3

7

3

10

8

k

1

1

5

12

72

33

32

25

kQ

39

26 0.2

21 .2

2k

kl

kk

k9

63

79

95

.2

.k

.k

,k

.5

.7

.8

133 1.1

3

72

kl

96

1/ Ih

2k

6/ 16

17

251

263

52

3

72

kl

96

5/TU

2k

6/ 16

17

251

263

52

38

30

133

23k

220

193

11k

102

85

53

311

182

23

33

202

209

269

171

I2U

9k

86

287

323

-29

9

7

17

31

lou

2U3

kl

119

52

13U

161

172

179

179

188

200

226

2kk

21^

285

295

325

335

273

193

2U8

U51

ï^l7

U85

U82

k iJ 5^9

10 1/ 637

12 1/ 690

1.3

l.k

l.k

l.U

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.k

2.5

2.1

1.5

1.9

3.2

219

3.3

3.2

3.6

k.2

k

1/ Production for food uses, prior to 1935, based on proportion produced for food in 1936-UO applied to data

on total output as reported by BAE for 1920-314. Beginning vith 1935, data are as published by the Bureau or

Agricultural Economics in Production of Manufactured Dalr>- Products. 2/ Manufacturéis' stocks as repor^ea oy

BAE m Evaporated, Condensed, and Dry Milk Beport. i/ For the years 1520-31 the Department of Commerce

reported a composite figure on milk and cream, powdered or dried. In this period, exports of ^^Klm miijc

were assumed to be 43 percent of the reported composite, the portion which dry skim represented of the to^ai

of dry whole And dry skim in 1932-3»^. Likewise, shipments of dry whole for the period 1928-31 ^y®, *^^]J°^''

to be 61 percent of the combined shipments of dried whole and dried skim milk, the relationship which preTailed ^en the items were reported separately in 1932-3^. 1932-52, exports are those published by tne

Department of Coianerce, except from the beginning of World War II when this information was supplementea ana

partially replaced by data from Departn»nt of Agriculture records. Imports are "imports for consumption

y Less than 500,000 pounds. 5/ Includes 12 million pounds transferred to UNFPA and PMA from "illij^y ^^^^^^

in 19^*6. 6/ Includes 5 million pounds purchased by Dairy Products Marketing Association during J-9;+7 ana

transferred to PMA during I9U8. l/ Includes 10 million pounds sold domestically by I^DA for animal feea

In I95O; 17 million pounds in 1951; and 7 million pounds in 1952. 8/ Preliminary.
- 208

Table 6k.- Ice cream: Supply and distribution, 1909-52

TMT

Net Bilk used Product vel^t

I Plroduotion

' à/

Doaestic disappaaranc« DoaMetic disappearance

Military

Civilian 1

Total : Per capita :

: Production

Military

Civilian

Total ' Per capita

X

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

191if

1915

I9I6

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193'^

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

337

k28

516

607

695

808

930

1,052

1,195

1,606

1,718

1,924

1,969

2,lk6

2,407

2,377

2,652

2,663

2,8tó

2,904

3,301

3,040

2,677

1,982

1,889

2,234

2,553

2,619

3,422

3,357

3,580

Million

pound«

1940 : 3,825

1941 : 4,653 124

1942 : 5,455 268

1943 : 4,523 521

1944 : 4,724 424

1945 : 5,169 339

1946 : 8,200 186

1947 : 7,498 101

1948 : 6,683 101

1949 r 6,740 122

1950 6,764 128

1951 ^ 6,847 239

1952 1/ 7,150 268

Miman

pound» Poundt

Minion

pounda

337 3.7 141

428 4.6 179

516 5.4 216

607 6.3 254

f^ 7.0 291

808 8.0 338

930 9.1 389

1,052 10.2 440

1,195 11.4 500

1,606 15.2 672

1,718 16.1 719

1,924 17.8 8O5

1,969 17.9 824

2,146 19.2 898

2,407 21.2 1,007

2,377 20.5 1,003

2,652 22.6 1,128

2,663 22.4 1,120.

2,842 23.5 1,182

2,904 23.8 1,194

3,301 26.7 1,303

3,040 24.4 1,201

2,677 21.3 1,064

^'^

15.7 789

1,889 14.8 760

2,234 17.4 900

2,553 19.8 1,030

2,a9 20.2 1,215

3,422 26.2 1,368

3,357 25.5 1,346

3,580 27.0 1,437

3,825 28.5 1,495

*,529 33.9 1,834

5,i&r 38.9 2,181

4,002 30.6 1,910

4,300 33,0 2,017

4,830 36.9 2,163 8,014 57.1 3,268

7,397

6,582

6,618

51.2

44.7

44.2

2,902

2,720

2,650

6,636 43.6 2,633 6,608 43.1 2,718 6,882 Uli.3 2,826

Million

pounda

49

107

220

181

142

74

39

41

48

50

95

106

Minion

pounda Pounda

141 1.5

179 1.9

216 2.3

254 2.6

291 3.0

338 3.4

389 3.8

440 4.3

500 4.8

672 6.3

719 6.8

805 7.5

824 7.5

898 8.0

1,007 8.9

1,003 8.7

1,128 9.6

1,120 9.4

1,182 9.8

1,194 9.8

1,303 10.6

1,201 9.6

1,064 8.5

789 6.2

760 6.0

900 7.0

1,030 8.0

1,215 9.4

1,368 10.5

1,346 10.2

1,437 10.8

1,495 n.2

1,785 13.4

2,074 15.6

1,690 12.9

1,836 14.1

2,021 15.4

3,194 22.8

2,863 19.8

2,679 18.2

2,602 17.4

2,583 17.0

2,623 17.1

2,720 17.5

1/ a. net aaount of «Ilk (.qulral.nt) naed In «aklns le. crem íf«t ««iiH. >^.4 \ w v

fglnnln« rtth 1916 by th. Bur.« of Agrloultural ïooS^os 0^2.^1^^^;^^!?^ "ü.^" •.tl«t.d «nueUy

ar, included m th. taU.e on l,utt.r and .rapoíií^d ^^^ní^^ed «¿MÍ'LS^í"°?**'"'Í 'ÍÍ°^' •'^- ^^^"" ^»«titl.B

duplication was «de for tit. years prior to I916 on taale rf ?to^IÍ^lt,Jîi ;\ Approxl»t. «Uownc. for vii.

quantity of Ice cree« produced I909-I5. ^ «"«nltud. of duplication m 192l*-29, and tJi. •atlaat.d

2/ Output 1909-15 approzlnat«! on basis of Census of Hanufaotnr.« f«,. loii. ^

19U0-d.t.. as ^bllshad by th. lha.au of A€rlcultura! l^SÎÎ^eTActîïn'S Sl'r^i" •"*^-'*«'' '°'' ^916-39;

Production r.p5rt.d In gallon., conT.rt.d to pound« aseumlM a «¿loî^ „? w »»«»«f»otnp.d Dairy Product«.

U.6Í. pou»ls m 19U3, 1..54 pounds m 19UV-1.5, Sal lncx,aS^«i|^°?<,°JÍ'^^« ^l-Jg^* "^-î PouM« though 19I.2,

3/ Preliminary.
209

g.^1

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211

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• H ^ m^^ -dh CVJ r-j H CJ en I

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• enÖJ i/N^ çjonHH-d- NOirven

« CVJ H H CVJ CVJ CVJ

I I I I I I I I I I • I I I I I • I irv u^ iTvcO o iTv t-vO ON CVJ o

iiiiti iiiiiiiiii iiencviu^^OJonHH -d-voifN

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d G a ^

a; «H »d p K'^

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d "^ "a t h'x5

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P G

5 (0

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9S^ O

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- 212 -

Tal)le 68.- Butter, actual weight: Supply and distribution, 1909-52

Supply

Distribution

Production"

1/

Beginning

Ending

cial

stocks

2/

Inports: Total

supply cial

stocks

2/

Cial

exports

and

shipaents:

Deparlanent of Agriculture Dcoestic disappearance

Beginning

stocks

Millicm Million Million Million Million Million

pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds

1,622

1,706

1,762

1,592

1,608

1,685

1,751

1,793

1,6UU

1,503

l,61f7

1,57»^

l,7if8

1,870

1,993

2,066

2,082

2,132

2,188

2,120

2,l8if

2,1^9

2,239

2,307

2,375

2,286

2,211

2,168

2,135

2,252

2,210

2,2U0

2,268

2,130

2,015

l,8l8

1,699

1,502

1,61K)

1,501^

1,688

1,6U8

l,*^52

1,^*35

U9

1^

51

U4

9^

59

\A

27

30

66

53

•^

U6

^

82

63

27

22

111

hi

llO

61

hi

129

55

kl

lU

6/2if

7/35

H/21

1/28

23

22

32

26

39

2k

18

7

21

19

7

7

8

k

3

3

2

1

1

1

23

10

11

2

1

1

k

20

3

2

If

7

if

1,623

1,707

1,763

1,593

1,612

1,692

1,753

l,8U3

1,691

1,555

1,698

1,666

1,825

1,925

2,0Ul

2,115

2,155

2,192

2,230

2,170

2,231

2,23U

2,30i*

2,335

2,398

2,398

2,281

2,218

2,207

2,297

2,3^^

2,296

2,313

2,26»*

2,01*2

1,855

1,72U

1,537

1,667

1,526

1,720

l,67i*

1,^91

l,if59

U6

51

5k

59

U&

27

30

66

53

3k

k6

kk

82

63

27

22

111

kl

ko

61

k3

129

55

i*l

114

6/2if

7/35

B/21

1/28

23

22

32

26

39

2k

6lf

6

9

8

6

7

21

31

11

29

38

21

12

15

10

12

8

8

7

8

8

7

7

7

6

6

7

6

6

8

9

11

13

9

6

6

10/8

W6

IÔ/17

6

5

k

2

stocks

Deliveries

Net

purchases

for

export

Use in

aargarine

Civilian

Military Total

: Per

¡capita

Million

pounds

Million

pounds

Million

pounds

Million

pounds

Million Million MllIÎ^

pounds pounds pounds Pounds

6 — 1,611 17.5

6 --- 1,695 18.1

6 __- 1,7U8 18.4

6 1,579 16.3

6 —- 1,600 16.2

5

-.. 1,680 16.7

3 1,729 17.0

3

... 1,763 17.1

k 1,625 15.5

«5 1,1*77 13.9

6 1,600 15.0

1* 1,582 lU.6

1 1,76U 16.0

1 1,882 16.9

2 1,999 17.6

2 2,035 17.6

2 ... 2,092 17.8

2 2,ll»8 18.1

2 ... 2,175 18.0

3 2,115 17.3

3

... 2,13B 17.3

2 2,162 17.3

5/ 2,270 18.0

5/ ... 2,306 18.2

5/ 2,281 17.9

5/ 2,3^*5 18.3

5/ 2,231* 17.3 —- 2,151 16.6

--- ... 2,158 16.5 —- 2,160 16.U

.-_ ... 2,276 17.2

1 11*

1 123 88

123 7 91

^ 7 11/13 10/1*7

11/13 — 10/11

— 12/107

12/107 13/66 lU/23

la/66 Í2/3 W20

Í2/3 12/9 ~—

15

210

-25

53

-2

107

-18

-1*3

6

70

121*

266

321

222

51*

28

36

32

31*

53

38

2,2l*l*

2,116

2,092

1,525

1,532

1,^13

1,1*56

1,600

1,1*50

l,5i*9

1,611*

1,1*5»*

1,3^9

16.7

15.8

15.7

11.7

11.8

10.8

10.1*

11.1

9.9

10.1*

10.6

9.5

8.7

1/ 1909-16, estimates of total butter production were based on data of Census of Manufactures, Census of Agriculture, and market

receipts. 1917-38, annual estimates of factory production based on data ftrom Census of Manufactures,State Deparlanents of Agriculture, and fron data received by the Bureau of Agricultural Econcmics directly fron creameries; 1939-date, data are as published

by BAE in Production of Manufactured Dairy Products. Farm butter production, 1917-23, estJaated priaarlly frcm Census of Agriculture and from 192l*-date frcm reports by farmers, in addition to Census data, and published by BAB. Data prior to 1909 available

in U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 722, Production and Consuiç>tion of Manufactured Dairy Products. 2/ Stock

data cover quantities in comnercial storage warehouses, reported beginning I916 in Cold Storage Report, Production and Marketing

Administration. _2/ Imports, exports, and shipments are those published by the Départaient of Ccmnerce, except for the period during

World War II when this Inforaatlon was suijlemented and partially replaced by data from Deparlanent of Agriculture records. Inçorts

prior to 1918 were »^neral i^orts, ^lle for 1918 and following years they are "ijiçorts for consumption." Shipments to Alaska

and Hawaii excluded starting with Apr! 19W. k/ Use of butter in margarine prior to I91I* estimated; 19ll*-l6 and beginning 1920

frcm Bureau of Internal Revenue; 191r-19 (fiscal year data), from Institute of Margarine Manufacturers, s/ Less than 500,000 ponds.

6/ Cold-storage stocks of 25 millicn pounds include about 1 million pounds owned by Department of Agriculídre and the Axäed Forces.

T/ Total of 35 million pounds includes approximately 30 million pounds In cold storage and 5 million pounds outside cold storage.

A/^p"?i°^??^i^^^ of^L^ini^^J^'^^r.*^^^ ^5 million pounds of Department of Agriculture and military stocks.

8/ Cold-storage total of 60.5 million pounds includes approximately 39-6 million pounds of Di^iiaent of Agriculture and military

durtfon £ Mriï^!L^fitî^/.^ ^..T^.^.^^í ^Z-A^- - of^ J—y 1 fron'mllitary iSdings to citSian channels via ^

from the

ment stocks

.a MarKeting Aa^nlatraUon 10/ Includes tetter eauVelenT":^ Vttr's;:::r^'^i^oU. ¡í/ In ;^:::n of trl^rfer

military as of January 1. 12/-rnclude8 10 mlUion pounds for distributiin to School Lunch Prog?5i> in Sio! 13/ Go^nIks as reported in Cold Storage Report. Ik/ Donations Included. 15/ Preliminary. "««ram in xypu. Li/ i,overn
- 213

Table 69.- Lard and rendered pork fat: Supply and distribution, I909-52 1/

! Supply Distribution

Department Domestic

of Aßrlcijlture

Use In

• dleapT^aranoi» hi

Begin- End- Commer- marga- J • Year iProduc- ning ing . clal Net rine. \ •

: Ion cornner- Imports Total .

commer- exports Begin- End- pijir- short- ; •

clal : supply : cial •

. and ning ing Deliv- chases ening. Mil- icivll-i Per

stocke : stocks shipmentsstocks stocks eries for

exand

nonfood

itary : Ian .'capita

2/

IJ 3/ port products 5/ ; ; 6/

: Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil.

: l^v Ik. lb. lb. l^v lb. lb. .1^. . 1^. , lb. lb. lb. lb. Lb.

1909 ': 1,628 M L/ 1,628 U 501 --- ... ... 1/ 1,127 12.3

1910 : 1,553 ^ ly 1,553 2/ 397 --_ 1/ --- 1,156 12,3

1911 : l,7i*7 ^ 2/ 1,7U7 1/ 609 11 --- 1,138 12.0

1912 : 1,658 ^ ^

1,658 Z/ 556 ^3 --- 1j069 11.1

1913 : 1,653 ^ H 1,653 U 580 3»^ --- 1,039 10.5

191^ : 1,551^ ^ 2/ 1,55^ IJ 1*61* 36 __- 1,051* 10.5

1915 : 1,689 1/ ^i 1,689 Jj 1*92 uo _-_ 1,157 11.3

1916 : 1,706 63 H 1,769 81 U60 -.- U7 1,181 11.U

1917 : 1,^51 81 2/ 1,532 55 386 — 53 1,038 9.9

I9I8 : 1,899 55 2/ 1,95U lOU 558 53 1,239 11.7

1919 : 1,920 lOU 2/, 2,02U 63 788 — 51 1,122 10.5

1920 : 1,958 63 2/ 2,021 59 61*2 U6 1,27U 11.8

1921 : 2,108 59 2/ 2,167 ^ 903 i*5 1,171 10.6

1922 : 2,302 kS 8/ 2,350 U9 797 — Uo — 1,1*61* 13.1

1923 : 2,718 kQ 8/ 2,767 ^9 1,071* 39 1,605 11*. 1

192U : 2,660 U9 fi^ 2,709 61 986 37 — 1,625 11*.0

1925 : 2,153 61 8/ 2,21U U2 719 32 — 1,1*21 12.1

1926 : 2,206 k2 ^

2,21^ 50 733 31 .-. l,U3l* 12.1

1927 : 2,263 50 ^

2,313 55 717 32 — 1,509 12.5

1928 : 2,U58 55 S/ 2,513 85 801 36 — 1,591 13.0

1929 : 2,1^61 85 H 2,5i^6 82 866 --- 1*6 --- 1,552 12.6

1930 : 2,227 82 K 2,309 51 67U 25 — 1,559 12.5

1931 : 2,307 51 8/ 2,358 51 601 19 — 1,687 13.»^

1932 : 2,380 51 8/ 2,1*31 1*1 576 15 — 1,799 1U.2

1933 : 2,1*75 Ul 8/ 2,516 133 612 13 — 1,758 13.8

I93U : 2,091 133 8/ 2,221* 118 1*58 10 1,637 12.8

1935 : 1,276 118 ^

1,39^^ 53 115 ^-- 6 — 1,221 9.5

1936 : 1,679 53 8/ 1,732 11*6 137 — 7 — 1,1*1*2 11.1

1937 : l,i^31 1U6 K 1,577 5U 163 3

--- 1,358 10.U

1938 : 1,728 ^k 8/ 1,782 107 231^ 1* — 1,1*36 10.9

1939 : 2,037 107 8/ 2,ll*i* 162 311 9 — 1,662 12.5

19i^0 : 2,288 162 2,1*50 29U 232 23 —- 1,901 ll*.2

19ÍH • 2,228 29U 8/ 2,522 199 171 253 253 60 21 1,819 13.6

19U2 I 2,U01 199 8/ 2,600 99 106 11 579 590 71 h(> 1,688 12.7

19i^3 • 2,865 99 1 2,965 160 86 11 136 10/710 835 lUl 9>. 1,679 12.9

19l^U 3,05U 161 s/ 3,215 123 165 136 33i^ 10/71*9 9U7 21*1 156 1,583 12.1

19U5 2,066 122 8/ 2,188 70 101 331^ 59 IO/U77 202 112 19U 1,509 11.5

19k6 2,136 70 S/ 2,206 110 11*6 59 — 10/332 273 21* 11 1,61*2 11.7

19U7 : 2,U02 no Ü/ 2,512 159 316 8 86 9U 111 1*0 1,792 12.U

19*^ : 2,321 159 8/ 2,1*80 173 21*8 8 — 37 29 123 57 1,850 12.6

I9U9 : 2,53U 173 8/ 2,707 131 637 — — — 11*8 U8 \,lhh 11.7

1950 : 2,631 131 a/ 2,762 118 361 — 9 152 161 205 25 1,891 12.U

1951 : 2,86U 118 8/ 2,982 lOU 689 9 52 ^3 21*7 hi 1,856 12.1

1952 n/:

1

2,886 lOU 7 2,997 211 689 253 11* 1,830 11.8

1/ See text on fata and oils in chapter 1 for sources and methodology.

2/ Includes voluntary relief shipments beginning in 19U7

3/ Includes stocks in transit.

hj This represents only lard used as such. Civilian consumption based on unrounded data.

5/ Includes procurement for civilian relief feeding-in occupied eireas.

6/ Civilian only, 19UI to date.

il Not available.

8/ Less than 500,000 pounds.

2/ Small q.uantity of imports included with shortening.

10/ Includes lard in tushonka.

n/ Preliminary.
- 214 -

Table 70.- Margarine (actual weight): Supply and distribution, 1909-52 l/

Supply Distribution

: Apparent

change

Gommer-:

cial :

Department of Agriculture Dcanestic disapp<»arance

Year Net

: Produc- in Net exports : Begin- Ending

stocks

Deliv- pur- Mili- Civi- . Per

: tion stocks '

during :

supply and :

ship- :

ning

stocks

eries chases

for

tary lian capita

year : ments 2/: export

: Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million

: pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds poimds Pounds

1909 ! 116 1/ 116 3 — .— ... ... —. 113 1.2

1910 : Ikl II 147 3 ... -_- ... --- ... 144 1.5

1911 : 105 il 105 3 ... ... 102 1.1

1912 : lif2 II 142 3 — ... — — 139 1.4

1913 : 152 5/ 152 2 ... ... 150 1.5

19li^ : 11*1 5/ 141 2 — 139 1.4

1915 IU2 -1 li^3 4 ... ... ... ... ... 139 1.4

1916 : 188 2 186 3 ... ... ... ... 183 1.8

1917 : 287 5/ 287 3 284 2.7 I9IÔ : 351 1 350 3 — — — 3^7 3.3

1919 : 369 11 369 15 — — ... .— ... 354 3.3

1920 : 369 -1 370 6 ... ... ... ... ... 364 3.4

1921 : 215 -1 216 1 --- ... ... ... 215 2.0

1922 : 185 5/ 185 1 ... ... ... 184 1.6

1923 : 228 5/ 228 2 ... ... ... ... 226 2.0 192Í1 : 232 1/ 232 2 ... ... 230 2.0

1925 : 231* 5/ 234 2 ... ... ... 232 2.0

1926 2^3 1 242 2 ... ... ... ... 240 2.0

1927 277 -1 278 2 ... ... ... 276 2.3 1928 317 1 316 2 ... ... ... ... 31^ 2.6

1929 356 1 355 2 — ... ... — ... 353 2.9

1930 : 326 1 325 2 ... ... 323 2.6

1931 230 -2 232 2 ... ... ... 230 1.8

1932 : 203 5/ 203 1 ... ... ... 202 1.6

1933 : 2U5 1 244 1 -—. ... 243

263

1.9

2.1 193^ : 264 5/ 264 1 ... ...

1935 : 382 1 381 1 ... ... ... 380 2.9

3.0

3.0

2.9

1936 : 393 1 392 1 ... ... 391

397

385

1937 : 397 5/ 397 5/ ... ... ...

1938 : 385 1/ 385 5/ ... ...

1939 : 301 -1 302 1 — — ... ... 301 2.3

19^ :

19^1 :

19**2 :

19i^3 :

19^+^ :

19^5 :

320

368

lf26

6llf

588

614

1

II

-1

5

5

-13

319

368

427

609

583

627

1

4

3

1

1

5

31

28

21

31

28

21

26

29

108

91

78

60

105

84

83

2

1

14

313

36i»

36U

501

1*97

525

533

713

887

851

2.U

2.7

2.7

3.8

3.8

U 0

19^ :

19i^7 :

I9Í18 :

1949 :

573

746

908

862

3

2

570

744

908

862

4

18

14

7

26

6

6 48

13

2

28

7

2

5

6

5

4

3.8

1».9

6.0

5.7

1950 i

1951 :

1952 7/:

937

l,04l

1,286

6/1

$/5

5/6

936

1,036

1,280

7

6

7 — ...

11

IS

54

918

996

1,219

6.0

6.5

7.8

1/ See text on fats and oils in chapter 1 for sources and methodology.

2/ Includes voluntary relief shipments beginning in 1947. *

3/ Includes sane procurement for civilian relief feeding*in occupied areas

4/ Civilian only, 194l to date. ^ areas.

5/ Less than 500,000 pounds.

5/ Stocks reported by Bureau of the Census beginning I95O.

7/ Preliminary.
- 215

Table Tl.- Shortening: Supply and distribution, 1912-52 1/

Year

1912

1913

191U

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

192h

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193**

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

19^*0

19IH

19^*2

19^*3

I9kh

19»*5

1^

19^1

19^8

19U9

1950

1951

1952 12/

SupplyProduction

:

Beginning

ccHiiniercial

stocks

Imports Total

Distribution

:CcOTmerEnding: cial

coimner - : exi^orts ! Begincial : and : ning

stocks : ship- :stocks

tments 2/:

Department of Agriculture ;

: Net :

Deliv-- f^- •"

eries : abuses:

: for :

export :

Domestic

disappearance

Mili- Civi. •

tary lian •

3/ V ;

Per

capita

5/

Mil.lb. Mil.lb> Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil, lb-Mil, lb. Mil, lb.Mil, lb. Mil, lb.Mil, lb. Lb.

877

1,CXX)

1,137

1,075

1,027

1,173

1,1^

1,352

Qkk

8U

781*

751

830

1,153

lA^l

1,179

l,li*3

1,220

1,211

1,172

9^*5

953

1,20U

1,5^7

1,587

1,595

1,51^

l,kQk

1,190

1,^9

1,300

l,i*38

1,363

1,MH

1,**50

1,37*+

1,1^1

1,U87

Í

i

I16

n

20

23

23

27

30

32

27

25

26

27

28

IfO

**5

he

56

57

5**

53

k3

kS

h3

3k

kl

53

67

1,710 82

l,lf03 10k

1,611 101

Í

i

I

6

2

2

1

1

1

I

2/

^.

877

1,000

1,138

1,075

1,027

1,173

1,1**7

1,356

8M*

811

781f

767

8U1

1,173

1,16U

1,202

1,170

1,250

1,2U3

1,199

970

979

1,231

1,583

1,633

1,642

1,562

l,tóL

1,2^8

l,lf61f

1,353

1,1*81

1,1*09

l,U8lf

1,U8I*

1,1*15

1,1*9**

1,551*

f

i

20

23

23

27

30

32

27

25

26

27

28

1*0

1*5

1+6

56

57

51*

53

1*3

he

1*3

3**

1*1

53

67

82

7/ 1,792 101*

7/ 1,507 101

7/ 1,712 9**

83

72

72

72

58

58

52

132

38

55

**9

22

20

29

21*

20

15

11*

ll*

11

8

7

7

9

8

6

7

8

9

10

7

7

7

10

10

16

9

25

13

12

10

3

21

10

10/10

3

21

10

lO/lO

2

7

7**

18

ll/**7

15

2

10

92

7

1*7

5

32

57

101

206

217

19

8

8

12

79**

928

1,065

1,001*

969

1,116

1,095

l,22l*

806

756

735

73**

801

1,120

1,117

1,156

1,125

1,201*

1,202

1,163

936

91***

1,197

1,533

1,580

1,589

1,1*99

1,396

1,185

1,367

1,237

1,23**

1,1**7

1,175

l,**09

1,338

1,1*10

1,1*35

20 1,656

28 1,365

1*7 1,562

8.2

9.**

10.6

9.**

10.6

10.3

11.5

7.5

6.9

e.e

6.5

6.9

9.5

9.1*

9.6

9.2

9.7

9.6

9.2

7.1*

7.**

9.3

11.9

12.2

12.2

n.i*

10.5

8.8

10.2

9.3

9.5

8.8

9.0

10.0

9.3

9.6

9.6

10.9

8.9

10.0

1/ See text on fats and oils in chapter 1 for sources and methodology.

2/ Includes voluntary reUef shipoaents beginning in 19**7.

y Includes some procurement for civilian relief feeding in occupied areas.

%l Based on unrounded data.

y Civilian only, 19**1 to date.

ZJ Not available.

7/ Less than 500,000 pounds. ^ ^^^ , E/ Includes a small quantity of lard, but totals less than 500,000 pounds.

9/ Includes a small quantity of lard. ^^^o«« nf transfer bv Army to UNFRA.

10/ Includes k million pounds shortening content of rations in process f ^^^^®^^%¿^in 191*5-

§/ Includes 31 million^oimds shortening content of rations transferred by Amv to UNRRA in xy^p

12/ Preliminary.
216 -

Table 72.- Other edible fats and oils: Supply and distribution, 1931-52 l/

; Supply Distribution

-M^arance

Begin- Nonfood Ending : Nonfood Use In : CcBnaeruepeunanenT, oi iittrxv;uj.»»iAxc

Year :Produc- ning oils c comer- : uses shorten-:clal ex- Begin- Deliv- • Mili- Civi- Per

: tlon InportB

3/

canrner- used In Total cial : of ing euid :ports and ning Ending eries : chases

• tary lian capita

: 2/ clal food pro- stocks : food marga- : shipments stocks stocks 5/

:for ex-

:port ¿/ ; 6/ 1/ 0/

stocka 3/ ducts V 3/ : oils rine ; 2/1/

:Mil.lb. Mil.lb.

110

Mil.lb.

628

Mil.lb.

325

Mil.lb.

2,932

Mll.lb.

697

Mll.lb.

161

Mll.lb.

1,31*1*

Mll.lb.

93

Mll.lb. Mil.lb. Mll.lb. Mil.lb. Mll.lb. Mll.lb.

637

596

663

685

751*

771*

816

91*7

983

1,087

996

861

886

Lb.

1931 ; 1,869 5.1

1*.7

5.2

5.3

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.8

7.1

1932

1933

: 1,908

: 1,780

88

108

697

9kh

21*2

282

2,935

3,111+

91*1*

1,032

177

182

1,098

l,ll*0

122

97 — — — —. —

193»* : 1,629 nU 1,032 255 3,030 706 170 1,1*10 58 — — — — --"

1935 : 1,695 I171 706 597 3,1*69 657 182 1,850 26 — — — ...

1936 : 1,978 331 657 61U 3,580 699 177 1,905 21* — — — ...

1937 : 2,2i»2 396 699 1*2U 3,761 788 202 1,918 37 — — — —- —

1938 : 2,U77 209 788 k2k 3,898 901* 231 1,822 1*7 — — — — -—

1939 2,390 123 90U 377 3,791* 895 179 1,638 135 — — — — -"-

19^ 2,265 75 895 267 3,502 831 198 1,1*26 63 — — — — 7.3

8.1 19IH 2,580 50 831 320 3,781 72I* 259 1,61*7 52 1 1 2 10

19i^2 2,760 89 9/727 136 3,712 669 257 1,577 28 1 38 102 lit 1*5 7.5

6.6

6.8

6.1

6.3

19^*3 3,219 81 ^669 252 1*,221 661 305 1,890 56 ?

62 383 1*07 1*2

19^ 2,913 117 10/720 318 1*,068 701* 28I1 1,791* 23 62 3 399 ^^ 37

19i*5 3,260 121* -'70U 8 U,096 839 327 1,911 93 3 1 70 68 59 801

I9k6 2,889 13 839 55 3,796 51*1 323 1,891* 129 1 — 19 18 11 882

19^1 3,335 19 51*1 130 1*,025 502 1*11 1,877 226 — — 1 1 19 988 6.8

191*0 3,808 U5 502 167 1*,522 61*3 1*08 2,060 197 — 1 66 67 109 1,037 7.0

191*9 1*,593 21 6U3 1U9 5,1*06 687 503 2,066 51*7 1 17 157 173 259 1,169 7.8

1950 : U,U68 80 687 193 5,U28 567 538 2,315 1*71 17 1 192 176 63 1,297 8.5

1951 : U,7l8 in 567 188 5,511* 901 1*53 2,01*9 833 1 1 55 55 53 1,168 7.6

1952 11/: 1^,951 k6 901 167 6,065 833 539 2,1*19 597 1 276 22 297 15 1,361* 8.8

1/ This category Includes fats and oils used in such products as cooking and salad oils, in salad dressing, mayonnaise, baked goods. See text

of chapter 1 for details on sources of data and methodology. 2/ Includes the folloving oils: cottonseed, peanut, soybean, com, sunflower,

tea seed, and edible olive; oleo oil, oleo stock, oleo stéarine; edible tallow; and oil equivalent of cottonseed, soybeans, and peanuts exported

for crushing abroad. ¿/ Includes primary oils, secondary or processed oils, and oil equivalent of mayonnaise, k/ Mainly coconut, palm, palm

kernel, and babassu. During 19l*2, 19l*3, 19l»\ and I9I+5 also includes some linseed oil exported to Russia for food. 5/ Includes some linseed

oil exported to Russia for food during World War II. 6/ Incl\ades some procurement for civilian relief feeding in occupied areas. 7/ Based on

unrounded data. 8/ Civilian only, 19IH to date. 2/ Beginning 19l*2 inclvides stocks of sunflower and tea seed oils not reported separately .in

preceding years. lO/ Beginning 19M+ includes stocks of secondary or processed edible oils not previously reported by the Bureau of the Census.

Ll/ Preliminary.

Table 73.- Total food fats and oils (fat content basis): Supply and distribution, 1931-52

Supply Distribution

Begin- Nonfood Ending : Commer- Nonfood

Department of Agriculture Domestic disapp(»arance

Year Produc- ning oils Total commer-: cial uses Begin- Net pxir- M1H- Civi- Per

tion

1/

commercial

used in

food proInçorts supply cial :

stocks :

exports

and shipof

food ning

stocks

Ending

stocks

Deliveries

chases

for taxy

y

lian

5/

capita

6/ stocks 2/ ducts ¿/ 2/ : ments oils export

-mr.ib. Mll.lb. Mll.lb. Mll.lb. Mil.lt. Mll.lb. Mil.lb. Mll.lb. Mll.lb. Mll.lb. Mll.lb. Mll.lb. Mll.lb. Mll.lb. .¡¿^

1931 5,978 760 325 112 7,175 796 713 161 — — — —_ — 5,506 U3.8

1932 6,11*5 796 21*2 89 7,272 1,030 713 177 _-_ -— — — 5,353 1*2.3

1933 6,167 1,030 282 109 7,588 1,283 722 183 — — — — — 5,398 1*2.1*

I93I* 5,561 1,283 255 115 7,211* 892 529 170 --- — -— — 5,621 1*3.9

1935 1*,751 892 597 1*98 6,738 781* 157 182 — — — — 5,613 1*3.5

1936 . 5,1*02 78J* 6lU 31*5 7,11*5 91*2 175 177 — — — — 5,850 1*5.1

1937 : 5,391 91*2 l*2l* 1*07 7,161* 926 211 202 — — 5,827 1*4.6

1938 . 6,018 926 1*21* 212 7,580 1,171* 291* 232 — — 5'ÖöO l*l*.7

1939 . 6,206 1,171+ 377 125 7,882 1,161 1*61 179 — — — 6,080 1*5.8

191*0 6,356 1,161 267 77 7,861 1,215 311* 199 — — — — 6,131 1*5.8

191*1 6,631* 1,215 320 51* 8,223 1,071 21*6 259 — 1 256 257 119 6,270 U6.9

191*2 6,876 7/1,071*

832

136 105 8,191 832 151 258 1 78 723 800 2i*e 5,900 1*1*.3

191*3 7,708 252 81* 8,876 901 151* 398 78 31*1 1,326 1,588 1*23 5,Un 1*1.1*

191*1* 7,1*31 8/960 318 119 8,028 895 202 1*76 31*1 370 1,313 1,31*2 658 5,255 1*0.3

191*5 6,695 •^895 8 127 7,725 965 216 1*10 370 101 695 1*27 660 5,01*9 38.6

191*6 6,233 965 55 19 7,272 712 296 325 101 5 l*ll* 317 81* 5,537 39.5

191*7 . 7,057 712 130 22 7,921 731* 586 1*18 5 8 98 101 95 5,986 Ul.l*

191*8 7,339 732 167 1*5 8,283 909 U7I 1*13 8 1 105 98 207 6,183 1*2.0

191*9 8,1*86 909 ll*9 21 9,565 921 1,220 528 1 103 157 259 31*8 6,287 1*2.0

1950 8,1*26 9/932 193 80 9,631 832 855 585 103 63 363 323 11*1* 6,890 1*5.2

1951 8,751 -^832 188 1*1 9,812 l,ll*l 1,51*1* 1*96 63 3 123 63 191* 6,371* 1*1.6

1952 10/ 8,992 1,11*1 167 53 10,353 1,210 1,301* 551* 3 283 22 302 151 6,833 1*3.9

1/ Includes butter (fat content), lard, and other edible oils listed in note 2 of table 72, 2/ Includes rou^ estimate of stocks of

maridarine through 19U7. No margarine stocks included in 191*8 and 19l*9- l/ Mainly coconut, palm, palm kernel, and babassu. During World War II

also includes some linseed oil exported to Russia for food, k/ Includes procurement for civilian relief feeding in occupied areas. ¿/ Based on

lonrounded data. 6/ Civilian only, 191*1 to date. 7/ Beginning I9U2 inclxides stocks of sunflower and tea seed oils not reported separately ^n

preceding years, tj' Beginning 19l*l* includes stocks of secondary or. processed edible oils not previously reported by the Bureau of the Census.

9/ Includes stocks of margarine as reported by the Bxnreau of the Census beginnins 1950. lO/ Preliminary.
- 217 -

Table 74.- Fruits iised fresh: Siq^ly and distribution, I909-52

Tear

Supply

Production

Inports

and

shipments

Total

Distribution

Comnercial t

escorts

and

shipments

Domestic disappearance

Per

capita 1/

Mil.lb.

1,381*

1,5»H

1,798

1,719

1,1*32

2,271

2,278

2,210

2,225

1,61*5

2,1*96

2,71*1*

3,385

2,667

3,656

3,961*

3,325

3,787

l*,039

3,703

5,302

3,91*2

5,665

l*,897

5,277

5,350

6,209

6,31*1

5,972

7,163

8,693

7,915

8,167

8,332

8,832

10,069

9,932

9,298

9,991

8,679

7,677

6,756

7,631*

7,816

Mil.lb.

162

182

161

152

260

271

187

190

132

160

11*0

I7I*

130

190

213

151

235

176

169

1U8

95

178

106

1*5

35

1*1*

39

1*7

1*1

20

12

25

21

7

7

9

5

8

12

11*

27

35

20

21

Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb.

A. Citrus fnilts 2/

1,51*6

1,723

1,959

1,871

1,692

2,51*2

2,1*65

2,1*00

2,357

1,805

2,636

2,918

3,515

2,857

3,869

1*,115

3,560

3,963

1*,208

3,851

5,397

1*,120

5,771

l*,9i*2

5,312

5,391*

6,21*8

6,388

6,013

7,183

8,705

7,91*0

8,188

8,339

8,839

10,078

9,937

9,306

10,003

8,693

7,701*

6,791

7,651*

7,837

81

78

102

108

78

156

11*1

157

81*

81*

166

11*5

202

ll*3

223

250

209

27I*

372

291*

51*3

272

521

359

371

370

569

1*73

283

811

675

1*1*5

1*72

522

551

707

692

851*

1,002

721

579

51*9

739

81*3

105

23I*

519

600

651

269

131

93

83

66

111*

122

Mil.lb.

1,1*65

1,6U5

1,857

1,763

l,6ll*

2,386

2,321*

2,21*3

2,273

1,721

2,1*70

2,773

3,313

2,711*

3,6U6

3,865

3,351

3,689

3,836

3,557

l*,85l*

3,81*8

5,250

1*,583

l*,9lH

5,021*

5,679

5,915

5,730

6,372

8,030

7,1*95

7,611

7,583

7,769

8,771

8,591*

8,183

8,870

7,879

7,0l*2

6,176

6,801

6,872

Lb.

16.0

17.6

19.5

18.2

16.1*

23.7

22.8

21.7

21.7

16.3

23.2

25.7

30.1

21*.3

32.1

33.1*

28.5

31.0

31.8

29.1

39.3

30.8

1*1.7

36.2

38.8

39.2

U1*.0

1*5.6

1*3.9

1*8.1*

60.5

55.9

56.9

56.9

59.5

67.3

65.7

58.3

61.3

53.5

1*7.0

ltO.5

Ul*.l*

1*1*.2

See notes at end of table.

Continued
- 218 -

Table 74.- Fruits used fresh: Supply and distribution, 1909-52 -Continued

S^P^ Distribution

.gç^^^zInçMDrts: : : Commercial: Department; Domestic disappearance

Pro- ; 1 "• ^^^ *qi + 1 sending: exports : of

duction:^^^^^: ship- ¡^^"^^^ : stocks: and : Agriculture : Military:

? : ments : : : shipments: deliveries:

Mil>lb> Mil.lb,Mil.lb > Mil .lb .Mil.lb, Mil.lb

: 5,919 311 1 6,231

I

476

: 5,687 476 2 6,165 429

! 7,381 429 1 7,811 700

7,6lf5 700 1 8,346 971

5,63U 971 2 6,607 562

7,777 562 4 8,343 1,001

7,290 1,001 1 8,292 1,038

6,5ll^ 1,038 1 7,553 793

6,0kQ 793 2 6,843 900

5,855 900 2 6,757 719

5,3^^7 719 22 6,088 1,083

7,133 1,083 18 8,234 1,258

3,908 1,258 58 5,224 1,021

6,904 1,021 9 7,934 1,363

7,037 1,363 3 8,403 1,846

6,063 1,846 8 7,917 1,142

6,282 l,l42 4 7,428 1,578

ü,13k 1,578 2 9,714 1,618

h,766 1,618 9 6,393 1,187

6,911 1,187 5 8,103 1,544

5M3 1,544 13 7,002 1,350

6,215 1,350 7 7,572 1,623

7,1*22 1,623 2 9,047 1,777

5,i*lt8 1,777 3 7,228 1,521

5,319 1,521 — 6,840 1,275

'*,921 1,275 1 6,197 1,470

6,561* 1,470 1 8,035 1,731

1*,570 1,731 1 6,302 1,257

7,510 1,257 1 8,768 1,936

5,051 1,936 1 6,988 1,494

//^ . 1

3,902 1,027 1

v>

4,930 1,280

1*,838 1,280 1 6,119 1,395

3,617 1,395 1 5,013 1,073

5,1W 1,073 1 6,222 1,536

3,932 1,536 1 5,469 1,275 j*,3öö 1,275 2 5,665 1,258

U,07l* 1,258 30 5,362 1,375 >*,m. 1,375 3 5,521 1,237 k,Ók3 1,237 20 5,302 1,468

3,022 1,468 15 4,505 1,000

U,028 1,000 82 5,110 1,569

2,U08 1,569 37 4,014 776

3,891 776 48 4,715 1,313

3,939 1,313 61 5,313 1,431

3,3l'^ 1,431 66 4,811 855

i*,120 855 76 5,051 1,232

3,894 1,232 107 5,233 1,568

3,538 1,568 87 5,193 1,061

3,290 1,061 68 4,419 963

Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb.

. Apples 4/

127

247

210

266

281

226

319

247

142

88

251

265

285

245

433

601

489

783

752

662

815

769

861

819

536

457

535

406

363

536

production

457

535

406

363

536

386

69

58

44

19

23

45

132

211

100

91

144

183

117

otUy)

9

12

5

27

40

85

272

227

203

83

50

41

36

36

62

57

5,628

5,489

6,901

7,109

5,764

7,116

6,935

6,513

5,801

5,950

4,754

6,711

3,918

6,326

6,124

6,174

5,361

7,313

4,454

5,897

4,837

5,180

6,409

4,888

5,029

4,270

5,769

4,639

6,469

4,958

3,193

4,189

3,534

4,323

3,658

4,021

3,918

4,177

3,693

3,214

3,286

2,963

3,187

3,621

3,815

3,692

3,485

3,887

3,282

Lb.

61.3

58.6

72.5

73.5

58.4

70.8

68.0

63.0

55.3

56.1

44.6

62.1

35.6

56.7

54.0

53.4

45.6

61.4

36.9

48.3

39.2

41.5

50.9

38.6

39.5

33.3

44.7

35.7

49.5

37.7

24.9

32.5

27.2

33.1

27.8

30.3

29.3

31.2

27.7

24.6

25.2

22.6

22.7

25.0

25.9

24.7

22.9

25.4

21.1

See notes at end of table.

Continued -
- 219 -

Table 74.- Fruits used fresh: Supply and distribution, 1909-52 -Ck^ntinued

Supply

Pro- : ^Sï* ^^

^^*^^' stocks- *"?-

Total

Distribution

Ending

stocks

Comnercial

exports

and

shipments

Donestic disappearance

Military Civilian Per

capita 1/

Mil.lb. MU>lb> Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil, lb> MU.lb. Mil.lb.

C. Other fruits 5/

1909 •! 3,397 ... 6/2,015 5,»»12

1910 !! 3,555 2,0»»9 5,60»»

1911 !. 3,592 2,301 5,893

1912 ! >»,229 2,121 6,350

1913 ! 3,277 -.- 2,33»» 5,611

191'» ! »»,378 2,3»»6 6,72»»

1915 ! »»,630 1,917 6,5»»7

1916 ! 3,363 ... 1,769 5,132

1917 ! 3,853 --- 1,7»»1 5,59»»

1918 ! 3,391 ... 1,688 5,079

1919 ! »»,003 1,908 5,911

1920 ! 3,9»»2 2,061 6,003

1921 ! 3,072 ... 2,270 5,3»»2

1922 ! »»,916 ... 2,392 7,308

1923 : »»,»»76 ... 2,361 6,837

I92U : »»,783 ... 2,»»99 7,282

1925 ! »»,233 2,891 7,12»»

1926 ! 5,536 2,86»» 8,1*00

1927 : »»,195 3,068 7,263

1928 ! 5,506 32 3,301 8,839

1929 ! »»,611 51 3,277 7,939

1930 ! »»,»»93 53 3,l»t0 7,686

1931 ! 5,855 79 2,88»* 8,818

1932 ! 1»,190 »»5 2,601 6,836

1933 ! 3,99»» 7»» 2,138 6,206

193»» : 4,»»2l» 65 2,550 7,039

1935 ! »»,777 55 2,920 7,752

1936 ! »»,130 73 3,150 7,353

1937 '! »»,917 62 3,622 8,601

1938 ! »»,558 81 3,282 7,921

1939 ! »»,858 105 3,0»»3 8,006

l9l»o 1 »»,623 55 2,836 7,51»»

I9i»l ! 5,253 51 2,725 8,029

19l»2 •! »»,796 63 1,32»» 6,183

19'»3 !: 3,»»18 71 1,165 »»,65»»

19M» !1 »»,871 33 1,501 6,»»05

19«»5 ¡• 5,013 67 2,01»» 7,09»»

19«tó !. 5,133 71 2,60»» 7,808

19l»7 ! 5,030 78 3,0»»7 8,155

19i»8 Î. »»,0»»2 102 3,333 7,»»77

19'»9 Í. »»,»»5»» 77 3,197 7,728

1950 ! 3,635 71 3,103 6,809

1951 !• »»,062 75 2,979 7,116

19522/1

1

»»,297 61 3,109 7,»»67

>..

03

89 ...

... 81 ...

... 115

... 118

U6

51 152

53 1»»1

79 187

»»5 1»*9

7»» 150

65 138

55 152

73 175

62 215

81 231

.05 29»»

55 192

51 116

63 113 25

71 78 56

33 80 118

67 79 116

71 151 113

78 197 38

X)2 261 20

77 95 21

71 125 25

75 170 23

61 179 ^7

68 190 ^9

5,»»12

5,60»»

5,893

6,350

5,611

6,72»»

6,5'»7

5,132

5,59»»

5,079

5,911

6-,003

5,3»»2

7,2»»5

6,7»»8

7,201

7,009

8,282

7,1»»7

8,636

7,7»»5

7,»»20

8,62»»

6,612

6,003

6,832

7,50»»

7,076

8,289

7,522

7,759

7,3»»7

7,828

5,978

»»,»»23

6,lU3

6,759

7,»»95

7,772

7,28»»

7,507

6,5»»1

6,829

7,160

Lb.

58.9

59.8

61.9

65.7

56.9

66.9

6i».2

»»9.6

53.3

»»7.9

55.5

55.6

»»8.5

6i».9

59.»»

62.2

59.7

69.6

59.2

70.7

62.7

59.5

68.6

52.2

»»7.2

53.»»

58.2

5'».5

63.»»

57.2

58.5

5»».8

58,6

kk.S

33.9

»»7.2

51.6

53.»»

53.8

»»9.5

50.2

»»3.0

kk.6

»»6.0

See notée at end of tabl«. Continued -
- 220 -

Table 74.- Fruits used fresh: Supply and distribution, 1909-52 -Continued

Supply

Year : Prot auction

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

191^

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

192Ô

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193^

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

19^

19^1

19if2

19*^3

19Wf

19*^5

19»^

19»*7

19*^

19*^9

1950

1951

19523/

Begin-* Inqports

ning * and

stocks 'shipments

:Coaniercial

Ending : exports

stocks : and

; shipments;

Distribution

Domestic disappearcmce

Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb

Department

of

Agricultinre

deliveries

Military: Civilian;

Mil.lb,

Per

capita

10,700

10,783

12,771

13,593

10,3^3

lk,k26

I lif,i98

: 12,087

: 12,126

: 10,891

: ll,81f6

: 13,819

: 10,365

: 1U,U87

: 15,169

: 1V,810

: 13,8íK)

: 17,k31

: 13,000

: 16,120

: 15,358

1 14,650

2 18,9»*2

s 1^,535

: 1^,590

: 13,676

: 15,821^

: 11^,088

: 16,037

5 15,653

i 17,939

16,612

17,563

17,173

15,272

18,968

17,353

18,322

18,960

16,035

16,251

U,285

15,23*^

15,í^3

311

476

if29

700

971

562

1,001

1,038

793

900

719

1,083

1,258

1,021

1,363

l,8if6

1,142

1,578

1,618

1,219

1,595

1,403

1,702

1,822

1,595

1,092

1,335

1,468

1,135

1,617

1,380

1,313

1,426

1,300

1,539

1,033

1,636

847

1,391

1,533

932

1,303

1,643

1,122

2,178

2,233

2,463

2,274

2,596

2,621

2,105

1,960

1,875

1,850

2,070

2,253

2,458

2,591

2,577

2,658

3,130

3,042

3,246

3,454

3,385

3,325

2,992

2,649

2,173

2,595

2,960

3,198

3,664

3,303

3,057

2,891

2,749

1,351

1,187

1,592

2,056

2,660

3,120

3,413

3,300

3,245

3,086

3,198

13,189

13,492

15,663

16,567

13,910

17,609

17,304

15,085

14,794

13,641

14,635

17,155

l4,08l

18,099

19,109

19,314

18,112

22,077

17,864

20,793

20,338

19,378

23,636

19,006

18,358

17,363

20,119

18,754

20,836

20,573

22,376

20,816

21,738

19,824

17,998

21,593

21,045

21,829

23,471

20,981

20,483

18,833

19,963

19,723

D. Total fruit 7/

476 208 .-.

k29 325

700 312

971 374 ...

562 359

1,001 382 ...

1,038 460

793 404 ...

900 226

719 172 ...

1,083 417 ...

1,258 410 ...

1,021 487

1,363 1*51 ...

1,8U6 745 ...

1,142 932 ...

1,578 813 ...

1,618 1,175 ...

1,187 1,240

1,595 1,108 ...

1,'W3 1,1^99 ...

1,702 1,228

1,822 1,531 ...

1,595 1,328 ...

1,3U0 1,045 ...

1,335 979

1,U68 1,279 ...

1,135 1,094 .

1,617 877 ...

1,380 1,641

1,313 1,253 ...

1,426 630 ...

1,300 643 9

1,539 644 12

1,033 650

1,636 809 5

847 888 27

1,391 1,183

1,533 1,474

932 916

1,303 795 ...

1,643 863 ...

1,122 1,101 —..

1,031 1,150 —

Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Lb.

12,505 136.2

12,738 136.0

14,651 153.9

15,222 157.4

12,989 131.7

16,226 161.4

15,806 155.0

13,888 134.3

13,668 130.3

12,750 120.3

13,135 123.3

15,487 143.4

12,573 114.2

16,285 145.9

16,518 145.5

17,240 149.0

15,721 133.8

19,284 162.0

15,437 127.9

18,090 146.1

17,436 l4l.2

16,448 131.8

20,283 161.2

16,083 127.0

15,973 125.5

15,049 117.5

17,372 134.7

16,525 127.3

18,342 140.4

17,552 133.4

19,810 149.3

18,760 140.0

19,616 146.7

17,254 129.4

15,406 118.0

1B,200 139.7

18,316 139.9

18,865 134,4

20,263 140.1

18,978 128.9

18,241 121.9

16,202 106.4

17,517 114.4

17,314 111.3

170

375

909

943

967

390

201

155

144

125

223

228

1/ Civilian per capita only, beginning 194l.

2/ Includes oranges, grapefruit, lemons, limes, and tamrerines looo kn «.T^ ^ . . o

years beginning October or November of ye4r prior to t^ín^c^teÍf ' «^«ndar years; 1941-48, crop

3/ Preliminary.

5/ Includes apricots, avocados, bananas, cherries, cranberries flM «.»«•« u

plum«, prunes, and strawberries. ^auoemes, rigs, grapes, peaches, pears, pineapples,

6/ Includes an estimate for pineapple inshipmsnts

7/ Apples, citrus fruits, and other fruits used f^sh (see n«!^« AT» ;, «\ ^

the data for apples produced in coi^rcial arearoSj (se^^c^)^^ B, and C). Beginning 1934 Includes
- 221 -

Table 75 •" Canned fxults: Supply and distribution, pack years 1909 to I9I1.2

and calendar years 19U3 to 1952 l/

Tear

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

I91U

1915

1916

1917

I9IÔ

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

192lf

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1931*

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

19i^0

I9UI

19i^2

^3

19Mf

^5

19h6

19^1

19k8

19U9

1950

1951

19521a

Supply

Production

2/

Begin- *iiiç)ort8

ning • and

com'l. • shipstoclcs *n»nts

3/ : y

Total

Ending

com'l.

stocks

3/

Com'l.

exports

and

ship12

DiBtribut;tf;>n

Departmsnt of Agriculture

Begin-: : j Net

|ning :Ending :Deliv- *: J^"

.stockslatocks leries : °"?ô;*

. exports

Dozasstic disappearance

t : Per

•MilitarjtClTiliaÄ: capita

• ^ Î : 6/

Mil.lb. Mil, lb. Mil.lb, Mil,lb. Mil, lb. Mil, lb. MiJLtlb. M^^J^b^ ^Iij^ mi^J=b^ MU^^m^ lb/ Lb.

227

269

275

297

280

378

336

U59

609

590

860

720

569

878

788

796

1,066

1,376

1,15U

l,iH5

1,310

1,379

1,058

963

1,317

1,395

1,5^3

1,680

1,985

1,1H1^

1,910

1,777

2,292

2,189

1,57*^

2,060

1,909

3,125

2,608

2,U99

2,666

2,71^0

3,111

2,778

6k

17

1U2

88

51

U8

205

116

157

172

2U9

275

98

627

721*

784

696

1,253

864

954

839

1,007

1,496

1,238

2/1,364

S/1,078

S/1,394

1,602

1,858

2,l4l

2,084

1,930

(46)

69

90

105

134

191

236

271

204

230

234

323

347

283

349

393

490

471

528

1*84

493

555

579

385

502

529

577

656

581

567

622

656

564

512

2/625

2/529

2/347

504

512

586

588

606

612

6l4

273

338

365

402

414

569

572

730

813

820

1,094

1,043

980 15

1,178 142

1,279 88

1,277 51

1,607 48

1,895 205

1,887 116

2,015 157

1,960 168

2,106 242

1,886 275

1,623 98

1,917 128

2,551 724

2,844 784

3,120 696

3,262 1,253

3,234 864

3,396 954

3,387 839

3,695 1,007

3,708 587

3,695 1,238

3,827 S/1,364

3,620 S/1,078

4,707 S/1,^63

4,514 1,602

4,687 1,847

5,112 2,141

5,487 2,078

5,807 2,341

5,322 1,726

12

31

64

30

72

208

168

204

269

273

262

336

290

277

255

244

303

242

348

280

266

360

346

33

44

30

27

24

38

94

237

79

94

101

112

l4l

57

40

39

28

89

40

39

28

45

35

78

131

2/103

2/ 47

6

1

—

- — 273 2.9

338 3.6

--- — 365 3.8 — 402 4.1 — — 4lU 4.2 — —- 569 5.6

— 572 5.6

--- — 730 7.0

—

— 801 7.6

—- 789 7.U — — 1,030 9.6

—

— 1,013 9.3

893 8.1 — — 828 7.U — - — 1,023 8.9 — 1,022 8.8 —

—

— 1,290 10.9 — l,i*17 11.8 — — 1,509 12.4

— --- 1,522 12. U — 1,502 12.1

— — 1,587 12,7 — — 1,356 10.7 — — 1,281 10.1

— — 1,U86 11.6

— — 1,585 12.3 — — 1,712 13.2

— — 2,lU4 16.5

— — 1,71*3 13.3 — — 2,010 15.2

— — 2,096 15.7 — — 2,515 18.7

»f5 256 2,343 17.5

124 723 2,244 17.0

61 7U6 1,623 12, U

130 1,120 1,189 9.1

92 551 1,861 IU.2

20 58 3,073 21.9

6 86 2,583 17.9

1 141 2,619 17.8

— 99 2,778 18.6

— 118 3,190 20.9

— 504 2,850 18.6

305 3,150 20.3

1/ Includes apples, applesauce, apricots, berries, cherries (including brined), cranberries, figs, fruit cocktail

and salad, citrus segments, olives (including brined), peaches, pears, pineapple, plums, and prunes.

2/ From 1909 throu^ 1942 éata are on a pack-year basis beginning as follows: Apricots, berties, sweet cherries,

cocktail and salad, peaches, and pears beginning June 1; red sour pitted cherries, July 1; fige, August 1; apples

and applesauce, cranberries, pluBs and prunes, September 1; grapefruit, November 1. Beginning 1943, data are on a

calendar-year basis.

3/ Prior to 1934 includes only packers» stocks of the major canned fruits. 1934-47, includes packers» and ^olesale distributors» stocks from reports of Department of Commerce for all connodities except olives. Beginning 19^,

data on packers' stocks fi^m National Canners Association, Florida Canners Association, and Canners league of

California; data on wholesale distributors» stocks for all major items from Department of Comnerce. Prior to 1952

differences between ending stocks in one year and beginning stocks in the nutyoar arose from changes in coverage

of ÄTÄilable data; beginning 1952 wholesale distributors' stocks are based on a revised sample of firms selected

trom. the 1948 Census of Business list. For each year beginning and ending stocks are comparable.

4/ Beginning 1941, data exclude shipments by United States Departnent of Agriculture for lend-lease, UNHKA and

other programs. Beginning April 191*8,shipments to and from Hawaii and Alaska are estimated,

5/ Includes quantities procured for militaary civilian feeding.

6/ Civilian per capita consumption only, 1941 to date.

2/ Includes purchases of canned pineapple by our Armed Forcea outside the United States since all shipments considered for civilian use; 1943, 281 miUion pounds; 1944, 251; 1945, 108.

2/ Includes the following quantities procured by military agencies and subsequently transferred to nonmilitary

agencies:9 million pounds in 1944, 73 in 1945, and 19 in 1946. <n IQAA

' Includes quantities transferred from military agencies to UHRPA: 55 million pounds in 1945» 2 million m xyi^o.

Preliminary.
-222-

Table 76.- Canned fruit Julcea (excluding froren) : Supply and diatribution, 1910-52 1/

. Supply Distribution

Year

Begin- :Iiqport8

: ning : and

Pro- : com'l. : shipduetion: stocks : meats

2/ : 3/

Total

.Ending

Icom^l

.'stocks

2/

Com'l.

exports

and

shipment

Departm&nt of A^icultui'e Domestic disappearance

T.

:«„„,„.: •• '• Nat

: f^° :Endlng:DellT-: pur- .„.,.^

: f"f :stockf:»rleB : chase» ¡M^"*«^:

:^*°'"'^ . : for

eiport

Civilian:

Per

capita

y

1910

1911

1912

1913

19U

1915

1916

1917

1916

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

192lf

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193Í*

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

19*^0

19U1

19U2

19i^3

19l^lf

19i^5

19k6

19^*7

19i>8

I9U9

1950

1951

1952 2/

Mil.

lb.

kk

17

h3

33

12

61

U5

32

hi

29

63

37

18

33

Ik

18

20

38

16

UO

53

51

60

66

165

178

383

U20

517

699

993

958

1^65

1,653

1,881

2,If30

2,130

2,U65

2,121

2,085

2,k2k

1,931

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

lb.

k

1

8

9

27

116

189

210

231

287

U50

250

335

30lf

307

húk

309

278

160

29U

U21

I

lók

235

290

22U

31U

353

396

271

292

269

21*5

309

339

339

361

365

372

381*

Mil.

lb.

kk

17

h3

33

12

61

U5

32

hi

29

63

37

18

33

Ik

18

20

38

16

UO

ko

53

55

61

7k

278

H40

789

833

1,01*1

1,283

1,676

1,679

2,007

2,257

2,1*30

3,01*6

2,873

3,113

2,760

2,610

3,090

2,736

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

Ib^

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

lb.

1

1*

9

25

116

189

201*

231

287

1*50

250

335

301*

307

561

31Í*

278

160

291*

1*21

21*2

16

21

27

35

1*1

60

61*

17

15

26

67

289

176

232

203

261*

21*1

— -— 9 9 36

— — 98 98 11*1* — 107 252 359 339

107 , 33 21*9 175 U35

33 6/161 76 20U 1*81

6/161 3 2/103 -55 13

3 — 2/ 1 -2 1*2

-"- ""- Ö/132

79

... — ... -••

29

168

— — —- — 9k

Mil.

lb.

kk

17

U3

33

12

61

32

kl

29

63

37

18

33

11*

18

20

38

16

ko

1*0

53

^k

57

65

253

308

579

602

775

955

1,121

1,123

957

1,328

1,1*12

2,1*60

2,230

2,527

2,289

2,081*

2,237

2,159

Lb.

0.5

.2

.1*

.3

.1

.6

.1*

.3

.1*

.3

.6

.3

.2

.3

.1

.2

.2

.3

.1

.3

.3

.1*

.1*

.5

.5

2.0

2.1*

l*.l*

1*.6

5.8

7.1

8.1*

8.1*

7.3

10.2

10.8

17.5

15.u

17.2

15.3

13.7

ll*.6

13.9

1/ 1910-28, grape Juice only; data for citrus Juices begin in 1929; data on other nonoitrus Juices (apples, berry,

nectars, pineapple, and prune) begin in 193^. Orape Juice data are on a pack year I9IO-33 and 191*8 to date begiming

Noyember of year prior to that indicated; data on clTarus Juices are on a pack year beginning Noyember prior to year

indicated and include concentrated Juices converted to a single-strength basis.

2/ Differences between ending stocks in 1933, 1935, 1938, I9U6, 19l*7 and beginning stocks in the foUovlng year

are due to change in coverage of available data. Data not available for nonoitrus Juices after I9U7. For each year

beginning and ending stocks are coaqparable.

y Shipments to and from Hawaii and Alaska after March 191*8 are eetimted, using sons trade data.

kj Civilian per capita conBu]q)tlon only, beginning 19l*l.

2/ Less than 0.5 million pounds.

6/ Includes 103 million pouadjs transferred from military stocks in 191*6.

2/ Includes 86 million pounds shipped to UHPRA in 191*6 and 1 million in 191*7,

2/ Includes 91 million pounds for military civilian feedlitg.

2/ Preliminary.
- 223- -

Table 77.- Frozen fruits and fruit juices: Supply and distribution, 1925-52

(Product weight)

Supply ; Distribution

Back •

1/ ;

Beginning :

commercial: Imports : Total

: Ending :

; ccmmercial:

Commercial

exports and

[ Domestic! disappearance

Year : ; : Per

stocks 2/ : ! stocks 2/ : shipments ¡Military : Civilian : capita

• • V

Mil.lb. Mil. lb.

34

Mil.lb. Mil. lb.

47

Mil.lb.

24

Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb.

23

Lb.

1925 ! 13 0.2

1926 ! 42 24 66- 51 15 >1

1927 • 37 51 88 55 33 .3

1928 : 75 55 — 130 69 61 .5

1929 ! 57 69 —— 126 55 —~" —~" 71 .6

1930 ': 85 55 140 75 65 .5

1931 : 68 75 U3 92 51 .4

1932 : 60 92 —- 152 74 78 .6

1933 : 50 74 124 60 64 .5

1934 : 65 60 —• 125 63 —~ —— 62 .5

1935 : 77 63 5 U5 81 64 .5

1936 : 70 81 6 157 71 —- 86 .7

1937 : 111 71 9 191 125 66 .5

1938 : 129 125 4 258 126 —- 132 1.0

1939 : 141 126 9 276 128 -— 148 1.1

1940 i 173 128 U 312 143 •» —~ 169 1.3

1941 : 208 U3 4 355 178 177 1.3

1942 : 196 178 3 377 188 6 183 1.4

1943 : 193 188 4 385 227 —, 13 U5 1.1

1944 : 338 227 4 569 268 42 259 2.0

1945 : 447 268 5 720 376 „^^^ 46 298 2.3

1946 : 530 376 4 910 471 3 436 3.1

1947 : 354 471 5 830 369 3 458 3.2

1948 : 405 369 4 778 336 7 435 3.0

1949 : 488 336 7 831 301 1 11 518 3.5

1950 : 785 301 9 1,095 436 1 15 643 4.2

1951 : 802 436 9 1,247 496 1 31 719

1952V': 1,008 fcl

•

496 13 1,517 455 9 38 1,015

1/ Ccmnercial production only; excludes quantities frozen by industrial users such as hotels,

bakeries,and confectioners. Data for 1925-41 from Western Canner and Packer. Since 1942 all

data except miscellaneous fruits and fruit juices and citrus juices from National Association of

Frozen Food Packers; data on miscellaneous fruits and fruit juices and citrus juices are based

on reports of various canners* associations and survey of citrus industry in California-Arizona

by united States Department of Agriculture.

2/ Derived from cold storage reports of the Production and Marketing Administration, issued

monthly by the Ü. S. Department of Agriculture, processed.

2/ Civilian per capita only, 1941 to date.

4/ Preliminary.
- 22k

Table 78.-

1..

Dried finiits: Supply t

inà distribution, pack years, 1909-52 l/

nia+.ributlon

Pack

year

: Pack

: ^

: Begin-:

: ning :

: com- 2 Imports

:mercial: 4/

: stocks:

Total

Ending

ccnmercial

stocks

1/

Com'l

exports

and

shipments

4/

z DetÄTtaent of Aff-jciilture

: ' ' ' Net

•^8^--Ending* Deliv-îpurchases

Dooestic disappearance

Fon- i : : Per

food :Military:Civilian: capita

use : : : 5/

: Mil.lb . Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb.Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb.MJX^lb Mil.lb Mil.lb. Mil«lb MU-lfe- Mil.lb. kSLL

1909 : 452 75 527 -._ 139 ... — ... ... — 388

322

404

438

363

4o8

506

526

65»*

4.2

4.2

k.5

3.6

4.0

1910 : 35Ö 83 441 119 ... ...

1911 : h93 76 571 ... 167 — ... ...

1912 : 588 80 668 ... 230 — ... — ---

1913 ! U20 85 505 ... 142 — — —

I9U : U83 _-- Ik 557 149 — —. —

1915 : 635 59 69»* 186 — — — — ... 5.0

1916 : 613 53 666 140 — — — — 5.0

6.2

4.4

6.8

6.6

5.»*

1917 : 13k ... 22 756 102 — — — ...

I9IÖ : 618 ... 30 648 188 — — — 460

1919 : 863 116 979 252 — — — — 727

1920 : 716 33 152 901 66 112 — — — — 723

1921 : 621 66 155 842 48 194 — — — — 600

1922 : 9kh 56 123 1,123 190 204 — — — 729

624

6.5

5.k 1923 I 1,008 190 93 1,291 359 308 — —

I92U : 809 359 127 1,295 258 301 — — — 736 6.3

1925 i Bk3 258 129 1,230 156 333 — — ... — 741 6.3

1926 : 1,080 156 99 1,335 225 386 — — ... 724 6.0

1927 : 1,202 225 78 1,505 248 506 — — — — 751 6.2

I92Ô : 1,170 248 93 1,511 175 586 — — — 750 6.1

1929 : 889 175 81 1,1^5 174 325 — 646 5.2

1930 1,132 175 66 1,373 189 516 — — ... — 668 5.3

1931 997 189 60 1,246 192 467 ... — — 587 4.6

1932 1,084 192 60 1,336 259 396 — — — 681 3'k

1933 1,002 259 56 1,317 259 400 — 658 5.1

193^^ 855 259 67 1,181 226 310 — — 645 5.0

1935 1,173 226 68 iMl 294 416 — — — — — 757 5.8

1936 920 294 72 1,286 233 35k — — — — 699 5.»*

1937 1,193 233 63 1,^ 295 441 — — — 753 5.7

1938 ' 1,178 295 56 1,529 339 468 — — — 722 5.5

1939 Î 1,128 339 53 1,520 362 322 — — — 836 6.3

19U0 • 805 362 kl 1,214 231 117 69 69 ... 797 5.9

19^*1 Î 904 231 17 1,152 165 90 20 242 262 65 570 k.3

19^2 : 1,021 243 2 1,266 82 18 20 15»* 313 447 163 556 4.2

19^3 : 1,325 82 1 1,408 6/161

5/117

28 l^k 108 3k9 303 2/135 781 6.0

19U4 : 1,104 6/161

5/117

25 1,290 78 108 26 278 196 2/120 779 6.0

19if5 : 1,019 44 1,180 2/95 241 26 1 23 -2 2/10 836 6.1

19^*6 : 1,016 2/^7 kl 1,110 120 297 1 2 1 2 ... 21 670 k.l

19»*7 : 1,136 120 26 1,262 106 127 2 78 21 97 ... 10/385 567 3.9

19»^ : 918 106 35 1,059 108 121 78 90 107 119 10/96 615 4.1

19*^9 : 971 108 35 1,114 72 268 90 3k -56 51 10/91 688 4.6

1950 : 743 72 60 875 9k 108 — — 20 653 k.3

1951 : 9^7 9^ 51 1,092 92 308 — — 21 6 665 k.3

1952ÍJ/: 950 92 38 1,080 100 300 10 670 k.3

1/ Includes apples, apricots, dates, figs, peaches, pears, prunes, raisins, ciurrants and other dried grapes. Excludes

unmerchantable figs beginning 1927 and substandard prunes beginning I929. Pack years begin mid-year.

2/ Pack statistics were obtained mainly from the Crop Reporting Board, Dried Fruit Association of California, Giannini

Foundation of Agriciiltural Economics, and trade publication. Western Canner and Packer. Production data on dates not

available until I916.

2/ Packers' stocks only 1920-41 pack years, compiled from reports of the Giannini Fouaiation of Agrictatural Eccmcmics.

For the 1942-45 pack years stocks include both packers' and wholesale distributors' holdings obttined from the Ü. S.

Department of CcoBerce. Beginning with the 1946 pack year only packers' stocks were available, estimated by the Production and Marketing Aâministration. Differences between ending stocks for both I92I and 1929, end opening stocks of

the respective following year is a result of an increase in the eomiodity coverage.

4/ Derived ftrom foreign trade reports, U. S. Department of Coomerce. For ccnmercial exports and inçwrts, the data are

cm a July-June fiscal-year basis through 1939-»*0; information on conmercial shipaents to noncontiguous territories are

available beginning 1929 and are on a July-June fiscal-year basis up to 19»*0. From 1940 to date coamercial exports and

shipments are on a September-August year. Where Ccnoerce data included lend-lease or civilian feeding or ÜHRRA, these

were deducted using Comnerce figures. From this figure USDA exports other than lend-lease and civilian feeding and

UHRRA (except Red Cross which was not reported by Commerce) were deducted.

5/ Civilian per capita only, beginning 194l.

6/ Includes 3 million pounds transferred in 1944-45 by military to nonmilitary agencies.

7/ Adjusted to exclude quantities transferred to nonmilitary agencies: 1943, 3 million pound»; 1944. 42 millica pouiöfl;

1945, 2 million pounds. '^' x-'—»

8/ Includes 42 million pounds transferred by military in 1945-46.

2/ Includes 2 million pounds transferred by military. Beginning stocks for 19»*6-47 exclude distributoras, since these

are not available for ending stocks. '

10/ Includes quantities for civilian feeding in areas occupied by our Armed Forces: 1947, 372 million pounds- 1948.

86 million pounds; 1949, 90 million pounds. U/ Preliminary. "tixxxon puuno», X>HO.
- 225

TM>1« 79. - Veget&blea, came rcial for fresh market: Supply and distribution, 1909-52 1/

: Supply Distribution

Yew : Produc-

: tion

: ^

!Beginning

stocka •

3/ ;

I^rte ! Total

j supply

Ending

stocks

3/

: Hot :

:marketed,:

: or used :

: for pro-:

Exports

and

shipments

Dcmestic disappearance

. Military: Civilian: capita I ! :cesBing5/: â/ 7/

: Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Lb.

1919 ! 10,558 220 159 10.937 150 U 51* .— 10,722 100.7

1920 i 13,5«»5 150 206 13,901 2l«0 1*1 63 — 13,557 125.5

1921 : 12,507 2«»0 205 12,952 130 11 59 ... 12,752 115.8

1922 : 1U,W»7 180 161* ll*,8U 31*2 21 51* ... 1^,39^ 129.0

1923 : 13,155 31*2 296 13,793 306 21 38 13,^28 118.3

192»* ! 15,555 306 296 16,157 372 32 50 ... 15,703 135.7

1925 ! 15,641 372 369

Í6'Í56

396 92 39 ... 15,855 I3U.9

1926 : 16,158 396 302 1*21* 162 1*8 16,222 136.3

1927 : 16,38U J*2i* 379 17,187 1*98 21*8 39 16,1^02 135.9

1928 : 15,911 1*98 kn 16,826 326 22 1*1* I6,if3i* 13^.5

1929 : 17,893 326 3^9 18,568 1*52 182 1*3 ... 17,891 lkk.9

1930 ! 18,091* 1*52 369 18,915 1*73 368 1*1* _.- 18,030 lUlf.5

1931 : 17,672 1*73 251* 18,399 312 1*31* 1*6 17,607 lUo.o

1932 : 17,890 312 292 l8,U9l* 581* 758 37 17,115 135.2

1933 : I6,li03 581* 186 17,173 381* 21*2 1*0 16,507 129.7

193^ ! 18,357 381* 171 18,912 1*69 1*29 31* ... 17,980 1U0.4

1935 ! 17,866 1.69 227 18,562 526 296 67 ... 17,673 137.0

1936 : 18,056 526 271* 18,856 1*66 31*1 116 17,933 138.2

1937 : 18,165 1*66 262 18,893 386 326 115 18,066 138.3

1938 : 19,010 386 228 19,621* 511* 601* 131* 18,372 139.6

1939 ! 19,01*2 1*90 198 19,730 1*71* 1*1*1 131* ... 18,681 11*0.8

19'»0 i 19,325 1*71* 2W* 20,01*3 1*81 391 131 ... 19,040

18,295

U2.1

19^1 18,591 1*81 323 19,395 1*01* 276 132 288 136.8

19'^2 19,692 1*01* 330 20,1*26 1*31 716 a^i2i*

5^239

5/31*6

638 18,517 138.9

19^3 19,335 1*31 i*33 20.199 253 702 l,U08 17,597 13^.7

19Wf 22,1*13 253 393 23,059 51*9 1,21*2 1,138 19,78U 151.8

19^5 23,1*52 51*9 1*21* 21*, 1*25 315 1,181* 380 1,038 21,508 16U.3

19W i 2«*, 915 375 1*1*1 25,731 676 1,191 1*91* UOI 22,969 163.7

19^7 ! 22,2lld 676 1*89 23,1*13 352 577 1*75 202 21,807 150.8

19W 23,^75 352 508 21*, 335 606 901 S/250 203 22,375 152.0

19^9 ! 22,620 606 1*15 23,61*1 512 687 351* 195 21,893 146.3

1950 1 2l*,229 512 383 25,121* 633 1,581 526 192 22,192 11*5.7

1951 ! 22,968 633 l»80 2l*,08l 1*22 868 1*95 371 21.925 143.1

195210/: 23,191 1*22 511 2l*,12l* 1*22 660 576 380 22,086 142.0

1/ Includes all vegetables and melena grown primarily for fresh sale, except potatoes and sweetpotatoes.

Excludes produce of farm and nonfarm home gardens.

2/ Estimated total covMrcial production for all States and for all vegetables for fï^esh market, including

greenhouse production. For a few crops, includes production for processing. See note ^.

^ Includes stocks as follows: Onions, beginning 1919 (indiiding cold storage stocksri946 to date); all

Danish cabbage, 1922-39; Hew York Danish cabbage, 19^0 to date.

k/ Beginning I938 includes shipments fï*cm Puerto Rico.

¡/ Includes estiaated quantities of all vegetables \ised for dehydrating and of broccoli, brussel sprouts,

carrots, cauliflower, and spinach (except in principal processing States; for processing; such qiiantities

•re not cover#d in the reported data on coHBercial production of vegetables for processing. Includes

shrinkage and loss after harvest for onions only.

6/ Shipnents to Hawaii not reported since March 194Ö.

2/ Civilian consumption only, beginning 1941. I

Includes shipnents by the Department of Agriculture.

Includes estimate of shipnents to Hawaii for April to December 1946.

R/ Preliminary.
Tal)le 80.- Canned vegetables, commercial pack:

- 226 -

Supply and distribution, pack years, 1909-^2, calendar years, 19^3-52 l/

(Net canned weight)

Year

2/

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

I9IT

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

I92U

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193^*

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1^

19*^1

191^2

19'*3

19*^U

19»*5

19i^6

19^7

19U8

19»*9

1950

1951

1952 n/

Supply

Production

3/

Beginning

commerclfiLl

stocks

It/

Inports

5/

Total

supply

Distribution

Ending

: Conmer-

^ ,:clal ex- caiBnerclal.^3 and

»^?^^ :shlni»ents

Department of Agriculture 6/

Beginning

stocks

Ending

stocks

Dellv

erles

: Het

: pur-

': erases

: for

rexport

Domestic disappearance

Military

7/

Civilian

Per

capita

6/

Mil, lb. ' Mil, lb. Mil, lb! Mil, lb. Mil, lb. Mil, lb. Mll^lb.Mll^J^. Ml¿_lb.Mll,.lb.Mll^.lb. Mil. lb. Lb^

1,328

1,358

1,598

2,CX)5

1,820

2,018

1,565

1,773

2,181

2,513

l,90if

2,038

1,328

2,173

2,665

2,550

3,596

2,62lf

2,MH

2,696

3,372

3,715

2,800

2,299

2,529

3,10U

3,957

3,700

^,595

if, 212

3,686

^522

5,768

6,8U6

6,2^7

6,363

6,552

7,638

6,180

5,905

6,106

5,908

7,806

7,317

398

129

52

120

211

5^9

56U

390

336

353

668

789

371

91^5

900

1,378

1,508

2,072

2,272

1,602

1,232

1,'*52

U,H3

»^,271

2/^,138

5^3,822

5^*^,396

U,2lf3

^,333

U,286

'^,103

U,5U4

23

k2

100

121

106

125

13U

173

89

105

81*

88

90

7k

73

65

81

U5

2

11

6

5

2

11

17

19

38

39

80

Qk

70

1,328

1,358

1,598

2,005

1,820

2,018

1,565

1,773

2,181

2,513

1,90^

2,038

1,726

2,325

2,759

2,770

3,928

3,279

3,130

3,220

3,881

1*,157

3,573

3,172

2,988

U,139

^,931

5,151

6,168

6,365

6,003

6,126

7,011

8,304

10,695

10,636

10,701

11,477

10,595

10,186

10,U78

10,274

11,993

11,931

129

52

120

82

549

564

390

265

306

625

789

371

198

900

1,378

1,508

2,072

2,272

1,602

1,232

1,452

1,143

4,271

i(4,i38

5^3,822

2/^,606

4,383

4,333

4,436

3,703

4,913

4,900

3

27

46

44

49

59

69

81

80

51

41

36

43

44

55

55

63

66

112

53

41

73

100

134

217

121

107

113

142

146

34

65

308

153

46

3

3

13

34 125

304 70

308 134

153 223

46 1^/194

3 10/119

3 2

2

1

13

159

340

377

66

87

76

2

-1

1

356

1,200

1,245

1,935

1,123

190

229

246

212

133

633

463

1,328

1,358

1,598

2,005

1,820

2,018

1,565

1,773

2,181

2,513

1,904

2,038

1,594

2,246

2,593

2,644

3,330

2,656

2,671

2,874

3,495

3,481

2,743

2,765

2,747

3,195

3,498

3,588

4,033

4,027

4,322

4,797

4,932

5,568

4,761

4,422

5,569

6,471

5,764

5,487

5,722

6,325

6,305

6,422

14.3

14.4

16.6

20.5

18.3

19.9

15.2

17.0

20.7

23.6

17.8

18.7

14.4

19.9

22.6

22.7

28.1

22.2

22.0

23.4

28.1

27.8

21.7

21.8

21.5

24.8

27.0

27.5

30.7

30.5

32.4

35.6

36.8

42.3

36.5

33.9

42.5

46.1

39.9

37.3

pQ.2

41.5

41.2

41.3

1/ Includes asparagus, lina beans, snap beans, beets, carrots, corn, peas^ pickles^ plmlentogj potatoea, piipUn »nA aryiAnVi^ "~

sauerkraut, spinach, sveetpotatoes, tomatoes, tonato and coBbination vegetable Jxilce containing 70 percent or more tonato Juice,

tomato pulp, catsup, paste, sauce, and chili sauce, other greens, and mixed vegetables. Excludes baked beans, soups, and baby foods.

2/ From 1909 to 1942 data are on a pack-year basis beginning in the year indicated. Beginning I943 the statistics are on a

calendar-year basis.

¿/ Derived from data of the National Canners Association, the Census of Manufactures, and the U. S. Departments of Agriciatxare and

Ccooaerce. See discussion processed vegetables in chapter 1.

4/ Includes canners' stocks beginning 1921 (prior to 1933, estimates are for major items only) and wholesale distributors' stocks

beginning 1934. Canners' stock data were derived mostly from reports of the National Canners Association; wholesale distributors'

stocks from U. S. Department of Conmerce. The differences between ending stocks and beginning stocks in the following year arose

from changes in coverage of available data. For each year, beginning and ending stocks are concíaráble.

¿/ Beginning 194l, data exclude shipments by USDA for lend-lease, UNRRA, axkd other programs.

6/ Ccmpiled from the records of the U. S. Deportment of Agriculture. Includes lend-lease, DIRRA and other prograiM. The data have

been adjusted to include transfers fï-om military stocks to the UNRRA program in the years I945.47.

7/ Data exclude transfers to UNRRA and other nonmilitary accounts, adjusted to year procured. Data for 194l and 1942 are estimates

based on fragmentary information.

8/ Civilian consumption only, beginning 194l.

2/ Includes the following quantities transferred from military agencies to UNRRA' and other nonmllltary agencies: 1944. 57 million

pounds; 1945, 125 million pounds; 1946, 6 million pounds. uuiiu.xi.i,ary agencies. xy«M», Pf miixion

1^ Includes 24 million pounds shipped to UNRRA during 1945 and 96 million pounds shipped in 1946.

11/ Preliminary.
227

Table 8l.- Canned baby foods: Supply and distribution, 193U-52

Supply ; Distribution

; Coraner- ¡

Domestic disappearance

Year ; Pro- Î

; Begin- î

' Ending '

! cial

éucti<m '

: ning :' TotAl '' stocks ; exports : ; Per [! Per

1/ :

î stocks î

: ^ :

; ^ •

¡and ship-'

! ments

;Civilian ;' capita '

; 2/ ■■

1

î child

: Tuider

! 3 years

• » • • 1

Million MLlUon Million Minion Million Million

; pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds Pounds Pounds

1934 i! 12 9 21 9 12 .1 1.8

1935 i! 15 9 24 12 —« 12 .1 1.9

1936 11 24 12 36 15 — 21 .2 3.2

1937 !Î 42 15 57 a 36 .3 5.4

1938 ! 48 21 69 33 — 36 .3 5.3

1939 : 54 33 87 36 — 51 .4 7.4

1940 : 81 36 117 48 ._— 69 .5 9.8

19a : 126 48 174 78 — 96 .7 1.^.3

1942 : 165 78 243 90 153 1.1 20.4

1943 : 234 90 324 116 — 208 1.6 2;.4

1944 : 305 116 421 152 — 269 2.1 31.5

1945 ; 422 152 574 220 ... 354 2.7 40.8

1946 : 462 220 682 295 _«_ 387 2.8 46.0

1947 : 368 238 606 208 398 2.8 42.7

1948 : 526 208 734 221 — 513 3.5 50.8

1949 : 511 221 732 231 5 496 3.3 45.7

1950 : 547 231 778 260 5 513 3.4 48.5

1951 : 5Q3 260 763 240 6 517 3.4 48.3

19522/ : 562

:

••

240 802 231 7 564 3.6 51.8

1/ Data from 193U to 1947, based on reports of the U. S. Department of Cocmierce;

beginning 1948, data are derived from reports of the National Canners Association»

Stock figures include canners» and irtiolesale distributors» through 1946; thereaft::r,

canners» stocks only«

2/ Civilian per capita beginning 1941«

2/ Preliminary*
228

%ble 82.- Canned soups: Supply and distribution, 1935-46

Surclv

Production

1/

'Beginning!

Tear ; • Conner- *

•stock» l/\

Total

MLl.lb. ittl.lb. Mil.lb.

1935 i1 552 129 681

1936 !. 600 213 813

1937 !Í 666 267 933

1938 ! 720 270 990

1939 ! 885 279 1,164

1940 ! 900 315 1,215

1941 Î 1,035 303 1,338

1942 : 840 407 1,247

1943 : 675 258 933

1944 : 890 22n 1,117

1945 : 977 226 1,203

1946 : 1,434 210 1,644

n^pf.Hbutlon

Ending

commer*

cial

Ccnmercial

e^qports

2 ^ , -I /: and and :

¡stocks l/,^^^^enta:

ÜSDA

deliTTerles

• Per

Military Civilian ; capita

: 2/

Mil.lb. miab, m>lb, Mll,lb. »lab. Pounds

213 4

267 5

270 6

279 6

315 U

303 10

407 U

258 U

227 9

226 13

¡ao U

399 24

1

3

1

5

10

10

10

4

464

541

657

705

835

902

917

970

686

865

968

1,217

3.6

4.2

5.0

5.4

6.3

6.7

6.9

7.3

5.3

6.6

7.4

8.7

1/ Derived from data of the Ü. S. Department of Connnerce. See text, chapter 1, for details.

No data reported since 1946. 2/ Civilian per capita beginning V^\.

TÄble 83.- Froeen vegetables: Supply and distribution, 1937-52 1/

Year

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951 ,

19525/

Supply

„ , .. 'Beginning '

P~^^fi°«'commercial'

^ 'stocks i/ '

Total

Mil.lb.

72

90

73

83

107

163

231

237

308

450

346

446

564

587

770

896

Mil.lb.

9

29

66

72

78

93

103

186

163

190

332

292

282

371

425

498

Mil.lb.

81

119

139

155

185

256

334

423

471

640

678

738

846

958

1,195

1,394

Ending :C«n»ereialî

= commercial- ^'^'^ '

'stocks 2/ ' ,,*^ , '

Distribution

Domestic disappearance

Military : Civilian

^a l.lb.

29

66

72

78

93

103

186

163

190

332

292

282

371

425

498

535

Mil.lb. MLl.lb.

2

1

3

4

Per

capita

Mil.lb* Pounds

^^^^ 52 0.4

—. 53 .4

•— 67 .5

—

77 .6

3 89 .7

6 147 1.1

52 96 .7

50 210 1.6

36 245 1.9

24 284 2.0

19 367 2.6

22 434 3.0

24 449 3.0

31 501 3.3

66 628 4.1

67 788 5.1

i/ Includes asparagus, snap beans, lima beans, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, carrots, caiiliflour,

corn-cut, com-on-cob, peas, peas and carrots (mixed), rtiubarb, spinach, squash, succotash, and

miscellaneous vegetables. 2/ Pack data, 1937 through 1943, ccmpiled from Western Canner and

Packer; beginning 1944 data from National Association of Frozen Food Packers. 2/ Stock data

frcni Cold Storage Reports of Production and torketing Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Monthly. (Processed), ij Civilian per capita beginning 1941. 5/ Preliminary.
- 229 -

Table

Rnn-n'

81* .- Potatoes:

V

Supply and distribution, calendar years, I909-52

—^t^-^j

; [Beginning;

[Production* stocks * Inçorts

; ; ^ ;

Total

supplyEnding

stocks

y

Feed,

seed,

waste,

and

nonfood

2/

Canned

3/

iJXÖl^ZXOUTilOn

Connnerciai;

exports :- ^, \

and .<îeliverie3

shipments : -^

Domestic disappearance

Year

Military

5/ Civilian

Per

capita

á/

: Mi±.öu. Mll.bU. Mll.bu. Mil.bu. Mil.bu. Mil.bu. Mil.bu. Mil.bu. Mil.bu. Mil.bu. Mil.bu. Lb.

1909

1910

:* 390.2

3^2.1

137.0

173.0

7.5

.3

531*.7

515.1*

173.c

11*2. C

) 78.8

) 66.1

— 1.4

2.1

— ... 281.5

305.2

245.5

284.0

306.1

258.5

309.6

242.6

184

1911

1912

: 302.7

: U06.2

líf2.0

138.0

1.5

12.2

1*1+6.2

556.1*

138. C

I88.C

60.3

82.3

— - 2.4

2.1

... ...

195

155

176

186

154

182

l4l

144

172

150

1913

191»^

: 332.If

: 368.2

188.0

151.0

3.2

.8

523.6

520.0

I5I.C

176. C

6k.l

82.2

— 2.4

3.3 — __-

1915 : 336.8 176.0 .2 513.0 135.c 63.9 --- 4.5

1916 : 270.U 135.0 .9 1*06.3 108.c 51.9 -__ 3.8

1917 : 398.7 108.0 3.2 509.9 175.c 80.8 --_ 3.0 251 .'1

304.1

266.9

1918 : 3k6,l 175.0 1.2 522.3 11*9.0 64.7 4.5

1919 : 297.3 llf9.0 5.5 1*51.8 125.0 55.7 — 4.2 — -_-

1920 ; 368.9 125.0 6.1 500.0 171+.0 72.1+ .„ 4.7 248.9

282,0

138

154

l4l

1921 : 325.3 171* .0 2.0 501.3 150.0 65.0 ___ 4.3

1922 . kl^.k 150.0 1.8 567.2 199.0 101.8 3.7 --_ 262.7

1923 : 366.If 199.0 .7 566.1 166.0 70.^ --_ 3.6 -__ 325.6 172

152

155

126

192I1 : 39^.2 166.0 .1* 550.6 173.0 80.5 4.8 --_ 292.3

1925 296.5 173.0 2.2 1*71.7 lll+.O 51.4 3.2 --- 303.1 1926 321.6 lllf.O 5.7 1*1*1.3 133.0 51*. 8 2.8 --_ ... 250.7

1927 369.6 133.0 5.1 507.7 163.0 61.6 3.3 --- 279.8 139

145 1928 l/k27.2 163.0 3.7 593.9 19l*.0 7/100.1 --- 3.7 296.1

1929 333.if l9if.o l*.l 531.5 138.1 65.1+ 3.9 — ... 324.1 157

1930 3if3.8 138.1 5.0 1+66.9 11*6.1 66.7 ___ 2.9 — 271.2 130

1931 38lf.3 11*6.1 h.5 531*. 9 16I+.8 86.1 2.2 ... 281.8 134

132 1932 7/37if.7 161*.8 1.1 51*0.6 165.1 7/9I+.2 2.1 279.2

1933 : 3^*3.2 165.1 1.2 509.5 157.0 7I+.0 1.8 276.7 130

193^^ : lf06.5 157.0 1.5 565.0 172.1 105.6 2.2 ... 285.1 134

1935 : 378.9 172.1 .k 551.1* 155.2 92.8 3.0 300.4 140

1936 : 32U.0 155.2 1.3 1*80.5 131.9 69.1 2.5 ... 277.0 128

1937 : 376.lf 131.9 1.1 509.1* 153.5 82.8 3.2 269.9 124

1938 : 355.8 153.5 .8 510.1 11*5.1* 82.5 3.4 278.8 127

1939 : ^2,k 11*5.1* 1.6 1+89.1* ll*2.0 76.1 4.0 - — — 267.3 121

191^ 376.9 114-2.0 1.3 520.2 157.8 38.1 4.1 --_ -__ 270.2 121

19^1 : 355.7 157.8 .9 511*. 1* 11*7.5 74.9 0.6 4.6

%

9/5.3 281.5 126

19^2 : 368.9 11*7.5 .8 517.2 II+9.2 70.1 .7- 2.4 9M.Q 278.6 125

19^3 : 7/if58.9 11*9.2 1.1 609.2 185.1* 7/116.2 2.3 2.6 1.5 31.3 269.9 124

19»^ : 383.9 185.1+ 5.1* 57l*.7 11*6.1 ^ 80.7 .1+ 3.1 4.2 46.0 292.2 135

191^5 : lfl9.if IU8.I 5.5 573.0 162.0 90.1* 1.2 8.1 5.7 42.8 262.8 120

191*6 ^7.3 162.0 2.3 651.6 189.1 11*6.5 .3 10.4 3.9 17.0 234.4 122

19*^7 : 389.0 ;L89.I 5.3 583.1* 10/155.2 101.1+ .5 7.2 7.3 13.3 298.5 124

I9W : ^9.9 10/155.2 6.2 611.3 10/186.5 135.8 .9 6.1 .8 26.7 254.5 104

19»*9 : U02.1f 10/186.5 9.6 598.5 176.3 112.4 .8 5.0 .1 31.0 272.9 109

1.950 ! 1*29.9 176.3 6.6 612.8 18I+.1 151.2 .9 5.8 11/7.6 6.1 257.1 101

1951 : 320.5 18U.1 h.5 509.1 115.3 98.1 .7 5.7 12/ .4 12.8 276.1 108

L952 13/: 3^7.5 115.3 3.2 U66.0 133.5 ^.6 1.4 6.8 9.i* 260.3 101

1/ Inclxides merchanrtabl» stocks in hands of growers and local dealers in areas where produced plus seed saved for use

on fama \there grown and 40 percent of han» c<m«\ja^ion from previous crop year. Merchantable stocks prior to I93O were

estimated; thereafter, offlcieúJLy reported and based on annual surveys of the Crop Reporting Board. Data for 191+3-46

include the farm-weight equivalent of dehydrated potatoes held by USDA and estimates of quantities held by processors.

2/ Includes quantities used for steirch, glucose, and alcohol.

3/ FaMi-weight equivalent of canned potatoes. This item is included with canned vegetables.

5^ Includes the farm-wei^t equivalent of dehydrated potatoes.

¿/ Includes civilian feeding In areas occiqpied by our armed forcies. Data include the farm-weig^ht equivalent of dehydrated potatoes and potato flour, and, in 194-9, a small quantity of potato starch.

6/ Civilian per capita consunptioiv beginning 194l.

7/ Production includes the following quantities left in the ground because of low prices (1,000 bushels): 1928,

7,462; 1932, 2,175; 19^3, ^*^. These quantities are included in "Seed, feed, waste, and nonfood."

8/ Less than 50,000 bushels.

9/ Rough estimate.

10/ Includes the farm-weight equivalent of potato flour produced during 1947-49 and shipped for military civilian feeding during 1948 and I949.

11/ Export under price-sypport program, as reported by the Potato Division, PMA..

12/ Voluntary relief shlimient.

13/ Preliminary.
830

Table 85- Sveetpotatoess Supply and dlstrlTrntion, calendar years, 1909-52

Pro- :Begln-j

auction* ning

latockflj

: U

19^1

19*^2

19i^3

19W+

19i^5

191*6

191*7

191*8

191*9

1950

1951

1952 TJ

Supply Distribution^

Total Ending

8toclC8

Feed

and

waste

Seed

iConnner-:

: clal :

: exports rStarch

: and :

: ship- :

; ments ;

Domestlc aiflRpnearance

Canned

2/

Mllltarr

: Dehy-

!drated:Fre8h

ClTlllan

1,000

bu.

58,991*

60,310

55,285

56.61*1*.

55,998

5l*,ll*5

63,2Ul

61,51*6

72,767

68,581

78,272

76,999

73,708

78,365

63,871

U4,88lf

50,139

63,300

70,897

59,178

65,011^

5l*,577

67,311*

86,591*

71*, 619

77,677

81,2U9

59,765

68,11*1*

68,603

61,71*1*

51,699

62,517

65,1*69

71,11*2

68,251

61,259

60,825

U9,6li2

1*3,091*

1^5,008

1*9,825

28,796

28,292

1,000

bu.

(20,000)

20,300

20,621

19,837

19,71*2

19,316

19,181*

21,991

21,868

25,367

25,1*69

27,591*

27,821^

27,778

27,782

21,801

16,288

18,1*16

2l*,295

2U,829

21,781*

22,527

20,U53

26,533

30,UU8

27,058

27,707

27,1*66

21,386

23,51*6

23,851*

21,1*51*

19,875

23,1*72

21,916

22,101

21,770

19,331

18,808

11*, 677

13,1*22

13,899

11*, 191

8,91*9

1,000

bu.

1,000

bu.

(78,991*)

80,610

75,906

76,1*81

75,71*0

73,1*61

82,U25

83,537

91*, 635

93,91*8

103,71*1

101*, 593

101,532

106,11*3

91,653

66,685

66,U27

81,716

95,192

81*, 007

86,798

77,101*

87,767

113,127

105,067

10i*,735

108,956

87,231

89,530

92,11*9

85,598

73,153

82,392

88,91*1

93,058

90,352

83,029

80,156

68,1*50

57,771

58,1*30

63,721*

1*2,987

37,21*1

(20,300)

20,621

19,837

19,71*2

19,316

19,181*

21,991

21,868

25,367

25,1*69

27,591*

27,82i+

27,778

27,782

21,801

16,288

18,1*16

2l*,295

2U,829

21,781+

22,527

20,1+53

26,533

30,1*1*8

27,058

27,707

27,1*66

21,386

23,51*6

23,851*

21,1+51*

19,875

23,1*72

21,916

22,101

21,770

19,331

18,808

11*, 677

13,1*22

13,899

11*, 191

8,91*9

9,329

1,000

bu,;

(12,000

12,101+

I2.OI+O

11,128

11,193

10,726

10,855

12,1+51+

12,570

ll+,532

ll+,l+13

16,191+

15,1+90

15,356

15,378

10,719

7,006

8,612

12,093

13,197

11,205

11,768

10,132

13,951

18,206

15,622

16,931

15,865

11,696

13,882

13,639

1,000

bu.

)(3,600)

3,719

3,535

3,1*1*2

3,503

3,359

3,681

3,857

U,2l+2

l*,306

l+,6i+0

U,l+68

i+,753

l+,76l

3,936

3,301*

3,577

3,668

l*,235

3,730

3,601

3,695

1*,693

5,855

5,018

5,31*8

5,222

3,91+1*

3,930

l+,052

3,736

1,000

bu.

1,000

bu.

1,000

bu.

10,91+0

9,692

12,652

13,820

15,117

12,876

11,507

11,897

10,670

8,592

9,958

9,907

1*,129

1,000 1,000 1,000

bu. bu. bu.

1*3,091*

1+1+,166

1+0,1+91*

1+2,169

1+1,728

1+0,192

1+5,893

1+5,358

52,1+56

1+9,61+1

57,091+

56,107

53,511

58,21+1+

50,538

36,371*

— 37,1+28

1+5,11+1

5l+,035

1+5,296

— 1+9,1+65

U1,188

—. U6,l+09

62,873

5l+,785

56,058

- 59,337

1+6,036

50,358

50,361

1+6,769

3,331

3,725

3,513

i+,398

3,783

3,31*1

3,312

2,911

2,393

2,1*93

2,769

1,71*7

1,856

161

102

173

181*

190

63

112

171*

155

120

1,11+8

531

701

970

1,771+

2,1+08

971+

1,01+9

1,815

2,1*55

1,875

2,880

636

921

1,71*1*

1,909

255

3

5

10

298

662

7U0

81*8

691*

306

151*

166

161+

196

321+

196

39,007

1*1+, 057

1*8,870

50,275

1+6,120

1+2,931

1*3,376

37,6U1+

30,003

31,31*5

33,981

20,030

18,731

Per

capita

6/

Lb.

25.8

25.9

23.1+

2I+.O

23.3

22.0

2I+.7

2I+.I

27.5

25.8

29.5

28.6

26.7

28.7

2I+.5

17.3

17.5

20,9

2I+.6

20.1+

22.0

18.2

20.3

27.3

23.7

2I+.I

25.3

19.5

21.2

21.0

19.1+

16.1

18.1

20.2

21.2

19.5

18.0

17.0

lU,

11.

11.

12,

7.

6

1/ Estimated. Includes commercial stocks for sale as of January 1, quantity for seed from previous

crop, and 1+0 percent of the farm home consumption of the previous crop yeeir as farm-held supplies for

following months.

2/ Estimates based on reported feed and waste for crop years, assuming 70 percent occurs after January 1

and the remaining 30 percent prior to January 1.

3/ Feœm-weight equivalent of canned sweetpotatoes. This item is Included with canned vegetables.

kj All dehydrated assumed to be used by military or for military civilian feeding in occupied territories.

5/ Estimates for I9I+I an^ 191+2 are based on Issues per man per day for troops stationed in continental U.S.

Beginning 19I+3 data Include purchases at market centers and estimated local purchases.

6/ Civilian per capita consumption, beginning I9I+I.

TJ Preliminary.
- 231

Table 86.- Dry edible beans (cleaned basis): Supply and distribution, calendar years, I909-52

Tear

J.909

1910

19U

1912

1913

191J^

1915

1916

19IT

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1921^

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193^^

1935

1936

1937

193Ô

1939

19'»0

19»H

19^2

19í^3

19Wf

19»^5

191^

19^*7

19tô

19*^9

Supply

Production

Beginning

cial

stocks

laqports:

2/ : Total

Distribution

"Pn^ing

;Co—er-; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

: cial :

¡e^qportss Net

1/ :

* ^r -st^ -^^^^^ I ments :*""^^-**

: Mil.

lb.

0^3

608

666

6lk

606

721

725

0^5

9^

928

780

581

577

732

896

81^1

1,076

967

911

990

1,156

1,35^

1,197

l,OiH

1,206

1,066

1,333

1,077

1,^*9»^

l,i^72

1,^5

: 1,579

: 1,710

: 1,757

: 1,9W^

: 1,504

: 1,195

: l,*^70

11/1,609

:7/l,950

:t/2,002

MU.

3U0

350

330

360

360

330

390

380

1950 : 1,513

1951 : 1,588

19522/: 1,559

:

760

jko

910

690

830

620

1,000

1,060

1,070

1,290

1,270

6hk

UhQ

1/355

637

1,164

1,335

999

1,129

Mil.

Ib^

66

61

50

71

58

87

29

56

Mil. Mil.

lb. lb.

31*0 219

460 125

470 138

490 122

380 72

330 58

400 1*^

620 102

500 88

660 101

660 112

480 180

450 146

640 126

780 48

18

20

25

46

31

66

16

14

14

26

27

983 121

896 69

34

20

31

26

36

35

13

23

1,049

1,019

1,046

1,105

1,024

1,138

1,144

1,081

1,463

1,513

1,388

1,193

1,029

1,120

1,444

1,563

1,664

1,728

1,683

1,650

1,752

2,120

2,025

1,819

1,966

2,001

2,069

1,938

2,180

2,488

2,499

2,663

3,026

3,054

3,oW

2,469

1,873

1,938

1,995

2,613

3,202

2,883

2,600

2,711

350

330

360

360

330

390

380

340

460

470

490

380

330

400

620

500

660

660

480

450

6^

780

760

740

910

690

830

620

1,000

1,060

1,070

1,290

1,270

983

896

644

kkQ

1/503

637

1,164

1,335

999

1,129

992

Mil.

lb.

56

52

64

64

64

66

16

90

116

111

75

70

66

84

90

106

108

115

101

109

115

131

129

108

120

126

131

125

130

125

124

135

146

152

180

174

135

130

148

142

146

|yi50

5/123

JL

eries chases

*e3qE>ort

Dopestic disappecurwice

Military

Mil.

lb.

32

33

32

34

34

49

102

133

116

158

251

137

115

72

76

67

54

66

64

54

45

38

44

46

47

39

37

43

43

54

90

134

91

59

32

21

62

57

185

120

117

164

233

441

MU.

lb.

MU. MU.

lb. lb.

MU.

lb.

MU.

lb.

88

208

445

350

25

88 205 293

208 135 255

445 358 595

350 6/282 6/187

25 235 -90

54 29

24 24

156 156

479 20 499

479 683 43 247

683 401 76 -206

401 2U 5 -185

60

140

194

398

309

12

7/75

7/40

7/88

17

67

29

Civilian

Mil.

lb.

6U

604

590

647

596

633

586

518

771

774

572

606

518

564

658

890

842

887

1,038

1,037

952

1,171

1,092

925

889

1,146

1,071

1,150

1,007

1,249

1,215

1,104

1,166

1,465

1,151

1,045

1,009

1,207

926

991

1,017

1,301

1,227

1,311

Per

capita

5/

Lb.

7.3

7.3

5.4

5.6

4.7

5.1

5.8

7.7

7.2

7.4

8.6

8.5

7.7

9.4

8.7

7.3

7.0

8.9

8.3

8.9

7.7

9.5

9.2

8.2

8.7

n.o

8.8

8.0

7.7

8.6

6.4

6.7

6.8

8.5

8.0

8.4

1/ Stocks on faras and in comercial warehouses. For the years 1909-41 and 1947-49, January 1 stock estinates for

each year are based on: Official reports on sales of old-crop beans after January 1; estlaates from the previous crop

of homegrovn seed saved on farms and. of feon home consumption; and estlaated carryover stocks on the folloving September 1. January 1 stocks for 1943-46 represent interpolations based on official stock reports for December 1 of the

preceding year and March of the corresponding year. Stocks on January 1, 1942 and 1950-52 are official estimates.

2/ Derived from Bureau of Census data, supplemented by USDk data since 194l. Dry peas included in e3q?orts through

June 30, 1917 and in shipMexxts to Territories through 1924. Includes garbanzos 1945 to date. 3/ Includes seed for

dry bean crop (officially reported), the snap and lima bean crops for processing and fresh use. An approximation of

seed to plant the green crops, based on seeding rates per acre, vas made throu^ 194l. Beginning 1942, data based on

disappearance of dry bean vegetable (garden) seed as of July 1, as reported by seed producers. 4/ Ad^sted for transfers by military to noimdlitary agencies. Includes procurement for relief feeding in ocei^ied or liberated areas.

5/ Civilian only, 1941 to date. 6/ AdJ\isted to include ejq^rts of garbanzos. 7/ Includes broken beans exported to

occtçied or liberated areas under the military civilian feeding program: 28, 12, and I6 million pounds in 1947, 19W

anl 1949, respectively. 8/ Includes feed and loss: I8 million pounds in 1950, 19 in 1951, 3 iQ 1952. 2/ Preliminary.
252

Crop

year

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

Table 87.- Dry field peas (cleaned basis): Supply and distribution, crop year«, 1928-52

Supply Distribution

Pro- -^^f^* ImTotal

: : ^': cial : :

;stocksi r^r : and : nlng tlT^

-L

: : ana : ni»s •«+rtev«

:^f^ shii^ tstocke:«*^^

Mil. MU. Mil. MU.

lb. lb. lb. lb.

168 — 31

162 — a

190

198

188

233

257

15

20

21

25

17

199

203

205

218

209

258

274

ffl.1. Mil.

lb. Ibi120

— 236

136

124

133

146

167

|l£rrlculture ^^-n^í^lí ^Igf^r^vaarance

Net : 2 •

eries : "TJ^^ I tary : ian . |^

Mil.

lb.

18

U

8

11

7

4

5

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

lb.

for

¡flTPOrt 2

Mil.

lb.

Mil.

lb.

MU.

lb.

— — 61

— — 53

61

83

69

108

102

Lb.

0.5

.4

.5

.7

.6

.9

.8

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

19a

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951 ,

1952 12/:

297

248

283

U7

172

U 13

90 11

104 12

164 8

193 12

324

349

399

319

377

90 156

104 157

164 144

98 131

101 143

202 101 13 316 31 166

346 31 12 389 49 210

676 49 10 735 86 288

1,002 86 8 1,096 5/177 248

802 2/177 12 991 12/132 248

295 86

352 90

:98 124

386

449

367

90 164

124 138

90 132

9

16

18

17

38

22

19

8

5

44

537 12/132 10 679 46 251 100

11/610 46 5 661 76 210 U8

11/582 76 9 667 U6 137 59

330 U6 9 485 89 122 39

292 89 12 393 86 129 36

58

62

32

18 30 48

192 93 267 15

U7 2/192 1/417 S/150

137 264 -16 S/484

18

192

a7

137

36

229

36

90

28

?3

90 — — -90 50

10

69

72

73

73

95

97

63

71

99

99

92 84 106

— 11/152 105

28 11/229 68

59 56 120

54 36 52

.5

.6

.6

.6

.7

.8

.7

.5

.8

.4

U4 .7

102 .7

103 .7

l/ Season begins approximately September. Clean-out estimated through 1940.

2/ Stock figures 1942-46 officially reported. All other years estimated. Beginning 1939, data include

dealers« stocks of vegetable or garden seed as of July 1.

^ General ixtports through 1933; thereafter, imports for consumption. Includes dry peas, lupines, and

lentils through 1933. Beginning 1934, includes dry peas and lentils only. Includes garbanzos prior to 1945.

4/ Includes seed for planting the dry field crop and green crops for processing and fresh use. Seed to

^íaxíL the dry field crop %«8 estimated through 1940; subsequent years were reported by Crop Reporting Board.

An approadmation of seed to plant the green crope, based on estimated seeding rates per acrei» «as made through

1938. Beginning 1939, data were based on disappearance of dry pea vegetable seed, fiscal year basis, as

indicated by seed dealers reports and other data. Feed and loss were estimated by Crop Reporting Board.

5/ Data from Ü. S. Department of Cosmerce, except for period during World War II when this information was

supplMiented \fj data from ÖSDA. The dry pea equivalent of dehydrated soups, etc. included beginning 1944.

Includes garbansos prior to 1945.

U Civilian only, 1942 to date.

2/ Adjusted to exclude exports of garbansos.

¿/ Excludes peas transferred by Arqy to nonmilitary agencies.

2/ Includes 9 million pounds procured by Army in 1943 and transferred in 1944.

lu'' Includes ?3 million pounds pi-ocured by Army in 1944 and transferred in 1945.

U/ Includes 3 million pounds of chippsd peas in 1946 and 2 in I947 shipped for civilian feeding.

12/ Preliminary.
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- 235 -

Table 90 .- Rye: Supply and distribution, calendar years, 1909-52

SUDDIV Distribution

Production

: Stocks

: Jan. 1

'. 1/

: :

: Imports:

: :

Total :

Stocks

Dec. 31

1/

• Exports

: 2/

: Domestic disappearance

Year '

: Nonfood

' use .

: CiviUan food

: Total 3/:

mi.bu. Mil.bu,

11.1

Mil.bu.

5/

Mil.bu.

41.2

Mil.bu.

11.6

Mil.bu.

0.4

Mil.bu.

21.8

Mil.bj,

7.4

Pounds

1909 : 30.1 4.5

1910 : 29.1 31.6 ^

40.7 10.8 V 22.1 7.8 4.7

1911 : 31.4 10.8 5/ 42.2 10.8 ¿/ 23.2 8.2 4.8

1912 : 37.9 10.8 ^/ 48.7 15.7 .5 23.9 8.6 5.0

1913 ! 40.4 15.7 5/ 56.1 20.2 2.0 24.9 9.0 5.1

19U . 42.1 20.2 5/ 62.3 21.7 8.1 23.3 9.2 5.1

1915 !! 46.8 21.7 5/ 68.5 24.4 13.5 21.2 9.4 5.1

1916 • 43.1 24.4 i/ 67.5 16.8 15.7 25.1 9.9 5.4

1917 ! 60.3 16.8 5/ 77.1 22.4 U.4 31.5 8.8 4.7

1918 : 83.4 22.4 0.6 106.4 49.0 U.3 39.2 4.9 2.6

1919 : 78.7 49.0 1.2 128.9 52.6 38.7 31.0 6.6 3.5

1920 : 61.9 52.6 .8 115.3 26.8 58.7 21.9 7.9 4.1

19a : 61.0 26.8 .8 88.6 27.7 30.1 24.3 6.5 3.3

1922 : 101.0 27.7 .1 128.8 49.4 47.5 24.7 7.2 3.6

1923 : 56.0 49.4 1/ 105.4 43.5 31.7 23.0 7.2 3.5

1924 : 58.4 43.5 ^

101.9 39.4 36.7 19.0 6.8 3.3

1925 : 42.3 39.4 5/ 81.7 29.8 28.8 15.6 7.5 3.6

1926 : 34.9 29.8 5/ 64.7 28.8 12.0 16.0 7.9 3.7

1927 : 51.1 28.8 i/ 79.9 19.7 36.1 16.0 8.1 3.7

1928 : 37.9 19.7 5/ 57.6 19.7 U.6 15.4 7.9 3.6

1929 : 35.4 19.7 v 55.1 25.5 3.5 18.2 7.9 3.6

1930 : 45.4 25.5 5/ 70.9 30.5 .3 32.4 7.7 3.4

1931 ; 32.8 30.5 .1 63.4 23.4 .1 32.5 7.4 3.3

1932 : 39.1 23.4 ¿/ 62.5 26.6 1.1 26.8 8.0 3.6

1933 : 20,6 26.6 8.1 55.3 26.9 5/ 19.9 8.5 3.8

1934 : 16.3 24.1 7.6 48.0 19.2 5/ 21.2 7.6 3.3

1935 : 56.9 19.2 9.7 85.8 33.4 1/ 44.8 7.6 3.3

1936 : 24.2 33.4 3.9 61.5 16.9 5/ 37.6 7.0 3.3

1937 : 48.9 16.9 .2 66.0 23.0 4.3 32.3 6.4 3.0

1938 : 56.0 23.0 i/ 79.0 34.4 3.3 35.0 6.3 2.8

1939 : 38.6 34.4 V 73.0 31.5 .1 34.5 6.9 2.7

1940 : 39.7 31.5 5/ 71.2 31.1 1.1 31.7 7.3 2.9

19a : 43.9 31.1 9.9 84.9 39.9 i/ 38.1 6.9 2.9

1942 : 52.9 39.9 .4 93.2 50.4 .3 34.7 7.8 3.3

1943 : 28.7 50.4 2.0 81.1 34.6 .5 36.7 9.3 4.0

1944 : 22.5 42.1 10.8 75.4 25.6 .6 U.3 7.9 3.4

1945 : 23.7 25.6 2.7 52.0 13.2 é/6.5 24.8 7.5 3.2

1946 : 18.5 13.2 1.0 32.7 8.4 3.5 15.1 5.7 2.3

1947 : 25.5 8.4 .8 34.7 14.3 1.8 14.2 4.4 1.7

1948 : 25.9 14.3 2.0 42.2 17.1 á/1.5 19.0 4.6 1.8

1949 : 18.1 17.1 12.2 47.4 17.2 ^8.5 16.9 4.8 1.8

1950 : 21.3 17.2 3.9 42.4 18.4 á/3.3 15.8 4.9 1.8

1951 :/ ?-^ 18.4 1.6 U.3 15.7 2/5.5 14.9 5.2 1.9 1952Í/ 15.9 15.7 2.1 33.7 9.2 4.5 U.6 5.4 1.9

1/ Farm stocks 1909-33, December 1; 1934 to date, January 1. Terminal stocks 1909 to date,

January 1. Beginning in 1943, the figures include not only farm and terminal stocks, but also

stocks in interior mills and elevators. 2/ Includes flour in terms of rye. 2/ See text in

chapter 1 for derivation. Only negligible cjuantities of rye flour appear to have been procured

by the amed services. ¿/ Civilian only, 1941 to date. ¿/ Less than 500,000 bushels. ^ Includes rye for civilian relief feeding in areas occupied by our Armed Forces as follows: 1 million bushels in 1945 and 1948, 3*3 million bushels in 1949, and 0.5 million bushels in 1950.

2/ Includes U.S.D.A. procurement for export of 4.4 million bushels. ^ Preliminary.
^ 8

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- 237 -

Table 92,- Com, grain only: Supply and distribution,calendar years, I927-52

Suprly •

• Distribution

sappeat •

Jan. 1^^^: '

stocks-^J^^^^^^'1 Im- !

1

;Dec. 31;

'stocks •

Total ;

use in*'

Commercial

exports

and ship-

.: Domestic dis "anee

Year :

; Other;]

•than *.

illitary'

food in-'

Civill an food

• Por

w :(grain ;

*^ : only)

•

: ports!; 1/ ;

> •

year ;'

•

nents and :-^ . :

LISDAdeliv-:^^}'^ :'

eries 2/ • -^ î

eluding '

relief =

Total •capita

: ^

Mil. Mil. Mil, Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil.

bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. Lb.

1927 : 1,497 2,218 5 1,453 2,267 27 2,096 — 144 66.7

1928 : 1,453 2,261 1 1,443 2,272 38 2,082 — 152 69.5

1929 : 1,443 2,135 y 1,398 2,180 45 1,980 —— 155 70.1

1930 ! 1,398 1,757 2 1,154 2,003 14 1,8U -- U5 65.0

1931 : 1,154 2,230 1 1,571 1,8U 8 1,671 — 135 59.9

1932 : 1,571 2,579 ^

1,882 2,268 12 2,125 — 131 58.0

1^33 : 1,882 2,105 6/ 1,551 2,436 11 2,290 — 135 59.4

1934 : 1,551 1,147 3 872 1,829 7 1,695 — 127 55.5

1935 : 872 2,001 43 1,408 1,508 3 1,389 — U6 50.4

1936 : 1,408 1,259 31 826 1,872 4 1,7U — 124 53.5

1937 : 826 2,349 86 1,707 1,554 10 1,426 ~ 118 50.5

1938 : 1,707 2,300 ^1,868 2,139 156 1,864 — 119 50.5

1939 : 1,868 2,342 6/ 2,041 2,169 42 2,006 — 121 50.9

1940 : 2,0a 2,207 2 2,030 2,220 32 2,066 — 122 50.9

1941 : 2,030 2,414 1 2,182 2,263 32 2,094 2 135 56.6

1942 : 2,182 2,802 1 2,284 2,701 18 2,525 4 154 64.8

1943 : 2,284 2,668 6/ 1/1,945 3,007 12 2,836 10 U9 63.7

1944 :1/1,986 2,802 9 2,123 2,674 17 2,502 12 143 61.5

1945 : 2,123 2,577 1 1,892 2,809 22 2,628 12 147 63.0

1946 : 1,892 2,916 1 2,184 2,625 28 2,438 9 150 59.9

1947 : 2,184 2,108 1 1,535 2,758 106 2,464 35 153 59.2

1948 : 1,535 3,307 1 2,573 2,270 26 2,107 6 131 49.8

1949 : 2,573 2,949 1 2,686 2,837 117 2,565 22 133 49.9

1950 : 2,686 2,760 1 2,610 2,837 102 2,594 2 139 51.2

1951 : 2,610 2,617 1 2,357 2,871 108 2,621 3 139 50.8

1952 2/:: 2,357 3,002 1 2,577 2,784 106 2,539 2 136 49.2

1/ Total farm, terminal inarket, and Government-o\med stocks 1927-43• Beginning

19A4 figures also include interior mill, elevator, and warehouse stocks, data for

vWLch were not available prior to April 1943.

2/ Includes grain equivalent of com products.

2/ Residual; includes feed, seed, alcohol, industrial uses, and waste*

4/ Excludes com and com products used in alcoholic beverages.

5/ Grain eq\iivalent of com products (xow.m^mi. Civilian only, 1941 to date.

6/ Less than 500,000 bushels.

2/ Preliminary.
- 238 -

Table 93 .- oats: Supply and distribution, calendar years, 1927-52

SUDDIT

• * • * Coomer-!

cial !

pistribution

pnmestic disaDPeâianÊfi

: .r.^^^^^n food 4/

¡exports :

¡and ship-i

; ments :

¡ and !

¡ USDA .

! deliv- .

: eries .

• îPftr caoita

Year ;

Jan. 1 [

stocks'

1/ ;

:ñT>duc-

: tion

¡Imports

:(includ-

: ing

; meal)

:Dec. 31

'' stocks

; 1/

: Total !

: use !

: in !

: year :

.-..^^îMUitary!

.°íí*^: food !

food. .

: o/ Î ing

¡ ^ : relief :

t • *

I • 4

» • *

; ; Grain]

; Total¡eqvdv-j

Iaienti

: 15/:

,0at

food

ucts

• u

» . 2/ '. • • *

: Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil.

: bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. bu. Lb. Lb.

1927 i 734 1,093 6/ 650 1,177 14 1,120 43 11.4 6.4

1928 : 650 1,313 ^

778 1,185 16 1,130 39 10.2 5.7

1929 : 778 1,113 6/ 671 1,220 11 1,174 —— 35 9.1 5.2

1930 : 671 1,275 Ù/ 773 1.173 4 1,128 a 10.5 5.9

1931 : 773 1,124 1 673 1,225 5 1.176 —— 44 11.2 6.3

1932 : 673 1,255 ^

794 1,134 5 1,089 —— 40 10.1 5.6

1933 : 794 736 6/ 506 1,024 3 986 — 35 8.8 4.9

1934 : 506 544 6 369 687 1 654 32 8.0 4.4

1935 : 369 1,210 10 821 768 2 737 29 7.2 4.0

1936 : 821 793 à/ 522 1,092 2 1,062 -— 28 6.9 3.9

1937 : 522 1,177 ^. 734 965 8 930 27 6.6 3.7

1938 : 734 1,089 6/ 724 1,099 10 1,061 — 28 6.8 3.8

1939 : 724 958 4 615 1,071 2 1,041 28 6.8 3.8

1940 : 615 1,246 12 802 1,071 1 1,041 29 6.9 3.9

19a : 802 1,183 6 760 1,231 4 1,197 1 29 6.9 4.0

1942 : 760 1,343 10 884 1,229 4 1,189 1 35 8.4 4.8

1943 : 884 1,140 81 1/719 1,386 4 1,337 4 a 10.0 4.1

1944 :1/751 1,U9 84 784 1,200 4 1,160 5 31 7.6 3.2

1945 : 784 1,524 56 1,059 1,305 O 1,256 6 34 8.3 3.4

1946 :1.059 1,478 4 925 1,616 29 1,548 6 33 7.6 3.1

1947 : 925 1,176 1 770 1,332 12 1,280 9 31 6.8 3.3

1948 : 770 1,450 13 953 1,280 18 1,224 6 32 7.0 3.4

1949 : 953 1,255 17 841 1,384 25 1,324 2 33 7.0 3.4

1950 : 841 i,ao 20 941 1,330 5 1,291 1 33 6.9 3.4

1951 : 941 1,321 52 913 1,401 6 1,360 1 34 7.0 3.4

1952 2/: 913 1,268 68 864 1.385 4 1,347 1 33 6.9 3.4

i/ Total farm and tentdnal market stocks, 1927-43« Beginning 1944 figures include

interior mill, elevator, and warehouse stocks, data for which were not available

prior to April 1943. 2/ Department of Agriculture deliveries include grain equiv--

aient of oat food products. Commercial exports include oats and grain equivalent of

oatmeal* ^ Residual includes feed, seed, and waste« 4/ Principally oatmeal. In-^

eludes an allowance for ready-to-eat oat cereals and oats used in infant foods in

recent years. 5/ Oatmeal, ready-to-eat cereals,and infant food converted to grain

equivalent of oats. 6/ Less than 500,000 bushels. 2/ Preliminary.
- 239 -

Table <?4 .- Barley Supply and distribution, calendar yeiirs, 19:îU-52

Supply ! Dietribution

ïrence"

Liars f-

¡Jan. 1!!Pro-

; ^- Î

.porte,

'Dec. 31 !.Tota]

tCoimnercial: Domestic dleappe« ' '

t exports :

L: and :Other;;Milltary

• Clvl] od \]

Year ! ; Per. cfl'lta

dtocke!,duc- .

,tlCEi \

', 0^ \

grain;

' and ;

.malt ;

stocke !

1/

• \ise

in

¡year

»

:shipments :than ;

: and USDA :food :

: deliveries: "if ;

: 2/ : !

food

Includ- '

, relief '

¡Total Gratn

¡equlv-

' aient

5/

:Mslt

:<9iqulv

¡aient

: 6/

\ Mil. Mil. M.11. MU. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil. Mil.

• ÍLb,. >u. Du. tu. bu. i?Uj bu. bu. bu. Lb. II.

193»* • au 117 12 55 158 6 IU5 --. 7 2.8 2.2

1935 : 55 269 13 18U 173 8 160 — 5 2.0 1.5

1936 : 18U li*3 16 73 275 8 262 — 5 1.9 1.5

1937 : 73 222 20 98 217 12 200 — 5 1.8 3.1t

1936 r 96 257 3 152 206 16 187 — \ 1.6 1.3

1939 : 152 278 3 153 280 6 270 — U l.U 1.1

19'»0 : 153 311 3 180 287 3 280 — 1^ \X 1.1

19UI •: 180 363 2 205 ^UO 3 332 — 5 1.7 1.3

19U2 : 205 lt29 7 2U5 396 2 389 — 5 1.9 1.5

19U3 ! 2U5 323 U6 1/172 UU2 3 »^32 1 6 2-3 1.8

19í*í^ : 1^217 276 U2 213 322 u 312 1 5 1.9 \.k

19U5 : 213 267 18 192 306 8 291 1 6 2.1 1.5

19ív6 : 192 265 5 176 266 7 270 1 8 2.8 2.0

19U7 : 176 282 1/ 188 270 9 229 2U 8 2.6 1.9

I9W r 188 316 7 230 281 8 256 U 6 2.1 1.5

19ÍV9 ! 230 237 15 191 291 15 25U 16 6 2.1 1.5

1950 : 191 30U 16 2UU 267 \h 2Ul 6 6 2.0 l.U

1951 : 2UU 251^ 15 203 310 36 260 8 6 1.9 l.U

1952 8/ : 203 227 19 165 28U 33 237 8 6 1.8 1.3

1/ Total farm and terminal market stocks, 193^7^3- Beginning 19^**, Includes interior mill, elaTator, and warehouse stocks, data for which were not available prior

to April I9U3.

2/ Department of Agriculture deliveries Include grain equlveilent of barley food

products. Commercial exports Include grain equivalent of barley and malt.

3/ Residual, Includes feed, seed, alcohol, industrial uses, and waste.

U/ Excludes quantities used in alcoholic beverages.

^ Beginning July 19Ut, malt conversion factor was changed to 1 bushel of barley

equivalent to 34 pounds of malt. Prior to July 19^4 the conversion factor used was

1 bushel of barley equivalent to 37*4 pounds of malt.

6/ Includes malt equivalent of the barley used in producing pearl barley.

1/ Less than 500,000 bushels,

^ Preliminary.
Table 95.

- 240 -

Sugar; cane and beet, raw value: Supply and distribution, 1909-52

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

191U

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

192U

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

19^1

1932

1933

193^

1935

1936

10^7

1938

1939

191*0

19UI

191*2

191*3

191*1*

191*5

191*6

191*7

191*8

191*9

1950

1951

1952 12/

Supply

Production

u

iViBible

:stocke

:begin-

:ning of

:period

: 2/

Beceipte

frna—

Foreign

sources

Territories

Total

supply

ComiDercial

exports

and

shipments

1,000 1,000

tone tons

880

901

1,002

901*

1,085

1,019

1,07U

1,189

1,065

1.099

902

1,31*5

1,1*25

1,021*

1,111

1,256

1,119

1,008

1,2U2

1.271

1,307

1,508

l,li21

1,717

2,007

1,508

1,583

1,807

1,821

2,207

2,320

2,10U

2,090

2,151

1,531

1,510

1,666

1,900

2,160

1,921

2,llU

2,U66

2,01^2

2,102

526

1*69

1*1*5

U92

552

658

781

727

667

li29

612

291

1.098

913

570

697

875

910

1,072

1,21*5

1.157

1.813

1,585

1,267

1,U01

2,lU9

2,178

1,585

1,1^90

1,730

2,305

2,615

2,356

2,1U9

2,1^8

1,765

1,227

1,1*18

1,1*52

1,938

1,1*96

1,759

1,830

1,763

1,000

tons

1,899

2,076

2,061

2,155

2,373

2,692

2,620

2,765

2,1*61*

2,576

3,1*97

3,873

2,961

l*,851

3,829

1^,172

1^,1*35

U,529

U,2l*l

3,912

1^,388

3,891*

3,260

2,873

2,836

3,200

2,763

2,999

3,280

3,073

2,975

3,006

3,997

1,928

3,1*31

3,930

3,226

2,697

l*,217

3,320

3,809

3,783

3,725

3,897

1,000 1,000

tons tons

785

818

896

922

911*

927

951

1,035

1,099

907

91*1*

96I*

1,011

929

862

1,070

1,356

1,307

1,352

1,551*

1,393

1,681

1,731

1,922

1,787

1,802

1,815

1,868

1,883

1,810

1,872

1,855

1,852

1,607

1,510

1,51*7

1,61*7

1,501*

1,812

1,733

1,893

2,173

1,918

2,001^

U,090

U,26l*

1*,1*01*

l*,l*73

U,92l*

5,296

5,1*26

5,716

5,295

5,011

5,955

6,U73

6,1*95

7,717

6,372

7,195

7,785

7,751*

7,907

7,982

8,21*5

8,896

7,997

7,779

8,031

8,659

8,339

8,259

8,1*71*

8,820

9,1*72

9,580

10,295

7,835

8,610

8,752

7,766

7,519

9,61*1

8,912

9,312

10,181

9,515

9,766

1,000

tons

51

91

26

53

39

221

528

856

550

223

796

502

513

998

250

2UU

1*15

121

11*0

137

115

90

61

57

58

11*5

132

86

93

78

153

193

91

55

18

2U

31*

258

232

77

UU

60

82

29

Distribution

Department

of

Agriculture

net purchases for

export

Visible

stocks

end of

period

2/

Domestic disappearance

Military

1,000

tons

18U

U7U

317

6/ 175

8/ 139

1,000

tons

U69

1*1*5

1*92

552

658

781

727

667

If29

612

291

1,098

913

570

697

875

910

1,072

1,2U5

1,157

1,813

1,585

1,267

1,1*01

1,680

2,178

1,585

1,1*90

1,730

2,305

2,1*60

2,356

2,lU9

2,138

1,765

1,227

1,1*18

1,1*52

1,938

1,1*96

1,759

1,830

1,763

1,617

1,000

tons

95

1*2U

730

1,011*

l/l,09U

2/ 119

10/ 111*

11/ 76

58

65

127

117

Civilian

Adjusted for change

in InTlsible stooto

^

Civilian

Per

capita

freflMd)

1,000

tone

3,570

3,728

3,886

3,868

1*,227

U,29l*

1*,171

1*,193

U,316

1*,176

U,868

i*,873

5,069

6,11*9

5,1*25

6,076

6,U60

6,561

6,522

6,688

6,317

7,221

6,669

6,321

6,293

6,336

6,622

6,683

6,651

6,1*37

6,859

7,031

7,960

5,031*

5,623

6,170

5,01*5

5,551

7,357

7,263

7,1*51

8,226

7,51*3

8,003

1,000

tons

6,608

6,698

6,6U3

6,650

7,215

6,765

7,351*

6,113

5,566

6,157

5,106

5,558

7,001

7,516

7,56U

7,71*1

7,873

7,992

Pounds

72.7

71*.1*

76.3

71*.8

80.1

79.9

76. U

75.8

76.9

73.6

85.1*

81*. 3

86.1

103.0

89.3

98.2

102.8

103.1

101.0

102,3

95.6

108.2

99.1

93-3

92.1*

92.5

95.7

96.5

95.1

91*.5

101.6

91*.1*

102.8

85.7

79.7

88.3

72.9

71*.0

90.5

95.5

91*.5

95.0

96.1

96.1

1/ U. S. Department of Agriculture crop-year production data, 1909-31*; calendar-year data beginning 1935. 2/ Cane

eugiar stocks: 1909-33, Willett and Gray Weekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal; beet sugar: I909-I3, estimatee from

Department of Agriculture production figurep and Willett and Gray deliveries statistice; 1914-33 from Meinrath

Brokerage Co.; I93I* to date stocks from Sugar Branch, FMA, Department of Agriculture. Beginning 1939 includes aaiinland cane sugar stocks, and beginning I9U0 includes raw sugar for processing held by importers other than refiners.

Visible stocks are the holdings of primary distributions (the refiners). 3/ 1909-34, data from U. S. Department of

Commerce, Foreign Conmieirce and Navigation; I935 to date from Su^ir Branch, IMA. k/ 1909-41, data from U. S. Department of Commerce, Foreign Commerce and Navigation; 1942 to date, quantities delivered for export as compiled by Sugar

Branch, PMA. 5/ Beginning in 1935 civilian consumption estimates are adjusted for changes in stocke held by vholesalers, retailers, and industrial users, described as "invisible." Although such changes for I935 throu^ 1951 are

rou^ approximations based on an admittedly Inadequate sample survey, they are probably in the proper direction and

should be considered in estimating net disappearance of sugar for domestic consumption. Since I95I the Bureau of the

Census has conducted a sample survey of such stocks. Civilian per capita consumption only, beginning 1941. 6/ Excludes 75,000 short tons passing through the U. S. but not officially reported as imports. 7/ Includes 145.00Ô short

tons shipped conmerclally for civilian feeding; but does not include purchase abroad of about 133,000 short tons not

entering into domestic supplies. 8/ Bccludes 11,000 short tons shipped dlrecUy from Cuba. 9/ ¿eludes 4,000 short

T.lZ feliîi^ TÄlsLir '' ^^^ '^'^^ '^^ ""'^'''^ ^••^^^- ii/ Include/1,000 Short'tons for
- 2Ul -

Table 96.- Coffee: Supply end distribution, 1910-52

(In terms of green beans)

Supply ; Distribution

; Beginning

ccm-

; mercial Iniports Total

supply

commercial

Commercial

exports

and

Department of Agriculture Domestic disappearance

Year

Begin- Ending DelivNet

pur- Per

• stocks

; 1/ .

stocks shipments

ning

stocks stocks eries

s/

chases

for

Military Civilian capita

¿/ export

: Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Lb.

1910 ; 360 800 1,160 309 3 _-- ••— 848 9.0

8.2

10.7

8.8

9.1

in h.

1911 : 309 799 1,108 321 3 — ._- .—— 784

1,031

872

914

1,064

1,171

1,252

1,051

1912 : 321 s^ 1,261 226 4 ---

1913 226 81*9 1,075 199 4 ...

I9IÍ* 199 982 1,181 262 5 ...

1915 : 262 l,li+l 1,403 332 7 --- ...

1916 : 332 1,135 1,467 290 6 --- 11.3

11.9

9.9

11.6

1917 : 290 1,219 1,509 251 6 ... ... ...

1918 : 251 1,020 1,271 210 10 ...

1919 : 210 1,256 1,466 212 13 — — — — — l,24l

1920 : 212 1,251 1,463 212 6

1,245 11.5 1921 : 212 1,309 1,521 9^? 5 ... ... 1,304 11.8

1922 : 212 1,223 1,435 129 10 ... ... 1,296 11.6

1923 : 129 1,390 1,519 94 10 ... ... l,4l5 12.5

12.1 192lf 9k 1,398 1,492 83 14 ... ... 1,395

1925 83 1,273 1,356 117 14 .-• .__ 1,225 10.4

1926 117 l,k8k 1,601 129 16 --- ... 1,456 12.2

1927 129 1,430 1,559 101 10 --- _-. 1,448 12.0

1928 101 1,451 1,552 103 10 --- 1,439 11.8

1929 103 1,480 1,583 92 10 — — — ... ... 1,481 12.0

1930 92 1,591 ^'^3 123 20 1,540 12.3

1931 123 1,737 1,860 2l*0 8 ___ ... 1,612 12.8

1932 2lK) 1,491 1,731 172 6 --- ... 1,553 12.3

1933 172 1,580 1,752 142 7 --. ... ... 1,603 12.6

I93I* 1U2 1,521 1,663 95 9 --.- —_ ... 1,559 12.2

1935 95 1,752 1,847 130 8 ... ... 1,709 13.2

1936 : 130 1,740 1,870 101 9 --_ ... ... 1,760 13.6

1937 101 1,699 1,800 78 8 ... ... ... 1,714 13.1

1938 : 78 1,985 2,063 .21 8 ... --- ___ 1,934 14.7

1939 : 121 2,008 2,129 160 14 -— .— ... ... ... 1,955 14.7

I9ÍK) 160 2,050 2,210 153 8 2,049 15.3

19^1 : k3k 2,256 2,710 553 11 ... ... ... "48 2,098 15.7

19^*2 : 553 1,720 2,273 198 7 — ... K K

283 1,785 13.4

19'*3 : 198 2,193 2,391 466 3 V 245 1,669 12.8

19l*if k66 2,603 3,069 5/605 4 W, y 11 11 4l4 2,035 15.6

19i*5 : 5/605 2,704 3,309 5/644 9 y 1 24 25 511 2,120 16.2

19i^6 : 5/6W* 2,682 3,326 5/513 22 1 --- 14 13 2 2,776 19.8

19^*7 : 5/513 2,456 2,969 ^456 23 _-. ... V V 3 2,487 17.2

19tô : 456 2,756 3,212 490 22 •—— ... 24 2,676 18.2

19ÍV9 : U90 2,908 3,398 533 20 — — — — 84 2,761 18.5

1950 ': 533 2,431 2,964 458 9 63 2,434 16.0

1951 : U58 2,673 3,131 447 7 _-- -__ 182 2,495 16.3

1952 6/ : kkl 2,665 3,112 475 10 69 2,558 16.5

1/ stocks 1910-19 from Balde Dlrectoria de Industria E. Connercia, Sao Paulo; 192O-36, The Brazilian Review; 1937-^,

from the New York Coffee aad Sugar Exchange, Inc.; January 1, 194l ajai January 1, 1948. from Bureau of Foreign and

Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Canmerce; January 1, 1942 throu^^ January 1, 194^7 and from January 1, 1949

throu^ January 1, 1952 from Bureau of Census, U.S. Department of Conmerce; January 1, 1953 estimated from trade

reports.

2/ Includes deliveries for export and territorial programs of roasted coffee and soluble coffee products on a greenbean equivalent basis. Does not include deliveries of green coffee per se because these transactions actually represent a re-export of coffee.

3/ Civilian per ciçita consunption only, 194l to date.

4/ Less than 0.5 million pounds.

¿/ Stocks January 1, 1945, 1946, and I947 have been adjusted to include military stock transfers to noomilitary

agencies.

6/ Preliminary.
- 242 -

Table 97.- Tea: Supply and distribution, 1909-52

Supply Dl(3tribut!on

: Begln- ' Comnißrc 1 a1 Î DoTnflfltir; cLl8flp33garaflC9

Year : ning

: stocks

: ^ ''

Importe Total Ending exports Per

2/ supply stocks and Military ClTlllan ; capita

1/ ; shlpmsnts ' 1/

: Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. J>). Lb.

1909 : 103 103 «.M. .. . 103 1.1

1910 : 95 95 »««• — 95 1.0

1911 : — 102 102 ... ^mm,^ ... 102 1.1

1912 : 98 93 m^mm-» ... 93 1.0

1913 : — 88 88 _^_ 88 .9

191it : 91* 91* ^^M» 9h .9

1915 : 103 103 ^fmm^ 103 1.0

1916 : — 101* lOl* ,_-_ — lOi* 1.0

1917 : 125 125 ... 125 1.2

I918 : 126 126 126 1.2

1919 : — 65 65 65 .6

1920 : — 88 88 ... 88 .8

1921 : — 75 75 _ ... 75 .7

1922 : 91* 9!* . 9U .8

1923 : — 102 102 — . — — 102 Q

1921* : — 91 91 „-,f^ ... 91 .8

1925

1926 ;

100

95

100

95

.-. — 100

95

.9

.8

1927 88 88 „ ^ ^ 88 .7

1928 89 89 -_. 89

• 1 7

1929 88 88 ... ... 88

• 1

.7

.7

.7

.7

ft

1930 81* 81* .. . 8U

1931 : 86 86 — _^^ ... 86

1932 : 91* 91* ^^^ ... 9k

1933 : 96 96 ... 96

193U : 71* 71* ... 71*

82 1935 : 36 85 121 39 ...

1936 : 39 81 120 38 ^^^ 82

• 0

6

1937 : 38 93 131 ^3 rm-m^ ... 88 .7

.7

.7

.7

.8

.5

.5

.5

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

1938 : 1*3 81 121* 37 -_ ... 87

92

88

lou

1939 :

19UO :

I9IH :

37

1*2

51

97

97

102

131*

139

153

k2

51

k9

~ ...

191*2 : 1*9 1*8 97 22 6 69

69

70

71

79

83

83

ftft

I9U3 : 22 81* 106 23 Ik 19Ult : 29 89 118 h3 5

19J*5 :

19U6 :

36

Vu

83

92

119

133

7

19i*7 : i/51* 61 115 32 _.

191*8 :

191*9 :

32

37

89

93

121

130

37

i+0

1

2

1950 : UO 115 155 63 2 90 1951 : 63 86 149 LB 3

2

1952 6/ : 48 93 HI 40 1/ 9Ö

99

.6

.6

1/ stocks from 1909-3I* not available. Stocks on January 1. 19^5 estlmat-d qtn^v-a f^««. IOQS k?

2/ civilian per capita consumption only, I941 to date.

4/ Includes 6 million pounds transferred from surplus mllitarv stock-«

h/ SeîSÏÏLÎyf''°° '°"'° transferred from surgus SHU^ B^¿

2/ Less than 500,000 pounds.
Begin- : :

nlng : Imports: TotÄl

stocks : ¡supply

g/ : IL

Supply

- ?A3 -

Table 98.- Cocoa beana; Supply and distribution, I909-52 X,'

7" Distribution

tCommerclal: : USDA net

Ending : exports : USDA :purchases

stocks : end : dellv-: for

2/ ;shipments ; erles ; export

bomestlc disappearance

Military

: Per

Civilian: capita

Mil. It.Mil. It. Mil. It. Mil. It. Mil. It. Mil. It. Mil. It. Mil. It. Mil. It. It.

U

50

33

39

21

21

28

15

18

11

28

39

5l^

1*8

36

lOU

131*

125

llU

1^

157

139

160

5»»8

566

211

231

5/237

5/ 33

22

12

7

UO

10

15

121

llU

133

150

152

167

190

23»*

377

31*2

31^9

316

276

33»^

UOU

368

370

tóo

U19

368

501

370

1H2

U76

U70

kl^

601

611

601

lf45

6U6

681

657

226

584

682

641

607

597

561

634

638

647

624

121

Hi»

133

150

152

167

190

234

377

342

399

349

315

355

425

396

385

438

430

396

b40

424

460

512

574

568

726

725

675

602

785

841

1,205

792

795

913

878

640

619

573

641

678

657

639

%

33

39

21

21

28

15

18

11

28

39

54

48

36

104

134

125

114

74

157

139

160

194

566

211

231

237

203

22

12

7

40

10

15

6

10

9

8

6

7

6

7

6

5

4

4

5

6

8

9

9

9

11

13

6

4

5

5

6

15

10

4

5

4

4

3

2

6/28

6/17

121 1.3

114 1.2

— 133 1.4

150 1.6

... 152 1.5

... 167 1.7

..M. 190 1.9

234 2.^

... 377 3.6

... 342 3.2

... 366 3.1(

.—. 310 2.9

-— 294 2.7

IB.^«. 334 3.0

^^^ •387 3.4

-^~— 372 3.2

359 3.1

.—— 421 3.5

-~ 395 3.3

351 2.9

^a>«- 479 3.9

_^^^ 370 3.0

419 3.3

... 404 3.2

_^^_ 436 3.4

.«.« 438 3.4

.... 606 4.7

... 643 5.0

... 509 3.9

»M.. ... 454 3.4

... ... 616 4.6

... -M.. 636 4.7

.«>^ ... 626 4.7

—. 47 528 4.0

3 150 407 3.1

2 277 392 3.0

31 200 439 3.1*

lU 12 586 4.2

7/ 1/ 592 4.1

It 552 3.8

, j. 1- 6 591 4.0

- T^ 10 653 4.3

«.M» 24 6lU 4.0

7 622 4.0

1/ Includes cocoa products and cocoa beans on a bean-equivalent basis. Zl Stocks 1909-1Ö not

available. Stocks 191Ö-24 from George E. Lee, Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, New Y^rk; 1925-4Ü

and 1946 to date from New York Cocoa Exchange reports; 19a-45 from Ü. S. Department of Agriculture. 2/ Re-exports deducted from imports to obtain imports for consumption. 4/ Civilian per

capita consumption only, 1941 to date. 5/ Includes the equivalent of 3 million pounds of cocoa

beans transferred from surplus military stocks in 1944 and 6 million pounds in 1945. 6/ Includes the equivalent of 23 million pounds of cocoa beans transferred to UNRRA from «^^T^LUS

military stocks in 1945, and 11 million pounds in 1946. iJ Less than 500,000 pounds, fi/ Prellmiary.
- 2M -

Tafel© 99.- Tree nuts; Supply and distribution, crop year, 1909-52 l/

: Nuts JIn the shell

" Lose

'. m

' shelling ;

Dom

! dlsap

: (shell

estlc

: SuDDlv : Distribution pearanee

Year

r Production ilnmorts

2/ : 3/ ; '^°**^-'-

: Exports

and

'shlpments

: 3/

JMllltary IciviliaE i Per

'•capita.

: y :

ed basis)

: Per

Civilian: capita

: k/

: Mil. lb. Mil.lb. Mil.lb. Mil. lb. Mil.lb. Mil. lb. Lb. Mil.lb. Mil. lb. Lb.

1909 : 23 lk& 171 _• .. 171 1.8 98 73 .8

1910 : 27 138 165 -- 165 1.7 96 69 .7

1911 : 29 11*3 172 — -- 172 1.8 98 71* .8

1912 : 32 126 158 — -- 158 1.6 92 66 .7

1913 : 28 161 189 — -- 189 1.9 107 82 .8

I9IJ* : 2k llt2 166 — 166 1.6 95 71 .7

1915 37 lltS 185 -- — 185 1.8 106 79 .8

1916 : 37 165 202 — -- 202 1.9 122 80 .8

1917 : k2 166 206 — -- 208 2.0 125 83 .8

1918 : 51* 153 207 — -- 207 1.9 128 79 .7

1919 : IU5 238 383 — -- 383 3.6 230 153 l.U

1920 : 68 170 238 — -- 238 2,2 133 105 1.0

1921 : 107 266 373 — -- 373 3.1* 216 155 l.U

1922 : 88 238 326 5 -- 321 2.9 185 136 1.2

1923 : 131* 2U9 383 6 -- 377 3.3 216 161 \X

192V : 103 ¿1*7 350 4 346 3.0 197 149 1.3

1925 : HH 223 364 5 359 3.0 207 152 1.3 1926 : 160 221 381 6 -- 375 3.1 214 161 1.3 1927 : 165 166 331 6 -- 325 2.7 193 132 1.1

1928 : 152 208 360 5 -- 355 2.9 205 150 1.2

1929 : 150 183 333 7 326 2.6 193 133 1.1

1930 : 11*5 186 331 8 -- 323 2.6 192 131 1.0

1931 : 187 182 369 10 -- 359 2.8 218 141 1.1

1932 : 195 126 321 7 311* 2.5 186 128 1.0

1933 : 175 1U2 317 26 -- 291 2.3 179 112 .9

193'* : 177 163 340 13 -- 327 2.5 202 125 1.0

1935 : 267 211^ 481 19 462 3.6 269 173 1."^ 1936 : 177 237 414 19 -- 395 3.0 250 1^5 1.1

1937 : 286 197 483 16 -- 467 3.6 291 176 1.3

1.2 1938 : 227 211 438 18 -- 420 3.2 265 155

1939 :

19^*0 :

19IH :

19't2 :

287

261

292

265

199

246

206

65

486

507

498

330

14

7

7

3 2

472

500

491

325

3.5

3.7

3.6

2.5

293

320

315

199

179

180

176

126

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.0 19^*3 :

19l*U :

19^5 :

191*6 :

19»*7 :

19U8 :

19»*9 :

1950 :

1951 :

1952a/:

315

360

351*

330

337

1^02

380

338

40s

400

78

183

239

251

245

294

285

373

294

300

393

51*3

593

581

582

696

665

711

702

700

8

10

31

17

12

13

15

13

13

15

2

13

8

2

i

383

520

551*

562

570

683

650

698

689

685

2.9

4.0

4.1

3.9

3.9

4.6

l*.3

l*.5

4.5

4.4

24l

335

361

351*

356

434

407

1*51

432

1*30

1U2

185

193

208

2\h

2U9

2U3

21+7

257

255

1.1

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1/ Includes almonds, filberts, pecans, walnuts, Brazil, pignolla, pistache, chestnuts

cashevs, and miscellaneous tree nuts; excludes coconuts. cnesxnuts,

2/ Production begins July of year indicated. Includes armnrwin f^l>^^v,4^« -. 4. -x -^f^-v^^Ar^ 4.^«^^ /»«+« «-. .P4« 1 ^ j-ucAuaee almonas, filberts, walnuts, and necans.

Í Cmîf^n^Îel^ïlV^nSfSA '"^^' ^«^"°^°« «^^^ ^ °^ ^^ ^«^í-ted.

5/ Small quantities but adequate data not available.

6/ PrellTnjnary.
T'\Me 100.- pprjiuts (kernel, basis

fin-n-nlv

): S\ipply nnd dl ptribution, crop years, I909-52

Year

"begin-

: F^'oduction

picdted and Begin- Ad- EndExports

1/XÖ OX'XDUXXOU

Seed, *• Domestic food use 7/

ning : threshed Inçorts ning

stocks

: Total

: supply

Justment

ing

stocks

and

shipxccvx,

Septem- and for Mil- Civil- : Farmers' : Kernel Per

ber : stock

: basis 1/

: basis

: 2/

¿/ y 1/ ments

farm

loss

oil

il

tary ian capita

•• Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million

: pounds

': 355

: 38»*

: 366

: 362

: 383

: U21

U81

: 666

pounds

237

256

2kk

2U1

255

281

321

pounds

21

12

11

18

39

18

24

42

pounds

Í

Í

pcjunds

258

268

255

259

294

299

345

486

pounds pounds

Í

Í

pounds pounds poxmds pounds pounds

221

230

215

218

250

252

284

286

Pounds

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

19li^

1915

1916

4

5

5

6

7

5

9

19

33

33

35

35

37

42

52

63

Í

Í

2.4

2.4

2.2

2.2

2.5

2.5

2.8

2.7

1917 989 659 67 726 12 65 9/(215) -_- 434 4.1

1918

1919

: 9^6

: 688

631

459

28

125 %

13

11

58

61

2/(294)

23

— 294

484

2.8

4.5

1920 : 696 k6k 39 5 508 35 4 12 61 75 — 321 2.9

1921 : 678 452 10 4 466 28 2 12 54 77 293 2.6

1922 : 523 349 35 2 386 3 10/ 6 53 21 303 2.7

1923 : 568 379 49 10/ 428 -18 2 3 64 12 --_ 365 3.2

1921^ : 713 475 70 2 547 29 3 3 63 46 ... 403 3.5

1925 : 722 tôl 38 19 538 -1 27 4 57 33 4l8 3.5

1926 : 662 khl 41 n/31 513 5 11/17 4 66 23 --_ 398 3.3

1927 : 6hk 563 42 11/17 622 -19 11/50 5 72 41 473 3.9

1928 ehk 563 35 ii/50 648 9

Ï2/47

5 76 37 455 3.7

1929 898 599 10 12/74 683 -17 3 70 81 499 4.0

1930 : 697 lf65 4 12/47 516 -33 12/27 2 82 46 392 3.1

1931 : 1,056 704 1 1 706 16 7 5 91 34 553 4.4

1932 : 9U1 627 i£/ 7 634 -15 3 3 81 44 518 4.1

1933 : 820 547 W. 3 550 -30 4 1 90 30 455 3.6

1934 : l,OlU 676 É

4 680 -1 4 10/ 93 160 424 3.3

1935 . 1,153 769 4 773 14 1 W 101 143 514 4.0

1936 . 1,260 840 2 1 843 -9 3 w 93 166 590 4.5

1937 1,233 822 3 3 8ß8 5 3 1 101 152 566 4.3

1938 1,289 848 6 97 951 22 58 1 106 197 567 4.3

1939 1,213 826 6 58 890 -5 122 1 113 81 578 4.3

19»^) 1,767 1,196 3 122 1,321 10 130 1 116 407 657 4.9

19'*l l,i*75 1,000 1 130 1,131 2 78 6 191 176 50 628 4.7

19^ 2,193 1,506 3 78 1,587 6 146 3 218 308 100 804 6.1

19»^3 2,176 1,463 1 146 1,612 48 165 24 170 321 150 734 5.6

19Mf 2,081 1,444 59 165 1,668 10 167 20 181 299 200 791 6.1

19»*5 2,0i^2 1,433 10/ 167 1,600 37 197 44 175 265 10 872 6.4

19»^ 2,038 1,401 ^ 197 1,598 25 138 173 183 367 712 5.0

19»*7 2,182 1,525 W 138 1,663 28 122 338 174 334 2 665 4.6

19W 2,336 1,635 W 122 1,757 25 84 533 133 338 4 6to 4.3

19U9 1,865 1>325 W 84 1,409 27 64 93 135 435 5 630 4.2

1950 2,037 1,434 w 84 1,518 29 178 51 131 452 10 667 4.4

1951 ^ 1,676 1,167 w 178 1,345 Ô3 231 3 100 289 7 692 4.5

1952 13/ 1,354 931 w 231 1,162 -9 «30 2 99 136 7 697 4.4

1/ Production in crop year beginning as follovs: Southwerbcm area, A\agust 1; Southeastern area, September 1;

Virginia-Carolina area, November 1.

2/ 1909-37, 66.67 percent was used to convert farmers' stock peanuts to kernel basis; beginning 1938 conversion

factors calculated from result of shelling operations in each year.

3/ 1920-37, October 1 stocks in crushing mill» as reported by the Bureau of the Census; I925-30, includes stocke in

cold storage warehoxiaes reported by Federal Trade CcBmlssion; beginning 1938, September 1 stocks in all positions,

including oilstock peanuts, as reported by Bur«mu of Agricultural Economics.

4/ Represents increase in unreported stocks, mill shrinkage, and adjustment for nev crrqp peanuts included in Septortber 1 stocks. This is a residual item.

5/ Shipments to U. S. Territories included beginning I943 except to Havaii and Alaska after March 1946, when reporting!;

va« discontinued. Exports of oilstock peanuts, vhlch began in 1946 are excluded. Before I945, exports of shelled sjid

unihelled peanuts assumed to be in proportion to the domestic disappeareoice breakdown; beginning I945 exports of shelled

and unshelled reported separately.

6/ Includes edible-grade shelled i>e€uiuts crushed; year beginning October prior to 1943,

7/ Includes consuaqotion of commercially cleaned and shelled peanuts plus quantities used on forms and farm sales for

food use. Civilian per capita only, 1941 to date.

8/ Rot available.

2/ Estimated from peanut oil production.

10/ Less than 500,000 pounds.

11/ Includes cold storage warehouse stocks as of September 1.

12/ Includes cold storage warehouse stocks as of J\ily 1.

13/ Preliminary.
- 2kb

Table 101.- Spieest Znçarts for eonsiaqption, 1918-52 1/

Year

1918

1919

1920

19S1

1922

1923

1921»

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193»»

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

I9I«)

19«H

19i»2

19'»3

19M1.

19^5

19i»6

19>»7

19W

19«»9

1950

1951

1952 6/

Anise

seed

Capsl-

:

Cara-:

iiay

seed

Cassia

2/

Celery

seed

Cimiaaon

Cloves'

3/ ;

Cori-:

aoder:

seed :

Ciamlti

seed

Fennel*

seed '

Fenu-:

greek

seed

.Ginger

JTOOt

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

PO"odg pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds

276

ksk

k26

369

I189

718

260

388

353

396

510

528

583

562

537

329

Ul2

1»91

km

538

k60

695

566

73»»

506

l,ksi

600

563

i,oin

1,010

1,139

5»»3

1,085

520

'*,80l 383 8,111

3,629 z,oih 6,350

5,373 5,Ók7

6,722

9,220

8,930

,2,992

1,818

2,852

3,158

2,150

1,039

1,112

1,3^3

1,669

1,612

l,kk6

1,777

1,53»»

1,1U6

2,225

5,858

3,1*69

6,301»

l»,369

5,887

8,931»

2,090

3,263

l»,383

1,888

3,l»l»l

l»,356

1,968

l»,8l»5

1»,801

l»,l»99

3,9lH

5,000

5,oi»6

5,731»

5,805

5,i»65

8,117

^,393

6,918

8,889

9,283

7,lt8l»

7,l»26

7,506

9,703

8,707

7,296

7,519

9,211»

7,285

7,279

9,708

9,552

6,168 9,838

6,570 10,636

5,808 10,572

6,l»38 7,910

5,251 11,888

3,1»77 11,2!37

129 13,263

831 1,991

271» -9

1»55 1»

706 -2

1,691 ll»,85l»

3,320 6,137

l»,367 6,900

5,181 11,657

239

768

591»

1»26

591»

753

6l»6

791

1,099

662

732

965

802

953

862

727

929

l,l»l»l»

1,273

1,356

1,027

1,358

1,668

1,1»25

3,589

2,671»

1,817

2,052

769

908

2,065

1,8IH

5,633 6,857 13,li»l» 1,533

5,308 1»,731 8,921» 1,568

5,820 6,537 l»,993 1,659

677

I18I»

675

l»13

l»5i»

1»10

l»59

267

306

270

290

260

916

795

319

339

-71

276

157

171

279

l»99

298

8it0

1,397

2,61»7

3,862

2,9l»3

1,399

262

66

l»51

206

365

2lt8

5,000

5,1»73

5,682

l»,73l»

5,615

7,592

l»,921

6,609

5,760

5,1»58

5,079

3,267

1»,106

3,839

1»,250

3,521»

1»,783

3,9M»

l»,528

3,631

l»,026

1»,610

l»,8e9

12,911»

8,756

1,165

1,921

10,933

1»,825

2,511»

6,078

2,211»

i»,079

1,957

1,079

2,298 1,231

573 1,182

2,136

1,838

1,658

l,l»35

1,980

l,l»l»6

1,763

1,207

2,102

2,098

1,578

1,835

1,109

2,3l»3

l,79r

1,618

1,81»1

2,558

1,669

3,123

2,037

3,1»11

1,765

281

971

3,'»77

1,966

1,825

2,165

2,9l»2

1,610

2,262

2,761

1,358

1,023

706

901»

607

511»

556

336

57I»

505

832

826

361

751»

977

986

9i»5

857

907

996

1,693

7,093

2,359

293

371

89r

3,907

2,797

2,860

l*,359

1,606

l»,007

2,310

161 1,503

178 1,118

238 1,200

121 169

288 706

501» 811»

3l»0 819

181» 932

2l»l 99I»

25I» 880

362 1,089

218 1,108

2l»l»

293

216

161»

171

311

261

290

182

31Í»

538

69I»

1,160

35

199

286

801»

155

19!»

27!»

I»lt6

298

321»

557

521»

276

168

2l»l

512

1»72

162

l»65

1,110

966

205

707

98

213

1,019

672

858

l,l»73

1,167

1,723

638

667

^S3 l»,980

7,107

'*,765

5,538

5,291

1^,550

1»,216

l»,710

3,213

3,89r

3,815

3,906

l*,980

2,951

3,622

3,500

3,l»05

3,599

997

680

656

3,928

l»,l»12

7,298

1,832

3,3l»7

6,091

3,587

2,375

3,1»36

2,851

3,752

1»,81»6

3,977

1/ùjports for coosuiqptlon of spices and herbs, ground and unground as renort-a fc, +h«

DepartOflot of Comnerce minus exports of dutv-f^e fr^^i^^^^^^T' Tr '^^P®"«* 07 *oe

2/ Cassia^ cassia buds, and cassia vera.

3/ Incliades stems.

5/ Excludes 2,000 pounds for dlploBÄtlc officers.

Continued -
. 2k7 -

Table 101.- Spices: Importa for coneumptlon, I918-52 l/ -Continued

Mace Mustard

Nutmegs

Paprika

Pepper,

"black

cmd

white

Pimento

(All-

©pice)

Poppy

seed

Tonka

beans Turmeric

_ .,, : Other

^f^^isplces beans , ^^/

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds

1,000 1,000 1,000

pounds pounds pounds

310

537

10,649

15,726

3,570

3,521

31,604 3,640 204 1,292 112

20,326 2,235 1,054 980 100 1,230

846

1,038

221

200

J

1920 : 53lf 10,629 4,075 »—» 22,869 3,664 2,741 2,275 316 1,215 1,193 263

1981 : 657 8,756 3,068 — 33,325 3,729 4,726 1,412 58 646 968 325

1922 : 966 16,321 4,784 — 34,619 4,542 5,215 1,758 296 642 1,200 446

1923 : 738 15,097 3,957 ... 26,873 3,619 6,291 1,880 297 793 964 784

I92U : 731^ 11^,739 3,400 -— 28,350 2,405 4,968 2,171 292 1,341 728 357

1925 •' 635 15,387 4,191 4,213 36,012 3,995 3,915 1,691 176 1,1*15 805 532

1926 ! 706 15,977 3,673 4,301 16,730 3,010 5,177 1,478 376 840 1,154 398

1927 851 2t,7i|5 4,139 5,478 28,892 1,805 5,889 1,495 332 786 923 280

1928 : 678 ri,k2k 4,295 4,982 26,755 2,388 5,975 2,163 210 951 1,304 264

1929 ; 733 19,106 4,188 5,494 24,737 1,873 6,680 1,875 260 838 1,236 305

1930 ': 699 15,081 3,755 5,401 30,072 2,130 6,160 1,417 266 1,637 1,203 276

1931 : 627 11,475 »^,510 4,432 33,231 2,908 7,164 1,574 373 1,444 1,355 289

1932 : 730 11,109 4,207 4,635 33,1*01 2,400 6,578 1,551 451 674 1,142 945

1933 : 728 13,077 4,361 5,740 33,986 2,223 8,205 1,827 382 945 1,179 1,364

193'^ : 775 16,083 4,232 5,990 31*, 596 2,492 6,412 2,007 660 1,359 1,244 1,369

1935 ': 706 8,797 4,209 6,585 36,600 4,129 8,393 1,446 515 1,169 829 1,150

1936 : 798 11,203 4,054 7,600 75,686 2,398 6,901 1,629 745 1,400 1,165 1,594

1937 : 871 18,975 4,'86l 6,846 33,163 586 7,609 2,034 620 1,309 996 1,334

1938 : 735 9,922 3,916 4,516 55,508 874 9,649 1,236 619 780 1,025 453

1939 : 796 11,572 4,984 6,140 67,345 2,742 5,815 1,921 628 674 1,018 506

1940 :1,216 6,399 6,214 4,728 15,761 2,607 6,066 886 411 1,705 1,310 1,742

19M :l,206 k,^1 8,285 4,718 64,039 3,701 3,290 1,386 672 1,989 1,025 5,572

19tó : 135 520 3,328 ^,035 -1,562 2,055 1,820 2,004 649 3,161 758 3,324

19«^3 : 377 703 2,540 2,770 -2,226 2,760 340 1,444 420 387 740 1,066

19^1* : 507 281 5,255 3,730 -1,001 2,111 277 823 463 749 907 3,488

19^5 i U67 l,6tó 3,130 5,220 2,884 2,479 2,790 1,349 477 848 1,589 2,195

19'f6 : k&J 7,217 3,592 6,536 10,614 1,779 2,626 1,252 343 2,615 1,268 950

19^7 : 556 9,202 4,284 5,27!» 39,866 1,522 4,735 1,520 354 837 1,556 -1,554

19tô : 561 10,218 4,809 6,404 29,801 1,895 6,071 1,454 430 1,382 1,076 -1,484

m9 : 602 8,766 5,561 6,695 26,166 1,965 6,585 791 419 1,598 1,181 -2,127

1950 : 792 16,777 6,31*6 7,052 32,502 2,022 8,197 2,476 470 1,764 2,312 -423

1951 . : 586 26,5í^5 3,101 6,931* 23,544 1,578 5,956 1,487 593 1,931 1,281 -805

1952 6/: 655 31,333 5,311 8,831 28,052 1,482 7,51*5 1,1*83 630 935 1,400 -313

5/ Includes cardajDon seed, curry &nd curry powder products, laurel leayes, marjoram, origanum,

crude eaftron, thyme, ajid mixed or spices, n.e.p.f. Excludes exports of foreign duty-free spices,

whan reported. Exports of foreign spices "not separately provided for" Include, If any, ground

clores, ground ginger root, mace, ground nutmegs, paprlca, ground pepper, sage, and tonka beans.

These could not be deducted from the Individual spices. They hat^ been deducted from th» "other"

category.

6/ R?ellmlnary.
Table 102.- Spices i

- 21*8 -

Imports for conounptlon and apparent per capita

tttamvKptA'»^ 1918-52

Y»9r

1918

1919

1980

1921

1922

1923

192U

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

193^^

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

I9U0

19'H

19U2

19»^3

19W*

19»*5

19»»6

19U7

19U8

19^^9

iDçorts

for

conBvonptlon

3/

»fctftard ••d

pore&TUMd in

U.S. for oo»-

eimptlon

2/___

1,000

pounda

81,761

7it,190

83,369

88,925

107,198

98,386

95,288

103,613

86,37»^

102,75U

97,172

95,812

98,719

98,118

92,560

105,155

105,572

105,133

11*7,385

107,921

111*, 810

135,787

82,507

151,1»08

5l*,105

28,336

35,719

59,922

83,728

92,293

96,623

96,065

1,000

pounds

6/

3,283

9,137

81*1*

1,038

2,966

3,1*16

2,758

l*,66l

3,500

2,1*U5

3,1*89

5,395

l*,621

6,965

12,689

10,391*

15,967

6,327

1*,263

18,81*8

9,168

19,199

72,713

1*1*, 197

31*, 216

29,1*1*6

25,592

35,031*

20,81*5

19,390

Domsstlc

exports

1,000

pounds

6/

6/

1,363

1,81*3

1,790

1,172

1,081

1,506

1,679

1,911*

3,068

1,203

883

858

1,181

1,276

1,383

1,1*77

1,089

1,1*30

1,779

3,763

2,107

3,550

2,1*52

3,208

7,157

7,653

2,660

1,81*1

Shlpnents

to

Territories

2/

1,000

poundg

556

765

91*2

U96

U69

566

363

1*79

388

272

Apparent

doiasstlc

conBun^tlon

y

1,000

pounds

6/ 81,761

6/ 71*, 190

6/ 86,652

6/ 98,062

6/ 106,679

6/ 97,581

6/ 96,1*61*

6/ 105,857

6/ 88,051

6/ 105,909

6/ 98,993

87 96,256

1*13 98,727

uoi* 101,906

1*20 95,878

368 110,891*

365 116,715

572 113,679

610 161,359

513 112,258

703 117,281

77U 152,1*31

89,3^0

166,079

123,769

68,U87

67,OlU

85,59^^

101,800

119,195

11U,1^20

113,3^2

Apparent

per capita

consumption

Pounds

0.8

.7

.8

.9

1.0

.9

.8

.9

.7

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

-9

.9

.9

1.2

.9

.9

1.1

.7

1.2

.9

.5

.5

.6

.7

.8

.8

.7

1950 ! 121,961 11,036 2,076 221* 130,697 .8

1951 : 109,078 17,722 1,957 219 12l*,62l* .8

1952 1/ ■■ 118,239 19,211 1,91*3 221 135,286 .8

1/ Inroorts for consuiç>tion of spices reported by the Department of Commerce. See table 101 for

detail. 2/ Excludes quwatlti^s used for seed, estimated at h poiinds per acre planted the following

year. It was assumed that each year's crop was consumed In the following calendar year, l/ Reports of trade with Alaska and Hawaii were discontinued after March I9U8. hj Imports for consumption plus mustard seed produced in the United States for consumption minus doii»stic exports

and shljHDents to U.S, *terrltories. 5/ Total ooneuaption divided by total population because data

on military takings not available. 6/ Not available, jj Preliminary.
- 2^9

GUIDE TO TABLES AND FIGURES

Table Brief title Page Table Brief title Page

1-3 Index of supply-utilization of

agricultural food products

1 Percentage of total utilization

in each year •

2 Percentage of 191*7-^*9 total

utilization

3 Average farm value in I9U7-49

and relative ixnportance of

individual commodities in

selected yea2*s

4-7 Volume of farm marketings and

home consumption

k Total and hy commodity groups,

indexes ••

5 Total and per capita, indexes •.

6 Price weights and aggregates

in base period

7 Relative importance of major

groups in selected years

8-26 Per capita consumption, primary'

distribution weight

8 Meat, fish, poultry,and eggs ..

9 Dairy products

10 Fats and oils

U Fresh fruits

12 Canned fruits

13 Canned fruit Juices

ik Frozen fruits

15 Dried fruits

16 Fruits, farm weight equivalent.

17 Fresh vegetables, camnercial ..

18 Canned vegetables

19 Canned soups and baby foods . • •

20 Frozen vegetables

21 Vegetables, farm weight

equivalent

22 Potatoes, sweetpotatoes, dry

beans and peets

23 Cereal products

24 Sugar, sirups, and beverages • •

2$ Tree nuts and peanuts

26 Spices

- 27 Conversion factors, primary

distribution to retail weight ..

28-37 Per capita consumption,

approximate retail weight

28 Meat and game

29 Fish

30 Poultry and eggs

31 Dairy products

32 Fats and oils

33 Fresh fruit

34 Fresh vegetables, camnercial . •

35 Potatoes, sweetpotatoes, dry

beans and peas, soya

36 Vegetables, potatoes and sweetpotatoes,. dry beans and peas

from home gardens '....

37 Sugars, Sirupe, and beverages .

k

5

15

31

32

37-40

41

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

l4l

l42

143

38 Total poundage for each food

group, all foods and index

(poundage )

39-42 Index of per capita food con-'*

sumption (price weighted)

39 Index, totcúu and by food

groups

40 Price weights, aggregates in

base period

41 Flour and sugar prices

42 Relative importance of major

food groups in selected

years

43 Index of per capita food

utilization

44 Nutrients available per

capita per day

45 Nutrients available per capita

per day, indexes

46 Margarine fortification

47 Nutrients contributed by food

groups

48 Farm value and retail cost of

farm food products

49-51 Income and expenditure series

49 Disposable personed income ••.

50 Personeü. consumption expenditures

51 Food expenditures

52 Constmier price index

53 Population of the United States,

total and civilian

54-102 Supply and distribution tables

54 Meat

55 Edible offals

56 Fish

57-58 Poultry

59 Eggs

60-68 Dairy products *..

68-73 Pats and oils

74-78 Fruits

79-83 Vegetables, baby foods, soups.

84-8^ Potatoes and sweetpotatoes •••

86-87 Dry beans and dry peas

88-94 Grains and wheat flour

95 Sugar

96 Coffee

97 Tea

98 Cocoa beans

99 Tree nuts

100 Peanuts

101-102 Spices

Figure

1 Utilization of soybeans

144

146-147

150-155

156

158

159

162

163

166

170-171

174

180

181

182

183

190

191-196

197

198-200

201-202

203

204-212

212-216

217-224

225-228

229-230

231-232

233-239

240

24l

242

243

244

245

246-248

10

For sale by the Superlnt^i^lZ. . _ '

^««hinTton o?""."^*^'^^«' U- S. Government Printing Office b">n ¿:^, IX Q . Price 70 cents