National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Natural Resource Program Center 

Mammalian Diversity in Nineteen Southeast Coast 

Network Parks 

Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2010/263 
ON THE COVER 

Northern raccoon (Procyon lotot) 

Photograph by: James F. Parnell 
Mammalian Diversity in Nineteen Southeast Coast 

Network Parks 

Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2010/263 

William. David Webster 

Department of Biology and Marine Biology 

University of North Carolina – Wilmington 

Wilmington, NC 28403 

November 2010 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

National Park Service 

Natural Resource Program Center

Fort Collins, Colorado 
ii 

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that 

address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National 

Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and 

environmental constituencies, and the public. 

The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource 

management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse 

audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management 

applicability. 

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the 

information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended 

audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received formal peer 

review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting 

of the data, and whose background and expertise put them on par technically and scientifically with the 

authors of the information.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not 

necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the 

Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or 

recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. 

This report is available in the Reports and Publications section of the Southeast Coast Inventory 

and Monitoring Network webpage (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/secn/) and the Natural 

Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM). 

Please cite this publication as: 

Webster, W. D. 2010. Mammalian Diversity in nineteen Southeast Coast Network Parks. Natural 

Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2010/263. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. 

NPS 910/106015, November 2010 
iii 

Contents 

Page 

Figures............................................................................................................................................ ix

Tables ............................................................................................................................................. xi

Appendices ................................................................................................................................... xiii

Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... xv

Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................... xvii

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Study Area ...................................................................................................................................... 3

Methods........................................................................................................................................... 5

Park Accounts ................................................................................................................................. 9

Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA) .............................................................................. 9

Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (FORA) .................................................................... 14

Wright Brothers National Memorial (WRBR) .................................................................. 18

Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO) ............................................................................ 23

Castillo de San Marcos National Monument (CASA) .......................................................... 27

Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT) ..................................................... 30

Congaree National Park (CONG) .......................................................................................... 53

Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS) ...................................................................... 58

Fort Caroline National Memorial (FOCA) ............................................................................ 65

Fort Frederica National Monument (FOFR) .......................................................................... 70

Fort Matanzas National Monument (FOMA) ........................................................................ 73

Fort Sumter National Monument (FOSU) ............................................................................. 77

Fort Moultrie Subunit (FOMO) ........................................................................................ 80

Charles Pickney National Historic Site (CHPI) ............................................................... 83
iv 

Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE) ................................................................. 88

Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO) ...................................................... 93

Moores Creek National Battlefield (MOCR) ........................................................................ 98

Ocmulgee National Monument (OCMU) ............................................................................ 103

Timucuan Ecological and Historical Preserve (TIMU) ....................................................... 108

Species Accounts ........................................................................................................................ 113

Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) ............................................................................ 113

Southeastern shrew (Sorex longirostris) .............................................................................. 114

Least shrew (Cryptotis parva) ............................................................................................. 115

Northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) .............................................................. 115

Southern short-tailed shrew (Blarina carolinensis) ............................................................. 116

Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) ...................................................................................... 116

Star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) ................................................................................. 117

Little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) ............................................................................... 117

Southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius) ...................................................................... 118

Silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) ..................................................................... 118

Eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) .......................................................................... 118

Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) ........................................................................................ 118

Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) ...................................................................................... 119

Seminole bat (Lasiurus seminolus) ...................................................................................... 119

Hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) ............................................................................................. 119

Northern yellow bat (Lasiurus intermedius) ........................................................................ 119

Evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) ..................................................................................... 120

Rafinesque’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) ...................................................... 120

Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) ................................................................. 120
v 

Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) ................................................................ 120

Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) .................................................................................. 121

Marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris) ...................................................................................... 121

Woodchuck (Marmota monax) ............................................................................................ 122

Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) .................................................................................... 122

Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) ........................................................................ 122

Eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) ..................................................................................... 123

Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) ...................................................................... 123

Southeastern pocket gopher (Geomys pinetis) ..................................................................... 124

American beaver (Castor canadensis) ................................................................................. 124

Marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) .................................................................................... 125

Eastern harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys humulis) ............................................................. 125

Oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus) ............................................................................ 126

White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) ...................................................................... 126

Cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) ............................................................................. 127

Florida mouse (Podomys floridanus) ................................................................................... 127

Golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli) .................................................................................. 127

Hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) ................................................................................ 128

Eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana) ................................................................................. 128

Meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) ............................................................................ 129

Woodland vole (Microtus pinetorum) ................................................................................. 129

Round-tailed muskrat (Neofiber alleni) ............................................................................... 130

Common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) .............................................................................. 130

Black rat (Rattus rattus) ....................................................................................................... 130

Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) ........................................................................................... 131
vi 

House mouse (Mus musculus) ............................................................................................. 131

Meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius) ....................................................................... 131

Nutria (Myocastor coypus) .................................................................................................. 131

Coyote (Canis latrans) ........................................................................................................ 132

Domestic/feral dog (Canis familiaris) ................................................................................. 132

Red wolf (Canis rufus) ........................................................................................................ 132

Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) ....................................................................................................... 133

Common gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) .................................................................. 133

American black bear (Ursus americanus) ........................................................................... 134

Northern raccoon (Procyon lotor) ....................................................................................... 134

Long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) .................................................................................. 135

American mink (Neovison vison) ........................................................................................ 135

Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) ............................................................................. 135

Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) ....................................................................................... 136

Eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius) ......................................................................... 136

Feral cat (Felis catus) .......................................................................................................... 136

Mountain lion (Puma concolor) .......................................................................................... 137

Bobcat (Lynx rufus) ............................................................................................................. 137

Domestic/feral horse (Equus caballus) ................................................................................ 138

Feral pig (Sus scrofa) ........................................................................................................... 138

Goat (Capra hircus) ............................................................................................................. 139

European mouflon sheep (Ovis aries) ................................................................................. 139

Domestic cattle (Bos taurus) ............................................................................................... 139

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) ........................................................................ 139

Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 141
vii 

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 147

Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................... 149

ix 

Figures 

Page 

Figure 1. Southeast Coast Network parks included in this study.................................................. 3

Figure 2. Mammal survey locations at Cape Hatteras National Seashore. .................................. 14

Figure 3. Mammal survey locations at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site. ............................... 17

Figure 4. Mammal survey locations at Wright Brothers National Memorial. ............................. 22

Figure 5. Mammal survey locations at Cape Lookout National Seashore. .................................. 26

Figure 6. Mammal survey locations at Castillo de San Marcos National Monument. ................ 30

Figure 7. Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area units. ................................................. 37

Figure 8. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Bowmans Island Unit. ................................................................................................................... 38

Figure 9. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Orrs 

Ferry Unit. ..................................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 10. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Settles Bridge Unit. ....................................................................................................................... 40

Figure 11. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

McGinnis Ferry Unit. .................................................................................................................... 41

Figure 12. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Suwannee Creek Unit. .................................................................................................................. 42

Figure 13. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Abbotts Bridge Unit. ..................................................................................................................... 43

Figure 14. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Medlok bridge Unit. ...................................................................................................................... 44

Figure 15. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Jones Bridge Unit. ......................................................................................................................... 45

Figure 16. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Holcomb Bridge Unit. ................................................................................................................... 46

Figure 17. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Island Ford Unit. ........................................................................................................................... 47
x 

Figure 18. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Vickery Creek Unit. ...................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 19. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Gold Branch Unit. ......................................................................................................................... 49

Figure 20. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Johnson Ferry Unit. ....................................................................................................................... 50

Figure 21. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Cochran Shoals Unit. .................................................................................................................... 51

Figure 22. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Pallisades Unit. ............................................................................................................................. 52

Figure 23. Mammal survey locations at Congaree National Park. .............................................. 54

Figure 24. Mammal survey locations at Cumberland Island National Seashore and Fort 

Frederica National Monument. ..................................................................................................... 60

Figure 25. Mammal survey locations at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve and 

Fort Caroline National Memorial. ................................................................................................. 69

Figure 26. Mammal survey locations at Fort Matanzas National Monument. ............................ 76

Figure 27. Mammal survey locations at Fort Sumter National Monument and Fort Moultrie 

National Monument. ..................................................................................................................... 79

Figure 28. Mammal survey locations at Charles Pickney National Historic Site. ...................... 88

Figure 29. Mammal survey locations at Horseshoe Bend National Military Park. ..................... 91

Figure 30. Mammal survey locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. ........... 97

Figure 31. Mammal survey locations at Moores Creek National Battlefield. ............................. 99

Figure 32. Mammal survey locations at Ocmulgee National Monument. ................................. 105

 
xi 

Tables 

Page 

Table 1. Museums containing mammal specimens referenced during this investigation, 

museum acronyms, and the number of days spent in each museum. ............................................. 6

Table 2. Number of species previously reported from 19 national parks in the Southeast 

Coast Network. ............................................................................................................................... 7

Table 3. Status of 34 mammals at Cape Hatteras National Seashore. [1 – Bodie Island; 2 – 

Hatteras Island; 3 – Ocracoke Island] ........................................................................................... 13

Table 4. Status of 27 mammals at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site. ..................................... 18

Table 5. Status of 24 mammals at Wright Brothers National Memorial. .................................... 23

Table 6. Status of 29 mammals at Cape Lookout National Seashore. ........................................ 27

Table 7. Status of 12 terrestrial mammals at Castillo de San Marcos National Monument. ...... 29

Table 8. Status of 45 terrestrial mammals at Chattahoochee River National Recreation 

Area. .............................................................................................................................................. 35

Table 9. Distribution of 31 terrestrial mammals at Chattahoochee River National 

Recreation Area. ........................................................................................................................... 36

Table 10. Status of 44 terrestrial mammals at Congaree National Park. ..................................... 57

Table 111. Status of 25 terrestrial mammals at Cumberland Island National Seashore .............. 64

Table 12. Status of 29 terrestrial mammals at Fort Caroline National Memorial. ...................... 68

Table 13. Status of 22 terrestrial mammals at Fort Frederica National Monument. 

[

1

Frederica Site, 2Bloody Marsh Site] ........................................................................................... 72

Table 14. Status of 23 terrestrial mammals at Fort Matanzas National Monument. ................... 77

Table 15. Status of 8 terrestrial mammals at Fort Sumter National Monument. [1Fort Site, 

2

Aquarium Site] ............................................................................................................................ 80

Table 16. Status of 16 terrestrial mammals at Fort Moultrie National Monument. ..................... 83

Table 17. Status of 30 terrestrial mammals at Charles Pickney National Historic Site. .............. 87

Table 18. Status of 40 terrestrial mammals at Horseshoe Bend National Military Park. ............ 92

Table 19. Status of 38 terrestrial mammals at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield 

Park. .............................................................................................................................................. 96
xii 

Table 20. Status of 42 mammals at Moores Creek National Battlefield. ................................... 102

Table 21. Status of 39 terrestrial mammals at Ocmulgee National Monument. ........................ 107

Table 22. Status of 40 terrestrial mammals at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. ... 111

Table B-1. Status of mammals in 19 SECN parks (acronyms by National Park Service). ........ 250
xiii 

Appendices 

Page 

Appendix A. Specimens and other evidence examined for status of SECN mammals. ............. 165

Appendix B. Status of Mammals in SECN Parks ....................................................................... 249

xv 

Executive Summary 

The goal of this inventory was to document the presence of 90% of the assumed number of 

terrestrial mammal species at 19 parks in the Southeast Coast Network (SCN), including Cape 

Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), Wright Brothers National Memorial (WRBR), Fort Raleigh 

National Historic Site (FORA), Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO), Moores Creek 

National Battlefield (MOCR), Fort Sumter National Monument (FOSU), Fort Moultrie National 

Monument (FOMO), Charles Pinckney National Historic Site (CHPI), Congaree National Park 

(CONG), Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Chattahoochee River National 

Recreation Area (CHAT), Kennesaw Mountain National Military Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee 

National Monument (OCMU), Fort Frederica National Monument (FOFR), Cumberland Island 

National Seashore (CUIS), Timucuan Ecological and Historical Preserve (TIMU), Fort Caroline 

National Memorial (FOCA), Castillo de San Marcos (CASA), and Fort Matanzas National 

Monument (FOMA). 

Forty North American museums contain approximately 4,500 specimens from these parks and 

surrounding areas (most notably FOMA, CUIS, and CAHA), and 87 days was spent confirming 

the identities of and recording information associated with these specimens. Another 425 days 

were spent in the field inventorying the mammal species that currently inhabit these parks, and 

48 days was spent in the laboratory preparing specimens and dealing with curatorial issues. 

Specimen lists were compiled for each park, noting the park status, abundance, nativity status, 

and source of documentation for each species. Forty-eight species of terrestrial mammals were 

documented as currently Present or Probably Present in the 19 parks, as were another nine 

species of bats in the North Carolina parks. Eight (16.7%) of the terrestrial species are exotic 

(black rat, Norway rat, house mouse, nutria, domestic dog, feral cat, horse, and feral pig), and 

another five species that have been introduced widely into the Southeastern United States 

(African wild ass, goat, European mouflon sheep, domestic cattle, and European fallow deer) 

have since been removed from park properties. 

The most frequently encountered mammal species (followed by the number of occupied parks in 

parentheses) were the northern raccoon (19), feral cat (18), eastern gray squirrel (17), house 

mouse (17), Virginia opossum (16), eastern mole (16), marsh rice rat (16), domestic dog (16), 

northern river otter (16), eastern cottontail (15), hispid cotton rat (15), American mink (15), and 

white-tailed deer (14). The silver-haired bat, eastern red bat, and evening bat are Present or 

Probably Present in all five North Carolina parks. Large inland parks (CONG, HOBE, CHAT, 

and OCMU) had the greatest number of terrestrial mammal species, whereas small coastal parks 

(FOSU and CASA) had the least. Over the last century, the nine-banded armadillo, coyote, and 

red fox have become established in the SECN region, while the southeastern pocket gopher has 

been extirpated from CUIS. The red wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion have been 

extirpated on a landscape scale, although bear populations have since recovered in some areas 

within the SCN region. The Anastasia Island beach mouse, considered to be Endangered by the 

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, is the most critically imperiled mammal species existing in the 

Southeast Coast Network; it only occurs at FOMA. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

considers two bats at MOCR, the southeastern myotis and Rafinesque’s big-eared bat, and one 

rodent at CAHA, the Buxton Woods white-footed mouse, to be Species of Concern. The 

negative effects of feral cats and feral pigs on native landscapes are profound; cat and pig 

eradication programs should be a high management priority.

xvii 

Acknowledgments

Numerous Park personnel graciously assisted me during this investigation. In particular, J. 

DeVivo, C. Wright, K. Funk, B. Blankley, and M. Byrne provided tremendous logistical support 

and demonstrated unbelievable patience during the construction of this opus. Numerous 

museum personnel provided access to specimens housed under their care and they were, save for 

one, unselfish in allowing me unfettered permission to peruse their collections. J. Andrews, A. 

Cherry, K. Godbold, S. Klatil, Z. Owen, G. Palmer, J. Parnell, and N. Reynolds were my closest 

associates during this project – they accompanied me in the field and helped in various curatorial 

capacities. Finally, P. Webster put up with my many days away and my frequent musings about 

the status of the project – her support was, as always, never lacking. 

1 

Introduction 

The purpose of this investigation was to document the mammalian faunas of 19 national parks in 

the Southeast Coast Network, including Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), Wright 

Brothers National Memorial (WRBR), Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (FORA), Cape 

Lookout National Seashore (CALO), Moores Creek National Battlefield (MOCR), Fort Sumter 

National Monument (FOSU), Fort Moultrie National Monument (FOMO), Charles Pinckney 

National Historic Site (CHPI), Congaree National Park (CONG), Horseshoe Bend National 

Military Park (HOBE), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), Kennesaw 

Mountain National Military Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee National Monument (OCMU), Fort 

Frederica National Monument (FOFR), Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS), Timucuan 

Ecological and Historical Preserve (TIMU), Fort Caroline National Memorial (FOCA), Castillo 

de San Marcos National Monument (CASA), and Fort Matanzas National Monument (FOMA). 

This order has been maintained in subsequent sections of this manuscript. As a cohesive unit, 

these parks have never been the focus of a comprehensive mammal investigation. On the other 

hand, there are two books (Van Gelder 1982; Burde and Feldhamer 2005) that have focused on 

the mammals of national parks at large, but both concentrated on western parks with large, 

highly visible mammals (e.g., bison and elk), save for a partial listing of mammals from CONG 

in the latter.

The project had two major objectives. First, I conducted an exhaustive examination of 

specimens in major North American museums, inspecting mammal specimens from within or 

adjacent to park boundaries. For some parks (e.g. CAHA, CUIS, and FOMA), thorough 

mammal inventories had been conducted in the past, mitigating the need to collect additional 

voucher material. However, some inventories were conducted several decades ago, and since 

those times some species of mammals either have become extirpated or have colonized the parks 

– in other words, the mammalian faunas of the parks is in a constant state of flux. The second 

part of this investigation was to conduct extensive field reconnaissance in each park to ascertain 

these changes or, in some instances, to provide the first comprehensive inventory documenting 

the mammalian faunas in those parks. In general, the amount of time spent in each park during 

this investigation was inversely related to the amount of work previously conducted in each park, 

i.e. less time was spent in parks with relatively well known mammal faunas and more time was 

spent in parks that had never been inventoried. In addition, units and habitats within a park were 

inventoried separately, so more time was spent in parks containing several units and habitats 

(e.g. CHAT and TIMU, respectively). 

Perhaps the most significant, and one of the earliest, inventories of the parks was conducted by 

Outram Bangs (1898). This monumental publication included comprehensive checklists of 

mammals from several localities in eastern Georgia and Florida, including sites that eventually 

became CUIS, TIMU, and FOMA. When Bangs conducted his inventory, the nine-banded 

armadillo and coyote had not yet reached eastern North America and nutria had not yet been 

introduced from South America. In addition, due to overtrapping, overhunting, and persecution, 

the geographic distributions of the American beaver, red wolf, American black bear, mountain 

lion, and white-tailed deer were beginning to shrink. Since that time, literally hundreds of 

publications have referred to mammals collected in the southeastern United States by Bangs and 

subsequent mammalogists. Many of these are referenced in the Accounts of Species section of 

this tome; however, there are several that deserve mention here. Parnell et al. (1992) provided a 
2 

comprehensive checklist of mammals known from CAHA, and to a lesser extent WRBR and 

FORA. Sanders (1978) generated a checklist of mammals from coastal South Carolina, 

including many records from the Charleston area where FOSU, FOMO, and CHPI occur 

(although, to avoid confusion, these parks have very low mammal diversity). Elliot (1901) 

reported on series of mammals taken from several of the same Florida localities that were 

sampled by Bangs, essentially to contradict many of Bangs’ taxonomic conclusions (Bangs has 

since been shown to have been accurate in most of his interpretations). Finally, books on the 

mammals of Alabama (Howell 1921), Georgia (Golley 1962), North Carolina (Lee et al. 1983), 

and South Carolina (Golley 1966) include county records for many mammals included in this 

investigation, and books with regional scopes (Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Brown 

1997; Whitaker and Hamilton 1998; Trani et al. 2007) provide a courser-grained perspective of 

the natural histories of these species of mammals. 

Taken from another perspective, many parks have attracted the attention of mammalogists 

because of the uniqueness of the park’s mammalian fauna. For example, Cumberland Island 

(CUIS), Georgia, and Anastasia Island (FOMA), Florida, have been focal points for 

mammalogists for over a century, and series of publications have arisen over some of their 

mammals. On Cumberland Island, there once existed a pocket gopher whose taxonomic status 

has been debated (Bangs 1898; Pembleton and Williams 1978; Williams and Genoways 1980; 

Laerm 1981); this is an important conservation issue because if unique, this insular gopher 

should now be considered extinct, but if not, then it could be reintroduced using individuals from 

the adjacent mainland. On Anastasia Island, the cotton mouse was thought to be extirpated 

(Pournelle and Barrington 1953; Humphrey et al. 1988; Boone et al. 1993) but it recently has 

been rediscovered (voucher material examined during this investigation). In addition, the 

taxonomic status of cotton mice on Cumberland Island and Anastasia Island has been revised 

(Boone et al. 1993). Moreover, the remaining populations of the federally endangered Anastasia 

Island beach mouse likely exist only on Anastasia Island. Additional notes on management 

concerns, particularly for introduced species, and the state and federal listings of the species are 

provided in the Accounts of Species. 

This manuscript is organized following standard scientific protocol (Introduction, Study Area, 

Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Literature Cited, and Appendices), with one 

exception. The Results and much of the Discussion sections are combined because, due to the 

length of the manuscript, it is easier to discuss the results of each park before moving on to the 

next park. In addition, the combined Results and Discussion section are renamed, including 

sections entitled Park Accounts and Accounts of Species, which include individual accounts for 

each park and each species of mammal, respectively. This organization allows the reader to 

quickly flip to a park account, using the Table of Contents, and not get bogged down in the 

minutiae associated with each species of mammal, although that information is available in the 

species accounts. This format also allows the reader to access quickly information the 

distribution, natural history, and documentation for individual species within the entire Southeast 

Coast Network. In other words, the two sections are cross-referenced. A synoptic Discussion 

follows; it focuses on landscape issues, using park data when appropriate. The Appendices 

include detailed information garnered from museum records and the results of the field 

investigations for each park. 
3 

Study Area 

This investigation identifies the mammalian fauna of 19 national parks in the Southeast Coast 

Network (Figure 1). These parks range in size from 18 (CASA) to almost 50,000 (TIMU) acres 

and in the number of units within each park from one (most parks) to 16 (CHAT). Parks in the 

Southeast Coast Network are found in the Carolinian Province, which roughly coincides with the 

bottomland hardwood forest ecosystem. The geographic distributions of many Gulf Coast 

species terminate in coastal North Carolina, whereas those of many mid-Atlantic species 

terminate in central Florida. Thus, despite the tremendous differences in size and number of 

units, which are both good indicators of habitat and therefore mammalian diversity, many 

species of mammals, especially larger species that perforce occupy larger territories, have 

geographic distributions that extend throughout the entire area encompassed by the Southeast 

Coast Network. Detailed descriptions of habitat diversity and the study areas in each park are 

provided in the individual Park Accounts. 

Figure 1. Southeast Coast Network parks included in this study. 

5 

Methods 

This investigation involved two major objectives. First, I compiled a list of approximately 4,500 

mammal specimens deposited in 40 North American museums and natural history collections 

(Table 1) and personally examined as many as possible given the time and financial constraints 

of the project – a total of 87 days was spent in museums during the course of this investigation. 

Identifications were verified for those specimens personally examined by me, and the following 

information (if available) was recorded for all museum specimens: museum and museum 

number, location of capture, date of capture, sex and reproductive information, and the collector 

and collector’s specimen number. These efforts resulted in a preliminary estimate of the number 

of mammals in each of the SECN parks (Table 2). The second objective was to visit each park, 

determine with the assistance of park personnel survey sites for intensive pitfall and Sherman 

live trapping based on the number of habitats available and the species targeted for collection, 

establish trapping grids, and prepare and install voucher material into the Natural History 

Museum at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. Pitfall traps consisted of unbaited #10 

food cans buried such that their lips were flush at ground level. Sherman live traps were 7.6 cm 

X 7.6 cm X 23 cm (3” X 3” X 9”) aluminum traps baited with rolled oats. One grid of pitfall 

traps and one grid of Sherman live traps typically were installed in each habitat. Each grid 

consisted of five rows of traps, each row containing five traps, spaced at 10-m (33-ft) intervals, 

thereby trapping an area of 0.5 acres (0.25 hectares). For parks in North Carolina, bat surveys 

were conducted using mist nets and Sonobat, an acoustical technique that allows echolocation 

calls to be recorded and compared to a library of know bat calls for easy identification. A total 

of 425 days was spent in the field and another 48 days was spent in the laboratory preparing 

specimens and dealing with curatorial issues. 

The status of each mammal in each park adhered to a protocol established by the Southeast Coast 

Network, as follows: Present – a species that has been documented within park boundaries and is 

assumed to be extant; Probably Present – a species that likely occurs within park boundaries 

because it occurs in the adjacent region and suitable habitat exists in that park; Historic – a 

species that historically occurred within park boundaries but is now extirpated; Unconfirmed – a 

species that has been assumed to occur within park boundaries based on scanty or no evidence; 

False Report – a species that has been assumed to occur within park boundaries but subsequently 

the documentation was proven false or the taxonomy was no longer accepted. Likewise, the 

Southeast Coast Network established the following abundance categories: Abundant – a species 

that occurs in relatively large numbers and may be seen daily; Common – a species that may be 

seen daily but not in large numbers; Uncommon – a species that may be seen monthly but occurs 

sporadically; Rare – a species that may be seen only a few times each year and is restricted to 

small areas of rare habitat; Occasional – a species that may be seen every few years; Unknown – 

a species whose abundance is not known. The following residency categories were used: 

Breeder – a species that reproduces in a park; Resident – a species that occurs in a park at least 

two months each year but does not reproduce there; Migratory – a species that occurs in a park 

less than two months each year; Vagrant – a species that typically resides outside the park; 

Unknown – a species whose residency status is not known. Finally, the following nativity 

categories were used: Native – a species that is indigenous to the region; Non-native – a species 

that is not indigenous to the region; Unknown – a species whose nativity status is not known. 
6 

Specific details concerning the methodology used in each park is found in the individual Park 

Accounts. A complete set of field notes pertaining to this project has been provided to the 

National Park Service. 

Table 1. Museums containing mammal specimens referenced during this investigation, museum 

acronyms, and the number of days spent in each museum. 

Museum Acronym Days in 

Collection 

American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY AMNH 3 

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA ANSP -

Appalachian State University, Boone, NC ASU 3

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA CAS -

Carnegie Museum of Natrual History, Pittsburg, PA 

Cape Lookout National Seashore Collections 

Charleston Museum, Charleston, SC 

CM 

CALO 

ChM 

- 

1 

2 

Cumberland Island Museum, Saint Marys, GA CIS -

Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Ithaca, NY CUMV -

Delaware Museum of Natural History, Wilmington, DE DMNH -

Field Museum (of Natural History), Chicago, IL FMNH -

Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL UF 4

Georgia Museum of Natural History, University of Georgia, Athens, GA GMNH 6

Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN ISU -

Louisiana Museum of Natural History, Louisiana State University, Baton LSU -

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA MCZ 7

Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, MSB -

Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX TTU -

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, MVZ 7

Natural History Collections, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA UMA 1

Natural History Museum, University of North Carolina Wilmington, UNCW 10

Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of 

Kansas, Lawrence, KS 

KU 5 

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, CA LACM -

New York Science Museum, Albany, NY, 

North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC

NYSM 

NCSM 

- 

8

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC NCSU 4

Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT YPM 2

Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ONT ROM 1

Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK OMNH -

San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, CA SDNHM -

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History SBMNH -

Slater Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA PSM -

Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State University, Hays, MHP -

Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, Texas A&M University, College TCWC -

The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI MSU -

University of Illinois Museum of Natural History, Urbana-Champaign, IL 

University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI

UIMNH 

UMMZ 

- 

2

U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC USNM 16

Vertebrate Collections, Northeastern University, Boston, MA NUVC 2

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA VCU -

 
7 

Table 2. Number of species previously reported from 19 national parks in the Southeast Coast Network. 

Park 

Species 

Known 

Present 

Species 

Assumed 

Present 

% known 

NPSpecies 

Estimated 

species 

richness 

Standard 

error 

% known 

species 

richness 

CAHA  29  54  54  58  6.3  50 

FORA  0  15  0       

WRBR  0    0       

CALO  25  40  63  89  17.9  28 

MOCR  0  14  0       

FOSU  0  4  0       

FOMO  0    0       

CHPI  0  47  0  78  9.9  0 

COSW  8  46  19  81  11.8  10 

HOBE  0  47  0  78  9.9  0 

CHAT  0  44  0  101  12.2  0 

KEMO  0    0       

OCMU  0  63  0  56  3.7  0 

FOFR  2  7  29       

CUIS  34  57  60  77  8.3  44 

TIMU  10  32  31  31  4.8  32 

FOCA  0  18  0  33  5.6  0 

CASA  0    0       

FOMA  5  40  13  126  25  4 

9 

Park Accounts 

The following individual park accounts include a brief description of each park (at the time of 

the study), an overview of previous work done in each park, a description of the voucher material 

existing in major North American museums, an explanation of the fieldwork completed in each 

park, a description of the species encountered in or adjacent to each park, comments about the 

listing status, nativity, and management implications of each mammal inhabiting the park, and a 

table summarizing the status of each species of mammal in the park. Detailed information about 

the voucher material is provided in Appendx 1 and NPSpecies. 

Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA) 

The third largest park in the Southeast Network, Cape Hatteras National Seashore consists of 

approximately 35,000 acres and 120 km (74 mi) of barrier island habitat in Dare and Hyde 

counties, North Carolina. The Park extends from Whalebone Junction (the intersection of Hwy 

64/264 and Hwy 12/158) southward to Ocracoke Inlet. CAHA consists of four “islands” (from 

north to south: Bodie, Pea Island, Hatteras, and Ocracoke) that have been named because at 

various times in the recent past they have been separated from each other by inlets. Today, 

Bodie Island is connected to the northern Outer Banks; it is separated from Pea Island by 

Hatteras Inlet. Pea Island is connected to Hatteras Island; Bodie Island, Pea Island, and Hatteras 

Island are part of Dare County. Hatteras Island is separated from Ocracoke Island by Hatteras 

Inlet. Ocracoke Inlet separates Ocracoke Island, which is part of Hyde County, from barrier 

islands to the south that comprise Cape Lookout National Seashore, which are part of Carteret 

County. Hwy 12 runs the length of CAHA, crossing Oregon Inlet by bridge and crossing 

Hatteras Inlet by ferry. 

The northernmost part of CAHA (Bodie Island) consists primarily of sound-side habitat; the 

village of South Nags Head exists on the beachfront. At a point approximately half-way between 

Whalebone Junction and Oregon Inlet, the village property ends and CAHA expands to include 

both the sound-side and beachfront habitats. South of Oregon Inlet, Pea Island National Wildlife 

Refuge extends across the barrier island from ocean to sound; it is administered by the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service, although it is within the boundaries of CAHA. Continuing southward, the 

largely undeveloped CAHA extends across the barrier islands from ocean to sound along most of 

Hatteras and Ocracoke islands, although several small villages are located on both islands (from 

north to south: Rodanthe, Salvo, Avon, Buxton, Frisco, Hatteras, and Ocracoke). The Park also 

includes three visitor centers, three lighthouses, four campgrounds, and numerous maintenance 

and residential buildings. 

The Park contains extensive segments of the habitats that are typical of barrier islands – intertidal 

beaches, dunes, swales, overwash terraces, maritime shrub thickets, maritime forests, intermittent 

to permanent ponds, high marshes, and low marshes. The number of habitats is related to the 

distance from the ocean to the sound and the elevational grade along this transect. Narrow flat 

island stretches have fewer habitats, they are much more susceptible to damage from storms, and 

they can quickly change over time. Conversely, wide island stretches with ancient dunes are less 

susceptible to damage from storms and they are much more stable over time. An excellent 

example of the former is found immediately north of Rodanthe, where the “S-curve” on Hwy 12 

is frequently covered by sand or washed out during hurricanes and nor’easters. An excellent 

example of the latter is Buxton Woods, one of the largest and most stable maritime forests on the 
10 

East Coast. In addition, habitat management at CAHA has not been applied evenly throughout 

the entire Park, and as a result there has been a steady change in the vegetation over time (Parnell 

et al. 1992). In general, sites that were dominated by herbaceous vegetation two to three decades 

ago are now dominated by maritime shrub thickets, and forests that were once dominated by 

loblolly pines are now dominated by hardwoods. However, there are miles of mosquito ditches 

in CAHA marshes and fire has been used to maintain vegetation in an earlier stage of ecological 

succession. Boone (1988) provided results of the effects of fire on small mammals in four of the 

Parks major habitats (dune-grassland, maritime shrub thickets, high marsh, and low marsh). 

Similarly, management of vehicular traffic on the south end of Ocracoke Island has resulted in 

the replacement of open sand by a luxurious marsh. 

CAHA has been the focus of extensive scientific explorations over the last 50 years or so, and 

the mammalian fauna of CAHA is relatively well known. Engels (1942) reported on the 

vertebrate fauna of Ocracoke Island, including the following mammals – eastern cottontail, 

marsh rabbit, black rat, house mouse, American mink, northern river otter, and feral horse. Lee 

et al. (1983) reported, among other species, the southeastern shrew, silver-haired bat, eastern red 

bat, and eastern cottontail from Pea Island; American mink from Buxton; cotton mouse and 

hispid cotton rat from Buxton (following Brimley 1944-46); and eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, 

and eastern harvest mouse from Ocracoke Island. The most comprehensive report of mammals 

in the region was compiled by Parnell et al. (1992), who provided results of their fieldwork 

along the entire Outer Banks and other anecdotal records in their update of Quay’s (1959) The 

birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians of Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreation Area. 

Parnell et al. (1992) commented on 31 species of mammals (Virginia opossum, southeastern 

least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, silver-haired bat, eastern red bat, eastern 

cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, white-footed mouse, cotton mouse, 

hispid cotton rat, meadow vole, common muskrat, black rat, Norway rat, house mouse, nutria, 

common gray fox, northern raccoon, American mink, northern river otter, feral cat, feral horse, 

feral pig, goat, European mouflon sheep, domestic cattle, and white-tailed deer) along the stretch 

of Outer Banks extending from Corolla (Currituck County) southward to Ocracoke Island; they 

also noted that the feral pig, goat, European mouflon sheep, and domestic cattle had been 

removed from this region. A list of 24 potential terrestrial species, along with two species of 

bats and two species of marine mammals, was provided by staff at the University of CaliforniaDavis to NPS personnel in 1992. According to NPS data, 29 species of terrestrial and marine 

mammals have been documented on Park property based on tangible evidence, and 54 

NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). None of these sources 

mentioned the American black bear as a member of the CAHA mammalian fauna, but there is 

one report of an individual that swam across to Ocracoke Island; this record is not discussed 

beyond since the American black bear is not a permanent resident of the Outer Banks. 

Fieldwork on the Outer Banks by the author and a team of biologists from the University of 

North Carolina Wilmington began in 1986. Fieldwork associated with Southeast Network 

inventory began on 11 January 2005 and ended on 13 July 2005, encompassing a total of 24 

man-days in the field (Figure 2). In addition, four man-nights were used to survey bats. 

Additional time was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from Dare and Hyde 

counties, North Carolina, and counties that are adjacent to Dare and Hyde counties. Nineteen 

museums have specimens from Dare and Hyde counties, North Carolina – the American 

Museum of Natural History has five Virginia opossums, one least shrew, one eastern cottontail, 
11 

and two marsh rice rats; Appalachian State University has one eastern red bat; the Carnegie 

Museum of Natural History has one eastern red bat; Cornell University has three marsh rice rats 

and one common muskrat; the Florida Museum of Natural History has one nutria; the Georgia 

Museum of Natural History has four white-footed mice; the James R. Slater Museum has three 

red wolves; the Museum of Comparative Zoology has two marsh rice rats, four common 

muskrats, six American mink, and three white-tailed deer; the Museum of Southwestern Biology 

has a marsh rabbit, three marsh rice rats, and one house mouse; the North Carolina Museum of 

Natural Sciences has specimens of the southern short-tailed shrew, big brown bat, eastern red 

bat, evening bat, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, white-footed mouse, common muskrat, coyote, 

and northern river otter; North Carolina State University has specimens of the eastern cottontail, 

marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, meadow vole, Norway rat, house mouse, 

nutria, American black bear, northern raccoon, and white-tailed deer; the Philadelphia Academy 

of Natural Sciences, has two silver-haired bats; the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has 

specimens of the least shrew, eastern mole, evening bat, eastern gray squirrel, eastern harvest 

mouse, white-footed mouse, hispid cotton rat, house mouse, nutria, American black bear, and 

white-tailed deer; the University of Kansas has five white-footed mice; the University of 

Massachusetts has four marsh rice rats, three white-footed mice, two black rats, one nutria, and 

two northern raccoons; the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology has specimens of the 

least shrew, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, and whitefooted mouse; the University of North Carolina Wilmington has specimens of the Virginia 

opossum, southeastern shrew, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern red 

bat, eastern cottontail, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, white-footed mouse, meadow vole, 

common muskrat, house mouse, nutria, common gray fox, northern raccoon, American mink, 

northern river otter, and white-tailed deer; Virginia Commonwealth University has one marsh 

rice rat, one Norway rat, and 18 house mice; and the Yale University Peabody Museum has two 

eastern cottontails and one northern raccoon. 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified – dunes and overwash terraces, maritime shrub 

thickets and forests, swales and ponds, estuarine marshes, and out-buildings and piles of debris. 

Given the tremendous number of specimens that are deposited in North American museums, no 

trapping was conducted; however, an extensive amount of ground truthing was used in each 

habitat to discover spoor at designated sites throughout the entire Park to ascertain changes in the 

mammalian fauna since the time of the Quay (1959) and Parnell et al. (1992) treatises. Since 

Quay and I were co-authors on the Parnell et al. (1992) study, I was able to visit the same study 

sites used in the mid-1950s and early 1990s, thereby extending the timeline of change in the 

mammalian fauna at CAHA to about 50 years. Surveys for bats were conducted using 

SONOBAT in Buxton Woods where Lighthouse Road is flanked on either side by permanent 

ponds (about 500 m south of Hwy 12). 

Twenty-six species of terrestrial mammals (Virginia opossum, least shrew, southern short-tailed 

shrew, eastern mole, silver-haired bat, eastern red bat, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern 

gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, white-footed mouse, meadow vole, common muskrat, black rat, 

Norway rat, house mouse, nutria, domestic dog, red fox, common gray fox, northern raccoon, 

American mink, northern river otter, feral cat, feral horse, and white-tailed deer) were 

documented on the Park property during the course of this project (Table 3). The domestic dog, 

however, is not a permanent resident of the park and should not be included in subsequent 

checklists. In addition, the evening bat is widely distributed in the southeastern United States, 
12 

and it probably occurs at CAHA. The red fox is new to the mammalian fauna of CAHA since 

Parnell et al. (1992), moving down the Outer Banks from southeastern Virginia to Hatteras Inlet; 

it has become a major predator of sea turtle eggs and hatchlings and is in need of management. 

The coyote encroaches on the region but has not yet been reported in the Park. The mountain 

lion no longer inhabits the region, although reports of mountain lions continue to persist, and 

four species of domestic livestock (feral pig, European mouflon sheep, goat, and domestic cattle) 

have been removed from the Park. 

Specific comments on six other species are warranted. Reports of the southeastern shrew from 

Hatteras Island (Engels 1941; Lee et al.1983) are based solely on skeletal material removed from 

owl pellets. Since there are no other records indicating the presence of southeastern shrews on 

Roanoke Island or the Outer Banks, the owl pellet records are considered to be extralimital. 

Single specimens of the southern short-tailed shrew from near the Cape Hatteras lighthouse 

(Quarles 1974) and the eastern harvest mouse from the south end of Ocracoke Island (Lee et al. 

1983) likely represent two other common Park species, the least shrew and house mouse, 

respectively; the southern short-tailed shrew is otherwise not known from Hatteras Island and the 

eastern harvest mouse is otherwise not known from Bodie, Hatteras, or Ocracoke islands. 

Reports of the cotton mouse from Buxton Woods and Frisco Woods are based on specimens that 

represent the white-footed mouse (Shipp-Pennock et al. 2005). Finally, E. L. Green, Jr., 

collected four hispid cotton rats from “sandy shrub areas” at Cape Hatteras in 1936, and there is 

no reason to question his identification. It is likely that hispid cotton rats moved down the Outer 

Banks from southeastern Virginia in stepwise fashion as inlets migrated southward (Stick 1958; 

Mallison et al. 2008), eventually reaching Cape Hatteras; apparently this population was unable 

to survive on Hatteras Island, and the nearest hispid cotton rat record is from Nags Head Woods 

(Lee et al. 1983). Therefore, 26 species of terrestrial mammals were documented as occurring or 

probably occurring on Park property, none of which are considered to be imperiled by the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of North Carolina (LeGrand et al. 2006). However, the 

Buxton Woods white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus buxtoni), recently described by 

Shipp-Pennock et al. (2005), is restricted to the southern third of Hatteras Island; various aspects 

of its natural history should be elucidated. 

On a landscape scale, the 26 species of terrestrial mammals considered to be or expected to be 

Present at CAHA have widespread geographic distributions in the southeastern United States 

(Hall 1981; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad 

habitat tolerances and occupy or would be expected to occupy many of the five habitats 

identified in this report. Species typically associated with dunes and overwash fans at CAHA 

include the Virginia opossum, eastern cottontail, white-footed mouse, house mouse, nutria, 

domestic dog, red fox, common gray fox, northern raccoon, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. 

Species associated primarily with maritime shrub thickets and forests at CAHA include the 

Virginia opossum, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern gray squirrel, white-footed 

mouse, red fox, common gray fox, northern raccoon, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. Species 

typically associated with swales and ponds at CAHA include the Virginia opossum, least shrew, 

southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, silver-haired bat, eastern red bat, evening bat, eastern 

cottontail, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, white-footed mouse, meadow vole, common muskrat, 

nutria, northern raccoon, American mink, northern river otter, and white-tailed deer. Species 

associated primarily with estuarine marshes at CAHA include the marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, 

meadow vole, common muskrat, nutria, northern raccoon, American mink, and northern river 
13 

otter. Species associated primarily with out-buildings and piles of debris at CAHA include the 

Virginia opossum, white-footed mouse, black rat, Norway rat, house mouse, domestic dog, and 

feral cat. Finally, the feral horses at CAHA are now confined to a livestock pen on Ocracoke 

Island and no longer roam the islands, and the introduction of eastern gray squirrels in the village 

of Ocracoke was unsuccessful. 

Table 3. Status of 34 mammals at Cape Hatteras National Seashore. [1 – Bodie Island; 2 – Hatteras 

Island; 3 – Ocracoke Island] 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park

Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Least shrew Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Southern short-tailed 

shrew Present X X X Evidence in CAHA1

Eastern mole Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Silver-haired bat Present X X X Evidence in CAHA23

Eastern red bat Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Eastern cottontail Present X X X Evidence in CAHA123

Marsh rabbit Present X X X Evidence in CAHA123

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X X Evidence in CAHA2

Marsh rice rat Present X X X Evidence in CAHA123

White-footed mouse Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Meadow vole Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Common muskrat Present X X X Evidence in CAHA123

Black rat Present X X X Evidence in CAHA3

Norway rat Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

House mouse Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Nutria Present X X X Evidence in CAHA123

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence in CAHA123

Red fox Present X X Evidence in CAHA12

Common gray fox Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Northern raccoon Present X X X Evidence in CAHA123

American mink Present X X X Evidence in CAHA123

Northern river otter Present X X X Evidence in CAHA123

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in CAHA123

Feral horse Present X X Evidence at CAHA3

White-tailed deer Present X X X Evidence in CAHA12

Evening bat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Coyote Encroaching Evidence in region 

Hispid cotton rat Absent Extirpated 

Mountain lion Absent Extirpated 

Feral pig Absent Extirpated 

European mouflon sheep Absent Extirpated 

Goat Absent Extirpated 

Domestic cattle Absent Extirpated 
14 

Figure 2. Mammal survey locations at Cape Hatteras National Seashore. 

Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (FORA) 

Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, located on the north end of Roanoke Island, Dare County, 

North Carolina, is thought to be the site of Roanoke Colony, the first European settlement in the 

New World. The site was discovered in 1584 by Sir Walter Raleigh, and the initial settlement of 
15 

108 men survived there from July 1585 to June 1586. A second group of Europeans, lead by 

Governor John White, arrived in 1587. This group later became known as the “Lost Colony” 

because they had disappeared by 1590 when White returned after a trip to England for additional 

supplies. Virginia Dare, the first child of European descent to be brought forth in the New 

World, was born 18 August 1587 in the Roanoke Colony. Today, her name figures prominently 

in many eastern North Carolina place-names and businesses. 

The 513-acre Park currently is dominated by pine and pine-hardwood forests, brackish marshes 

and adjacent sandy beaches and maritime shrub thickets, swamp forests, and mechanically 

maintained grassy areas and trails as well as a visitor center, administrative and maintenance 

buildings, residences, and a theatre complex. In the early 20th Century the region was primarily 

farmland and pastureland; however, it probably was heavily forested at the time of European 

colonization. 

There apparently has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of FORA, other than 

the anecdotal comments in Lee et al. (1983) and Parnell et al. (1992). They reported 17 species 

from Roanoke Island – Virginia opossum, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, evening bat, 

eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, white-footed mouse, hispid 

cotton rat, meadow vole, common muskrat, nutria, common gray fox, northern raccoon, northern 

river otter, and feral cat. Staff at the University of California-Davis provided lists of potential 

species of mammals inhabiting most parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but FORA was not 

included as one of those Parks. According to NPS data, there have been no species of mammals 

documented on Park property based on tangible evidence, but there are 15 NPSpecies listed as 

possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). 

Fieldwork began on 2 February 2004 and ended on 23 May 2005, encompassing a total of 12 

man-days in the field (Figure 3). Four man-nights were used to survey bats. Additional time 

was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from Dare County, North Carolina, and 

surrounding counties. Seventeen museums have specimens from Dare County, North Carolina – 

the American Museum of Natural History has five Virginia opossums, one least shrew, one 

eastern cottontail, and two marsh rice rats; the Carnegie Museum of Natural History has one 

eastern red bat; Cornell University has three marsh rice rats and one common muskrat; the 

Florida Museum of Natural History has one nutria; the Georgia Museum of Natural History has 

four white-footed mice; the James R. Slater Museum has at least one red wolf; the Museum of 

Comparative Zoology has two marsh rice rats and three white-tailed deer; the Museum of 

Southwestern Biology has a marsh rabbit, three marsh rice rats, and one house mouse; the North 

Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences has specimens of the southern short-tailed shrew, big 

brown bat, eastern red bat, evening bat, eastern cottontail, white-footed mouse, common 

muskrat, and northern river otter; North Carolina State University has specimens of the eastern 

cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, meadow vole, Norway rat, house 

mouse, nutria, American black bear, northern raccoon, and white-tailed deer; the U.S. National 

Museum of Natural History has specimens of the eastern mole, evening bat, eastern harvest 

mouse, white-footed mouse, house mouse, nutria, American black bear, and white-tailed deer; 

the University of Kansas has five white-footed mice; the University of Massachusetts has three 

white-footed mice, two black rats, one nutria, and two northern raccoons; the University of 

Michigan Museum of Zoology has specimens of the least shrew, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, 

eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, and white-footed mouse; the University of North Carolina 
16 

Wilmington has specimens of the Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, least shrew, southern 

short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern red bat, eastern cottontail, eastern gray squirrel, marsh 

rice rat, white-footed mouse, meadow vole, common muskrat, house mouse, nutria, common 

gray fox, northern raccoon, American mink, northern river otter, and white-tailed deer; Virginia 

Commonwealth University has one marsh rice rat, one Norway rat, and 18 house mice; and the 

Yale University Peabody Museum has one northern raccoon. It is noteworthy that Roanoke 

Island is located between the Dare County mainland and the Outer Banks, separated from each 

by a substantial body of water (Croatan Sound and Roanoke Sound, respectively). These bodies 

of water are isolating mechanisms that prevent many small mammals from immigrating to 

Roanoke Island from the North Carolina mainland or from the Outer Banks, which extends 

northward to the southeastern Virginia mainland. 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified – pine-hardwood forest, brackish marsh, maritime 

shrub thicket, swamp forest and pond, and mechanically maintained grassy areas. Given the 

relatively small size of the Park and its accessibility, fieldwork (Sherman livetraps, pitfall traps, 

and extensive ground truthing for spoor) was conducted throughout most of the Park (Figure 3). 

Surveys for bats were conducted using SONOBAT at the pond adjacent to where Hwy 64/264 

crosses Croatan Sound and reaches Roanoke Island. 

Fourteen species of terrestrial mammals (Virginia opossum, eastern mole, eastern red bat, eastern 

cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, common muskrat, nutria, domestic dog, common 

gray fox, northern raccoon, American mink, northern river otter, and feral cat) were documented 

on the Park property during the course of this project, and another 10 species of mammals (least 

shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, silver-haired bat, evening bat, marsh rice rat, white-footed 

mouse, hispid cotton rat, meadow vole, Norway rat, and house mouse) that are widely distributed 

in the southeastern United States but not encountered on Park property, would be expected at 

FORA (Table 4). The domestic dog, however, is not a permanent resident of the park and should 

not be included in subsequent checklists. The coyote, red wolf, American black bear, and whitetailed deer are not permanent residents of Roanoke Island, but individuals of these three species 

might swim westward across the Croatan Sound, as well as eastward across Roanoke Sound in 

the case of the white-tailed deer, and occasionally stray through the Park. The mountain lion no 

longer inhabits the region, although reports of mountain lions continue to persist among locals. 

The southeastern shrew, northern short-tailed shrew, big brown bat, eastern harvest mouse, 

cotton mouse, golden mouse, red fox, long-tailed weasel, and bobcat occur to the west on the 

North Carolina mainland, but they are not permanent residents of Roanoke Island or the Park 

because adequate segments of suitable habitat are lacking. Therefore, 23 species of mammals 

were documented as occurring or probably occurring on Park property, none of which are 

considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of North Carolina 

(LeGrand et al. 2006). 

On a landscape scale, the 23 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be present at 

FORA have widespread geographic distributions in the southeastern United States (Hall 1981; 

Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat 

tolerances and occupy or would be expected to occupy many of the five habitats identified in this 

report. Species typically associated with the pine-hardwood at FORA include the Virginia 

opossum, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern gray squirrel, white-footed mouse, 

common gray fox, northern raccoon, and feral cat. Species associated primarily with the 
17 

brackish marsh, maritime shrub thicket, swamp forest, and pond habitats include the Virginia 

opossum, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, silver-haired bat, eastern red bat, evening bat, 

marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, meadow vole, common muskrat, nutria, northern raccoon, American 

mink, and northern river otter. Species typically associated with the mechanically maintained 

grassy areas and out-buildings at FORA include the Virginia opossum, eastern mole, eastern 

cottontail, hispid cotton rat, Norway rat, house mouse, domestic dog, northern raccoon, and feral 

cat. 

Figure 3. Mammal survey locations at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site. 
18 

Table 4. Status of 27 mammals at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site. 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park

Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Eastern mole Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Eastern red bat Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Eastern cottontail Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Marsh rabbit Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Common muskrat Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Nutria Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Common gray fox Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Northern raccoon Present X X Evidence in FORA 

American mink Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Northern river otter Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in FORA 

Least shrew Probably Present Evidence in region 

Southern short-tailed 

shrew Probably Present Evidence in region 

Silver-haired bat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Evening bat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Marsh rice rat Probably Present Evidence in region 

White-footed mouse Probably Present Evidence in region 

Hispid cotton rat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Meadow vole Probably Present Evidence in region 

Norway rat Probably present Evidence in region 

House mouse Probably Present Evidence in region 

Black rat Encroaching Evidence in region 

Coyote Encroaching Evidence in region 

Mountain lion Absent Extirpated 

Wright Brothers National Memorial (WRBR) 

Wright Brothers National Memorial, located in Kill Devil Hills, Dare County, North Carolina, is 

located on the site where, in 1903 and after four years of practice, Wilbur and Orville Wright 

successfully achieved the first sustained powered flight of a man-made airplane. Today, the 

Memorial encompasses about 425 acres of remnant dunes, some of which are forested with 

loblolly pine; mixed hardwoods, and evergreen shrubs; sandy flatlands dominated by grasses, 

stunted live oaks, cactus, and an assortment of typical herbaceous barrier island plants; a 3,000-

foot landing strip; a visitor center; the primary monument and several smaller monuments 

commemorating various individuals and landmarks in the Wright brothers four-year struggle to 

achieve sustained flight; and several associated maintenance and residential buildings. WRBR is 

completely surrounded by residential and commercial development. 

There has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of WRBR per se, although the 

Outer Banks have been the target of many comprehensive surveys over the last 50 years. The 
19 

most comprehensive report of mammals in the region is by Parnell et al. (1992), who provided 

results of their fieldwork along the entire Outer Banks and other anecdotal records in their update 

of Quay’s (1959) The birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians of Cape Hatteras National 

Seashore Recreation Area. Boone (1988) specifically reported three species of mammals 

(eastern cottontail, common gray fox, and white-tailed deer) from WRBR, and Parnell et al. 

(1992) opined that a total of 27 species of mammals inhabit the Outer Banks. Staff at the 

University of California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals inhabiting most 

parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but WRBR was not included as one of those parks. According 

to NPS data, there have been no species of mammals documented on park property on the basis 

of tangible evidence, so it is not surprising that no NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in 

the park (Table 2). 

Fieldwork began on 11 January 2005 and ended on 23 May 2005, encompassing a total of 16 

man-days in the field and 1,600 trap-nights (Figure 4). Eight man-nights were used to survey 

bats, four man-nights in each of two habitats. Additional time was spent canvassing museum 

collections for specimens from Dare County, North Carolina, and surrounding counties. 

Seventeen museums have specimens from Dare County, North Carolina – the American Museum 

of Natural History has five Virginia opossums, one least shrew, one eastern cottontail, and two 

marsh rice rats; the Carnegie Museum of Natural History has one eastern red bat; Cornell 

University has three marsh rice rats and one common muskrat; the Florida Museum of Natural 

History has one nutria; the Georgia Museum of Natural History has four white-footed mice; the 

James R. Slater Museum has at least one red wolf; the Museum of Comparative Zoology has two 

marsh rice rats and three white-tailed deer; the Museum of Southwestern Biology has a marsh 

rabbit, three marsh rice rats, and one house mouse; the North Carolina Museum of Natural 

Sciences has specimens of the southern short-tailed shrew, big brown bat, eastern red bat, 

evening bat, eastern cottontail, white-footed mouse, common muskrat, and northern river otter; 

North Carolina State University has specimens of the eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern 

gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, meadow vole, Norway rat, house mouse, nutria, American black 

bear, northern raccoon, and white-tailed deer; the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has 

specimens of the eastern mole, evening bat, eastern harvest mouse, white-footed mouse, house 

mouse, nutria, American black bear, and white-tailed deer; the University of Kansas has five 

white-footed mice; the University of Massachusetts has three white-footed mice, two black rats, 

one nutria, and two northern raccoons; the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology has 

specimens of the least shrew, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice 

rat, and white-footed mouse; the University of North Carolina Wilmington has specimens of the 

Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, 

eastern red bat, eastern cottontail, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, white-footed mouse, 

meadow vole, common muskrat, house mouse, nutria, common gray fox, northern raccoon, 

American mink, northern river otter, and white-tailed deer; Virginia Commonwealth University 

has one marsh rice rat, one Norway rat, and 18 house mice; and the Yale University Peabody 

Museum has one northern raccoon. It should be mentioned, however, that the boundaries of 

Dare County, North Carolina, extend from the mainland eastward to Roanoke Island and part of 

the Outer Banks, so some of the species mentioned above occur only on the North Carolina 

mainland or only on the mainland and Roanoke Island, and they do not occur on the Outer Banks 

or only rarely so. 
20 

Three major terrestrial habitats were identified at WRBR – pine-hardwood forest, sandy flats 

dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants and stunted live oaks (36o01.405’N, 

75o40.110’W), and mechanically maintained grassy areas and road edges and the airport 

(36o

01.149’N, 75o40.229’W). Given the relatively few number of habitats (one of which was 

greatly disturbed by mechanical devices) and the fact that the region has been surveyed 

repeatedly in the recent past, fieldwork was limited to one grid of Sherman livetraps and one grid 

of pitfall traps in each habitat; however, the Park was ground truthed extensively for spoor on 

several occasions (Figure 4). Surveys for bats were conducted using SONOBAT in the northern 

corner of the Park (sandy flats dominated by herbaceous plants and stunted oaks) and along 

Colington Road along the western edge of the Park (mixed pine-hardwood forest). 

Thirteen species of mammals (Virginia opossum, eastern mole, eastern red bat, eastern cottontail, 

eastern gray squirrel, white-footed mouse, house mouse, domestic dog, red fox, common gray 

fox, northern raccoon, feral cat, and white-tailed deer) were documented on the Park property 

during the course of this project, and another seven species of mammals (least shrew, southern 

short-tailed shrew, silver-haired bat, evening bat, eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton rat, and 

Norway rat) that are widely distributed in the southeastern United States but not encountered on 

Park property would be expected at WRBR, at least occasionally (Table 5). The domestic dog, 

however, is not a permanent resident of the park and should not be included in subsequent 

checklists. Some species of small mammals (southeastern shrew, northern-short-tailed shrew, 

big brown bat, cotton mouse, and golden mouse) that inhabit the Dare County mainland do not 

occur on the Outer Banks, although there are dubious records of the southeastern shrew and 

cotton mouse from the Outer Banks (Brimley 1944-46; Lee et al. 1983). Moreover, some species 

of large mammals (coyote, red wolf, and American black bear) that inhabit the Dare County 

mainland can move easily across the Albermarle, Croatan, Roanoke, and Pamlico sounds and 

might occasionally stray through the Park, and the coyote can easily move down the Outer Banks 

from southeastern Virginia (as did the red fox); however, there are no migratory or permanent 

populations of the coyote, red wolf, or American black bear in WRBR at this time and they are 

therefore not considered to be part of the Park’s fauna. This is also the case with the feral pig, 

which historically has wandered south along the Outer Banks from Currituck County into Dare 

County and onto Park property. The marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, meadow vole, common 

muskrat, nutria, American mink, and northern river otter occur in the sound-side wetlands and 

nearshore waters to the west of WRBR, but they are not permanent residents of the Park because 

adequate segments of suitable habitat is lacking. The mountain lion probably never occurred on 

the Outer Banks, although reports of its occurrence persist there even today. Therefore, 19 

species of mammals were documented as occurring or probably occurring on Park property, none 

of which are considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of 

North Carolina (LeGrand et al. 2006). 

On a landscape scale, the 19 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

WRBR have widespread geographic distributions in the southeastern United States (Hall 1981; 

Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat 

tolerances, a necessary prerequisite for survival on barrier islands. Most occupy or would be 

expected to occupy all three habitats identified in this report. Species typically associated with 

the pine-hardwood forests at WRBR include the Virginia opossum, southern short-tailed shrew, 

eastern mole, silver-haired bat, eastern red bat, evening bat, eastern gray squirrel, white-footed 

mouse, common gray fox, northern raccoon, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. Species associated 
21 

primarily with the sandy flatlands dominated by herbaceous plants and stunted live oaks include 

the least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, silver-haired bat, eastern cottontail, 

eastern harvest mouse, white-footed mouse, hispid cotton rat, house mouse, red fox, common 

gray fox, northern raccoon, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. Species associated with the 

mechanically maintained areas and out-buildings include the Virginia opossum, eastern mole, 

eastern cottontail, Norway rat, house mouse, domestic dog, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. 

One additional item deserves comment. WRBR is located approximately three-quarters of the 

way down the northern Outer Banks from the Virginia line to Hatteras Inlet. Historically, inlets 

along the Outer Banks open in the north and then migrate southward until a new inlet opens to 

the north (Stick 1958; Mallison et al. 2008). This ‘conveyer belt’ movement of inlets provides 

corridors of upland habitat for terrestrial mammals to move southward along the Outer Banks 

from southeastern Virginia. Over the last 50,000 years, the mammalian fauna of southeastern 

Virginia has changed in response to shifts in climate, and some of these transient faunas were 

able to move southward along the Outer Banks until they reached an existing inlet. As that inlet 

continued to move south, so did those recent immigrants, who eventually became isolated when 

a new inlet formed to the north. Such is the case with several species of mammals that inhabit 

WRBR. Perhaps the most noteworthy species that have moved southward along the Outer Banks 

as inlets migrated southward are the eastern mole, eastern gray squirrel, eastern harvest mouse, 

white-footed mouse, hispid cotton rat, and meadow vole. The geographic distributions of these 

species terminate at various places along the Outer Banks, depending on the length of time since 

the inlet migration permitted southward movement. Conversely, the geographic distributions of 

larger, more vagile species (nutria, American mink, and northern river otter) that are capable of 

easily swimming across inlets in both northward and southward directions, and therefore are 

ubiquitous along the entire Outer Banks. 
22 

Figure 4. Mammal survey locations at Wright Brothers National Memorial. 
23 

Table 5. Status of 24 mammals at Wright Brothers National Memorial. 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park

Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

Eastern mole Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

Eastern red bat Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

Eastern cottontail Present X X X Evidence in WRBR 

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

White-footed mouse Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

House mouse Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

Red fox Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

Common gray fox Present X X X Evidence in WRBR 

Northern raccoon Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

White-tailed deer Present X X Evidence in WRBR 

Least shrew Probably Present Evidence in region 

Southern short-tailed 

shrew Probably Present Evidence in region 

Silver-haired bat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Evening bat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Eastern harvest mouse Probably Present Evidence in region 

Hispid cotton rat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Norway rat Probably present Evidence in region 

Black rat Encroaching Evidence in region 

Coyote Encroaching Evidence in region 

Feral pig Unconfirmed Historic 

Mountain lion Absent Extirpated 

Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO) 

Cape Lookout National Seashore is one of the Southeast Networks most remote parks. Although 

the visitor center on the east end of Harkers Island is accessible by automobile, the majority of 

CALO consists of three barrier islands or “banks” (North Core Banks, South Core Banks, and 

Shackleford Banks) that are accessible only by boat. Ocracoke Inlet forms the northern 

boundary of the Park, and today the best way to reach the north end of CALO, the abandoned 

Portsmouth Village, is by boat from the village of Ocracoke. Today, only about 20 structures (of 

over 100) remain in Portsmouth Village. Cape Lookout, with its distinct black-and-white 

diamond lighthouse, a small museum, maintenance buildings, and a few residences, is located 

about 71 km (44 mi) to the southwest of Portsmouth Village. Between Portsmouth Village, at 

the northernmost end of North Core Banks, and Cape Lookout, at the southernmost end of South 

Core Banks, are transient inlets that separate the banks. Shackleford Banks, a 13-km (8-mi) long 

island that is oriented in an east-west direction, is located to the west of Cape Lookout across 

Barden Inlet. There are no permanent structures on Shackleford Banks today, although there 

once was a village, Diamond City, on the east end of the island. 
24 

CALO contains approximately 28,000 acres, including vast segments of the habitats that are 

typical of barrier islands – intertidal beaches, dunes, swales, overwash fans, maritime shrub 

thickets, maritime forests, intermittent to permanent ponds, high marshes, and low marshes. The 

number of habitats is related to the distance from the ocean to the sound and the elevational 

grade along this transect. Most of North Core Banks and South Core Banks are narrow, low in 

relief, and have few habitats. They are much more susceptible to damage from storms and they 

can quickly change over time, such as the stretch of beach just south of Long Point that has a 

history of inlet (Old Drum, New Drum, Ophelia) openings and closings. Conversely, 

Shackleford Banks and the Cape Lookout region of South Core Banks are wide, they have 

extensive dunes, and they have greater habitat diversity. Also, they are less susceptible to 

damage from storms and therefore much more stable over time. It is not surprising that 

Shackleford Banks and the Cape Lookout region are similar topographically, as Barden Inlet did 

not open until 1933 (Mallison et al. 2008). 

Engels (1952) surveyed the vertebrate fauna of Shackleford Banks, and noted the presence of the 

Virginia opossum, eastern mole, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, house mouse, feral cat, feral horse, 

feral pig, European mouflon sheep, goat, and domestic cattle. Webster (1987) also surveyed the 

mammalian fauna of Shackleford Banks, and noted the presence of eastern cottontail, eastern 

gray squirrel, common muskrat, nutria, common gray fox, northern raccoon, American mink, 

northern river otter, feral horse, European mouflon sheep, goat, and domestic cattle; he did not 

record the presence of the Virginia opossum, house mouse, or feral pig. A list of 12 potential 

terrestrial species, along with the manatee, was provided by staff at the University of CaliforniaDavis to NPS personnel in 1992. According to NPS data, 25 species of terrestrial and marine 

mammals have been documented on Park property based on tangible evidence, and 40 

NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). 

Fieldwork on the Outer Banks by the author and a team of biologists from the University of 

North Carolina Wilmington began in 1986. Fieldwork associated with the Southeast Network 

inventory began on 25 June 2005 and ended on 5 November 2005, encompassing a total of seven 

man-days in the field (Figure 5). In addition, two man-nights were used to survey bats. 

Additional time was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from Carteret County, 

North Carolina, and surrounding counties. Eight museums have specimens from Carteret 

County, North Carolina – the American Museum of Natural History has two hispid cotton rats; 

the Museum of Comparative Zoology has one eastern red bat; the North Carolina Museum of 

Natural Sciences has one hoary bat and one marsh rabbit; North Carolina State University has 

two eastern cottontails, one northern raccoon, and one bobcat; the University of Kansas has 

specimens of the three marsh rice rats and seven house mice; the University of Massachusetts 

has one least shrew, one eastern cottontail, 14 marsh rice rats, one hispid cotton rat, and one 

house mouse; the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has four least shrews, one little 

brown bat, two eastern red bats, five marsh rabbits, four house mice, and one feral cat; and the 

University of North Carolina Wilmington has one Virginia opossum, one northern short-tailed 

shrew, one big brown bat, nine eastern red bats, two evening bats, one eastern cottontail, two 

eastern gray squirrels, 33 marsh rice rats, one hispid cotton rat, one nutria, one common gray fox, 

and one domestic cattle. In addition, CALO has a very nice museum at the Harkers Island site; it 

includes specimens of the least shrew, eastern mole, marsh rice rat, Norway rat, house mouse, 

nutria, northern raccoon, and feral cat. 
25 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified – dunes and overwash terraces, maritime shrub 

thickets and forests, swales and ponds, estuarine marshes, and out-buildings and piles of debris. 

Recent fieldwork was concentrated at Portsmouth Village, the Cape Lookout region, and both 

ends of Shackleford Banks, with an emphasis on extensive ground truthing for spoor. Surveys 

for bats were conducted using SONOBAT at Mullet Pond (two man-nights). No attempt was 

made to inventory the mammals at the mainland site on Harkers Island, North Carolina. 

Seventeen species of terrestrial mammals (least shrew, eastern mole, eastern red bat, Seminole 

bat, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, common muskrat, Norway rat, house mouse, 

nutria, domestic dog, northern raccoon, American mink, northern river otter, feral cat, and feral 

horse) were documented on the Park property during the course of this project, and another three 

volant species (silver-haired bat, hoary bat, and evening bat) that are widely distributed in the 

southeastern United States would be expected at CALO (Table 6). The domestic dog is not a 

permanent resident of CALO and should not be included in subsequent checklists. The feral pig, 

European mouflon sheep, goat, and domestic cattle were extirpated from Shackleford Banks 

during the last two decades and no longer occur in the Park. White-tailed deer probably 

occupied Shackleford Banks in the past when the island was more heavily wooded and before 

Europeans released livestock on the island, as did the Virginia opossum. While the Virginia 

opossum no longer occur in the Park, deer now occur on Shackleford Banks and occasionally 

swim to Cape Lookout. The American black bear is not a permanent resident of CALO, an 

individual once swam to Shackleford Banks and then to Cape Lookout, where it was killed 

(Engels, 1952). Several other black bear sightings exist at CALO in more recent years on both 

Core Banks and Shackleford, including a photograph of a bear swimming to Shackleford. While 

bobcats are not permanent residents either, a record exists of one washed up dead at CALO. The 

red wolf and mountain lion no longer inhabit the region, although reports of mountain lions 

continue to persist. Therefore, 19 species of mammals were documented as occurring or 

probably occurring on Park property, none of which are considered to be imperiled by the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of North Carolina (LeGrand et al. 2006). 

On a landscape scale, the 19 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

CALO have widespread geographic distributions in the southeastern United States (Hall 1981; 

Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat 

tolerances and occupy or would be expected to occupy many of the five habitats identified in this 

report. Species typically associated with dunes and overwash fans at CALO include the eastern 

cottontail, house mouse, nutria, northern raccoon, feral cat, and feral horse. Species associated 

primarily with maritime shrub thickets and forests at CALO include the eastern mole, northern 

raccoon, and feral cat. Species typically associated with swales and ponds at CALO include the 

least shrew, silver-haired bat, eastern red bat, Seminole bat, hoary bat, evening bat, eastern 

cottontail, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, common muskrat, nutria, northern raccoon, American 

mink, northern river otter, feral cat, and feral horse. Species associated primarily with estuarine 

marshes at CALO include the marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, common muskrat, nutria, northern 

raccoon, American mink, northern river otter, and feral horses. Species associated primarily 

with out-buildings and piles of debris at CAHA include the Norway rat, house mouse, and feral 

cat. 
26 

Figure 3. Mammal survey locations at Cape Lookout National Seashore. 
27 

Table 6. Status of 29 mammals at Cape Lookout National Seashore. 

a this refers to feral dogs not pets 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park

Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Least shrew Present X X Evidence in CALO1

Eastern mole Present X X X X Evidence in CALO3

Eastern red bat Present X X Evidence at CALO13

Seminole bat Present X X Evidence at CALO 

Eastern cottontail Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

Marsh rabbit Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

Marsh rice rat Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

Common muskrat Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

Norway rat Present X X Evidence at CALO1

House mouse Present X X X Evidence in CALO12

Nutria Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

Domestic doga Present X X Evidence in CALO123

Northern raccoon Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

American mink Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

Northern river otter Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

Feral cat Present X X X Evidence in CALO123

Feral horse Present X X Evidence at CALO3

White-tailed deer Present Evidence at CALO3

Silver-haired bat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Hoary bat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Evening bat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Red fox Unconfirmed Evidence in region 

Bobcat Unconfirmed Evidence in region 

American black bear Unconfirmed Evidence in region 

Coyote Encroaching Evidence in region 

Virginia opossum Absent Extirpated 

Feral pig Absent Extirpated 

European mouflon sheep Absent Extirpated 

Goat Absent Extirpated 

Domestic cattle Absent Extirpated 

a this refers to feral dogs not pets 

Castillo de San Marcos National Monument (CASA) 

Castillo de San Marcos National Monument is one of two fortresses built by early Spanish 

colonists to protect Saint Augustine, the first permanent European city in the New World, from 

other European colonists. Beginning in 1672 and taking 23 years to complete, the Castillo was 

built in a strategic position just inside Saint Augustine Inlet on the Matanzas River, guarding 

Saint Augustine from direct oceanic attack. The second fortress, Fort Matanzas was built to the 

south, where the Matanzas Inlet joins the Matanzas River, protecting Saint Augustine’s southern 

approach. The Castillo has never been conquered despite sieges in 1702 by Governor James 

Moore of South Carolina and in 1740 by General James Oglethorpe of Georgia. Today, CASA 
28 

sits on 21 water-front acres of neatly manicured property. The administrative buildings for both 

CASA and FOMA are nestled among live oaks on the northern boundary of the property, and the 

remainder of the Park includes a large parking lot along the southern boundary, the fortress, and 

a lawn. 

There apparently has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of CASA. Staff at the 

University of California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals inhabiting most 

Parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but CASA was not included as one of those Parks. According 

to NPS data, there have been no species of mammals documented on Park property on the basis 

of tangible evidence, and no NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the Park (Table 2). 

This investigation is the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of CASA. 

Fieldwork began on 29 January 2004 and ended on 9 March 2009, encompassing four man-days 

in the field (Figure 6). Given the tremendous number of visitors and lack of natural habitat, there 

was no opportunity or need to conduct trapping exercises. Therefore, fieldwork consisted of 

walking the property to record spoor and talking the Park personnel. Bats were not included in 

this investigation. 

Additional time was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from Saint Johns 

County, Florida, and surrounding counties. No specimens have been taken from CASA per se, 

but the Anastasia Island area is one of the oldest centers of early natural history exploration in 

North America, dating back to the seminal work of Bangs (1898). As such, the mammals of the 

region are relatively well known, and there are specimens from Saint Johns County, Florida, in 

most major museums in the United States. For example, the American Museum of Natural 

History has specimens of the marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, Anastasia Island beach mouse, Florida 

mouse, and hispid cotton rat; the Charleston Museum has specimens of the Anastasia Island 

beach mouse and three Florida mice; Cornell University has four Anastasia Island beach mice; 

the Field Museum of Natural History has one Anastasia Island beach mouse; the Florida 

Museum of Natural History has specimens of the Virginia opossum, least shrew, eastern mole, 

nine-banded armadillo, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, southeastern pocket gopher, marsh 

rice rat, Anastasia Island beach mouse, cotton mouse, Florida mouse, golden mouse, hispid 

cotton rat, black rat, house mouse, American black bear, and northern raccoon; the Georgia 

Museum of Natural History has one black rat and one northern raccoon; the James R. Slater 

Museum has eight Anastasia Island beach mice; Louisiana State University has two Anastasia 

Island beach mouse; Michigan State University has two Anastasia Island beach mice and one 

hispid cotton rat; the Museum of Comparative Zoology has specimens of the eastern mole, 

eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, Anastasia Island beach mouse, cotton mouse, 

hispid cotton rat, black rat, northern raccoon, and American mink; the Museum of Southwestern 

Biology has specimens of the Virginia opossum, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern 

gray squirrel, Anastasia Island beach mouse, cotton mouse, golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, 

house mouse, and northern raccoon; the Royal Ontario Museum has one eastern mole, 14 

Anastasia Island beach mouse, five cotton mice, and one hispid cotton rat; the Sam Noble 

Oklahoma Museum of Natural History has one Anastasia Island beach mouse; the U.S. National 

Museum of Natural History has one southern short-tailed shrew, one eastern mole, 18 Anastasia 

Island beach mouse, four cotton mouse, one house mouse, and three northern raccoons; and the 

University of Kansas has one eastern mole, one marsh rabbit, one eastern gray squirrel, one 

southeastern pocket gopher, 33 Anastasia Island beach mice, and one northern raccoon. 
29 

Only three species of terrestrial mammals (eastern gray squirrel, domestic dog, and northern 

raccoon) were documented on the Park property during the course of this project (Table 7), and 

three other species (black rat, house mouse, and feral cat) with widespread geographic 

distributions in the southeastern United States probably occur there as well. The domestic dog, 

however, is not a permanent resident of the park and should not be included in subsequent 

checklists. Six other species of terrestrial mammals (Virginia opossum, eastern mole, eastern 

cottontail, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, and northern river otter) might occasionally make their 

way to the Park from the adjacent properties, but none are permanent residents. Mammalian 

diversity at CASA is greatly diminished due to its small size, greatly modified landscape, and 

lack of natural habitat in the surrounding commercial and residential properties. The five species 

of terrestrial mammals that were documented as permanently occurring or thought to occur on 

Park property are not considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Table 7. Status of 12 terrestrial mammals at Castillo de San Marcos National Monument. 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park

Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X Evidence at CASA 

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence at CASA 

Northern raccoon Present X X Evidence at CASA 

Black rat Probably Present Evidence in region 

House mouse Probably Present Evidence in region 

Feral cat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Virginia opossum Encroaching Evidence in region 

Eastern mole Encroaching Evidence in region 

Eastern cottontail Encroaching Evidence in region 

Marsh rabbit Encroaching Evidence in region 

Marsh rice rat Encroaching Evidence in region 

Northern river otter Encroaching Evidence in region 
30 

Figure 6. Mammal survey locations at Castillo de San Marcos National Monument. 

Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT) 

Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area is scattered among several counties (Cobb, 

Forsyth, Fulton, and Gwinnett counties) in northern Georgia, extending for 78 km (48 mi) along 

the Chattahoochee River from Lake Sidney Lanier southwestward to Atlanta. The Park is 

broken into many units, including from north to south Bowmans Island, Orrs Ferry, Settles 

Bridge, Level Creek, McGinnis Ferry, Suwanee Creek, Abbotts Bridge, Medlock Bridge, Jones 

Bridge, Holcomb Bridge, Island Ford, Vickery Creek, Gold Branch, Johnson Ferry, Cochran 

Shoals, and the Palisades, which facilitates Park management (Figure 7). CHAT contains about 

10,000 acres of mesic hardwood, upland pine, and mixed pine-hardwood forests, herbaceous and 

forested floodplains, and various aquatic habitats. There also are some exposed rocky cliffs 

along the Brevard Fault, within which the Chattahoochee River formed. River flow is managed 

by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers via Buford Dam at Lake Lanier, so the scouring action of 

torrential currents after heavy rains has been greatly abated, and today some of the largest river 

birches in North America sentinel the river banks. In addition, it warrants mention that since 

1993 thousands of pine trees at CHAT have died from an infestation of the southern pine beetle, 

and the mixed pine-hardwood forests are in transition to becoming dominated by hardwoods. 
31 

There has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of CHAT. A list of 14 potential 

species (Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, least shrew, northern short-tailed shrew, eastern 

cottontail, swamp rabbit, southern flying squirrel, golden mouse, meadow jumping mouse, red 

fox, common gray fox, northern raccoon, bobcat, and white-tailed deer) was provided to the NPS 

by staff at the University of California-Davis in 1992, but this list is woefully silent on bats and 

most small rodents. According to NPS data, there have been no species of mammals 

documented on Park property on the basis of tangible evidence, but 44 NPSpecies are listed as 

possibly occurring in the Park (Table 2). This investigation appears to be the first 

comprehensive survey of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of CHAT. 

Fieldwork began on 2 February 2003 and ended on 12 August 2003, encompassing a total of 147 

man-days in the field and 27,884 trap-nights of sampling effort. Sampling effort varied by unit, 

ranging from four man-days and 300 trap-nights at Johnson Ferry to 23 man-days and 4,400 trapnights at Bowmans Island, averaging about eight man-days and 1,750 trap-nights per unit 

(Figures 8 – 22). Additional time was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from 

Cobb, Forsyth, Fulton, and Gwinnett counties, Georgia, and adjacent counties. There are 

specimens of the southeastern shrew, eastern mole, golden mouse, woodland vole, and meadow 

jumping mouse from the Palisades where Long Island Creek empties into the Chattahoochee 

River in the Georgia Museum of Natural History. In addition, the American Museum of Natural 

History has one golden mouse, one hispid cotton rat, and one woodland vole; Cornell University 

has three eastern chipmunks; the Florida Museum of Natural History has one least shrew, four 

northern short-tailed shrews, one eastern mole, one chipmunk, two golden mice, six hispid cotton 

rats, one house mouse, and one feral dog; the Georgia Museum of Natural History has two 

Virginia opossums, 14 southeastern shrews, three least shrews, seven northern short-tailed 

shrews, four eastern moles, one eastern cottontail, six eastern chipmunks, six eastern gray 

squirrels, seven southern flying squirrels, three eastern harvest mice, one white-footed mouse, 

two golden mice, four hispid cotton rats, four meadow voles, 18 woodland voles, two common 

muskrats, three black rats, three house mice, four meadow jumping mice, and one red fox; the 

Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology has one meadow jumping mouse; the Museum 

of Southwestern Biology has one eastern chipmunk, one flying squirrel, seven white-footed 

mice, 41 cotton rats, 40 black rats, 14 Norway rats, and 23 house mice, which were collected in 

1995 as part of a large survey to document the extent of hantavirus in rodents in the southeastern 

United States (Mills et al. 1998); the New York State Museum has one common muskrat; the 

University of Kansas has an eastern cottontail, four eastern gray squirrels, and four southern 

flying squirrels; the University of Michigan has two Virginia opossums, one eastern mole, three 

eastern cottontails, seven eastern chipmunks, two eastern gray squirrels, four southern flying 

squirrels, four white-footed mice, seven golden mice, and two hispid cotton rats; and the U.S. 

National Museum of Natural History has one eastern cottontail, one eastern chipmunk, two 

white-footed mice, three golden mice, nine hispid cotton rats, one woodland vole, one Norway 

rat, and one American mink. Moreover, Young (1946) provided some historic records of 

mountain lions from an unspecified locality in Bartow County and northwest of Dahlonega in 

Lumpkin County, Georgia. 

Several major terrestrial habitats were identified: upland hardwood, pine, and pine-hardwood 

forests, bottomland hardwood forests, mesic and wet marshes, rocky cliffs, creek edges, various 

aquatic habitats, and regularly maintained grasslands and activity fields. Most fieldwork 
32 

(Sherman livetraps, pitfall traps, and extensive ground truthing for spoor) occurred in the remote 

areas of the park so as to avoid the areas most impacted by recreational visitors. 

Four field sites were in Bowmans Island – a grid of pitfall traps was installed in a deciduous 

forest on the west side of the Chattahoochee River in Forsyth County (34o

09.172’N 

84o

05.095’W), and on the east side of the Chattahoochee River in Gwinnett County a grid of 

Sherman livetraps (34o07.981’N 84o04.3880’W) and a grid of pitfall traps (34o08.052’N 

84o

04.452’W) were set in deciduous lowland forest along Richland Creek (Figure 8). At Orrs 

Ferry in Gwinnett County, a grid of pitfall traps was installed in an upland hardwood forest 

(34o

07.381’N 84o05.780’W) and a grid of Sherman livetraps was set in a power-line right-ofway dominated by herbaceous vegetation (34o

07.051’N and 84o05.818’W) (Figure 9). Also in 

Gwinnett County, a grid of pitfall traps and a grid of Sherman livetraps was set in a floodplain 

hardwood forest at Settles Bridge (34o

05.791’N 84o06.546’W), and a grid of each trap type was 

set in a floodplain hardwood forest at Level Creek (34o03.797’N 84o06.618’W) (Figure 10). In 

Fulton County, a grid of Sherman livetraps was set at McGinnis Ferry in a floodplain forest with 

a thick understory and a canopy dominated by hardwoods (34o

02.903’N 84o06.208’W) (Figure 

11). At Suwanee Creek in Gwinnett County, a grid of pitfall traps and a grid of Sherman 

livetraps was set in a sloping hardwood forest (34o01.710’N 84o04.452’W) and a grid of each 

trap type was set in a marsh of thick herbaceous vegetation (34o

01.884’N 84o07.388’W) (Figure 

12). At Abbotts Bridge, a grid of pitfall traps and a grid of Sherman livetraps was set in the 

grasslands (34o

59.369’N 84o10.342’W) and a grid of each trap type was set in a floodplain 

hardwood forest (34o

01.743’N 84o09.902’W), all on the Gwinnett County side of and adjacent to 

the Chattahoochee River (Figure 13). A grid of Sherman livetraps was set in a mixed pinehardwood forest at Medlock Bridge in Gwinnett County (34o

00.106’N 84o14.283’W) (Figure 

14). A grid of both pitfall traps and Sherman livetraps were set in a hardwood forest 

(34o

59.863’N 84o15.043’W) and in a grassland (34o59.307’N 84o15.457’W) at Jones Bridge in 

Fulton County (Figure 15). At Holcomb Bridge in Fulton County, a grid of both trap types was 

set in a floodplain hardwood forest (34o58.296’N 84o15.868’W) (Figure 16). A grid of pitfall 

traps was installed in an upland hardwood forest (34o59.460’N 84o19.762’W) and a grid of 

Sherman livetraps was set in a hardwood forest (34o

57.163’N 84o19.535’W) at Island Ford in 

Fulton County (Figure 17). A grid of Sherman livetraps and pitfall traps were set in a hardwood 

forest adjacent to Island Ford Road (34o

08.440’N 84o04.884’W) (Figure 17). One grid of 

Sherman livetraps was set along an exposed rocky outcrop in hardwood forest at Vickery Creek 

in Fulton County (34o00.709’N 84o20.935’W) (Figure 18). One grid of pitfall traps was installed 

in a beetle-decimated pine forest at Gold Branch in Cobb County (33o59.092’N 84o22.888’W) 

(Figure 19). At Johnson Ferry in Cobb County, four grids of Sherman livetraps were set, one in 

a grassland (33o

56.824’N 84o24.212’W) and one in a bottomland hardwood forest (33o56.995’N 

84o

24.078’W) on the north side of Johnson Ferry Road, and two grids of Sherman livetraps were 

set in marshes (33o56.361’N 84o24.715’W and 33o59.092N 84o22.888’W) on the south side of 

Johnson Ferry Road (Figure 20). At Cochran Shoals in Cobb County, two grids of pitfall traps 

were installed in a sloping hardwood forest near Sope Creek (33o

55.584’N 84o26.485’W and 

33o53.394’N 84o26.772’W) and a grid of both trap types was set in a wet grassland (33o54.769’N 

84o26.929’W) (Figure 21). At the Palisades in Fulton County, a grid of pitfall traps was installed 

in a hardwood forest (33o

53.258’N 84o26.171’W) (Figure 22). Bats were not included in this 

investigation. 
33 

Thirty-one species of terrestrial mammals were documented on the park property during the 

course of this; however, the domestic dog and domestic horse are not permanent residents of 

CHAT and should not be included in subsequent park lists (Table 8). Looking at these 31 

species collectively, however, the domestic dog was documented in all 16 units of CHAT (Table 

9), and nine other species were documented in at least 10 of the 16 units (northern short-tailed 

shrew, eastern mole, swamp rabbit, eastern chipmunk, eastern gray squirrel, American beaver, 

coyote, northern raccoon, and white-tailed deer). Four other species of mammals are widely 

distributed in the southeastern United States were not encountered on park property, but each 

would be expected at CHAT (Table 8). The red wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion 

have been extirpated from the region, and the spotted skunk might be extirpated as well. 

Therefore, 33 species of terrestrial mammals inhabit CHAT, none of which are considered to be 

imperiled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

On a landscape scale, the 33 species of terrestrial mammals considered to be or expected to be 

Present at CHAT have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 

1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and 

occupy or would be expected to occupy many of the habitats identified in this report. Species 

typically associated with the forested habitats at CHAT include the Virginia opossum, 

southeastern shrew, northern-short-tailed shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, 

eastern chipmunk, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, white-footed mouse, golden 

mouse, woodland vole, coyote, common gray fox, northern raccoon, long-tailed weasel, striped 

skunk, feral cat, bobcat, and white-tailed deer. Species associated primarily with early 

successional grassland, marsh, and grassland-forest ecotonal habitats at CHAT include the least 

shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, swamp rabbit, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, 

hispid cotton rat, meadow vole, common muskrat, house mouse, meadow jumping mouse, red 

fox, long-tailed weasel, striped skunk, feral cat, bobcat, and white-tailed deer. Species 

associated primarily with aquatic habitats include the swamp rabbit, American beaver, northern 

raccoon, American mink, and northern river otter. Domestic dogs were regularly encountered, 

typically under leash command, on numerous occasions in every unit at CHAT, especially those 

adjacent to dense residential developments (Abbotts Bridge, Island Ford, Vickery Creek, Gold 

Branch, Johnson Ferry, Cochran Shoals, and Palisades), and domestic horses were documented 

at Bowmans Island. 

Perhaps the most surprising aspect of the mammalian inventory of CHAT was the discovery that 

both species of short-tailed shrews inhabit the park. The northern short-tailed shrew and 

southern short-tailed shrew compete intensely with each other and they almost never coexist. 

The result of this competition is that the species are distributed parapatrically – that is, their 

respective geographic distributions abut one another but seldom overlap. In the United States, 

the northern short-tailed shrew is distributed across much of the Northeast, Great Lakes, and 

Midwest regions but it also ranges down the Appalachian Mountains as far south as east-central 

Alabama and west-central Georgia. The southern short-tailed shrew, on the other hand, is 

distributed across the Gulf Coast and South Atlantic states, extending northward in the Coastal 

Plain and Piedmont of the Carolinas and southern Virginia (Webster et al. 1985) and along the 

Mississippi River bottomlands to southern Illinois (Hoffmeister 1989). At CHAT, the northern 

short-tailed shrew was dominant – from north to south it is a denizen of Bowmans Island, Orrs 

Ferry, Level Creek, Abbotts Bridge, Medlock Bridge, Jones Bridge, Holcomb Bridge, Island 

Ford, Gold Branch, and Palisades – whereas the southern short-tailed shrew was captured at 
34 

Suwanee Creek. It is interesting to note that the marsh rice rat, another mammal species that has 

affinities with the Southeast, also was found at Suwanee Creek, but not other units in CHAT. 
35 

Table 8. Status of 45 terrestrial mammals at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area. 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park

Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X X Evidence in CHAT 

Southeastern shrew Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Least shrew Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Northern short-tailed shrew Present X X X Evidence in CHAT 

Southern short-tailed shrew Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Eastern mole Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Eastern cottontail Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Swamp rabbit Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Eastern chipmunk Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

American beaver Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Marsh rice rat Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Eastern harvest mouse Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

White-footed mouse Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Golden mouse Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Hispid cotton rat Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Woodland vole Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Common muskrat Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Meadow jumping mouse Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Coyote Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Feral dog Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Red fox Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Common gray fox Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Northern raccoon Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

American mink Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Northern river otter Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Striped skunk Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Bobcat Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Domestic horse Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

White-tailed deer Present X X Evidence in CHAT 

Southern flying squirrel Probably Present Evidence in region 

Meadow vole Probably Present Evidence in region 

House mouse Probably Present Evidence in region 

Long-tailed weasel Probably Present Evidence in region 

Woodchuck Encroaching Evidence in region 

Eastern fox squirrel Encroaching Evidence in region 

Oldfield mouse Encroaching Evidence in region 

Cotton mouse Encroaching Evidence in region 

Black rat Encroaching Evidence in region 

Norway rat Encroaching Evidence in region 

Eastern spotted skunk Encroaching Evidence in region 

Red wolf Absent Extirpated 

American black bear Absent Extirpated 

Mountain lion Absent Extirpated 
36 

Table 9. Distribution of 31 terrestrial mammals at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area. 

Common name 

Tangible Evidence in Park Units 

Bowmans Island Orrs Ferry Settles Bridge Level Creek McGinnis Ferry Suwanee Creek Abbots Bridge Medlock Bridge Jones Bridge Holcomb Bridge Island Ford Vickery Creek 

Gold Branch Johnson Ferry Cochran Shoals Palisades 

Virginia opossum X X 

Southeastern shrew X X X X X 

Least shrew X 

N short-tailed shrew X X X X X X X X X X 

S short-tailed shrew X 

Eastern mole X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

Eastern cottontail X 

Swamp rabbit X X X X X X X X X X 

Eastern chipmunk X X X X X X X X X X X 

Eastern gray squirrel X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

American beaver X X X X X X X X X X X 

Marsh rice rat X 

E harvest mouse X X 

White-footed mouse X X X X 

Golden mouse X X X 

Hispid cotton rat X 

Woodland vole X X X X X 

Common muskrat X 

M jumping mouse X 

Coyote X X X X X X X X X X 

Domestic dog X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

Red fox X 

Common gray fox X 

Northern raccoon X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

American mink X X X X 

Northern river otter X X X X X 

Striped skunk X 

Feral cat X X X X X X 

Bobcat X 

Domestic horse X 

White-tailed deer X X X X X X X X X X X X 
37 

Figure 7. Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area units. 
38 

Figure 8. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Bowmans Island 

Unit. 
39 

Figure 9. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Orrs Ferry Unit. 
40 

Figure 10. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Settles Bridge 

Unit. 
41 

Figure 11. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, McGinnis Ferry 

Unit. 
42 

Figure 12. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Suwannee Creek 

Unit. 
43 

Figure 13. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Abbotts Bridge 

Unit. 
44 

Figure 14. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Medlok bridge 

Unit. 
45 

Figure 15. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Jones Bridge 

Unit. 
46 

Figure 16. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Holcomb Bridge 

Unit. 
47 

Figure 17. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Island Ford Unit. 
48 

Figure 4. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Vickery Creek 

Unit. 
49 

Figure 19. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Gold Branch 

Unit. 
50 

Figure 20. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Johnson Ferry 

Unit. 
51 

Figure 21. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Cochran Shoals 

Unit. 
52 

Figure 22. Mammal survey locations at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, Pallisades Unit. 
53 

Congaree National Park (CONG) 

Congaree National Park contains the largest intact tract of old-growth bottomland forest in the 

United States. CONG is situated on the north side of the Congaree River, approximately 32 km 

(20 mi) southeast of Columbia, Richland County, South Carolina. Most of the park’s 26,546 

acres is in the floodplain of the Congaree River, with its meandering creeks and oxbow lakes, but 

there also is upland habitat along the park’s northern boundary and there are hammocks in the 

park’s interior. The park is dominated by bald cypress, tupelo, a variety of oaks, and loblolly 

pine, including some of largest individuals in the United States; some of the park consists of 

stagnant pine plantations. Access to the park’s interior is limited to a boardwalk, numerous trails 

that are often inundated, and canoeing. 

There apparently has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of CONG, other than a 

general list provided in Dennis (1966). A list of 32 potential species (25 terrestrial and seven 

bats) was provided to the NPS by staff at the University of California-Davis in 1992, with 

additional notations that the swamp rabbit and American black bear were “probably absent.” A 

checklist of mammal species available at the Visitor Center included 34 species (26 terrestrial 

and eight bats). Neither of these resources listed the red wolf or mountain lion, which have been 

extirpated from the region, the coyote, which has recently immigrated into the region, or exotics 

other than the feral pig. Burde and Feldhamer (2005) opined that 23 species of terrestrial 

mammals, including the eastern chipmunk, inhabited CONG, but they did not include small 

rodents in their checklist. According to NPS data, eight species of mammals have been 

documented on park property, although 42 NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park 

(Table 2). This investigation appears to be the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial 

mammalian fauna of CONG. 

Fieldwork began on 22 May 2003 and ended on 7 April 2004, encompassing a total of 22 mandays in the field, including two man-days by boat on the Congaree River. Park personnel were 

particularly interested in the survey and were very helpful in the fieldwork. Additional time was 

spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from Richland County, South Carolina, and 

surrounding counties. Personnel from the Museum of Southwestern Biology collected a marsh 

rice rat, 16 cotton mice, and three eastern woodrats from CONG in 1995 as part of a large survey 

to document the extent of hanta virus in rodents in the southeastern United States (Mills et al. 

1998). In addition, personnel at the Georgia Museum of Natural History collected one marsh 

rice rat and 22 cotton mice from “Hwy 610, 1 mi N Congaree River” (Boone et al. 1999), a site 

that now is likely part of the CONG, and Cromer et al. (2007) reported southeastern shrews and 

southern short-tailed shrews from CONG. Six museums have specimens from Richland County, 

South Carolina – the Museum of Comparative Zoology has an eastern gray squirrel, a northern 

raccoon, and a bobcat; the Sternberg Museum of Natural History has specimens of the southern 

short-tailed shrew, eastern harvest mouse, oldfield mouse, white-footed mouse, cotton mouse, 

golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, and eastern woodrat; the University of Kansas has three oldfield 

mice; the University of Michigan has an eastern fox squirrel; the University of North Carolina 

Wilmington has a southern short-tailed shrew; and the U.S. National Museum of Natural History 

has an eastern fox squirrel and a golden mouse. Golley (1966) also provided Richland County 

records for the Virginia opossum, southern short-tailed shrew (listed as Blarina brevicauda), 

eastern mole, star-nosed mole, marsh rabbit, southern flying squirrel, hispid cotton rat, common 

muskrat, house mouse, common gray fox, American black bear, long-tailed weasel, American 

mink, and northern river otter. Finally, Merriam (1895) reported the southern short-tailed shrew 
54 

(listed as Blarina brevicauda carolinensis) from Richland County, South Carolina, and Mayer 

and Brisbin (1991) reported feral pigs from “Congaree Swamp.” 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified – creek and river edges, bottomland forest, upland 

oak-hickory forest, upland managed pine plantation, and mechanically maintained camping areas 

and road edges. Most fieldwork (Sherman livetraps, pitfall traps, and extensive ground truthing 

for spoor) occurred along the perimeter of the park, including the bottomland forest off of South 

Cedar Creek Road and the service road on the western boundary of the park, pine plantation off 

of Griffins Creek Road and Garrick Road, and the grassy field surrounding the after-hours 

camping area near the entrance to the park (Figure 23). Kingsnake Trail, Weston Lake Trail, 

Oak Ridge Trail, the boardwalk, and the logging roads off of Griffins Creek Road wereused as 

primary footpaths for ground truthing, and a boat was used to access the southern boundary of 

the park. No attempt was made to access the recently-acquired property at the confluence of the 

Congaree and Wateree rivers, as this property was obtained after fieldwork was completed. 

Nonetheless, much of this habitat appears to consist of floodplain forest and the mammalian 

fauna in both areas should be identical. Bats were not included in this investigation. 

Figure 23. Mammal survey locations at Congaree National Park. 
55 

Twenty-seven species of terrestrial mammals were documented on the park property during the 

course of this project (Table 10), but the domestic dog and domestic horse are not permanent 

residents of the park and should not be included in subsequent park lists. Nine other species of 

mammals that are widely distributed in the southeastern United States were not encountered on 

park property, but each would be expected at CONG (Table 10). The red wolf, American black 

bear, and mountain lion no longer inhabit the region, although reports of bears in the CongareeWateree-Upper Santee floodplains continue to surface from time to time. The oldfield mouse 

and red fox occur in the region surrounding CONG, but they are not permanent residents of the 

park because suitable habitat is lacking. Nonetheless, there are records of red foxes in Clarendon 

County, South Carolina (Golley 1966); this species is extremely vagile and should be expected to 

occur in the park from time to time. The oldfield mouse has been collected at Fort Jackson (10 

mi E Columbia), Richland County, South Carolina, but it has narrow habitat requirements, which 

are not present at CONG. The eastern chipmunk and white-footed mouse, common to abundant 

in the Upper Piedmont and Mountains, have geographic distributions that terminate northwest of 

CONG; the nearest chipmunk records are from Abbeville and Spartanburg counties (Golley 

1966) and the nearest white-footed mouse records are from Fort Jackson in Richland County 

(MHP specimens) and an unspecified locality in Fairfield County, South Carolina (Golley 1966). 

The eastern spotted skunk, rare along the Savannah River and in the Mountains, has a geographic 

distribution that terminates west of CONG in Aiken County, South Carolina (Golley 1966). 

Therefore, 34 species of terrestrial mammals were documented as occurring or probably 

occurring on park property. 

Several species of exotic mammals inhabit CONG, and they should be carefully monitored to 

determine if they are affecting native species and community structure. In particular, feral pigs 

have caused extensive damage in the forested parts of CONG by their foraging and wallowing 

activities. Feral cats are another exotic species that actively preys on native birds, small 

mammals, and reptiles; the negative effect of feral cats is much more subtle and difficult to 

quantify without tremendous cost in labor and supplies. Active management of these two 

species is recommended. The effect that black rats, Norway rats, and house mice have on native 

plant communities has not been adequately assessed, but these rodents are not native and their 

effects likely are detrimental. 

No terrestrial mammal species at CONG is considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service. Three species of mammals that once were widely distributed in the eastern 

United States (red wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion) have been extirpated from the 

CONG region. There are no records of red wolves from Richland County, South Carolina, or the 

surrounding counties, but there is a historic record of bears from Richland County (Golley 1966). 

In addition, Lawson (1718) and Young (1946) reported mountain lions from the “Congaree 

section” and “Santee River” of South Carolina, respectively, and Mills (1826) mentions a 

mountain lion from Wambow Swamp in Charleston County, so these large cats were in the 

region in historic times. At the state level, the star-nosed mole is listed as Special Concern and 

ranked S3?, and the eastern fox squirrel is listed as Special Concern and ranked S4. On a related 

note, mink from Richland County, South Carolina, had elevated levels of DDE, PCB, and 

mercury in liver and kidney tissues, which causes severe reproductive dysfunction (Osowski et 

al. 1995). 
56 

On a landscape scale, the 34 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

CONG have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 1981; 

Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et la. 2007). These species have broad habitat 

tolerances and occupy or would be expected to occupy many of the five habitats identified in this 

report. Species associated primarily with early successional and grassland-forest ecotonal 

habitats include the least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, 

eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton rat, woodland vole, house mouse, long-tailed weasel, striped 

skunk, feral cat, and bobcat. Species typically associated with the upland hardwood and stagnant 

pine forests at CONG include the Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, southern short-tailed 

shrew, eastern mole, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, cotton mouse, golden mouse, 

woodland vole, black rat, Norway rat, coyote, common gray fox, northern raccoon, long-tailed 

weasel, feral cat, bobcat, and white-tailed deer. Species typically associated with the floodplain 

forest at CONG include the Virginia opossum, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern gray squirrel, 

southern flying squirrel, cotton mouse, golden mouse, coyote, common gray fox, northern 

raccoon, long-tailed weasel, American mink, northern river otter, feral cat, bobcat, feral pig, and 

white-tailed deer. Species associated primarily with aquatic habitats include the star-nosed mole, 

marsh rabbit, American beaver, marsh rice rat, common muskrat, and northern river otter. Five 

other species that currently are ascribed to the CONG region or that once existed in the CONG 

region, either have insufficient segments of suitable habitat or have been extirpated from central 

South Carolina, and each does not exist or no longer exists at CONG, respectively. 
57 

Table 10. Status of 44 terrestrial mammals at Congaree National Park. 

Common name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X X Evidence in CONG 

Southeastern shrew Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Least shrew Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Southern short-tailed shrew Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Eastern mole Present X X Evidence in CONG

Eastern cottontail Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Eastern fox squirrel Present X X Evidence in CONG

Southern flying squirrel Present X X Evidence in CONG

American beaver Present X X Evidence in CONG

Marsh rice rat Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Eastern harvest mouse Present X X Evidence in CONG

Cotton mouse Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Hispid cotton rat Present X X Evidence in CONG

Eastern woodrat Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Coyote Present X X Evidence in CONG

Feral dog Present X X Evidence in CONG

Common gray fox Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Northern raccoon Present X X X Evidence in CONG

American mink Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Northern river otter Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Striped skunk Present X X Evidence in CONG

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in CONG

Bobcat Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Feral horse Present X X Evidence in CONG

Feral pig Present X X X Evidence in CONG

White-tailed deer Present X X X Evidence in CONG

Star-nosed mole Probably Present Evidence in region

Marsh rabbit Probably Present Evidence in region

Golden mouse Probably Present Evidence in region

Woodland vole Probably Present Evidence in region

Common muskrat Probably Present Evidence in region

Black rat Probably Present Evidence in region

Norway rat Probably Present Evidence in region

House mouse Probably Present Evidence in region

Long-tailed weasel Probably Present Evidence in region

Red wolf Absent Extirpated 

American black bear Absent Extirpated 

Mountain lion Absent Extirpated 
58 

Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS) 

Cumberland Island National Seashore is the southernmost island in southeastern Georgia. At 

28.2 km (17.5 mi) in length and encompassing a diverse mosaic of habitats across its 36,347 

acres, it is the second largest park in the Southeast Coast Network,. CUIS is part of the South 

Atlantic-Carolinian Biosphere Reserve and much of the northern half of the island has been 

designated as a wilderness area. 

CUIS has been the focus of extensive scientific explorations over the last 120 years, and the 

mammalian fauna of CUIS is well known. The first major fieldwork to document the mammals 

of the island was conducted in the 1890s by Outram Bangs of the Museum of Comparative 

Zoology at Harvard University (Bangs 1898). Bangs described two new mammals from 

Cumberland Island – the Cumberland Island pocket gopher and the Cumberland Island cotton 

mouse – as well as other species from the immediate vicinity of Cumberland Island (currently 

these three taxa are not considered to be distinct). Cumberland Island’s uniqueness greatly 

intrigued early American mammalogists, leading to investigations of the island by personnel 

from several museums in the United States, including the American Museum of Natural History, 

Charleston Museum, Cornell University, Delaware Museum of Natural History, Field Museum 

of Natural History, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and the U.S. National Museum of Natural 

History, among others. Over the last four decades, personnel at the Georgia Museum of Natural 

History and Museum of Southwestern Biology have sent field crews to Cumberland Island. All 

told, over 300 specimens, representing about 20 terrestrial species, exist in these museums. In 

addition, the Cumberland Island Museum, which is not affiliated with the National Park Service, 

contains the largest number of natural history specimens from Cumberland Island, although the 

total number of mammals in this collection is unknown to me because I was not allowed to 

catalogue the collection. 

Comprehensive checklists of the mammalian fauna of Cumberland Island date back to Bangs 

(1898), who listed 11 species (eastern mole, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, southeastern 

pocket gopher, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, black rat, northern raccoon, 

American black bear, white-tailed deer) of terrestrial mammals on the island. A list of 20 

potential terrestrial species, as well as four species of bats and six species of marine mammals, 

was provided to the NPS by staff at the University of California-Davis in 1992. According to 

NPS data, 34 species of terrestrial, flying, and marine mammals have been documented within 

park boundaries, although 57 NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). In 

addition, there are two pieces of gray literature providing checklists of mammals from 

Cumberland Island. An ecological survey of the coastal region of Georgia, Appendix V, 

Annotated list of mammals of the coastal islands of Georgia (Neuhauser and Baker 1974) lists 21 

species of terrestrial mammals, four species of bats, and six species of marine mammals, 

although two species (least shrew and eastern harvest mouse) were reported on the basis of 

material removed from owl pellets, one species (eastern fox squirrel) certainly was introduced 

and is now extirpated, and two others (common gray fox and American black bear) were thought 

to be native to the island but are now extirpated. The second piece of gray literature, Mammals 

of Cumberland Island (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001), references 20 species of extant terrestrial 

mammals, five species of bats, 13 species of marine mammals, two species of extirpated 

terrestrial mammals, and seven species of terrestrial mammals that potentially occur at CUIS. 

Obviously, there is no consensus about how many species of terrestrial mammals inhabit CUIS. 
59 

Fieldwork began on 31 January 2004 and ended on April 2005, encompassing a total of 15 mandays in the field. Additional time was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from 

Cumberland Island per se, from Camden County, Georgia, and from surrounding counties. This 

investigation is unique from the standpoint that it focuses on the personal examination of the 

extensive voucher material available in museum collections, which then was supplemented with 

ancillary fieldwork necessary to document changes in the mammalian fauna over the last 

century. 

Eight major habitats were identified – foredune complex, interdune meadow, maritime thicket, 

maritime forest, salt grass meadow, mud flat, tidal creek, and salt marsh habitat. Fieldwork 

differed according to location (Figure 24), but all habitats were ground truthed extensively for 

spoor. Pitfall traps were installed in a young pine forest on the east side of Swamp Field and 

west of Yankee Paradise Trail (30o

50.143’N, 81o27.291’W), an interdune meadow and thicket 

(30o54.739’N, 81o24.310’W) off North Cut Road, and in the maritime forest on the main road 

just north of Dungeness (30o

44.954’N, 81o28.116’W). Sherman livetraps were set in a broken 

palmetto-“witness” oak forest (30o

50.123’N, 81o27.171’W), along Willow Pond Trail where it 

crosses Swamp Field (30o

50.030’N, 81o27.418’W), and in the salt marsh in Raccoon Keys 

(30o44.554’N, 81o28.691’W). Sherman livetraps and pitfall traps were set where Swamp Field 

drains into White Branch Creek (30o

50.624’N, 81o27.319’W). Additional time was spent 

looking for evidence of the Florida salt marsh vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli) in 

Swamp Field. M. p. dukecampbelli is found only in Waccasassa Bay in Levy County, Florida, 

and it is listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as Endangered. Seashore saltgrass 

(Distichlis spicata), the prevailing vegetation at Waccasassa Bay, also is the dominant vegetation 

is Swamp Field. Unfortunately the characteristic clippings and scat deposited by meadow voles 

were not found at this site. Bats were not included in this investigation, and no attempt was 

made to inventory the mammals at the mainland site at Saint Marys, Georgia. 

Seventeen species of terrestrial mammals were documented on the park property during the 

course of this project (Table 11). Two of these species have colonized CUIS in recent times, 

apparently without human intervention. The nine-banded armadillo, which steadily has been 

expanding its range northward from Florida, was first discovered on Cumberland Island in 1974 

(Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001). The coyote, a western species that has been moving eastward 

during the last century, did not inhabit the sea islands of Georgia until recently; I first 

documented its occurrence on Ossabaw Island on 29 April 2007 and, farther south, it colonized 

Cumberland Island, including CUIS, in 2004. Two other species of mammals (black rat and 

feral cat) that are widely distributed in the southeastern United States were not encountered on 

park property, but both were reported on Cumberland Island by Wilson and Durden (2003) and 

therefore would be expected to still inhabit CUIS (Table 11). Evidence of two species that 

historically have been present on Cumberland Island – the American beaver and American black 

bear – was not collected during the course of this investigation, but each is likely to occur there 

from time to time given their tendencies to wander great distances. Prior to European 

colonization of the southeastern United States, the southeastern pocket gopher and bobcat existed 

on Cumberland Island as well. The pocket gopher was extirpated in the 1970s (Ford 1985) and 

the bobcat died off in 1907 when a disease eradicated this insular population (Harper 1927). 

Bobcats have since been reintroduced, five in 1972-73 (Carol Ruckdeschel personal 

communication) and 32 in 1989-90 (Radsdale 1993), and are thriving. Earlier reports of the 
60 

Virginia opossum on Cumberland Island (White 1849; Ober 1880) are suspect, as it was 

common in earlier days for natural historians to combine island and mainland sightings; this 

species was introduced, however, to Cumberland Island in 1993 according to Shoop and 

Ruckdeschel (2001) and is thriving at CUIS today. Three other species – eastern fox squirrel, 

African wild ass (burro), and feral cattle – were introduced to Cumberland Island in the past and 

one specimen of the former is deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. These 

species are not native to the island and they do not occur there today, so they should not be 

considered a part of the CUIS mammalian fauna. Discounting the southeastern pocket gopher, 

American beaver, eastern fox squirrel, American black bear, African wild ass, and feral cattle, 19 

species of terrestrial mammals were documented as occurring or probably occurring on park 

property. No terrestrial mammal species at CUIS is considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service. 

Figure 24. Mammal survey locations at Cumberland Island National Seashore and Fort Frederica 

National Monument. 

Series of mammals from Cumberland Island are deposited at American Museum of Natural 

History (southeastern pocket gopher, cited in Laerm 1981, and marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, and 

hispid cotton rat), Carnegie Museum of Natural History (southeastern pocket gopher, cited in 

Laerm 1981, and eastern fox squirrel), Charleston Museum (white-tailed deer), Cornell 
61 

University (southeastern pocket gopher), Delaware Museum of Natural History (southeastern 

pocket gopher, cited in Laerm 1981), Florida Museum of Natural History (cotton mouse), 

Georgia Museum of Natural History (southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, marsh rabbit, 

eastern gray squirrel, southeastern pocket gopher, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, 

northern raccoon, American mink, and feral horse), Museum of Comparative Zoology (eastern 

mole, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, southeastern pocket gopher, marsh rice rat, cotton 

mouse, hispid cotton rat, black rat, northern raccoon, and white-tailed deer), Museum of 

Southwestern Biology (cotton mouse and hispid cotton rat), Museum of Vertebrate Zoology 

(southeastern pocket gopher and cotton mouse), University of Michigan (southeastern pocket 

gopher and cotton mouse), and U.S. National Museum of Natural History (southeastern pocket 

gopher and white-tailed deer). Moreover, although I did not catalogue the mammal collection at 

the Cumberland Island Museum, I was able to visually identify several species of mammals on 

31 January 2005, when John Fry (Chief of Resources Management, CUIS) and I were given a 

one-hour tour of the site by Carol Ruckdeschel, who manages the facility. Based on this cursory 

examination, the Cumberland Island Museum (CIM) has specimens of the eastern mole, eastern 

gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, bobcat, and feral horse, among 

others. By way of example, 73 southern short-tailed shrews were collected on Cumberland 

Island in 2003 and 2004 to document the foods consumed by this voracious insectivore 

(Whitaker and Ruckdeschel 2006), and these specimens likely are deposited at CIM. In addition, 

several species of mammals from Cumberland Island were identified as host species for 

ectoparasites, including specimens of the Virginia opossum, eastern mole, common armadillo, 

marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, black rat, 

northern raccoon, feral cat, bobcat, feral horse, feral pig, feral cattle, and white-tailed deer 

(Wilson and Durden 2003), and according to the authors many of these specimens are deposited 

at CIM and the private collection of W. Wilson Baker (Tallahassee, Florida). The present study 

confirmed the presence of each of these species except the marsh rice rat, black rat, and feral cat. 

From the adjacent mainland of Camden County, Georgia, the American Museum of Natural 

History has specimens of the eastern woodrat; the Carnegie Museum of Natural History has an 

eastern fox squirrel; Cornell University has specimens of the southeastern pocket gopher; the 

Field Museum of Natural History has specimens of eastern gray squirrel, southern flying 

squirrel, southeastern pocket gopher, marsh rice rat, hispid cotton rat, and northern raccoon; the 

Florida Museum of Natural History has specimens of the southeastern pocket gopher, cotton 

mouse, and bobcat; the Georgia Museum of Natural History has specimens of the eastern 

cottontail, eastern fox squirrel, southeastern pocket gopher, eastern woodrat, and black rat; the 

Museum of Comparative Zoologoy has specimens of the American opossum, least shrew, 

southern short-tailed shrew, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, eastern fox 

squirrel, southern flying squirrel, southeastern pocket gopher, marsh rice rat, golden mouse, 

hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, black rat, northern raccoon, American mink, and striped 

skunk; the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has specimens of the southern flying squirrel, golden 

mouse, eastern woodrat, and black rat; the Royal Ontario Museum has specimens of the 

southeastern pocket gopher and cotton mouse; and the University of Michigan has specimens of 

the eastern gray squirrel and southeastern pocket gopher. In other words, the least shrew, 

southern short-tailed shrew, eastern cottontail, eastern fox squirrel, southern flying squirrel, 

southeastern pocket gopher, golden mouse, eastern woodrat, and striped skunk occur on the 

mainland of Camden County, Georgia, but not on Cumberland Island. 
62 

In addition, the star-nosed mole, eastern cottontail, and southern flying squirrel are known from 

Charlton County (Cornell University); the easetern fox squirrel and eastern harvest mouse are 

known from Charlton County, Georgia (Cornell University and Georgia Museum of Natural 

History); the oldfield mouse is known from Duval County, Florida (Museum of Southwestern 

Biology); the round-tailed muskrat is known from Charlton County (American Museum of 

Natural History, Georgia Museum of Natural History, Museum of Southwestern Biology, and 

U.S. National Museum of Natural History); the Norway rat and house mouse are known from 

Charlton (Cornell University) and Glynn (Museum of Comparative Zoology) counties, Georgia, 

and the house mouse also is known from Nassau County, Florida (Florida Museum of Natural 

History); the coyote is known from Duval County, Florida (this study); the feral dog is known 

from Nassau County, Florida (Florida Museum of Natural History); the common gray fox is 

known from Glynn County, Georgia (Florida Museum of Natural History); the American black 

bear and long-tailed weasel are known from Charlton County, Georgia (U.S. National Museum 

of Natural History), and also from Nassau County, Florida (Florida Museum of Natural History); 

the red wolf has been reported from Charlton County (Harper 1927); and the mountain lion has 

been reported from Glynn County (Young 1946). These species of mammals also do not occur 

on Cumberland Island, although it is possible that some of the larger species might have occurred 

there in historic times. For example, the eastern fox squirrel (Neuhauser and Baker 1974), which 

certainly was introduced to Cumberland Island but no longer occurs. Furthermore, the American 

beaver (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001) and American black bear (Bartram 1791; Ober 1880 

Bangs 1898; Sprunt 1936) have been reported from CUIS, and it is likely that individuals of both 

species will stray to the island from time to time; these species were included as Historic. 

Reports of several species of mammals from Cumberland Island are not considered reliable, as 

suitable habitat generally is lacking, there have been too many inventories on the island to 

overlook their presence, and historic reports often are too vague to be of value. Included in this 

category are reports of the least shrew and eastern harvest mouse (Neuhauser and Baker 1974), 

both recovered from owl pellets, and the oldfield mouse, where the report (Wright 1926) from 

Cumberland Island, Georgia, surely is a lapsus for Anastasia Island, Florida. The report of the 

common gray fox (Bent 1940) is somewhat perplexing, for the veracity of Bent’s field notes 

generally are unquestioned. In this case, Bent (1940) was “jack lighting” a pond, where he saw 

raccoons, deer, horses, cows, and a “trotting gray fox.” Perhaps Bent (1940) saw a lone fox that 

had swum to the island, for there have been no other reports of this species on Cumberland 

Island, either before or after, and evidence of gray foxes was not found during the course of this 

investigation. More recently, from 2003 until present, there have been reports from residents and 

island visitors of sightings of the mountain lion, but tangible evidence documenting its existence 

on Cumberland Island is lacking. 

On a landscape scale, the 19 species of terrestrial mammals considered to be or expected to be 

Present at CUIS have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 

1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and 

occupy or would be expected to occupy most, if not all, of the eight habitats identified in this 

report. Species typically associated with the foredune complex and interdune meadow at CUIS 

include the eastern mole, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, hispid cotton rat, coyote, northern raccoon, 

feral cat, bobcat, feral horse, and white-tailed deer. Species primarily associated with the 

maritime thicket and maritime forest at CUIS include the Virginia opossum, southern short-tailed 

shrew, eastern mole, common armadillo, eastern gray squirrel, cotton mouse, black rat, coyote, 
63 

northern raccoon, feral horse, feral cat, bobcat, feral pig, and white-tailed deer. Species typically 

associated with salt grass meadow, salt marsh, mud flat, tidal creek, and salt marsh habitats at 

CUIS include the marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, coyote, northern raccoon, American mink, 

northern river otter, and feral horse. 

The mammalian fauna of Cumberland Island has changed significantly since the days of 

European colonization. Populations of the Virginia opossum, nine-banded armadillo, coyote, 

bobcat, feral horse, and feral pig have become established on the island, whereas the 

southeastern pocket gopher has been extirpated. Armadillos and pigs, due to their rooting 

behavior, certainly impact the flora and fauna associated with the maritime forest floor, and 

horses trample and overgraze lush salt-marsh habitat. Although highly controversial, especially 

for the latter species, control and perhaps elimination of these species is recommended. The 

Virginia opossum apparently did not inhabit Cumberland Island until 1993; it likely serves as a 

primary prey item for American alligators, raptors and owls, coyotes, and bobcats, while its 

omnivorous diet is likely causing insignificant changes in Cumberland Island plant and 

invertebrate numbers. The recent re-establishment of the bobcat ostensibly has reduced the 

numbers of marsh rabbits and hispid cotton rats. As a top-level predator, the bobcat population 

will stabilize once its carrying capacity is reached; control is therefore not recommended. The 

loss of the southeastern pocket gopher on Cumberland Island is lamentable, but given that recent 

systematic revisions have concluded that the Cumberland Island and mainland gophers are not 

distinct (Laerm 1981; Williams and Genoways 1980), it seems appropriate that the management 

plan for CUIS include a provision to reintroduce the southeastern pocket gopher to Cumberland 

Island. 
64 

Table 111. Status of 25 terrestrial mammals at Cumberland Island National Seashore 

Common Name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Southern short-tailed shrew Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Eastern mole Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Common armadillo Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Marsh rabbit Present X X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Marsh rice rat Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Cotton mouse Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Hispid cotton rat Present X X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Coyote Present X X Evidence in CUIS 

Northern raccoon Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

American mink Present X X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Northern river otter Present X X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Bobcat Present X X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Feral horse Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Feral pig Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

White-tailed deer Present X X X Evidence in CUIS 

Black rat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Feral cat Probably Present Evidence in region 

American beaver Absent Historic 

American black bear Absetnt Historic 

Eastern fox squirrel Absent Extirpated 

Southeastern pocket gopher Absent Extirpated 

African wild ass Absent Extirpated 

Feral cattle Absent Extirpated 
65 

Fort Caroline National Memorial (FOCA) 

Fort Caroline National Memorial, which for the purposes of this investigation also includes the 

adjacent Ribault Monument and Theodore Roosevelt Area, is located on the bluffs overlooking 

the Saint Johns River in Duval County, Florida. This region was occupied by the Timucua 

natives when the French explorer Jean Ribault sailed into the Saint Johns River in 1562. Shortly 

thereafter, in 1564, a group of about 200 mostly French Huguenot colonists led by René de 

Laudonnièrre established the colony of ‘La Caroline’ and built the triangular ‘Fort de la 

Caroline’. Life was difficult in the New World and famine lead to talk of abandonment, but in 

August 1565 Ribault returned from France with more colonists and supplies. Peace was shortlived; in September 1565 Ribault’s fleet set sail for Saint Augustine, Florida, which was located 

approximately 80 km (50 mi) to the south of Fort Caroline, to confront the Spanish forces led by 

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. Unknown to Ribault, however, Menéndez had already begun his 

march to conquer Fort Caroline, and the fort quickly fell into Spanish hands since most of the 

Frenchmen were sailing to Saint Augustine. Meanwhile, Ribault’s fleet was blown off course 

and destroyed by a hurricane off the coast of Anastasia Island, Florida, but the 250 or so French 

sailors managed to survive the storm and swim ashore, only to be met by the Spanish forces, 

which by then had returned to Anastasia Island. Most of the Frenchmen were massacred. The 

Spanish held Fort Mateo (Fort de la Caroline) until 1568, when Dominique de Gourgues 

recaptured the fort, slaughtered the Spanish forces there and also in two smaller garrisons located 

on either side of the mouth of the Saint Johns River, destroyed the fort, and returned to France. 

Today, the 138-acre Fort Caroline National Memorial (including the Ribault Monument) and the 

600-acre Theodore Roosevelt Area are surrounded by residential development and Hidden Hill 

Country Club. None the less, there is tremendous habitat diversity in these sites, including 

upland hardwood and mixed pine-hardwood forests, maritime hammock forests, poorly-drained 

swamp forests, freshwater ponds, freshwater and estuarine marshes, and a small segment of 

upland scrub habitat along Timucuan Trail adjacent to the Port Authority boundary at the end of 

Fort Caroline Road. There also are buildings, parking lots, and mechanically maintained edge 

habitats. 

There is no comprehensive checklist of the mammalian fauna of FOCA, although there is an online checklist of mammal species found in the Theodore Roosevelt Area, including the Virginia 

opossum, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray 

squirrel, “field” mouse, hispid cotton rat, northern raccoon, northern river otter, and bobcat. 

Staff at the University of California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals 

inhabiting most Parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but FOCA was not included as one of those 

Parks. According to NPS data, and 18 NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park, but 

no species of mammals have been documented on park property based on tangible evidence 

(Table 2). 

Fieldwork began on 29 January 2004 and ended on 17 July 2004, encompassing a total of 12 

man-days in the field and 525 trap-nights of sampling effort. Seven major terrestrial habitats 

were identified – upland scrub forest, upland hardwood forest, maritime scrub thicket, maritime 

hammock forest, swamp forest, freshwater pond, and estuarine marsh – and fieldwork consisted 

primarily of extensive ground-truthing of these habitats on both the Fort Caroline/Ribault 

Monument site and the Theodore Roosevelt site (Figure 25). Pitfall traps were set in the 

maritime hammock forest in Theodore Roosevelt Area (30o

22.282’N 81o28.912’W) and 
66 

Sherman livetraps were set in the upland scrub forest and around Spanish Pond. There are no 

specimens in museum collections from Fort Caroline, the Ribault Monument, and Theodore 

Roosevelt Area per se, but additional time was spent canvassing museum collections for 

specimens from Duval County, Florida. The American Museum of Natural History has 

specimens of the least shrew, marsh rice rat, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, and striped 

skunk; the California Academy of Sciences has 10 house mice; the Florida Museum of Natural 

History has specimens of the eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, southern flying squirrel, 

southeastern pocket gopher, cotton mouse, golden mouse, nutria, common gray fox, American 

black bear, long-tailed weasel, northern river otter, bobcat, and white-tailed deer; the Georgia 

Museum of Natural History has specimens of the southeastern pocket gopher, northern raccoon, 

and bobcat; the Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology has one eastern fox squirrel; the 

Museum of Comparative Zoology has specimens of the eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern 

gray squirrel, golden mouse, and hispid cotton rat; the Museum of Southwestern Biology has two 

southern short-tailed shrews, one southern flying squirrel, one southeastern pocket gopher, one 

Anastasia Island Beach mouse, two golden mice, and six hispid cotton rats; the Texas 

Cooperative Wildlife Collection has two southeastern pocket gophers; and the U.S. National 

Museum of Natural History has specimens of the eastern mole, eastern gray squirrel, 

southeastern pocket gopher, and Norway rat. In addition, the Florida Museum of Natural History 

has an eastern fox squirrel from Baker County, Florida, and there are series of southern shorttailed shrews, southeastern pocket gophers, cotton mice, hispid cotton rats, and house mice from 

Nassau County, Florida, in the American Museum of Natural History, Florida Museum of 

Natural History, and the Georgia Museum of Natural History. Bats were not included in this 

investigation. 

Sixteen species of terrestrial mammals (Virginia opossum, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, 

eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, golden mouse, hispid cotton 

rat, domestic dog, red fox, common gray fox, northern raccoon, northern river otter, bobcat, and 

white-tailed deer) were documented on the park property during the course of this project (Table 

12). Another six species of terrestrial mammals (southeastern shrew, least shrew, southern shorttailed shrew, southern flying squirrel, cotton mouse, and feral cat) that are widely distributed in 

the southeastern United States but not encountered on Park property would be expected at 

FOCA, Ribault Monument, and Theodore Roosevelt Area (Table 12). The domestic dog, 

however, is not a permanent resident of the park and should not be included in subsequent 

checklists. The eastern harvest mouse, eastern woodrat, house mouse, coyote, American bear, 

and American mink are encroaching on Park property, and four of these species (house mouse, 

coyote, American bear, and American mink) probably occur there on occasion. The mountain 

lion likely inhabited the region in the past, but they have been extirpated from the region. 

Discounting the domestic dog, 21 species of terrestrial mammals were documented as occurring 

or probably occurring at FOCA, the Ribault Monument, and Theodore Roosevelt Area. 

On a landscape scale, the 21 species of terrestrial mammals considered to be or expected to be 

Present at FOCA have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 

1981; Choate et al. 1994; Whitaker and Hamilton 1998; Trani et al. 2007). Species typically 

associated with the upland scrub forest include the Virginia opossum, eastern mole, nine-banded 

armadillo, cotton mouse, common gray fox, and feral cat. Species typically associated with the 

upland hardwood forest include the Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, southern short-tailed 

shrew, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, 
67 

common gray fox, northern raccoon, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. Species typically 

associated with the maritime scrub thicket include, southeastern shrew, eastern mole, cotton 

mouse, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. Species typically associated with the maritime hammock 

forest include Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, 

nine-banded armadillo, eastern gray squirrel, cotton mouse, golden mouse, common gray fox, 

common raccoon, feral cat, bobcat, and occasionally white-tailed deer. Species typically 

associated with the swamp forest include Virginia opossum, nine-banded armadillo, eastern gray 

squirrel, southern flying squirrel, golden mouse, common raccoon, and white-tailed deer. 

Species typically associated with the freshwater pond and estuarine marshes include the least 

shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, hispid cotton 

rat, common raccoon, northern river otter, and white-tailed deer. Species typically associated 

with out-buildings, trails, and disturbed habitats include the Virginia opossum, nine-banded 

armadillo, cotton mouse, domestic dog, red fox, common gray fox, common raccoon, feral cat, 

bobcat, and white-tailed deer. 

 
68 

Table 12. Status of 29 terrestrial mammals at Fort Caroline National Memorial. 

Common name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X X Evidence in FOCA 

Eastern mole Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

Nine-banded armadillo Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

Eastern cottontail Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

Marsh rabbit Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

Marsh rice rat Present X X Evidence in FOCA

Golden mouse Present X X Evidence in FOCA

Hispid cotton rat Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence in FOCA

Red fox Present X X Evidence at FOCA

Common gray fox Present X X Evidence in FOCA

Northern raccoon Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

Northern river otter Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

Bobcat Present X X X Evidence in FOCA

White-tailed deer Present Evidence in FOCA

Southeastern shrew Probably Present Evidence in region

Least shrew Probably Present Evidence in region

Southern short-tailed shrew Probably Present Evidence in region

Southern flying squirrel Probably Present Evidence in region

Cotton mouse Probably Present Evidence in region

Feral cat Probably Present Evidence in region

Eastern harvest mouse Encroaching Evidence in region

Eastern woodrat Encroaching Evidence in region

House mouse Encroaching Evidence in region

Coyote Encroaching Evidence in region

American black bear Encroaching Evidence in region

American mink Encroaching Evidence in region

Mountain lion Absent Extirpated 
Figure 25. Mammal survey locations at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve and Fort Caroline National Memorial. 
70 

Fort Frederica National Monument (FOFR) 

Fort Frederica National Monument is a 241-acre site located on Saint Simons Island in Glynn 

County, Georgia. The location of the site, just south of the mouth of the Altamaha River, was 

crucial to the British Empire; as the southernmost site along the Atlantic Seaboard, it served to 

protect the British colonies from the Spanish colony of Florida. FOFR contains two units. The 

Frederica Site includes the remnants of the old fort and surrounding uplands on the east side of 

the Frederica River and an extensive tract of salt marsh habitat on the west side of the Frederica 

River. The Bloody Marsh Battle Site is approximately 9.7 km (6 mi) to the south of the 

Frederica Site on the Military Road to Fort Saint Simons; here, on 7 July 1742, a motley crew of 

200 British colonists, Scottish Highlanders, and Native Americans led by James Oglethorpe 

defeated the Spanish forces commanded by Manuel de Montiano, thereby ending the Spanish 

threat to the British colonies. 

There apparently has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of FOFR. Staff at the 

University of California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals inhabiting most 

parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but FOFR was not included as one of those parks. According to 

NPS data, two species of mammals have been documented on park property, although seven 

NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). It is therefore not surprising 

that FOFR personnel designated the mammal inventory as its top priority for the Southeast Coast 

Network draft study plan. This investigation is the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial 

mammalian fauna of FOFR. 

Fieldwork began on 8 March 2003 and ended on 1 Feb 2005, encompassing a total of 13 mandays in the field, including four man-days kayaking the FOFR salt marshes. Additional time was 

spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from Saint Simons Island per se, from 

Glynn County, Georgia, and from surrounding counties. Series of mammals from Saint Simons 

Island are deposited at Cornell University (hispid cotton rat and eastern woodrat), Florida 

Museum of Natural History (American mink), Georgia Museum of Natural History (cotton 

mouse), Harvard University (marsh rabbit), the University of Michigan (marsh rabbit and eastern 

gray squirrel), and the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Virginia opossum, eastern 

mole, eastern cottontail, eastern woodrat, northern raccoon, American mink, and northern river 

otter). In addition, the Florida Museum of Natural History has an American mink from Jekyll 

Island, and the Georgia Museum of Natural History has a marsh rabbit from Sea Island, a 

northern river otter from the Frederica River, and specimens of the southern short-tailed shrew, 

eastern mole, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, 

hispid cotton rat, and American mink from Jekyll Island, all in Glynn County, Georgia. From 

the adjacent mainland of Glynn County, the Florida Museum of Natural History has specimens 

of the eastern fox squirrel, common gray fox, and American mink, the Georgia Museum of 

Natural History has a bobcat specimen, and both the Museum of Comparative Zoology and U.S. 

National Museum of Natural History have specimens of the black rat. In addition, Golley (1962) 

provided Glynn County records for the southeastern pocket gopher, American beaver, and 

American black bear, and he provided Camden, Brantley, Ware, and McIntosh County records 

for the least shrew, southern flying squirrel, eastern harvest mouse, oldfield mouse, golden 

mouse, round-tailed muskrat, red fox, and striped skunk. 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified – salt marsh, creek and river edges, maritime pineoak forest, second-growth pine forest, and mechanically maintained areas and road edges. 
71 

Fieldwork differed according to location (Figure 24). At the Frederica Site, the upland habitats 

were surveyed with Sherman livetraps and by means of extensive ground truthing for spoor, 

whereas the adjacent salt marsh and watercourse edge habitats were surveyed from a kayak at 

low tide. At the Bloody Marsh Battle Site, access was limited to the Demere Road right-of-way; 

the interior part of the property was closed due an attempted suicide on the property. Bats were 

not included in this investigation. 

Fourteen species of terrestrial mammals were documented on park property during the course of 

this project (Table 13). The domestic dog, however, is not a permanent resident of the park and 

should not be included in subsequent park checklists. Five other species of mammals that are 

widely distributed in the southeastern United States were not encountered on park property, but 

each would be expected at FOFR (Table 13). In addition, to protect the archeological integrity of 

the park, pitfall traps were not used to ascertain the status of the southern short-tailed shrew. The 

southern short-tailed shrew occurs on several islands in the southeastern United States, including 

Ossabaw, Sapelo, and Cumberland in Georgia (Neuhauser and Baker 1974), so in time it might 

be discovered on Saint Simons Island. There also are sight records of the eastern fox squirrel 

and southern flying squirrel from Saint Simons Island (Neuhauser and Baker 1974), as well as a 

report of the bobcat (Reitz and Honerkamp 1983), but evidence of these species was not 

collected during the course of this investigation and it is doubtful that they exist at FOFR. Feral 

pigs were introduced to Saint Simons Island, but they have been extirpated and no longer occur 

there (Neuhauser and Baker 1974; Mayer and Brisbin 1991). Furthermore, European fallow deer 

were introduced to Little Saint Simons Island, and although some individuals managed to get to 

Saint Simons Island since that time (Neuhauser and Baker 1974), they no longer inhabit the 

island. Moore’s (1840) records of the American black bear, “wildcats” (bobcats), and “tigers” 

(mountain lions) from Saint Simons Island are dubious, although bears are known to swim to 

islands on occasion, and mountain lions have been reported from the Glynn County mainland 

(Young 1946), as have the southeastern pocket gopher, American beaver, and American black 

bear (Golley 1962). Red wolves have been reported from the Okefenokee Swamp, immediately 

west of Glynn County (Harper 1927). All told, 18 species of terrestrial mammals were 

documented as occurring or probably occurring at FOFR, but the status of the southern shorttailed shrew was not determined and that of the other species mentioned above either could not 

be confirmed or did not seem credible. Furthermore, the nutria recently has become established 

in southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida, and it likely will colonize Saint Simons Island 

in the next decade or so. No terrestrial mammal species at FOFR is considered to be imperiled 

by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

On a landscape scale, the 18 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

FOFR have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 1981; Choate 

et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and occupy or would 

be expected to occupy many of the five habitats identified in this report. Species typically 

associated with the maritime pine-oak forest and second-growth pine forest at FOFR include the 

Virginia opossum, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern gray squirrel, cotton mouse, 

eastern woodrat, black rat, Norway rat, northern raccoon, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. 

Species associated primarily with the mechanically maintained areas, road edges, and grasslandforest ecotonal habitats include the eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern cottontail, 

hispid cotton rat, house mouse, and feral cat. Species typically associated with salt marsh and 
72 

the creek and river edges at FOFR include the marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, northern raccoon, 

American mink, and northern river otter. 

Table 13. Status of 22 terrestrial mammals at Fort Frederica National Monument. [1Frederica Site, 

2

Bloody Marsh Site] 

Common Name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum  Present  X  X      Evidence in FOFR1

Eastern mole  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1,2

Nine‐banded armadillo  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1,2

Eastern cottontail  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1

Marsh rabbit  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1

Eastern gray squirrel  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1,2

Marsh rice rat  Present  X  X      Evidence in FOFR1

Eastern woodrat  Present  X  X      Evidence in FOFR1

Domestic/feral dog  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1

Northern raccoon  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1

American mink  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1

Northern river otter  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1

Feral cat  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1

White‐tailed deer  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOFR1,2

Cotton mouse  Probably Present          Evidence in region 

Hispid cotton rat  Probably Present          Evidence in region 

Black rat  Probably Present          Evidence in region 

Norway rat  Probably Present          Evidence in region 

House mouse  Probably Present          Evidence in region 

Southern short‐tailed shrew  Unconfirmed           

Feral pig  Absent          Extirpated 

European fallow deer  Absent          Extirpated 
73 

Fort Matanzas National Monument (FOMA) 

Fort Matanzas National Monument is located on the southern end of Anastasia Island, in Saint 

Johns County, Florida. The word ‘matanza’ is the Spanish word for ‘slaughter’, referring to the 

250 or so French Huguenots, led by Jean Ribault, who in 1565 were massacred in the region by 

the Spanish forces under the direction of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. At this time, the Spanish 

forces were establishing Saint Augustine, Florida, the first permanent European settlement in the 

United States. From 1672 to 1695, they built Castillo de San Marcos to prevent French and later 

British sailors from entering Matanzas Bay. However, Saint Augustine was still vulnerable to 

attack from the south by entering Matanzas Inlet, at the southern end of Anastasia Island, and 

sailing northward 22 km (14 mi) along the Matanzas River. By 1742, the Spanish had addressed 

this vulnerability by building Fort Matanzas on Rattlesnake Island at the mouth of Matanzas 

Inlet, thereby blocking the south entrance to the Matanzas River. Today, both Castillo de San 

Marcos and the 298-acre Fort Matanzas are part of the National Park Service, in recognition of 

their significance during the early colonization of the United States. 

Anastasia Island, and therefore FOMA, has been the focus of extensive scientific explorations 

over the last 120 years, and its mammalian fauna is relatively well known. The first major 

fieldwork to document the mammals of the island was conducted in the 1890s by Outram Bangs 

of Harvard University (Bangs 1898). Bangs described three new mammals from “Point Romo, 

Anastasia Island” – Anastasia Island mole, Anastasia Island beach mouse, and Anastasia Island 

cotton mouse – as well as the Atlantic saltmarsh mink from the “salt marsh opposite Matanzas 

Inlet, Florida.” The taxonomic distinctiveness of these species is discussed in more detail 

beyond. Of immediate importance, however, is the specific location of Point Romo in relation to 

FOMA. Point Romo first began to be included on maps in 1888 (A new sectional map of Florida 

issued by the land department of the South Florida R.R. Co. and the Plant Investment Co., 

Sanford, Florida) and then it disappeared from maps after 1917 as Crescent Beach and Summer 

Haven were added to maps. Bangs (1898) did not identify clearly that Point Romo was located 

on the north side of Matanzas Inlet on Anastasia Island, although he did indicate that Matanzas 

Point was located on the south side of Matanzas Inlet. Maps from 1888 to 1917 clearly indicate 

that Point Romo is located at the southern end of Anastasia Island, which today is within the 

boundaries of FOMA. 

Anastasia Island’s uniqueness greatly intrigued early American mammalogists, leading to 

investigations of the island by personnel from several museums in the United States, including 

the American Museum of Natural History, Charleston Museum, Cornell University, Field 

Museum of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, Georgia Museum of Natural 

History, Louisiana State University, Michigan State University, Museum of Comparative 

Zoology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Slater Museum of Natural 

History, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, the private collection of Albert Schwartz 

(now deposited, in large part, at the University of Kansas), and the Savannah River Ecology 

Laboratory (now deposited at the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History). In 

addition, it is a common practice for institutions to exchange specimens, so specimens from 

Anastasia Island can be found in several other museums as well. Currently, over 350 specimens, 

representing 15 terrestrial species (Virginia opossum, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, 

nine-banded armadillo, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, Anastasia Island beach 

mouse, cotton mouse, Florida mouse, hispid cotton rat, black rat, house mouse, northern raccoon, 

American mink), exist in these museums. 
74 

There is no comprehensive checklist of the mammalian fauna of FOMA, although Bangs (1898) 

listed nine species (eastern mole, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, Anastasia Island beach mouse, 

cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, black rat, northern raccoon, and mink) of terrestrial mammals on 

Anastasia Island. A list of nine terrestrial species (Virginia opossum, marsh rabbit, eastern gray 

squirrel, Anastasia Island beach mouse, Florida mouse, hispid cotton rat, round-tailed muskrat, 

northern raccoon, and white-tailed deer) that potentially occupy FOMA, as well as one species of 

bat, was provided to the NPS by staff at the University of California-Davis in 1992. According 

to NPS data, five species of mammals have been documented on park property, and 40 

NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). Obviously, there is no 

consensus about how many species of terrestrial mammals inhabit FOMA. 

Fieldwork began on 29 January 2004 and ended on 7 April 2005, encompassing a total of nine 

man-days in the field. Four major terrestrial habitats were identified – intertidal beaches and 

dunes, maritime scrub thickets, maritime hammocks, and estuarine marshes – and fieldwork 

consisted primarily of extensive ground-truthing of these habitats on both the Anastasia Island 

and Rattlesnake Island units (Figure 26). Due to the Endangered status of the Anastasia Island 

beach mouse and given the ease of confirming its presence by locating its conspicuously plugged 

burrow systems, no trapping was conducted on Anastasia Island. Evidence of its burrow systems 

was not found on the sandy dredge-deposition dome on northern Rattlesnake Island. 

Nonetheless, the use of Sherman live traps (78 trap-nights) was restricted to the perimeter of the 

northern island in estuarine marsh habitat to collect voucher material from that unit. Additional 

time was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from Anastasia Island per se, from 

Saint Johns County, Florida, and from surrounding counties. Bats were not included in this 

investigation. One adjustment in common names is followed in this park account – given its 

critically Endangered status and to avoid nomenclatural confusion, the Anastasia Island beach 

mouse (Peromyscus polionotus phasma) is used instead of the oldfield mouse (P. polionotus

sspp.). 

Twenty-one species of terrestrial mammals (Virginia opossum, eastern mole, nine-banded 

armadillo, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, marsh rice rat, Anastasia Island beach mouse, 

cotton mouse, Florida mouse, hispid cotton rat, black rat, house mouse, coyote, domestic dog, 

common gray fox, northern raccoon, American mink, northern river otter, feral cat, bobcat, and 

white-tailed deer) were documented on the park property during the course of this project (Table 

14). In addition, the southern short-tailed shrew was not verified from park property per se, but 

it is widely distributed in the southeastern United States and has been collected from an 

unspecified location on Anastasia Island; however, based on other specimens collected and by 

the same collector (J. F. Wilson) and at the same time (December 1939), it might have come 

from Espanita, which is near Crescent Beach. The domestic dog, however, is not a permanent 

resident of the park and should not be included in subsequent checklists. Although evidence of 

the bobcat was not collected during the course of this investigation, it has been reported from 

FOMA in the past (Frank and Humphrey 1996), and a mother with two kittens was observed on 

Park property in 2004 (NPS staff). The American black bear was reported from Anastasia Island 

by Bangs (1898), but it doubtfully occurs there now. Discounting the American black bear, 21 

species of terrestrial mammals were documented as occurring or probably occurring on park 

property. 
75 

Several mammalian taxa at FOMA are considered to be imperiled. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service considers the Anastasia Island beach mouse to be Endangered, as does the Florida Fish 

and Wildlife Conservation Commission. In addition, the Florida mouse is listed as Special 

Concern by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. The Anastasia Island 

beach mouse is ranked S1, the Florida mouse is ranked S3, and the Atlantic saltmarsh mink is 

ranked S3. It seems appropriate at this time to discuss the taxonomic status of the four mammals 

described by Bangs (1898) as new species. Three of these, the Anastasia Island mole (Scalopus 

aquaticus anastasae), Anastasia Island beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus phasma), and 

Atlantic saltmarsh mink (Mustela vison lutensis) currently are recognized as distinct subspecies. 

The cotton mouse described from Anastasia Island, however, is not considered to be distinct 

from the mainland form (Peromyscus g. gossypinus) (Boone et al. 1993). 

On a landscape scale, the 21 species of terrestrial mammals considered to be or expected to be 

Present at FOMA have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 

1981; Choate et al. 1994; Whitaker and Hamilton 1998; Trani et al. 2007). Species typically 

associated with the dune complex at FOMA include the eastern mole, marsh rabbit, Anastasia 

Island beach mouse, hispid cotton rat, coyote, northern raccoon, feral cat, and occasionally the 

bobcat. Species primarily associated with the maritime scrub thicket at FOMA include the 

Virginia opossum, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, cotton 

mouse, Florida mouse, black rat, house mouse, coyote, common gray fox, northern raccoon, feral 

cat, and bobcat. Species typically associated with the maritime hammocks include the Virginia 

opossum, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern gray squirrel, cotton mouse, Florida 

mouse, common gray fox, northern raccoon, feral cat, bobcat, and on Rattlesnake Island the 

white-tailed deer. Species typically associated with mud flat, tidal creek, and estuarine marsh 

habitats at FOMA include the marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, hispid cotton rat, northern raccoon, 

American mink, and northern river otter. 

The mammalian fauna of Anastasia Island has changed significantly since the days of European 

colonization and recent beachfront development. Populations of the nine-banded armadillo, 

black rat, coyote, and feral cat have become established on the island, whereas the American 

black bear (if earlier reports are accurate) has been extirpated. Armadillos, due to their rooting 

behavior, certainly impact the flora and fauna associated with the maritime forest floor. Black 

rats likely compete with native rodents and, perhaps, eastern gray squirrels. Coyotes have only 

recently become established and their effect is not known. The establishment of feral cats likely 

has reduced the numbers of marsh rabbits, marsh rice rats, Anastasia Island beach mice, cotton 

mice, Florida mice, and hispid cotton rats. Especially noteworthy is the negative impact of feral 

cats on the Anastasia Island beach mouse (Frank and Humphrey 1996). Although highly 

controversial, especially for the feral cat, control and perhaps elimination of exotic species is 

recommended. 
76 

Figure 26. Mammal survey locations at Fort Matanzas National Monument. 

 
77 

Table 14. Status of 23 terrestrial mammals at Fort Matanzas National Monument. 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park

Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X X Evidence in FOMA1

Eastern mole Present X X X Evidence in FOMA12

Nine-banded armadillo Present X X Evidence in FOMA12

Marsh rabbit Present X X X Evidence in FOMA12

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X Evidence in FOMA1

Marsh rice rat Present X X X Evidence in FOMA12

Anastasia Isl beach mouse Present X X X Evidence in FOMA1

Cotton mouse Present X X X Evidence in FOMA1

Florida mouse Present X X X Evidence in FOMA1

Hispid cotton rat Present X X X Evidence in FOMA12

Black rat Present X X X Evidence in FOMA12

House mouse Present X X Evidence in FOMA12

Coyote Present X X Evidence in FOMA12

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence in FOMA1

Common gray fox Present X X Evidence in FOMA1

Northern raccoon Present X X X Evidence in FOMA12

American mink Present X X X Evidence in FOMA12

Northern river otter Present X X X Evidence in FOMA12

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in FOMA1

Bobcat Present X X Evidence in FOMA1

White-tailed deer Present X X Evidence in FOMA2

Southern short-tailed shrew Probably Present Evidence on island 

American black bear Unconfirmed Historic 

Fort Sumter National Monument (FOSU) 

Fort Sumter National Monument is located in the mouth of Charleston Harbor on Fort Sumter 

Island, Charleston County, South Carolina. The Monument, in conjunction with fortifications on 

nearby James Island (Fort Johnson), Morris Island (Fort Wagner), and Sullivans Island (Fort 

Moultrie), were instrumental in defending Charleston Harbor. FOSU is the site of the initial 

engagement of the Civil War, when Confederate forces defeated the Union Army that occupied 

the island. FOSU consists of 122 acres of submerged land surrounding Fort Sumter Island and 

three upland units – the 2.5-acre Fort Sumter Island, an 8.9-acre ferry boat facility at Liberty 

Square in Charleston (including land leased to the South Carolina Marine Sciences Museum, 

herein identified as the “Aquarium”), and the 600-acre Fort Moultrie complex on Sullivans 

Island; a second ferry launch site exists at Patriots Point in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. 

Although FOMO is part of Fort Sumter National Monument, these parks were treated separately 

for the purposes of this investigation. 

There apparently has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of FOSU. Staff at the 

University of California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals inhabiting most 

parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but FOSU was not included as one of those parks. According to 
78 

NPS data, there have been no species of mammals documented on park property on the basis of 

tangible evidence, but four NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). 

This investigation is the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of FOSU. 

Fieldwork occurred on 4 October 2003, encompassing two man-days in the field. Both the 

Aquarium Site and the Fort Site were ground-truthed at low tide for mammal spoor (Figure 27). 

Bats were not included in this investigation. 

Additional time was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens from Charleston 

County, South Carolina, and surrounding counties. No specimens have been taken from FOSU 

per se, but the Charleston area is one of the oldest centers of early natural history exploration in 

North America, dating back to Lawson (1718), Catesby (1732, 1743), Bachman (1837a, 1837b), 

and Audubon and Bachman (1841, 1842). As such, the mammals of the region are relatively 

well known, and there are specimens from Charleston County, South Carolina, in most major 

museums in North America. For example, the American Museum of Natural History has 

specimens of the cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, woodland vole, and northern 

raccoon; Cornell University has one Virginia opossum, one least shrew, two southern short-tailed 

shrews, two southern flying squirrels, two cotton mice, and seven hispid cotton rats; the Florida 

Museum of Natural History has a marsh rice rat and northern raccoon; the Georgia Museum of 

Natural History has specimens of the least shrew, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, 

house mouse, and northern raccoon; the Louisianan State University Museum of Zoology has 

one southern short-tailed shrew, two eastern moles, five eastern fox squirrels, one southern flying 

squirrel, and one northern river otter; the Museum of Comparative Zoology has a least shrew, 

marsh rabbit, golden mouse, and six northern raccoons; the Museum at Texas Tech University 

has two eastern moles; the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has specimens of the least shrew, 

eastern mole, eastern fox squirrel, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern 

woodrat, and woodland vole; the Peabody Museum of Natural History has one northern raccoon; 

the Royal Ontario Museum has specimens of the Virginia opossum, least shrew, southern shorttailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, cotton 

mouse, golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, woodland vole, house mouse, and northern raccoon; the 

San Diego Natural History Museum has two least shrews and two hispid cotton rats; the Santa 

Barbara Museum of Natural History has two least shrews; the Sternberg Museum of Natural 

History has one southeastern shrew, one marsh rice rat, and 13 cotton mice; the University of 

Kansas has specimens of the least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern 

cottontail, eastern gray squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, southern flying squirrel, marsh rice rat, 

eastern harvest mouse, cotton mouse, eastern woodrat, woodland vole, American mink, and 

bobcat; the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has specimens of the Virginia opossum, 

southeastern shrew, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, marsh rabbit, eastern 

gray squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, southern flying squirrel, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, 

cotton mouse, golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, woodland vole, Norway rat, 

house mouse, common gray fox, American mink, and northern river otter; and the Charleston 

Museum, in addition to the species listed above, has specimens of the star-nosed mole, meadow 

vole, red fox, American black bear, long-tailed weasel, and striped skunk. In addition, Golley 

(1966) provided a Charleston County record for the black rat. 
79 

Figure 27. Mammal survey locations at Fort Sumter National Monument and Fort Moultrie National 

Monument. 
80 

Only five species of terrestrial mammals were documented on park property during the course of 

this project (Table 15). Three other species of mammals with widespread geographic 

distributions in the southeastern United States might occasionally make their way to the Fort Site 

from the adjacent mainland or periodically occupy the Aquarium Site (Table 15). Larger, more 

mobile mammals such as the Virginia opossum, common gray fox, and white-tailed deer might 

also sometimes wander over to the Fort Site, especially on a low tide, but there is insufficient 

habitat to support these species and they should not be considered as permanent residents. 

Mammalian diversity at FOSU is greatly diminished due to the isolated nature, small size, and 

lack of suitable habitat on Fort Sumter Island and at Liberty Square. The eight species of 

terrestrial mammals that were documented as occurring or thought to occur on park property are 

not considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Table 15. Status of 8 terrestrial mammals at Fort Sumter National Monument. [1Fort Site, 2Aquarium Site] 

Common name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Marsh rice rat  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOSU1

Black rat  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOSU2

Northern raccoon  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOSU1,2

American mink  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOSU1

Northern river otter  Present  X      X  Evidence in FOSU1,2

Marsh rabbit  Probably Present          Evidence in region 

Norway rat   Probably Present          Evidence in region 

House mouse  Probably Present          Evidence in region 

Fort Moultrie Subunit (FOMO) 

Fort Moultrie National Monument is located on Sullivans Island, Charleston County, South 

Carolina. The Monument, in conjunction with fortifications on nearby James Island (Fort 

Johnson) and Fort Sumter Island (Fort Sumter), were instrumental in defending Charleston 

Harbor, beginning in 1776. FOMO has been renovated several times and was last occupied 

during World War II. The site encompasses 60 acres, including the fort, parking and picnic 

areas, and adjacent barrier beach habitat. FOMO is part of Fort Sumter National Monument, but 

these parks were treated separately for the purposes of this investigation. 

There apparently has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of FOMO, and this 

investigation is the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of FOMO. 

Staff at the University of California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals 

inhabiting most parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but FOMO was not included as one of those 

parks. According to NPS data, there have been no species of mammals documented on park 

property on the basis of tangible evidence, so it is not surprising that no NPSpecies are listed as 

possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). 
81 

Fieldwork began on 3 October 2003 and ended on 19 November 2003, encompassing a total of 

nine man-days in the field and 910 trap-nights of sampling effort. Additional time was spent 

canvassing museum collections for specimens from Charleston County, South Carolina, and 

surrounding counties. No specimens have been taken from FOMO per se, but the Charleston 

area is one of the oldest centers of early natural history exploration in North America, dating 

back to Lawson (1718), Catesby (1732, 1743), Bachman (1837a, 1837b), and Audubon and 

Bachman (1841, 1842). As such, the mammals of the region are relatively well known, and there 

are specimens from Charleston County, South Carolina, in most major museums in North 

America. For example, the American Museum of Natural History has specimens of the cotton 

mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, woodland vole, and northern raccoon; Cornell 

University has one Virginia opossum, one least shrew, two southern short-tailed shrews, two 

southern flying squirrels, two cotton mice, and seven hispid cotton rats; the Florida Museum of 

Natural History has a marsh rice rat and northern raccoon; the Georgia Museum of Natural 

History has specimens of the least shrew, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, house 

mouse, and northern raccoon; the Louisianan State University Museum of Zoology has one 

southern short-tailed shrew, two eastern moles, five eastern fox squirrels, one southern flying 

squirrel, and one northern river otter; the Museum of Comparative Zoology has a least shrew, 

marsh rabbit, golden mouse, and six northern raccoons; the Museum at Texas Tech University 

has two eastern moles; the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has specimens of the least shrew, 

eastern mole, eastern fox squirrel, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern 

woodrat, and woodland vole; the Peabody Museum of Natural History has one northern raccoon; 

the Royal Ontario Museum has specimens of the Virginia opossum, least shrew, southern shorttailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, cotton 

mouse, golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, woodland vole, house mouse, and northern raccoon; the 

San Diego Natural History Museum has two least shrews and two hispid cotton rats; the Santa 

Barbara Museum of Natural History has two least shrews; the University of Kansas has 

specimens of the least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, 

eastern gray squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, southern flying squirrel, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest 

mouse, cotton mouse, eastern woodrat, woodland vole, American mink, and bobcat; the 

Sternberg Museum of Natural History has one southeastern shrew, one marsh rice rat, and 13 

cotton mice; the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has specimens of the Virginia 

opossum, southeastern shrew, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, marsh 

rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, southern flying squirrel, marsh rice rat, eastern 

harvest mouse, cotton mouse, golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, woodland vole, 

Norway rat, house mouse, common gray fox, American mink, and northern river otter; and the 

Charleston Museum, in addition to the species listed above, has specimens of the star-nosed 

mole, meadow vole, red fox, American black bear, long-tailed weasel, and striped skunk. In 

addition, Golley (1966) provided a Charleston County record for the black rat. 

Three terrestrial habitats were identified – intertidal community, upland dune community, and 

mechanically maintained open areas. The intertidal community has been fouled by bilge sludge 

from nearby boats and the open areas are mowed on a regular basis, but the upland dune 

community remains moderately intact. Given the small size of the park, the entire site was 

ground-truthed on several occasions. Grids of Sherman livetraps and pitfall traps were 

established in the dune community (Figure 27). Bats were not included in this investigation. 
82 

Only six species of terrestrial mammals were documented on park property during the course of 

this project (Table 16). The domestic dog, however, is not a permanent resident of the park and 

should not be included in subsequent checklists. Eight additional species of mammals with 

widespread geographic distributions in the southeastern United States probably inhabit Sullivans 

Island, South Carolina, and might be expected to occur at FOMO on occasion (Table 16). 

However, mammalian diversity on barrier islands is attenuated from that on the adjacent 

mainland, Sullivans Island is greatly developed, and feral cats inhabit the island, so some of 

these species may no longer inhabit Sullivans Island or FOMO. The marsh rice rat is 

encroaching on park property, and eight species occur elsewhere in Charleston County, South 

Carolina, including a record of an eastern fox squirrel from Isle of Palms, but suitable habitat is 

lacking at FOMO. In addition, the white-tailed deer likely inhabited Sullivans Island from time 

to time in the distant past, as this species easily swims long distances, but it no longer inhabits 

the island. Therefore, 14 species of terrestrial mammals were documented as occurring or 

probably occurring on park property. None of these species is considered to be imperiled by the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

On a landscape scale, the 13 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

FOMO have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 1981; 

Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and occupy 

or would be expected to occupy most, if not all, of the three habitats identified in this report. 

Species associated primarily with the intertidal community include the northern raccoon, 

American mink, and northern river otter. Species typically associated with the dune community 

at FOMO include the Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, 

Norway rat, common gray fox, northern raccoon, and feral cat. Species associated primarily 

with the mechanically maintained areas and out-buildings include the eastern cottontail, black 

rat, house mouse, and feral cat. However, it is likely that some, if not many, of the species 

assumed potentially to occur at FOMO might in reality be extirpated from the region, thereby 

further decreasing estimates of mammalian diversity in the park. 
83 

Table 16. Status of 16 terrestrial mammals at Fort Moultrie National Monument. 

Common name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Eastern cottontail Present X X Evidence in FOMO 

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X Evidence in FOMO 

Hispid cotton rat Present X X Evidence in FOMO 

House mouse Present X X Evidence in FOMO 

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence in FOMO 

Northern raccoon Present X X Evidence in FOMO 

Virginia opossum Probably Present Evidence in region 

Cotton mouse Probably Present Evidence in region 

Black rat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Norway rat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Common gray fox Probably Present Evidence in region 

American mink Probably Present Evidence in region 

Northern river otter Probably Present Evidence in region 

Feral cat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Marsh rice rat Encroaching Evidence in region 

White-tailed deer Absent Extirpated 

Charles Pickney National Historic Site (CHPI) 

Charles Pickney National Historic Site is a 28-acre remnant of the historic Snee Farm, a 715-acre 

South Carolina Lowcountry rice and indigo plantation inherited by Charles Pickney in 1782. 

Charles Pickney was a prominent South Carolinian – he studied in Europe, practiced law in 

Charleston, assisted George Washington during the Revolutionary War, signed the U.S. 

Constitution, served four terms as governor of South Carolina, and was the unsuccessful 

Federalist candidate for President in 1804 and 1808. CHPI is located in Christ Church Parish, 

within the city limits of Mount Pleasant, Charelston County, South Carolina. Today, CHPI is 

tremendously impacted by Snee Farm Country Club on three (east, south, and west) sides, 

although the west boundary is somewhat insulated by a tidally-influenced marsh associated with 

Wampacheone Creek; the northern boundary, Long Point Road, will become a major bypass 

connecting U.S. Highway 17 and Interstate 526. 

There apparently has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of CHPI. Staff at the 

University of California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals inhabiting most 

parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but CHPI was not included as one of those parks. According to 

NPS data, there have been no species of mammals documented on park property on the basis of 

tangible evidence, but 47 NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). It 

appears that this investigation is the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial mammalian 

fauna of CHPI. 

Fieldwork began on 3 October 2003 and ended on 19 November 2003, encompassing a total of 

11 man-days in the field and 1,735 trap-nights of sampling effort. Additional time was spent 
84 

canvassing museum collections for specimens from Charleston County, South Carolina, and 

surrounding counties. No specimens have been taken from CHPI per se, but the Charleston area 

is one of the oldest centers of early natural history exploration, dating back to Lawson (1718), 

Catesby (1732, 1743), Bachman (1837a, 1837b), and Audubon and Bachman (1841, 1842). As 

such, the mammals of the region are relatively well known, and there are specimens from 

Charleston County, South Carolina, in most major museums in North America. For example, the 

American Museum of Natural History has specimens of the cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, 

eastern woodrat, woodland vole, and northern raccoon; Cornell University has one Virginia 

opossum, one least shrew, two southern short-tailed shrews, two southern flying squirrels, two 

cotton mice, and seven hispid cotton rats; the Florida Museum of Natural History has a marsh 

rice rat and northern raccoon; the Georgia Museum of Natural History has specimens of the least 

shrew, marsh rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, house mouse, and northern raccoon; the 

Louisianan State University Museum of Zoology has one southern short-tailed shrew, two 

eastern moles, five eastern fox squirrels, one southern flying squirrel, and one northern river 

otter; the Museum of Comparative Zoology has a least shrew, marsh rabbit, golden mouse, and 

six northern raccoons; the Museum at Texas Tech University has two eastern moles; the Museum 

of Vertebrate Zoology has specimens of the least shrew, eastern mole, eastern fox squirrel, marsh 

rice rat, cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, and woodland vole; the Peabody 

Museum of Natural History has one northern raccoon; the Royal Ontario Museum has specimens 

of the Virginia opossum, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern 

cottontail, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, cotton mouse, golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, 

woodland vole, house mouse, and northern raccoon; the San Diego Natural History Museum has 

two least shrews and two hispid cotton rats; the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History has 

two least shrews; the University of Kansas has specimens of the least shrew, southern shorttailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, eastern gray squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, southern 

flying squirrel, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, cotton mouse, eastern woodrat, woodland 

vole, American mink, and bobcat; the Sternberg Museum of Natural History has one 

southeastern shrew, one marsh rice rat, and 13 cotton mice; the U.S. National Museum of 

Natural History has specimens of the Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, least shrew, 

southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, eastern fox 

squirrel, southern flying squirrel, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, cotton mouse, golden 

mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, woodland vole, Norway rat, house mouse, common 

gray fox, American mink, and northern river otter; and the Charleston Museum, in addition to the 

species listed above, has specimens of the star-nosed mole, meadow vole, red fox, American 

black bear, long-tailed weasel, and striped skunk. In addition, Golley (1966) provided a 

Charleston County record for the black rat. 

CHPI has been tremendously modified by human activities, and there is scant evidence of the 

natural community structure that existed here prior to European colonization. Four terrestrial 

habitats were identified – tidal creek and associated transition habitat, upland pine-hardwood 

forest, disturbed edges in various stages of early oldfield succession, and mechanically 

maintained open areas. Given the small size of the park, the entire site was ground-truthed on 

several occasions. Grids of Sherman livetraps and pitfall traps were established in the forest and 

disturbed grasslands, and Sherman livetraps were set around an abandoned house and 

maintenance facility (Figure 28). Bats were not included in this investigation. 
85 

Only 11 species of terrestrial mammals were documented on the park property during the course 

of this project (Table 17); however, the domestic dog, red fox, and white-tailed deer are not 

permanent residents and should not be included in subsequent park lists. Thirteen additional 

species of mammals with widespread geographic distributions in the southeastern United States 

probably inhabited Snee Farm during Pickney’s lifetime, but they were not documented on park 

property during this investigation (Table 17); these species should be expected at CHPI from 

time to time, as would the red fox, but they are not permanent residents of the park. The red 

wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion certainly no longer inhabit the region, and the 

southeastern shrew, star-nosed mole, eastern fox squirrel, American beaver, oldfield mouse, 

golden mouse, eastern woodrat, common muskrat, long-tailed weasel, striped skunk, bobcat, and 

white-tailed deer no longer occur at CHPI today because suitable habitat is lacking; however, the 

majority of these species inhabited Snee Farm in the 1700s. Therefore, eight species of 

terrestrial mammals were documented as permanent residents and another 16 possibly frequent 

the park on an occasional basis, but not permanently. 

The lack of mammalian diversity at CHPI can be attributed to the tremendously disturbed nature 

of the habitat in the region and the presence of a large population of feral cats. As the Mount 

Pleasant area continues to become more densely developed and corridors for movement of 

mammals become less available, extirpation of local populations increases, especially for species 

that have relatively large home ranges (for example, carnivores and deer). Species with 

relatively small home ranges (for example, shrews and mice) continue to exist in small isolated 

pockets, but these species are particularly susceptible to extirpation by feral cats. A cat removal 

program is recommended. 

No terrestrial mammal species at CHPI is considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service. Three species of mammals that once were widely distributed in the eastern 

United States (red wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion) have been extirpated from the 

CHPI region. There are no records of red wolves from Charleston County, South Carolina, or 

the surrounding counties; however, there is a voucher specimen of a bear from Charleston, 

Charleston County, in the Charleston Museum and there is another from the “Santee River 

swamp” in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Young (1946) reported mountain 

lions from the “Santee River” of South Carolina, and Mills (1826) mentions a “panther” from 

Wambow Swamp in Charleston County, that was killed in 1796, so these large cats were in the 

region in historic times. 

On a landscape scale, the 24 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

CHPI have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 1981; Webster 

et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and occupy or would 

be expected to occupy most, if not all, of the four habitats identified in this report. Species 

associated primarily with early successional habitats include the least shrew, southern shorttailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton rat, woodland 

vole, house mouse, domestic dog, red fox, and feral cat. Species typically associated with the 

upland forests at CHPI include the Virginia opossum, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, 

eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, cotton mouse, woodland vole, Norway rat, 

common gray fox, northern raccoon, feral cat, and white-tailed deer. Species typically 

associated with the tidal creek at CHPI include the marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, northern 

raccoon, American mink, and northern river otter. Species associated primarily with the 
86 

mechanically maintained areas and out-buildings include the eastern mole, eastern cottontail, 

woodland vole, black rat, house mouse, red fox, common gray fox, feral cat, and white-tailed 

deer. Seventeen other species that currently are ascribed to the CHPI region or that once existed 

in the CHPI region either have insufficient segments of suitable habitat or have been extirpated 

from coastal South Carolina, and each does not exist or no longer exists at CHPI, respectively. 

However, it is likely that some, if not many, of the species assumed potentially to occur at CHPI, 

have been extirpated from the region, thereby further decreasing the estimate of mammalian 

diversity in the park. 

 
87 

Table 17. Status of 30 terrestrial mammals at Charles Pickney National Historic Site. 

Common name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X Evidence in CHPI

Eastern mole Present X X Evidence in CHPI

Eastern cottontail Present X X Evidence in CHPI

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X Evidence in CHPI

Hispid cotton rat Present X X Evidence in CHPI

House mouse Present X X Evidence in CHPI

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence in CHPI

Red fox Present X X Evidence at CHPI

Northern raccoon Present X X Evidence in CHPI

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in CHPI

White‐tailed deer Present X X Evidence in CHPI

Least shrew Probably Present Evidence in region

Southern short‐tailed shrew Probably Present Evidence in region

Marsh rabbit Probably Present Evidence in region

Southern flying squirrel Probably Present Evidence in region

Marsh rice rat Probably Present Evidence in region

Eastern harvest mouse Probably Present Evidence in region

Cotton mouse Probably Present Evidence in region

Woodland vole Probably Present Evidence in region

Black rat Probably Present Evidence in region

Norway rat Probably Present Evidence in region

Common gray fox Probably Present Evidence in region

American mink Probably Present Evidence in region

Northern river otter Probably Present Evidence in region

Coyote Encroaching Evidence in region

Long‐tailed weasel Encroaching Evidence in region

Bobcat Encroaching Evidence in region

Red wolf Absent Extirpated

American black bear Absent Extirpated

Mountain lion Absent Extirpated
88 

Figure 28. Mammal survey locations at Charles Pickney National Historic Site. 

Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE) 

Horseshoe Bend National Military Park consists of a horseshoe-shaped meander in the 

Tallapoosa River where, in 1814, the last major conflict of the Creek Indian War occurred. 

Situated near the southern end of the Piedmont Plateau in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, this 

2,040-acre park includes 5.6 km (3.5 mi) of the Tallapoosa River and low rolling hills that reach 

elevations from 180-215 m (600-711 ft) above sea level. The climax beech-oak-hickory forest 

that existed in 1814, altered by human settlement, logging, and the introduction of exotic species, 

was cultivated extensively from 1832 until the establishment of the park in 1959. Many 

agricultural fields now consist of managed loblolly pine plantations or they are in the process of 

ecological succession, although some of the park is maintained mechanically as open grasslands. 

There has been no effort to document the mammalian fauna of HOBE except for an old checklist 

(Freeman et al. 1974) that identified 47 species of mammals thought to occur in the area. A list 

of 44 potential species was provided to the NPS by staff at the University of California-Davis in 

1992, but it did not include the nine-banded armadillo, red wolf, American black bear, or 

mountain lion. These earlier lists contained approximately the same number of species (35 

terrestrial and nine bats). None of these species, however, has been documented from within 

park boundaries on the basis of tangible evidence, according to NPS data, although 47 
89 

NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). This investigation appears to be 

the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of HOBE. 

Fieldwork began on 13 August 2003 and ended on 9 October 2003, encompassing a total of 15 

man-days in the field and 2,350 trap-nights of sampling effort. Additional time was spent 

canvassing museum collections for specimens from Tallapoosa County, Alabama, and 

surrounding counties. Two museums – Museum of Southwestern Biology and Georgia Museum 

of Natural History – have specimens from HOBE, and several other museums have small series 

of specimens from the surrounding counties. Material at the Museum of Southwestern Biology 

was collected in 1995 as part of a large survey to document the extent of hantavirus in rodents in 

the southeastern United States (Mills et al. 1998), and four species (marsh rice rat, white-footed 

mouse, cotton mouse, and hispid cotton rat) were collected from within park boundaries. 

Material at the Georgia Museum of Natural History includes small series of white-footed mice 

and cotton mice collected from within park boundaries in July 1990 by Jim Boone, who was 

working on his PhD at the University of Georgia at the time (Boone et al. 1999). 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified – creek and river edges, bottomland forest, upland 

mixed forest, upland managed pine forest, and regularly maintained road edges and fields. Most 

fieldwork (Sherman livetraps, pitfall traps, and extensive ground truthing for spoor) occurred in 

the remote (gated) northeast quarter of the park, which had adequate segments of each habitat, 

save for maintained road edges and fields (Figure 29). Many other areas of the park were visited 

at least once, including the gated property southeast of the Tallapoosa River and the extensively 

managed pine forests west of the park along Alabama Highway 49. Bats were not included in 

this investigation. 

Twenty-four species of terrestrial mammals were documented on the park property during the 

course of this project; however, two of these species (domestic horse and domestic cattle) are not 

permanent residents of the park and should not be included in subsequent park lists (horse tracks 

and scat were observed only on the south side of the Tallapoosa River), and part of a cow femur 

was recovered from park property. In addition, the Virginia opossum was documented 

immediately adjacent to park property and it undoubtedly inhabits HOBE. Eleven other species 

of mammals that are widely distributed in the southeastern United States (Hall 1981; Choate et 

al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007) were not encountered on park property, but each would be expected 

at HOBE. Therefore, 22 species of terrestrial mammals currently inhabit HOBE on a permanent 

basis, and another 11 species likely inhabit HOBE on a permanent basis but were not 

documented during this investigation (Table 18). The domestic/feral dog and striped skunk 

might occur in the park on occasion, but evidence of their presence on the property was not 

collected during the course of this investigation. Despite recent reports to the contrary, evidence 

of mountain lions was not secured during the course of this investigation. 

No terrestrial mammal species at HOBE are considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service. Only one terrestrial species known from HOBE, the long-tailed weasel, is 

considered to be rare at the state level; it is ranked S3 by the Alabama Department of 

Conservation and Natural Resources. Three species of mammals that once were widely 

distributed in the eastern United States (red wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion) have 

been extirpated from the HOBE region. Red wolves have been reported from the Tallapoosa 

River, “near Cooloma” (Bartram 1791), and 17 individuals from the Talladega Mountains of 
90 

Clay County, Alabama, were killed in 1896 (Howell 1921). The nearest record of a black bear is 

from Mount Weogufka in Coosa County, Alabama (Howell 1921), and there are no historic 

records of mountain lions from Tallapoosa County, Alabama, or counties adjacent to the park 

(Howell 1921). Conversely, since Howell’s monograph Mammals of Alabama (Howell 1921), 

the nine-banded armadillo and coyote have emigrated into the park and its surrounding counties 

(Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). 

Five other species of mammals (eastern fox squirrel, oldfield mouse, eastern woodrat, meadow 

jumping mouse, and eastern spotted skunk) apparently are absent from HOBE because suitable 

habitat is lacking. Fox squirrels have been reported from the Talladega Mountains in Clay 

County, Mount Weogufka in Coosa County, and Seale in Russell County, Alabama (Howell 

1921). The nearest records of oldfield mice are from Lee County (3 mi S Auburn and 5 mi NW 

Auburn – specimens deposited at Northeastern University), whereas the nearest records of the 

woodrat, jumping mouse, and spotted skunk are Clay County (Cedar Mountain – Howell 1921), 

Lee County (4 mi N Auburn – Sullivan 1954), and Clay County (Talladega Mountains – Howell 

1921), respectively. One Gulf Coastal Plain species (southeastern pocket gopher) is found as far 

north as Macon County, Alabama (Avise et al. 1979), and there also is a record from Seale in 

Russell County, Alabama (Howell 1921), but it does not occur in Tallapoosa County. 

On a landscape scale, the 33 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

HOBE have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 1981; Choate 

et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and occupy or would 

be expected to occupy most, if not all, of the five habitats identified in this report. Species 

typically associated with the forested habitats at HOBE include the Virginia opossum, 

southeastern shrew, northern-short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern 

chipmunk, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, woodchuck, white-footed mouse, 

cotton mouse, golden mouse, woodland vole, Norway rat, coyote, common gray fox, northern 

raccoon, long-tailed weasel, American mink, feral cat, bobcat, and white-tailed deer. Species 

associated primarily with early successional and grassland-forest ecotonal habitats include the 

least shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton rat, house 

mouse, red fox, long-tailed weasel, feral cat, and bobcat. Species associated primarily with 

aquatic habitats include the swamp rabbit, American beaver, marsh rice rat, common muskrat, 

and northern river otter. Nine other species that currently are ascribed to the HOBE region or 

that once existed in the HOBE region, either have insufficient segments of suitable habitat or 

have been extirpated from east-central Alabama, and each does not exist or no longer exists at 

HOBE, respectively. 

The status of the domestic/feral dog and striped skunk was extremely difficult to ascertain. Feral 

dogs have been reported from several national parks throughout the country, including HOBE. 

Unfortunately, most of these anecdotal comments lie unappreciated in unpublished reports, so 

their significance remains unknown. There is one dog-coyote hybrid at the U.S. National 

Museum of Natural History that was collected in Macon County, Alabama, in 1936. Doemstic 

dogs, although not observed at HOBE during this investigation, likely are temporary visitors. 

Striped skunks have been reported from the Talladega Mountains in Clay County and Auburn in 

Lee County, Alabama (Howell 1921), and they likely occur at HOBE on rare occasions; 

however, several park personnel did not recall smelling or seeing one in the region and there 
91 

appears to be insufficient habitat at HOBE and the surrounding region to support a sustainable 

population. 

Figure 29. Mammal survey locations at Horseshoe Bend National Military Park. 
92 

Table 18. Status of 40 terrestrial mammals at Horseshoe Bend National Military Park. 

Common Name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Southeastern shrew  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Least shrew  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Northern short‐tailed shrew  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Eastern mole  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Nine‐banded armadillo  Present  X X Evidence in HOBE

Eastern cottontail  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Woodchuck  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Eastern chipmunk  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Eastern gray squirrel  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

American beaver  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Marsh rice rat  Present  X X Evidence in HOBE

White‐footed mouse  Present  X X Evidence in HOBE

Cotton mouse  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Golden mouse  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Hispid cotton rat  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Woodland vole  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Coyote  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Common gray fox  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Northern raccoon  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Northern river otter  Present  X X Evidence in HOBE

Feral cat  Present  X X Evidence in HOBE

Domestic horse  Present  X X Evidence in HOBE

Domestic cattle   Present  X X Evidence in HOBE

White‐tailed deer  Present  X X X Evidence in HOBE

Virginia opossum  Probably Present Evidence in region

Swamp rabbit  Probably Present Evidence in region

Southern flying squirrel  Probably Present Evidence in region

Eastern harvest mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Common muskrat  Probably Present Evidence in region

Norway rat  Probably Present Evidence in region

House mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Red fox  Probably Present Evidence in region

Long‐tailed weasel  Probably Present Evidence in region

American mink  Probably Present Evidence in region

Bobcat  Probably Present Evidence in region

Domestic/feral dog  Unconfirmed  

Striped skunk  Unconfirmed  

Red wolf  Absent  Extirpated 

American black bear  Absent  Extirpated 

Mountain lion  Absent  Extirpated 
93 

Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO) 

Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park consists of 2,888 acres of rolling hills, dominated 

by Kennesaw Mountain, Little Kennesaw Mountain, and Pigeon Hill in Cobb County, Georgia. 

This ridge formed a strategic defensive position for Confederate troops, under the direction of 

General Joseph E. Johnston, to defend Atlanta against advancing Union troops, under the 

direction of General William T. Sherman, during the Atlanta Campaign of the Civil War. In 

1864, the Marietta-Atlanta area was largely devoid of dense forests, but today KEMO includes 

both hardwood and mixed pine-hardwood forests and large grassy fields, mechanically 

maintained to resemble the abandoned farm plots common in the region during the Civil War. 

Since 1993, thousands of pine trees have died from an infestation of the southern pine beetle and 

the mixed pine-hardwood forests are in transition to becoming dominated by hardwoods by 

attrition. 

There has been no effort to document the mammalian fauna of KEMO. Staff at the University of 

California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals inhabiting most parks to NPS 

personnel in 1992, but KEMO was not included as one of those parks. There is no voucher 

material from the park in museum collections and there are no internal park documents or 

records, save for one anecdotal reference to the American beaver in the Southeast Coast Network 

Draft Study Plan, which otherwise includes no NPSpecies. It is therefore not surprising that 

KEMO personnel designated the mammal inventory as its top priority for the Southeast Coast 

Network draft study plan. This investigation is the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial 

mammalian fauna of KEMO. 

Fieldwork began on 2 February 2003 and ended on 12 August 2003, encompassing a total of 18 

man-days in the field and 2,350 trap-nights of sampling effort. Additional time was spent 

canvassing museum collections for specimens from Cobb County, Georgia, and surrounding 

counties. The American Museum of Natural History has one southeastern shrew; Cornell 

University has three eastern chipmunks; the Florida Museum of Natural History has a least 

shrew, four northern short-tailed shrews, an eastern mole, two golden mice, five hispid cotton 

rats, a house mouse, and a feral dog; the Georgia Museum of Natural History has a Virginia 

opossum, two southern flying squirrels, and two woodland voles; the Louisiana State University 

Museum of Zoology has one meadow jumping mouse; the University of Kansas has an eastern 

cottontail, four eastern gray squirrels, and four southern flying squirrels; the University of 

Michigan has series of the Virginia opossum, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, eastern chipmunk, 

eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, white-footed mouse, golden mouse, and hispid 

cotton rat; and the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has an eastern chipmunk, seven 

hispid cotton rats, and one Norway rat. Several other museums have series of specimens from 

the surrounding counties, and they are noted below where appropriate. In addition, Golley 

(1962) reported the white-footed mouse, and American mink from Cobb County, Packard (1969) 

reported the golden mouse from Cobb County, Hall (1951) reported the long-tailed weasel from 

Cobb County, Osowski et al. (1995) reported the American mink from Cherokee County, 

Georgia, and Young (1946) provided some historic records of mountain lions from an 

unspecified locality in Bartow County and northwest of Dahlonega in Lumpkin County, Georgia. 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified – creek edges, bottomland forest, upland hardwood 

forest, upland pine forest, and regularly maintained fields. Most fieldwork (Sherman livetraps, 

pitfall traps, and extensive ground truthing for spoor) occurred in the remote areas of the park so 
94 

as to avoid the areas most impacted by recreational visitors (Figure 30). Bats were not included 

in this investigation. 

Eighteen species of terrestrial mammals were documented on the park property during the course 

of this project (Table 19); however, two of these species (domestic dog and domestic horse) are 

not permanent residents of KEMO and should not be included in subsequent park lists. Twelve 

other species of mammals that are widely distributed in the southeastern United States were not 

encountered on park property, but each would be expected at KEMO (Table 19). Three species 

(red wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion) have been extirpated and five others 

(common muskrat, American mink, striped skunk, eastern spotted skunk, and bobcat) are rare in 

the region , as encroaching development and habitat degradation has reduced the amount of 

suitable habitat in KEMO to levels that are no longer productive for these species; evidence of 

their presence on the property was not collected during the course of this investigation. Finally, 

five species of mammals (eastern fox squirrel, marsh rice rat, oldfield mouse, cotton mouse, and 

eastern woodrat) apparently are absent because suitable habitat is lacking. No terrestrial 

mammal species at KEMO are considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

On a landscape scale, the 28 species of terrestrial mammals considered to be or expected to be 

Present at KEMO have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 

1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and 

occupy or would be expected to occupy most, if not all, of the four habitats identified in this 

report. Species typically associated with the forested habitats at KEMO include the Virginia 

opossum, southeastern shrew, northern-short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, woodchuck, eastern 

chipmunk, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, white-footed mouse, golden mouse, 

woodland vole, Norway rat, coyote, common gray fox, northern raccoon, long-tailed weasel, 

feral cat, and white-tailed deer. Species associated primarily with early successional and 

grassland-forest ecotonal habitats include the least shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, 

eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton rat, meadow vole, house mouse, meadow jumping mouse, 

red fox, long-tailed weasel, and feral cat. Species associated primarily with aquatic habitats 

include the swamp rabbit, American beaver, and northern raccoon. Fourteen other species that 

currently are ascribed to the KEMO region or that once existed in the KEMO region, either have 

insufficient segments of suitable habitat or have been extirpated from northwestern Georgia, and 

each does not exist or no longer exists at KEMO, respectively. 

Despite the disproportionately large amount of fieldwork (given the acreage of KEMO), I was 

unable to secure tangible evidence of several species of mammals that were expected to be 

encountered. For example, evidence of white-footed mice, golden mice, woodland voles, and 

common gray foxes typically have been documented in parks where they occur. This was not 

the case in KEMO. Moreover, the large number of extant carnivores (American mink, northern 

river otter, striped skunk, eastern spotted skunk, and bobcat) that were not document on park 

property was surprising. 

It appears as though KEMO is suffering a reduction in species diversity for a number of related 

reasons. First, the park is relatively small and narrow and it has significantly sized inholdings of 

private property, meaning that it is has a relatively large perimeter that encloses a relatively small 

area. The negative effect of this perimeter-to-area ratio is exacerbated by being surrounded by 

development, which prevents immigration and emigration (Heany and Patterson 1986;p 
95 

Rosenberg and Raphael 1986; Robinson and Wilcove 1994; Trani Griep 2002) and accelerates 

the debilitating internal effects of both external point and non-point sources of pollution. Species 

with large home ranges are disproportionately affected by these limitations (Matthiae and Stearns 

1981), and carnivores typically have much larger home ranges than do, say, herbivores and 

omnivores. However, mammals with small home ranges such as eastern chipmunks and whitefooted mice also can be extirpated if habitat patch size is too small (Fahrig and Merriam 1985). 

Contributing to this suite of limitations is the natural range extension of the coyote and the 

introduction of exotic feral cats, species of carnivores that are better able to live in close 

proximity to humans but that occupy, to some extent, niches that were previously occupied by 

the carnivores that have become extirpated from the region. 

These issues portend that the list of 12 species expected to occur in the park, based on specimens 

previously collected in adjacent counties but not documented in KEMO during the course of this 

investigation, might be overly optimistic. For example, swamp rabbits were documented at 

several sites in Fulton County during this investigation, and additional specimens from Cherokee 

County are deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. White-footed mice have 

been taken from Cobb County (University of Michigan), Cherokee County (U.S. National 

Museum of Natural History), and several sites in Fulton County (Museum of Southwestern 

Biology and this investigation). Golden mice, now deposited at the University of Michigan and 

Georgia Museum of Natural History, have been taken in Cobb County and Fulton County, 

respectively. The Georgia Museum of Natural History also has meadow jumping mice from 

Fulton County and meadow voles from Gwinnett County. There is a red fox and an American 

mink from Fulton County, deposited in the Georgia Museum of Natural History and the U.S. 

National Museum of Natural History, respectively, and Golley (1962) reported the long-tailed 

weasel in Cherokee and Fulton counties. In addition, the common muskrat, common gray fox, 

American mink, and northern river otter were documented at several sites in Fulton County 

during this investigation. None of these species was documented in KEMO, even though each 

has been documented in the surrounding region. In conclusion, mammalian diversity at KEMO 

might be extremely low, consisting of only about 20 native species and five exotic species. 

 
96 

Table 19. Status of 38 terrestrial mammals at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. 

Common Name Status in Park Evidence in Park Comments 

 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Southeastern shrew  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Least shrew  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Northern short‐tailed shrew  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Eastern mole  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Eastern cottontail  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Eastern chipmunk  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Eastern gray squirrel  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

American beaver  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Eastern harvest mouse  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Hispid cotton rat  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Norway rat  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Coyote  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Domestic/feral dog  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Northern raccoon  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Feral cat  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Domestic horse  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

White‐tailed deer  Present  X X Evidence in KEMO

Swamp rabbit  Probably Present Evidence in region

Woodchuck  Probably Present Evidence in region

Southern flying squirrel  Probably Present Evidence in region

White‐footed mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Golden mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Meadow vole  Probably Present Evidence in region

Woodland vole  Probably Present Evidence in region

House mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Meadow jumping mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Red fox  Probably Present Evidence in region

Common gray fox  Probably Present Evidence in region

Long‐tailed weasel  Probably Present Evidence in region

Common muskrat  Encroaching Evidence in region

American mink  Encroaching Evidence in region

Striped skunk  Encroaching Evidence in region

Eastern spotted skunk  Encroaching Evidence in region

Bobcat  Encroaching Evidence in region

Red wolf  Absent  Extirpated 

American black bear  Absent  Extirpated 

Mountain lion  Absent  Extirpated 

 
97 

Figure 30. Mammal survey locations at Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. 
98 

Moores Creek National Battlefield (MOCR) 

Moores Creek National Battlefield is the site of a brief but significant conflict between British 

loyalists and Colonial patriots. On the morning of 27 February 1776, loyalists attempted to cross 

the Moores Creek bridge, which was the only avenue to cross the swampy terrain on Negro Head 

Point Road, near Currie, in Pender County, North Carolina. The patriots had established a 

defensive position by partially dismantling the bridge, greasing the remaining struts, and digging 

a low earthwork for fortification on the east side of the bridge. Only one patriot was killed 

during the brief struggle, but more than 30 loyalists were killed and another 40 were wounded; 

the loyalists retreated in disarray. Today, MOCR is an 88-acre mosaic of upland hardwood 

forest, upland pine forest, bottomland forest, a fire-maintained wet savanna, and Moores Creek, 

termed a “black-water” creek because its tea-colored waters have been stained by the tannins 

released from decomposing wetland vegetation. 

There apparently has been little effort to document the mammalian fauna of MOCR, other than 

unpublished lists provided on several occasions by students at the University of North Carolina 

Wilmington. A list of 13 potential species was provided to the NPS by staff at the University of 

California-Davis in 1992. This list included the mountain lion, which is thought to be extirpated 

from the MOCR region, but it did not include shrews, bats, or murid rodents. According to NPS 

data, 14 NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the park (Table 2). Both of these estimates 

are woefully inadequate given the amount of mammalian diversity in the southeastern United 

States (Hall 1981; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007), and this 

investigation, the first comprehensive survey of the mammalian fauna of MOCR, is timely. 

Fieldwork began on 26 February 2003 and ended on 24 August 2004, encompassing a total of 47 

man-days in the field and 2,125 trap-nights of sampling effort. In addition, 10 man-nights were 

used to survey bats. Additional time was spent canvassing museum collections for specimens 

from Pender County, North Carolina, and surrounding counties. Personnel from the Museum of 

Southwestern Biology collected five cotton mice from MOCR in 1995 as part of a large survey 

to document the extent of hanta virus in rodents in the southeastern United States (Mills et al. 

1998). Five museums have specimens from Pender County, North Carolina – the N.C. State 

Museum of Natural Sciences has specimens of the southeastern myotis, eastern pipistrelle, 

eastern red bat, Seminole bat, evening bat, Rafinesque’s big-eared bat, eastern cottontail, eastern 

gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, and cotton mouse; the Peabody Museum of Natural 

History has one eastern cottontail and one marsh rabbit; the U.S. National Museum of Natural 

History has a marsh rabbit; the University of Michigan has an eastern mole, a white-footed 

mouse, an American black bear, and three white-tailed deer; and the University of North 

Carolina Wilmington has specimens of the Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, least shrew, 

northern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, star-nosed mole, eastern red bat, Seminole bat, hoary 

bat, evening bat, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, 

American beaver, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, white-footed mouse, cotton mouse, 

golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, woodland vole, Norway rat, house mouse, 

common gray fox, American black bear, northern raccoon, northern river otter, bobcat, and 

white-tailed deer. 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified: upland hardwood forest, upland pine forest, wet 

savanna, creek edges, and mechanically maintained picnic areas and road edges. Given the 

relatively small size of the park and its accessibility, fieldwork (Sherman livetraps, pitfall traps, 
99 

and extensive ground truthing for spoor) was conducted throughout the entire park (Figure 6). 

Surveys for bats were conducted using SONOBAT in an open area adjacent to a young pine 

forest on park property and where Hwy 210 crosses Moores Creek, just southwest of the park 

boundary. In addition, the bridge at this site was examined for roosting bats on several 

occasions. 

Figure 31. Mammal survey locations at Moores Creek National Battlefield. 

Twenty-five species of terrestrial mammals were documented on park property during the course 

of this project, and another 16 species of mammals that are widely distributed in the southeastern 

United States but not encountered on park property, would be expected at MOCR (Table 20). 

The domestic dog, however, is not a permanent resident of the park and should not be included 

in subsequent checklists. The American black bear also is not a permanent resident of MOCR, 

but individuals occasionally stray through the park. The red wolf and mountain lion no longer 

inhabit the region, although reports of mountain lions continue to persist. 

The nutria is encroaching on park property and might occur there occasionally and the southern 

short-tailed shrew, little brown myotis, big brown bat, northern yellow bat, Brazilian free-tailed 

bat, eastern fox squirrel, eastern woodrat, red fox, and striped skunk occur in the region 

surrounding MOCR, but they are not permanent residents of the park because suitable habitat is 
100 

lacking. The southern short-tailed shrew competes intensely with the northern short-tailed shrew 

and they almost never coexist, and when they do the southern short-tailed shrew inhabits coastal 

uplands and the northern short-tailed shrew inhabits bottomlands (Webster et al. 1985; Webster 

1996; Webster et al. in prep). The little brown myotis and big brown bat rarely occur in 

southeastern North Carolina (Webster et al. in press a) and then only in migration. The northern 

yellow bat only recently has been reported from North Carolina (Webster 2002) and its range is 

likely expanding northward, but its preferred habitat – mixed forests laden with Spanish moss 

adjacent to open areas that serve as foraging sites (Barbour and Davis 1969; Webster et al. 1980) 

– is not present at MOCR. The Brazilian free-tailed bat inhabits the attics and lofts of large 

structures such as schools, churches, and buildings (Barbour and Davis 1969; Webster et al. 

1985; Webster et al. in press a); these structures do not occur at MOCR. In the eastern United 

States, the eastern fox squirrel prefers mature long-leaf pine forests (Flyger and Gates 1982; 

Webster et al. 1985), which no longer exist at MOCR. Historically, fox squirrels inhabited the 

region when long-leaf pines were more abundant, and recent MOCR management plans to 

restore the long-leaf pine savanna, if applied beyond park property and throughout adjacent 

loblolly pine plantations, might provide the necessary acreage that would encourage 

recolonization by fox squirrels. There are records of the eastern woodrat from Pender County 

(Adams 1987), but this species occupies an extremely narrow habitat in eastern North Carolina 

(Webster et al. 1987) – palmetto forests on Grifton soils – that does not exist at MOCR. In 

addition, there are records of red foxes and striped skunks in Pender County, North Carolina 

(Lee et al. 1983) and nutria have been reported on the Black River in Pender County and in 

surrounding counties; these species are extremely mobile and should be expected to occur in the 

park from time to time, but they are not permanent residents. Therefore, 41 species of mammals 

were documented as occurring or probably occurring on park property. 

Several species of mammals that inhabit or are thought to inhabit MOCR are considered to be 

imperiled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of North Carolina (LeGrand et al. 

2008). The red wolf and mountain lion once were widely distributed in the eastern United 

States, but both have been extirpated from the MOCR region and listed federally as Endangered; 

the former is listed at the state level as Significantly Rare and ranked S1 and the latter is listed as 

Endangered and ranked SH. The southeastern bat and Rafinesque’s big-eared bat are listed 

federally as Species of Concern; the former is listed at the state level as Special Concern and 

ranked S3 and the latter is listed as Threatened and ranked S3. Also at the state level, the starnosed mole is listed as Special Concern and ranked S2, the northern yellow bat is listed as 

Significantly Rare and ranked SU, and the eastern woodrat is listed as Threatened and ranked S1. 

On a landscape scale, the 41 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

MOCR have widespread geographic distributions in the southeastern United States (Hall 1981; 

Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat 

tolerances and occupy or would be expected to occupy most, if not all, of the five habitats 

identified in this report. Species typically associated with the upland hardwood and upland pine 

forests at MOCR include the Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, northern short-tailed shrew, 

eastern mole, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, white-footed mouse, cotton mouse, 

golden mouse, woodland vole, Norway rat, coyote, common gray fox, American black bear, 

northern raccoon, long-tailed weasel, feral cat, bobcat, and white-tailed deer. Species associated 

primarily with the wet savanna and savanna-forest ecotonal habitats include the least shrew, 

northern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern cottontail, eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton 
101 

rat, woodland vole, house mouse, long-tailed weasel, feral cat, and bobcat. Species typically 

associated with the floodplain forest at MOCR include the Virginia opossum, northern shorttailed shrew, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, cotton mouse, golden mouse, coyote, 

common gray fox, American black bear, northern raccoon, long-tailed weasel, American mink, 

northern river otter, feral cat, bobcat, and white-tailed deer. Species associated primarily with 

creek edges include the star-nosed mole, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, common muskrat, nutria, 

and northern river otter. Species associated primarily with aquatic habitats include the star-nosed 

mole, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, common muskrat, nutria, and northern river otter. Species 

associated with the maintained areas include black rat, house mouse, and feral cat. Eleven other 

species that currently are ascribed to the MOCR region or that once existed in the MOCR region 

either have insufficient segments of suitable habitat or have been extirpated from southeastern 

North Carolina, and each does not exist or no longer exists at MOCR, respectively. 

 
102 

Table 20. Status of 42 mammals at Moores Creek National Battlefield. 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park Comments 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum  Present  X    X  X  Evidence in MOCR 

Southeastern shrew Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Least shrew Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Northern short‐tailed shrew Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Eastern mole Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Southeastern myotis Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Eastern pipistrelle Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Eastern red bat Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Evening bat Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X X Evidence in MOCR

American beaver Present X X X Evidence in MOCR

Eastern harvest mouse Present X X Evidence in MOCR

White‐footed mouse Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Cotton mouse Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Golden mouse Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Hispid cotton rat Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Coyote Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Domestic/feral dog Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Common gray fox Present X X Evidence in MOCR

American black bear Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Northern raccoon Present X X X Evidence in MOCR

American mink Present X X Evidence in MOCR

Northern river otter Present X X X Evidence in MOCR

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in MOCR

White‐tailed deer Present X X X Evidence in MOCR

Star‐nosed mole Probably Present Evidence in region

Silver‐haired bat Probably Present Evidence in region

Seminole bat Probably Present Evidence in region

Hoary bat Probably Present Evidence in region

Rafinesque’s big‐eared bat Probably Present Evidence in region

Eastern cottontail Probably Present Evidence in region

Marsh rabbit Probably Present Evidence in region

Southern flying squirrel Probably Present Evidence in region

Marsh rice rat Probably Present Evidence in region

Woodland vole Probably Present Evidence in region

Common muskrat Probably Present Evidence in region

Black rat Probably Present Evidence in region

Norway rat Probably Present Evidence in region

House mouse Probably Present Evidence in region

Long‐tailed weasel Probably Present Evidence in region

Bobcat Probably Present Evidence in region

Nutria Encroaching Evidence in region
103 

Ocmulgee National Monument (OCMU) 

Ocmulgee National Monument is the only known site in the eastern United States that contains a 

continuous history of Native North Americans over the last 10,000 years. Beginning with the 

Early Mississippians (900-1200 AD) and extending into the Creek Indian Nation (1690-1715 

AD), the earth lodges and large temple mounds contain a rich archeological history of the first 

agrarian civilization in eastern North America. 

This 702-acre park is located adjacent to the city of Macon, Georgia, along the Fall Line, which 

is defined by an abrupt elevational change that separates the Piedmont and Coastal Plain 

physiographic provinces. Here, the characteristic Piedmont and Coastal Plain floras and faunas 

meet, so biological diversity tends to be greater than in surrounding regions. The Ocmulgee 

River forms the southwestern border of the Main Unit and Walnut Creek forms part of its 

southeastern border, providing excellent examples of floodplain forest, whereas the northern part 

of the park consists of upland hardwood and mixed hardwood-pine forest. Much of the Main 

Unit, those parts including the earthen works, has been cleared of trees and is maintained 

mechanically as open grasslands. The Lamar Mounds and Village Unit, located downriver on 

the Ocmulgee, consists primarily of river floodplain habitat and are not accessible to visitors. 

There apparently has been no effort to document the mammalian fauna of OCMU. A list of 44 

potential species (33 terrestrial and 11 bats) was provided to the NPS by staff at the University of 

California-Davis in 1992, but it did not include the nine-banded armadillo, eastern chipmunk, 

eastern gray squirrel, American beaver, eastern harvest mouse, woodland vole, common muskrat, 

red wolf, or mountain lion. A Check List of Mammals Ocmulgee National Monument is 

available at the Visitor Center – this includes 53 potential species (40 terrestrial and 13 bats). 

None of these species, however, has been documented from within park boundaries on the basis 

of tangible evidence, according to NPS data, although 63 NPSpecies are listed as possibly 

occurring in the park (Table 2). Part of a mountain lion skull is on display in the Visitor Center, 

but according to park personnel the provenance of this specimen is unknown. This investigation 

appears to be the first comprehensive survey of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of OCMU. 

Fieldwork began on 5 August 2003 and ended on 9 October 2003, encompassing a total of 17 

man-days in the Main Unit (2,325 trap-nights of sampling effort) and two man-days in the Lamar 

Unit. Park personnel were particularly interested in assessing the status of the American black 

bear at the Lamar Unit, since bears had been reported at Robins Air Force Base, about 16 km (10 

mi) south of Macon along the Ocmulgee River. Additional time was spent canvassing museum 

collections for specimens from Bibb County, Georgia, and surrounding counties. No museums 

had specimens from OCMU per se, but three museums had specimens from Bibb County, 

Georgia – the Georgia Museum of Natural History has two eastern woodrats from “S of Macon,” 

the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has a chipmunk from “Rivali” and a common gray 

fox from Macon, and the Vertebrate Collections at Northeastern University have two eastern 

harvest mice and one cotton mouse from unspecified localities in Bibb County. Golley (1962) 

provided additional records from unspecified localities in Bibb County for the Virginia opossum, 

least shrew, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern gray 

squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, southern flying squirrel, American beaver, golden mouse, common 

muskrat, Norway rat, American black bear, northern raccoon, northern river otter, and whitetailed deer. Furthermore, there are series of mammals from Crawford (southeastern pocket 

gopher, marsh rice rat, and oldfield mouse), Houston (southeastern pocket gopher, oldfield 
104 

mouse, and eastern woodrat), Jones (southeastern shrew, least shrew, oldfield mouse, golden 

mouse, and bobcat), Lamar (long-tailed weasel), Peach (eastern fox squirrel), Pike (white-footed 

mouse), Talbot (swamp rabbit, red fox, long-tailed weasel, American mink, striped skunk, 

eastern spotted skunk, and bobcat), Taylor (southeastern pocket gopher), Twiggs (oldfield mouse 

and golden mouse), and Upson (white-footed mouse) counties in the Florida Museum of Natural 

History, Georgia Museum of Natural History, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of 

Kansas, and U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Moreover, Lowe (1958) provided a 

record of the swamp rabbit from Macon County and Golley (1962) provided records of the 

southern short-tailed shrew from Monroe and Crawford counties, marsh rice rat from Houston 

County, hispid cotton rat from Jones, Crawford, and Houston counties, house mouse from Jones 

and Houston counties, red fox from Monroe and Jones counties, eastern spotted skunk from 

Jones and Houston counties, and bobcat from Monroe County. 

Five major terrestrial habitats were identified – creek and river edges, bottomland forest, upland 

oak-hickory forest, upland mixed hardwood-pine forest, and regularly maintained road edges and 

fields. Most fieldwork (Sherman livetraps, pitfall traps, and extensive ground truthing for spoor) 

occurred in the Main Unit, which had adequate segments of each habitat (Figure 32). Most areas 

of the park were visited on foot at least once, including the remote area east of Walnut Creek 

(Main Unit) and the Lamar Unit. Trapping was not conducted at the Lamar Unit due to the 

potential for flooding. Bats were not included in this investigation. 

Twenty-three species of terrestrial mammals were documented on park property during the 

course of this project, 21 at the Main Unit and 11 at the Lamar Unit (Table 21). The domestic 

dog, however, is not a permanent resident of the park and should not be included in subsequent 

checklists. Eleven other species of mammals that are widely distributed in the southeastern 

United States were not encountered on park property, but each would be expected at OCMU 

(Table 21). The status of the swamp rabbit and marsh rabbit deserves comment. Both of these 

species occupy wetland habitat, and they likely compete for resources since they are mutually 

exclusive. Their ranges meet along the Fall Line, with swamp rabbits above the Fall Line in the 

Piedmont and marsh rabbits below the Fall Line in the Coastal Plain (Hall 1981; Choate et al. 

1994; Trani et al. 2007), and both species have been reported from Bibb County, Georgia 

(Golley 1962). Unfortunately, documentation of these wetland denizens was not collected 

during the course of this investigation, and there are no literature records or voucher material 

from adjacent counties that provide ancillary information about their respective geographic 

distributions in the region. It is possible that both species inhabit OCMU since the park is 

situated on the Fall Line. Finally, evidence of the American black bear was not found at the 

Lamar Unit, but bears are extremely mobile and they should be expected to occur there from 

time to time. Therefore, 33 species of terrestrial mammals were documented as occurring or 

probably occurring on park property, but the status of the swamp and marsh rabbits remains 

enigmatic. 

 
105 

Figure 32. Mammal survey locations at Ocmulgee National Monument. 

Several species of exotic mammals inhabit OCMU, and they should be carefully monitored to 

determine if they are affecting native species and community structure. In particular, feral pigs 

have caused extensive damage in the forested parts of OCMU by their foraging and wallowing 

activities, especially the wetlands east of Walnut Creek and in the Lamar Unit. Skeletal material 

procured during this investigation confirms that these animals are feral-boar hybrids, descendents 

of escaped and deliberately introduced individuals (Mayer and Brisbin 1991). Feral cats are 

another exotic species that actively preys on native birds, small mammals, and reptiles; the 

negative effect of feral cats is much more subtle and difficult to quantify without tremendous 

cost in labor and supplies. Likewise, the impact that nutria have on native plant communities has 

not been adequately assessed, but these large rodents can quickly reduce plant diversity in 

marshes through their foraging behavior. Active management of these species is recommended. 

No terrestrial mammal species at OCMU is considered to be imperiled by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, with the possible exception of the American black bear (discussed below). 

Three species of mammals that once were widely distributed in the eastern United States (red 

wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion) have been extirpated from the OCMU region. 
106 

There are no records of red wolves or mountain lions from Bibb County, Georgia, or the 

surrounding counties, but there is a historic record of bears from Bibb County (Golley 1962). If 

the black bear expands its range up the Ocmulgee River and recolonizes OCMU, it will be 

imperative to determine its taxonomic status because bears immigrating up the Altamaha, 

Ocmulgee, and Oconee rivers from more southerly sites might be referable to Ursus americanus 

floridanus, which is considered to be imperiled (rank of S2) in Georgia. 

Four other species of mammals (nine-banded armadillo, eastern fox squirrel, oldfield mouse, and 

eastern spotted skunk) apparently are absent from OCMU because suitable habitat is lacking. 

Nine-banded armadillos have been reported from an unspecified location in Bibb County (Golley 

1962) and one individual was observed on U.S. Highway 129 near the Jones County line (this 

investigation), and it is only a matter of time before armadillos colonize OCMU. There is a 

record of the fox squirrel from Bibb County, but the specific locality was not identified (Golley 

1962). Oldfield mice have not been reported from Bibb County, but specimens deposited at the 

U.S. National Museum have come from Crawford, Jones, Twiggs, and possibly Wilkinson 

counties, and there is a specimen from Houston County that is deposited at the Florida Museum 

of Natural History. Spotted skunks also have not been reported from Bibb County, but Golley 

(1962) reported them from Houston and Jones counties, and there are specimens deposited at the 

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of Kansas, and U.S. National Museum of Natural 

History Berkeley that were collected from Talbot County. One Piedmont species (white-footed 

mouse) is found to the immediate west of OCMU in Upson and Pike counties (University of 

Georgia specimens), but it does not occur in Bibb County, and one Gulf Coastal Plain species 

(southeastern pocket gopher) is found as far north as Taylor, Crawford, and Houston counties 

(Florida Museum of Natural History, Musuem of Vertebrate Zoology, and U.S. National 

Museum specimens), but it does not occur in Bibb County. 

On a landscape scale, the 33 species of mammals considered to be or expected to be Present at 

OCMU have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 1981; Choate 

et al. 1994; Terani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and occupy or would 

be expected to occupy most, if not all, of the five habitats identified in this report. Species 

typically associated with the forested habitats at OCMU include the Virginia opossum, 

southeastern shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern 

chipmunk, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, cotton mouse, golden mouse, woodland 

vole, Norway rat, coyote, common gray fox, northern raccoon, long-tailed weasel, American 

mink, feral cat, bobcat, feral pig, and white-tailed deer. Species associated primarily with early 

successional and grassland-forest ecotonal habitats include the least shrew, eastern mole, eastern 

cottontail, eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton rat, house mouse, red fox, long-tailed weasel, 

striped skunk, feral cat, and bobcat. Species associated primarily with aquatic habitats include 

the swamp rabbit, marsh rabbit, American beaver, marsh rice rat, common muskrat, and northern 

river otter. Seven other species that currently are ascribed to the OCMU region or that once 

existed in the OCMU region, either have insufficient segments of suitable habitat or have been 

extirpated from central Georgia, and each does not exist or no longer exists at OCMU, 

respectively. 

 
107 

Table 21. Status of 39 terrestrial mammals at Ocmulgee National Monument. [1Main Unit, 2Lamar Unit] 

Common Name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park 

Comments 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum  Present  X  X  X    Evidence in OCMU1

Southern short‐tailed shrew  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Eastern mole  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU12

Eastern cottontail  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Eastern chipmunk  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Eastern gray squirrel  Present  X X Evidence in OCMU12

American beaver  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU12

Cotton mouse  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Hispid cotton rat  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Eastern woodrat  Present  X X Evidence in OCMU2

Woodland vole  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Common muskrat  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Nutria  Present  X X Evidence in OCMU1

Coyote  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU12

Domestic/feral dog  Present  X X Evidence in OCMU12

Red fox  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Common gray fox  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU1

Northern raccoon  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU12

Northern river otter  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU12

Feral cat  Present  X X Evidence in OCMU1

Bobcat  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU2

Feral pig  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU12

White‐tailed deer  Present  X X X Evidence in OCMU12

Southeastern shrew  Probably Present Evidence in region

Least shrew  Probably Present Evidence in region

Southern flying squirrel  Probably Present Evidence in region

Marsh rice rat  Probably Present Evidence in region

Eastern harvest mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Golden mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Norway rat  Probably Present Evidence in region

House mouse  Probably Present Evidence in region

Long‐tailed weasel  Probably Present Evidence in region

American mink  Probably Present Evidence in region

Striped skunk  Probably Present Evidence in region

Swamp rabbit  Unconfirmed Evidence in region

Marsh rabbit  Unconfirmed Evidence in region

Red wolf  Absent  Extirpated 

American black bear  Absent  Extirpated 

Mountain lion  Absent  Extirpated 
108 

Timucuan Ecological and Historical Preserve (TIMU) 

Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve is the largest Park in the Southeast Network, 

including over 46,000 acres primarily nestled between the Nassau and Saint Johns rivers in 

northeastern Florida. The majority of TIMU consists of a complex of non-forested wetland 

habitats, but there are also well-drained upland habitats in several parts of the Park. The rich 

assortment of coastal plants and animals in northeastern Florida formed the basis of the 

Timucuan Indian culture. Today, the Timucuans are gone but their middens provide clues about 

their lifestyle. 

There are no comprehensive checklists of the mammalian fauna of TICU or northeastern Florida. 

Staff at the University of California-Davis provided lists of potential species of mammals 

inhabiting most parks to NPS personnel in 1992, but TICU was not included as one of those 

Parks. According to NPS data, 10 species of mammals have been documented on Park property, 

although 32 NPSpecies are listed as possibly occurring in the Park (Table 2). In addition, there 

are two pieces of gray literature that provide information on the mammalian fauna of TIMU. 

The first, Environmental assessment: Proposed visitor contact station at Cedar Point (Wright et 

al. 2007), includes a checklist of 11 species of terrestrial mammals (Virginia opossum, eastern 

mole, nine-banded armadillo, eastern gray squirrel, cotton mouse, eastern woodrat, northern 

raccoon, northern river otter, bobcat, feral pig, and white-tailed deer) from Cedar Point. The 

second, Resource assessment report of marsh islands in Northeast Florida (McClung 2004), 

includes records for five species of terrestrial mammals (nine-banded armadillo, eastern gray 

squirrel, northern raccoon, feral pig, and white-tailed deer) in the Burton Island, Broward Island, 

Clapboard Creek, and Saint Johns River areas. Given the lack of systematic fieldwork and 

museum reconnaissance, there is no consensus about how many species of terrestrial mammals 

inhabit TIMU. 

TIMU is a complex Park, with several subunits used in this investigation identified by name – 

Thomas Creek, Cedar Point, Kingsley Plantation, Fort George Island and the Ribault Club 

(which is owned by the Florida Park Service but jointly staffed by NPS and the Florida Park 

Service), Sohn Tract, Theodore Roosevelt Area (which due to its geographic proximity was 

included in the account for Fort Caroline National Memorial), all in Duval County, Florida, and 

American Beach – Sand Dune in Nassau County, Florida. 

Fieldwork began on 29 January 2004 and ended on 17 July 2004, encompassing a total of 25 

man-days in the field and 1,075 trap-nights of sampling effort. Additional time was spent 

canvassing museum collections for specimens from Duval County, Florida, and from 

surrounding counties. From Duval County, Florida, the American Museum of Natural History 

has specimens of the least shrew, marsh rice rat, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, and striped 

skunk; the California Academy of Sciences has 10 house mice; the Florida Museum of Natural 

History has specimens of the eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, southern flying squirrel, 

southeastern pocket gopher, cotton mouse, golden mouse, nutria, common gray fox, American 

black bear, long-tailed weasel, northern river otter, bobcat, and white-tailed deer; the Georgia 

Museum of Natural History has specimens of the southeastern pocket gopher, northern raccoon, 

and bobcat; the Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology has one eastern fox squirrel; the 

Museum of Comparative Zoology has specimens of the eastern cottontail, marsh rabbit, eastern 

gray squirrel, golden mouse, and hispid cotton rat; the Museum of Southwestern Biology has two 

southern short-tailed shrews, one southern flying squirrel, one southeastern pocket gopher, two 
109 

golden mice, and six hispid cotton rats; the Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection has two 

southeastern pocket gophers; and the U.S. National Museum of Natural History has specimens of 

the eastern mole, eastern gray squirrel, southeastern pocket gopher, and Norway rat. In addition, 

the Florida Museum of Natural History has an eastern fox squirrel from Baker County, Florida, 

and there are series of southern short-tailed shrews, southeastern pocket gophers, cotton mice, 

hispid cotton rats, and house mice from Nassau County, Florida, in the American Museum of 

Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, and the Georgia Museum of Natural 

History. 

Several major habitats were identified: early successional herbaceous, young pine forest, 

maritime scrub, maritime hammock forest, hardwood bottomland swamp, fresh to estuarine tidal 

creek, fresh to estuarine marsh, salt grass meadow, mud flat, and a variety of disturbed habitats. 

Fieldwork differed according to habitat, but all terrestrial habitats were ground truthed 

extensively for spoor and two man-days were spent kayaking in the tidal marshes adjacent to the 

boat ramp at Cedar Point (Figure 25). Pitfall traps were installed in a maritime hammock forest 

at Cedar Point, an early successional herbaceous site in Thomas Creek, and a bottomland 

hardwood forest in Thomas Creek. Sherman livetraps were set in a bottomland hardwood 

swamp at Thomas Creek, early successional herbaceous at Thomas Creek, the ecotone between 

salt marsh and maritime scrub habitats at Cedar Point. Two man-days were spent walking the 

abandoned golf course and environs on Fort George Island, and equal amounts of effort were 

spent at both the Sohn Tract and Kingsley Plantation; trapping was not conducted at these sites. 

Bats were not included in this investigation. 

Twenty-three species of terrestrial mammals (Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, least shrew, 

eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, marsh rabbit, eastern gray squirrel, cotton mouse, golden 

mouse, hispid cotton rat, eastern woodrat, coyote, domestic dog, common gray fox, northern 

raccoon, American mink, northern river otter, feral cat, bobcat, domestic horse, feral pig, 

domestic cattle, and white-tailed deer) were documented on the Park property during the course 

of this project (Table 22). Eight other species of mammals (southern short-tailed shrew, eastern 

cottontail, southern flying squirrel, marsh rice rat, eastern harvest mouse, house mouse, red fox, 

and long-tailed weasel) that are widely distributed in the southeastern United States were not 

encountered on Park property, but would be expected at TIMU (Table 22). Three species – 

domestic dog, domestic horse, and domestic cattle – are not native to the region and only occur 

in TIMU on occasion, so they should not be considered a part of the Park’s mammalian fauna. 

Therefore, 28 species of terrestrial mammals were documented as occurring or probably 

occurring on Park property. No terrestrial mammal species at TIMU is considered to be 

imperiled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

On a landscape scale, the 28 species of terrestrial mammals considered to be or expected to be 

Present at TIMU have widespread geographic distributions in the eastern United States (Hall 

1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). These species have broad habitat tolerances and 

occupy or would be expected to occupy many of the habitats identified in this report. Species 

typically associated with the early successional herbaceous habitat include the least shrew, 

eastern mole, eastern cottontail, eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton rat, coyote, red fox, longtailed weasel, feral cat, bobcat, and white-tailed deer. Species typically associated with the 

young pine forest include the southeastern shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, 

eastern cottontail, hispid cotton rat, coyote, red fox, common gray fox, northern raccoon, long-
110 

tailed weasel, feral cat, bobcat, and white-tailed deer. Species typically associated with the 

maritime scrub habitat include the Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, southern short-tailed 

shrew, eastern mole, nine-banded armadillo, cotton mouse, coyote, common gray fox, northern 

raccoon, long-tailed weasel, feral cat, bobcat, domestic horse, feral pig, domestic cattle, and 

white-tailed deer. Species typically associated with the maritime hammock forest include the 

Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, nine-banded 

armadillo, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying squirrel, cotton mouse, golden mouse, eastern 

woodrat, coyote, common gray fox, northern raccoon, long-tailed weasel, feral cat, bobcat, 

domestic horse, feral pig, domestic cattle, and white-tailed deer. Species typically associated 

with the hardwood bottomland swamp include the Virginia opossum, southeastern shrew, 

southern short-tailed shrew, nine-banded armadillo, eastern gray squirrel, southern flying 

squirrel, cotton mouse, golden mouse, eastern woodrat, coyote, common gray fox, northern 

raccoon, long-tailed weasel, feral cat, bobcat, feral pig, and white-tailed deer. Species typically 

associated with the fresh to estuarine creeks and marshes, salt grass meadow, and mud flat 

habitats include the marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, northern raccoon, American mink, northern 

river otter, and white-tailed deer. Species typically associated with the disturbed habitats include 

the Virginia opossum, least shrew, southern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, nine-banded 

armadillo, eastern cottontail, eastern harvest mouse, hispid cotton rat, house mouse, coyote, 

domestic dog, red fox, long-tailed weasel, feral cat, bobcat, domestic horse, and white-tailed 

deer. 

 
111 

Table 22. Status of 40 terrestrial mammals at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. [1 Cedar Point; 

2

 Ft George Island; 3 Kingsley Plantation; 4 Sohn Tract; 5 Thomas Creek] 

Common name Status in Park 

Evidence in Park 

Comments 

Current 

Study 

Museum 

Record 

Literature 

Record 

Observed 

Only 

Virginia opossum Present X X Evidence in TIMU3

Southeastern shrew Present X X Evidence in TIMU5

Least shrew Present X X Evidence in TIMU5

Eastern mole Present X X X Evidence in TIMU12345

Nine-banded armadillo Present X X X Evidence in TIMU1245

Marsh rabbit Present X X Evidence in TIMU1

Eastern gray squirrel Present X X X Evidence in TIMU135

Cotton mouse Present X X X Evidence in TIMU1

Golden mouse Present X X Evidence in TIMU15

Hispid cotton rat Present X X Evidence in TIMU15

Eastern woodrat Present X X X Evidence in TIMU1

Coyote Present X X Evidence in TIMU245

Domestic dog Present X X Evidence in TIMU1

Common gray fox Present X X Evidence in TIMU1

Northern raccoon Present X X X Evidence in TIMU1235

American mink Present X X Evidence in TIMU13

Northern river otter Present X X X Evidence in TIMU35

Feral cat Present X X Evidence in TIMU15

Bobcat Present X X X Evidence in TIMU15

Domestic horse Present X X Evidence in TIMU1

Feral pig Present X X X Evidence in TIMU145

Domestic cattle Present X X Evidence in TIMU4

White-tailed deer Present X X X Evidence in TIMU35

Southern short-tailed shrew Probably Present Evidence in region 

Eastern cottontail Probably Present Evidence in region 

Southern flying squirrel Probably Present Evidence in region 

Marsh rice rat Probably Present Evidence in region 

Eastern harvest mouse Probably Present Evidence in region 

House mouse Probably Present Evidence in region 

Red fox Probably Present Evidence in region 

Long-tailed weasel Probably Present Evidence in region 

Eastern fox squirrel Encroaching Evidence in region 

Southeastern pocket gopher Encroaching Evidence in region 

Nutria Encroaching Evidence in region 

American black bear Encroaching Evidence in region 

Striped skunk Encroaching Evidence in region 

Mountain lion Absent Extirpated 

113 

Species Accounts 

The following list of mammal species includes the general distribution for each species 

potentially occurring in at least one of the 19 national parks in the Southeast Coast Network, a 

more detailed description of the distribution and status of each species within each park, a 

comment about the federal and state listing and ranking for RTE species in the region, and other 

comments thought to be appropriate. Each account includes a list of specimens from areas in 

and around each park that currently are housed in museum collections, most of which were 

examined by the author, and each account includes a list of additional records from the same 

geographic areas in the literature or from NPS personnel. Accounts for bats focus solely on 

parks in North Carolina; those for other parks in the Southeast Coast Network have been 

prepared by other authors. Common and scientific names are from Baker et al. (2003). 

Accounts for imperiled species hypothetically thought to occur in the region also are included to 

document their status in each park. 

State listings and rankings are from: 

 http://www.outdooralabama.com/watchable-wildlife/regulations/nongame-species.cfm 

for Alabama mammals, updated 21 August 2006; 

 http://www.floridaendnageredspeciesnetwork.org, for Florida mammals, updated 29 

January 2004; 

 http://georgiawildlife.dnr.state.ga.us/content/specialconcernanimals.asp for Georgia 

mammals, updated 14 April 2009; 

 LeGrand et al. (2008) for North Carolina mammals; and 

 http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/pls/heritage/county_species.select_county_map for South 

Carolina mammals, updated 17 January 2006. 

Standard listing categories (Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern) and ranking 

categories (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5) are defined as follows (LeGrand et al., 2008): Endangered – a 

taxon in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range; Threatened – a 

taxon that is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a 

significant portion of its range; Special Concern – a taxon for which additional field study and 

biological research are needed to resolve its conservation status; S1 – critically imperiled 

because of extreme rarity or because of factor(s) that make it especially vulnerable to extirpation; 

S2 – imperiled because of rarity or because of factor(s) that make it very vulnerable to 

extirpation; S3 – rare or uncommon; S4 – apparently secure; S5 – secure. In addition, North and 

South Carolina also use the listing category of Significantly Rare for a taxon that exists in small 

numbers and needs monitoring, but is not listed as Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern; 

however, this category has no status at the federal level. National ranking are from NatureServe 

(http://www.natureserve.org), last updated on 17 July 2009 and last accessed on 12-13 

September 2009. 

Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) 

The Virginia opossum is one of the most widely distributed mammals in eastern North America 

(McManus 1974; Hall 1981; Gardner 1973, 1982). It is widespread and common throughout the 

southeastern United States (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 
114 

1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007), and is ranked S5 in Alabama, Georgia, North 

Carolina, and South Carolina but unranked in Florida (NatureServe 2009). Throughout its 

geographic distribution, population densities are greatest along the edges of reservoirs and along 

streams and rivers (Choate et al. 1994). The Virginia opossum prefers wooded habitats, but it 

also moves through open areas as it traverses its relatively large home range; it is common in 

residential areas as well. The Virginia opossum is generally common to abundant throughout the 

entire Southeast Coast Network, currently including 16 of the 19 parks included in this 

investigation (Table 23). The Virginia opossum is absent from CALO and FOSU, although it is 

common and widespread on the adjacent mainland, although there is one record from 

Shackleford Banks at CALO (Engels 1952); it occurs only as a rare transient at CASA. Its 

original status on CUIS is uncertain. Early reports attributed it to CUIS (White 1849; Ober 

1880), but it was common in earlier days for natural historians to combine island and mainland 

sightings. Bangs (1898) did not report it from CUIS despite extensive fieldwork on the island, 

and Harris (1984) opined that the earlier reports were suspect. In 1993, the Virginia opossum 

was introduced intentionally to CUIS (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001), in part because it possibly 

had been extirpated from Cumberland Island; this population currently is thriving. The 

following ectoparasites have been recovered from Virginia opossums from Cumberland Island 

(Wilson and Durden 2003): a cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), ticks (Amblyomma americanum, 

Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis), and mites (Ornithonyssus wernecki and 

Didelphilichus serrifer). There are two subspecies in the Southeast Coast Network region 

(Gardner 1973) – D. v. virginiana to the north and west (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, MOCR, 

FOMO, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, and OCMU) and D. v. pigra to the south and 

east (FOFR, TIMU, FOCA, and FOMA). The taxonomic status of the introduced population on 

CUIS has not been established. 

Southeastern shrew (Sorex longirostris) 

The southeastern shrew is widespread throughout the southeastern United States (French 1980; 

Hall 1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). It occupies a wide variety of habitats from 

early succession fields, powerline rights-of-way, and road cuts to dense forests comprised of 

various species of hardwoods and conifers. In the past, it was considered to be uncommon 

because it was seldom captured using traditional capture methods, but recent collection 

techniques, especially pitfall traps, have demonstrated that it is common to abundant in suitable 

habitat throughout the Southeast Coast Network (Golley 1966; French 1980; Lee et al. 1983; 

Webster et al. 1985; Webster et al. 2009b), and that it occupies a broader variety of habitats than 

previously understood. The southeastern shrew inhabits eight parks (MOCR, CONG, HOBE, 

CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, TIMU, and FOCA) in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23). 

Despite its widespread distribution on the adjacent mainland, it does not inhabit the isolated 

insular parks (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, CALO, FOSU, FOMO, FOFR, CUIS, and FOMA) and it 

doubtfully occurs in CHPI and CASA due to an inadequate amount of suitable habitat. Two 

extramlimital records from Hatteras Island deserve comment. The record of S. longirostris from 

Big Kinnakeet (Engels 1941) is based on two skulls removed from owl pellets, with the shrews 

ostensibly caught on the mainland and regurgitated at the roost on Hatteras Island. In addition, 

specimens from Pea Island (Lee et al. 1983) actually represent the least shrew, Cryptotis parva, 

which is common in the marshes on Hatteras Island. Moreover, three decades of fieldwork on 

the Outer Banks (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992) has failed to document the presence of S. 

longirostris on these narrow barrier islands. Thus, Sorex longirostris does not inhabit the Outer 

Banks (from Currituck Banks southward to Ocracoke Island), and it apparently does not inhabit 
115 

Roanoke Island either (Parnell et al. 1992), so these records are not included below. Three 

subspecies of S. longirostris are distributed across the southeastern United States (Webster et al. 

2009b) – S. l. eionis inhabits TIMU and FOCA, S. l. fisheri inhabits MOCR, and S. l. longirostris

inhabits CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, and OCMU. S. l. eionis is listed as Special Concern 

and ranked S3 in Florida, S. l. fisheri is not listed but ranked S4 in North Carolina, and S. l. 

longirostris is not listed but ranked S4 in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina (NatureServe 

2009). The southeastern shrew is not listed or ranked in South Carolina.

Least shrew (Cryptotis parva) 

The least shrew is a denizen of early to mid-succession habitats throughout most of eastern 

United States and northern Mexico (Whitaker 1974; Hall 1981; Choate et al. 1994). Its 

abundance appears to vary dramatically across the southeastern United States. It is common to 

abundant in the Atlantic and Gulf Coast Plain, uncommon to common in the Piedmont, rare at 

lower elevations in the Mountains, and absent from higher elevations in the southern 

Appalachian Mountains (Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 

2007). This widespread shrew inhabits 13 parks (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, CALO, MOCR, 

CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, TIMU, and FOCA) in the Southeast Coast 

Network (Table 23). Cryptotis parva also has been reported from CUIS on the basis of skeletal 

material removed from an owl pellet (Neuhauser and Baker 1974), but the identity of this 

specimen has not been confirmed and additional specimens have not been secured from CUIS in 

over a century of fieldwork; it should not be considered part of the mammalian fauna of CUIS. 

The least shrew also does not inhabit the smallest and most isolated parks (FOSU, FOMO, 

FOFR, CASA, and FOMA). Following Hall (1981), two subspecies inhabit the parks included in 

the Southeast Coast Network. C. p. parva occurs in Alabama, most of Georgia, and the 

Carolinas, whereas C. p. floridana occurs in Florida and extreme southeastern Georgia. The 

least shrew is not listed by federal or state management agencies; it is ranked S5 in Alabama, 

Georgia, and North Carolina but unranked in Florida and South Carolina (NatureServe 2009). 

Northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) 

The status of short-tailed shrews (genus Blarina) is in great disarray, despite recent studies that 

have clearly demonstrated that the genus consists of four species, including B. shermani in westcentral Florida (Genoways and Choate 1998; Benedict 2006; Webster et al. 2009a). The 

northern short-tailed shrew, B. brevicauda, is distributed east of the Rocky Mountains 

throughout southern Canada and the northern United States, from the northern Great Plains 

eastward to New England and the mid-Atlantic states (George et al. 1986; Webster et al. 2009a). 

Two tongues of distribution extend southward into the Southeast Coast Network area, each 

represented by a distinct subspecies. Along the Atlantic Coast, B. b. knoxjonesi inhabits MOCR 

(Webster 1996; Webster et al. in prep), whereas along the southern Appalachian Mountains, B. b. 

churchi (= talpoides, see Webster et al. in press b) inhabits HOBE, CHAT, and KEMO (Table 

23). The northern short-tailed shrew and its close relative, the southern short-tailed shrew, 

Blarina carolinensis, are sibling species that are difficult to identify except by careful 

examination of their skulls. Fortunately, these species compete intensely along a lengthy zone of 

parapatry and they almost never coexist. Either one species or the other, but never both, inhabits 

the region surrounding each park in the Southeast Coast Network, and the southern short-tailed 

shrew does not inhabit the four parks mentioned above except at CHAT. The situation at CHAT 

is especially noteworthy, because B. brevicauda inhabits units on the west side of the 

Chattahoochee River and most units on the east side, except Suwanee Creek, where B. 
116 

carolinensis occurs. Elsewhere in the Southeast Coast Network, the zone of contact between 

these two sibling species divides Jones County, Georgia, with B. brevicauda occurring in the 

northern half of the county and B. carolinensis in the southern half (French 1981), which is 

relevant because Jones County abuts Bibb County, where OCMU is located (short-tailed shrews 

at OCMU clearly are assignable to B. carolinensis). The specimen from HOBE, coupled with 

the earlier report from Tallapoosa County by French (1981), clarifies the distribution of B. 

brevicauda and B. carolinensis in Alabama (Hall 1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). B. 

brevicauda is not listed by federal and state management agencies. It is ranked S5 in Alabama, 

Georgia, and North Carolina, but it is unranked in South Carolina and does not occur in Florida 

(NatureServe 2009). 

Southern short-tailed shrew (Blarina carolinensis) 

The southern short-tailed shrew is widespread in most terrestrial habitats throughout the 

southeastern United States, exclusive of higher elevations in the southern Appalachian 

Mountains (Genoways and Choate 1998; McCay 2001; Trani et al. 2007), so it is not considered 

to be imperiled by federal and state management agencies in that region. It is ranked S5 in 

Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina but not ranked in Florida and South Carolina 

(NatureServe 2009). Both the southern and northern short-tailed shrews are fiercely competitive, 

so both species seldom exist sympatrically, and when they do, they are not syntopic (Webster et 

al. 1985; Webster 1996; Webster et al. 2009a). For example, B. carolinensis inhabits Roanoke 

(FORA) and Bodie (CAHA and WRBR) islands in Dare County, North Carolina, whereas B. 

brevicauda does not, and conversely B. brevicauda inhabits mainland adjacent to these counties 

and B. carolinensis does not. The report of B. carolinensis from “Hatteras North” (ca 2 mi SW 

Cape Hatteras lighthouse), North Carolina (Quarles 1974), almost certainly represents the least 

shrew, Cryptotis parva, but voucher material does not exist. Apparently, B. carolinensis inhabits 

Roanoke and Bodie islands, but not Hatteras or Ocracoke islands (Webster 1988). Similarly, B. 

carolinensis inhabits one unit in CHAT (Suwanee Creek), whereas B. brevicauda was taken at 

10 other units on either side of the Chattahoochee River. In the Southeast Coast Network, B. c. 

carolinensis occurs at CAHA, WRBR, FORA, CHPI, CONG, CHAT, OCMU, and CUIS, B. c. 

peninsulae occurs at FOCA and FOMA, and intergrades between the two subspecies occur at 

TIMU (Benedict et al. 2006). B. carolinensis is not listed by federal and state management 

agencies. 

Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) 

The eastern mole is distributed throughout much of eastern and central North America (Yates 

and Schmidly 1978; Hall 1981; Yates and Pedersen 1982), and it is widespread in the Carolinas, 

Georgia, Alabama, and Florida (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 

1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). It is common to abundant at lower elevations 

throughout the region, but uncommon in rocky habitats above 610 m (2000 ft) in elevation. 

Tunnels of eastern moles were found at 16 parks (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, CALO, MOCR, 

CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, FOCA, and FOMA) in the 

Southeast Coast Network (Table 23), and in some cases large series of specimens exist in 

museum collections, most notably from Anastasia Island, Florida, the type locality of the 

endemic Scalopus aquaticus anastasae. Evidence of moles was not found at FOSU, FOMO, or 

CASA, but they have been reported from Saint Augustine, Florida (Jackson 1915). Engels 

(1942) opined that moles were extirpated from Ocracoke Island, which is part of CAHA, but 

there is no evidence of an earlier occurrence there. The eastern mole has been recorded, 
117 

however, from Hatteras and Bodie islands, which are also part of CAHA. Furthermore, it has 

been recorded from Shackleford Banks, which is part of CALO, although it has not been 

recorded from Portsmouth Island or South Core Banks, which are also part of CALO. Three 

subspecies are found in the Southeast Coast Network – S. a. howelli inhabits CAHA, WRBR, 

FORA, CALO, MOCR, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, and OCMU; S. a. australis

inhabits FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, and FOCA; and S. a. anastasae inhabits FOMA. S. a. howelli and 

S. a. australis are not listed by federal and state management agencies, and they are ranked S5 

throughout their respective ranges in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina (NatureServe 2009). 

The eastern mole is not ranked in South Carolina or Florida; however, S. a. anastasae is ranked 

globally as critically imperiled (NatureServe 2009). According to Wilson and Durden (2003), 

eastern moles from CUIS serve as hosts for two species of mites (Eulaelaps stabularis and 

Haemogamasus harperi) and one tick (Ixodes affinis). 

Star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) 

The star-nosed mole is a denizen of wetlands habitats throughout eastern North America and 

southward along the Appalachian Mountains to western North Carolina, northwestern South 

Carolina, and northern Georgia, and southward along the Atlantic Coast to southeastern Georgia 

(Golley 1962; Petersen and Yates 1980; Hall 1981; Yates and Pedersen 1982; Lee et al. 1983; 

Webster et al. 1985; Webster 1987b; Beane 1995; Trani et al. 2007). Throughout most of its 

range, this gregarious mole is locally common in suitable habitat and therefore is not considered 

to be imperiled federally. Its abundance wanes in the southern part of its range, however, and it 

is one of the rarest mammals in the parks included in the Southeast Coast Network, if it exists in 

any at all. Star-nosed moles likely inhabit MOCR in North Carolina, although voucher material 

has not been taken there. Star-nosed moles have been captured in Charleston County, South 

Carolina, near FOSU, FOMO, and CHPI, but suitable habitat is lacking in these parks. 

According to Golley (1966), who cited Coleman but without reference, star-nosed moles also 

inhabit Richland County, South Carolina, and CONG provides potential habitat, but the source of 

this record was not ascertained. Finally, star-nosed moles also have been taken in the 

Okefenokee Swamp, Charlton County, Georgia (Harper 1927), which is adjacent to both CUIS 

and TIMU; however, suitable habitat does not exist at either of these parks. Star-nosed moles in 

the southeastern United States are assignable to C. c. parva. It is listed as Special Concern and 

ranked S2 in North Carolina (LeGrand et al. 2008), Special Concern and ranked S3? in South 

Carolina (http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/pls.heritage), and not listed but ranked S2? in Georgia 

(http://georgiawildlife.dnr.state.ga.us/contnent/specialconcernanimlas.asp). 

Little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) 

The little brown myotis is widespread throughout most of North America, including the southern 

Appalachian Mountains (Barbour and Davis 1969; Fenton and Barclay 1980; Hall 1981; Trani et 

al. 2007). Within the restricted region in which bat surveys occurred (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, 

CALO, and MOCR), the few records from eastern North Carolina (Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 

1985; Webster et al. in press a) represent migrating individuals rather than residents (Barbour 

and Davis 1969; Webster et al. in press a). The lone individual included below was taken on the 

mainland in Carteret County, in eastern North Carolina, adjacent to CALO (Table 23). The little 

brown myotis is not considered to be imperiled by federal and North Carolina management 

agencies. All specimens from North Carolina are referable to M. l. lucifugus. 
118 

Southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius) 

The southeastern myotis is restricted to riverine habitats in the southeastern United States and 

northward along the Mississippi and lower Ohio River basins in the Midwest (Barbour and Davis 

1969; Hall 1981; Jones and Manning 1989; Trani et la. 2007). In North Carolina, it occupies the 

Coastal Plain physiographic region (Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Webster et al. in press 

a), including MOCR, but not the barrier islands (Table 1). In the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain 

in the southeastern United States, it is common in cypress-gum swamps and roosts in abandoned 

buildings adjacent to permanent sources of water, over which it forages. There is concern by 

federal and state management agencies that it is imperiled. At the federal level it is listed as a 

Species of Concern, and in North Carolina it is listed as Special Concern and ranked S2 

(LeGrand et al. 2008). 

Silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) 

The silver-haired bat inhabits forested habitats throughout most of Canada and the United States 

(Barbour and Davis 1969; Hall 1981; Kunz 1982) and it is distributed throughout North Carolina 

(Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007; Webster et al. in press a). It is highly 

migratory (Cryan 2003), arriving in North Carolina in late summer and staying through late 

spring (Webster et al. in press a). Its abundance, therefore, varies throughout the year. It is not 

considered to be imperiled. It appears to migrate along the Outer Banks of North Carolina – two 

specimens from Ocracoke Island (CAHA) were collected in September during the southward 

autumnal migration and there are observations at various sites in CALO. It likely migrates 

throughout the reminder of CAHA and through WRBR, FORA, and MOCR northward during 

the spring and southward during the fall months (Table 23). I was unable to verify the record 

from Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983), but it seems reasonable so it is included below. 

Eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) 

The eastern pipistrelle is widely distributed across most of eastern North America (Barbour and 

Davis 1969; Hall 1981; Fujita and Kunz 1984), including all of North Carolina (Lee et al. 1983; 

Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007; Webster et al. in press a). It is common throughout much 

of its range and, therefore, is not considered to be imperiled by federal and state management 

agencies. It does not occur on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, but it is relatively common in 

coastal swamp forests on the adjacent mainland (Webster et al. in press a), including those at 

MOCR (Table 23). Eastern pipistrelles from North Carolina are assignable to P. s. subflavus. 

Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) 

The big brown bat inhabits most of North America and the northern half of South America 

(Barbour and Davis 1969; Hall 1981; Humphrey 1982; Kurta and Baker 1990). It is the most 

commonly encountered bat in northeastern North America because it typically roosts in houses, 

buildings, and other man-made structures. In North Carolina, however, it is uncommon to rare in 

the Coastal Plain physiographic province and does not occur on the Outer Banks and probably 

not at MOCR (Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007; Webster et al. in press a). 

Because of its widespread distribution and abundance elsewhere in its range, it is not considered 

to be imperiled by federal or North Carolina management agencies. In North Carolina, big 

brown bats are assignable to E. f. fuscus. 
119 

Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) 

The eastern red bat is one of the most abundant and widely distributed bats in eastern and central 

North America (Barbour and Davis 1969; Hall 1981; Humphrey 1982; Shump and Shump 

1982a), and it is the most common and widespread bat in all national parks in North Carolina 

(Table 1). It is common to abundant throughout North Carolina, including the Outer Banks (Lee 

et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007; Webster et al. in press a), but roosts singly in 

trees except when nursing young so it is encountered much less frequently than are gregarious 

species that roost in buildings and houses (Webster et al. in press a). Most records from the 

Outer Banks are migrants moving south during the fall months. The eastern red bat is not 

considered to be imperiled by federal and North Carolina management agencies. All red bats in 

North Carolina are referable to L. b. borealis. 

Seminole bat (Lasiurus seminolus)

The Seminole bat is a denizen of pine, Pinus spp, forests with dense mats of Spanish moss, 

Tillandsia usenoides, in the southeastern United States (Barbour and Davis 1969; Hall 1981; 

Wilkins 1987; Choate et al. 1994; Menzel et al. 2003; Trani et al. 2007). It generally is 

uncommon throughout the Lower Piedmont and Coastal Plain in North Carolina (Lee et al. 1983; 

Webster et al. 1985; Webster et al. in press a), including CALO and MOCR; however, its 

abundance wanes northward along the mid-Atlantic Coast and it is not known from farther up the 

Outer Banks (Table 23). Vagrants have been taken in Pennsylvania and New York. and there are 

records of autumnal migrants from the mountains of Pickens County, South Carolina (Neuhauser 

and DiSalvo 1972) and Buncombe County, North Carolina (Webster 2000). Its abundance also 

varies seasonally, as many individuals move southward out of North Carolina during the cooler 

months of the year (Webster et al. in press a). Federal and North Carolina management agencies 

do not consider this monotypic species to be imperiled. 

Hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) 

The hoary bat has the widest geographic distribution of any bat in the New World, extending 

from tree-line in the northern hemisphere to tree-line in the southern hemisphere and including 

the Hawaiian Islands (Barbour and Davis 1969; Hall 1981; Shump and Shump 1982b). Its 

abundance varies seasonally from absent to relatively abundant at any one site throughout the 

year because it is highly migratory (Cryan 2001, 2003). In North Carolina, it typically occurs 

during the fall, winter, and spring months, although there is some indication that a breeding 

population exists at higher elevations in the southern Appalachian Mountains (Lee et al. 1983; 

Trani et al. 2007; Webster et al. in press a). There are no reports from the Outer Banks, but it has 

been reported from the mainland adjacent to CALO and it likely occurs there and at MOCR 

during migration (Table 23). It is not considered to be imperiled. Hoary bats from North 

Carolina are assignable to L. c. cinereus. 

Northern yellow bat (Lasiurus intermedius) 

The northern yellow bat is a denizen of southern evergreen forests with dense clumps of Spanish 

moss, and its geographic distribution extends from North Carolina southward through Florida, 

and thence westward to Texas; vagrants have been recovered in Virginia and New Jersey 

(Barbour and Davis 1969; Webster et al. 1980; Hall 1981; Trani et al. 2007). There are two 

records from the southeastern Coastal Plain (New Hanover County) and one from the Piedmont 

(Mecklenburg County) of North Carolina (Webster 2002; Webster et al. in press a). Although 

the northern yellow bat is common to abundant in the Deep South, it is the rarest bat in North 
120 

Carolina and, of the parks included in this investigation, might eventually be found at MOCR 

(Table 23). The northern yellow bat is not considered to be imperiled at the federal level, but it 

is listed as Significantly Rare and ranked SU in North Carolina (LeGrand et al. 2008). 

Specimens from North Carolina are assignable to L. i. floridana. 

Evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) 

The evening bat is locally common in woodlands in the southeastern United States and eastern 

Mexico (Barbour and Davis 1969; Watkins 1972; Hall 1981). Its abundance varies inversely to 

elevation, absent at higher elevations in the southern Appalachian Mountains but common in the 

Coastal Plain of North Carolina (Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007; Webster 

et al. in press a). It likely occurs regularly at FORA and MOCR, and occasionally at CAHA, 

WRBR and perhaps CALO (Table 23). Evening bats from North Carolina are referable to N. h. 

humeralis, which is not considered to be imperiled by federal and state management agencies. 

Rafinesque’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) 

Rafinesque’s big-eared bat is another Gulf Coast species that is distributed primarily in the Deep 

South. Fingers of its distribution extend northward along the Atlantic Coast to southeastern 

Virginia, the southern Appalachian Mountains, and the Mississippi River (Barbour and Davis 

1969; Jones 1977; Hall 1981; Trani et al. 2007). It is considered to be rare to uncommon 

throughout its range and is listed at the federal level as Species of Concern. In eastern North 

Carolina it is listed as Special Concern and ranked S3 (LeGrand et al. 2008). Rafinesque’s bigeared bat does not occur on the Outer Banks, but it likely inhabits MOCR, at least occasionally. 

Specimens from eastern North Carolina are assignable to C. r. macrotis. 

Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) 

The Brazilian free-tailed bat is distributed throughout the Deep South and western United States, 

Central America, and much of South America; in addition, there are several recent disjunct 

records north of its range in the central and eastern United States that denote a relatively rapid 

northward range expansion (Barbour and Davis 1969; Lee and Marsh 1978; Hall 1981; 

Humphrey 1982; Wilkins 1989; Webster et al. in press a). This free-tailed bat occurs in the 

Coastal Plain and Piedmont of North Carolina (Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Trani et la. 

2007; Webster et al. in press a). One such vagrant was captured in the CAHA lighthouse 

keeper’s house on 22 December 2004 and individuals might forages over MOCR on occasion 

(Table 23). However, large colonies roost in the attics of buildings, churches, and houses, which 

do not exist at MOCR, and few such sites exist the immediate area. Specimens from eastern 

North Carolina are referable to T. b. cynocephala. Federal and state management agencies do 

not consider the Brazilian free-tailed bat to be imperiled. 

Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) 

The nine-banded armadillo is distributed throughout much of South America and thence 

northward into the southern United States (Humphrey 1974; Hall 1981; Galbreath 1982; McBee 

and Baker 1982; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). Its range has been expanding rapidly in 

the Southeast, both as a result of deliberate introductions in the 1920s and 1930s and natural 

dispersal due to global warming, reaching northern Florida by 1954 and the Savannah River by 

1970 (Fitch et al. 1952; Humphrey 1974). Along the South Atlantic Coast, it now occurs as far 

north as east-central South Carolina (Mayer 1989; Platt and Snyder 1995). Within the region 

encompassed by the Southeast Coast Network, it occurs at HOBE, FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, FOCA, 
121 

and FOMA; evidence of its presence was not found at OCMU, but it occurs in the immediate 

vicinity of both the Main and Lamar units (Golley 1962; this investigation). It did not occur in 

Alabama in the early 1920s (Howell 1921) or in the vicinity of HOBE in early 1940s when F. S. 

Barkalow, Jr., was collecting mammals in nearby Lee County, but it occurs there now. It was 

first discovered on CUIS in 1974 (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001). On the other hand, it likely 

has been extirpated from CASA in the last 50 years or so as the Saint Augustine region has 

become urbanized. The nine-banded armadillo is abundant in suitable habitat, and it is not 

considered to be imperiled by federal and state management agencies (NatureServe 2009). 

Armadillos from the southeastern United States are referable to D. n. mexicanus. Specimens 

from CUIS harbor two species of ticks (Wilson and Durden 2003) – Amblyomma americanum

and Ixodes scapularis – and they are eaten by American alligators (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 

1990). 

Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) 

The eastern cottontail is widespread throughout most of the eastern and central United States and 

Mexico (Chapman et al. 1980; Hall 1981; Chapman et al. 1982; Choate et al. 1994), and it is 

widespread in the region included in the Southeast Coast Network (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 

1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007). It inhabits a wide variety of early 

and mid-successional habitats and natural or maintained broken habitats that provide both cover 

and adequate forage in 15 parks (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, CALO, MOCR, FOMO, CHPI, 

CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, FOFR, TIMU, and FOCA) included in this 

investigation; it does not inhabit FOSU, CUIS, and FOMA (Table 23), and no longer inhabits 

CASA, although it did in the past (Nelson 1909). It is not considered to be imperiled by federal 

or state management agencies and is ranked S5 in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina; it is 

not ranked in Florida or South Carolina (NatureServe 2009). S. f. mallurus inhabits all parks in 

the Southeast Coast Network except CASA, which was inhabited by S. f. floridanus. 

Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) 

The swamp rabbit inhabits wetland habitats throughout much of the lower Mississippi River 

drainage, from Texas eastward to Georgia and western South Carolina and northward to southern 

Illinois and Indiana (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Chapman and Feldhamer 1981; Hall 

1981; Chapman et al. 1982; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). Three 

parks (HOBE, CHAT, and KEMO) clearly are within its geographic distribution (Table 23) and a 

fourth (OCMU) lies on the Fall Line in Georgia, where the geographic distribution of the swamp 

rabbit abuts that of the marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris. Because these competitors occupy 

similar wetland habitats, it is unlikely that both species occur there together, and neither is 

successful in upland habitats (Chapman et al. 1980; Chapman and Willner 1981a), where a third 

rabbit – the eastern cottontail, S. floridanus – occurs. The swamp rabbit is common to abundant 

in suitable habitat and ranked S5 in Alabama and Georgia (NatureServe 2009), but it is 

extremely localized in western South Carolina, where it is listed as Special Concern and ranked 

S2S3 (http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/pls/heritage). Swamp rabbits from HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, and 

OCMU (if present) are referable to S. a. aquaticus. 

Marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris) 

The marsh rabbit is found from southern Alabama westward throughout Florida and thence 

northward throughout eastern North Carolina to southeastern Virginia (Howell 1921; Golley 

1962, 1966; Chapman and Willner 1981; Hall 1981; Chapman et al. 1982; Webster et al. 1985; 
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Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). Its geographic distribution complements that of the 

swamp rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus, and they meet along the Fall Line in Georgia. Here, swamp 

rabbits occur above the Fall Line in wetlands that have a larger component of woody vegetation, 

while marsh rabbits occur below the Fall Line in wetlands that have a larger herbaceous 

component. The marsh rabbit inhabits 12 parks (CAHA, FORA, CALO, MOCR, FOSU, CHPI, 

CONG, FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, FOCA, and FOMA) in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23); 

HOBE, CHAT, and KEMO are outside its geographic distribution, it no longer inhabits CASA 

(although it likely did prior to urban sprawl in the Saint Augustine area), appropriate habitat is 

lacking at WRBR, FOMO, and its status at OCMU is uncertain. The marsh rabbit is common in 

suitable habitat and not considered to be imperiled. It is ranked S3 in Alabama and S5 in 

Georgia and North Carolina; it is not ranked in South Carolina and Florida (NatureServe 2009). 

Marsh rabbits from CUIS serve as host to ticks (Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, 

Dermacentor variabilis, and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) and a mite (Androlaelaps 

fahrenholzi) (Wilson and Durden 2003), and they are consumed by American alligators (Shoop 

and Ruckdeschel 1990). 

Woodchuck (Marmota monax) 

The woodchuck is distributed across most of the northern coniferous and eastern deciduous 

forests of North America, extending as far south as central Alabama and northern Georgia 

(Howell 1921; Golley 1962; Hall 1981; Lee and Funderburg 1982; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et 

al. 2007). It was documented only at HOBE, but it probably occurs at CHAT and KEMO as well 

(Table 23). There are extramlimital records from Fairfield County, in the Piedmont of South 

Carolina, and another from Charleston County, on the South Carolina coast, but these likely 

represent escaped individuals or nomads (Golley 1966) and are not included below. 

Woodchucks in the HOBE, CHAT, and KEMO regions are referable to M. m. monax. The 

woodchuck is ranked S5 in Alabama and S3 in Georgia (NatureServe 2009). 

Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) 

The eastern chipmunk is one of the most widespread and recognizable mammals in eastern North 

America (Hall 1981; Snyder 1982). Its southernmost distribution includes the Piedmont and 

Mountain physiographic provinces in Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas, typically above the 

Fall Line (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 

1994; Trani et al. 2007). It only inhabits four parks in the Southeast Coast Network – HOBE, 

CHAT, KEMO, and OCMU – although there is a dubious record from Fort Macon, on Bogue 

Banks in Carteret County, North Carolina (Coues and Yarrow 1878), which is not included 

below because it is well outside the known range of the species. Chipmunks from CHAT, 

KEMO, and OCMU are assignable to T. s. striatus, whereas those from HOBE represent T. s. 

pipilans. Federal and state management agencies do not consider the eastern chipmunk to be 

imperiled within the area included in this investigation; it is ranked S5 in Alabama and Georgia 

(NatureServe 2009). 

Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) 

The eastern gray squirrel is a denizen of hardwood forests in eastern North American (Hall 1981; 

Koprowski 1994), and it is common to abundant in most forested habitats in Alabama, Georgia, 

Florida, and the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Flyger and Gates 1982; Lee et al. 

1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). It inhabits 17 of 19 parks 

included in this study, all but CALO and FOSU (Table 23). Its distribution is sporadic on the 
123 

Outer Banks of North Carolina, and dependent on forest capable of producing sufficient mast. 

For example, on Hatteras Island it only inhabits Buxton Woods (CAHA). It was introduced 

without success to Ocracoke Village (Parnell et al. 1992). Gray squirrels in the Southeast Coast 

Network are assignable to S. c. carolinensis. Federal and state management agencies do not 

consider the eastern gray squirrel to be imperiled. It is ranked S5 in Alabama, Georgia, and 

North Carolina but is unranked in Florida and South Carolina (NatureServe 2009). Wilson and 

Durden (2003) examined 11 eastern gray squirrels from CUIS, and they were heavily parasitized 

by a chewing louse (Neohaematopinus sciuri), fleas (Echidnophaga gallinacea and Orchopeas 

howardi), ticks (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentro variabilis, Haemaphysalis 

leporispalustris, Ixodes affinis, and I. scapularis), mites (Androlaelaps casalis and

Ornithonussus bacoti), and a chigger (Neotrombicula whartoni). 

Eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) 

The eastern fox squirrel is distributed throughout much of the eastern United States (Hall 1981; 

Flyger and Gates 1982). Numbers are declining in some areas in the southeastern United States, 

but it is locally common in remnant stands of long-leaf pine, Pinus palustris, in the Atlantic and 

Gulf Coastal Plain and locally uncommon to rare in mid-elevational hardwood forests in the 

Piedmont and Mountain physiographic provinces in the Deep South. Historical records exist 

throughout the region except along the Outer Banks and Piedmont of North Carolina and the 

Upper Piedmont of South Carolina (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster 

et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). Few records exist for the parks in the 

Southeast Coast Network, reflecting the deleterious effects of habitat fragmentation and the 

rarity of fox squirrels outside of suitable habitat (Weigl et al. 1989). NPS personnel have 

observed fox squirrels at the entrance to CONG, and there is a report of fox squirrels on Saint 

Simons Island (Neuhauser and Baker 1974). Fox squirrels encroach on CHAT and TIMU where 

suitable habitat exists. There have been a litany of fox squirrels introductions, some successful 

and some not, onto coastal islands in the southeastern United States, including Cape Romain 

NWR (see below) and Capers and Dewees islands (Penney 1950) in Charleston County, South 

Carolina; in addition, there is a record of the fox squirrel from Isle of Palms in Charleston 

County, which also might represent an introduced population. The Saint Simons Island report 

(Neuhauser and Baker 1974) likely represents an introduced population as well, but evidence of 

fox squirrels on Saint Simons Island was not secured during this investigation. Fox squirrels also 

were released on CUIS; this population failed to become established, but there is one voucher 

specimen deposited at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. The eastern fox squirrel is 

ranked S3S4 in Alabama, S3 in Florida, and S5 in Georgia (NatureServe 2009); it is listed as 

Special Concern and ranked S4 in South Carolina (http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/pls/heritage), and it 

is listed as Significantly Rare and ranked S3 in North Carolina (LeGrand et al. 2008). Three 

subspecies exist in the Southeast Coast Network: S. n. niger inhabits the Carolinas and most of 

Georgia, S. n. bachmani is found throughout most of Alabama, and S. n. shermani inhabits 

southeastern Georgia and most of Florida. 

Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) 

The southern flying squirrel is a common to locally abundant inhabitant of forested habitats in 

the southeastern United States (Dolan and Carter 1977; Hall 1981; Choate et al. 1994). It has a 

statewide distribution in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas, save for the remote 

islands off the Atlantic Coast in Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 

1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Trani et al. 2007). Although specimens were not 
124 

collected during the course of this investigation, southern flying squirrels likely inhabit the nine 

mainland parks (MOCR, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, TIMU, and FOCA) in 

the Southeast Coast Network; its status on Saint Simons Island (FOFR) was not confirmed 

during this investigation (Table 23). Three subspecies are known from the southeastern United 

States: G. v. volans occupies most of North Carolina; G. v. saturatus inhabits Alabama, South 

Carolina, and most of Georgia; and and G. v. querceti inhabits Florida and coastal Georgia. 

Federal and state management agencies do not consider the southern flying squirrel to be 

imperiled. It is ranked S5 in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina but unranked in Florida and 

South Carolina (NatureServe 2009). 

Southeastern pocket gopher (Geomys pinetis) 

The southeastern pocket gopher is restricted to the Coastal Plain along the Gulf Coast of 

Alabama, Georgia, and Florida (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Pembleton and Williams 

1978; Hall 1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). Tangible evidence of its existence was 

not found in any park during this investigation. Nevertheless, it likely inhabits the Thomas 

Creek area of TIMU, and there are many museum specimens from northern Duval County, 

Florida, where Thomas Creek is located. The southeastern pocket gopher once occurred on 

Cumberland Island, Georgia, but that population was eliminated in the 1970s and is now extinct 

(Ford 1985). According to material examined during this investigation, the last museum 

specimen was taken on 19 April 1932, although Laerm (1981) mentions an individual taken in 

1956 and, citing personal communication with Hans Neuhauser, makes a cryptic comment about 

a recently discovered population on Cumberland Island. Ford (1985), however, mentions that 

the last pocket gophers on Cumberland Island were collected in the 1970s. The taxonomy of the 

southeastern pocket gopher has been debated extensively (Avise et al. 1979; Williams and 

Genoways 1980; Laerm 1981; Sudman et al. 2006), and two or three taxa are known from the 

region included in this investigation. G. p. pinetis is known primarily from Georgia (Hall 1981). 

G. p. mobilensis is found in Alabama and western Florida, and this taxon might be a distinct 

species (Sudman et al. 2006). G. p. floridanus is known from the remainder of northern Florida, 

although some (Williams and Genoways 1980; Laerm 1981) consider it indistinguishable from 

G. p. pinetis. The southeastern pocket gopher is ranked S3 in Alabama, S4 and listed as 

Threatened in Georgia, and S5 in Florida; G. p. cumberlandius, endemic to Cumberland Island in 

southeastern Georgia, is considered to be extinct and therefore unranked in Georgia 

(NatureServe 2009). The Cumberland Island pocket gopher was host to the chewing louse 

Geomydoecus scleritus (Ferris 1916; Price 1975). Sudman et al. 2006 

American beaver (Castor canadensis) 

The American beaver once was the most widely distributed rodent in North America (Hall 

1981), but it was decimated by trappers in the 17th and 18th centuries. Since then, it has been 

successfully reintroduced into much of its former range, and it has adapted to living in close 

proximity to humans. Today, the American beaver is widespread in distribution and so abundant 

in some aquatic and wetland habitats that it is considered a nuisance (Jenkins and Busher 1979). 

It is found throughout Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas, and it is encroaching across much of 

western Florida (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Hill 1982; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 

1994; Trani et al. 2007). Most records in the Southeast Coast Network are from inland parks 

(MOCR, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, and OCMU), but beavers have recently been active on 

CUIS (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001) as well (Table 23). Beavers probably visit TIMU on 

occasion, but proof of their presence was not secured during the course of this investigation and 
125 

Bangs (1898) did not consider it to be a resident of eastern Georgia and northeastern Florida. 

Throughout the Southeast Coast Network, beavers are assignable to C. c. carolinensis. It is not 

considered to be imperiled by federal and state management agencies and is ranked S5 in 

Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina but unranked in Florida and South Carolina (NatureServe 

2009). 

Marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) 

The marsh rice rat is distributed throughout the southeastern United States (Hall 1981; Wolfe 

1982), including the entire region included in the Southeast Coast Network (Howell 1921; 

Golley 1962, 1966; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2006). It inhabits 15 

(CAHA, FORA, CALO, MOCR, FOSU, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, OCMU, FOFR, CUIS, 

TIMU, FOCA, and FOMA) of the 19 parks included in this investigation, it may occur in WRBR 

and FOMO on occasion, and it does not occur at KEMO or CASA due to lack of habitat (Table 

23). Rice rats from Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, and northern Florida are referable to O. p. 

palustris, whereas those from parks to the south of that are assignable to O. p. natator. Federal 

and state management agencies do not consider the marsh rice rat to be imperiled. It is ranked 

S5 in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and North Carolina, but it is unranked in South Carolina 

(NatureServe 2009). Seven rice rats from Charleston County, South Carolina, tested negative for 

antibodies to Lyme disease, a tick-borne disease that causes illness in humans (Clark et al. 2002). 

Nine rice rats from CUIS had the following ectoparasites (Wilson and Durden 2003) – the 

sucking louse Hoplopleura oryzomydis; cat flea Ctenocephalides felis; the ticks Amblyomma 

americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes affinis; mites Androlaelaps fahrenholzi and 

Ornithonussus bacoti; and chiggers Euschoenagastia peromysci and E. setosa. Marsh rice rats 

are consumed by American alligators at CUIS (Shoop and Ruskdeschel 1990). 

Eastern harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys humulis) 

The eastern harvest mouse is a rare to locally common denizen of early successional and midsuccessional habitats in the southeastern United States (Hall 1981; Stalling 1997). It is 

distributed throughout Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas except at elevations above 

610 m (2000) ft in the Mountain physiographic province, the Everglades in southern Florida and 

the sea islands along the South Atlantic Coast, and much of the Outer Banks in North Carolina 

(Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani 

et al. 2007). Its distribution and abundance in the Southeast Coast Network varies based on the 

availability of early to mid-successional habitat, from locally common in poorly maintained 

fields to rare in adjacent forested habitats. Based on voucher material examined during this 

investigation (Table 23), harvest mice inhabit nine parks (WRBR, MOCR, CHPI, CONG, 

HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, and TIMU). There are no records from the sea islands in Glynn 

(FOFR) and Camden (CUIS) counties in southeastern Georgia, except for a single eastern 

harvest mouse skull that was recovered from an owl pellet discovered on Cumberland Island 

(Neuhauser and Baker 1974). This individual likely was captured on the mainland, as no 

specimens have been taken on Cumberland Island in over a century of fieldwork. There also is a 

dubious record from the south end of Ocracoke Island (CAHA), on the Outer Banks of North 

Carolina (Lee et al. 1983), which also is not included below (Parnell et al. 1992). All harvest 

mice from the Southeast Coast Network are referable to R. h. humulis, which has the type 

locality of Charleston, South Carolina. Federal and state management agencies do not consider 

the eastern harvest mouse to be imperiled. One harvest mouse from Charleston County, South 
126 

Carolina, tested negative for antibodies to Lyme disease, a tick-borne disease that causes illness 

in humans (Clark et al. 2002). 

Oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus) 

The oldfield mouse is distributed throughout much of the southeastern United States (Howell 

1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Webster et al. 1985; Hall 1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). 

It occupies sandier and more open habitats than do most other small rodent species, except for 

the eastern harvest mouse. The oldfield mouse inhabits several islands along the South Atlantic 

and Gulf coasts, and in these cases the insular populations have very specific common names. 

One such island form, the Anastasia Island beach mouse, inhabits Anastasia Island in Saint Johns 

County, Florida. Evidence of its presence (plugged entrances to underground burrows, tracks, 

and scat) was obvious in the dunes at the Main Unit of FOMA. No attempt was made to collect 

additional voucher material – 271 specimens from Anastasia Island, many of them from the 

south end (Point Romo) of Anastasia Island where FOMA is located, are deposited in 17 

museums identified in this investigation, and surely more material exists in other collections. It 

does not inhabit Rattlesnake Island. Oldfield mice might occur in CHAT, although little if any 

appropriate habitat occurs there. Wright (1926) reported that the oldfield mouse inhabited 

Cumberland Island, Georgia, but later in the same publication he emended the geographic 

location to Anastasia Island, Florida, so it is not included below. The oldfield mouse exhibits 

tremendous geographic variation and is in dire need of systematic revision (Carleton 1989). 

Currently, 16 subspecies are recognized (Hall 1981), including four in the area encompassed 

within the Southeast Coast Network – those from above the Fall Line in Alabama, Georgia, and 

South Carolina represent P. p. colemani; those from remainder of South Carolina represent P. p. 

lucubrans; those from below the Fall Line in Georgia represent P. p. polionotus; and those from 

the islands along the northeast coast of Florida represent P. p. phasma. Mainland subspecies in 

Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina are not imperiled (NatureServe 2009), but five 

insular subspecies in Alabama and Florida are considered to be Endangered by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service and another is considered Threatened. Included in this group of imperiled 

subspecies is the Anastasia Island beach mouse, P. polionotus phasma, which is listed as 

Endangered and ranked S1 in Florida (NatureServe 2009). 

White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) 

The white-footed mouse is widely distributed across much of eastern North America (Hall 1981; 

Lackey et al. 1985), and it is common to abundant in brush piles, hedgerows, thickets, and 

forests throughout North Carolina and the northern two-thirds of South Carolina, Georgia, and 

Alabama (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 

2007); it does not occur in Florida. It inhabits seven parks in the Southeast Coast Network – 

CAHA, WRBR, FORA, MOCR, HOBE, CHAT, and KEMO (Table 23). It is distributed along 

the Outer Banks of North Carolina, reaching as far south as Hatteras (Webster 1988; Parnell et 

al. 1992; Shipp-Pennock et al. 2005). Engels (1942) considered it to be extirpated from 

Ocracoke Island (CAHA), but there are no data to indicate that it ever occurred on that island. 

Two subspecies are known in the region – P. l. leucopus inhabits most of the area described 

above but P. l. buxtoni, described in August 2005, is restricted to the south end of Hatteras Island 

in North Carolina (Shipp-Pennock et al. 2005). P. l. buxtoni is listed as a Species of Concern by 

the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and in North Carolina it is listed as Special Concern and 

ranked S2 (LeGrand et al. 2008), whereas P. l. leucopus is ranked S4 in Alabama and S5 in 

Georgia and North Carolina, it does not occur in Florida, and it is not ranked in South Carolina 
127 

(NatureServe 2009). Fifty-five individuals of P. l. buxtoni did not contain antibodies to 

ehrlichia, a tick-borne disease that causes illness in humans (Magnarelli et al. 1999). 

Cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) 

The cotton mouse is distributed throughout the southeastern United States (Wolfe and Linzey 

1977; Hall 1981), including all of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and most of South Carolina, but it 

does not inhabit the Upper Piedmont and Mountain physiographic provinces of North Carolina 

(Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). It 

has been reported from the Outer Banks of North Carolina (Brimley 1944-46; Lee et al. 1983), 

but these specimens represent the closely related white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus

(Parnell et al. 1992; Shipp-Pennock et al. 2005), and are not included below. The cotton mouse 

is common to abundant in a wide variety of forested habitats, including relatively dry, mesic, 

riparian, and swampy environments. It inhabits 11 parks in the Southeast Coast Network 

(MOCR, FOMO, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, OCMU, FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, FOCA, and FOMA) and, 

in suitable habitat, might be expected at CHAT as well (Table 23). It was thought to be 

extirpated from Anastasia Island (Pournelle and Barrington 1953; Humphrey et al. 1988; Boone 

et al. 1993), but recent specimens have been captured by personnel at GMNH, MSB, and UF. 

Two subspecies inhabit the area included in the Southeast Coast Network (Hall 1981; Boone et 

al. 1993) – P. g. gossypinus inhabits the Carolinas, most of Georgia (including the sea islands), 

northern Florida (including the barrier islands), and the Gulf Coast of Alabama; P. g. 

megacephalus inhabits northwestern Georgia and most of Alabama. However, Boone et al. 

(1999) opined that cotton mice from the Carolinas were distinct genetically from Georgia mice, 

but they did not formally describe the former. Federal and state management agencies do not 

consider the cotton mouse to be imperiled in the Southeast Coast Network. Three of 14 cotton 

mice from CUIS contained serum antibodies to Lyme disease, a tick-borne disease that causes 

illness in humans, whereas none of 14 from HOBE had antibodies (Magnarelli et al. 1992), and 

27 of 34 cotton mice from Charleston County, South Carolina, contained antibodies to Lyme 

disease (Clark et al. 2002). Cotton mice from CUIS did not contain serum antibodies to 

ehrlichia, another tick-borne disease that causes illness in humans (Magnarelli et al. 1999). Nine 

cotton mice from CUIS served as host to the following ectoparasites (Wilson and Durden 2003): 

a flea (Orchopeas leucopus), ticks (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes 

affinis, and I. scapularis), mites (Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, A. stabularis, and Ornithonyssus 

bacoti), and a chigger (Euschoengastia peromysci). 

Florida mouse (Podomys floridanus) 

As its name implies, the Florida mouse has a geographic distribution that is confined to 

peninsular Florida (Hall 1981; Jones and Layne 1993; Trani et al. 2007), and within the region 

included in the Southeast Coast Network, it occurs only on Anastasia Island. There is no 

evidence that the Florida mouse inhabits FOMA per se, but specimens have been taken just a few 

miles north of the park. With respect to TIMU and FOCA, Florida mice have been taken in Clay 

County, one county southwest of Duval County where these parks occur. It is listed as a Species 

of Concern and ranked S3 in Florida (http://floridaendangeredspeciesnetwork.org). Subspecies 

are not recognized. 

Golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli) 

The golden mouse is another rodent that is endemic to the southeastern United States (Packard 

1969; Linzey and Packard 1977; Hall 1981), and it is found in forested habitats at all elevations 
128 

throughout the entire project area of the Southeast Coast Network, save for coastal islands 

(Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1996; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). It 

inhabits eight mainland parks (MOCR, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, TIMU, and 

FOCA) in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23). Two subspecies occur in the region – O. n. 

nuttalli inhabits most of Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas, whereas O. n. floridanus inhabits 

peninsular Florida. Federal and state management agencies do not consider either to be 

imperiled. 

Hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 

The hispid cotton rat is a ubiquitous denizen of early to mid-successional habitats in the southern 

United States, Mexico, and Central America (Cameron and Spencer 1981; Hall 1981). It is 

locally abundant in early successional habitats and common in mid-successional habitats, but it is 

regularly encountered in forests as it disperses from densely populated areas. It is widespread 

throughout Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee 

et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007) and it is one of the most 

common mammals in the Southeast Coast Network. It inhabits 15 parks – WRBR, FORA, 

MOCR, FOMO, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, FOCA, 

and FOMA (Table 23). The hispid cotton rat probably occurred on Hatteras Island, North 

Carolina – E. L. Green, Jr., collected four cotton rats in “sandy-shrub areas” at Cape Hatteras 

(CAHA) in 1936, but the specimens were not saved (Parnell et al. 1992) and other 

documentation has not be secured since that time; this record is not included below. Apparently, 

the hispid cotton rat does not occur along most of the Outer Banks (Hatteras, Ocracoke, 

Portsmouth, South Core, and Shackleford islands) in North Carolina, although it likely occurs 

north of Bodie Island and on Roanoke Island (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992). Three 

subspecies are known from the Southeast Coast Network – S. h. hispidus inhabits the coastal 

regions of the Carolinas and Georgia; S. h. komareki inhabits the remainder of the Carolinas and 

Georgia; and S. h. floridanus inhabits most of peninsular Florida. The hispid cotton rat is not 

considered to be imperiled by federal and state management agencies. Ten of 14 cotton rats 

from Charleston County, South Carolina, contained antibodies to Lyme disease, a tick-borne 

disease that causes illness in humans (Clark et al. 2002). Five hispid cotton rats from CUIS 

served as host to the following ectoparasites (Wilson and Durden 2003): a sucking louse 

(Hoplopleura hirsuta), a flea (Polygenis gwyni), a tick (Dermacentor variabilis), a mite 

(Ornithonyssus bacoti), and a chigger (Eutrombicula splendens). 

Eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana) 

The eastern woodrat has a geographic distribution that includes much of the Mississippi 

lowlands and the Gulf Coat eastward to central Florida and southeastern North Carolina (Wiley 

1980; Ray 2000; Trani et al., 2007). It appears to be habitat specific, depending on coastal 

forests with dwarf palmetto, Sabal minor, or Piedmont sites with pronounced vertical relief. 

Evidence confirming the presence of eastern woodrats was secured at four parks (CONG, 

OCMU, FOFR, and TIMU) in the Southeast Coast Network and, although evidence was not 

found woodrats also might occur at FOCA (Table 23). Woodrats have been taken in more 

rugged habitat in several counties in Alabama distant to HOBE (Howell 1921), well north of 

CHAT and KEMO in northern Georgia (Golley 1962), and near MOCR in coastal North 

Carolina, but suitable woodrat habitat does not exist in these four parks. Populations in Alabama 

and Florida are not considered to be imperiled. The population inhabiting coastal North Carolina 

is declining in number (Webster et al. 1985; Adams 1987; Webster et al. 1987); it is listed as 
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Threatened and ranked S1 (LeGrand et a. 2008). It is listed as Special Concern and ranked S3S4 

in South Carolina (http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/pls/heritage) and ranked S3 in Georgia 

(http://georgiawildlife.dnr.state.ga.us/content/specialconcernanimals.asp). N. f. floridana

inhabits most of the region included in the Southeast Coast Network, including the Carolinas, 

Georgia, and Florida, whereas N. f. illinoensis inhabits Alabama. Fourteen of 18 eastern 

woodrats from Charleston County, South Carolina, contained antibodies to Lyme disease, a tickborne disease that causes illness in humans (Clark et al. 2002). 

Meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) 

The meadow vole is locally abundant throughout most of Canada and the northern United States 

(Hall 1981; Reich 1981; Johnson and Johnson 1982). It is distributed southward along the 

Appalachian Mountains to upstate Georgia and the Carolinas and along the mid-Atlantic coast to 

the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and there is a disjunct coastal population in Charleston 

County, South Carolina (Golley 1962, 1966; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 

2007). The meadow vole prefers herbaceous habitats such as fallow fields, roadside ditches, 

meadows, bogs, and estuarine salt marshes. Because of its northern affinities, it only occurs in 

four parks (CAHA, FORA, CHAT, and KEMO) in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23). 

Three subspecies are known from the region – M. p. pennsylvanicus is found throughout the 

southern Appalachian highlands, M. p. nigricans inhabits the coastal regions of the Carolinas, 

and M. p. dukecampbelli is found only in Waccasassa Bay in Levy County, Florida. Of these, M. 

p. dukecampbelli is listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as Endangered; it is included 

herein because I focused much of my fieldwork at CUIS in Swamp Field, which was dominated 

by seashore saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), the prevailing vegetation at Waccasassa Bay; 

unfortunately the characteristic clippings and scat deposited by meadow voles were not found at 

this site. M. p. nigrans is ranked S3 in North Carolina (NatureServe 2009) and M. p. 

pennsylvanicus is ranked S3S4 in Georgia 

(http://georgiawildlife.dnr.state.ga.us/content/specialconcernanimals.asp). In South Carolina, the 

meadow vole exists in the western mountains and in Charleston County in the eastern part of the 

state; both populations are listed as Special Concern and ranked S? 

(http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/pls/heritage/county_species.select_county_map) and the disjunct 

coastal population may be extirpated. Coastal specimens have been taken at the mouth of the 

Santee River and Cape Romain from Barn Owl pellets (Nelson 1934, 1937). Based on my 

examination of specimens at the Charleston Museum, two additional specimens of M. 

pennsylvanicus were captured on Cape Island (Cape Romain NWR) by traditional trapping 

techniques. 

Woodland vole (Microtus pinetorum) 

The woodland vole is distributed throughout the eastern United States, but it does not inhabit 

barrier and sea islands along the South Atlantic Coast and it is absent from southeastern Georgia 

and northeastern Florida (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Hall 1981; Smolen 1981; Johnson 

and Johnson 1982; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). 

Despite its common name, it occurs in a wide variety of habitats, such as evergreen and 

deciduous forests, thickets and pocosins, coastal prairies, and early successional grasslands. It 

occurs in seven mainland parks (MOCR, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, and OCMU) in 

the Southeast Coast Network (Table 1), where it is uncommon to locally common. Woodland 

voles in the area included in this investigation are separated into two subspecies – M. p. 

pinetorum inhabits most of the Southeast Coast Network except in northwestern Georgia, where 
130 

M. p. auricularis occurs. Neither is considered to be imperiled by federal and state management 

agencies. 

Round-tailed muskrat (Neofiber alleni) 

The round-tailed muskrat does not inhabit any parks in the Southeast Coast Network, but it is 

included herein for the sake of completeness. It distribution extends from the Okefenokee 

Swamp southward throughout much of Florida (Birkenholz 1972; Hall 1981; Perry 1982; Trani 

et al. 2007); its distribution does not overlap that of the common muskrat. Round-tailed 

muskrats in Georgia are assignable to N. a. exoristus, whereas those from north-central and eastcentral Florida are referable to N. a. alleni. Both are ranked S3 (NatureServe 2009). 

Common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) 

The common muskrat is a denizen of aquatic habitats throughout most of North American north 

of Mexico (Willner et al. 1980; Hall 1981; Perry 1982). It does not occur in Florida but it is 

found throughout North Carolina and most of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, except 

along the South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Webster et al. 

1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). It occurs in eight parks (CAHA, FORA, CALO, 

MOCR, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, and OCMU) in the Southeast Coast Network, and it is 

encroaching on KEMO (Table 23). Muskrats have been reported from Georgetown County 

(Golley 1966), immediately to the north of Charleston County, where FOSU, FOMO, and CHPI 

occur, and they were introduced into Charleston County (Cape Island, Cape Romain NWR) in 

1950 but did not become established (Golley 1966); these records are not included below. 

Common muskrats in coastal North Carolina are assigned to O. z. macrodon, whereas those from 

the remainder of the region are referred to O. z. zibethicus. Federal and state management 

agencies do not consider either to be imperiled. 

Black rat (Rattus rattus) 

The black rat is an exotic species introduced by early European colonists, and its geographic 

distribution includes most of the southeastern United States (Hall 1981). It typically associates 

itself with humans and their buildings, barns, and houses. Nonetheless, museum collections 

seldom include exotic species since they are non-native and therefore viewed as being 

unimportant by most scientists. In the northern part of Southeast Coast Network, it is much less 

common than its relative, the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), primarily because the Norway rat 

is a superior competitor in temperate climates. In southern subtropical environments, however, 

the situation is reversed and the black rat appears to be more abundant. Therefore, the black rat 

rarely is encountered in the Piedmont and Mountain physiographic provinces in Alabama, 

Georgia, and the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 

1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007); however, it is common in southern coastal cities, 

where major shipping facilities provide a continued source of immigrants (Howell 1921; Webster 

et al. 1985). In the Southeast Coast Network, black rats inhabit CAHA, MOCR, FOSU, FOMO, 

CHPI, CONG, FOFR, CUIS, CASA, and FOMA, and they are encroaching on WRBR, FORA, 

and CHAT (Table 23). The CUIS population largely has been eliminated (Shoop and 

Ruckdeschel 2001). The black rat once occupied abandoned shacks on Ocracoke Island 

(CAHA), on the Outer Banks of North Carolina (Engels 1942), and additional specimens have 

been collected there since that time. The black rat is not considered to be imperiled by federal or 

state management agencies. One species of flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea) was recovered from 

black rats inhabiting CUIS (Wilson and Durden 2003). 
131 

Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) 

The Norway rat is another exotic species introduced into North American by European colonists, 

although at a time after the black rat was introduced. The Norway rat is larger and more 

aggressive, and it largely replaced the more tropical black rat in most locations other than along 

the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The Norway rat is widely distributed in northern Alabama, 

northern Georgia, and the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golly 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et 

al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al., 2007). It inhabits 13 parks (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, 

CALO, MOCR, FOSU, FOMO, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, KEMO,OCMU, and FOFR) in the 

Southeast Coast Network and it is encroaching on CHAT (Table 23). It is common to abundant 

around large cities and rural agricultural facilities (Howell 1921), and federal and state 

management agencies do not consider it to be imperiled. 

House mouse (Mus musculus) 

The house mouse is widespread throughout most of North American as a result of being 

repeatedly introduced by humans. It is widespread and locally abundant in Alabama, Georgia, 

Florida, and the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 

1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). It and the two species of Rattus cause tremendous 

economic damage in the United States because of their close associations with humans. The 

house mouse, therefore, is not considered to be imperiled by federal and state management 

agencies. The few museum and literature records belie its widespread distribution and 

abundance in the Southeast Coast Network project area. It is locally abundant in early 

successional habitats and around haystacks, barns, and other man-made structures. The house 

mouse occupies 17 parks (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, CALO, MOCR, FOSU, FOMO, CHPI, 

CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, FOFR, TIMU, CASA, and FOMA) in the Southeast 

Coast Network and it is encroaching on FOCA (Table 23). Engels (1952) reported it from 

Shackleford Banks (CALO), but Webster (1987a, 1988) found no recent evidence of it there and 

suspected that feral cats extirpated it from that island. 

Meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius) 

The meadow jumping mouse is found throughout much of southern Canada and the northern 

United States, including the southern Appalachian Mountains (Whitaker 1972; Hall 1981). It is 

locally rare to uncommon to wet meadows and bogs in the Piedmont and Mountain 

physiographic provinces in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina, and the Mountain province in 

South Carolina (Golley 1962, 1966; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). 

It likely occurs in only two parks (CHAT and KEMO) in the Southeast Coast Network, although 

its geographic distribution is encroaching on HOBE (Table 23). In the region included in this 

investigation, meadow jumping mice are referred to Z. h. americanus. It is ranked S3 in 

Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina; it is unranked in South Carolina (NatureServe 2009) and 

does not occur in Florida. 

Nutria (Myocastor coypus) 

The nutria is originally from South America, but it has been introduced at several sites in the 

Deep South and along the mid-Atlantic coast and has dispersed widely since then (Willner 1982; 

Woods et al. 1992; Trani et al. 2007). It inhabits marine, estuarine, and freshwater marshes at 

CAHA, FORA, CALO, and OCMU and is encroaching on MOCR and TICU (Table 23). It was 

introduced on the Outer Banks of North Carolina in Hatteras Village area in 1941 (Quay 1959; 

Webster 1988); its distribution is expanding southward in coastal North Carolina (Webster et al. 
132 

1984; Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992) and it inhabits several sites in Pender and New Hanover 

counties, not far from MOCR. One specimen was taken in Jacksonville Bay in northeastern 

Florida, not far from TIMU. It also is established in southeastern Georgia and likely will 

colonize FOFR and CUIS eventually. 

Coyote (Canis latrans) 

The coyote has recently expanded its geographic distribution and now is distributed across most 

of North America (Fisher 1975; Bekoff 1977; Hall 1981), including Alabama, Georgia, the 

Carolinas, and most of Florida (Choate et al. 1994; DeBow et al. 1998; Trani et al. 2007). It was 

confined to the western United States prior to European colonization but moved eastward as 

wolves were extirpated from that region. Coyotes did not occur in Alabama when Howell (1921) 

surveyed the state’s mammalian fauna, but they reached Florida by the early 1980s (Brady and 

Campbell 1983), both as a result of natural dispersal and deliberate introductions in Georgia 

(Fisher 1975) and Florida (Cunningham and Dunford 1970). During the course fo this 

investigation, the coyote was documented at eight parks (MOCR, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, 

KEMO, OCMU, TIMU, and FOMA), it likely passes through CHPI on occasion, and it is 

encroaching on CAHA, WRBR, FORA, CALO, and FOCA (Table 23). Federal and state 

management agencies do not consider it to be imperiled. 

Domestic/feral dog (Canis familiaris) 

Evidence of feral dogs was not found at any park in the Southeast Coast Network, but evidence 

of the domestic dog was documented at 16 of the 19 parks included in this study, all but FOSU, 

HOBE, and CUIS (Table 1). Domestic dogs observed during this investigation typically were 

under voice or leash control in suburban parks (CHAT) but usually running unleashed in rural 

parks (CONG). Domestic dogs were incredibly abundant in parks adjacent to large metropolitan 

areas (CHAT and KEMO) and common in parks with heavy visitor usage (CAHA), but rare to 

absent in remote parks with scant acreage or inaccessibility (CASA and FOSU, respectively). 

Red wolf (Canis rufus) 

The red wolf once inhabited the southeastern United States and Gulf Coast region as far west as 

Texas (Paradiso and Nowak 1972; Hall 1981; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007), but its 

distribution began to shrink as the southeastern United States was colonized after European 

colonization. The red wolf was extirpated from the Southeast during the late 1800s and early 

1900s; the last remaining population, surviving in coastal Texas and Louisiana in the 1970s, was 

brought to a captive breeding program in an attempt to save the species from extinction. Red 

wolves have not been reintroduced into the parks included in the Southeast Coast Network, but 

they have been reintroduced over the last three decades into a few national wildlife refuges that 

are somewhat adjacent to parks in eastern North Carolina (Alligator NWR, which is adjacent to 

CAHA, WRBR, FORA, and CALO, and then Pocosin Lakes NWR) and coastal South Carolina 

(Cape Romain NWR, which is adjacent to FOSU, FOMO, and CHPI). It is unlikely that red 

wolves ever inhabited remote islands in the region included in the Southeast Coast Network 

because they would not have been able to have sufficient population size to avoid the deleterious 

effects of inbreeding and genetic bottlenecks; however, they likely inhabited mainland sites 

associated with each park before they were extirpated. There is virtually no historical 

information about the red wolf in the area included in the Southeast Coast Network. Bartram 

(1791) provided some natural history information in his description of the species, Howell 

(1921) gave a lengthy description of the status of red wolves in Alabama, mentioning that 17 red 
133 

wolves were killed Clay County during a two-day period in 1896 (Howell 1921), and Harper 

(1927) mentions its status in the Okefenokee Swamp of southeastern Georgia. The red wolf is 

extirpated throughout its geographic distribution and it is considered to be critically imperiled 

because captive breeding facilities and “non-essential experimental populations” only exist in a 

few states. The red wolf is listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as Endangered and 

established reintroduced and propogation populations in North and South Carolina are ranked S1 

(NatureServe 2009). 

Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 

The red fox is a boreal species, and its recently expanded geographic distribution includes most 

of Canada and the United States (Hall 1981; Larivière and Pasitschniak-Arts 1996). It appears to 

have become established in the Deep South within historic times as forests were converted to 

farmland and individuals were released for sport hunting. It now occurs throughout Alabama, 

most of Georgia and the Carolinas, and extreme northernmost Florida (Howell 1921; Golley 

1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). It does 

not inhabit the sea islands of South Carolina and Georgia, but it does venture southward along 

the Outer Banks of North Carolina (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992), passing WRBR and 

eventually reaching Cape Point and Cape Hatteras lighthouse (CAHA) in 2000 and 2001 (Marcia 

Lyons personal communication), where it unfortunately preys on sea turtle eggs and hatchlings 

and colonial nesting waterbird and shorebirds eggs and chicks. It also was documented at 

CHIPI, CHAT (Orrs Ferry), OCMU, and FOCA, and it likely inhabits three other parks (HOBE, 

KEMO, and TIMU) in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23). In addition, it occasionally 

might pass through another two parks (MOCR and CONG) where habitat is generally lacking. 

The red fox is common in open habitats, uncommon in broken forests, and rare in dense forests 

and therefore not considered to be imperiled by federal or state management agencies. Red foxes 

in the southeastern United States are referable to V. v. fulva. 

Common gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 

The common gray fox is a denizen of broken to dense forests in the United States, Central 

America, and northern South America (Hall 1981; Fritzell and Haroldson 1982). It is 

widespread throughout the entire Southeastern United States (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; 

Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). The common gray 

fox inhabits 14 parks (CAHA, WRBR, FORA, MOCR, FOMO, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, 

KEMO, OCMU, TIMU, FOCA, and FOMA) in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23). It also 

has been reported from Cumberland Island (Bent 1940), which is not included below because it 

was not found there by Bangs (1898), despite his extensive survey of the island’s mammalian 

fauna, and it has not been recorded during surveys that have been conducted by scientists 

representing several universities, most notably GMNH, over the last four decades,. Moreover, 

the gray fox does not exist on other islands in Georgia (Neuhauser and Baker, 1974) and there is 

no archeological evidence that it ever did (Marrinan 1975; Reitz and Honerkamp 1983). Gray 

foxes from northern Alabama, Georgia, upland South Carolina, and all of North Carolina are 

assignable to U. c. cinereoargenteus, whereas those from the remainder of the region are 

assignable to U. c. floridanus. Neither subspecies is considered to be imperiled (NatureServe 

2009). 
134 

American black bear (Ursus americanus) 

The American black bear was distributed widely across most of North America before European 

colonists arrived (Hall 1981; Larivière 2001), but it now only occurs in remote mainland 

locations of sufficient size to support large healthy populations. In the region included in the 

Southeast Coast Network, healthy populations exist in remote coastal swamps and river 

floodplains (Pelton 1982; Trani et al. 2007), and some of these populations are increasing in size. 

However, much of the black bear’s former habitat irrevocably has been converted for human 

occupation, and many existing records document historic occupation rather than current status. 

The only parks in the Southeast Coast Network that currently have sufficient habitat to support a 

sustainable bear population are CONG, OCMU, and TIMU, but only provided such populations 

are connected to adjacent populations along riverine corridors and swamp mosaics, critical 

habitats for black bears. Black bears are tremendously mobile, however, and occasionally they 

wander through MOCR and perhaps the northernmost units of CHAT. There is no evidence that 

bears occupied the Outer Banks of North Carolina, but individuals sometimes swim or their 

carcasses float to many of these islands, some of them quite remote – Bodie Island (Lee et al. 

1983), Ocracoke Island (this investigation), and Shackleford and Core banks (Engels 1952). 

There are records of black bears from Saint Simons Island (Moore 1840; Leigh 1883) 

Cumberland Island (Bartram 1791; Ober 1880; Bangs 1898; Sprunt 1936), and Anastasia Island 

(Bangs 1898). Futhermore, black bears were released on Cumberland Island in 1914, but this 

introduction ultimately was unsuccessful (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001). These records are not 

included below because recent records from both Saint Simons and Cumberland islands are 

lacking (Harris 1984). Two subspecies inhabit the southeastern United States – U. a. americanus

is found throughout the entire region except in Florida, southern Georgia, and southern Alabama, 

where U. a. floridanus occurs. U. f. floridanus is listed as Threatened 

(http://www.floridaendangeredspeciesnetwork.org) and ranked S2 in Florida, southern Georgia, 

and southern Alabama (NatureServe 2009). U. a. americanus is not considered to be imperiled 

federally or in North Carolina (LeGrand et al. 2008) and Georgia (NatureServe 2009), but it is 

listed as Special Concern and ranked S3? in South Carolina 

(http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/pls/heritage/county_species.select_county_map) and ranked S2 in 

Alabama (NatureServe 2009). 

Northern raccoon (Procyon lotor) 

The northern raccoon is a denizen of most terrestrial habitats in North American, although it is 

most abundant in habitats classified as wetlands (Lotze and Anderson 1979; Hall 1981; 

Kaufmann, 1982). It was found in all 19 parks included in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 

23), and generally was common to abundant in each. Five subspecies occur throughout 

Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; 

Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007), none of which is considered to be 

imperiled by federal or state management agencies. P. l varius inhabits Alabama and most of 

Georgia, P. l. elucus inhabits Florida and southern Georgia, P. l. litoreus inhabits eastern Georgia 

and its type locality is Saintt Simons Island; P. l. solutus inhabits South Carolina; and P. l. lotor

inhabits North Carolina. Almost half of 221 raccoons from Georgia and South Carolina that 

were tested carried Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas’ disease in humans (Yabsley and 

Noblet 2002). A chewing louse (Trichodectes octomaculatus) and ticks (Amblyomma 

americanum and Dermacentor variabilis) have been removed from raccoons inhabiting CUIS 

(Wilson and Durden 2003). Northern raccoons are a major prey item for American alligators at 

CUIS (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1990). 
135 

Long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) 

The long-tailed weasel is found throughout most of North America and western South America 

(Hall 1981; Svendsen 1982; Sheffield and Thomas 1997), and it is distributed throughout all five 

states included in this investigation (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster 

et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). Its abundance is difficult to determine because 

of its secretive nature, and there are few museum and literature records from the southeastern 

United States. Nonetheless, the long-tailed weasel undoubtedly occurs in most parks other than 

parks on barrier and sea islands. It likely inhabits seven mainland parks (MOCR, CONG, 

HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, and TIMU) in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23) and 

encroaches on another two small parks (CHPI and FOCA), although suitable habitat in both has 

been severely despoiled by development. Two subspecies are found in the Southeast Coast 

Network – M. f. olivacea inhabits most of Alabama, Georgia, northern Florida, and Coast South 

Carolina, and M. f. noveboracensis inhabits the northern parts of Alabama, Georgia, South 

Carolina, and all of North Carolina. The long-tailed weasel is not considered to be imperiled 

federally; however, it is ranked S3 in Alabama and S3S4 in both North and South Carolina, and 

M. f. olivacea is ranked S3? in Florida (NatureServe 2009). 

American mink (Neovison vison) 

The American mink is a denizen of wetland habitats throughout most of Canada and the United 

States (Hall 1981; Larivière 1999). It is widely distributed throughout Alabama, Georgia, 

Florida, and the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Linscombe et al. 1982; Lee et al. 

1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007), but within this region its 

abundance varies tremendously based on water quality, reflecting habitat degradation. In 

particular, coastal populations have declined precipitously, and PCB and mercury concentrations 

have been implicated in severe reproductive dysfunction (Osowski et al. 1995). There are few 

records from the southeastern United States, but the American mink inhabits 11 of the 19 parks 

(CAHA, FORA, CALO, MOCR, FOSU, CONG, CHAT, FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, and FOMA) in 

the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23). Furthermore, the mink likely occasions four other 

parks (FOMO, CHPI, HOBE, and OCMU), it encroaches on KEMO and FOCA, and it likely 

inhabited the CASA region prior to its urbanization. Mink from coastal regions from Charleston, 

South Carolina, southward through Anastasia Island, Florida, are referable to M. v. lutensis, 

which is ranked S3 in Florida but unranked in Georgia and South Carolina; mink from the 

remainder of the five-state region are referable to M. v. mink, which is not considered to be 

imperiled by federal and state management agencies (NatureServe 2009). Mink are consumed 

by American alligators at CUIS (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1990). 

Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) 

The northern river otter is a top-level aquatic carnivore, so it is an excellent bioindicator of 

healthy wetland habitats throughout the extent of its geographic distribution, which includes 

most of North American north of Mexico (Hall 1981; Toweill and Tabor 1982; Lariviere and 

Walton 1998). Its distribution ranges throughout Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas 

(Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani 

et al. 2007). Parks in the Southeast Coast Network include a plethora of wetland habitats and 

river otters occur, at least occasionally, in 16 of 19 parks (CAHA, FORA, CALO, MOCR, 

FOSU, FOMO, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, OCMU, FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, FOCA, and 

FOMA) in the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23). Records at both FOSU sites (Aquarium and 

Fort), in particular, demonstrate how tolerant otters are of disturbed habitat. Because they have 
136 

large home ranges, otters might visit CASA on rare occasions as well, but there is not enough 

suitable habitat at KEMO or the surrounding region to support otters. All otters in the Southeast 

Coast Network are assigned to L. c. lataxina, which is not considered to be imperiled by federal 

and state management agencies. American alligators prey on northern river otters on CUIS 

(Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1990). 

Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) 

The striped skunk inhabits most of southern Canada, the United States, and northern Mexico 

(Hall 1981; Godin 1982; Wade-Smith and Verts 1982), and it is distributed throughout Alabama, 

Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and most of North Carolina (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; 

Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). Its abundance ranges 

from uncommon along the western edge of the Southeast Coast Network to rare along the eastern 

edge. Striped skunks occur at CONG, CHAT, OCMU, and TIMU, and they likely visit HOBE 

and KEMO on occasion as well (Table 23). Striped skunks from the Carolinas, eastern Georgia, 

and Florida are referable to M. m. elongata, whereas those from western Georgia and most of 

Alabama are referable to M. m. nigra. Neither is considered to be imperiled by federal and state 

management agencies. 

Eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius) 

The eastern spotted skunk inhabits the central United States and northeastern Mexico, including 

Alabama, most of Georgia and Florida, and western South and North Carolina; it does not 

inhabit northeastern Florida or coastal Georgia (Howell 1921; Van Gelder 1959; Golley 1962, 

1966; Hall 1981; Howard and Marsh 1982; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 

1994; Kinlaw 1995; Trani et al. 2007). It is poorly known throughout much of this range but it is 

not considered to be imperiled federally. It is ranked S2S3 in Alabama, S3 in North Carolina, 

and S4 in Georgia (NatureServe 2009) and in South Carolina it is listed as Special Concern 

(https://www.dnr.sc.gov/pls/heritage/county_species.select_county_map) and ranked S4 

(NatureServe 2009), Records of spotted skunks from the Charleston, South Carolina, region 

(Van Gelder 1959), attributed to oral reports from Albert Schwartz, are dubious and not included 

below. Currently, the spotted skunk does not appear to occur in any parks in the Southeast Coast 

Network; however, there are historic records from several counties in Georgia that either have 

parks or are adjacent to counties that have parks, including CHAT and KEMO (Table 23). 

Spotted skunks from Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas are referable to S. p. putorius, 

whereas those from peninsular Florida at referable to S. p. ambarvalis. 

Feral cat (Felis catus) 

Domesticated cats have been introduced throughout much of the world, and they are widespread 

in the entire region included in the Southeast Coast Network. Once abandoned, these cats 

quickly establish feral populations, causing two major problems – cats consume native wildlife, 

species that are not accustomed to this exotic predator, and they deprive native predators of that 

prey base. Thus, their impact on native ecosystems is profound. Cats were documented in 18 

parks (Table 23), all but FOSU, usually on the basis of bone fragments, teeth, hair, and claws 

removed from coyote scat or from tracks and sightings. Feral individuals form the bulk of those 

eaten by coyotes, but in suburban settings domestic pets probably are consumed as well. A cat 

removal program should be an ongoing priority in all parks. Feral cats on CUIS serve as hosts 

for the following ectoparasites (Wilson and Durden 2003): fleas (Ctenocephalides felis and 
137 

Echidnophaga gallinacea) and ticks (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor varabilis, and 

Ixodes scapularis). 

Mountain lion (Puma concolor) 

The mountain lion, or panther as it is called in the southeastern United States, was once the most 

widely distributed mammal in the Western Hemisphere, ranging from northern Canada to 

southern South America (Hall 1981; Dixon 1982; Currier 1983). Its distribution has become 

much reduced as a result of relentless human persecution and loss of habitat (Lee 1987; Choate 

et al. 1994), although recently mountain lions have been recolonizing parts of their former range 

in the Plains States. In the eastern North America, it currently exists in southern Florida and 

northeastern Canada. Despite numerous reports to the contrary, it has not recolonized Alabama, 

Georgia, or the Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; 

Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). During the course of this investigation, without 

systematically attempting to interview a variety of people familiar with each park, personnel 

associated with CAHA, MOCR, HOBE, and CUIS vouched for the panther’s presence in those 

parks. MOCR and HOBE are within the historic range of this large cat, but CAHA and CUIS do 

not have sufficient acreage to support viable population numbers. Bangs (1898), who described 

the Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi, never mentioned panthers on Cumberland Island or 

the adjacent mainland, Harris (1984) did not consider it to be extirpated from Cumberland Island, 

and Neuhauser and Baker (1974) did not report it from any of the other islands on the Georgia 

coast. White (1849) mentioned panthers on Saint Simons Island in Glynn County, Georgia, 

Mills (1826) mentions a 8.5-ft long “panther” from Wambow Swamp in Charleston County, 

South Carolina, that was killed in 1796, and Sanders (1978) provided a lengthy discussion about 

presumptive mountain lion evidence at Cape Romain NWR in Charleston County and Belle 

Baruch Field Laboratory in Georgetown County, South Carolina; the Mills (1826) record appears 

credible and is included below. The mountain lion is listed as Endangered by federal and state 

management agencies, although it is ranked as either historic or extirpated in all southeastern 

states but Florida, where it is ranked S1. It is noteworthy that the population in southwestern 

Florida appears to be growing and some individuals have dispersed well north of this stronghold. 

One panther, for example, was killed by an automobile in 2005 on a highway bridge that crosses 

the Saint Johns River along the Saint Johns-Duval county line (David Reed personal 

communication). This record is not included below. 

Bobcat (Lynx rufus) 

The bobcat is distributed widely across southern Canada, the United States, and most of Mexico 

(Hall 1981; McCord and Cardoza 1982; Larivière and Walton 1997), and it has a statewide 

distribution in North Carolina and South Carolina (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 

1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 1994; Trani et al. 2007). Its abundance varies according 

to that of its prey base, but in general the bobcat is uncommon to common throughout its range. 

There are few museum specimens and literature records from the 19 parks included in this 

investigation, but the bobcat inhabits nine parks (MOCR, CONG, HOBE, CHAT, OCMU, CUIS, 

TIMU, FOCA, and FOMA) in the Southeast Coast Network, and it might also occur in KEMO 

(Table 23). The history of bobcats on Cumberland Island is particularly interesting. Apparently, 

bobcats inhabited Cumberland Island until about 1907, when disease eliminated the population 

(Harper 1927). Five bobcats were introduced to Cumberland Island in 1972 and 1973 (Carol 

Ruckdeschel personal communication), and another 32 were brought in 1989-1990 (Ragsdale 

1993). This population, which now numbers over 100 individuals according to recent NPS 
138 

estimates, primarily survives on the island’s marsh rabbits and deer (Baker 1991). In fact, there 

is some evidence that bobcats have depleted the rabbit population (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 

2001). There is a dubious sight record from Collington Island, on the Outer Banks of North 

Carolina (Lee et al. 1983), and a dead individual washed up on CALO, but these records are not 

included below. Two species of fleas (Cediopsylla simplex and Ctenocephalides felis) and one 

species of tick (Dermacentor variabilis) have been found on bobcats from CUIS (Wilson and 

Durden 2003). All bobcats in the southeastern United States are assignable to L. r. floridanus. 

Federal and state management agencies do not consider it to be imperiled. 

Domestic/feral horse (Equus caballus) 

The feral horse is a native of the Old World; it has been introduced and allowed to roam 

throughout much of North America. Today it is locally abundant in the western United States 

but extremely localized in the east (Slade and Godfrey 1982). For example, it once occurred 

widely along the Outer Banks of North Carolina and it still roams throughout Shackleford Banks 

(CALO), but it has been removed from the remainder of the Outer Banks, save for a small herd 

occupying one enclosure on Ocracoke Island (CAHA) and a free-ranging herd in Currituck 

County, North Carolina, well to the north of WRBR. Horses on the Outer Banks are thought to 

be descendants of Spanish mustangs, but those on CUIS are thought to be descended from “a 

train-car load of mustangs from Arizona [that] was released on the island in the 1920” (Shoop 

and Ruckdeschel 2001). Wilson and Durden (2003) found two species of ticks (Amblyomma 

americanum and Ixodes scapularis) on the horses at CUIS. One burro, or African wild ass, (E. 

asinus) wandered CUIS with the horses until recently, when it died (Carol Ruckdeschel personal 

communication); it is not afforded a separate species account. Evidence of horses was collected 

at five other parks (CONG, HOBE, CHAT, KEMO, and TIMU) in the Southeast Coast Network 

(Table 23), but their presence in each was solely recreational. 

Feral pig (Sus scrofa) 

The feral pig is another Old World species that has been widely introduced into North America; 

it also has escaped from captivity and is free-ranging throughout much of the United States, 

especially in the Deep South (Sweeney and Sweeney 1982; Mayer and Brisbin, 1991). Evidence 

of feral pigs was found at CONG, OCMU, CUIS, and TIMU (Table 23). In parks where they 

occur, the detrimental effect of their rooting was severe; a removal program is recommended. 

Pigs in Florida and coastal Georgia are predominantly feral, whereas those inhabiting river 

floodplains in central Georgia and South Carolina are feral-boar hybrids resulting from deliberate 

introductions along the Ocmulgee River in Houston County, Georgia, and the Congaree Swamp 

in Richland and Calhoun counties, South Carolina, respectively (Mayer and Brisbin 1991). Once 

widely distributed along Outer Banks (Parnell et al. 1992), it now seldom ventures from 

Currituck County southward into Dare County (Parnell et al. 1992), so a relatively recent 

extramlimital record from WRBR is not included below. Historic accounts from CALO (Engels 

1952) are not included below since they have been extirpated at least as far back as the mid1980s (Webster 1987a). A sucking louse (Haematopinus suis) and ticks (Amblyomma 

americanum, A. maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis) parasitize (Wilson 

and Durden 2003) and American alligators prey (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1990) on the pigs 

inhabiting CUIS. 
139 

Goat (Capra hircus) 

Goats have been widely introduced onto many islands in the southeastern United States, and they 

once were distributed along Outer Banks of North Carolina (Engels 1952; Webster 1987a; 

Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992). Seven goats were removed from Shcakleford Bans (CALO) 

in 1986 and the last remaining individuals were removed in 1987. No evidence of this exotic 

domesticated species was collected in the parks included during this investigation, but one 

mature ram was killed by an automobile on Buford Dam Road, near the entrance to Bowmans 

Island (CHAT) in northern Georgia. As with other livetock species, goats were released on 

islands because they required no fencing and scant monitoring, they survived largely on the 

native vegetation and did not require large amounts of supplemental feeding, and the barrier 

islands did not have large predators. 

European mouflon sheep (Ovis aries) 

The European mouflon sheep has been released on many islands in the southeastern United 

States, especially along the Outer Banks in North Carolina (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992). 

This exotic inhabited Shackleford Banks (CALO), North Carolina (Engels 1952; Webster, 

1987a), until 1986, when 320 sheep were removed from the the island. No evidence of its 

existence was found during this investigation, and the species should be considered as in 

introduced exotic that is now extirpated from CAHA and CALO. 

Domestic cattle (Bos taurus) 

Domestic cattle represent another exotic that has been released on several islands in the 

southeastern United States, including for example the Outer Banks of North Carolina (CAHA, 

WRBR, and CALO), including Shackelford Banks (Engels 1952; Webster 19871), and 

Cumberland Island (CUIS) in Georgia. One skeleton was recovered from Mullet Pond on 

Shackleford Banks (CALO) in March 1986, the same year that 110 cattle were removed from the 

island. Cattle also have been removed from CAHA and WRBR. The cattle introduced to CUIS 

became established on the island in a feral state; they were removed from Cumberland Island in 

the mid-1980s (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001). , Therefore, the species now should be considered 

an introduced exotic that has been extirpated from CAHA, WRBR, CALO, and CUIS. Skeletal 

material recovered at HOBE and TIMU likely represent animals that were slaughtered for 

human consumpmtion. Two species of sucking lice (Linognathus vituli and Solenopotes 

capillatus) were found on cattle from CUIS (Wilson and Durden 2003). 

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 

The white-tailed deer is found throughout most North America and northern South America 

(Hall 1981; Hesselton and Hesselton 1982; Smith 1991). Its numbers declined significantly as a 

result of unregulated harvest in the early 20th Century, but it has recovered since game laws 

became established and it is now widespread throughout Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the 

Carolinas (Howell 1921; Golley 1962, 1966; Lee et al. 1983; Webster et al. 1985; Choate et al. 

1994; Trani et al. 2007). Deer inhabit 14 parks (CAHA, WRBR, MOCR, CHPI, CONG, HOBE, 

CHAT, KEMO, OCMU, FOFR, CUIS, TIMU, FOCA, and FOMA) in the Southeast Coast 

Network (Table 1). The white-tailed deer is uncommon to abundant in suitable habitat, and it is 

not considered to be imperiled by federal or state management agencies. Specimens from 

Alabama, Georgia (except Blackbeard Island), and the Carolinas (except Hilton Head, Hunting, 

and Bulls islands) are referable to O. v. virginianus, whereas those from most of peninsular 

Florida at referable to O. v. seminola. Deer at CUIS are parasitized heavily (Wilson and Durden 
140 

2003) by chewing lice (Damalinia sp.), a louse-fly (Lipoptena mazamae), ticks (Amblyomma 

americanum, Ixodes affinis, and I. scapularis), a chigger (Eutrombicula batatas), and a scab 

mite (Psoroptes cuniculi), and they are consumed by American alligators (Shoop and 

Ruckdeschel 1990). Some deer at CUIS apparently are albino or they have white pelage – on 1 

March 2005 I observed a doe with a daughter; both appeared albino, but park staff opined that 

the daughter had spots. The European fallow deer was introduced on Little Saint Simons Island 

and some of those individuals colonized Saint Simons Island (Neuhauser and baker 1974); this 

species is not afforded a separate species account and I mention it here for the sake of 

completeness. 
141 

Discussion 

A total of 48 terrestrial mammals was documented as Present or Probably Present at 19 parks in 

the Southeast Coast Network (Table 23). In addition, nine species of bats were documented as 

Present or Probably Present in five parks in North Carolina. Eight (black rat, Norway rat, house 

mouse, nutria, domestic dog, feral cat, horse, and feral pig) of the 48 terrestrial species (16.7%) 

are exotic; that is, they were introduced either deliberately or incidentally by humans. Moreover, 

another five species that have been introduced widely into the southeastern United States 

(African wild ass, goat, European mouflon sheep, domestic cattle, and European fallow deer) 

have since been removed from park properties or adjacent regions. The most frequently 

encountered mammal species (followed by the number of occupied parks in parentheses) were 

the northern raccoon (19), feral cat (18), eastern gray squirrel (17), house mouse (17), Virginia 

opossum (16), eastern mole (16), domestic dog (16), northern river otter (16), eastern cottontail 

(15), marsh rice rat (15), hispid cotton rat (15), American mink (15), and white-tailed deer (15). 

Of these 13 widespread species, the feral cat, house mouse, and domestic dog are exotics; dogs 

typically usually were under voice or leash control, but feral cats and house mice are not, so they 

move about park properties with impunity. Three native species (nine-banded armadillo, coyote, 

and red fox) have expanded their geographic distributions into the SECN region, both naturally 

and with the assistance of introductions into the southeastern United States, and three others (red 

wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion) have been extirpated at the landscape scale, 

although the black bear has recolonized part of its former geographic distribution. One other 

species deserves comment at this time – the southeastern pocket gopher recently was extirpated 

from Cumberland Island, including CUIS, and this is the only park in the SCEN where this 

species occurred. All told, mammalian species composition in the southeastern United States has 

changed dramatically over the last 400 years, and in fact the faunal assemblages in some parks 

changed during the course of this six-year investigation. 

There are two large-scale generalizations that can be made about the mammalian faunas of the 

SCEN parks. First, large inland parks (CONG, HOBE, CHAT, and OCMU) have the greatest 

number of terrestrial mammal species, whereas small coastal parks (FOSU, FOMO, and CASA) 

have the least (Table 23). This is not surprising inasmuch as large areas tend to have greater 

topographic relief, habitat diversity, and community structure; they sometimes include more than 

one physiographic province or they are adjacent to areas where two physiographic provinces 

meet. Also, large inland parks have similar mammalian faunas – each typically includes the 13 

widespread species mentioned above and they also share a dominant secondary group of 15 

species that are characteristic of the southeastern United States, including the southeastern shrew, 

least shrew, a short-tailed shrew (either northern or southern, but not both), another rabbit (either 

swamp or marsh, but not both), southern flying squirrel, American beaver, eastern harvest 

mouse, golden mouse, another mouse (either white-footed or cotton, but not both), woodland 

vole, common muskrat, coyote, common gray fox, long-tailed weasel, and bobcat. Conversely, 

small coastal parks have degraded habitats and the only species common to all are the black rat, 

house mouse, and northern raccoon. 

Mammalian diversity in the 19 parks in the SECN varies greatly on the basis of directional and 

stochastic temporal changes in mammalian faunas over time, the introduction of exotic 

mammalian and non-mammalian species that alter community structure via competition and 

predator-prey relationships, and habitat alteration via mechanical or climate-induced means. 
142 

When describing the mammalian fauna over a landscape as large as the Southeast Coast 

Network, these three agents of change – temporal, introduction of exotic species, and habitat 

alteration – are intermingled (e.g. differential shifts in the geographic distributions of species 

reflects climate change and habitat alteration). However, when describing the mammalian fauna 

on a local level or when describing one particular species over a large landscape, one category of 

change generally is more important than another (e.g. loss of native habitat associated with the 

building of Castillo de San Marcos or the introduction of feral cats, respectively). In some cases 

the change in community structure occurs over time in such a way that biologists do not perceive 

its significance. In others, the change occurs so quickly that the significance is readily apparent 

to most. 

As it has around the globe, the mammalian fauna in the region encompassed by the Southeast 

Coast Network has changed throughout geologic time. However, in the last 400 years, or since 

Europeans colonized North America, changes in species composition are perceived to have 

accelerated tremendously. In many cases the shifts in mammalian faunas have been clearly 

documented. One paradigm shift reflects the introduction of commensal rodents (black rat, 

Norway rat, and house mouse) or the commensurate introduction of predators to control these 

rodents (house cat). These changes began when Europeans brought the black rat to eastern North 

America in the early 1600s (Webster et al. 1985), but they continue today as freighters arrive 

from around the World, continually bringing exotic species to North America. Exotic rodents 

despoil grains and spread disease directly (e.g. hanta virus and hemorrhagic fever) or indirectly 

through their parasites (e.g. plague and typhus), they cause damage to edificarian structures due 

to their gnawing, and due to their ability to colonize ephemeral habitats, exotic rodents 

outcompete native species that once colonized early successional communities, such as eastern 

harvest mice in agrarian communities. Likewise, the house cat has acquired the reputation as a 

cunning predator of native small to squirrel-sized rodents, birds, lizards, and just about anything 

else it can capture; house cats also spread toxoplasmosis and cat scratch disease. Parks that are 

dominated by natural habitats (CUIS and TIMU) tend to have lower densities of commensal 

rodents and feral cats, whereas parks that are greatly modified, either naturally via frequent 

storms (CAHA and WRBR) or as a result of human activities via urbanization (CHPI and 

CASA), tend to have higher densities of commensal rodents and feral cats. 

Another shift in mammalian biodiversity relates to the introduction of livestock as a source of 

hides, food, warfare, beasts of burden, or companionship (nutria, horse, pig, goat, sheep, and 

cow, and dog). Too often these species became feral, although the implications of free-ranging 

populations of exotic species were not fully comprehended in the past. For example, the nutria 

was introduced in 1941 at Hatteras Island, North Carolina (Quay 1959), as a source of fur, but 

the experiment failed miserably (Willner 1982). The fur never became marketable, and escaped 

animals became the source population for its current distribution, which ranges along the East 

Coast from the mid-Atlantic States to northeastern Florida (Willner 1982; Woods et al. 1992). 

Several species of livestock were introduced widely when Europeans colonized North America. 

It was common in those days to release livestock on islands because they required no fencing, 

there was little competition for forage, and large predators did not exist on islands (Littleton 

1979). As an aside, it is interesting to note that the latter fact largely escapes those who opine 

that wolves and panthers once inhabited barrier islands and sea islands in the southeastern United 

States. Livestock alter community structure through their foraging activities (Sweeney and 

Sweeney 1982; Mayer and Brisbin 1991; Rheinhardt and Rheinhardt 2004; Wilcox and Van 
143 

Vuren 2009). For example, horses graze and trample native vegetation on Shackleford Banks 

(CALO) and Cumberland Island (CUIS), which favors for example ground-nesting shorebirds 

rather than colonial nesting waterbirds that nest in wrack (Levin et al. 2002). Likewise, the 

rooting, foraging, and trampling activities of pigs alters community structure and greatly 

diminished ground dwelling vertebrates (Wilcox and Van Vuren 2009), especially at CONG, 

OCMU, CUIS, and TIMU. The domestic dog was brought with European settlers to provide 

protection, companionship, and help in hunting. Some became feral, but this problem is obsolete 

now, as free-ranging populations of feral dogs have largely been replaced by coyotes; dogs 

encountered during this investigation were domesticated and typically under voice or leash 

control. The nine-banded armadillo is unusual because the reason for its introduction into 

Florida, beginning in 1924 and continuing into the 1930s, is obscure. Nonetheless, it now 

inhabits much of the southeastern United States, including six SECN parks. Its rooting and 

predatory behavior negatively affects community structure (McBee and Baker 1982; Engeman et 

al. 2002), especially in CUIS and TIMU. 

Another cause of change in the mammalian faunas in the SECN region relates to the tendency of 

species to changes their geographic distributions as a result of changes in climate. Included in 

this category are Gulf Coast species that have expanded their geographic distributions northward 

(southern short-tailed shrew, northern yellow bat, Brazilian free-tailed bat, and nine-banded 

armadillo) and New England – Great Lakes species that have retracted their geographic 

distributions northward (northern short-tailed shrew, meadow vole, and meadow jumping mouse) 

in response to climate change. These species typically are small bodied and their home ranges 

tend to be small, so changes in climate have a more pronounced effect on their geographic 

distributions; larger-bodied species are more adaptable and more widespread geographically, and 

they have not demonstrated noticeable shifts in their geographic distributions. In particular, the 

northward range expansion of the northern yellow bat, Brazilian free-tailed bat, and nine-banded 

armadillo have occurred rapidly during the last four decades as climates have warmed. 

Conversely, the disjunct populations of the meadow vole in Charleston County, South Carolina, 

and on the Gulf Coast of Florida, clearly indicate that the meadow vole was more widely 

distributed in the southeastern Unites States during a climatic optimum. The taxonomic status of 

the Charleston County voles is uncertain but the Florida Gulf Coast population, recognized as the 

distinct Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli, is listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service. Likewise, the meadow jumping mouse once inhabited the Upper Piedmont and 

Mountain physiographic provinces in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama, but it is now 

restricted to the mountains in these states, and was only encountered at CHAT and KEMO. 

Another shift in species composition in the mammals of the SECN parks related to changes in 

the landscape by either natural or human-induced mechanisms. Coastal parks have low 

mammalian diversity in part because they are very susceptible to weather-related change of 

catastrophic scale. Hurricanes and nor’easters can move inlets, sweep vegetation off of islands, 

and shift huge quantities of sand, creating washover terraces. Island parks with greater relief and 

habitat complexity, CAHA and CUIS for example, tend to be more protected from storm surges 

and have greater mammalian diversity when compared to islands with low relief and less habitat 

complexity (Webster and Reese 1992), but even these large parks have less diversity than 

mainland sites of comparable acreage. One the most pronounced natural change in landscape 

involves the movement of inlets along the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Along the Outer 

Banks, inlets move from north to south as long-shore drift moves sand southward, following the 
144 

Labrador Current. Eventually, inland sources of water force the formation of a new inlet, which 

opens at the original inlet site, relieving the ebb- and flood-tide pressure on the inlet that had 

migrated to a more southerly location. As these inlets shift southward, terrestrial mammals have 

the opportunity to move southward along the Outer Banks in a conveyor belt fashion. In this 

regard, the hispid cotton rat reached Buxton Woods (CAHA), where it was documented in 1936; 

it no longer exists there (Quay 1959; Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992). Likewise, several other 

species are moving southward along the Outer Banks (eastern mole, eastern gray squirrel, eastern 

harvest mouse, meadow vole, and red fox), and the Buxton Woods white-footed mouse has 

become isolated on the south end of Hatteras Island (CAHA) for a long enough period of time 

that it is genetically distinct from white-footed mice to the north on Bodie Island (CAHA) and 

Kitty Hawk (WRBR). 

Human-induced alterations in the southeastern United States to habitat include, among other 

things, clear-cutting for agricultural purposes, roadways, and urbanization. Mammal species that 

have taken advantage of less forested habitat include the coyote and red fox, two species that 

prefer open habitats in which to forage. Neither species was found in the southeastern United 

States when Bangs (1898) conducted his seminal work in the region. However, human 

alterations to the terrestrial environment has had a negative effect on the eastern fox squirrel, 

long-tailed weasel, striped skunk, and eastern spotted skunk; none of these species are as 

abundant as they were based on capture data spanning the last 120 years. Small parks that are 

particularly affected by habitat alteration, CASA for example, have scant mammalian 

biodiversity. In both estuarine and freshwater habitats, declining water quality has been 

implicated in the decreasing abundance of the American mink and northern river otter. Another 

human-induced alteration is related to widespread persecution against top-level carnivores, most 

notably the red wolf, American black bear, and mountain lion. These species were extirpated on 

a landscape scale by European and then early American colonists, although the black bear has 

recovered substantially and has recolonized parts of its former geographic distribution, including 

MOCR. It is difficult to imagine, but the white-tailed deer also was hunted relentlessly in the 

southeastern United States, and its demise led in part to the formation of state wildlife 

management agencies; deer have recovered remarkably and were recorded in 15 of the 19 SECN 

parks. Finally, persecution and over-collecting by enthusiastic mammalogists led to the 

extirpation of the southeastern pocket gopher on Cumberland Island (CUIS). 

Moving forward, the results of this investigation provide tantalizing clues as to what might 

happen to mammalian biodiversity in the 19 SECN parks in the near future. Already, the coyote 

has colonized Cumberland Island (CUIS) and Anastasia Island (FOMA) and it will continue to 

colonize the easternmost parks in the near future. Armadillos will continue to move northward, 

next colonizing CONG and perhaps CHPI. Red foxes will continue moving southeastward and 

colonize FORA, CALO, and FOMO. White-tailed deer will continue to swim to island parks on 

occasion and perhaps become established, as they recently have at CALO. 

The results of this investigation also identify some management recommendations that would 

counterbalance some of the negative effects that exotic species have on park habitats or that 

would restore mammalian biodiversity. For example, two of the most destructive exotic species, 

the feral cat and feral pig, can be controlled by active removal programs. This is especially 

important on Anastasia Island (FOMA), where the Anastasia Island beach mouse – the most 

critically imperiled mammal in the Southeast Coast Network – is restricted to both ends of the 
145 

island. Feral cats could easily eradicate one or both of these populations and the cat removal 

program used on this island needs to continue. Finally, the National Park Service needs to assess 

a proposal to reintroduce southeastern pocket gophers to Cumberland Island (CUIS). The best 

available science (Williams and Genoways 1980; Laerm 1981) indicates that the mainland and 

island gophers are indistinguishable, at least based on morphology. A genetic analysis would 

provide a excellent test of this hypothesis. 

147 

Conclusions 

This investigation determined that 48 species of terrestrial mammals, and nine species of bats in 

the North Carolina, comprised the mammalian fauna of 19 national parks in the Southeast Coast 

Network. Large inland parks (CONG, HOBE, CHAT, and OCMU) had the greatest mammalian 

diversity, whereas small coastal parks (FOSU, FOMO, and CASA) had the least. The northern 

raccoon inhabits all 19 parks, and 12 other species (feral cat, eastern gray squirrel, house mouse, 

Virginia opossum, eastern mole, domestic dog, northern river otter, eastern cottontail, marsh rice 

rat, hispid cotton rat, American mink, and white-tailed deer) are denizens of at least 15 parks. 

Eight (of 48, 16.7%) species are exotics, introduced either deliberately or accidentally by 

humans, and three of these (feral cat, domestic dog, and house mouse) inhabit at least 15 parks. 

Mammalian diversity at 19 national parks in the SECN is in a constant state of flux. Gone are 

the red wolf and mountain lion. The American black bear and white-tailed deer were hunted 

almost to extirpation, but both have recolonized part or most of their former ranges, respectively. 

The southeastern pocket gopher has been extirpated from Cumberland Island (CUIS), and the 

armadillo, coyote, and red fox have expanded their geographic distributions and now occupy 

many SECN parks. The Anastasia Island beach mouse, considered to be Endangered by the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service, is the most critically imperiled mammal species existing in the 

Southeast Coast Network; it only occurs at FOMA. Two species of bats that inhabit MOCR, the 

southeastern myotis and Rafinesque’s big-eared bat, and one rodent that inhabits CAHA, the 

Buxton Woods white-footed mouse, are listed as to be Species of Concern by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service. The negative effects of feral cats, feral pigs, and other exotic species on native 

landscapes are profound; cat and pig eradication programs should be a high management 

priority. 
148 
149 

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165 

Appendix A. Specimens and other evidence examined for 

status of SECN mammals. 

Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Bodie Island (Boone 1988; 

Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] between Buxton and Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] 

Hatteras Island (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Parnell et al. 

1992); Frisco (roadkill); Hatteras (4 AMNH); between Kitty Hawk and Whalebone Junction 

(Parnell et al. 1992); 7 mi N Oregon Inlet (1 AMNH); FORA, Roanoke Island, Hwy 64 at 

Croatan Sound (roadkill); Manteo (Lee et al. 1983); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); 

Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); Rodanthe (roadkill); WRBR (roadkill). Hyde County: 

CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Bodie Island (Boone 1988; 

Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] between Buxton and Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] 

Hatteras Island (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Parnell et al. 

1992); Frisco (roadkill); Hatteras (4 AMNH); between Kitty Hawk and Whalebone Junction 

(Parnell et al. 1992); 7 mi N Oregon Inlet (1 AMNH); FORA, Roanoke Island, Hwy 64 at 

Croatan Sound (roadkill); Manteo (Lee et al. 1983); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); 

Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); Rodanthe (roadkill); WRBR (roadkill). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Bodie Island (Boone 1988; 

Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] between Buxton and Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] 

Hatteras Island (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Parnell et al. 

1992); Frisco (roadkill); Hatteras (4 AMNH); between Kitty Hawk and Whalebone Junction 

(Parnell et al. 1992); 7 mi N Oregon Inlet (1 AMNH); FORA, Roanoke Island, Hwy 64 at 

Croatan Sound (roadkill); Manteo (Lee et al. 1983); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); 

Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); Rodanthe (roadkill); WRBR (roadkill). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Bogue, Hwy 24 (1 UNCW); CALO, Shackleford 

Banks (Engels 1952). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 6 mi E Burgaw (1 UNCW); Hampstead (1 UNCW); 

MOCR (observation); 1 mi N Scotts Hill (1 UNCW); Willard (1 UNCW); no specific locality (1 

UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Adams Run (2 ChM); Charleston (2 ChM, 1 

CUMV); 15 mi W Charleston, Hwy 17 at Rantowles (1 ChM); CHPI (1 UNCW); Edisto Island 

(Marrinan 1975); FOSU, no evidence; James Island (2 ChM); Mount Pleasant (1 ChM, 1 ROM); 

4 mi NNW Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); 11 N Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); Saint Andrews Parish (2 

ChM); Saint Andrews Parish, Merrymede (10 ChM); Sullivans Island (1 ChM); Wadmalaw 

Island (1 ChM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Adams Run (2 ChM); Charleston (2 ChM, 1 

CUMV); 15 mi W Charleston, Hwy 17 at Rantowles (1 ChM); CHPI (1 UNCW); Edisto Island 
166 

(Marrinan 1975); FOMO, no evidence; James Island (2 ChM); Mount Pleasant (1 ChM, 1 

ROM); 4 mi NNW Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); 11 N Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); Saint Andrews 

Parish (2 ChM); Saint Andrews Parish, Merrymede (10 ChM); Sullivans Island (1 ChM); 

Wadmalaw Island (1 ChM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Adams Run (2 ChM); Charleston (2 ChM, 1 

CUMV); 15 mi W Charleston, Hwy 17 at Rantowles (1 ChM); CHPI (1 UNCW); Edisto Island 

(Marrinan 1975); James Island (2 ChM); Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); 4 mi NNW Mount Pleasant 

(1 ChM, 1 ROM); 11 N Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); Saint Andrews Parish (2 ChM); Saint 

Andrews Parish, Merrymede (10 ChM); Sullivans Island (1 ChM); Wadmalaw Island (1 ChM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (1 UNCW); no specific locality (Golley 

1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: Auburn (1 UMMZ). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence; 

6 mi S New Site, adjacent to HOBE on Hwy 49 (roadkill). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; KEMO (roadkill); Marietta (1 UMMZ); 

near Vinings (1 GMNH); Woodstock (1 UMMZ). DeKalb County: 2 mi N South River (1 

GMNH). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; no specific 

locality (Golley 1962). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Medlock Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Suwanee 

Creek (1 UNCW). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO (roadkill); Marietta (1 UMMZ); near Vinings (1 

GMNH); Woodstock (1 UMMZ). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: adjacent to OCMU, Main Unit, Hwy 80 (1 UNCW); no 

specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: adjacent to FOFR, Frederica Site (1 UNCW); Jekyll Island 

(Neuhauser and Baker 1974); Saint Simons Island (2 USNM; roadkill; Marrinan 1975; Reitz and 

Honerkamp 1983); Sterling (Bangs 1898). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (2 UNCW; observation; Wilson and Durden 2003); 

Saint Marys (2 MCZ). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (1 UNCW); New Berlin (1 FMNH; Bangs 1898); 

TIMU, Kinsley Plantation (scat); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (1 UNCW). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (1 UNCW); New Berlin (1 FMNH; Bangs 1898); 

TIMU, Kinsley Plantation (scat); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (1 UNCW). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island, Espanita (1 FMNH); CASA, no 

evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (2 UNCW); marsh east of Tolomato River (1 UF); Palm Valley (3 

MSB). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island, Espanita (1 FMNH); FOMA, Main Unit 

(2 UNCW); marsh east of Tolomato River (1 UF); Palm Valley (3 MSB). 
167 

Southeastern shrew (Sorex longirostris) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: 1 km N Buffalo City (1 UNCW); CAHA, no evidence; 

7 km WNW Stumpy Point (6 UNCW); 17 km W Stumpy Point (7 UNCW). Hyde County: 9 km 

NW Engelhard (1 UNCW); 10 km NE Engelhard (3 UNCW); 9 km SSE New Holland (7 

UNCW). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: 1 km N Buffalo City (1 UNCW); 7 km WNW Stumpy 

Point (6 UNCW); 17 km W Stumpy Point (7 UNCW); WRBR, no evidence. Hyde County: 9 km 

NW Engelhard (1 UNCW); 10 km NE Engelhard (3 UNCW); 9 km SSE New Holland (7 

UNCW). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: 1 km N Buffalo City (1 UNCW); FORA, no evidence; 7 

km WNW Stumpy Point (6 UNCW); 17 km W Stumpy Point (7 UNCW). Hyde County: 9 km 

NW Engelhard (1 UNCW); 10 km NE Engelhard (3 UNCW); 9 km SSE New Holland (7 

UNCW). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. Hyde County: 9 km NW 

Engelhard (1 UNCW); 10 km NE Engelhard, Hwy 264 (3 UNCW); 9 km SSE New Holland (7 

UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 5 km S Burgaw, I-40 (4 UNCW); 7 km SE Burgaw, I40 (5 UNCW); 6 km NNE Castle Hayne, I-40 (5 UNCW); Holly Shelter Gamelands (22 

UNCW); MOCR (1 UNCW); Scotts Hill (10 UNCW); 3 km E Willard, I-40 (2 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4 km SW Awendaw, Iron Swamp (8 USNM); 

Camp Seewee (Sanders 1978); 16 mi N Charleston (Coleman 1940); 2 7/8 mi N, 8 mi W 

McClellansville (1 MHP); Fairlawn Plantation (Sanders 1978); FOSU, no evidence; Goose 

Creek (1 ChM); 3.3 km NW McClellansville (42 USNM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4 km SW Awendaw, Iron Swamp (8 USNM); 

Camp Seewee (Sanders 1978); 16 mi N Charleston (Coleman 1940); 2 7/8 mi N, 8 mi W 

McClellansville (1 MHP); Fairlawn Plantation (Sanders 1978); FOMO, no evidence; Goose 

Creek (1 ChM); 3.3 km NW McClellansville (42 USNM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4 km SW Awendaw, Iron Swamp (8 USNM); 

Camp Seewee (Sanders 1978); 16 mi N Charleston (Coleman 1940); CHPI, no evidence; 2 7/8 

mi N, 8 mi W McClellansville (1 MHP); Fairlawn Plantation (Sanders 1978); Goose Creek (1 

ChM); 3.3 km NW McClellansville (42 USNM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (1 UNCW; Cromer et al. 2007). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, specimens (5 UNCW). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Gold Branch (1 UNCW); KEMO (9 UNCW). Forsyth 

County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: [CHAT] Chattahoochee River at Long Island 

Creek (14 GMNH); Roswell (1 AMNH). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Level Creek (2 UNCW); 

CHAT, Settles Bridge (1 UNCW); CHAT, Suwanee Creek (3 UNCW). 
168 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Gold Branch (1 UNCW); KEMO (9 UNCW). Fulton 

County: Roswell (1 AMNH). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Jones County: Round Oak (1 USNM). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Baker County: no specific locality (1 UF). Duval County: TIMU, Thomas 

Creek (1 UNCW). 

FOCA: Florida – Baker County: no specific locality (1 UF). Duval County: FOCA, no 

evidence; TIMU, Thomas Creek (1 UNCW). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Least shrew (Cryptotis parva) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (13 UNCW); [CAHA] Buxton (2 

UMMZ, 1 UNCW); [CAHA] Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Hatteras (1 UNCW); 

[CAHA] ca 2 mi SW Cape Hatteras lighthouse (Quarles 1974, as Blarina carolinensis); [CAHA] 

Pea Island (Lee et al. 1983, as Sorex longirostris); Hatteras (1 AMNH); Little Kinnakeet (4 

UNCW); Nags Head (3 UNCW). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; 9 km 

NW Engelhard (10 UNCW); 10 mi NE Engelhard (2 USNM); 3 mi W Lake Landing (7 USNM); 

Lake Mattamuskeet NWR (1 UNCW); 4 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (6 UNCW). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (13 UNCW); [CAHA] Buxton (2 

UMMZ, 1 UNCW); [CAHA] Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Hatteras (1 UNCW); 

[CAHA] ca 2 mi SW Cape Hatteras lighthouse (Quarles 1974, as Blarina carolinensis); [CAHA] 

Pea Island (Lee et al. 1983, as Sorex longirostris); Hatteras (1 AMNH); Little Kinnakeet (4 

UNCW); Nags Head (3 UNCW); WRBR, no evidence. Hyde County: 9 km NW Engelhard (10 

UNCW); 10 mi NE Engelhard (2 USNM); 3 mi W Lake Landing (7 USNM); Lake 

Mattamuskeet NWR (1 UNCW); 4 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (6 UNCW).

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (13 UNCW); [CAHA] Buxton (2, 

UMMZ, 1 UNCW); [CAHA] Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); FORA, no evidence; [CAHA] Hatteras 

(1 UNCW); [CAHA] ca 2 mi SW Cape Hatteras lighthouse (Quarles 1974, as Blarina 

carolinensis); [CAHA] Pea Island (Lee et al. 1983, as Sorex longirostris); Hatteras (1 AMNH); 

Little Kinnakeet (4 UNCW); Nags Head (3 UNCW). Hyde County: 9 km NW Engelhard (10 

UNCW); 10 mi NE Engelhard (2 USNM); 3 mi W Lake Landing (7 USNM); Lake 

Mattamuskeet NWR (1 UNCW); 4 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (6 UNCW).

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: 6 mi NE Beaufort (2 USNM); CALO, Cape Lookout 

(1 CALO); CALO, Guthries Hammock (1 CALO); CALO, Portsmouth Island (1 UMA); 

Morehead City, Bogue Island (2 USNM). Hyde County: 9 km NW Engelhard (10 UNCW); 10 
169 

mi NE Engelhard (2 USNM); 3 mi W Lake Landing (7 USNM); Lake Mattamuskeet NWR (1 

UNCW); 4 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (6 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 3 km NE Burgaw, I-40 (4 UNCW); 7 km SE Burgaw, 

I-40 (16 UNCW); 8 km SSE Burgaw, I-40 (14 UNCW); 6 km NNE Castle Hayne, I-40 (3 

UNCW); Holly Shelter Gamelands (10 UNCW); MOCR (3 UNCW); 2 km E Watha, I-40 (8 

UNCW); 3 km E Willard, I-40 (13 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (2 ROM); 3.5 mi W Charleston (1 KU); 

15 mi S Charleston (1 KU); FOSU, no evidence; Johns Island (2 GMNH); Little Goose Creek (1 

SDNHM); McClellansville (9 USNM); 3.3 km NW McClellansville (1 USNM); 3.3 km NW 

McClellansville (8 USNM); Mount Pleasant (1 MCZ, 1 USNM); Porchers Bluff (3 ROM, 1 

SDNHM); Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 2 KU, 1 MVZ); Woodland Shores (1 ROM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (2 ROM); 3.5 mi W Charleston (1 

KU); 15 mi S Charleston (1 KU); FOMO, no evidence; Johns Island (2 GMNH); Little Goose 

Creek (1 SDNHM); McClellansville (9 USNM); 3.3 km NW McClellansville (1 USNM); 3.3 km 

NW McClellansville (8 USNM); Mount Pleasant (1 MCZ, 1 USNM); Porchers Bluff (3 ROM, 1 

SDNHM); Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 2 KU, 1 MVZ) ; Woodland Shores (1 ROM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (2 ROM); 3.5 mi W Charleston (1 KU); 

15 mi S Charleston (1 KU); CHPI, no evidence; Johns Island (2 GMNH); Little Goose Creek (1 

SDNHM); McClellansville (9 USNM); 3.3 km NW McClellansville (1 USNM); 3.3 km NW 

McClellansville (8 USNM); Mount Pleasant (1 MCZ, 1 USNM); Porchers Bluff (3 ROM, 1 

SDNHM); Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 2 KU, 1 MVZ) ; Woodland Shores (1 ROM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (2 UNCW). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega National Forest (1 CUMV). Lee County: Auburn (1 

UMMZ). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (1 UNCW). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; KEMO (2 UNCW); Powder Springs (1 

UF). DeKalb County: Atlanta (1 GMNH); Clarkston (2 GMNH). Forsyth County: CHAT, no 

evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (2 

UNCW). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO (2 UNCW); Powder Springs (1 UF). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). Jones 

County: Round Oak (1 USNM) 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence; Saint Marys (2 MCZ). Charlton County: 

Cowhouse Island, Union Camp (1 GMNH). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: 4 mi N Jacksonville (1 AMNH); 5 mi W Jacksonville (6 

AMNH); TIMU, Thomas Creek (1 UNCW). 
170 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; 4 mi N Jacksonville (1 AMNH); 5 mi W 

Jacksonville (6 AMNH); TIMU, Thomas Creek (1 UNCW). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Carterville (Bangs 1898); CASA, no evidence; Palm 

Valley (1 MSB); Tolomato River (1 UF). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Carterville (Bangs 1898); Palm Valley (1 MSB); 

Tolomato River (1 UF). 

Northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence; Straits (1 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 8 km SSE Burgaw, I-40 (8 UNCW); 6 km NNE 

Castle Hayne, I-40 (2 UNCW); Holly Shelter Gamelands (8 UNCW); MOCR (6 UNCW); Scotts 

Hill (13 UNCW); 2 km E Watha, I-40 (7 UNCW); 3 km E Willard, I-40 (4 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (1 UNCW); no specific locality (French 1981). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Gold Branch (2 UNCW); CHAT, Palisades West (2 

UNCW); KEMO (7 UNCW); no specific locality (4 UF). DeKalb County: no specific locality 

(Golley 1962; French 1981). Forsyth County: CHAT, Bowmans Island, dam access (1 UNCW). 

Fulton County: Atlanta (1 GMNH); [CHAT] Chattahoochee River at Long Island Creek (1 

GMNH); Fairburn, Browns Lake (1 GMNH); CHAT, Holcomb Bridge (2 UNCW); CHAT, 

Island Ford (2 UNCW); CHAT, Jones Bridge (1 UNCW); CHAT, Palisades East (2 UNCW). 

Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (3 UNCW); CHAT, Bowmans Island, Richland Creek 

(2 UNCW); Chattahoochee River (1 GMNH); Duluth (1 GMNH); 2 mi W Duluth (2 GMNH); 

CHAT, Level Creek (2 UNCW); CHAT, Medlock Bridge (1 UNCW); CHAT, Orrs Ferry (1 

UNCW). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Gold Branch (2 UNCW); CHAT, Palisades West (2 

UNCW); KEMO (7 UNCW); no specific locality (4 UF). 
171 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Jones County: no specific locality 

(French 1981). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Southern short-tailed shrew (Blarina carolinensis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); 3.5 km NNW Kitty 

Hawk (Webster (1988); Manteo (1 UNCW); 1 mi N Wanchese (1 UNCW). Hyde County: 

CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; 4 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (8 UNCW); 6 km N Scranton, 

Hwy 264 (6 UNCW). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); 3.5 km NNW Kitty 

Hawk (Webster (1988); Manteo (1 UNCW); 1 mi N Wanchese (1 UNCW); WRBR, no evidence. 

Hyde County: 4 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (8 UNCW); 6 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (6 UNCW). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); 3.5 km NNW Kitty 

Hawk (Webster (1988); Manteo (1 UNCW); FORA, no evidence; 1 mi N Wanchese (1 UNCW). 

Hyde County: 4 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (8 UNCW); 6 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (6 UNCW). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. Hyde County: 4 km N 

Scranton, Hwy 264 (8 UNCW); 6 km N Scranton, Hwy 264 (6 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4 km SW Awendaw, Iron Swamp (13 USNM); 

Drayton (1 CUMV); FOSU, no evidence; James Island (1 LSU); McClellansville (1 USNM); 3.3 

km NW McClellansville (17 USNM); 3.4 km NE McClellansville (2 USNM); Porchers Bluff (3 

ROM); Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 4 MVZ); Saint Andrews Parish, Merrymede (1 KU). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4 km SW Awendaw, Iron Swamp (13 USNM); 

Drayton (1 CUMV); FOMO, no evidence; James Island (1 LSU); McClellansville (1 USNM); 

3.3 km NW McClellansville (17 USNM); 3.4 km NE McClellansville (2 USNM); Porchers Bluff 

(3 ROM); Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 4 MVZ); Saint Andrews Parish, Merrymede (1 KU). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4 km SW Awendaw, Iron Swamp (13 USNM); 

CHPI, no evidence; Drayton (1 CUMV); James Island (1 LSU); McClellansville (1 USNM); 3.3 
172 

km NW McClellansville (17 USNM); 3.4 km NE McClellansville (2 USNM); Porchers Bluff (3 

ROM); Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 4 MVZ); Saint Andrews Parish, Merrymede (1 KU). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: Columbia (1 UNCW); CONG (4 UNCW; Cromer et 

al. 2007); Fort Jackson (16 MHP). 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: Auburn (3 UMMZ). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, Suwanee Creek (1 UNCW). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (3 UNCW); no specific locality (Golley 

1962). Crawford County: no specific locality (French 1981). Jones County: no specific locality 

(French 1981). Monroe County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Jekyll Island (1 GMNH). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (1 GMNH; Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001); Saint 

Marys (1 MCZ). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Julington Creek (1 MSB); TIMU, no evidence; Yukon (1 

MSB). Nassau County: Amelia Island, 5.4 mi SSE Amelia City (1 ANMH); Amelia Island, 5.6 

mi SSE Amelia City (3 AMNH). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; Julington Creek (1 MSB); Yukon (1 

MSB). Nassau County: Amelia Island, 5.4 mi SSE Amelia City (1 ANMH); Amelia Island, 5.6 

mi SSE Amelia City (3 AMNH). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 USNM, specimen attributed to 

AMNH by Benedict et al. 2006); CASA, no evidence; Palm Valley (1 MSB). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 USNM, specimen attributed to 

AMNH by Benedict et al. 2006); FOMA, no evidence; Palm Valley (1 MSB). 

Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island 

(Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (1 UNCW; tunnels); [CAHA] Cape Hatteras (Brimley 

1944-46); CAHA, Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); FORA (tunnels); 1.2 mi NNW Kitty Hawk fishing 

pier (1 USNM); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); WRBR (tunnels). Hyde County: CAHA, 

Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

 WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island 

(Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (1 UNCW; tunnels); [CAHA] Cape Hatteras (Brimley 

1944-46); CAHA, Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); FORA (tunnels); 1.2 mi NNW Kitty Hawk fishing 

pier (1 USNM); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); WRBR (tunnels). 
173 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island (Parnell 

et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (1 UNCW; tunnels); [CAHA] Cape Hatteras (Brimley 1944-46); 

CAHA, Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); FORA (tunnels); 1.2 mi NNW Kitty Hawk fishing pier (1 

USNM); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); WRBR (tunnels). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Shackleford Banks (1 CALO; tunnels; 

Engels 1952; Webster 1987a); CALO, South Core Banks and Portsmouth Island, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 7 km SE Burgaw, I 40 (1 UNCW); NE Cape Fear 

River, Hwy 133 (2 UNCW); MOCR (tunnels); Willard (1 UMMZ); no specific locality (1 

UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 KU, 1 USNM); 2.5 mi N Charleston 

(3 KU); 3 mi W Charleston (1 KU); 4 mi W Charleston (2 KU); 6.4 mi S Charleston (6 KU); 

CHPI (tunnels); Edisto Island (Sanders 1978); FOSU, no evidence; Charleston, Goose Creek (1 

KU); Goose Creek (2 KU); near Goose Creek Church (1 KU); Hanckles Place (2 ROM); James 

Island (2 LSU); Saint Andrews Parish (3 KU, 1 MVZ); no specific locality (2 TTU). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 KU, 1 USNM); 2.5 mi N 

Charleston (3 KU); 3 mi W Charleston (1 KU); 4 mi W Charleston (2 KU); 6.4 mi S Charleston 

(6 KU); CHPI (tunnels); Edisto Island (Sanders 1978); FOMO, no evidence; Charleston, Goose 

Creek (1 KU); Goose Creek (2 KU); near Goose Creek Church (1 KU); Hanckles Place (2 

ROM); James Island (2 LSU); Saint Andrews Parish (3 KU, 1 MVZ); no specific locality (2 

TTU). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 KU, 1 USNM); 2.5 mi N Charleston 

(3 KU); 3 mi W Charleston (1 KU); 4 mi W Charleston (2 KU); 6.4 mi S Charleston (6 KU); 

CHPI (tunnels); Edisto Island (Sanders 1978); Charleston, Goose Creek (1 KU); Goose Creek (2 

KU); near Goose Creek Church (1 KU); Hanckles Place (2 ROM); James Island (2 LSU); Saint 

Andrews Parish (3 KU, 1 MVZ); no specific locality (2 TTU). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (tunnels); no specific locality (Golley 1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: Auburn (4 UMMZ). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (tunnels). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Sope Creek (tunnels); CHAT, 

Johnson Ferry North (tunnels); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (tunnels); KEMO (tunnels); 

Marietta (1 UMMZ); 1 mi N Powder Springs (1 UF). Forsyth County: CHAT, Bowmans Island, 

dam access (tunnels). Fulton County: CHAT, Holcomb Bridge (tunnels); CHAT, McGinnis 

Ferry (tunnels); CHAT, Palisades East (tunnels); CHAT, Vickery Creek (tunnels); [CHAT] 

Chattahoochee River at Long Island Creek (2 GMNH); NW Atlanta (2 GMNH); Roswell (1 

AMNH). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (tunnels); CHAT, Bowmans Island, 

Richland Creek (tunnels); CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (tunnels); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South 

(tunnels); CHAT, Level Creek (tunnels); CHAT, Medlock Bridge (tunnels); CHAT, Orrs Ferry 

(tunnels); CHAT, Settles Bridge (tunnels); CHAT, Suwanee Creek (tunnels). 
174 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Sope Creek (tunnels); CHAT, 

Johnson Ferry North (tunnels); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (tunnels); KEMO (tunnels); 

Marietta (1 UMMZ); 1 mi N Powder Springs (1 UF). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (tunnels); OCMU, Lamar Unit (tunnels); no 

specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Bloody Marsh Site (tunnels); FOFR, Frederica Site 

(tunnels); FOFR, Bloody Marsh Site (tunnels); Jekyll Island (3 GMNH); Saint Simons Island (1 

USNM); Sterling (Bangs 1898). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (at least 1 CIM, 14 GMNH, 2 MCZ; tunnels; Wilson 

and Durden 2003). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (tunnels); Jacksonville (1 UF, 2 USNM); New Berlin (3 

FMNH; Bangs 1898); Saint Charles Creek (1 FMNH); South Jacksonville (1 UMMZ); TIMU, 

Cedar Point (tunnels); TIMU, Fort George Island (tunnels); TIMU, Kingsley Plantation 

(tunnels); TIMU, Sohn Tract (tunnels); TIMU, Spanish Pond (tunnels); TIMU, Theodore 

Roosevelt Area (tunnels); TIMU, Thomas Creek (tunnels). Nassau County: Amelia Island (1 

AMNH, 1 UMMZ); Amelia Island, 5.2 mi SSE Amelia City (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 5.6 mi 

SSE Amelia City (1 AMNH); Fort Clinch State Park, north end Amelia Island (1 AMNH). 

 FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (tunnels); Jacksonville (1 UF, 2 USNM); New Berlin (3 

FMNH; Bangs 1898); Saint Charles Creek (1 FMNH); South Jacksonville (1 UMMZ); TIMU, 

Cedar Point (tunnels); TIMU, Fort George Island (tunnels); TIMU, Kingsley Plantation 

(tunnels); TIMU, Sohn Tract (tunnels); TIMU, Spanish Pond (tunnels); TIMU, Theodore 

Roosevelt Area (tunnels); TIMU, Thomas Creek (tunnels). Nassau County: Amelia Island (1 

AMNH, 1 UMMZ); Amelia Island, 5.2 mi SSE Amelia City (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 5.6 mi 

SSE Amelia City (1 AMNH); Fort Clinch State Park, north end Amelia Island (1 AMNH). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 UF); Anastasia Island, Espanita (4 

FMNH); Anastasia Island, 11 mi N Marineland (1 KU); 0.5 mi W Anastasia Island State Park (1 

UF); Anastasia Island, 4 mi S and 0.5 mi W Saint Augustine (1 UF); Anastasia Island, 5 mi S 

and 1 mi W Saint Augustine (1 UF); Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine Alligator Farm, Hwy 

A1A (1 UF); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Point Romo (3 MCZ, 1 UF, 1 USNM); [FOMA] 15 mi 

S Saint Augustine (5 UF); CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (tunnels); FOMA, 

Rattlesnake Island (tunnels); Saint Augustine (1 ROM). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 UF); [Anastasia Island, Espanita (4 

FMNH); Anastasia Island, 11 mi N Marineland (1 KU); 0.5 mi W Anastasia Island State Park (1 

UF); Anastasia Island, 4 mi S and 0.5 mi W Saint Augustine (1 UF); Anastasia Island, 5 mi S 

and 1 mi W Saint Augustine (1 UF); Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine Alligator Farm, Hwy 

A1A (1 UF); FOMA] Anastasia Island, Point Romo (3 MCZ, 1 UF, 1 USNM); [FOMA] 15 mi S 

Saint Augustine (5 UF); FOMA, Main Unit (tunnels); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (tunnels); Saint 

Augustine (1 ROM). 
175 

Star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 7 km SE Burgaw, I-40 (1 UNCW); 8 km SSE 

Burgaw, I-40 (2 UNCW); MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Beaufort County: no specific locality (Jackson 1915). Charleston 

County: vicinity of Charleston? (1 ChM); FOSU, no evidence. Colleton County: no specific 

locality (Golley 1966). Georgetown County: Georgetown (Grimm 1955); 2.5 mi S Georgetown 

(1 ChM); no specific locality (Jackson 1915). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Beaufort County: no specific locality (Jackson 1915). Charleston 

County: vicinity of Charleston? (1 ChM); FOMO, no evidence. Colleton County: no specific 

locality (Golley 1966). Georgetown County: Georgetown (Grimm 1955); 2.5 mi S Georgetown 

(1 ChM); no specific locality (Jackson 1915). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Beaufort County: no specific locality (Jackson 1915). Charleston 

County: vicinity of Charleston? (1 ChM); CHPI, no evidence. Colleton County: no specific 

locality (Golley 1966). Georgetown County: Georgetown (Grimm 1955); 2.5 mi S Georgetown 

(1 ChM); no specific locality (Jackson 1915). 

CONG: South Carolina – Kershaw County: no specific locality (Golley 1966). Richland 

County: CONG, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp, 

The Pocket, Mixons Ferry (1 CUMV). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 
176 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Beaufort (1 USNM); CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – New Hanover County: no specific locality (1 UNCW). Pender 

County: MOCR, no evidence. 

Southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: NE Cape Fear River, 5 mi N Hwy 210 (1 NCSM); 

MOCR (Sonobat). Sampson County (Webster et al. in press a): ca 30 mi N Wilmington, Cape 

Fear River (Davis and Rippy 1968). 

Silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983). Hyde 

County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (2 ANSP). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983); WRBR, no 

evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (2 ANSP). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983); FORA, no 

evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (2 ANSP). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, ubiquitous (Cape Lookout National 

Seashore 1977). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (2 ANSP). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Bladen County: Kelly (2 NCSM). Brunswick County: 17.8 km N 

Supply, Hwy 211 (Clark et al. 1985). New Hanover County: no specific locality (1 UNCW). 

Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 
177 

Eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: NE Cape Fear River, ca 5.5 mi ESE Burgaw (3 

NCSM); Holly Shelter (1 NCSM); MOCR (Sonobat). 

Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Buffalo City (1 NCSM); CAHA, no evidence. Hyde 

County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Buffalo City (1 NCSM); WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Buffalo City (1 NCSM); FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence; no specific locality (1 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Bladen County: ca Rowan (1 NCSM). New Hanover County: 3 km W 

Castle Hayne, Prince Georges Creek (1 UNCW). Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Buffalo City (2 NCSM); CAHA, Bodie Island (1 

UNCW; observation; Boone 1988;Webster 1988); [CAHA] Buxton (observation; Parnell et al. 

1992); [CAHA] Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Oregon Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983); FORA, pond on Old Hwy 64/264 (observation); 

Nags Head (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island, 3 mi N Manteo (1 CM); WRBR, Colington Rd 

(observation); no specific locality (1 NCSM, 5 UNCW). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, 

no evidence; Swan Quarter, SR 1132 (1 ASU). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Buffalo City (2 NCSM); CAHA, Bodie Island (1 

UNCW; observation; Boone 1988; Webster 1988); [CAHA] Buxton (observation; Parnell et al. 

1992); [CAHA] Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Oregon Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983); FORA, pond on Old Hwy 64/264 (observation); 

Nags Head (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island, 3 mi N Manteo (1 CM); WRBR, Colington Rd 

(observation); no specific locality (1 NCSM, 5 UNCW). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, 

no evidence; Swan Quarter, SR 1132 (1 ASU). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Buffalo City (2 NCSM); CAHA, Bodie Island (1 

UNCW; observation; Boone 1988; Webster 1988); [CAHA] Buxton (observation; Parnell et al. 

1992); [CAHA] Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Oregon Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983); FORA, pond on Old Hwy 64/264 (observation); 

Nags Head (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island, 3 mi N Manteo (1 CM); WRBR, Colington Rd 
178 

(observation); no specific locality (1 NCSM, 5 UNCW). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, 

no evidence; Swan Quarter, SR 1132 (1 ASU). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Beaufort (4 USNM); CALO, ubiquitous (Cape 

Lookout National Seashore 1977); Fort Macon (1 MCZ, 2 USNM); no specific locality (9 

UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 8 mi E Burgaw (1 NCSM); Green Channel (4 NCSM, 

9 UNCW); Hampstead (2 UNCW); Island Creek (1 UNCW); MOCR (observation); NE Cape 

Fear River (2 NCSM); Scotts Hill (1 UNCW); no specific locality (7 UNCW). 

Seminole bat (Lasiurus seminolus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, ubiquitous (Cape Lookout National Seashore 

1977); no specific locality (2 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Green Channel (1 NCSM); Hampstead (1 UNCW); 

MOCR, no evidence. 

Hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Beaufort (1 NCSM); CALO, no evidence; Fort 

Macon (Coues 1871). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Hampstead (1 UNCW); MOCR, no evidence. 

Northern yellow bat (Lasiurus intermedius) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 
179 

MOCR: North Carolina – New Hanover County: no specific locality (2 UNCW). Pender 

County: MOCR, no evidence. 

Evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence; Kitty Hawk, near Hwy 158 bridge 

(1 USNM); Manteo (1 NCSM). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Kitty Hawk, near Hwy 158 bridge (1 USNM); Manteo 

(1 NCSM); WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence; Kitty Hawk, near Hwy 158 bridge 

(1 USNM); Manteo (1 NCSM). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence; no specific locality (2 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 8 mi E Burgaw (1 NCSM); Island Creek (2 UNCW); 

Long Creek (4 NCSM); MOCR (observation); Northeast Cape Fear River (3 NCSM). 

Rafinesque’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence; ca East Lake (Clark et al. 1985). 

Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: ca East Lake (Clark et al. 1985); WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: ca East Lake (Clark et al. 1985); FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: near Holly Shelter (2 NCSM); ca 1.25 mi WSW 

Maple Hill (1 NCSM); MOCR, no evidence. 

Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton, CAHA lighthouse keeper’s house 

(photographs). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton, CAHA lighthouse keeper’s house 

(photographs). WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton, CAHA lighthouse keeper’s house 

(photographs). FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – New Hanover County: Wilmington (1 NCSM); no specific locality (2 

UNCW). Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 
180 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Beaufort County: no specific locality (Sanders 1978). Berkeley 

County: Bonneau (1 ChM). Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence; no specific locality 

(Sanders 1978). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Beaufort County: no specific locality (Sanders 1978). Berkeley 

County: Bonneau (1 ChM). Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence; no specific locality 

(Sanders 1978). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Beaufort County: no specific locality (Sanders 1978). Berkeley County: 

Bonneau (1 ChM). Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence; no specific locality (Sanders 1978). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (burrows and tracks); HOBE (1 UNCW); 2 mi 

New Site, Hwy 49 (1 UNCW). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; Hwy 129, near Jones County line 

(roadkill); no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Bloody Marsh Site (burrows); FOFR, Frederica Site 

burrows and tracks). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (observations, burrows, tracks, scat; Shoop and 

Ruckdeschel 1990; Wilson and Durden 2003). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (burrows and tracks); 2 mi SW Jacksonville Beach (1 

UF); TIMU, Cedar Point (1 UNCW); TIMU, Fort George Island (burrows and tracks); TIMU, 

marsh island NPS32 (McClung 2004); TIMU, Sohn Tract (tracks); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt 

Area (tracks); TIMU, Thomas Creek (observations). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (burrows and tracks); 2 mi SW Jacksonville Beach (1 

UF); TIMU, Cedar Point (1 UNCW); TIMU, Fort George Island (burrows and tracks); TIMU, 

marsh island NPS32 (McClung 2004); TIMU, Sohn Tract (tracks); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt 

Area (tracks); TIMU, Thomas Creek (observations). 
181 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. FOMA, Main Site (tracks); FOMA, 

Rattlesnake Island (burrows and tracks). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, Main Site (tracks); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island 

(burrows and tracks). 

Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) 

CAHA: North Carolina –Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 NCSM; Boone 1988); CAHA, 

Buxton (5 UMMZ, 4 UNCW; scat); CAHA, 1 mi S Buxton (1 UMMZ); CAHA, Cape Hatteras 

(2 UMMZ); CAHA, Frisco (2 UNCW); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea 

Island NWR (1 NCSM); Duck (Lee et al. 1983); Frisco (1 NCSU); Hatteras (1 AMNH); Nags 

Head Woods (3 NCSM); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983); Salvo (1 UNCW); WRBR (scat; 

Parnell et al. 1992). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (1 UNCW, 2 YPM); Mattamuskeet 

Farms (1 NCSM); 3 mi W New Holland, Hwy 264 (1 UNCW). 

WRBR: North Carolina –Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 NCSM; Boone 1988); CAHA, 

Buxton (5 UMMZ, 4 UNCW; scat); CAHA, 1 mi S Buxton (1 UMMZ); CAHA, Cape Hatteras 

(2 UMMZ); CAHA, Frisco (2 UNCW); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea 

Island NWR (1 NCSM); Duck (Lee et al. 1983); Frisco (1 NCSU); Hatteras (1 AMNH); Nags 

Head Woods (3 NCSM); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983); Salvo (1 UNCW); WRBR (scat; 

Parnell et al. 1992). 

FORA; North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 NCSM; Boone 1988); CAHA, 

Buxton (5 UMMZ, 4 UNCW; scat); CAHA, 1 mi S Buxton (1 UMMZ); CAHA, Cape Hatteras 

(2 UMMZ); CAHA, Frisco (2 UNCW); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea 

Island NWR (1 NCSM); Duck (Lee et al. 1983); Frisco (1 NCSU); FORA, no evidence; Hatteras 

(1 AMNH); Nags Head Woods (3 NCSM); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983); Salvo (1 UNCW); 

WRBR (scat; Parnell et al. 1992). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, ubiquitous (Cape Lookout National Seashore 

1977); CALO, South Core Banks (observation and scat); CALO, Portsmouth Island (1 UMA; 

observation and scat); CALO, Shackleford Banks (observation and scat; Coues 1871; Webster 

1987a); Harlowe (1 NCSM); Ocean, Hwy 24 (1 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Burgaw (1 NCSU); Castle Hayne (1 UNCW); 

Hampstead (1 UNCW); Holly Shelter Gamelands (1 NCSU); MOCR, no evidence; 2 mi SE 

Rocky Point, I-40 (1 UNCW); Topsail Island (1 YPM). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (scat); Christ Church Parish (1 ROM); 

FOMO (1 UNCW); FOSU, no evidence; Johns Island, 7.2 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (scat); Christ Church Parish (1 ROM); 

FOMO (1 UNCW); Johns Island, 7.2 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (scat); Christ Church Parish (1 ROM); 

FOMO (1 UNCW); Johns Island, 7.2 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (2 UNCW). 
182 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: Auburn (23 UMMZ); Loachapoka (1 UMMZ); 5 mi S Opelika 

(1 UMMZ). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (1 UNCW). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cherokee County: 5 mi N Canton (1 USNM). Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran 

Shoals (2 UNCW); KEMO (1 UNCW). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: 

Atlanta (1 GMNH); Roswell (1 KU, 3 UMMZ). Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: 5 mi N Canton (1 USNM). Cobb County: CHAT, 

Cochran Shoals (2 UNCW); KEMO (1 UNCW). Fulton County: Atlanta (1 GMNH); Roswell (1 

KU, 3 UMMZ). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (observation); no specific locality (Golley 

1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Frederica Site (scat); Jekyll Island (1 GMNH); Saint 

Simons Island (15 USNM). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence; Saint Marys (4 MCZ); Saint Marys, 

probably (2 GMNH). Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp, Billys Island (1 USNM); 

Okefenokee Swamp, Chessers Island (1 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, 2 mi E Chessers Island (2 

CUMV). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Jacksonville (3 MCZ); New Berlin (1 FMNH); 3 km E 

Oceanway (1 UNCW); TIMU, no evidence. Nassau County: Saint Marys River, 2 mi NE Saint 

George (1 CUMV). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; Jacksonville (3 MCZ); New Berlin (1 

FMNH); 3 km E Oceanway (1 UNCW). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; Saint Augustine (1 MCZ). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence; Saint Augustine (1 MCZ). 

Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 
183 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Coosa County: Weogufka (Howell 1921). Lee County: Auburn (1 UMMZ, 6 

USNM). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Sope Creek (tracks); CHAT, Cochran 

Shoals, Powers Island (tracks); CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (observation); CHAT, Johnson 

Ferry South (1 UNCW). Fulton County: CHAT; McGinnis Ferry (1 UNCW); CHAT, Palisades 

East (observation); no specific locality (Golley 1962). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge 

(1 UNCW); CHAT, Medlock Bridge (1 UNCW); CHAT, Orrs Ferry (observation); CHAT, 

Settles Bridge (scat); CHAT, Suwanee Creek (observation). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: 9 mi NW Roswell (2 USNM). Cobb County: CHAT, 

Cochran Shoals, Sope Creek (tracks); CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Powers Island (tracks); CHAT, 

Johnson Ferry North (observation); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (1 UNCW); KEMO, no 

evidence. Fulton County: CHAT; McGinnis Ferry (1 UNCW); CHAT, Palisades East 

(observation); no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

Macon County: no specific locality (Lowe 1958). Talbot County: 4.5 mi E Junction City (2 KU); 

2 mi W Geneva, Little Creek (2 MVZ); 1.5 mi SE Juniper, Juniper Pond (1 MVZ). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); 

Hatteras Island (Boone 1988); Manteo (Lee et al. 1983); 2 mi E Manteo (1 MSB); Nags Head 

Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (observation; Parnell et al. 1992); Stumpy Point (1 

NCSU, 4 UMMZ). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (Engels 1942; Boone 1988; Parnell 

et al. 1992); Swan Quarter (1 NCSM). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); 

Hatteras Island (Boone 1988); Manteo (Lee et al. 1983); 2 mi E Manteo (1 MSB); Nags Head 

Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (observation; Parnell et al. 1992); Stumpy Point (1 

NCSU, 4 UMMZ); WRBR, no evidence.
184 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); 

FORA, no evidence; Hatteras Island (Boone 1988); Manteo (Lee et al. 1983); 2 mi E Manteo (1 

MSB); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (observation; Parnell et al. 1992); 

Stumpy Point (1 NCSU, 4 UMMZ). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Bogue Banks (Lee et al. 1983); CALO, South Core 

Banks (tracks and scat; Coues 1871); CALO, Portsmouth Island (observation and scat); CALO, 

Shackleford Banks (observation; Engels 1952; Webster 1987a); east side of North River (1 

NCSM); Fort Macon (5 USNM). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Coke (=Hutaff) Island (3 UNCW); Lea Island (3 

UNCW); MOCR, no evidence; Rhone Island (1 USNM); Topsail Island (1 YPM). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Cape Romain NWR (1 USNM); Charleston (1 

MCZ); FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Cape Romain NWR (1 USNM); Charleston (1 

MCZ); FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Cape Romain NWR (1 USNM); Charleston (1 

MCZ); CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 

1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR (tracks and scat); Jekyll Island (1 GMNH); Sea Island (1 

GMNH); Saint Simons Island (1 MCZ, 8 UMMZ). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (5 GMNH, 3 MCZ; Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1990; 

Wilson and Durden 2003); Saint Marys (9 MCZ). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (tracks and scat); Jacksonville (2 MCZ); New Berlin (1 

FMNH); TIMU, Cedar Point (observation and scat); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area 

(observation and tracks). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (scat); Jacksonville (2 MCZ); New Berlin (1 FMNH); 

TIMU, Cedar Point (observation and scat); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (observation and 

tracks). 
185 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (3 MCZ); Anastasia Island, Crescent 

Beach (1 UNCW); [Anastasia] State Park (1 UF); CASA, no evidence; [FOMA] Anastasia 

Island, Matanzas Inlet, 15 mi S Saint Augustine (1 AMNH); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Point 

Romo (1 KU); FOMA, Main Unit (observation and scat); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (2 UNCW). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (3 MCZ); Anastasia Island, Crescent 

Beach (1 UNCW); [Anastasia] State Park (1 UF); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Matanzas Inlet, 15 

mi S Saint Augustine (1 AMNH); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Point Romo (1 KU); FOMA, Main 

Unit (observation and scat); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (2 UNCW). 

Woodchuck (Marmota monax) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega Mountains (Howell 1921). Coosa County: Mount 

Weogufka (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (observation). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 
186 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence 

Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County (Howell 1921): Dean, Talladega Mountains. Coosa County: 

Mount Weogufka (Howell 1921). Lee County: Auburn (1 ROM, 3 UMMZ); 5.5 mi NW Auburn 

(1 UMMZ); 10 mi S Auburn (1 ROM). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (observation). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Powers Island (observation); CHAT, 

Johnson Ferry North (observation); Marietta (3 CUMV, 7 UMMZ, 1 USNM). DeKalb County: 

Emory (1 UF). Forsyth County: CHAT, Bowmans Island, dam access (observation). Fulton 

County: Atlanta (4 GMNH); Atlanta Zoo (1 MSB); CHAT, Island Ford (1 UNCW); CHAT, 

Jones Bridge (observation); CHAT, Palisades East (observation); CHAT, Vickery Creek 

(observation); Conway Drive (1 GMNH). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Medlock Bridge 

(observation); CHAT, Orrs Ferry (observation); CHAT, Settles Bridge (observation); 

CHAT,Suwanee Creek (1 UNCW); J White Farm (1 GMNH). County unknown: Atlanta (2 

USNM); near Roswell (1 USNM). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Powers Island (observation); CHAT, 

Johnson Ferry North (observation); KEMO (observation); Marietta (3 CUMV, 7 UMMZ, 1 

USNM). Fulton County: Atlanta (4 GMNH); Atlanta Zoo (1 MSB); CHAT, Island Ford (1 

UNCW); CHAT, Jones Bridge (observation); CHAT, Palisades East (observation); CHAT, 

Vickery Creek (observation); Conway Drive (1 GMNH). County unknown: Atlanta (2 USNM); 

near Roswell (1 USNM). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (observation); Rivali (1 USNM). Talbot 

County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 
187 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton (2 UMMZ; observation); CAHA, 1 mi 

SE Buxton (1 NCSU); CAHA, 1.2 mi E Buxton (2 UMMZ); CAHA, 3 mi S Cape Hatteras 

(Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Frisco (1 UMMZ); Dare City (1 UMMZ); Duck (Lee et al. 1983); 

FORA (observation); Kitty Hawk Woods (1 NCSM); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); 

Roanoke Island (1 UNCW); WRBR (observation and chewed cones); no specific locality (1 

NCSU). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; 1 mi NE Engelhard (2 USNM). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton (2 UMMZ; observation); CAHA, 1 mi 

SE Buxton (1 NCSU); CAHA, 1.2 mi E Buxton (2 UMMZ); CAHA, 3 mi S Cape Hatteras 

(Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Frisco (1 UMMZ); Dare City (1 UMMZ); Duck (Lee et al. 1983); 

FORA (observation); Kitty Hawk Woods (1 NCSM); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); 

Roanoke Island (1 UNCW); WRBR (observation and chewed cones); no specific locality (1 

NCSU). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton (2 UMMZ; observation); CAHA, 1 mi 

SE Buxton (1 NCSU); CAHA, 1.2 mi E Buxton (2 UMMZ); CAHA, 3 mi S Cape Hatteras 

(Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Frisco (1 UMMZ); Dare City (1 UMMZ); Duck (Lee et al. 1983); 

FORA (observation); Kitty Hawk Woods (1 NCSM); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); 

Roanoke Island (1 UNCW); WRBR (observation and chewed cones); no specific locality (1 

NCSU). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Bogue Banks (Lee et al. 1983); CALO, no evidence; 

Straits (2 UNCW). Hyde County: 1 mi NE Engelhard (2 USNM). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Atkinson (1 NCSU); Burgaw (2 UNCW); Castle 

Hayne (1 UNCW); Hampstead (1 UNCW); Holly Ridge (1 UNCW); Holly Shelter Creek, Hwy 

53 (1 UNCW); Holly Shelter Gamelands (1 NCSU); Long Creek (1 UNCW); MOCR 

(observation and leaf nests); Rocky Point (1 UNCW); Topsail Beach, Hwy 50 (1 UNCW); no 

specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 USNM); Christ Church Parish (4 

USNM); CHPI (observation); 2.5 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU); 7.5 mi W Charleston (1 KU); 

FOMO (observation); FOSU, no evidence; Porchers Bluff (1 USNM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 USNM); Christ Church Parish (4 

USNM); CHPI (observation); 2.5 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU); 7.5 mi W Charleston (1 KU); 

FOMO (observation); Porchers Bluff (1 USNM). 
188 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 USNM); Christ Church Parish (4 

USNM); CHPI (observation); 2.5 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU); 7.5 mi W Charleston (1 KU); 

FOMO (observation); Porchers Bluff (1 USNM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: Columbia (1 MCZ); CONG (observations; 1 

UNCW). 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: Waverly (1 TTU). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (1 UNCW; 

observation). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, rec area (observation); CHAT, 

Cochran Shoals, Powers Island (observation); CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Sope Creek (tracks); 

CHAT, Gold Branch (observation); CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (tracks); CHAT, Johnson Ferry 

South (tracks); Marietta (1 UMMZ); no specific locality (1 KU). Forsyth County: CHAT, 

Bowmans Island, dam access (observation). Fulton County: Atlanta (2 GMNH); NE Atlanta (2 

GMNH); CHAT, Holcomb Ford (observation); CHAT, Island Ford (observation); CHAT, Jones 

Bridge (observation); CHAT, McGinnis Ferry (observation); CHAT, Palisades East (tracks); 

CHAT, Vickery Creek (observation); Mount Paran at Hwy 41 (1 GMNH); Roswell (3 KU, 1 

UMMZ). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (observation); CHAT, Level Creek (tracks); 

CHAT, Medlock Bridge (observation); CHAT, Orrs Ferry (tracks); CHAT, Suwanee Creek 

(observation). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, rec area (observation); CHAT, 

Cochran Shoals, Powers Island (observation); CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Sope Creek (tracks); 

CHAT, Gold Branch (observation); CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (tracks); CHAT, Johnson Ferry 

South (tracks); Marietta (1 UMMZ); no specific locality (1 KU). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (observation and leaf nests); OCMU, 

Lamar Unit (observation and leaf nests); no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Bloody Marsh Site (observation); FOFR, Frederica Site 

(observation and chewed cones); Jekyll Island (1 GMNH); Sea Island (1 UMMZ). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (at least 1 CIM, 6 GMNH, 18 MCZ; observation; 

Wilson and Durden 2003); Saint Marys (4 MCZ; Elliot 1901). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Saint Charles Creek (1 FMNH); FOCA (observation); 

Jacksonville (4 MCZ, 1 TTU, 7 USNM); New Berlin (2 FMNH; Bangs 1898); Orange Grove (1 

MCZ); Saint Charles Creek (Elliot 1901); TIMU, Cedar Point (observation); TIMU, Kingsley 

Plantation (observation); TIMU, marsh island NPS32 (McClung 2004); TIMU, Theodore 

Roosevelt Area (observation); TIMU, Thomas Creek (observation); 0.5 mi entrance to TIMU, 

Fort Caroline Rd (1 UNCW); no specific locality (1 MCZ). Nassau County: Rose Bluff (Bangs 

1898). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: Saint Charles Creek (1 FMNH); FOCA (observation); 

Jacksonville (4 MCZ, 1 TTU, 7 USNM); New Berlin (2 FMNH; Bangs 1898); Orange Grove (1 

MCZ); Saint Charles Creek (Elliot 1901); TIMU, Cedar Point (observation); TIMU, Kingsley 

Plantation (observation); TIMU, marsh island NPS32 (McClung 2004); TIMU, Theodore 
189 

Roosevelt Area (observation); TIMU, Thomas Creek (observation); 0.5 mi entrance to TIMU, 

Fort Caroline Rd (1 UNCW); no specific locality (1 MCZ). Nassau County: Rose Bluff (Bangs 

1898). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA (observation); FOMA, Main Unit (observation); 

Saint Augustine Beach (1 KU); 8 mi N Saint Augustine (4 UF); Palm Valley (1 MSB). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint. Johns County: CASA (observation); FOMA, Main Unit (observation); 

Saint Augustine Beach (1 KU); 8 mi N Saint Augustine (4 UF); Palm Valley (1 MSB). 

Eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 3.5 mi NW Atkinson (1 UNCW); MOCR, no 

evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island (2 LSU); Bulls Island, Cape Romain 

NWR (6 USNM); near Charleston (1 MVZ); FOSU, no evidence; Isle of Palms (1 LSU); 6 mi 

NE McClellansville (1 KU). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island (2 LSU); Bulls Island, Cape Romain 

NWR (6 USNM); near Charleston (1 MVZ); FOMO, no evidence; Isle of Palms (1 LSU); 6 mi 

NE McClellansville (1 KU). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island (2 LSU); Bulls Island, Cape Romain 

NWR (6 USNM); near Charleston (1 MVZ); CHPI, no evidence; Isle of Palms (1 LSU); 6 mi NE 

McClellansville (1 KU). 

CONG: South Carolina – Kershaw County: no specific locality (SC Department of Natural 

Resources observation). Richland County: Columbia, Fort Jackson (1 USNM); CONG (NPS 

observation); no specific locality (Golley 1966).

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega Mountains (Howell 1921). Coosa County: Mount 

Weogufka (Howell 1921). Lee County: Auburn (3 UMMZ); 10 mi N Auburn (1 UMMZ). 

Russell County: Seale (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

 CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. DeKalb County: no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; no 

specific locality (Golley 1962). Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 
190 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). Jones 

County: 3 mi SE Gray (1 LSU). Peach County: Fort Valley (1 KU). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: 4 mi S Brunswick (1 UF); FOFR, no evidence; Saint Simons 

Island (Neuhauser and Baker 1974). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence; Saint Marys (2 MCZ); Saint Marys, 

probably (7 GMNH). Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp, Billys Island (2 USNM); 

Okefenokee Swamp, 0.5 mi E Chessers Island (1 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, 1 mi E Chessers 

Island (1 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, 1.5 mi E Chessers Island (1 CUMV); Okefenokee 

Swamp, 2 mi E Chessers Island (1 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, 2.5 mi E Chessers Island (1 

CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, 2 mi ENE Chessers Island (1 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, Race 

Pond (1 CUMV); Perimeter Rd, 0.25 mi N Sawfly Rd (1 GMNH). 

TIMU: Florida – Baker County: no specific locality (1 UF). Duval County: 20 mi W 

Jacksonville, I-10 (1 LSU); New Berlin (1 FMNH; Bangs 1898); TIMU, no evidence. Nassau 

County: 10 mi NNE Bryceville (1 KU); no specific locality (Moore 1956). 

FOCA: Florida – Baker County: no specific locality (1 UF). Duval County: FOCA, no 

evidence; 20 mi W Jacksonville, I-10 (1 LSU); New Berlin (1 FMNH; Bangs 1898). Nassau 

County: 10 mi NNE Bryceville (1 KU); no specific locality (Moore 1956). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Atkinson (1 NCSU); MOCR, no evidence; no specific 

locality (1 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: 2.9 mi N Charleston (4 KU); 8 mi SW Charleston 

(1 KU); 15 mi NE Charleston, Penny Dam (1 KU); FOSU, no evidence; Goose Creek (1 

CUMV); Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 4 KU). County unknown: Santee (1 USNM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: 2.9 mi N Charleston (4 KU); 8 mi SW Charleston 

(1 KU); 15 mi NE Charleston, Penny Dam (1 KU); FOMO, no evidence; Goose Creek (1 

CUMV); Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 4 KU). County unknown: Santee (1 USNM). 
191 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: 2.9 mi N Charleston (4 KU); 8 mi SW Charleston 

(1 KU); 15 mi NE Charleston, Penny Dam (1 KU); CHPI, no evidence; Goose Creek (1 CUMV); 

Saint Andrews Parish (1 CUMV, 4 KU). County unknown: Santee (1 USNM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Kershaw County: Camden (1 KU). Richland County: CONG (NPS 

observation); no specific locality (Golley 1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: Auburn (6 UMMZ). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; Vinings (1 GMNH); 1 mi NW Vinings (1 

GMNH); no specific locality (2 UMMZ). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: 

Atlanta (4 GMNH, 1 MSB); NE Atlanta (1 GMNH); CHAT, no evidence; Roswell (4 KU, 2 

UMMZ); 2 mi N Roswell (3 CUMV). Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence; Vinings (1 GMNH); 1 mi NW Vinings 

(1 GMNH); no specific locality (2 UMMZ). Fulton County: Atlanta (4 GMNH, 1 MSB); NE 

Atlanta (1 GMNH); Roswell (4 KU, 2 UMMZ); 2 mi N Roswell (3 CUMV). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Saint Simons Island (Neuhauser and 

Baker 1974). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence; Saint Marys (9 MCZ, 1 MVZ). Charlton 

County: Okefenokee Swamp, Billys Island (1 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, 4 mi E Chessers 

Island (2 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, Floyds Island (2 USNM). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Jacksonville (1 UF); north of Jacksonville (1 MSB); New 

Berlin (Bangs 1898); TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; Jacksonville (1 UF); north of Jacksonville 

(1 MSB); New Berlin (Bangs 1898). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Southeastern pocket gopher (Geomys pinetis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 
192 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Macon County: no specific locality (Avise et al. 1979). Russell County: 

Seale (Howell 1921); no specific locality (Avise et al. 1979). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no 

evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Crawford County: Roberta (3 USNM); 7 

mi S Roberta (3 USNM); no specific locality (1 UF). Houston County: no specific locality (1 

UF). Taylor County: no specific locality (1 MVZ). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Sterling (Bangs 1898); no specific locality 

(21 MCZ). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (1 GMNH, 26 MCZ, 4 MVZ, 4 UMMZ, 11 USNM); 

0.5 mi E Kingsland (7 UIMNH); 0.5 mi N, 4 mi E Kingsland (1 UIMNH); Saint Marys (Bangs 

1898); Saint Marys, Ano Plantation (3 FMNH).. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: 4 mi W Atlantic Beach (1 UF); 1 mi NW Bayard (2 TTU); 2 mi 

W Bayard (1 UF); Jacksonville (3 FMNH, 1 USNM, 1 YPM); Jacksonville, north along Hwy 17 

(5 USNM); Jacksonville, west of Saint Johns (1 MSB); 6 mi S Jacksonville, near San Jose CC (1 

UF); New Berlin (6 FMNH, 2 TCWC; Bangs 1898); Oceanview, Hwy 17 (9 USNM); Saint 

Charles Creek (Elliot 1901); 0.5 mi N Saint Johns County line (1 UF); TIMU, no evidence; 13 

mi S, 2 mi W Yulee, I-95 (5 GMNH). Nassau County: Crandall (9 USNM); 1 mi E Crandall (1 

CUMV); Rose Bluff (Bangs 1898); Saint Marys River, 2 mi NE Saint George (1 CUMV); 1.6 mi 

S Saint Marys River on Hwy 1 (3 UF); 1 mi E Yulee, Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 1.1 mi NE Yulee, 

Hwy A1A at C-220A (1 GMNH); 1.2 mi NE Yulee, Hwy A1A at C-220A (1 GMNH); 1.2 mi E 

Yulee, Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 1.35 mi NE Yulee, Hwy A1A at C-220A (2 GMNH); 1.4 mi NE 

Yulee, Hwy A1A at C-220A (1 GMNH); 1.8 mi E Yulee, Hwy A1A (1 USNM); 2 mi E Yulee, 

Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 2 mi S Yulee (4 KU, 1 UF); 2 mi NE Yulee (2 GMNH); 2.1 mi E Yulee, 

Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 2.4 mi S Yulee, Hwy 17 (1 USNM); 2.5 mi E Yulee, Hwy 200A (1 

USNM); 2.5 mi S Yulee, Hwy 17 (1 USNM); 3 mi E Yulee (1 GMNH); 3.3 mi E Yulee (1 

GMNH); 3.6 mi E Yulee (1 GMNH). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence (habitat lacking); 4 mi W Atlantic Beach 

(1 UF); 1 mi NW Bayard (2 TTU); 2 mi W Bayard (1 UF); Jacksonville (3 FMNH, 1 USNM, 1 

YPM); Jacksonville, north along Hwy 17 (5 USNM); Jacksonville, west of Saint Johns (1 MSB); 

6 mi S Jacksonville, near San Jose CC (1 UF); New Berlin (6 FMNH, 2 TCWC; Bangs 1898); 
193 

Oceanview, Hwy 17 (9 USNM); Saint Charles Creek (Elliot 1901); 0.5 mi N Saint Johns County 

line (1 UF); 13 mi S, 2 mi W Yulee, I-95 (5 GMNH). Nassau County: Crandall (9 USNM); 1 mi 

E Crandall (1 CUMV); Rose Bluff (Bangs 1898); Saint Marys River, 2 mi NE Saint George (1 

CUMV); 1.6 mi S Saint Marys River on Hwy 1 (3 UF); 1 mi E Yulee, Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 

1.1 mi NE Yulee, Hwy A1A at C-220A (1 GMNH); 1.2 mi NE Yulee, Hwy A1A at C-220A (1 

GMNH); 1.2 mi E Yulee, Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 1.35 mi NE Yulee, Hwy A1A at C-220A (2 

GMNH); 1.4 mi NE Yulee, Hwy A1A at C-220A (1 GMNH); 1.8 mi E Yulee, Hwy A1A (1 

USNM); 2 mi E Yulee, Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 2 mi S Yulee (4 KU, 1 UF); 2 mi NE Yulee (2 

GMNH); 2.1 mi E Yulee, Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 2.4 mi S Yulee, Hwy 17 (1 USNM); 2.5 mi E 

Yulee, Hwy 200A (1 USNM); 2.5 mi S Yulee, Hwy 17 (1 USNM); 3 mi E Yulee (1 GMNH); 3.3 

mi E Yulee (1 GMNH); 3.6 mi E Yulee (1 GMNH). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; 1 mi N Flagler County line (1 UF); 

1.7 mi N Flagler County line (1 UF); Mandarin (1 UF); Rt 204, 1 mi W jct I-10 and Hwy 1 (4 

FMNH); Saint Augustine (1 UF); Saint Augustine, 3.9 mi W Jct ? (1 UF); 4 mi S Saint 

Augustine (1 UF); 4 mi SW Saint Augustine (1 FMNH, 1 KU); 5.9 mi W Saint Augustine, Hwy 

1 (1 UF); 6.5 mi S Saint Augustine (1 UF); Switzerland (1 UF). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: 1 mi N Flagler County line (1 UF); 1.7 mi N Flagler 

County line (1 UF); FOMA, no evidence; Mandarin (1 UF); Rt 204, 1 mi W jct I-10 and Hwy 1 

(4 FMNH); Saint Augustine (1 UF); Saint Augustine, 3.9 mi W Jct ? (1 UF); 4 mi S Saint 

Augustine (1 UF); 4 mi SW Saint Augustine (1 FMNH, 1 KU); 5.9 mi W Saint Augustine, Hwy 

1 (1 UF); 6.5 mi S Saint Augustine (1 UF); Switzerland (1 UF). 

American beaver (Castor canadensis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 4 mi S Atkinson (3 UNCW); 5.5 mi SE Atkinson (1 

UNCW); MOCR (tracks and gnawed trees). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Calhoun County: no specific locality (Golley 1966). Richland 

County: CONG (observation). 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: 2 mi N Notasulga (1 LSU). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (tracks 

and gnawed trees). 
194 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, rec area (gnawed trees);CHAT, 

Johnson Ferry North (observation); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (gnawed trees); KEMO (NPS 

observation). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, Holcomb Bridge 

(gnawed trees); CHAT, Jones Bridge (gnawed trees); CHAT, McGinnis Ferry (gnawed trees); 

CHAT, Palisades East (gnawed trees); CHAT, Vickery Creek (tracks). Gwinnett County: 

CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (gnawed trees); CHAT, Bowmans Island, Richland Creek (1 UNCW); 

CHAT, Medlock Bridge (gnawed trees); CHAT, Orrs Ferry (observation). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals, rec area (gnawed trees); CHAT, 

Johnson Ferry North (observation); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (gnawed trees); KEMO (NPS 

observation). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (1 UNCW; gnawed trees); OCMU, Lamar 

Unit (gnawed trees); no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

McIntosh County: Sapelo Island (1 GMNH). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001). County unknown:

Okefenokee Swamp, 1 mi E Floyds Island (Harper, 1927). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (2 MSB); CAHA, Bodie Island (8 UNCW); 

CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM, 2 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (2 UNCW); CAHA (2 UNCW); 

CAHA, Frisco (1 UMMZ); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (1 NCSM); [CAHA] Pea Island (1 AMNH, 2 

MCZ); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 4 mi S Oregon Inlet (4 UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 

Oregon Inlet (1 VCU); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S Oregon Inlet (3 UNCW); Hatteras (1 

UMMZ); Nags Head (1 NCSU, 1 UMMZ); 1 mi E Nags Head (2 UNCW); Nags Head Woods 

(Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983; Parnell et al. 1992); Rodanthe (Parnell et al. 

1992); 2 mi S Salvo (1 AMNH, 1 MSB). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (4 UMA, 4 

UNCW). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (2 MSB); CAHA, Bodie Island (8 UNCW); 

CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM, 2 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (2 UNCW); CAHA (2 UNCW); 

CAHA, Frisco (1 UMMZ); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (1 NCSM); [CAHA] Pea Island (1 AMNH, 2 

MCZ); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 4 mi S Oregon Inlet (4 UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 

Oregon Inlet (1 VCU); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S Oregon Inlet (3 UNCW); Hatteras (1 

UMMZ); Nags Head (1 NCSU, 1 UMMZ); 1 mi E Nags Head (2 UNCW); Nags Head Woods 

(Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983; Parnell et al. 1992); Rodanthe (Parnell et al. 

1992); 2 mi S Salvo (1 AMNH, 1 MSB); WRBR, no evidence. 
195 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (2 MSB); CAHA, Bodie Island (8 UNCW); 

CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM, 2 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (2 UNCW); CAHA (2 UNCW); 

FORA, no evidence; CAHA, Frisco (1 UMMZ); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (1 NCSM); [CAHA] Pea 

Island (1 AMNH, 2 MCZ); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 4 mi S Oregon Inlet (4 UNCW); [CAHA] 

Pea Island NWR, Oregon Inlet (1 VCU); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S Oregon Inlet (3 

UNCW); Hatteras (1 UMMZ); Nags Head (1 NCSU, 1 UMMZ); 1 mi E Nags Head (2 UNCW); 

Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983; Parnell et al. 1992); 

Rodanthe (Parnell et al. 1992); 2 mi S Salvo (1 AMNH, 1 MSB). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Bird Shoal (3 KU); CALO, Cape Lookout (1 CALO, 

2 UMA); CALO, South Core Banks (tracks and scat); CALO, South Core Banks, 1 mi S Drum 

Inlet (1 CALO); CALO, Portsmouth Island (12 UMA; tracks and scat); CALO, Portsmouth 

Village (2 CALO); CALO, Shackleford Banks (1 CALO, 10 UNCW; Engels 1952; Webster 

1987a); Cedar Island NWR (31 UNCW); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 3 km NE Burgaw, I-40 (1 UNCW); 8 km SSE 

Burgaw, I-40 (5 UNCW); 7 km SE Burgaw, I-40 (2 UNCW); MOCR, no evidence; Topsail 

Beach (2 UNCW); 2 km E Watha, I-40 (7 UNCW); 3 km E Willard, I-40 (1 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (6 USNM); Cape 

Island (2 KU); 6.4 mi S Charleston (1 KU); 9 mi W Charleston, Rantowles Creek (1 KU); Edisto 

Island (1 ROM); FOSU, no evidence; Goose Creek (1 MVZ); Hwy 45 at Berkeley County line (2 

GMNH); Johns Island (1 GMNH); 2 7/8 mi N, 8 mi W McClellansville, Coffee Creek Swamp (1 

MHP); Mount Pleasant, Porchers Bluff (1 UF); 13.5 mi NE Mount Pleasant (1 MVZ); Otranto (2 

KU); Porchers Bluff (4 ROM); Stono River (2 MVZ); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002); 

Woodland Shores (1 ROM); no specific locality (4 MVZ). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (6 USNM); 

Cape Island (2 KU); 6.4 mi S Charleston (1 KU); 9 mi W Charleston, Rantowles Creek (1 KU); 

Edisto Island (1 ROM); FOMO, no evidence; Goose Creek (1 MVZ); Hwy 45 at Berkeley 

County line (2 GMNH); Johns Island (1 GMNH); 2 7/8 mi N, 8 mi W McClellansville, Coffee 

Creek Swamp (1 MHP); Mount Pleasant, Porchers Bluff (1 UF); 13.5 mi NE Mount Pleasant (1 

MVZ); Otranto (2 KU); Porchers Bluff (4 ROM); Stono River (2 MVZ); Wedge Plantation 

(Clark et al. 2002); Woodland Shores (1 ROM); no specific locality (4 MVZ). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (6 USNM); Cape 

Island (2 KU); CHPI, no evidence; 6.4 mi S Charleston (1 KU); 9 mi W Charleston, Rantowles 

Creek (1 KU); Edisto Island (1 ROM); Goose Creek (1 MVZ); Hwy 45 at Berkeley County line 

(2 GMNH); Johns Island (1 GMNH); 2 7/8 mi N, 8 mi W McClellansville, Coffee Creek Swamp 

(1 MHP); Mount Pleasant, Porchers Bluff (1 UF); 13.5 mi NE Mount Pleasant (1 MVZ); Otranto 

(2 KU); Porchers Bluff (4 ROM); Stono River (2 MVZ); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002); 

Woodland Shores (1 ROM); no specific locality (4 MVZ). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (1 MSB); Hwy 601, 1 mi N Congaree River 

(1 GMNH). 
196 

HOBE: Alabama – Coosa County: Weogufka (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (2 

MSB). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). Gwinnett County: 

CHAT, Suwanee Creek (3 UNCW). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Crawford County: Roberta (1 USNM). 

Houston County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Frederica Site (1 UNCW); Jekyll Island (4 GMNH). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (3 AMNH, at least 1 CIM, 11 GMNH, 11 MCZ; Shoop 

and Ruckdeschel 1990; Wilson and Durden 2003); Saint Marys (Bangs 1898; Elliot 1901). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Burnside Beach (Bangs 1898); FOCA (observation); 5 mi W 

Jacksonville, Hwy 90 (1 AMNH); New Berlin (8 FMNH; Bangs 1898); TIMU, no evidence. 

Nassau County: Amelia Island (1 AMNH); White Oak Conservation Center (1 UF). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: Burnside Beach (Bangs 1898); FOCA (observation); 5 mi W 

Jacksonville, Hwy 90 (1 AMNH); New Berlin (8 FMNH; Bangs 1898). Nassau County: Amelia 

Island (1 AMNH); White Oak Conservation Center (1 UF). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (2 MCZ, 4 UF); Anastasia Island, 

Espanita (3 FMNH); Anastasia Island, 3.5 mi S Saint Augustine (2 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 4 

mi S Saint Augustine (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 12 mi S Saint Augustine (3 AMNH); 

Anastasia State Park (1 UF); Carterville (Bangs 1898); CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Rattlesnake 

Island (3 UNCW); Palm Valley (1 UF); near Palm Valley bridge (1 UF); 1 mi S Palm Valley 

bridge (1 UF). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (2 MCZ, 4 UF); Anastasia Island, 

Espanita (3 FMNH); Anastasia Island, 3.5 mi S Saint Augustine (2 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 4 

mi S Saint Augustine (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 12 mi S Saint Augustine (3 AMNH); 

Anastasia State Park (1 UF); Carterville (Bangs 1898); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (3 UNCW); 

Palm Valley (1 UF); near Palm Valley bridge (1 UF); 1 mi S Palm Valley bridge (1 UF). 

Eastern harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys humulis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence; 4 mi NNW Duck (2 USNM); 0.7 

mi NNW Kitty Hawk fishing pier (1 USNM). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no 

evidence; Lake Mattamuskeet NWR (9 USNM). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: 4 mi NNW Duck (2 USNM); 0.7 mi NNW Kitty Hawk 

fishing pier (1 USNM); WRBR, no evidence. Hyde County: Lake Mattamuskeet NWR (9 

USNM). 
197 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence; 4 mi NNW Duck (2 USNM); FOR 

A, no evidence; 0.7 mi NNW Kitty Hawk fishing pier (1 USNM). Hyde County: Lake 

Mattamuskeet NWR (9 USNM). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 7 km SE Burgaw, I-40 (3 UNCW); 8 km SSE 

Burgaw, I-40 (6 UNCW); 6 km NNE Castle Hayne, I-40 (6 UNCW); Holly Shelter Gamelands 

(15 UNCW); MOCR (1 UNCW); 2 km E Watha, I-40 (9 UNCW); 3 km E Willard, I-40 (2 

UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Drayton (1 ROM); 0.75 mi W Drayton (1 ROM); 

FOSU, no evidence; McClellansville (1 USNM); 3.4 km NE McClellansville (4 USNM); 

Porchers Bluff (2 ROM); Saint Andrews Parish, Legares Farm (2 KU); Wedge Plantation (Clark 

et al. 2002). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Drayton (1 ROM); 0.75 mi W Drayton (1 ROM); 

FOMO, no evidence; McClellansville (1 USNM); 3.4 km NE McClellansville (4 USNM); 

Porchers Bluff (2 ROM); Saint Andrews Parish, Legares Farm (2 KU); Wedge Plantation (Clark 

et al. 2002). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence; Drayton (1 ROM); 0.75 mi W 

Drayton (1 ROM); McClellansville (1 USNM); 3.4 km NE McClellansville (4 USNM); Porchers 

Bluff (2 ROM); Saint Andrews Parish, Legares Farm (2 KU); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 

2002). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (5 UNCW); Fort Jackson (1 MHP). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Dean (Howell 1921). Lee County: Auburn (3 UMMZ). 

Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; KEMO (observation). Forsyth County: 

CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; south of College Rd (1 GMNH). 

Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (1 UNCW); CHAT, Suwanee Creek (2 UNCW); 

Chattahoochee River (2 GMNH). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO (observation). Fulton County: south of College Rd (1 

GMNH). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; no specific locality (2 NUVC). 

FOFR: Georgia – Camden County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Charlton County: 

Cowhouse Island, Union Camp (2 GMNH). Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

Charlton County: Cowhouse Island, Union Camp (2 GMNH); Okefenokee Swamp, Billys Island 

(1 CUMV). 
198 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Calhoun County: Saint Matthews (Schwartz 1954). Kershaw County: 

no specific locality (Golley 1966). Richland County: CONG, no evidence; 10 mi E Columbia, 

Fort Jackson (3 KU, 11 MHP); no specific locality (Golley 1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: Auburn (1 UMMZ); 3 mi S Auburn (1 NUVC); 5 mi NW 

Auburn (1 NUVC). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cherokee County: 5 mi N Canton (Schwartz 1954). Cobb County: CHAT, no 

evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; no 

specific locality (Golley 1962). Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: 5 mi N Canton (Schwartz 1954). Cobb County: KEMO, 

no evidence. Fulton County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Crawford County: Roberta (1 USNM). 

Houston County: no specific locality (1 UF). Jones County: James (2 USNM); 7 mi N Macon, 

Hwy 129 (Schwartz 1954). Jones or Wilkinson County: James or Gordon, respectively (1 

USNM). Twiggs County: Fitzpatrick (4 USNM). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 
199 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Ponte Vedra Beach (1 MSB); TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 ChM, 2 CUMV, 1 KU, 2 LSU, 27 

MCZ, 1 MSB, 12 ROM, 7 UF, 4 UMMZ); Anastasia Island, Anastasia State Park (4 CUMV, 13 

UF, 8 PSM, 1 UIMNH, 1 UMMZ); Anastasia Island, Anastasia State Park, south end (28 

OMNH); Anastasia Island, Espanita (3 AMNH, 25 FMNH, 14 USNM); Anastasia Island, Frank 

Butler State Park (1 OMNH); Anastasia Island, 11 mi N Marineland (12 KU); Anastasia Island, 

north end (15 OMNH); Anastasia Island, 12 mi S Saint Augustine (1 AMNH); Island, 0.5 mi N 

FOMA (2 UF); Anastasia Island, 2.3 mi N FOMA (1 UF); Anastasia Island, 2.4 mi N FOMA (2 

UF); Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine Beach (2 MSU); [Anastasia Island] Augustine Beach (9 

KU, 1 UMMZ); CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (tracks, scat, and plugged tunnels); 

[FOMA, Anastasia Island] Matanzas Inlet, south end (4 OMNH, 1 UF); [FOMA] Anastasia 

Island, Matanzas Inlet, 15 mi S Saint Augustine (17 AMNH); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, 

[Matanzas Inlet] 15 mi S Saint Augustine (5 AMNH); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, south end (2 

UF); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Point Romo (2 AMNH, 2 ChM, 2 CUMV, 11 KU, 6 UF, 1 

UIMNH); Anastasia Island, 9 mi N Point Romo (2 UF); Micklers Pier (3 UF); Palm Valley (2 

MSB); Ponte Vedra (6 MSB); R30E, T7S, Sec 22 (3 UF); R30E, T8S, Sec 3 (3 UF); Saint 

Augustine (1 YPM); Summer Haven (1 UF); Vilano Beach (6 UF); no specific locality (1 ChM). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 ChM, 2 CUMV, 1 KU, 2 LSU, 27 

MCZ, 1 MSB, 12 ROM, 7 UF, 4 UMMZ); Anastasia Island, Anastasia State Park (4 CUMV, 13 

UF, 8 PSM, 1 UIMNH, 1 UMMZ); Anastasia Island, Anastasia State Park, south end (28 

OMNH); Anastasia Island, Espanita (3 AMNH, 25 FMNH, 14 USNM); Anastasia Island, Frank 

Butler State Park (1 OMNH); Anastasia Island, 11 mi N Marineland (12 KU); Anastasia Island, 

north end (15 OMNH); Anastasia Island, 12 mi S Saint Augustine (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 

0.5 mi N FOMA (2 UF); Anastasia Island, 2.3 mi N FOMA (1 UF); Anastasia Island, 2.4 mi N 

FOMA (2 UF); Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine Beach (2 MSU); [Anastasia Island] Augustine 

Beach (9 KU, 1 UMMZ); FOMA, Main Unit (tracks, scat, and plugged tunnels); FOMA, 

Rattlesnake Island, no evidence; [FOMA, Anastasia Island] Matanzas Inlet, south end (4 OMNH, 

1 UF); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Matanzas Inlet, 15 mi S Saint Augustine (17 AMNH); 

[FOMA] Anastasia Island, [Matanzas Inlet] 15 mi S Saint Augustine (5 AMNH); [FOMA] 

Anastasia Island, south end (2 UF); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Point Romo (2 AMNH, 2 ChM, 2 

CUMV, 11 KU, 6 UF, 1 UIMNH); Anastasia Island, 9 mi N Point Romo (2 UF); Micklers Pier 

(3 UF); Palm Valley (2 MSB); Ponte Vedra (6 MSB); R30E, T7S, Sec 22 (3 UF); R30E, T8S, 

Sec 3 (3 UF); Saint Augustine (1 YPM); Summer Haven (1 UF); Vilano Beach (6 UF); no 

specific locality (1 ChM). 

White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island (10 

UNCW); CAHA, Buxton (4 NCSM, 20 UNCW, 1 USNM); CAHA, 1 km S Buxton (7 UNCW); 

CAHA, Cape Hatteras (4 GMNH, 10 UNCW); CAHA, 5 m (4 KU); CAHA, 3.9 km N 

Chicomacomico (4 UNCW); CAHA, Frisco (13 UNCW); CAHA, 2.5 km S Hatteras (2 UNCW); 

CAHA, South Nags Head (5 UNCW); Coquina Beach (Parnell et al. 1992); near Duck (4 

USNM); Frisco (2 UMMZ); Hatteras Island (3 UMA); 0.5 mi NNW Kitty Hawk fishing pier (19 

USNM); Manteo (2 USNM); Nags Head Woods (5 UNCW); Prulean Farms (2 NCSM); 
200 

Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); Salvo (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (1 UNCW). Hyde 

County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island (10 

UNCW); CAHA, Buxton (4 NCSM, 20 UNCW, 1 USNM); CAHA, 1 km S Buxton (7 UNCW); 

CAHA, Cape Hatteras (4 GMNH, 10 UNCW); CAHA, 5 m (4 KU); CAHA, 3.9 km N 

Chicomacomico (4 UNCW); CAHA, Frisco (13 UNCW); CAHA, 2.5 km S Hatteras (2 UNCW); 

CAHA, South Nags Head (5 UNCW); Coquina Beach (Parnell et al. 1992); near Duck (4 

USNM); Frisco (2 UMMZ); Hatteras Island (3 UMA); 0.5 mi NNW Kitty Hawk fishing pier (19 

USNM); Manteo (2 USNM); Nags Head Woods (5 UNCW); Prulean Farms (2 NCSM); 

Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); Salvo (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (1 (UNCW). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island (10 

UNCW); CAHA, Buxton (4 NCSM, 20 UNCW, 1 USNM); CAHA, 1 km S Buxton (7 UNCW); 

CAHA, Cape Hatteras (4 GMNH, 10 UNCW); CAHA, 5 m (4 KU); CAHA, 3.9 km N 

Chicomacomico (4 UNCW); CAHA, Frisco (13 UNCW); CAHA, 2.5 km S Hatteras (2 UNCW); 

CAHA, South Nags Head (5 UNCW); Coquina Beach (Parnell et al. 1992); near Duck (4 

USNM); FORA, no evidence; Frisco (2 UMMZ); Hatteras Island (3 UMA); 0.5 mi NNW Kitty 

Hawk fishing pier (19 USNM); Manteo (2 USNM); Nags Head Woods (5 UNCW); Prulean 

Farms (2 NCSM); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); Salvo (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (1 

UNCW). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. Craven County: corner of 

Schull Rd and Braxton Rd (3 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Atkinson (1 UMMZ); 7 km SE Burgaw, I-40 (1 

UNCW); 6 km NNE Castle Hayne, I-40 (3 UNCW); Holly Shelter Gamelands (1 UNCW); 

MOCR (1 UNCW); Scotts Hill (1 NCSM). 

CONG: South Carolina –Fairfield County: no specific locality (Golley 1966). Richland County: 

CONG, no evidence; Fort Jackson (5 MHP). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (12 MSB, 1 UNCW); HOBE, Hwy 79 at 

Tallapoosa River (4 GMNH). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals (observation); Marietta (4 UMMZ). 

DeKalb County: no specific locality (1 USNM). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton 

County: Atlanta Metro (5 MSB); Atlanta, 1 mi W Buckhead (1 GMNH); CHAT, McGinnis 

Ferry (3 UNCW); Jimmy Carter Center (2 MSB). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Level Creek (1 

UNCW); CHAT, Orrs Ferry (1 UNCW). County unknown: Atlanta (1 USNM). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: 5 mi W Canton (1 USNM); 15 mi NW Canton (2 USNM). 

Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals (observation); KEMO, no evidence; Marietta (4 UMMZ). 

Fulton County: Atlanta Metro (5 MSB); Atlanta, 1 mi W Buckhead (1 GMNH); CHAT, 

McGinnis Ferry (3 UNCW); Jimmy Carter Center (2 MSB). County unknown: Atlanta (1 

USNM). 
201 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Pike County: no specific locality (1 

GMNH). Upson County: no specific locality (1 GMNH). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Castle Hayne (1 UNCW); 6 km NNE Castle Hayne, 

I-40 (1 UNCW); Hampstead (1 UNCW); Holly Shelter Gamelands (6 UNCW); MOCR (5 

MSB); Rocky Point (1 UNCW); Scotts Hill (8 UNCW); Topsail Beach (2 UNCW); Watha (4 

UNCW); 14.4 mi N Wilmington, I-40 (6 UNCW); 15 mi N Wilmington (1 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 AMNH); 9 mi NE 

Awendaw (2 AMNH); Bees Ferry Road (2 CUMV, 3 KU); Bulls Island (1 KU); Bulls Island, 

Cape Romain NWR (5 USNM); 7.2 mi WSW Charleston, Rantowles Creek (1 KU); 7.5 mi W 

Charleston (4 KU); 8.3 mi W Charleston (1 KU); Edisto Island (3 GMNH); FOSU, no evidence; 

Hwy 45 at Berkeley County line 17 (GMNH); 4.5 mi S, 6.5 mi W McClellansville, Buck Hall 

Campground (3 MHP); 2 7/8 mi N, 8 mi W McClellansville, Coffee Creek Swamp (10 MHP); 

Mount Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); Murphy Island (1 KU); Porchers Bluff (2 ROM); Saint 

Andrews Parish (1 KU, 3 MVZ); Seabrook Beach (1 KU); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002); 

no specific locality (1 KU). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 AMNH); 9 mi NE 

Awendaw (2 AMNH); Bees Ferry Road (2 CUMV, 3 KU); Bulls Island (1 KU); Bulls Island, 

Cape Romain NWR (5 USNM); 7.2 mi WSW Charleston, Rantowles Creek (1 KU); 7.5 mi W 

Charleston (4 KU); 8.3 mi W Charleston (1 KU); Edisto Island (3 GMNH); FOMO, no evidence; 

Hwy 45 at Berkeley County line 17 (GMNH); 4.5 mi S, 6.5 mi W McClellansville, Buck Hall 

Campground (3 MHP); 2 7/8 mi N, 8 mi W McClellansville, Coffee Creek Swamp (10 MHP); 

Mount Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); Murphy Island (1 KU); Porchers Bluff (2 ROM); Saint 
202 

Andrews Parish (1 KU, 3 MVZ); Seabrook Beach (1 KU); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002); 

no specific locality (1 KU). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 AMNH); 9 mi NE 

Awendaw (2 AMNH); Bees Ferry Road (2 CUMV, 3 KU); Bulls Island (1 KU); Bulls Island, 

Cape Romain NWR (5 USNM); CHPI, no evidence; 7.2 mi WSW Charleston, Rantowles Creek 

(1 KU); 7.5 mi W Charleston (4 KU); 8.3 mi W Charleston (1 KU); Edisto Island (3 GMNH); 

Hwy 45 at Berkeley County line 17 (GMNH); 4.5 mi S, 6.5 mi W McClellansville, Buck Hall 

Campground (3 MHP); 2 7/8 mi N, 8 mi W McClellansville, Coffee Creek Swamp (10 MHP); 

Mount Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); Murphy Island (1 KU); Porchers Bluff (2 ROM); Saint 

Andrews Parish (1 KU, 3 MVZ); Seabrook Beach (1 KU); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002); 

no specific locality (1 KU). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (16 MSB, 4 UNCW); Hwy 601, 1 mi N 

Congaree River (22 GMNH); Fort Jackson (62 MHP). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (6 MSB); HOBE, Hwy 79 at Tallapoosa River 

(20 GMNH). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (1 UNCW); no specific locality (1 NUVC). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Jekyll Island (38 GMNH, 1 UIMNH); 

Saint Simons Island (1 GMNH); Sterling (Bangs 1898). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (8 AMNH, at least 1 CIM, 3 GMNH, 7 MSB, 29 MCZ, 

2 MVZ, 1 UF, 2 UMMZ; Magnarelli et al. 1999; Wilson and Durden 2003); CUIS, Dungeness 

(16 GMNH); CUIS, 1.5 mi E Stafford House (3 GMNH); Griffins Neck (1 MVZ); 0.5 mi N, 4 

mi E Kingsland (1 UIMNH); Little Cumberland Island (6 GMNH); Saint Marys (Bangs 1898). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Burnside Beach (Bangs 1898); Lake Ashbury (1 UF); New 

Berlin (3 FMNH, Bangs 1898); Saint Charles Creek (1 FMNH); TIMU, no evidence. Nassau 

County: Amelia Island (2 AMNH, 11 GMNH); Amelia Island, 0.5 mi E Hwy A1A bridge (2 

AMNH); Amelia Island, 1.5 mi E Hwy A1A bridge (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, south end of 

Hwy A1A bridge (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 1.8 mi SSE Amelia City (5 AMNH); Amelia 

Island, 2 mi SSE Amelia City (8 AMNH); Amelia Island, 2.3 mi SSE Amelia City (5 AMNH); 

Amelia Island, 2.9 mi SSE Amelia City (5 AMNH); Amelia Island, 4 mi SSE Amelia City (3 

AMNH); Amelia Island, 4.5 mi SSE Amelia City (2 AMNH); Amelia Island, 4.6 mi SSE Amelia 

City (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 4.8 mi SSE Amelia City (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 5.2 mi SSE 

Amelia City (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 5.4 mi SSE Amelia City (2 AMNH); Amelia Island, 5.6 

mi SSE Amelia City (2 AMNH); Amelia Island, American Beach (1 AMNH); Hwy 2 at Saint 

Marys River (3 GMNH); Hwy 121A, 0.6 mi N Hwy 108 (4 GMNH); Hwy 121A, 2.3 mi N Hwy 

108 (3 GMNH); Hwy 121A, 9.1 mi N Hwy 108 (1 GMNH); Hwy 121A, 11.8 mi N Hwy 108 (4 

GMNH); Hwy 108, 0.2 mi W Hwy 115A (1 GMNH); Hwy 108, 2 mi E Hwy 121A (1 GMNH); 
203 

Hwy 108, 3.5 mi E Hwy 115A (1 GMNH); 1.5 mi W Hwy 17, Agriculture Experimental Station 

(2 GMNH); 0.25 mi S Mulberry Landing, Hwy 121 (1 GMNH); Saint Marys River, 2 mi NE 

Saint George (1 CUMV). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: Burnside Beach (Bangs 1898); FOCA, no evidence; Lake 

Ashbury (1 UF); New Berlin (3 FMNH, Bangs 1898); Saint Charles Creek (1 FMNH). Nassau 

County: Amelia Island (2 AMNH, 11 GMNH); Amelia Island, 0.5 mi E Hwy A1A bridge (2 

AMNH); Amelia Island, 1.5 mi E Hwy A1A bridge (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, south end of 

Hwy A1A bridge (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 1.8 mi SSE Amelia City (5 AMNH); Amelia 

Island, 2 mi SSE Amelia City (8 AMNH); Amelia Island, 2.3 mi SSE Amelia City (5 AMNH); 

Amelia Island, 2.9 mi SSE Amelia City (5 AMNH); Amelia Island, 4 mi SSE Amelia City (3 

AMNH); Amelia Island, 4.5 mi SSE Amelia City (2 AMNH); Amelia Island, 4.6 mi SSE Amelia 

City (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 4.8 mi SSE Amelia City (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 5.2 mi SSE 

Amelia City (1 AMNH); Amelia Island, 5.4 mi SSE Amelia City (2 AMNH); Amelia Island, 5.6 

mi SSE Amelia City (2 AMNH); Amelia Island, American Beach (1 AMNH); Hwy 2 at Saint 

Marys River (3 GMNH); Hwy 121A, 0.6 mi N Hwy 108 (4 GMNH); Hwy 121A, 2.3 mi N Hwy 

108 (3 GMNH); Hwy 121A, 9.1 mi N Hwy 108 (1 GMNH); Hwy 121A, 11.8 mi N Hwy 108 (4 

GMNH); Hwy 108, 0.2 mi W Hwy 115A (1 GMNH); Hwy 108, 2 mi E Hwy 121A (1 GMNH); 

Hwy 108, 3.5 mi E Hwy 115A (1 GMNH); 1.5 mi W Hwy 17, Agriculture Experimental Station 

(2 GMNH); 0.25 mi S Mulberry Landing, Hwy 121 (1 GMNH); Saint Marys River, 2 mi NE 

Saint George (1 CUMV). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 CUMV, 8 MCZ, 5 ROM); Anastasia 

Island, 2.6 mi W Crescent Beach (4 UF); Anastasia Island, Espanita (9 FMNH, 2 USNM); 

Carterville (Bangs 1898); CASA, no evidence; FOMA (16 MSB); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, 

south end (2 USNM); Guano River NWA, 10.7 mi N Vilano Beach access rd (2 UF); Palm 

Valley (1 UF); 2 mi N Saint Augustine (1 UF); Vedra Beach, 10.7 mi N Vilano Beach access rd 

(1 UF); Vedra Beach, 12.5 mi N Vilano Beach access rd (1 UF). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 CUMV, 8 MCZ, 5 ROM); Anastasia 

Island, 2.6 mi W Crescent Beach (4 UF); Anastasia Island, Espanita (9 FMNH, 2 USNM); F 

Carterville (Bangs 1898); FOMA (16 MSB); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, south end (2 USNM); 

Guano River NWA, 10.7 mi N Vilano Beach access rd (2 UF); Palm Valley (1 UF); 2 mi N Saint 

Augustine (1 UF); Vedra Beach, 10.7 mi N Vilano Beach access rd (1 UF); Vedra Beach, 12.5 

mi N Vilano Beach access rd (1 UF). 

Florida mouse (Podomys floridanus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 
204 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FORR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Clay County: no specific locality (2 UF). Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Clay County: no specific locality (2 UF). Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (2 ChM, 2 UF); Anastasia Island, 

Espanita (8 FMNH); Anastasia Island, 5.5 mi S Saint Augustine (4 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 6 

mi S Saint Augustine (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 12 mi S Saint Augustine (3 AMNH); 

Anastasia Island, 5.5 mi S Saint Augustine (4 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 6 mi S Saint Augustine 

(1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine Beach (5 UMMZ); Anastasia Island, 1 mi S Saint 

Augustine Beach (3 UMMZ); Anastasia Island, 0.3 mi W Saint Augustine Beach (1 UF); 

Anastasia Island, 0.8 mi W Saint Augustine Beach (1 UF); Anastasia Island, 1.0 mi WNW Saint 

Augustine Beach (1 UF); Anastasia Island , 8.2 mi N FOMA (1 ChM); CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (2 ChM, 2 UF); Anastasia Island, 

Espanita (8 FMNH); Anastasia Island, 5.5 mi S Saint Augustine (4 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 6 

mi S Saint Augustine (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 12 mi S Saint Augustine (3 AMNH); 

Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine Beach (5 UMMZ); Anastasia Island, 1 mi S Saint Augustine 

Beach (3 UMMZ); Anastasia Island, 0.3 mi W Saint Augustine Beach (1 UF); Anastasia Island, 

0.8 mi W Saint Augustine Beach (1 UF); Anastasia Island, 1.0 mi WNW Saint Augustine Beach 

(1 UF); Anastasia Island , 8.2 mi N FOMA (1 ChM); FOMA, no evidence. 

Golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 
205 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Holly Shelter Gamelands (1 UNCW); MOCR (1 

UNCW); Scotts Hill (12 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 MCZ, 2 USNM); 0.75 mi W 

Drayton, Hwy 62 (2 ROM); 3.75 mi W Drayton, Hwy 62 (1 ROM); FOSU, no evidence; 

Porchers Bluff (Sanders 1978). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 MCZ, 2 USNM); 0.75 mi W 

Drayton, Hwy 62 (2 ROM); 3.75 mi W Drayton, Hwy 62 (1 ROM); FOMO, no evidence; 

Porchers Bluff (Sanders 1978). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 MCZ, 2 USNM); CHPI, no evidence; 

0.75 mi W Drayton, Hwy 62 (2 ROM); 3.75 mi W Drayton, Hwy 62 (1 ROM); Porchers Bluff 

(Sanders 1978). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: Columbia (1 USNM); CONG, no evidence; Fort 

Jackson (3 MHP). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega National Forest (2 CUMV). Lee County: Auburn (1 

ROM, 2 UMMZ); 4 mi N Auburn (1 ROM). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (observation). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; Marietta (2 UMMZ); Woodstock (4 

UMMZ); no specific locality (2 UF). DeKalb County: no specific locality (1 USNM). Forsyth 

County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; [CHAT] Chattahoochee 

River at Long Island Creek (2 GMNH); Roswell (1 AMNH, 1 UMMZ); 2 mi N Roswell (1 

CUMV); 3 mi N Roswell (1 CUMV). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Bowmans Island, Richland 

Creek (1 UNCW); CHAT, Suwanee Creek (1 UNCW). County unknown: Atlanta (2 USNM). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence; Marietta (2 UMMZ); Woodstock (4 

UMMZ); no specific locality (2 UF). Fulton County: [CHAT] Chattahoochee River at Long 

Island Creek (2 GMNH); Roswell (1 AMNH, 1 UMMZ); 2 mi N Roswell (1 CUMV); 3 mi N 

Roswell (1 CUMV). County unknown: Atlanta (2 USNM). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: 5 mi NE Macon (1 LSU); OCMU, no evidence. Jones County: 

Round Oak (1 USNM). Twiggs County: no specific locality (7 UF). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp, 

Billys Bay (3 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, Chessers Island (1 CUMV). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Jacksonville (1 MCZ, 1 MSB); New Berlin (Bangs 1898); 

TIMU, Cedar Point (1 UNCW); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (1 UNCW); TIMU, Thomas 

Creek (1 UNCW); Yukon (1 MSB); no specific locality (2 UF). 
206 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; Jacksonville (1 MCZ, 1 MSB); New 

Berlin (Bangs 1898); TIMU, Cedar Point (1 UNCW); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (2 

UNCW); TIMU, Thomas Creek (1 UNCW); Yukon (1 MSB); no specific locality (2 UF). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; 2 mi W Crescent Beach (1 UF); 

Hastings (1 UF); Palm Valley (3 MSB, 1 UF); 10.7 mi N Vilano Beach access rd (1 UF). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: 2 mi W Crescent Beach (1 UF); FOMA, no evidence; 

Hastings (1 UF); Palm Valley (3 MSB, 1 UF); 10.7 mi N Vilano Beach access rd (1 UF). 

Hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Carteret County: 3 mi W Smyrna (1 UNCW). Dare County: Head 

Woods (Lee et al. 1983; Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983; 

Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; Lake 

Mattamuskeet NWR (2 USNM). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Nags Head Woods (Lee et al. 1983; Webster 1988; 

Parnell et al. 1992); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983; Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR, 

no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; Lake Mattamuskeet NWR (2 

USNM). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence; Nags Head Woods (Lee et al. 1983; 

Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); Roanoke Island (Lee et al. 1983; Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 

1992). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; Lake Mattamuskeet NWR (2 

USNM). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Beaufort (1 UMA); 0.5 mi N Beaufort (2 AMNH); 

CALO, no evidence; 3 mi W Smyrna (1 UNCW); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). Hyde 

County: Lake Mattamuskeet NWR (2 USNM). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 3 km NE Burgaw, I-40 (2 UNCW); 7 km SE Burgaw, 

I-40 (1 UNCW); 8 km SSE Burgaw, I-40 (4 UNCW); 6 km NNE Castle Hayne, I-40 (5 UNCW); 

MOCR (3 UNCW); 1 mi N Scotts Hill (2 UNCW); Topsail Beach (2 UNCW); 5 km S Warsaw, 

I-40 (1 UNCW); 2 km E Watha, I-40 (34 UNCW); 3 km E Willard, I-40 (10 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island (Andre 1981); Charleston (1 USNM); 

Charleston (6 GMNH); 3.5 mi S Charleston (1 GMNH); 9 mi W Charleston, Rantowles Creek (2 

KU); CHPI (clippings); Folly Beach (1 AMNH); FOMO (1 UNCW); FOSU, no evidence; 

Hanckles Place (1 SBMNH); 3.4 mi NE McClellansville (2 USNM); 4 mi N McClellansville (1 

USNM); Mount Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); Porchers Bluff (3 ROM); Saint Andrews Parish (3 

CUMV, 1 KU, 3 MVZ); Stono River (1 MVZ); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002); Woodland 

Shores (4 ROM, 1 SBMNH, 2 SDNHM); Yongas Island (1 USNM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island (Andre 1981); Charleston (1 USNM); 

Charleston (6 GMNH); 3.5 mi S Charleston (1 GMNH); 9 mi W Charleston, Rantowles Creek (2 

KU); CHPI (clippings); Folly Beach (1 AMNH); FOMO (1 UNCW); Hanckles Place (1 

SBMNH); 3.4 mi NE McClellansville (2 USNM); 4 mi N McClellansville (1 USNM); Mount 

Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); Porchers Bluff (3 ROM); Saint Andrews Parish (3 CUMV, 1 KU, 3 
207 

MVZ); Stono River (1 MVZ); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002); Woodland Shores (4 ROM, 

1 SBMNH, 2 SDNHM); Yongas Island (1 USNM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island (Andre 1981); Charleston (1 USNM); 

Charleston (6 GMNH); 3.5 mi S Charleston (1 GMNH); 9 mi W Charleston, Rantowles Creek (2 

KU); CHPI (clippings); Folly Beach (1 AMNH); FOMO (1 UNCW); Hanckles Place (1 

SBMNH); 3.4 mi NE McClellansville (2 USNM); 4 mi N McClellansville (1 USNM); Mount 

Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); Porchers Bluff (3 ROM); Saint Andrews Parish (3 CUMV, 1 KU, 3 

MVZ); Stono River (1 MVZ); Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002); Woodland Shores (4 ROM, 

1 SBMNH, 2 SDNHM); Yongas Island (1 USNM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (clippings); Fort Jackson (8 MHP). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega National Forest (5 CUMV). Tallapoosa County: 

HOBE (1 MSB). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (1 UNCW); CHAT, Johnson 

Ferry South (3 UNCW); KEMO (1 UNCW); Marietta (2 UMMZ, 7 USNM); 1 mi N Powder 

Springs (5 UF); no specific locality (1 UF). DeKalb County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence; Lake Lanier (Schnell 1964). Fulton County: Atlanta (3 

MSB); Atlanta Zoo (25 MSB); Atlanta Metro (12 MSB); CHAT, no evidence; East Point (1 

USNM); Roswell (1 AMNH, 5 UMMZ). Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence;Chattahoochee 

River (1 GMNH); Lawrenceville (1 MSB); Peachtree Industrial Blvd, 1 mi NE Pleasant Hill Rd 

(2 GMNH). County unknown: Atlanta (1 USNM). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (1 UNCW); CHAT, Johnson 

Ferry South (3 UNCW); KEMO (1 UNCW); Marietta (2 UMMZ, 7 USNM); 1 mi N Powder 

Springs (5 UF); no specific locality (1 UF). Fulton County: Atlanta (3 MSB); Atlanta Zoo (25 

MSB); Atlanta Metro (12 MSB); East Point (1 USNM); Roswell (1 AMNH, 5 UMMZ). County 

unknown: Atlanta (1 USNM). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (3 UNCW). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Jekyll Island (1 GMNH); Sea Island 

(Wilson and Durden 2003); Saint Simons Island (3 CUMV); Sterling (Bangs 1898). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (3 AMNH, at least 1 CIM, 14 GMNH, 18 MCZ, 1 

MSB; Wilson and Durden 2003); Saint Marys (Bangs 1898; Elliot 1901). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Burnside Beach (Bangs 1898); Camp Yellow Water (1 MSB); 

Jacksonville (17 MCZ); north of Jacksonville (3 MSB); 4 mi N Jacksonville (2 AMNH); 5 mi W 

Jacksonville (4 AMNH); New Berlin (2 FMNH; Bangs 1898); TIMU, Cedar Point (observation); 

TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area 

(http://www.nps.gov/timu/naturescience/upload/tra_wildlifelist.pdf); TIMU, Thomas Creek (4 

UNCW); Yukon (2 MSB). Nassau County: Amelia Island, 2 mi SSE Amelia City (3 AMNH); 

Amelia Island, 2 mi NE Fernandina (9 AMNH); 2 mi SE Hillard, Hwy 301 (1 UF); White Oak 

Conservation Center (observation). 
208 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: Burnside Beach (Bangs 1898); Camp Yellow Water (1 MSB); 

FOCA, no evidence; Jacksonville (17 MCZ); north of Jacksonville (3 MSB); 4 mi N Jacksonville 

(2 AMNH); 5 mi W Jacksonville (4 AMNH); New Berlin (2 FMNH; Bangs 1898); TIMU, Cedar 

Point (observation); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area 

(http://www.nps.gov/timu/naturescience/upload/tra_wildlifelist.pdf); TIMU, Thomas Creek (4 

UNCW); Yukon (2 MSB). Nassau County: Amelia Island, 2 mi SSE Amelia City (3 AMNH); 

Amelia Island, 2 mi NE Fernandina (9 AMNH); 2 mi SE Hillard, Hwy 301 (1 UF); White Oak 

Conservation Center (observation). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 CUMV, 1 KU, 14 MCZ, 15 UF); 

[Anastasia Island] 2 mi W Crescent Beach (1 MSU); Anastasia Island, 2.6 mi W Crescent Beach 

(4 UF); Anastasia Island, Espanita (8 FMNH); Anastasia Island, 2 mi N Matanzas Inlet (1 

CUMV); Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine Beach (1 KU); Anastasia Island, 1 mi WNW Saint 

Augustine Beach (13 UF); Anastasia Island, 0.8 mi W Saint Augustine Beach (4 UF); Anastasia 

Island, 11.5 mi S Saint Augustine Beach (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 12.5 mi S Saint 

Augustine Beach (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 12 mi S Saint Augustine Beach (16 AMNH); 

Anastasia State Park (2 UF); Carterville (Bangs 1898); CASA, no evidence; [FOMA] Anastasia 

Island, Matanzas Inlet, 15 mi S Saint Augustine Beach (10 AMNH); FOMA, Main Unit 

(Humphrey et al., 1988); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Point Romo (1 KU); FOMA, Rattlesnake 

Island (3 UNCW); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, 15 mi S Saint Augustine Beach (3 AMNH); 

[FOMA] Anastasia Island, south end (1 CUMV); Palm Valley (16 MSB); Saint Augustine (1 

ROM); 4 mi SW Saint Augustine (2 KU). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 CUMV, 1 KU, 14 MCZ, 15 UF); 

[Anastasia Island] 2 mi W Crescent Beach (1 MSU); Anastasia Island, 2.6 mi W Crescent Beach 

(4 UF); Anastasia Island, Espanita (8 FMNH); Anastasia Island, 2 mi N Matanzas Inlet (1 

CUMV); Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine Beach (1 KU); Anastasia Island, 1 mi WNW Saint 

Augustine Beach (13 UF); Anastasia Island, 0.8 mi W Saint Augustine Beach (4 UF); Anastasia 

Island, 11.5 mi S Saint Augustine Beach (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 12.5 mi S Saint 

Augustine Beach (1 AMNH); Anastasia Island, 12 mi S Saint Augustine Beach (16 AMNH); 

Anastasia State Park (2 UF); Carterville (Bangs 1898); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, Matanzas 

Inlet, 15 mi S Saint Augustine Beach (10 AMNH); FOMA, Main Unit (Humphrey et al., 1988); 

[FOMA] Anastasia Island, Point Romo (1 KU); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (3 UNCW); [FOMA] 

Anastasia Island, 15 mi S Saint Augustine Beach (3 AMNH); [FOMA] Anastasia Island, south 

end (1 CUMV); Palm Valley (16 MSB); Saint Augustine (1 ROM); 4 mi SW Saint Augustine (2 

KU). 

Eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 
209 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence; 14.4 mi N Wilmington, I-40 (2 

UNCW); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983; Adams 1987). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 AMNH); Charleston (1 

USNM); 7.2 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU); 7 mi W Charleston (1 ChM); 7.5 mi W Charleston (1 

KU); 12 mi W Charleston (1 ChM); FOSU, no evidence; near Goose Creek Causeway (1 ChM); 

Johns Island (1 ChM); 6 mi N McClellansville (2 KU); opposite Middleton Garden (1 ChM); 

Mount Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); 9 mi NE Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); Otranta (8 ChM); 12 mi 

W Rantowles (1 ChM); Saint Andrews Parish (2 KU, 1 MVZ); Seabrook Beach (18 ChM); 

Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 AMNH); Charleston (1 

USNM); 7.2 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU); 7 mi W Charleston (1 ChM); 7.5 mi W Charleston (1 

KU); 12 mi W Charleston (1 ChM); FOMO, no evidence; near Goose Creek Causeway (1 ChM); 

Johns Island (1 ChM); 6 mi N McClellansville (2 KU); opposite Middleton Garden (1 ChM); 

Mount Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); 9 mi NE Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); Otranta (8 ChM); 12 mi 

W Rantowles (1 ChM); Saint Andrews Parish (2 KU, 1 MVZ); Seabrook Beach (18 ChM); 

Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 AMNH); Charleston (1 

USNM); 7.2 mi WSW Charleston (1 KU); 7 mi W Charleston (1 ChM); 7.5 mi W Charleston (1 

KU); 12 mi W Charleston (1 ChM); CHPI, no evidence; near Goose Creek Causeway (1 ChM); 

Johns Island (1 ChM); 6 mi N McClellansville (2 KU); opposite Middleton Garden (1 ChM); 

Mount Pleasant (Clark et al. 2002); 9 mi NE Mount Pleasant (1 ChM); Otranta (8 ChM); 12 mi 

W Rantowles (1 ChM); Saint Andrews Parish (2 KU, 1 MVZ); Seabrook Beach (18 ChM); 

Wedge Plantation (Clark et al. 2002). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (3 MSB, 1 UNCW); Fort Jackson (1 MHP). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Cedar Mountain, 1500-2000 feet (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa 

County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Lamar Unit (stick nests); south of Macon (2 GMNH); 

no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Frederica Site (2 UNCW); Saint Simons Island (1 

CUMV, 3 USNM). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence; Saint Marys (4 AMNH, 18 MCZ, 2 

MVZ); Saint Marys, probably (1 GMNH). Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp, Floyds Island 

(1 AMNH, 1 USNM); Okefenokee Swamp, Suwanee Canal (2 USNM). 
210 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: 4 mi N Jacksonville, Panama Park (1 AMNH); 5 mi W 

Jacksonville (1 AMNH); New Berlin (Bangs 1898); TIMU, Cedar Point (observation, tunnels, 

and scat). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; 4 mi N Jacksonville, Panama Park (1 

AMNH); 5 mi W Jacksonville (1 AMNH); New Berlin (Bangs 1898); TIMU, Cedar Point 

(observation, tunnels, and scat). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (5 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton (1 

UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (1 UNCW); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); Nags Head (1 UNCW); Roanoke 

Island (Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (2 NCSU). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence; Wyesocking Bay (1 NCSU). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (5 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton (1 

UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (1 UNCW); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); Nags Head (1 UNCW); Roanoke 

Island (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR, no evidence; no specific locality (2 NCSU). Hyde County: 

CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; Wyesocking Bay (1 NCSU). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (5 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton (1 

UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (1 UNCW); CAHA, Hatteras Inlet (Parnell et al. 1992); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); FORA, no evidence; Nags Head (1 

UNCW); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (2 NCSU). Hyde County: 

CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; Wyesocking Bay (1 NCSU). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. Hyde County: Wyesocking Bay 

(1 NCSU). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Cape Island, Cape Romain NWR (6 ChM); FOSU, 

no evidence. County unknown: near the Santee River (Nelson 1934). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Cape Island, Cape Romain NWR (6 ChM); 

FOMO, no evidence. County unknown: near the Santee River (Nelson 1934). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Cape Island, Cape Romain NWR (6 ChM); CHPI, 

no evidence. County unknown: near the Santee River (Nelson 1934). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 
211 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence; Chattahoochee 

River (2 GMNH); 2 mi W Duluth (2 GMNH). Polk County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. Polk County: no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Woodland vole (Microtus pinetorum) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 8 km SSE Burgaw, I-40 (1 UNCW); Holly Shelter 

Gamelands (4 UNCW); MOCR, no evidence; Scotts Hill (2 UNCW); 2 km E Watha, I-40 (1 

UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 ChM); Charleston, Porchers Bluff 

(5 ChM, 1 MVZ); Charleston, Woodland Shores (7 ChM); 6 mi NW Charleston (1 ChM); 12 mi 

N Charleston (1 ChM); 3 mi W Drayton St, Hwy 62 (1 ChM); FOSU, no evidence; James Island 

(1 AMNH); Little Goose Creek (1 ChM); Magnolia Gardens (1 ChM); Old Fort Bull (1 KU); 

Saint Andrews Parish (6 ChM, 1 KU); Saint Andrews Parish, Legares Farm (3 KU); Saint 

Helena (3 USNM); Woodland Shores (4 ROM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 ChM); Charleston, Porchers Bluff 

(5 ChM, 1 MVZ); Charleston, Woodland Shores (7 ChM); 6 mi NW Charleston (1 ChM); 12 mi 

N Charleston (1 ChM); 3 mi W Drayton St, Hwy 62 (1 ChM); FOMO, no evidence; James Island 

(1 AMNH); Little Goose Creek (1 ChM); Magnolia Gardens (1 ChM); Old Fort Bull (1 KU); 

Saint Andrews Parish (6 ChM, 1 KU); Saint Andrews Parish, Legares Farm (3 KU); Saint 

Helena (3 USNM) ; Woodland Shores (4 ROM). 
212 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 ChM); Charleston, Porchers Bluff (5 

ChM, 1 MVZ); Charleston, Woodland Shores (7 ChM); 6 mi NW Charleston (1 ChM); 12 mi N 

Charleston (1 ChM); CHPI, no evidence; 3 mi W Drayton St, Hwy 62 (1 ChM); James Island (1 

AMNH); Little Goose Creek (1 ChM); Magnolia Gardens (1 ChM); Old Fort Bull (1 KU); Saint 

Andrews Parish (6 ChM, 1 KU); Saint Andrews Parish, Legares Farm (3 KU); Saint Helena (3 

USNM) ; Woodland Shores (4 ROM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Kershaw County: no specific locality (Golley 1966). Richland 

County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (1 UNCW). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; Lake Alatoona, Hwy 41 (2 GMNH). 

DeKalb County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Forsyth County: CHAT, Bowmans Island, 

dam access (2 UNCW). Fulton County: CHAT, Island Ford (1 UNCW); [CHAT] Chattahoochee 

River at Long Island Creek (2 GMNH); East Point (1 USNM). Gwinnett County: CHAT, 

Abbotts Bridge (1 UNCW); CHAT, Bowmans Island, Island Ford Rd (2 UNCW); CHAT, Level 

Creek (1 UNCW); Chattahoochee River (8 GMNH); 2 mi NW Duluth (6 GMNH). County 

unknown: Atlanta (1 AMNH). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence; Lake Alatoona, Hwy 41 (2 GMNH). 

Fulton County: CHAT, Island Ford (1 UNCW); [CHAT] Chattahoochee River at Long Island 

Creek (2 GMNH); East Point (1 USNM). County unknown: Atlanta (1 AMNH). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (1 UNCW). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Round-tailed muskrat (Neofiber alleni) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 
213 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp, Floyds Island (2 AMNH, 1 CUMV, 3 GMNH); 

Okefenokee Swamp, Billys Island (1 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, Chessers Island (4 CUMV); 

Okefenokee Swamp, 23 mi SE Waycross (1 MSB); 23 mi SE Waycross, Kings Landing (5 

GMNH); no specific locality (1 MVZ). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Flagler County: 1.8 mi W Flagler Beach (4 KU). Saint Johns County: CASA, 

no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Flagler County: 1.8 mi W Flagler Beach (4 KU). Saint Johns County: 

FOMA, no evidence. 

Common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton 

Woods (1 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (4 

NCSM, 1 UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island Refuge (1 CUMV); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S 

Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); FORA (observation); Nags Head, Hwy 158 (1 USNM); Nags Head 

Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (4 MCZ). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton 

Woods (1 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (4 

NCSM, 1 UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island Refuge (1 CUMV); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S 

Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); FORA (observation); Nags Head, Hwy 158 (1 USNM); Nags Head 

Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR, no evidence. 
214 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton 

Woods (1 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (4 

NCSM, 1 UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island Refuge (1 CUMV); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 5 mi S 

Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); FORA (observation); Nags Head, Hwy 158 (1 USNM); Nags Head 

Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, South Core Banks (tracks); CALO, 

Portsmouth Island (tracks); CALO, Shackleford Banks (tracks and scat; Webster 1987a). Hyde 

County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (4 

MCZ). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence; no specific locality (Funderburg 

1961a). New Hanover County: Wilmington (1 UNCW; Webster et al. 1984). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Calhoun County: no specific locality (Golley, 1966). Richland 

County: CONG, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Auburn (1 LSU, 3 UMMZ); Erin (Howell 1921). Coosa 

County: Mount Weogufka (Howell 1921). Lee County: 2 mi N Notasulga (1 LSU). Tallapoosa 

County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: Ben Hill, Owl Rock Church (1 GMNH); CHAT, Vickery Creek (tracks); Roswell 

(1 NYSM). Gwinnett County: Albion Farm (1 GMNH); CHAT, Medlock Bridge (tracks). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. Fulton County: Ben Hill, Owl Rock 

Church (1 GMNH); CHAT, Vickery Creek (tracks); Roswell (1 NYSM). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (tracks); no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 
215 

Black rat (Rattus rattus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island (2 UMA; Engels 1942). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island (2 UMA; Engels 1942). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island (2 UMA; Engels 1942). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, 

Ocracoke Island (2 UMA; Engels 1942). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 

1962). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 

1962). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 

1962). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. Sumter County: Poinsett State 

Park (Clark et al. 2002). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: Atlanta Zoo (1 MSB); Atlanta Metro (35 MSB); Atlanta Farmers Market (3 

MSB); SE Atlanta (1 GMNH); CHAT, no evidence; East Point (2 GMNH); no specific locality 

(1 MSB). Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. Fulton County: Atlanta Zoo (1 MSB); 

Atlanta Metro (35 MSB); Atlanta Farmers Market (3 MSB); SE Atlanta (1 GMNH); East Point 

(2 GMNH); no specific locality (1 MSB). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Sterling (70 MCZ, 5 USNM); Jekyll 

Island (Neuhauser and Baker 1974). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (4 MCZ; Wilson and Durden 2003); Saint Marys (6 

GMNH, 2 MVZ); Saint Marys, probably (3 GMNH). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 
216 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 MCZ, 1 UF; Pournelle and Barrington 

1953); FOMA, Anastasia Island, (2 UF); Anastasia Island State Park (1 UF); [Anastasia Island] 

0.5 mi W Anastasia State Park (1 UF); [Anastasia Island] Espanita (1 FMNH); CASA, no 

evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (Humphrey et al. 1988); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (1 UNCW; 

Humphrey et al. 1988); 3 mi W Saint Augustine (1 GMNH). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 MCZ, 1 UF; Pournelle and 

Barrington 1953); FOMA, Anastasia Island (2 UF); Anastasia Island State Park (1 UF); 

[Anastasia Island] 0.5 mi W Anastasia State Park (1 UF); [Anastasia Island] Espanita (1 FMNH); 

FOMA, Main Unit (Humphrey et al. 1988); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (1 UNCW; Humphrey et 

al. 1988); 3 mi W Saint Augustine (1 GMNH). 

Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 

1988; Webster 1988); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Hatteras Island, Pea 

Island NWR (2 NCSU, 1 VCU); Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); Roanoke Island (observation). 

Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island 

(Boone 1988; Webster 1988); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Hatteras 

Island, Pea Island NWR (2 NCSU, 1 VCU); Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); Roanoke Island 

(observation); WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 

1988; Webster 1988); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Hatteras Island, Pea 

Island NWR (2 NCSU, 1 VCU); FORA, no evidence; Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); Roanoke 

Island (observation). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Portsmouth Village (1 CALO). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence; no specific locality (1 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (1 USNM); Cape 

Island, Cape Romain NWR (Sanders 1978); FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (1 USNM); 

Cape Island, Cape Romain NWR (Sanders 1978); FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (1 USNM); Cape 

Island, Cape Romain NWR (Sanders 1978); CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; KEMO (1 UNCW); [Marietta] 1200 ft (1 

USNM). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: Atlanta Farmers Market (1 
217 

MSB); Atlanta Metro (10 MSB); CHAT, no evidence; no specific locality (3 MSB). Gwinnett 

County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO (1 UNCW); [Marietta] 1200 ft (1 USNM). Fulton 

County: Atlanta Farmers Market (1 MSB); Atlanta Metro (10 MSB); no specific locality (3 

MSB). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Sterling (1 MCZ). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp, 

Billys Island (1 CUMV). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Jacksonville (1 USNM; Bangs 1898); TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; Jacksonville (1 USNM; Bangs 1898); 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

House mouse (Mus musculus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (1 MSB); CAHA, Bodie Island (1 NCSU, 58 

UNCW), CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (1 UNCW, 2 USNM); CAHA, 

Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Little Kinnakeet (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Oregon Inlet Coast 

Guard Station (1 USNM); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (1 NCSM, 18 VCU); Manteo (Lee et al. 

1983); Roanoke Island (observation); Rodanthe (Parnell et al. 1992). Hyde County: CAHA, 

Ocracoke Island (Engels 1942; Webster 1988); Lake Landing (2 USNM). 

WRBR: North Carolina –Dare County: Avon (1 MSB); CAHA, Bodie Island (1 NCSU, 58 

UNCW), CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (1 UNCW, 2 USNM); CAHA, 

Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); [CAHA] Little Kinnakeet (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Oregon Inlet Coast 

Guard Station (1 USNM); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (1 NCSM, 18 VCU); Manteo (Lee et al. 

1983); Roanoke Island (observation); Rodanthe (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina –Dare County: Avon (1 MSB); CAHA, Bodie Island (1 NCSU, 58 

UNCW), CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (1 UNCW, 2 USNM); CAHA, 

Frisco (Parnell et al. 1992); FORA, no evidence; [CAHA] Little Kinnakeet (1 UNCW); [CAHA] 

Oregon Inlet Coast Guard Station (1 USNM); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (1 NCSM, 18 VCU); 

Manteo (Lee et al. 1983); Roanoke Island (observation); Rodanthe (Parnell et al. 1992). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Cape Lookout (tracks and scat); CALO, Core 

Banks (1 CALO); CALO, Core Banks, 12 mi N lighthouse (1 CALO); CALO, Portsmouth Island 

(1 UMA); CALO, Portsmouth Village (1 CALO, 1 UMA); CALO, Shackleford Banks (Engels 

1952); Fort Macon (2 USNM); Morehead City (7 KU, 2 USNM); no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 
218 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Holly Shelter Gamelands (1 UNCW); MOCR, no 

evidence; 2 km E Watha, I-40 (2 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (2 USNM); 3 mi 

W Charleston (5 GMNH); CHPI (observation); Edisto Island (1 GMNH, 1 ROM); Folly Island 

(1 ROM); FOMO (2 UNCW); FOSU, no evidence; 3.4 mi NE McClellansville (1 USNM); 

Seabrook Island, mouth of Edisto River (1 USNM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (2 USNM); 3 

mi W Charleston (5 GMNH); CHPI (observation); Edisto Island (1 GMNH, 1 ROM); Folly 

Island (1 ROM); FOMO (2 UNCW); 3.4 mi NE McClellansville (1 USNM); Seabrook Island, 

mouth of Edisto River (1 USNM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (2 USNM); 3 mi 

W Charleston (5 GMNH); CHPI (observation); Edisto Island (1 GMNH, 1 ROM); Folly Island 

(1 ROM); FOMO (2 UNCW); 3.4 mi NE McClellansville (1 USNM); Seabrook Island, mouth of 

Edisto River (1 USNM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 

1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; no specific locality (1 UF). Forsyth 

County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: Atlanta Metro (7 MSB); Atlanta Zoo (3 MSB); 

Browns Lake (1 GMNH); CHAT, no evidence; Jimmy Carter Center (10 MSB). Gwinnett 

County: CHAT, no evidence; Chattahoochee River (2 GMNH); Lawrenceville (3 MSB). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: Canton (1 USNM). Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence; 

no specific locality (1 UF). Fulton County: Atlanta Metro (7 MSB); Atlanta Zoo (3 MSB); 

Browns Lake (1 GMNH); Jimmy Carter Center (10 MSB). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Houston County: no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Sterling (5 MCZ). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. Charlton County: Billys Island (3 

CUMV). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: 5 mi N Jacksonville (10 CAS); TIMU, no evidence. Nassau 

County: Fernandina Beach, 3 mi N pier (3 UF). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; 5 mi N Jacksonville (10 CAS). Nassau 

County: Fernandina Beach, 3 mi N pier (3 UF). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 USNM); Anastasia State Park, south 

end (2 OMNH); Anastasia Island State Recreation Area (2 UF); Anastasia Island, Espanita 
219 

(Elliot 1901); CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (observation); Palm Valley (1 

MSB); Vedra Beach, 3.3 mi N Vilano Beach assess rd (1 UF). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 USNM); Anastasia State Park, south 

end (2 OMNH); Anastasia Island State Recreation Area (2 UF); Anastasia Island, Espanita 

(Elliot 1901); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (observation); Palm Valley (1 MSB); Vedra Beach, 3.3 

mi N Vilano Beach assess rd (1 UF). 

Meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: 4 mi N Auburn (Sullivan 1954). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no 

evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Dawson County: no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; 

[CHAT] Chattahoochee River at Long Island Creek (4 GMNH); 3 mi SW Roswell (1 LSU). 

Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. Fulton County: [CHAT] Chattahoochee 

River at Long Island Creek (4 GMNH). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 
220 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Nutria (Myocastor coypus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation, tracks, and scat; 

Boone 1988; Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM, 4 NCSU; 

observation); CAHA, Hatteras (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (1 NCSM, 1 UNCW); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 0.5 mi S Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); Duck (1 USNM); FORA (tracks 

and scat); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); no specific 

locality (1 UF). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (1 UMA; tracks and scat; Parnell et al. 

1992). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation, tracks, and scat; 

Boone 1988; Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM, 4 NCSU; 

observation); CAHA, Hatteras (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (1 NCSM, 1 UNCW); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 0.5 mi S Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); Duck (1 USNM); FORA (tracks 

and scat); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR, no 

evidence; no specific locality (1 UF). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation, tracks, and scat; 

Boone 1988; Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (1 NCSM, 4 NCSU; 

observation); CAHA, Hatteras (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (1 NCSM, 1 UNCW); 

[CAHA] Pea Island NWR, 0.5 mi S Oregon Inlet (1 UNCW); Duck (1 USNM); FORA (tracks 

and scat); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); no specific 

locality (1 UF). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Bogue Banks (tracks and scat; Webster 1988); 

CALO, Core Banks (Webster et al. 1984); CALO, Portsmouth Island (tracks and scat); CALO, 

Shackleford Banks (tracks and scat; Webster et al., 1984; Webster 1987a); CALO, South Core 

Banks (2 CALO; tracks and scat); Cedar Island NWR (Webster et al. 1984); island between 

Harkers Island and Shackleford Banks (1 UNCW; Webster et al. 1984). 

MOCR: North Carolina – New Hanover County: Wilminton (1 UNCW). Pender County: 

MOCR, no evidence; Northeast Cape Fear River (observation). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 
221 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (observation). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Jacksonville Bay (1 UF); TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Coyote (Canis latrans) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR (tracks); 3 km SE Watha, I-40 (1 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Edisto Island (Golley 1966); FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Edisto Island (Golley 1966); FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Edisto Island (Golley 1966); CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (tracks and scat). 

HOBE: Alabama – Macon County: (C. latrans X C. familiaris hybrid) no specific locality (1 

USNM). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (tracks). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals (scat); CHAT, Gold Branch (tracks); 

CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (scat); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (scat); CHAT, Palisades West 

(scat); KEMO (tracks). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, Jones 

Bridge (tracks); CHAT, McGinnis Ferry (scat); CHAT, Palisades East (scat). Gwinnett County: 

CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (tracks and scat); CHAT, Bowmans Island, Richland Creek (tracks); 

CHAT, Cochran Shoals, parking area (scat); CHAT, Settles Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Suwanee 

Creek (tracks and scat). 

 KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals (scat); CHAT, Gold Branch (tracks); 

CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (scat); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (scat); CHAT, Palisades West 
222 

(scat); KEMO (tracks). Fulton County: CHAT, Jones Bridge (tracks); CHAT, McGinnis Ferry 

(scat); CHAT, Palisades East (scat). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (tracks and scat); OCMU, Lamar Unit 

(tracks). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, Fort George Island (tracks and scat); TIMU, Sohn Tract 

(tracks and scat); TIMU, Thomas Creek (scat). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; TIMU, Fort George Island (tracks and 

scat); TIMU, Sohn Tract (tracks); TIMU, Thomas Creek (scat). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (tracks); FOMA, 

Rattlesnake Island (tracks and scat). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, Main Unit (tracks); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island 

(tracks and scat). 

Domestic/feral dog (Canis familiaris) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation and tracks); CAHA, 

Hatteras Island (observation and tracks); FORA (observation and tracks); WRBR (observation 

and tracks). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (observation and tracks). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation and tracks); CAHA, 

Hatteras Island (observation and tracks); FORA (observation and tracks); WRBR (observation 

and tracks). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation and tracks); CAHA, 

Hatteras Island (observation and tracks); FORA (observation and tracks); WRBR (observation 

and tracks). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Portsmouth Island (tracks); CALO, 

Shackleford Banks (tracks); CALO, South Core Banks (tracks). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR (tracks). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (tracks); FOMO (tracks); FOSU, no 

evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (tracks); FOMO (tracks). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (tracks); FOMO (tracks). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (tracks). 
223 

HOBE: Alabama – Macon County: (C. latrans X C. familiaris hybrid) no specific locality (1 

USNM). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals (observation, tracks, and scat); CHAT, 

Gold Branch (observation and tracks); CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (observation and tracks); 

CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (observation, tracks, and scat); CHAT, Palisades West (observation, 

tracks, and scat); KEMO (observation, tracks, and scat); 1 mi N Powder Springs (1 UF). Forsyth 

County: CHAT, Bowmans Island, dam access (observation, tracks, and scat). Fulton County: 

CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (observation and tracks); CHAT, Holcomb Bridge (tracks); CHAT, 

Island Ford (observation, tracks, and scat); CHAT, Jones Bridge (observation, tracks, and scat); 

CHAT, McGinnis Ferry (tracks and scat); CHAT, Palisades East (tracks); CHAT, Vickery Creek 

(tracks). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (observation and tracks); CHAT, Bowmans 

Island, Island Ford Rd (tracks); CHAT, Level Creek (tracks); CHAT, Medlock Bridge 

(observation and tracks); CHAT, Orrs Ferry (tracks); CHAT, Settles Bridge (tracks); CHAT, 

Suwanee Creek (tracks). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals (observation, tracks, and scat); 

CHAT, Gold Branch (observation and tracks); CHAT, Johnson Ferry North (observation and 

tracks); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (observation, tracks, and scat); CHAT, Palisades West 

(observation, tracks, and scat); KEMO (observation, tracks, and scat); 1 mi N Powder Springs (1 

UF). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (tracks); OCMU, Lamar Unit (tracks). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Main Unit (tracks). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: 2 km W entrance to Cedar Point (1 UNCW); TIMU, Cedate 

Point (tracks); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (observation and tracks). Nassau County: no 

specific locality (1 UF). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: 2 km W entrance to Cedar Point (1 UNCW); FOCA 

(observation); TIMU, Cedate Point (tracks); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (observation and 

tracks). Nassau County: no specific locality (1 UF). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, Main Unit (observation); FOMA, Main Unit 

(observation and tracks). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, Main Unit (observation); FOMA, Main Unit 

(observation and tracks). 

Red wolf (Canis rufus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM); CAHA, no 

evidence. Hyde County: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM); CAHA, Ocracoke Island, 

no evidence. County unknown: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM). 
224 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM); CAHA, 

no evidence. Hyde County: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM); CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. County unknown: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM); CAHA, no 

evidence. Hyde County: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM); CAHA, Ocracoke Island, 

no evidence. County unknown: Alligator National Wildlife Refuge (1 PSM). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega Mountains (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: 

HOBE, no evidence. Unknown county: Tallapoosa River, near Cooloma (Bartram 1791). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp 

(Harper 1927). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Putnam County: 12 mi S Platka, Horse Landing, Saint Johns River (1 USNM). 

Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Putnam County: 12 mi S Platka, Horse Landing, Saint Johns River (1 

USNM). Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

 
225 

Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation); CAHA, Hatteras 

Island (1 CAHA; observation); WRBR (observation); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation); CAHA, Hatteras 

Island (1 CAHA; observation); WRBR (observation); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (observation); CAHA, Hatteras 

Island (1 CAHA; observation); FORA, no evidence; WRBR (observation); no specific locality 

(Lee et al. 1983). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (observation); FOSU, no evidence; no 

specific locality (Golley 1966). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (observation); FOMO, no evidence; no 

specific locality (Golley 1966). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (observation); no specific locality (Golley 

1966). 

CONG: South Carolina – Fairfield County: no specific locality (Golley 1966). Richland 

County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Coosa County: Mount Weogufka (Howell 1921). Lee County: Loachapoka 

(1 UMMZ). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: CHAT, 

no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; 

Roswell (1 GMNH). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Orrs Ferry (observation); no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: KEMO, 

no evidence. Fulton County: Roswell (1 GMNH). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (observation). Jones County: no specific 

locality (Golley 1962). Monroe County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Talbot County: 1.5 

mi E Geneva (2 KU); no specific locality (9 MVZ). 

FOFR: Georgia – Brantley County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Glynn County: FOFR, no 

evidence. 
226 

CUIS: Georgia – Brantley County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Camden County: CUIS, 

no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (observation); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area 

(observation). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (observation); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area 

(observation). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Common gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton 

Woods (roadkill); CAHA, near Frisco (tracks); CAHA, 0.5 mi S Whalebone Junction, Hwy 12 (1 

UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983); Kill Devil Hills (1 UNCW); Nags Head 

Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (1 UNCW; Parnell et al. 

1992); no specific evidence (Lee et al. 1983). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no 

evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton 

Woods (roadkill); CAHA, near Frisco (tracks); CAHA, 0.5 mi S Whalebone Junction, Hwy 12 (1 

UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983); Kill Devil Hills (1 UNCW); Nags Head 

Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (1 UNCW; Parnell et al. 

1992); no specific evidence (Lee et al. 1983). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (1 UNCW); CAHA, Buxton 

Woods (roadkill); CAHA, near Frisco (tracks); CAHA, 0.5 mi S Whalebone Junction, Hwy 12 (1 

UNCW); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (Lee et al. 1983); FORA, no evidence; Kill Devil Hills (1 

UNCW); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (1 

UNCW; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific evidence (Lee et al. 1983). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Bogue Banks (Lee et al. 1983); CALO, no evidence; 

Morehead City (1 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR (tracks); Ogden (1 UNCW); Rocky Point (1 

UNCW); no specific locality (1 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4.3 mi SW Awendaw (1 ChM); Hwy 17 between 

Awendaw and McClellansville (1 USNM); Charleston (Golley 1966); 5 mi W Charleston, Hwy 

17 (1 ChM); ca 20 mi NE Charleston (1 ChM); Edisto Island (Golley 1966); FOSU, no evidence; 

Johns Island (1 ChM); McClellansville (1 USNM); no specific locality (1 ChM). County 

unknown: Santee River swamp (1 USNM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4.3 mi SW Awendaw (1 ChM); Hwy 17 between 

Awendaw and McClellansville (1 USNM); Charleston (Golley 1966); 5 mi W Charleston, Hwy 

17 (1 ChM); ca 20 mi NE Charleston (1 ChM); Edisto Island (Golley 1966); FOMO, no 
227 

evidence; Johns Island (1 ChM); McClellansville (1 USNM); no specific locality (1 ChM). 

County unknown: Santee River swamp (1 USNM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: 4.3 mi SW Awendaw (1 ChM); Hwy 17 between 

Awendaw and McClellansville (1 USNM); Charleston (Golley 1966); 5 mi W Charleston, Hwy 

17 (1 ChM); ca 20 mi NE Charleston (1 ChM); CHPI, no evidence; Edisto Island (Golley 1966); 

Johns Island (1 ChM); McClellansville (1 USNM); no specific locality (1 ChM). County 

unknown: Santee River swamp (1 USNM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Kershaw County: no specific locality (Golley 1966). Richland 

County: CONG (tracks); no specific locality (Golley 1966). Sumter County: Rembert (1 LSU); 

10 mi N Rembert (1 LSU). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (tracks). 

CHAT: Georgia – Bartow County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: CHAT, no 

evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, Vickery Creek (tracks); 

no specific locality (Golley 1962). Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence; no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). Paulding County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

KEMO: Georgia – Bartow County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cherokee County: no 

specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, 

Vickery Creek (tracks); no specific locality (Golley 1962). Paulding County: no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: Macon (1 USNM); OCMU, Main Unit (tracks). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: 1 mi N Brunswick (1 UF); FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. Glynn County: 1 mi N Brunswick (1 

UF). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (tracks); Hugenoff State Park, 5 mi W Mayport (1 UF); 

TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (tracks). County unknown: 

northeast Florida (1 KU). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (tracks); Hugenoff State Park, 5 mi W Mayport (1 UF); 

TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (tracks). County unknown: 

northeast Florida (1 KU). 

CASA: Florida – Flagler County: 8 mi S Marineland (2 UMMZ). Saint Johns County: CASA, 

no evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (tracks). 

FOMA: Florida – Flagler County: 8 mi S Marineland (2 UMMZ). Saint Johns County: FOMA, 

Main Unit (tracks). 
228 

American black bear (Ursus americanus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence; Manns Harbor (1 NCSU, 1 

USNM); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no 

evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence; Manns Harbor (1 NCSU, 1 

USNM); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence; Manns Harbor (1 NCSU, 1 

USNM); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 4 mi N Atkinson (2 UNCW); 6 mi SW Camp Davis 

(1 UMMZ); MOCR (observation); no specific locality (1 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 ChM); FOSU, no evidence; James 

Island (Golley 1966); Wambow Swamp (Golley 1966). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 ChM); FOMO, no evidence; James 

Island (Golley 1966); Wambow Swamp (Golley 1966). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (1 ChM); CHPI, no evidence; James 

Island (Golley 1966); Wambow Swamp (Golley 1966). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 

1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Coosa County: Mount Weogufka (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: 

HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. Walton County: no 

specific locality (Golley 1962). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

Houston County: swamp adjacent to Robins AFB (observation). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. County unknown: Okefenokee Swamp 

(3 USNM). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Jacksonville (1 UF); I-10, 1 mi east of Hwy 301 (1 UF); SR 

A1A at Lofton Creek (1 UF); TIMU, no evidence. 
229 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; Jacksonville (1 UF); I-10, 1 mi east of 

Hwy 301 (1 UF); SR A1A at Lofton Creek (1 UF). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Northern raccoon (Procyon lotor) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (roadkill; Boone 1988; Parnell et 

al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton Woods (1 NCSU, 1 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 

1992); CAHA, Frisco (1 UNCW); [CAHA] Hatteras Inlet (1 YPM); CAHA, Frisco (1 UNCW); 

Duck (Lee et al. 1983); FORA (tracks); Hatteras (1 MCZ, 2 UMA); Nags Head Woods (Webster 

1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (observation and tracks); no specific locality 

(Lee et al. 1983). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (tracks). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (roadkill; Boone 1988; Parnell et 

al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton Woods (1 NCSU, 1 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 

1992); [CAHA] Hatteras Inlet (1 YPM); CAHA, Frisco (1 UNCW); Duck (Lee et al. 1983); 

FORA (tracks); Hatteras (1 MCZ, 2 UMA); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island 

(Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (observation and tracks); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (tracks). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (roadkill; Boone 1988; Parnell et 

al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton Woods (1 NCSU, 1 UNCW); CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Parnell et al. 

1992); [CAHA] Hatteras Inlet (1 YPM); CAHA, Frisco (1 UNCW); Duck (Lee et al. 1983); 

FORA (tracks); Hatteras (1 MCZ, 2 UMA); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island 

(Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR (observation and tracks); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 

Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (tracks). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Portsmouth Island (tracks); CALO, 

Shackleford Banks (1 NCSU; tracks and scat; Webster 1987a); CALO, South Core Banks 

(tracks); Harkers Island (1 UNCW); CALO, no specific locality (1 CALO); no specific locality 

(Lee et al. 1983). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: Burgaw (Funderburg 1961b); Hampstead (2 UNCW); 

MOCR (tracks and scat); 2 mi S Porters Neck, Hwy 17 (1 UNCW); 1 mi SE Rocky Point, SR 

1632 (2 UNCW); 14.4 mi N Wilmington, I-40 (2 UNCW); no specific locality (2 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Awendaw (1 AMNH); 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 

AMNH); Ashley River (2 GMNH); Bulls Island (1 KU); Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (1 

GMNH, 1 MCZ); near Charleston (1 UF); CHPI (2 UNCW); Edisto Island (5 MCZ); FOMO 

(tracks); FOSU, Aquarium Site (tracks); FOSU, Fort Site (observation); Hog Pen Island (1 

ChM); Hunting Island (1 USNM); Log Branch Creek (1 GMNH); Mount Pleasant (2 ROM); 

South Island (1 GMNH); Toogoodoo Creek (3 GMNH); no specific locality (Yabsley and Noblet 

2002). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Awendaw (1 AMNH); 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 

AMNH); Ashley River (2 GMNH); Bulls Island (1 KU); Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (1 
230 

GMNH, 1 MCZ); near Charleston (1 UF); CHPI (2 UNCW); Edisto Island (5 MCZ); FOMO 

(tracks); FOSU, Aquarium Site (tracks); FOSU, Fort Site (observation); Hog Pen Island (1 

ChM); Hunting Island (1 USNM); Log Branch Creek (1 GMNH); Mount Pleasant (2 ROM); 

South Island (1 GMNH); Toogoodoo Creek (3 GMNH); no specific locality (Yabsley and Noblet 

2002). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Awendaw (1 AMNH); 6 mi NW Awendaw (1 

AMNH); Ashley River (2 GMNH); Bulls Island (1 KU); Bulls Island, Cape Romain NWR (1 

GMNH, 1 MCZ); near Charleston (1 UF); CHPI (2 UNCW); Edisto Island (5 MCZ); FOMO 

(tracks); FOSU, Aquarium Site (tracks); FOSU, Fort Site (observation); Hog Pen Island (1 

ChM); Hunting Island (1 USNM); Log Branch Creek (1 GMNH); Mount Pleasant (2 ROM); 

South Island (1 GMNH); Toogoodoo Creek (3 GMNH); no specific locality (Yabsley and Noblet 

2002). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: Columbia (1 MCZ); CONG (tracks and scat); no 

specific locality (Yabsley and Noblet 2002). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (tracks). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: CHAT, 

Cochran Shoals, rec area (tracks); CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Powers Island (tracks); CHAT, 

Cochran Shoals, Sope Creek (tracks); CHAT, Gold Branch (1 UNCW); CHAT, Johnson Ferry 

North (tracks); CHAT, Palisades West (1 UNCW). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, Holcomb Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Island Ford (tracks); CHAT, Jones 

Bridge (tracks); CHAT, McGinnis Ferry (tracks); CHAT, Palisades East (tracks); CHAT, 

Vickery Creek (tracks). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Bowmans 

Island, Richland Creek (1 UNCW); CHAT, Medlock Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Settles Bridge 

(tracks); CHAT, Suwanee Creek (tracks). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: CHAT, 

Cochran Shoals, rec area (tracks); CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Powers Island (tracks); CHAT, 

Cochran Shoals, Sope Creek (tracks); CHAT, Gold Branch (1 UNCW); CHAT, Johnson Ferry 

North (tracks); CHAT, Palisades West (1 UNCW); KEMO (tracks). Fulton County: CHAT, 

Holcomb Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Island Ford (tracks); CHAT, Jones Bridge (tracks); CHAT, 

McGinnis Ferry (tracks); CHAT, Palisades East (tracks); CHAT, Vickery Creek (tracks). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (1 UNCW); OCMU, Lamar Site (tracks); 

no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: Brunswick (1 UNCW); FOFR, Frederica Site (tracks and scat); 

FOFR, Bloody Marsh Site (tracks); near Jekyll Island (1 USNM); Little Saint Simons Island (1 

USNM); Saint Simons Island (1 UNCW, 13 USNM). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (1 GMNH, 1 MCZ, 2 UNCW; Shoop and Ruckdeschel 

1990; Wilson and Durden 2003); Little Cumberland Island (5 GMNH); Saint Marys (Bangs 

1898; Elliot 1901). 
231 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, tracks and scat; Jacksonville (8 GMNH); Jacksonville 

Beach (1 GMNH); Jacksonville Naval Air Station (11 GMNH); New Berlin (4 ROM); Seminole 

Beach (27 GMNH); TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks and scat); TIMU, Fort George Island (tracks and 

scat); TIMU, Kingsley Plantation (tracks); TIMU, marsh islands NPS1, NPS2, NPS32, NPS45, 

and NPS52 (McClure, 2004); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (tracks and scat); TIMU, Thomas 

Creek (tracks and scat); no specific locality (3 GMNH). Nassau County: Amelia Island, trail to 

McRory Point (1 AMNH); no specific locality (2 GMNH). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, tracks and scat; Jacksonville (8 GMNH); Jacksonville 

Beach (1 GMNH); Jacksonville Naval Air Station (11 GMNH); New Berlin (4 ROM); Seminole 

Beach (27 GMNH); TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks and scat); TIMU, Fort George Island (tracks and 

scat); TIMU, Kingsley Plantation (tracks); TIMU, marsh islands NPS1, NPS2, NPS32, NPS45, 

and NPS52 (McClure, 2004); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (tracks and scat); TIMU, Thomas 

Creek (tracks and scat); no specific locality (3 GMNH). Nassau County: Amelia Island, trail to 

McRory Point (1 AMNH); no specific locality (2 GMNH). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 YPM); Anastasia Island, Point Romo 

(Pournelle and Barrington 1953); [Anastasia Island] 9 mi N Marineland (1 KU); Cabbage 

Swamp, Ivey Rd (1 UF); CASA (observation); [FOMA] Matanzas (7 MCZ); FOMA, Main Unit 

(tracks and scat); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (1 UNCW); Guano River (4 USNM); Palm Valley 

(4 MSB); marsh east of Tolomato River (1 UF); no specific locality (1 GMNH). County 

unknown: Matanzas Inlet (1 USNM). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (1 YPM); Anastasia Island, Point Romo 

(Pournelle and Barrington 1953); [Anastasia Island] 9 mi N Marineland (1 KU); Cabbage 

Swamp, Ivey Rd (1 UF); CASA (observation); [FOMA] Matanzas (7 MCZ); FOMA, Main Unit 

(tracks and scat); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (1 UNCW); Guano River (4 USNM); Palm Valley 

(4 MSB); marsh east of Tolomato River (1 UF); no specific locality (1 GMNH). County 

unknown: Matanzas Inlet (1 USNM). 

Long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: 8 mi N Charleston (1 ChM); FOSU, no evidence; 

Johns Island (4 ChM); Pierpont (1 ChM); Rantowles (1 ChM). 
232 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: 8 mi N Charleston (1 ChM); FOMO, no evidence; 

Johns Island (4 ChM); Pierpont (1 ChM); Rantowles (1 ChM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: 8 mi N Charleston (1 ChM); CHPI, no evidence; 

Johns Island (4 ChM); Pierpont (1 ChM); Rantowles (1 ChM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Calhoun County: Saint Matthews (2 ChM). Richland County: CONG, 

no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1966). Sumter County: Mayesville (1 ChM). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega Mountains (Howell 1921). Lee County: Auburn (1 

UMMZ). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: CHAT, 

no evidence. DeKalb County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Forsyth County: CHAT, no 

evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence; Roswell (Hall 1951). Gwinnett County: CHAT, 

no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: KEMO, 

no evidence. Fulton County: Roswell (Hall 1951). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Lamar County: no specific locality (1 

MVZ). Talbot County: Geneva (1 MCZ); 2 mi S Geneva (1 MCZ); 2 mi E Junction City (1 

MCZ); 2.5 mi SW Junction City (1 KU); no specific locality (10 MVZ). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp 

(1 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, Billys Island (1 USNM); Okefenokee Swamp, Camp Cornelia 

(1 USNM); Okefenokee Swamp, 0. 5mi E Chessers Island (1 CUMV). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Jacksonville, 1 mi east of zoo (1 UF); TIMU, no evidence. 

Nassau County: 2 mi SE Hillard, Hwy 301 (1 UF). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; Jacksonville, 1 mi east of zoo (1 UF). 

Nassau County: 2 mi SE Hillard, Hwy 301 (1 UF). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

American mink (Neovison vison) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton (Lee et al. 1983); CAHA, Hatteras 

Island (2 UNCW); FORA (tracks); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); no specific locality 

(Osowski et al. 1995). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (1 UNCW; Engels 1942); Judith 

Island (2 MCZ); no specific locality (4 MCZ). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton (Lee et al. 1983); CAHA, Hatteras 

Island (2 UNCW); FORA (tracks); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); WRBR, no evidence; no 
233 

specific locality (Osowski et al. 1995). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (1 UNCW); 

Judith Island (2 MCZ); no specific locality (4 MCZ). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Buxton (Lee et al. 1983); CAHA, Hatteras 

Island (2 UNCW); FORA (tracks); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); no specific locality 

(Osowski et al. 1995). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (1 UNCW); Judith Island (2 

MCZ); no specific locality (4 MCZ). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Portsmouth Island (tracks); CALO, 

Shackleford Banks (tracks; Webster 1987a); CALO, South Core Banks (tracks); no specific 

locality (Osowski et al. 1995). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (1 UNCW); Judith Island 

(2 MCZ); no specific locality (4 MCZ). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR (observation). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (2 ChM, 3 USNM); 8 mi SW 

Charleston, James Island (1 KU); 15 mi below [S] Charleston, James Island (1 ChM); James 

Island (2 ChM); Church Creek near Ravens Point (1 ChM); Edgewater Park (2 ChM); Folly 

Island (2 ChM); FOSU (observation); Johns Island (1 ChM); Kiawah Island (1 ChM); Morris 

Island (1 ChM); Mount Pleasant, Copahee Sound (1 USNM); no specific locality (Osowski et al. 

1995). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (2 ChM, 3 USNM); 8 mi SW 

Charleston, James Island (1 KU); 15 mi below [S] Charleston, James Island (1 ChM); James 

Island (2 ChM); Church Creek near Ravens Point (1 ChM); Edgewater Park (2 ChM); Folly 

Island (2 ChM); FOMO, no evidence; FOSU (observation); Johns Island (1 ChM); Kiawah 

Island (1 ChM); Morris Island (1 ChM); Mount Pleasant, Copahee Sound (1 USNM); no specific 

locality (Osowski et al. 1995). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Charleston (2 ChM, 3 USNM); 8 mi SW 

Charleston, James Island (1 KU); 15 mi below [S] Charleston, James Island (1 ChM); James 

Island (2 ChM); CHPI, no evidence; Church Creek near Ravens Point (1 ChM); Edgewater Park 

(2 ChM); Folly Island (2 ChM); FOSU (observation); Johns Island (1 ChM); Kiawah Island (1 

ChM); Morris Island (1 ChM); Mount Pleasant, Copahee Sound (1 USNM); no specific locality 

(Osowski et al. 1995). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (tracks); no specific locality (Golley 1966; 

Osowski et al. 1995). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega Mountains (Howell 1921). Coosa County: Mount 

Weogufka (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Gold Branch (tracks); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (1 

UNCW); no specific locality (Golley 1962). Dawson County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

DeKalb County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence; Lake 

Lanier (Schnell 1964); no specific locality (Osowski et al. 1995). Fulton County: CHAT, 

Vickery Creek (tracks); Roswell (1 USNM). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Settles Bridge (tracks); 

no specific locality (Osowski et al. 1995). 
234 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Osowski et al. 1995). Cobb County: 

CHAT, Gold Branch (tracks); CHAT, Johnson Ferry South (1 UNCW); KEMO, no evidence; no 

specific locality (Golley 1962). Fulton County: CHAT, Vickery Creek (tracks); Roswell (1 

USNM). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Monroe County: no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). Talbot County: 1.5 mi W Box Springs (1 KU); no specific locality (20 MVZ). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: 2 mi S Brunswick, between Jekyll Island and mainland (1 UF); 

FOFR (tracks); Jekyll Island (1 UF); Jekyll Island causeway (1 GMNH); near Jekyll Island (1 

GMNH); Saint Simons Island (1 UF, 1 USNM); no specific locality (Golley 1962; Osowski et al. 

1995). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1990); CUIS, north end (2 

GMNH; tracks); Saint Marys (6 MCZ). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks); TIMU, Kingsley Plantation 

(tracks). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks); TIMU, 

Kingsley Plantation (tracks). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (tracks); 

[FOMA] Matanzas Inlet (7 MCZ). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, Main Unit (tracks); [FOMA] Matanzas Inlet (7 

MCZ). 

Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (roadkill); CAHA, Buxton 

(roadkills); CAHA, Hatteras (roadkill); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (2 NCSM, 1 UNCW); FORA 

(tracks); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992). Hyde County: 

CAHA, Ocracoke Island (tracks; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (3 NCSM, 1 UMA). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (roadkill); CAHA, Buxton 

(roadkills); CAHA, Hatteras (roadkill); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (2 NCSM, 1 UNCW); FORA 

(tracks); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); WRBR, no 

evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (tracks; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific 

locality (3 NCSM, 1 UMA). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, Bodie Island (roadkill); CAHA, Buxton 

(roadkills); CAHA, Hatteras (roadkill); [CAHA] Pea Island NWR (2 NCSM, 1 UNCW); FORA 

(tracks); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992). Hyde County: 

CAHA, Ocracoke Island (tracks; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (3 NCSM, 1 UMA). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Bogue Banks (Lee et al. 1983); CALO, Portsmouth 

Island (tracks); CALO, Shackleford Banks (tracks; Webster 1987a); CALO, South Core Banks 
235 

(tracks); CALO, ubiquitous (Cape Lookcout National Seashore 1977). Hyde County: CAHA, 

Ocracoke Island (tracks; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (3 NCSM). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR (tracks); Hampstead (1 UNCW); 1 mi S 

Wallace, I-40 exit 387 (1 UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (1 USNM); 2 

mi S Charleston, Hwy 17 (2 ChM); FOSU, Aquarium Site (tracks); FOSU, Fort Site 

(observation); James Island (1 ChM, 1 LSU); Mount Pleasant (1 USNM); Plum Island (2 ChM); 

7.5 mi E Rockville, SR 700 (1 ChM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (1 USNM); 2 

mi S Charleston, Hwy 17 (2 ChM); FOMO, no evidence; FOSU, Aquarium Site (tracks); FOSU, 

Fort Site (observation); James Island (1 ChM, 1 LSU); Mount Pleasant (1 USNM); Plum Island 

(2 ChM); 7.5 mi E Rockville, SR 700 (1 ChM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (1 USNM); 2 mi 

S Charleston, Hwy 17 (2 ChM); CHPI, no evidence; FOSU, Aquarium Site (tracks); FOSU, Fort 

Site (observation); James Island (1 ChM, 1 LSU); Mount Pleasant (1 USNM); Plum Island (2 

ChM); 7.5 mi E Rockville, SR 700 (1 ChM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (tracks and scat); no specific locality (Golley 

1966). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (tracks). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, Jones Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Palisades East (tracks); CHAT, Vickery 

Creek (tracks). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Medlock Bridge 

(scat). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, Jones Bridge 

(tracks); CHAT, Palisades East (tracks); CHAT, Vickery Creek (tracks). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU (tracks); no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR (tracks); no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (tracks, Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1990). Charlton 

County: Okefenokee Swamp (1 USNM); Okefenokee Swamp, Mud Lake (1 USNM); 

Okefenokee Swamp, Floyds Island (1 USNM). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (tracks); Fort George Island (1 UF); TIMU, Kingsley 

Plantation (tracks); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (observation); TIMU, Thomas Creek 

(observation). 
236 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (tracks); Fort George Island (1 UF); TIMU, Kingsley 

Plantation (tracks); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (observation); TIMU, Thomas Creek 

(observation). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (tracks); FOMA, 

Rattlesnake Island (observation). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, Main Unit (tracks); FOMA, Rattlesnake Island 

(observation). 

Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: Awendaw (1 ChM); FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: Awendaw (1 ChM); FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: Awendaw (1 ChM); CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (observation). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega Mountains (Howell 1921). Lee County: Auburn 

(Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, Bowmans 

Island (observation). Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no 

evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Talbot County: 3 mi E Junction City (1 

KU); no specific locality (8 MVZ). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. McIntosh County: no specific locality (1 

USNM). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence; Saint Marys (3 MCZ). Charlton County: 

Okefenokee Swamp, Billy Island (4 CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, 2 mi SW Folkston, near 
237 

Spanish Creek (1 CUMV). Ware County: Okefenokee Swamp, Honey Island (1 CUMV, 1 

USNM). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: Burnside Beach (Bangs 1898); Jacksonville (1 AMNH); New 

Berlin (Bangs 1898); TIMU, no evidence. Nassau County: Keene (2 UIMNH). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: Burnside Beach (Bangs 1898); FOCA, no evidence; 

Jacksonville (1 AMNH); New Berlin (Bangs 1898). Nassau County: Keene (2 UIMNH). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FOR A: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega Mountains (Howell 1921). Lee County: Auburn (3 

UMMZ); 4 mi N Auburn (Sullivan 1954). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Bartow County: no specific locality (Michael Mengak and Steven Castleberry 

personal communication). Cherokee County: no specific locality (Michael Mengak and Steven 

Castleberry personal communication). Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: 

CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: Atlanta, Warner Robbins Plant, Gate 1 (Van Gelder 1959); 

CHAT, no evidence; Fort McPherson (Van Gelder 1959). Gwinnett County: CHAT, no 

evidence. Hall County: no specific locality (Michael Mengak and Steven Castleberry personal 

communication). 

KEMO: Georgia – Bartow County: no specific locality (Michael Mengak and Steven 

Castleberry personal communication). Cherokee County: no specific locality (Michael Mengak 

and Steven Castleberry personal communication). Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. Fulton 

County: Atlanta, Warner Robbins Plant, Gate 1 (Van Gelder 1959); Fort McPherson (Van Gelder 

1959). 
238 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. Houston County: no specific locality 

(Golley 1962). Jones County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Talbot County: 4.5 mi W 

Geneva (Van Gelder 1959); 4 mi N Junction City (2 KU); no specific locality (3 MVZ). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Feral cat (Felis catus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 

1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (tracks; Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, 

near Frisco (tracks); [CAHA] Little Kinnakeet (Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, 

Oregon Inlet, north side (Boone 1988); Coquina Beach (Parnell et al. 1992); FORA (observation, 

tracks, and roadkill); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); 

WRBR (tracks). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island (observation; Engels 1952; Webster 

1988; Parnell et al. 1992). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island 

(Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (tracks; Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); 

CAHA, near Frisco (tracks); [CAHA] Little Kinnakeet (Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); 

CAHA, Oregon Inlet, north side (Boone 1988); Coquina Beach (Parnell et al. 1992); FORA 

(observation, tracks, and roadkill); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell 

et al. 1992); WRBR (tracks). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 

1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, Buxton (tracks; Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, 

near Frisco (tracks); [CAHA] Little Kinnakeet (Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); CAHA, 

Oregon Inlet, north side (Boone 1988); Coquina Beach (Parnell et al. 1992); FORA (observation, 

tracks, and roadkill); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); Roanoke Island (Parnell et al. 1992); 

WRBR (tracks). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Core Banks (1 CALO); CALO, Portsmouth 

Island (photograph and tracks); CALO, Shackleford Banks (observation and tracks; Engels 1952; 

Webster 1987a); CALO, South Core Banks (tracks); CALO, ubiquitous (Cape Lookout National 

Seashore 1977); Fort Macon (1 USNM). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR (observation). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (observation); FOSU, no evidence. 
239 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (observation); FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI (observation). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (observation and tracks). 

HOBE: Alabama – Lee County: Auburn (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: HOBE (hair 

removed from coyote scat). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals (observation); CHAT, Johnson Ferry 

North (2 UNCW). Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, Jones Bridge 

(tracks); CHAT, Palisades East (1 UNCW). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (3 

UNCW); CHAT, Suwanee Creek (tracks). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, Cochran Shoals (observation); CHAT, Johnson Ferry 

North (2 UNCW); KEMO (observation). Fulton County: CHAT, Jones Bridge (tracks); CHAT, 

Palisades East (1 UNCW). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU (observation). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Frederica Site (observation). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (Wilson and Durden 2003). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, Cedar Point (observation); TIMU, Thomas Creek (1 

UNCW). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; TIMU, Cedar Point (observation); TIMU, 

Thomas Creek (1 UNCW). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Main Unit (observation). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, Main Unit (observation). 

Mountain lion (Puma concolor) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence; Wambow Swamp (Mills 

1826). 
240 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence; Wambow Swamp (Mills 

1826). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence; Wambow Swamp (Mills 1826). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. County unknown: “Congaree 

section” (Lawson, 1718); Santee River (Young 1946). 

HOBE: Alabama – Jackson County: Crow Island, Indian refuse heap (1 UMMZ). Tallapoosa 

County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Bartow County: no specific locality (Young 1946). Cobb County: CHAT, no 

evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett 

County: CHAT, no evidence. Lumpkin County: northwest of Dahlonega (Young 1946). 

KEMO: Georgia – Bartow County: no specific locality (Young 1946). Cobb County: KEMO, 

no evidence. Lumpkin County: northwest of Dahlonega (Young 1946). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; no specific locality (Young 1946). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. Glynn County: no specific locality 

(Young 1946). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Bobcat (Lynx rufus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke Island, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence; no specific locality (Lee et al. 

1983). 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: Bogue Banks (Lee et al. 1983); CALO, no evidence; 

Camp Bryan, Craven County line (1 NCSU). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 10 mi N Maple Hill (1 UNCW); MOCR, no evidence; 

3 mi S Wards Corner, Hwy 421 (1 UNCW); no specific locality (Lee et al. 1983). 
241 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: near Charleston (2 ChM); Dorchester Rd (1 ChM); 

FOSU, no evidence; Johns Island (1 ChM); Ravenel, 17 mi S Charleston (1 ChM); 1 mi E 

Summerville (1 ChM). County unknown: Santee NWR, 8 mi SW Summerton (3 USNM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: near Charleston (2 ChM); Dorchester Rd (1 

ChM); FOMO, no evidence; Johns Island (1 ChM); Ravenel, 17 mi S Charleston (1 ChM); 1 mi 

E Summerville (1 ChM). County unknown: Santee NWR, 8 mi SW Summerton (3 USNM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: near Charleston (2 ChM); CHPI, no evidence; 

Dorchester Rd (1 ChM); Johns Island (1 ChM); Ravenel, 17 mi S Charleston (1 ChM); 1 mi E 

Summerville (1 ChM). County unknown: Santee NWR, 8 mi SW Summerton (3 USNM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: Columbia (1 MCZ); CONG (observation and scat); 

5 km N CONG (1 UNCW). 

HOBE: Alabama – Clay County: Talladega Mountains (Howell 1921). Coosa County: Mount 

Weogufka (Howell 1921). Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: CHAT, 

no evidence. Dawson County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Forsyth County: CHAT, no 

evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, Bowmans Island, 

Richland Creek (tracks). Paulding County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cherokee County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). Cobb County: KEMO, 

no evidence. Paulding County: no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Lamar Unit (tracks). Jones County or Jasper County: 

Piedmont NWR (5 USNM). Talbot County: 3 mi E Junction City (3 KU); no specific locality (2 

MVZ). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: Anguilla (1 GMNH); FOFR, no evidence; Saint Simons Island 

(Reitz and Honerkamp 1983). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (tracks and scat; at least 3 CIM; Wilson and Durden 

2003); no specific locality (1 UF). Charlton County: Okefenokee Swamp, Grand Prairie (1 

CUMV); Okefenokee Swamp, Suwanee Canal (1 USNM). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: New Berlin (Bangs 1898); FOCA (observation and scat); 

Hugenoff Stare Park, 5 mi W Mayport (1 UF); 4 mi N Jacksonville (1 GMNH); TIMU, Cedar 

Point (scat); TIMU, Thomas Creek (tracks and scat); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (tracks). 

Nassau County: 8 mi NW Callahan (1 ChM). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: New Berlin (Bangs 1898); FOCA (observation and scat); 

Hugenoff Stare Park, 5 mi W Mayport (1 UF); 4 mi N Jacksonville (1 GMNH); TIMU, Cedar 

Point (scat); TIMU, Thomas Creek (tracks and scat); TIMU, Theodore Roosevelt Area (tracks). 

Nassau County: 8 mi NW Callahan (1 ChM). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; FOMA (observation). 
242 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA (observation). 

Domestic/feral horse (Equus caballus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island (observation, tracks, and scat; Engels 1942; Parnell et al. 1992). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Portsmouth Island, no evidence; CALO, 

Shackleford Banks (photographs, observation, tracks, and scat; Engels 1952; Webster, 1987a); 

CALO, South Core Banks, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (tracks and scat). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (tracks). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; KEMO (tracks and scat). Forsyth 

County: CHAT, Bowmans Island, dam access (tracks and scat). Fulton County: CHAT, no 

evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO (tracks and scat). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (2 CIM, 1 GMNH, 2 UNCW). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks and scat). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks and scat). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 
243 

Feral pig (Sus scrofa) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (Lawson 1718); 

FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (Lawson 

1718); FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (Lawson 1718); 

CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (2 UNCW); Congaree Swamp (Mayer and 

Brisbin 1991). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (5 UNCW); OCMU, Lamar Unit (tracks). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence; Jekyll Island (Neuhauser and Baker 

1974); Saint Simons Island (Neuhauser and Baker 1974; Mayer and Brisbin 1991). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (5 UNCW; Neuhauser and Baker 1974; Mayer and 

Brisbin 1991); Little Cumberland Island (Neuhauser and Baker 1974). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks); TIMU, marsh island NPS45 

(McClurg 2004); TIMU, Sohn Tract (1 UNCW). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, Cedar Point (tracks); TIMU, marsh island NPS45 

(McClurg 2004); TIMU, Sohn Tract (1 UNCW). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 
244 

Goat (Capra hircus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: Buford Dam Road 

(observation); CHAT, no evidence. Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: 

CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

European mouflon sheep (Ovis aries) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 
245 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE, no evidence. 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS, no evidence. 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, no evidence. 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence. 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

Domestic cattle (Bos taurus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: CAHA, no evidence. Hyde County: CAHA, Ocracoke 

Island, no evidence. 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: WRBR, no evidence. 

FOR A: North Carolina – Dare County: FORA, no evidence. 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, Shackleford Banks (1 UNCW). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: MOCR, no evidence. 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOSU, no evidence. 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: FOMO, no evidence. 
246 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: CHPI, no evidence. 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG, no evidence. 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (1 UNCW). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence. Forsyth County: CHAT, no evidence. 

Fulton County: CHAT, no evidence. Gwinnett County: CHAT, no evidence. 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: KEMO, no evidence. 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, no evidence. 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, no evidence. 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: CUIS (Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2001; Wilson and Durden 

2003). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: TIMU, Sohn Tract (1 UNCW). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA, no evidence; TIMU, Sohn Tract (1 UNCW). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence. 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: FOMA, no evidence. 

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 

CAHA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (1 UNCW); CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 1988; 

Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992; tracks); CAHA, Buxton (3 MCZ, 1 NCSU, 1 UNCW); 

CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); 

WRBR (observation, tracks, and scat; Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (1 

USNM). Hyde County: Lake Mattamuskeet NWR (5 USNM); Swan Quarter NWR (2 USNM); 

no specific locality (2 NCSU, 3 USNM). 

WRBR: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (1 UNCW); CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 1988; 

Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992; tracks); CAHA, Buxton (3 MCZ, 1 NCSU, 1 UNCW); 

CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); Nags Head Woods (Webster 1988); 

WRBR (observation, tracks, and scat; Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); no specific locality (1 

USNM). 

FORA: North Carolina – Dare County: Avon (1 UNCW); CAHA, Bodie Island (Boone 1988; 

Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992; tracks); CAHA, Buxton (3 MCZ, 1 NCSU, 1 UNCW); 

CAHA, Cape Hatteras (Webster 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); FORA, no evidence; Nags Head 

Woods (Webster 1988); WRBR (observation, tracks, and scat; Boone 1988; Parnell et al. 1992); 

no specific locality (1 USNM). 
247 

CALO: North Carolina – Carteret County: CALO, no evidence. Hyde County: Lake 

Mattamuskeet NWR (5 USNM); Swan Quarter NWR (2 USNM); no specific locality (2 NCSU, 

3 USNM). 

MOCR: North Carolina – Pender County: 4 mi N Atkinson (16 UNCW); Burgaw (1 UNCW); 2 

mi SE Burgaw, I-40 (1 UNCW); near Burgaw (1 UMMZ); 5 mi SW Camp Davis (1 UMMZ); 6 

mi SW Camp Davis (1 UMMZ); Hwy 11 and Hwy 210 (1 UNCW); MOCR (1 UNCW); 6 mi E 

Burgaw (4 UNCW); Scotts Hill (2 UNCW); Surf City (1 UNCW); no specific locality (1 

UNCW). 

FOSU: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (Lawson 1718); 

CHPI (1 UNCW); FOSU, no evidence; no specific locality (Sanders 1978). County unknown:

Santee (1 USNM). 

FOMO: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (Lawson 

1718); CHPI (1 UNCW); FOMO, no evidence; no specific locality (Sanders 1978). County 

unknown: Santee (1 USNM). 

CHPI: South Carolina – Charleston County: [Cape Romain NWR] Bulls Island (Lawson 1718); 

CHPI (1 UNCW); no specific locality (Sanders 1978). County unknown: Santee (1 USNM). 

CONG: South Carolina – Richland County: CONG (5 UNCW). 

HOBE: Alabama – Tallapoosa County: HOBE (1 UNCW). 

CHAT: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; KEMO (1 UNCW). Forsyth County: 

CHAT, no evidence; no specific locality (Golley 1962). Fulton County: CHAT, Island Ford 

(tracks); CHAT, Jones Bridge (tracks and scat); CHAT, McGinnis Ferry (tracks and scat); 

CHAT, Palisades East (observation and scat). Gwinnett County: CHAT, Abbotts Bridge (tracks 

and scat); CHAT, Bowmans Island, Richland Creek (1 UNCW); CHAT, Cochran Shoals, rec 

area (tracks); CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Powers Island (tracks); CHAT, Cochran Shoals, Sope 

Creek (tracks); CHAT, Level Creek (1 UNCW); CHAT, Medlock Bridge (tracks); CHAT, Orrs 

Ferry (1 UNCW); CHAT, Settles Bridge (tracks and scat); CHAT, Suwanee (1 UNCW). 

KEMO: Georgia – Cobb County: CHAT, no evidence; KEMO (1 UNCW). Fulton County: 

CHAT, Island Ford (tracks); CHAT, Jones Bridge (tracks and scat); CHAT, McGinnis Ferry 

(tracks and scat); CHAT, Palisades East (observation and scat). 

OCMU: Georgia – Bibb County: OCMU, Main Unit (observation); OCMU, Lamar Unit (tracks 

and scat); no specific locality (Golley 1962). 

FOFR: Georgia – Glynn County: FOFR, Bloody Marsh Site (tracks); FOFR, Frederica Site 

(tracks and scat); Saint Simons Island (1 UNCW); no specific locality (Golley 1962; Neuhauser 

and Baker 1974, and references cited therein). 

CUIS: Georgia – Camden County: Cabin Bluff (1 GMNH); CUIS (at least 1 CIM, 7 MCZ, 9 

UNCW, 15 USNM; Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1990; Wilson and Durden 2003); Saint Marys 
248 

(Bangs 1898); no specific locality (Golley 1962; Neuhauser and Baker 1974, and references cited 

therein). 

TIMU: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (observation); Jacksonville (10 UF); TIMU, marsh 

islands NPS8, NPS18, and NPS19 (McClure 2004); TIMU, Thomas Creek (1 UNCW). 

FOCA: Florida – Duval County: FOCA (observation); Jacksonville (10 UF); TIMU, marsh 

islands NPS8, NPS18, and NPS19 (McClure 2004); TIMU, Thomas Creek (1 UNCW). 

CASA: Florida – Saint Johns County: CASA, no evidence; FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (1 

UNCW). 

FOMA: Florida – Saint Johns County: Anastasia Island (observation); FOMA, Main Unit, no 

evidence; FOMA, Rattlesnake Island (1 UNCW). 
249 

Appendix B. Status of Mammals in SECN Parks 
Table B-1. Status of mammals in 19 SECN parks (acronyms by National Park Service). Species documented (PRESENT) 

indicated by YES, those EXPECTED BUT NOT FOUND are indicated by EXP, those that potentially occur in each park but 

UNDOCUMENTED (unconfirmed or encroaching) are indicated by UNK, thosethat are EXTIRPATED (historic) are indicate

DO NOT OCCUR IN THE REGION of each park (false report or no evidence) are shown in gray. The presence of the nin

coyote, and red fox is considered to be the result of natural range expansion. 

Park 

Common Name Scientific Name CAHA WRBR FORA CALO MOCR FOSU FOMO CHPI CONG HOBE CHAT KEMO OCMU FOFR CUIS Virginia opossum YES YES YES YES EXP YES YES EXP YES YES YES YES YES1 Didelphis virginiana Southeastern shrew YES YES YES YES YES EXP Sorex longirostris Least Shrew YES EXP EXP YES YES EXP YES YES YES YES EXP Cryptotis parva Northern short-tailed shrew YES YES YES YES Blarina brevicauda Southern short-tailed shrew YES EXP EXP EXP YES YES YES UNK YES Blarina carolinensis Eastern mole YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Scalopus aquaticus Star-nosed mole EXP EXP Condylura cristata Little brown myotis2Myotis lucifugus Southeastern myotis2 YES Myotis austroriparius Silver-haired bat2 YES EXP EXP YES EXP Lasionycteris noctivagans Eastern pipistrelle2 YES Pipistrellus subflavus Big brown bat1Eptesicus fuscus Eastern red bat2 YES YES YES YES YES Lasiurus borealis Seminole bat2 YES EXP Lasiurus seminolus Hoary bat2 EXP EXP Lasiurus cinereus 
Park 

Common Name Scientific Name CAHA WRBR FORA CALO MOCR FOSU FOMO CHPI CONG HOBE CHAT KEMO OCMU FOFR CUIS Northern yellow bat2Lasiurus intermedius Evening bat2 EXP EXP EXP EXP YES Nycticeius humeralis Rafinesque's big-eared bat2 EXP Corynorhinus rafinesquii Brazilian free-tailed bat2 YES Tadarida brasiliensis Nine-banded armadillo YES YES YES Dasypus novemcinctus Eastern cottontail YES YES YES YES EXP YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Sylvilagus floridanus Swamp rabbit EXP YES EXP UNK Sylvilagus aquaticus Marsh rabbit YES YES YES EXP EXP EXP EXP UNK YES YES Sylvilagus palustris Woodchuck YES UNK EXP Marmota monax Eastern chipmunk YES YES YES YES Tamias striatus Eastern gray squirrel YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Sciurus carolinensis Eastern fox squirrel YES UNK NO3 Sciurus niger Southern flying squirrel EXP EXP YES EXP EXP EXP EXP Glaucomys volans Southeastern pocket gopher NO4 Geomys pinetis American beaver YES YES YES YES YES YES NO Castor canadensis Marsh rice rat YES UNK EXP YES EXP YES UNK EXP YES YES YES EXP YES YES Oryzomys palustris Eastern harvest mouse EXP YES EXP YES EXP YES YES EXP Reithrodontomys humulis 
Park 

Common Name Scientific Name CAHA WRBR FORA CALO MOCR FOSU FOMO CHPI CONG HOBE CHAT KEMO OCMU FOFR CUIS Oldfield mouse UNK Peromyscus polionotus White-footed mouse YES YES EXP YES YES YES EXP Peromyscus leucopus Cotton mouse YES EXP EXP YES YES UNK YES EXP YES Peromyscus gossypinus Florida mouse Podomys floridanus Golden mouse YES EXP YES YES EXP EXP Ochrotomys nuttalli Hispid cotton rat NO4 EXP EXP YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES EXP YES Sigmodon hispidus Eastern woodrat YES YES YES Neotoma floridana Meadow vole YES EXP EXP EXP Microtus pennsylvanicus Woodland vole EXP EXP EXP YES YES EXP YES Microtus pinetorum Round-tailed muskrat Neofiber alleni Common muskrat YES YES YES EXP EXP EXP YES UNK YES Ondatra zibethicus Black rat1 YES UNK UNK EXP YES EXP EXP EXP UNK EXP EXP Rattus rattus Norway rat1 YES EXP EXP YES EXP EXP EXP EXP EXP EXP UNK YES EXP EXP Rattus norvegicus House mouse1 YES YES EXP YES EXP EXP YES YES EXP EXP EXP EXP EXP EXP Mus musculus Meadow jumping mouse YES EXP Zapus hudsonius Nutria1 YES YES YES UNK YES Myocastor coypus Coyote UNK UNK UNK UNK YES UNK YES YES YES YES YES YES Canis latrans Feral/domestic dog1 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES UNK YES YES YES YES Canis familiaris 
Park 

Common Name Scientific Name CAHA WRBR FORA CALO MOCR FOSU FOMO CHPI CONG HOBE CHAT KEMO OCMU FOFR CUIS Red wolf5 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Canis rufus Red fox YES YES UNK YES EXP YES EXP YES Vulpes vulpes Common gray fox YES YES YES YES EXP EXP YES YES YES EXP YES UNK Urocyon cinereoargenteus American black bear5 YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO3 Ursus americanus Northern raccoon YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Procyon lotor Long-tailed weasel EXP UNK EXP EXP EXP EXP EXP Mustela frenata American mink YES YES YES YES YES EXP EXP YES EXP YES UNK EXP YES YES Neovison vison Northern river otter YES YES YES YES YES EXP EXP YES YES YES YES YES YES Lontra canadensis Striped skunk YES UNK YES UNK EXP Mephitis mephitis Eastern spotten skunk UNK UNK Spilogale putorius Feral cat1 YES YES YES YES YES EXP YES YES YES YES YES YES YES EXP Felis catus Mountain lion5 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Puma concolor Bobcat EXP UNK YES EXP YES UNK YES YES1 Lynx rufus Feral/domestic horse1 YES NO3 YES YES YES YES YES YES Equus caballus African wild ass3 NO3Equus asinus Feral pig1 NO3 UNK3 NO3 YES1 YES1 NO3 YES1 Sus scrofa Goat3 NO NO NO Capra hircus European mouflon sheep3 NO NO NO Ovis aries 
Park 

Common Name Scientific Name CAHA WRBR FORA CALO MOCR FOSU FOMO CHPI CONG HOBE CHAT KEMO OCMU FOFR CUIS Domestic cattle3 NO NO NO NO NO Bos taurus European fallow deer3 NO Dama dama White-tailed deer YES YES YES YES NO4 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Odocoileus virginianus 

1 Introduced (native or exotic) and thriving (free-ranging or accompanied by humans) 2 North Carolina parks only 3 Introduced, but did not become established or later was removed 4 Insular population recently extirpated 5 Extirpated on a landscape scale 
 

The Department of the Interior protects and manages the nation’s natural resources and cultural heritage; provides scientific and 

other information about those resources; and honors its special responsibilities to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated 

Island Communities. 

NPS 910/106015, November 2010 
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