[PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 20-10834

____________________

RICHARD CHRISTOPHER JOHNSON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

CITY OF MIAMI BEACH,

CHRISTOPHER AGUILA,

Defendants-Appellees.

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____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-23925-AHS

____________________

Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and HULL, Circuit Judges.

HULL, Circuit Judge: 

Plaintiff-Appellant Richard Johnson appeals the district 

court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of DefendantsAppellees Officer Christopher Aguila, individually, and the City of 

Miami Beach on Johnson’s claims of excessive force and state law 

battery. Because the district court found that Officer Aguila’s 

conduct was not excessive force or a battery, the district court 

granted summary judgment on that basis alone. 

Under Johnson’s version of events, Johnson’s arrest was 

effected and he was fully secured, not resisting, and not posing a 

threat when Officer Aguila gratuitously and forcibly struck him in 

his face. After review of the evidence and videos in the light most 

favorable to Johnson, and with the benefit of oral argument, we 

conclude that the district court erred in granting summary 

judgment in favor of the Defendants. Therefore, we reverse.

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I. BACKGROUND 

In this case, some of the events were captured on officers’ 

body cameras and security cameras within the Miami Beach Police 

Department. We review de novo the videotape evidence that was 

presented to the district court at the summary judgment stage. See 

Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380-81, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 1776 (2007); 

Lewis v. City of West Palm Beach, 561 F.3d 1288, 1290 n.3 (11th 

Cir. 2009). Where no video exists or where the videos do not 

answer all the questions or resolve all the details of the encounter, 

we view the evidence in the light most favorable to Johnson. See 

Cantu v. City of Dothan, 974 F.3d 1217, 1226-27 (11th Cir. 2020). 

The facts at the summary judgment stage are not necessarily 

the true, historical facts or what a jury may ultimately find. 

Instead, the facts at this stage are what a reasonable jury could find 

from the evidence and the videos viewed in the light most 

favorable to the non-moving party, Johnson in this case. See id. at 

1222; Scott, 550 U.S. at 378, 127 S. Ct. at 1774-75.

A. Johnson Is Arrested 

Early in the morning on March 24, 2017, Johnson sold $80 

worth of cocaine to two undercover Miami Beach police officers. 

He then walked into a nearby smoke shop, and two uniformed 

officers followed to apprehend him. One officer grabbed Johnson’s 

arm from behind and began to handcuff him. Johnson, not 

realizing it was a police officer who had grabbed him, tried to pull 

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away. In doing so, he bumped into a shelf and knocked over 

several glass hookah pipes, which shattered. 

Body camera footage from a third officer to arrive on the 

scene shows the two officers escorting Johnson out of the smoke 

shop and, with the help of a fourth officer, placing him in handcuffs. 

As those four officers walked Johnson to the curb, Defendant 

Aguila and a sixth officer approached. For about seven minutes 

after that, the officers searched Johnson’s person and his 

possessions before placing him in a transport vehicle. 

When the officers walked Johnson to the transport vehicle 

and told him to have a seat, Johnson did not immediately comply 

and said that he was not going to jail. An officer told him he was 

resisting arrest by not taking a seat, and Defendant Aguila told 

Johnson to have a seat or he would dislocate his shoulder. Johnson 

sat down.

During the seven minutes that Defendant Aguila was 

present at the scene of the arrest, Johnson repeatedly asked the 

officers why he was being arrested, insisted he had done nothing 

wrong, and accused them of setting him up. While Johnson was 

talkative, he was not physically aggressive. He did not immediately 

follow the order to sit down in the police vehicle, but after 20 or so 

seconds, he sat down in the vehicle. 

B. Johnson Is Taken to the Police Department 

While driving Johnson to the Miami Beach Police 

Department, Officer Duane Mitchell called for backup to meet him 

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at the police station, explaining over the radio that Johnson had 

“said he isn’t going.” Defendant Aguila responded to the call and 

met Mitchell at the police station. Mitchell told Aguila that 

Johnson did not want to get out of the police car. Defendant Aguila 

opened the door of the car, and Johnson got out six seconds later. 

Aguila then walked Johnson, still handcuffed, into the police station 

for processing. 

Inside the police station, officers at some point removed 

Johnson’s handcuffs. Body camera footage shows Johnson, no 

longer in handcuffs, continuing to ask why he had been arrested 

and insisting that he did nothing wrong. At one point, facing 

Aguila, Johnson stated, “I ain’t scared of you by a long shot, 

buddy.” Nonetheless, the videos show that Johnson complied with 

the officers’ instructions to take off his socks and shoes and then to 

turn around and place his hands on the table behind him. At that 

point, six officers, including Aguila, were standing around Johnson. 

Of the five visible on camera, all were taller than Johnson, and four 

were much larger than he was. 

After an officer searched Johnson’s shoes and socks, the 

entire group began to walk toward a holding cell. Johnson was not 

handcuffed as he walked over to the holding cell. None of the six 

officers held, restrained, or touched Johnson during the short walk 

to the cell. 

 

 

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C. Aguila Forcibly Strikes Johnson 

When the group reached the holding cell, Officer Walter 

Mejia placed his hand on Johnson’s back and guided him toward 

the open doorway of the cell. Johnson initially walked with him to 

the cell’s doorway, but then stepped to the right of the cell’s

doorway and placed his back against the adjacent wall, stating, “I’m 

not going to go in there.” Another officer immediately said, “My 

man, my man, you’re going in there,” and Johnson made no 

further remarks to the officers. With his right arm, Mejia (now 

directly in front of the cell’s doorway) grabbed Johnson by the 

shoulder and then pushed him into the cell. At this point, Johnson 

was inside the cell and Mejia, who had never entered the cell, 

remained outside of the cell.

After Johnson was inside the cell, Officer Mejia took a step 

to the left, such that he was no longer directly in front of the cell’s 

doorway, and reached for the cell’s sliding door with his left arm. 

Johnson was then well inside the cell and standing still. No other 

inmate was in the cell.

Although Mejia stepped to the left to close the cell door, 

Defendant Aguila (who had been standing outside the cell on 

Mejia’s right) took two or three steps forward, came into the cell, 

and forcibly struck Johnson in the face with his elbow. The 

incident was captured, at various angles, on two security cameras 

and two body cameras. None of these videos show Johnson 

making any perceptible movements in the brief interlude between 

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when Mejia placed him in the cell and when Aguila then entered 

the cell and forcibly struck Johnson. 

In his deposition, Officer Mejia testified that, had Aguila not 

entered the cell and struck Johnson, Mejia could have closed the 

door of the cell.1

 Mejia explained that the “main objective” was to 

“[g]et the . . . detainee in the cell and close the door behind him.” 

Johnson was later treated for a small laceration to his mouth. 

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Johnson filed a complaint against Officer Aguila and the City 

of Miami Beach, alleging a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim of excessive force 

against Aguila, individually, and claims of state law battery against 

1 Specifically, Officer Mejia’s testimony was:

Q. All right. What stopped you from closing the door?

A. Well, obviously [Officer Aguila] striked [sic] when he entered and . . . I 

can’t say, you know, what . . . his observation is what caused him to enter . . . 

and, you know, close the gap.

. . . 

Q. Looking at it now, looking at that video, had Officer Aguila not stepped 

into the cell, . . . could you have just closed the door and been done with it, 

had Officer Aguila not entered the cell?

A. Ultimately, that’s the main objective. Get the—the detainee in the cell 

and close the door behind him.

Q. Had Officer Aguila not entered the cell, could you have simply closed it 

with Mr. Johnson inside and all the officers on the outside?

A. Sure.

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Aguila and the City. The Defendants moved for summary 

judgment on all claims.2

The district court granted the Defendants’ motion, finding 

that Aguila was entitled to qualified immunity because a 

reasonable officer could have believed that the force used was 

necessary under the circumstances. There was thus no 

constitutional violation for the § 1983 claim against Aguila. Next,

because the district court determined Aguila did not use excessive 

force, it concluded that Johnson’s state law battery claims, which 

require a showing that the force used was clearly excessive, also 

failed. 

III. SECTION 1983 EXCESSIVE FORCE CLAIM 

A. Qualified Immunity 

We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary 

judgment based on qualified immunity. Cantu, 974 F.3d at 1228. 

In doing so, we resolve all issues of material fact and draw all 

reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Id. 

Qualified immunity protects government officials 

performing discretionary functions from civil liability unless their 

conduct violates clearly established statutory or constitutional 

rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Pearson 

2 Johnson also raised claims against Officers Juan Balciero, Roger Gaitan, and 

Eugenio Abay, but later jointly stipulated with the Defendants to dismiss these 

claims with prejudice. 

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v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815 (2009); Hope v. 

Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739, 122 S. Ct. 2508, 2515 (2002). The parties 

agree that Officer Aguila was acting within his discretionary 

authority at all relevant times. 

Once an officer has shown that he was acting within the 

scope of his discretionary authority, “the burden shifts to the 

plaintiff to show that qualified immunity is not appropriate.”

Vinyard v. Wilson, 311 F.3d 1340, 1346 (11th Cir. 2002) (quoting

Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1194 (11th Cir. 2002)); see Brown v. 

City of Huntsville, 608 F.3d 724, 734 & n.14 (11th Cir. 2010).

B. Federal Constitutional Violation 

Our first inquiry is whether the facts, taken in the light most 

favorable to Johnson, show Officer Aguila’s conduct violated a 

federal constitutional right?

The Fourth Amendment’s freedom from unreasonable 

searches and seizures encompasses the right to be free from the use 

of excessive force in the course of an arrest. Lee, 284 F.3d at 1197.

In excessive force cases, whether a plaintiff’s constitutional rights 

were violated is governed by the Fourth Amendment’s objective 

reasonableness standard. Hadley v. Gutierrez, 526 F.3d 1324, 1329 

(11th Cir. 2008). Under that standard, we judge the officer’s use of 

force “on a case-by-case basis from the perspective of a reasonable 

officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of 

hindsight.” Brown, 608 F.3d at 738 (quotation marks omitted). 

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Whether an officer has used excessive force depends on “the 

facts and circumstances of each particular case,” including a nonexhaustive list of factors, such as (1) “the severity of the crime at 

issue”; (2) “whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the 

safety of the officers or others”; and (3) “whether he is actively 

resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Graham v. 

Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396, 109 S. Ct. 1865, 1872 (1989); Charles v. 

Johnson, __ F.4th __, 2021 WL 5313668, at *7 (11th Cir. Nov. 16, 

2021). “Not every push or shove” violates the Fourth Amendment. 

Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S. Ct. at 1872; see also Charles, 2021 

WL 5313668, at *7.

This Court has ruled specifically that a police officer violates 

the Fourth Amendment if he uses gratuitous force against a suspect 

who is secure, not resisting, and not a safety threat to the officer or 

other officers. See, e.g., Hadley, 526 F.3d at 1330 (holding officer 

used excessive force when, in a single blow, he punched suspect 

who was handcuffed and was not struggling or resisting); Lee, 

284 F.3d at 1199 (holding that an officer’s use of force after the 

plaintiff was “arrested, handcuffed, and completely secure, and 

after any danger to the arresting officer as well as any risk of flight 

had passed” was excessive). Conversely, we have held that it may 

be reasonable for an officer to use force against a suspect who is 

resisting and not subdued. See, e.g., Mobley v. Palm Beach Cnty. 

Sheriff Dep’t, 783 F.3d 1347, 1351, 1355 (11th Cir. 2015) (concluding 

officers’ use of force in striking, kicking, and tasing suspect was not 

excessive where the suspect, though pinned on the ground, was 

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“refusing to surrender his hands to be cuffed”); Crosby v. Monroe 

Cnty., 394 F.3d 1328, 1334-35 (11th Cir. 2004) (concluding officer’s 

use of force was not excessive where suspect, though lying face

down on the ground, “was able to wrestle his hand loose and push 

[the officer’s] foot away”).

Here, viewing the evidence and the videos in the light most 

favorable to Johnson, a reasonable jury could find that at the time 

Aguila entered the holding cell and forcibly struck him,

(1) Johnson’s arrest was effected; (2) Johnson was fully secured, as 

he was far enough inside the holding cell that Officer Mejia could 

have slid the door closed without incident; (3) Johnson was not 

moving, resisting, or otherwise posing a threat to Mejia or any 

other officer; (4) Johnson was not attempting to flee; and 

(5) Defendant Aguila had no need to use any force against Johnson. 

The Graham factors weigh in Johnson’s favor. A reasonable jury 

thus could find that Defendant Aguila used excessive force in 

violation of the Fourth Amendment when he entered the holding 

cell and forcibly struck Johnson, who was then secure, not 

resisting, and not a safety threat to any officers. 

The Defendants argue that Johnson was verbally belligerent 

and non-compliant throughout his arrest and processing, and 

therefore a reasonable officer in Aguila’s position could believe

Johnson was a safety threat. But the videos tell a different story. 

While Johnson was verbally insistent that he did nothing wrong

and did not want to go to jail, the videos, in the light most favorable 

to Johnson, show he never made any threatening movements of 

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any type toward the officers at the time of the strike or at any point 

during his processing inside the police station. 

The Defendants argue that Johnson was not compliant 

because he did not immediately sit in or get out of the police car. 

They ignore that a video at the arrest scene shows Johnson sitting 

down in the police car about 20 seconds after being told to do so, 

and almost immediately after Defendant Aguila told Johnson to 

have a seat or he would dislocate his shoulder. And, at the arrival 

at the police station, a video shows Johnson got out of the police 

car six seconds after Defendant Aguila opened the car door. In any 

event, the videos inside the police station, in the light most 

favorable to Johnson, reveal that Aguila had no need to use force 

against Johnson inside the holding cell.

We now turn to the question of whether Johnson’s federal 

constitutional right was clearly established at the time of Defendant 

Aguila’s conduct on March 24, 2017.

C. Clearly Established Law 

A right is clearly established when it is “sufficiently clear that 

every reasonable official would have understood that what he is 

doing violates that right.” Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 11, 136 

S. Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (quotation marks omitted). “The usual way 

of establishing that a constitutional violation was clearly 

established law is by pointing to a case, in existence at the time, in 

which the Supreme Court or this Court found a violation based on 

materially similar facts.” Cantu, 974 F.3d at 1232. “In the context 

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of Fourth Amendment excessive force claims, we have noted that 

generally no bright line exists for identifying when force is 

excessive; we have therefore concluded that unless a controlling 

and materially similar case declares the official’s conduct 

unconstitutional, a defendant is usually entitled to qualified 

immunity.” Priester v. City of Riviera Beach, 208 F.3d 919, 926 

(11th Cir. 2000). 

In two recent decisions, the Supreme Court reversed the 

denial of qualified immunity in Fourth Amendment excessive force 

cases. City of Tahlequah v. Bond, 595 U.S. __, __ S. Ct. __, 2021 

WL 4822664 (U.S. Oct. 18, 2021); Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna, 595 

U.S. __, __ S. Ct. __, 2021 WL 4822662 (U.S. Oct. 18, 2021). In 

doing so, the Supreme Court in both decisions emphasized that 

“specificity is especially important in the Fourth Amendment 

context, where it is sometimes difficult for an officer to determine 

how the relevant legal doctrine, here excessive force, will apply to 

the factual situation the officer confronts.” City of Tahlequah, 2021 

WL 4822664, at *2 (cleaned up) (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 12, 

136 S. Ct. at 308); Rivas-Villegas, 2021 WL 4822662, at *2 (same).

“It is not enough that a rule be suggested by then-existing 

precedent;” rather, a “rule’s contours must be so well defined that 

it is clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in 

the situation he confronted.” City of Tahlequah, 2021 WL 

4822664, at *2 (quotation marks omitted). “[E]xisting precedent 

must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond 

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debate.” Rivas-Villegas, 2021 WL 4822662, at *2 (quoting White v. 

Pauly, 580 U.S. __, 137 S. Ct. 548, 551 (2017)).

As explained above, at the time of Defendant Aguila’s 

conduct on March 24, 2017, our circuit case law clearly established

that an officer violates the Fourth Amendment when he uses 

gratuitous force against an arrestee who is fully secured, not 

resisting arrest, and not posing a safety threat to the officer. See 

Hadley, 526 F.3d at 1330; Lee, 284 F.3d at 1198.3

In Hadley, this Court held that a police officer who punched 

an arrestee in the stomach used excessive force because the arrestee 

was handcuffed and not struggling or resisting. Hadley, 526 F.3d 

at 1330. We explained that the officer was “not entitled to use any 

force” because the arrestee “neither resisted arrest nor posed a 

danger to [the officer].” Id. Similarly, in Lee, this Court held that 

an officer who slammed an arrestee’s head against a car used 

3 Johnson brought his excessive force claim under the Fourth Amendment, as 

an arrestee, not the Fourteenth Amendment, as a pretrial detainee. All parties 

analyzed his claims under the Fourth Amendment in the district court and 

now in this Court. The parties’ appellate briefs reference only the Fourth 

Amendment and discuss only Fourth Amendment decisions. Thus we need 

not, and do not, discuss whether Johnson was properly categorized as an 

arrestee or a pretrial detainee at the time Aguila used force against him in the 

holding cell. Notably, we have stated: “[I]nasmuch as it entails an inquiry into 

the objective reasonableness of the officers’ actions, . . . the Fourteenth 

Amendment standard has come to resemble the test that governs excessiveforce claims brought by arrestees under the Fourth Amendment.” Patel v. 

Lanier Cnty., 969 F.3d 1173, 1182 (11th Cir. 2020) (quotation marks omitted).

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excessive force because the arrest had been effected and the 

arrestee had not resisted or attempted to flee. Lee, 284 F.3d at 1198. 

There, we stated that any reasonable officer would know that 

“[o]nce an arrestee has been fully secured, such force is wholly 

unnecessary to any legitimate law enforcement purpose.” Id. at 

1199.

These cases are binding, materially similar precedent that 

would put a reasonable officer on fair notice that it was unlawful 

to strike Johnson after his arrest was effected, he was fully secured 

inside a holding cell, and he was not resisting or attempting to flee. 

Specifically, an objectively reasonable officer would have known 

on March 24, 2017, that it was clearly unlawful to gratuitously and 

forcibly strike an arrestee who was fully secured, not resisting, not 

posing a safety threat, and not attempting to flee. See Hadley, 

526 F.3d at 1330; Lee, 284 F.3d at 1198; City of Tahlequah, 2021 

WL 4822664, at *2. 

Accordingly, on the record at this stage and in the light most 

favorable to Johnson, Defendant Aguila is not entitled to qualified 

immunity.

IV. STATE LAW CLAIMS 

As a final matter, because we reverse the district court’s 

grant of summary judgment to Defendant Aguila on Johnson’s 

federal excessive force claim, we also reverse its grant of summary 

judgment to both Defendants on his state law battery claims. 

Under Florida law, force used by a police officer during an arrest is 

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transformed into a battery where the force used was clearly 

excessive. See Davis v. Williams, 451 F.3d 759, 768 (11th Cir. 2006) 

(citing City of Miami v. Sanders, 672 So. 2d 46, 47 (Fla. Dist. Ct. 

App. 1996)). And to determine whether the force used was 

excessive, Florida courts analyze whether the amount of force used 

was reasonable under the circumstances. Sanders, 672 So. 2d at 47. 

In light of our conclusion that a reasonable jury could find that 

Aguila used excessive force, we conclude that summary judgment 

is not warranted on Johnson’s state law battery claims.

V. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district 

court erred in granting summary judgment to Defendant Aguila on 

Johnson’s § 1983 excessive force claim and to Defendants Aguila 

and the City of Miami Beach on his state law battery claims.

REVERSED AND REMANDED. 

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