DALE J. OSBO>

and KARL V. KROMBEL

Habitats, Flora

Mammals, and

f Wasps of

Gebel 'Uweinat,

Libyan Desert

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1969 NUMBER 11

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 11

Habitats, Flora,

and Karl V. Krombein •« -- * i T A T

Mammals, and Wasps

of Gebel 'Uweinat,

Libyan Desert

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ABSTRACT

Osborn, Dale J., and Karl V. Krombein. Habitats, Flora, Mammals, and Wasps of

Gebel 'Uweinat, Libyan Desert. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 11:1-18,

1969.—The habitats at Gebel 'Uweinat, Libyan Desert, at the juncture of Egypt,

Libya, and Sudan, are described and illustrated by photographs. Annotated lists are

presented of the 55 species of plants collected there, 6 species of mammals, and 30

species of wasps.

Gebel 'Uweinat, the "mountain of little springs," lies

in the Libyan Desert where the boundaries of Egypt,

Sudan and Libya meet (Figure 1). Remote and difficult of access, this mountain area is practically unexplored biologically. Following are descriptions of the

area, a general account of plant distribution, and

annotated lists of plants, mammals, and wasps collected by the authors during a four day visit to

'Uweinat in April 1967.

The eastern portion of 'Uweinat, which includes the

summit at 1934 meters (6345 feet) altitude, (latitude

21°54' N, longitude 24°58' E), is Nubian sandstone.

Underlying the sandstone is igneous rock which forms

the western portions of the mountain (Ball, 1927;

Sandford, 1933; Said, 1962). The high southeastern

sandstone plateaus have their bases buried in a talus

forming the pediment of a broad, sloping alluvial

plain (Figure 2). In contrast, on the western end of

'Uweinat, granite cliffs have weathered into piles of

exfoliated boulders rising steeply from level plains

(Hassanein Bey, 1925; Shaw, 1934).

The "springs" of 'Uweinat are actually rock basins

(guelta) beneath the boulders in the west (Hassanein

Bey, 1924b) and a series of springs and small pools in a

narrow, winding gorge (karkur) in the southeast. The

springs occur where impervious porphyries hold up

water that has percolated down through sandstone

(Ball, 1928). Rainfall replenishes these sources of surface water every seven to ten years (Peel, 1939).

In 1923 Hassanein Bey (1924a, b; 1925) located

'Uweinat, previously known as Owana, a legendary

place halfway along a camel road from Merga to

Dale J. Osborn, Medical Zoology Department, United States

Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three, Cairo, United

Arab Republic; also Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois. Karl V. Krombein, Chairman, Department

of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

20560.

Cufra where there was green grass after rain and a

well (King, 1913; Shaw, 1934). Hassanein Bey, who

reached this pastureland two years after rain had fallen,

found ample grazing for his camels and an abundance

of water in four rock basins in the boulder cliffs. For

want of a better term, these reservoirs in the rocks were

called springs. Hassanein Bey's reports include geological and botanical notes, some observations on mammals, and descriptions and photos of prehistoric rock

art and the native Goraan.

The succession of explorations to 'Uweinat since

Hassanein Bey is documented in papers in the Geographical Journal, particularly those of Bagnold (1933,

1939), Peel (1942), and Williams and Hall (1965).

Although no expedition has remained there for more

than a few days at a time, an impressive amount of

data has accumulated on the geology, geomorphology,

and archaeology. Were it not for the efforts of W. B. K.

Shaw (1931; Shaw and Hutchinson, 1931, 1934) we

would have little knowledge of the flora. At the time of

our visit, information on the mammalian fauna was

more meager and that of the wasp fauna nonexistent.

During April 1967, a United States Naval Medical

Research Unit Number Three (NAMRU-3) expedition visited 'Uweinat for the purpose of obtaining

mammals and their ectoparasites and botanical specimens. Krombein accompanied the expedition to make

a general collection of insects. We were accompanied

and assisted by personnel of the NAMRU-3 Medical

Zoology Department, a representative of the Egyptian

Ministry of Health, and a field party from the Egyptian Desert Reclamation Department, Kharga Oasis.

Our route from El Kharga was southward via Bir

Kurayin (Kreyim) and Dibis; thence westward via Bir

Misaha to Gebel 'Uweinat. The two week stay we had

anticipated at 'Uweinat was shortened to four days due

to lack of water. The bitter water in the pools of Karkur Murr, as the name murr indicates, was undrink1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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EXPEDITION ROUTE

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FIGURE 1.—Map of Gebel 'Uweinat and adjacent country, showing route of expedition

from El Kharga to Gebel 'Uweinat.

able. Libyan soldiers stationed at Ain Doua (Ain el

Gazal) (Figure 1) did not have sufficient water to

support us and reported that other water sources were

exhausted.

Thus, collecting was concentrated in Karkur Murr

in Sudan and in another wadi twelve kilometers west.

A brief trip was made to Karkur Tahl in Egypt. Insect

collecting was carried on in Karkur Murr only.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The expedition was made

possible largely through the facilities of NAMRU-3,

Cairo. We are indebted to Mr. Ibrahim Helmy

Mohamed, Technician, NAMRU-3, for attending to

the many details preceding departure of the expedition

and for his able assistance in the desert. The proficiency

of Mr. Mohamed el Nawawi, Egyptian Ministry of

Health, in handling administrative details at El Kharga

is greatly appreciated.

Mr. James Vanderbeek, Manager, Pan American

Oil Company, Cairo, obligingly loaned us a truck and

driver. The Egyptian Desert Reclamation Department

assisted us by hauling gasoline and other supplies and

by providing accommodations in El Kharga and at

Bir Kurayim.

The assistance of the specialists who identified the

plants and wasps collected by the expedition is acknowledged in each of those sections of this report.

The senior author's work is from Research Project

MF 12.524.009-3008B, Bureau of Medicine and Sur-
NUMBER 1 1

FIGURE 2.—Sandstone plateaus of Gebel 'Uweinat. View north-northwest from alluvial plain.

gery, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C.; his

efforts were supported in part by Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr 4414(00) NR 107-806 with

Field Museum. The opinions and assertions contained

herein are the private ones of the authors and are not

to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the

Department of the Navy or of the naval service at

large.

The junior author's field work was supported by

Smithsonian Research Foundation Grant SFC-7-0056.

Lastly, we thank the workers and guides without

whose help the expedition could never have progressed.

Discussion

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE KARKURS.—Karkur

Murr, on the gradually sloping plain, is a meandering

streambed of soft sand (Figures 3, 4) ending in a

shallow mud pan about 20 kilometers south of the

mountain.

In the mountain, Karkur Murr is a steep-sided gorge

with a broad, deep alluvial fan of sand, rubble and

rounded boulders. The bedded channel starts here as a

rock-strewn ravine (Figure 5). Half a kilometer inside

the plateau the gorge narrows abruptly. Sandstone

blocks fallen from high walls clutter the steeply ascending rocky floor (Figure 6). About one kilometer inside the gorge are a number of pools bordered with

encrustations of salt—Ain el Brins (Prince Spring) on

some maps; Ain Murr on others (Figure 7). Bagnold

(1931, 1935) reported more pools higher up, but our

party failed to reach them.

A short tributary from the east joins the main gorge

shortly above the alluvial fan (Figure 5). Below the

dry waterfall at the beginning of this canyon there is a

shallow, salty pool (Figure 8).

Twelve kilometers west of Karkur Murr is an unnamed wadi which, in contrast with Karkur Murr, has

a level, boulder strewn gravel floor that penetrates

about two kilometers into the plateau.

Karkur Tahl in the northeast is a long, winding valley with a sandy floor (Figure 9). Wind has sculptured

the cliffs, accumulated sand at their bases, and closed

the wide mouth of Karkur Tahl with a high drift

Karkur Ibrahim, in the northwest, visited by

Hassanein Bey (1924a, b; 1925) and others, has a

long, winding, level, gravel floor strewn with big stones

and bordered by steep boulder cliffs.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 3.—Karkur Murr. Meandering streambed in alluvial plain. Vegetation: Acacia flava,

A. raddiana, and Panicum turgidum. View south with Gebel Kissu in background 30 km distant.

Rainfall: Rain was recorded at 'Uweinat in 1921,

fall of 1927, spring of 1934, and June 1960 (Williams

and Hall, 1965). According to the soldiers at Ain Doua,

rain had fallen more recently, probably in 1962, in the

southeastern section of the mountain. The blooming

and fruiting vegetation in Karkur Murr (Figures 3-5),

in contrast with the dead, broken grass and desiccated

acacias of Karkur Tahl (Figure 9) indicated that rainfall was sporadic.

Rains are reported to be violent and of short duration. Trees may be uprooted and carried out onto the

plains from Karkur Murr. The basins south and west

of 'Uweinat are known to become filled with water to

depths of two meters (Kemal el Din, 1928).

Vegetation: The flora of Gebel 'Uweinat is IndoSaharan, not Mediterranean or montane (Shaw,

1931), and includes genera and species common in the

wadis of the granitic Red Sea Mountains of Egypt.

The mud pans on the plains support a scattering of

Acacia flava and Crotalaria thebaica, two specimens of

the tree Maeura crassifolia, stands of grasses (Anstida

spp.) and patches of Colocynthis vulgaris (Shaw and

Hutchinson, 1934).

A few specimens of Crotalaria thebaica, Farsetia

ramosissima, Aerva persica, and several species of

Aristida have been found in runnels in the plains and

the hilly country east of 'Uweinat. Concentrations of

vegetation are in the wadi beds, particularly the

alluvial fan of Karkur Murr, excepting mesophytes

around pools.

Species collected high in the cliffs are Pulicaria

crispa, Lavendula stricta, Heliotropium ramosissimum,

H. undulatum, Cleome droserifolia and Maeura sp.

(Shaw and Hutchinson, 1931, 1934).

T H E FLORA OF THE KARKURS.—The meandering

streambed of Karkur Murr contains tree and shrub

acacias (Acacia raddiana and A. flava) and the large,
NUMBER 1 1

FIGURE 4.—Karkur Murr. Meandering streambed in alluvial plain. View north from same

location as in Figure 3. Note mouth of canyon in center background.

coarse bunch grass, Panicum turgidum (Figures 2, 3).

There are occasional patches of ground gourd (Colocynthis vulgaris) and a few prostrate Euphorbia

granulata.

Individual Cassia italica, Trichodcsma ajricanum,

Cleome droserifolia, Aerva persica, Pulicaria crispa and

species of Fagonia occur mainly along the edges of the

streambed and on terraces of rubble and coarse gravel.

Pulicaria crispa and Aerva persica increase noticeably

in frequency in the rock-strewn ravine and sandy

patches of the alluvial fan. The numbers of Acacia spp.

and Panicum turgidum decrease in these zones and

further inside the canyons. Colocynthis vulgaris occurs

sparingly among the rocks. About 15 additional species

occur in the canyon, exclusive of the 7 growing beside

pools. These are discussed in the annotated list with

plants collected in the wadi twelve kilometers west of

Karkur Murr.

The vegetation of Karkur Tahl (Figure 9) at the

time of our visit consisted of numerous large acacia

trees or tahl {Acacia raddiana) and dry, broken grass

{Panicum turgidum).

Hassanein Bey (1924a, p. 355) described Karkur

Ibrahim as patterned with tufts of grass (probably P.

turgidum), mimosa trees {Acacia sp.) and small

shrubs whose leaves smelled like peppermint (probably

Lavendula stricta). "At intervals the ground is carpeted with creeping plants of the colocynth, expanses

of green leaves dotted with brilliant yellow globes like

grape-fruit."

Kemal el Din (1928) listed the following plants

from the beds of the karkurs: Tamarix mannifera (T.

nilotica) (Fam. Tamaricaceae), Cornulaca monocant ha (Fam. Chenopodiaceae), Leptochloa bipinnata

{Desmostachya bipinnata) (Fam. Gramineae) and

Acacia raddiana (Fam. Leguminosae). According to
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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mined by Dr. Fatma Sa'ad, Agricultural Museum,

Cairo.

Duplicate collections are in the herbaria of Cairo

University (CAI) and the Field Museum of Natural

History, Chicago, Illinois (F). Species collected by

Shaw in 1931 and September-November 1932 are

starred (•).

FIGURE 5.—Kaxkur Murr. Bedded channel in alluvial fan.

View north-northeast. Stone huts are visible on the terrace

in the background. Note the whitish Aerva persica.

Newbold (1928) the main vegetation of the valleys

of 'Uweinat was Acacia, Tamarix, and Cornulaca.

Tamarix and Cornulaca were not among the plants

collected in Karkur Murr, Karkur Tahl, Karkur

Ibrahim, or at Ain Zueia by the 1932 collecting party

(Bagnold, 1933; Shaw and Hutchinson, 193L, 1934)

and by Osborn in 1967. The presence of Desmostachya

(p. 11) at 'Uweinat is also questionable.

Annotated List of Plants

The following list of 55 plant species from the

'Uweinat area is arranged by families according to

Tackholm et al. (1956). Annotations are from Shaw

(1931), Shaw and Hutchinson (1931, 1934) and

observations of D. J. Osbom. Osborn's collection of 45

species, taken 9-12 April 1967, includes 33 species and

four varieties not reported previously from 'Uweinat.

Dr. Vivi Tackholm, Chairman, Department of

Systematic Botany, Cairo University, identified the

specimens, excepting species of Fagonia, which were

handled by Dr. Nabil el Hadidi, also of Cairo University, and species of Convolvulus, which were deterCOMPOSITAE

*Pulicaria crispa (Forsskal) Bentham and J. D.

Hooker f.: Karkur Murr. In all parts of wadi, particularly area of coarse alluvium and sand. Flowering. Shaw (1931): "High up K. Tahl, 3000 ft., low

herb 1 ft. high. Found at Kissu."

*P. undulata (Linnaeus) Kostel: Karkur Murr and

wadi 12 km west. In canyons and rocky parts of

wadis. Shaw (1931) : "Uweinat, about 2200 ft., dry

watercourse."

CUCURBITACEAE

*Colocynthis vulgaris Schrader: Vernacular names,

handal, colocynth or ground gourd. Karkur Murr.

Fruits and flowers present. Common according to

FIGURE 6.—Karkur Murr. Narrowing rocky canyon.
NUMBER 1 1

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FIGURE 7.—Ain Murr (Ain cl Brins). Rock pools in Karkur Murr. Note salty encrustations.

Hassanein Bey (1925), who wrote that the dried

seeds were used to make abra, a staple food of the

Goraan, after prolonged boiling to remove the bitterness. Common on the plain around the mountain

(Shaw, 1934). Green gourds are eaten by Barbary

sheep (Mason, 1936) and gazelle; the dry seeds and

pulp are eaten by rodents (Osborn's observations)

contrary to the opinion of P. A. Buxton (1923).

OROBANCHACEAE

Cistanche tinctoria (Forsskal) G. Beck: Specimen is

probably this species, but it lacks flowers. Karkur

Murr from somewhere above the pools. Usually

parasitic on shrubs of Chenopodiaceae. Host in this

case not known. Collected by guide.

L.ABIATAE

*Lavendula stricta Delile (L. coronopijolia Poiret) :

332-192 O—«9 2

Shaw (1931) wrote: "Uweinat, about 6000 ft.,

rocky gorge on mountain top, 6 ins. high."

BORAGINACEAE

Heliotropium ramosissimum (Lehmann) DeCandolle:

Karkur Murr. Flowering.

*H. undulatum Vahl: Shaw (1931) wrote: "on cliff

top, about 4000 ft., low plant 8 ins. high. About

6000 ft., rocky gorge on mountain top, about 6 ins.

high."

Trichodesma ajricanum (Linnaeus) R. Brown var.

abyssinicum Brand: Karkur Murr and wadi 12 km

west. Closely browsed by gazelles where accessible.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Convolvulus austro-aegyptiacus Abdallah and Sa'ad:

Karkur Murr. Flowering. All species collected were

protected by large boulders in canyon.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIOURE 8.—Karkur Murr. Pool in eastern tributary.

Note Typha australis and Imperata cylindrica.

Convolvulus cancerianus Abdallah and Sa'ad: Karkur Murr. Flowering.

Convolvulus prostratus Forsskal: Karkur Murr.

Flowering.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

*Pergularia tomentosa Linnaeus: Solitary plant in

barren, washed gravel about 14 km west of Karkur

Murr. Typical habitat. Flowering. Shaw (1931):

"about 3,000 ft. shrub 2 ft. high, with milky juice."

PRIMULACEAE

Samolus valerandi Linnaeus: Karkur Murr. Rocky

canyon.

TILIACEAE

Corchorus depressus (Linnaeus) Christensen: Karkur Murr. Among boulders. Flowering.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia granulate Forsskal: Karkur Murr.

Bedded channel and sandy areas in canyons. Flowering and fruiting.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Fagonia arabica Linnaeus: Soft sand of runnel in

hilly country east of Gebel 'Uweinat on track to

Karkur Tahl (Figure 1). The spiny clovers usually

grow in sandy or gravelly areas.

F. arabica Linnaeus var. tilhoana (Maire) Maire:

Karkur Murr. Flowering.

F. indica N. Burman f.: Karkur Murr and runnels

in hills east of Gebel 'Uweinat.

F. thebaica Boissier var. violacca Boulos: Runnels in

hills east of Gebel 'Uweinat.

Tribulus longipetalus Viviani: Karkur Murr and

wadi 12 km west. Listed as an annual by Tackholm

et al. (1956).

*T. mollis Ehrenberg ex Schweinfurth: According

to Shaw (1931) : "Uweinat about 2000 ft., in sandy

bed of Wadi, prostrate over sand."

LEGUMINOSAE

* Acacia flava (Forsskal) Schweinfurth (A. ehrenbergiana Hayne) : Vernacular name, sayaal. Karkur

Murr. Shrub or small tree (Figure 3). Flowering.

Shaw (1931) : "Shallow pans of dried mud on plain

west of J. Uweinat. Uweinat, above and below 2200

ft., dry watercourse, tree up to 12-15 ft."

*A. raddiana Savi (.4. tortilis Hayne pro parte) :

Vernacular name, tahl. Karkur Murr. Fruiting.

Large tree; particularly in Karkur Tahl, for which

the valley was named (Figure 9). Shaw (1931):

"tree 25 ft. high, 2000-4000 ft."

Argyrolobium saharae Pomel: Karkur Murr. Alluvial fan. Closely browsed by gazelles. Fruiting.

*Cassia italica (Miller) Lambert ex Steudel (C.

obovata Colladon) : Karkur Murr and wadi 12

km west. Seeds eaten by rodents. Flowering. Shaw

(1931): "Uweinat, about 1000 ft., sandy bed of

wadi, 12-18 ins. high."

* Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornmiiller: According

to Shaw (1931): "Uweinat, about 2200 ft., dry

watercourse, semi-prostrate."

*Crotalaria thebaica (Delile) A. P. de Candolle:

Karkur Murr in sand. Flowering. Closely browsed

by gazelles where accessible (Figure 10) but not in

rocky canyon above alluvial fan. Shaw (1931) : "20

miles south of Uweinat, about 1750 ft., drainage

line on stony plain west of J. Uweinat."

*Lotononis platycarpa (Viviani) P.-Sermolli: Shaw

(1931) noted: "Uweinat, about 2200 ft, in dry

watercourse, creeping over sandy surface."
NUMBER 1 1

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FIGURE 9.—Karkur Tahl. Note evidence of wind action—drifted sand and sculptured rocks.

Trees are Acacia raddiana; grass, Panicum turgidum. View southwest.

Indigofera sessiliflora De Candolle: Karkur Murr,

rocky canyon. Flowering and fruiting.

Parkinsonia aculeata Linnaeus: Small tree at base of

boulder cliff, Ain Doua, Libya (Figure 1). Flowering. Exotic tree introduced into Sudan (Tackholm,

personal communication).

CRUCIFERAE

Farsetia ramosissima Hochstetter ex Fournier: Karkur Murr and runnels in hills east of Gebel

'Uweinat. Closely browsed by gazelles. Fruiting.

*Morettia philaena (Delile) A. P. deCandolle: Karkur Murr. In rocky parts of wadi. Flowering. Shaw:

"near G. Kissu, 20 miles south of Oweinat, about

1500 ft."

CAPPARIDACEAE

Cleome chrysantha Decaisne: Karkur Murr and

wadi 12 km west.

*C. droserifolia (Forsskal) Delile: Karkur Murr.

Shaw (1931) : "high up Karkur Tahl; stiff aromatic

herb 18 in. high. In sand among rocks of dry watercourse, about 2050 ft."

*Maerua crassifolia Forsskal: According to Shaw

(1931): "20 miles southwest of Uweinat, about

1750 ft., a solitary tree, 15 ft., in drainage line on

stony plain" and "shallow pans of dried mud west of

Uweinat." Shaw (1931) remarked that he saw a

tree "about 3000 ft. up on the great central cliff.

. . . It reminded me of Maerua rigida(?) of the
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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FIGURE 10.—Karkur Murr. Specimen of Crotalaria thebaica

closely browsed by gazelles. Without interference the species

grows to a height of 40 to 50 cms. Rod is divided into 10-cm

units.

Sudan." All the brittle leaves had fallen from the

specimen when he returned to camp.

AIZOACEAE

Limeum viscosum Fenzl: Karkur Murr in canyon.

Flowering.

NYCTAGINACEAE

Boerhaavia diandra Linnaeus: Wadi 12 km west of

Karkur Murr. Flowering.

B. diffusa Linnaeus var. viscosa (Choisy) Cufodontis:

Wadi 12 km west of Karkur Murr.

AMARANTHACEAE

*Aerva persica (Burman) Merrill var. bovei (Webb)

Chiovenda: Karkur Murr. Gravel terraces and

among rocks (Figure 5). Eaten by rodents in wadi

west of Karkur Murr. Flowering. Shaw (1931):

"In drainage line on plain near south foot of Gebel

Oweinat, about 1500 ft., bushy herb 3 ft. high.

About 2000 ft., wadi bed, in clumps 2-3 ft. in diam.,

2 ft. high."

URTICACEAE

Forskohlea tenacusima Linnaeus: Karkur Murr.

Growing in protection of boulders (Figure 11).

Flowering.

JUNCACEAE

Juncus subulatus Forsskal: Karkur Murr. Beside

pools in wet, salty sand. Fruiting.

*/. arabicus (Ascherson and Bucheneau) Adams. (/.

maritimus var. arabicus Ascherson and Bucheneau

ex Boissier) : From notes of Shaw (1931):

"Uweinat, about 2050 ft., on salty ground near rock

pool of dry watercourse, lJ/a-2 ft. high."

PALMAE

Phoenix dactylifera Linnaeus: Karkur Murr beside

pools (Figure 7). Stunted date palms reported by

Bagnold (1931). A battered piece of palm trunk

about one foot in diameter was found by Osborn

wedged between rocks near the pools.

GRAMINEAE

Eragrostis aegyptiaca (Willdenow) Delile: Karkur

Murr. Wet sand beside pools. Flowering.

*Phragmites communis (Linnaeus) Trinius: Karkur

Murr. Wet areas beside pools. Fruiting. Photographed at Ain Zuweia by Kemal el Din (1928) and

reported from one of the "springs" by Hassanein Bey

(1925). Shaw (1931): "Uweinat, about 200 ft.

Wadi bed, near rock wall, up to 7 ft. high."

Polypogon monspelicnsis (Linnaeus) Desfontaines:

Karkur Murr, beside pools.

Aristida zittelii Ascherson. Sandy runnels in hills east

of Gebel 'Uweinat.

*A. plumosa Linnaeus: Karkur Murr. Occasional in

all habitats. Shaw (1931): "Uweinat, frequent

around foot and out on plain, common elsewhere,

the most common grass in heart of the Libyan

Desert, in small drainage lines in sand and often on

sand dunes, in small tufts up to 18 ins. high."

A. funiculata Trinius and Ruprecht: Karkur Murr.

Dried specimens in sand, alluvial fan.

A. meccano Hochstetter: Wadi 12 km west of Karkur Murr.
NUMBER 1 1 11

Aristida spp. were noted (Shaw and Hutchinson,

1934) on the mud pans west of Gebel 'Uweinat.

*Panicum turgidum Forsskal: Karkur Murr (Figures 3, 4) chiefly in the sandy bed of the lower wadi.

Clumps 1 m high. Fruiting. Shaw: "the most frequent plant in the wadis. Found at Kissu."

Imperata cylindrica (Linnaeus) Beauvois: Karkur

Murr. Beside pools (Figure 8). Flowering.

*Desmostachya bipinnata (Linnaeus) Stapf: Shaw

(1931) wrote: "Uweinat, about 2200 ft., wadi bed,

near rockwall, 2-3 ft." This grass resembles Imperata cylindrica when out of flower (Tackholm et al.,

1956) and Shaw's specimens could have been incorrectly identified. His collection was apparently from

the site where Osborn collected Imperata, but saw

no inflorescences of Desmostachya.

TYPHACEAE

Typha australis Schumacher and Thonning: Karkur

Murr. Pool in eastern tributary (Figure 8).

Flowering.

Annotated List of Mammals

The following list includes six species collected at

Gebel 'Uweinat by D. J. Osborn and I. Helmy and

four species whose occurrence there is questionable.

Order RODENTIA

Gerbillus (Gerbillus) g. gerbillus (Oliver) : Common

or lesser gerbil. Ten specimens were trapped beside

Panicum turgidum in the sandy wadi bed (Figures 3,

4) of Karkur Murr. This hairy-footed gerbil lives in

sandy areas of the desert wherever there is

vegetation.

Gerbillus (Dipodillus) campestris patrizi (de Beaux) :

Large North African gerbil. Three were collected

from among boulders and sandstone blocks and one

from the sand and rock area of the alluvial fan (Figures 5, 6).

Although "preferred" habitats of bare-footed gerbils are cliffs and rocky areas, they have been taken

in virtually all habitats including "mesic sedge pockets in the interior of palm groves" in Libya (Ranck,

1966). In Egypt the species has been collected

from Siwa Oasis fields, fig groves, and Mediterranean coast salt marshes (Hoogstraal, 1963).

Happold (1966, 1967b) trapped G. (D.) c. venustus (Sundevall) in isolated volcanic and granite hills

FIOURE 11.—Karkur Murr. Unbrowsed specimen of Forskohlea tenacissima. Note clumps of Panicum turgidum in the

background.

in northern Sudan. He observed that only the larger

hills with many crevices and cracks offered suitable

habitat.

Ranck (1966) reported G. (D.) c. patrizi (de

Beaux) from Cufra Oasis.

Acomys cahirinus viator Thomas: Spiny mouse.

Eight were collected from among rocks and sandstone blocks (Figures 5, 6) in the same area as G.

(£>.) campestris. Happold (1967b) trapped A. c.

cineraceus Fitzinger and Heuglin together with G.

(D.) c. venustus (Sundevall) in rocky hills in northern Sudan. Ranck (1966) reported A. c. viator

Thomas from El Barcat and Cufra Oases, Libya.

Jaculus deserti rarus Ranck: Jerboa. This subspecies

was described from material from Ain Zueia,

Libya (Figure 1) by Ranck (1968). One specimen

from Karkur Murr was caught among Panicum

turgidum in the wadi bed (Figure 3).

The distribution of this subspecies is not com-
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

pletely known, but like /. ;. jaculus, it frequents the

same habitats as Gerbillus gerbillus.

Jaculus j . jaculus (Linnaeus) : Two specimens were

from Karkur Murr on the rubble strewn plain near

the wadi bed (Figure 3).

Order CARNIVORA

Vulpes rueppelli rueppelli (Schinz) : Riippell's sand

fox. Four sand foxes were trapped in various places

along the wadi bed and in the gorge. The species

inhabits rocky wadis, oases, and vegetated areas near

wells. Bagnold (1939) was impressed with the indifference of this fox toward his camp in Karkur

Tahl.

Fennecus zerda Zimmermann: Fennec. Kemal el

Din (1928) listed the fennec as occurring in the

'Uweinat area. Although the species occurs throughout the Libyan Desert no evidence of fennecs was

seen in the areas visited around 'Uweinat.

Order ARTIODACTYLA

Addax nasomaculatus (Blainville) : Addax. Kemal

el Din (1928) found the mummified carcass of an

addax 100 km west of 'Uweinat. This animal probably occurred previously in the 'Uweinat area and

perhaps still migrates there periodically from the

south for grazing. Toschi (1954) listed the addax

from Cufra and other Libyan localities. Setzer

(1957) considered it to be one of the rarest mammals in Libya.

Northward movements of Sudan addax herds depend on the availability for grazing of gizzu, grasses

and shrubs which become green after rains (see Rattray, 1960, p. 50). Large herds of addax, oryx,

gazelle, and ostrich, for example, were seen by Shaw

(1936) in northwestern Sudan at about 18° N in

1932, but very few were seen in 1935 when the

country was drier.

Until about 1900 the addax inhabited the semidesert west of Alexandria, Egypt (Flower, 1932).

Oryx dammah (Cretzschmar) : Saber-horned oryx.

Until about the middle of the eighteenth century

this animal occurred in the Western Desert of Egypt

a few miles west of the Nile River and Delta

(Flower, 1932). Like the addax it has retreated

southward, but following years of heavy rain might

move as far north as 'Uweinat. In Karkur Tahl

there is a prehistoric rock painting in color of an

oryx hunt (Almasy, 1936).

Gazella dorcas dorcas (Linnaeus) : Dorcas or common

gazelle. Gazelles were seen in the meandering

streambed of Karkur Murr. Two females and a

newly born male were collected in the wadi 12 km

west of Karkur Murr. One animal was shot when

it attempted to run past us as we approached the

end of the wadi bed. Wilkinson (1832) and H. M. B.

Buxton (1895) remarked on gazelles running back

past their pursuers when wadis they were following

became steep and rocky.

Gazelles in the wadi bed browsed Trichodesma

africanum to the level of the sand. Green gourds of

Colocynthis vulgaris were found partly eaten and

Crotalaria thebaica (Figure 10) and Farsettia

ramosissima were closely browsed.

Kemal el Din (1928) commented on the paleness

of gazelles at 'Uweinat. Although some we saw appeared pale, specimens were typical of the species.

Ammotragus lervia (Pallas) : Barbary sheep, aoudad

or waddan. No evidence of this species was found

except several pairs of old horns near stone huts in

Karkur Murr (Figure 5). Plants near pools and large

specimens of browse plants {Trichodesma africanum

and Forskohlea tenacissima) which were inaccessible

to gazelles were untouched (Figure 11).

Barbary sheep at 'Uweinat were mentioned by

Hassanein Bey (1925), Kemal el Din (1928) and

Bagnold (1931). Despite occupation by personnel of

the Sudan Government Defense Force in 1934

(Shaw, 1936), sheep continued to thrive in Karkur

Murr and Karkur Tahl (Bagnold, 1939). Bagnold

noted that after a few days, sheep, foxes, and gazelles

took little notice of the human camp. A photograph

of a sheep from Karkur Tahl appeared in Almasy's

(1936) paper. One young female sheep was seen by

Setzer (personal communication) in 1961 on a

northwestern outlier of Gebel 'Uweinat.

Italians who used 'Uweinat as a refueling station

in the 1940s (Bagnold, 1945) may have decimated

the Barbary sheep population.

Until the early 1900s the Barbary sheep occurred

over a large part of North Africa, including the

plateaus and mountains of the Eastern Desert of

Egypt and both sides of the Nile in Upper Egypt

(Sclater, 1895; Flower, 1932). Today it is known

to exist only in the remotest areas of Libya (Setzer,

1957) and northern Sudan (Happold, 1967a).
NUMBER 1 1 13

FIOURE 12.—Malaise trap suspended from two Acacia raddiana on the bedded channel below

the broad alluvial fan.

Annotated List of Wasps

(Hymenoptera: Aculeata)

All of the insects were collected in Karkur Murr,

Gebel 'Uweinat by K. V. Krombein, who acknowledges

with gratitude the assistance of the following specialists in identification of the wasps: Dr. D. Guiglia,

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, Italy

(Tiphiidae) ; Dr. H. Priesner, Linz, Austria (Pompilidae) ; Dr. W. J. Pulawski, Zoological Institute, Wroclaw, Poland (Sphecidae) ; Dr. O. W. Richards, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London,

England (Masaridae); Dr. A. Giordani Soika, Museo

Civico di Storia Naturale, Venezia, Italy (Eumenidae

in part, Tachyancistrocerus and Cyrtolabus) ; Dr. F.

Suarez, Instituto de Aclimatacion, Almeria, Spain

(Mutillidae) ; Dr. J. van der Vecht, Division of Systematic Zoology, Leiden University, Netherlands

(Eumenidae in part, Eumenes and Chlorodynerus) ;

Dr. St. Zimmermann, Wien, Austria (Chrysididae).

The majority of the 7602 insect specimens collected,

including uniques, are in the collection of the United

States National Museum. Duplicate wasp specimens

are in the collections of the specialists listed above and

in that of the Societe Entomologique d'Egypte. All insects bear locality labels as follows: "SUDAN: Gebel

Oweinat/Wadi Ain el Brins/April 9-12, 1967/Karl V.

Krombein."

Several different techniques were employed in collecting insects. A hand net was used both on the alluvial

fan of Karkur Murr and in the narrow gorge leading

to Ain el Brins; most of these specimens were taken on

the foliage or flowers of the various plants but some

were crawling on the ground when collected. A Malaise

trap was suspended from two acacias in the bedded

channel below the broad alluvial fan (Figure 12) and

operated 10-12 April. An ultraviolet (=black light)

trap was operated all night at three stations, one night

on the bedded channel (Figure 12), one on the broad

alluvial fan of Karkur Murr, and near one of the rock

pools, Ain el Brins, with salt-encrusted margins (Figure

13).

ANALYSIS OF THE WASP COLLECTIONS.—The

'Uweinat wasps represent 30 species in the following
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 1.—Comparison of sphecid wasp faunas,

Gebel 'Uweinat (Sudan), Tibesti (Chad), Fezzan

(Libya), and Hoggar (Algeria)

Genera

Ammophila

Sphex

Philanthus

Pseudoscolia

Cerceris

Ammatomus

Gorytes

Stizus

Bembecinus

Bembix

Liris

Tachytes

Tachysphex

Prosopigastra

Parapiagetia

Gastrosericus

Palarus

Miscophus

Psen

Diodontus

Dasyproctus

Oxybelus

TOTAL

Gebel

' Uweinat,

Sudan

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

-

2

1

-

1

-

3

1

-

-

-

11

Tibesti,

Chad

7

1

4

-

5

-

-

4

-

3

3

-

2

1

2

1

-

-

1

-

-

2

36

Fezzan,

Libya

7

2

4

1

2

1

2

4

-

2

4

2

7

-

1

-

1

3

1

1

-

3

48

Hoggar,

Algeria

_

1

-

-

1

-

-

-

1

3

1

-

7

1

-

-

-

2

-

2

1

2

22

families: Chrysididae, 3; Tiphiidae, 1; Mutillidae, 2;

Masaridae, 1; Eumenidae, 5; Pompilidae, 7; Sphecidae, 11. Collections over longer periods or at different

times of the year should establish the presence at

'Uweinat of some representatives of the families

Bethylidae, Scoliidae, and Vespidae also.

The distribution of species in most of these families

is very poorly known. However, de Beaumont (1952,

1956) recorded the species of Sphecidae collected by

A. Giordani Soika in the Hoggar area of southern

Algeria and by K. M. Guichard in several areas in

Libya including the Fezzan and in the Tibesti area of

Chad. The Hoggar, Fezzan, and Tibesti areas are

Saharan, and comparisons are made between the

sphecid faunas collected in those areas and at Gebel

'Uweinat in Table 1. Giordani Soika collected at six

localities in the Hoggar, 15-30 April 1950. Guichard's

collections of wasps in Tibesti were made at eleven

localities on eleven days during 7 March-11 April 1953.

In the Fezzan, Guichard collected wasps during eleven

days at nine localities in several years as follows: 24

February 1941; 11 April-9 May 1952; 11 November

1952; and 2-27 February 1953. Table 1 summarizes

the number of species in several genera of Sphecidae

obtained in these three areas and at Gebel 'Uweinat,

9-12 April 1967.

One is immediately impressed by the absence of

Sphecinae from the 'Uweinat collections. These are

large conspicuous wasps and could not have been overlooked. Presumably collections made at another period would include several species of this subfamily.

The same remarks apply to such genera as Philanthus,

Cerceris, Stizus, and Bembecinus which are absent or

only poorly represented in the 'Uweinat collections.

One would expect also that 'Uweinat should have more

species of Tachysphex than are presently known, and

that such genera as Oxybelus and Diodontus will be

found there eventually.

Comparing the 'Uweinat sphecid fauna with that occurring in the other areas, it may be noted that the

single species of Philanthus occurs in both Fezzan and

Tibesti, as is true also of the Psen. The single taxa of

Bembix, Liris, and Prosopigastra, and the three taxa

of Miscophus have not been taken yet in the Hoggar,

Fezzan, or Tibesti areas. The single species of Gastrosericus has been collected in Tibesti; it is very widely

distributed and should be found eventually in Fezzan

and Hoggar.

The single sphecid known only from 'Uweinat is the

newly described Miscophus heliophilus Pulawski.

Family CHRYSIDIDAE

Hedychridium species. 1 $ . Zimmermann considers

this to be an undescribed species.

Chrysis (Chrysis) minutissima Radoszkowski. 1 $ .

Recorded previously from Egypt and Palestine.

Chrysis (Chrysis) species. 7 $ . Mostly collected in

Malaise trap. Zimmerman considers that this also

is an undescribed species.

Family TIPHIIDAE

Myzinella patrizii Guiglia. 1 2,1 6 $ . Most specimens in Malaise trap, a few males flying around low

flowering plants. This is the first known female of

the genus Myzinella Guiglia and was described recently (Guiglia, 1968). M. patrizii has been taken

previously only in Libya (Cufra, the type-locality)

and Egypt (Dakhla Oasis and Kom Oshim, Fayum).
NUMBER 1 1 15

FIGURE 13.—Ultraviolet light trap near one of the rock pools, Ain Murr (Ain el Brins).

Family MUTILLIDAE

Apterogyna aegyptiaca Invrea. 1 9 . Collected from

the ground in early evening walking toward ultraviolet light trap on bedded channel below alluvial

fan. This species was known previously only from

the type-locality, Fayed, Egypt.

Tricholabioides niloticus Suarez. 1 <J. Flying low

over ground in early evening toward ultraviolet

light trap on bedded channel below alluvial fan.

This was known previously only from the type-series

collected by Krombein in Egypt (El Kharga in

Kharga Oasis and Kom Oshim, Fayum).

Family MASARIDAE

Quartinia nubiana Richards, or species very close

thereto. 1 9,15 . On flowers of Fagonia sp. The

male was unknown previously. The species was described from females from the Nubian Desert, Egypt.

Richards notes that the specimens from 'Uweinat are

not quite identical with the type-series in the British

Museum.

Family EUMENIDAE

Cyrtolabus gracilis (Kohl). 10 9 , 8 $ . Some specimens visiting Acacia flava flowers. This species is

widely distributed in desert areas, having been recorded from Sinai, Nubian Desert, Sudan, and

southern Algeria (Hoggar, Tassili d'Ajjer).

Cyrtolabus saharensis (Giordani Soika). 1 <$ . The

species was described from southern Algeria (Hoggar, Tassili d'Ajjer).

Eumenes emarginatus dimidiatipennis Saussure. 1 $ .

This widespread taxon has been recorded from Algeria, Egypt, Somalia, Arabia, Palestine, Iran and

India.

Tachyancistrocerus serenus (Giordani Soika). 5 S .

Some visiting Acacia flava flowers. This species is

known to occur in Algeria (Hoggar, Tassili d'Ajjer),

Libya (Fezzan), Egypt (Siwa) and Palestine.

Chlorodynerus chloroticus (Spinola) . 19 , 2 <$ . O n

Acacia flava flowers. This abundant species occurs

at a number of localities in Egypt, and has also been

recorded previously from southern Algeria, Sudan,

Sinai, and Palestine.
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Family POMPILIDAE

Most specimens of spider wasps were collected in

the Malaise trap although a few specimens were collected while running over the ground. All species were

known previously from Egypt.

Agenioideus arenicola (Priesner). 1,$. Priesner

(1955, p. 72) noted that arenicola is common especially in the desert wadis east of Cairo and Helwan,

and later (1960, p. 68) records it from Luxor.

Agenioideus arenicola form fuscifemoralis (Priesner).

1 9 . Priesner (1955, p. 72) did not cite any locality

for this form.

Agenioideus rhodosoma (Kohl). 2 $ . Priesner (1955,

p. 71) noted that this species occurs chiefly in desert

wadis near the Nile, and that males were common

and visited the inflorescences of Pennisetum dichotomum.

Pompilus tomentosus Priesner. 2$. Priesner (1955,

p. 108) described this from specimens from Kafr

Hakeem on the Cairo-Suez Road, Kosseima, Sinai,

and Wadi Aideb, Gebel Elba Sudan Government

Administration area. He suggested (in litt.) that this

species probably belongs to a new genus, but he has

withheld publication pending association of the as

yet unknown female.

Tachyagetes (Tachyagetes) arabicus (Priesner). 5 $ .

Priesner (1955, p. 119) described this from material

from Wadi Hof, Helwan, and Wadi Digla, Cairo.

Tachyagetes (Dasyagetes) secretus (Priesner) . 1$.

This was described (Priesner, 1955, p. 127) from

Kerdasa and Wadi El Tih, and recorded later (Priesner, 1960, p. 73) from Abu Rowash, Giza.

Gonaporus alfierii Priesner [ = Xenaporus tenellus

Priesner, new synonymy teste Priesner]. 1 9, 7 $ .

Priesner (1955, p. 200) described alfierii from females from a number of localities in Egypt, and

tenellus (p. 204) from males from several localities.

Family SPHECIDAE

Philanthu s coarctatu s Spinola . 1 2 9, 4 $ . Mos t

specimens were taken on or near flowers of Aerva

persica, a few on Pulicaria crispa blooms. This common species is widely distributed in North Africa

and occurs also in Arabia and Israel.

Bembix oculata soror Dahlbom. 3 8 . Flying rapidly

near the ground and in Malaise trap. This taxon

has been taken at a number of localities in Egypt.

Liris cleopatra de Beaumont. 2 9, 1 $ . This species

was known previously from a few specimens from

Egypt (Giza, Luxor) and Palestine (Revivim, Wadi

Zahara).

Tachysphex deserticola de Beaumont. 3 $ . This

species is widely distributed in Egypt and occurs in

the Nubian Desert and in Libya (Cyrenaica).

Tachysphex luxuriosus Morice. 1 9,25 . This has

been taken at several localities in Egypt (Maadi,

Kom Oshim, Gebel Asfar, Mallaha) and also in

the Nubian Desert and Libya (Cyrenaica, Tripolitania).

Prosopigastra (Homogambrus) laevior Morice. 1 9 .

This uncommon species has been taken near Cairo

and Saqqara, Egypt, and in Morocco.

Gastrosericus waltlii Spinola . 1 9, 3 $ . Thi s ver y

common, widely distributed species is known from

Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Cyprus, Rhodes,

southwest Russia, and Mongolia.

Miscophus ctenopus Kohl. 2 9 . Captured running

over ground. This widely distributed desert species

has been recorded from Arabia, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, and Spanish Sahara.

Miscophus heliophilus Pulawski. 1 9 . Captured in

Malaise trap. The species has been described recently (Pulawski, 1968) from this unique specimen.

Miscophus nigripes Honore. 6 $ . This common desert species is widely distributed in Egypt, but has

not been recorded previously outside of that country.

Psen (Mimesa) sublaevis de Beaumont. 1 $ . This

uncommon species is known from a few localities in

Chad (Tibesti), Libya (Fezzan), and Canary

Islands.

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