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Appendix A 

Studies Addressing Issues Relevant to NCES’ 

Postsecondary Longitudinal and Sample 

Surveys Studies Program
A-2

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS)

“NCES”, “ED”, and “EJ” publication numbers are indicated in parenthesis. Publications with an “NCES” number 

may be accessed from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) at http://nces.ed.gov. Publications with 

“ED” or “EJ” numbers are indexed in the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) at 

http://www.askeric.org.

Arranged alphabetically by study and year

2014

Belasco, A.S., Trivette, M.J., and Webber, K.L. (2014). Advanced Degrees of Debt: Analyzing the Patterns and 

Determinants of Graduate Student Borrowing. The Review of Higher Education, 37(4): 469–497.

Bergeron, D.A., and Center for American Progress. (July 31, 2014). Testimony Before the U.S. Senate Committee 

on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Financial Products for Students: Issues and Challenges. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

Burrell, J.K. (2014). Get Engaged: An investigation of rural community college faculty's experiences with work 

engagement. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from 

http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13845/.

Davidson, J.C. (2014). Improving the Financial Aid Process for Community College Students: A Literature Review of 

FAFSA Simplification, Information, and Verification. Community College Journal of Research and Practice

Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2013.820157.

Davis, Z.G. (2014). Discrimination by Location: University Pricing Behavior and In-State Tuition. Job Market Paper. 

Purdue University. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from 

https://intra.krannert.purdue.edu/phd/zdavis/Documents/Z_Davis_Job_Market_Paper.pdf.

Delisle, J. (2014). The Graduate Student Debt Review: The State of Graduate Student Borrowing. New America 

Education Policy Program. New America. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://preview.newamerica.org/downloads/GradStudentDebtReview-Delisle-Final.pdf.

Deming, D.J., Yuchtman, N., Abulafi, A., Goldin, C., and Katz, L.F. (2014). The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in 

the Labor Market: An Experimental Study, NBER Working Paper Series. Working Paper 20528. Cambridge, 

MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://www.nber.org/papers/w20528.pdf.

Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. (2014). America's Young Adults: Special Issue, 2014. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545348.pdf.

Fernandez, C., Barone, S., and Klepfer, K. (2014). Developmental Education and Student Debt: Remediation’s 

Uncertain Impact on Financial and Academic Outcomes. Round Rock, TX: TG Research and Analytical 

Services. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from https://www.tgslc.org/pdf/Developmental-Education-andStudent-Debt.pdf.

Fillmore, I. (2014). Price Discrimination and Public Policy in the U.S. College Market. Job Market Paper. University 

of Chicago. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

https://economics.uchicago.edu/workshops/Fillmore%20Ian%20-%20Price%20Discrimination.pdf.
A-3

Flores, A. (2014, September 9, 2014). How Public Universities Can Promote Access and Success for All Students. 

Center for American Progress. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from http://cdn.americanprogress.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/09/FloresCaseStudy-brief.pdf.

Fry, R., Parker, K., and Rohal, M. (2014, October 7, 2014). The Changing Profile of Student Borrowers. Social and 

Demographic Trends project. Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from 

http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2014/10/2014-10-07_Student-Debtors-FINAL.pdf.

Fuerst, J. (2014). Ethnic/Race Differences in Aptitude by Generation in the United States: An Exploratory Metaanalysis. Open Differential Psychology Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://openpsych.net/ODP/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/U.S.-Ethnic-Race-Differences-in-Aptitude-byGeneration-An-Exploratory-Meta-analysis-John-Fuerst-2014-07262014FINAL.pdf.

Gilpin, G.A., Saunders, J., and Stoddard, C. (2014). Why Has For-Profit Colleges’ Share of Higher Education 

Expanded So Rapidly? Estimating the Responsiveness to Labor Market Changes. Forthcoming. Montana 

State University. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://trailsteward.com/econ/gilpin/FPC%20-

%20Gilpin%20Saunders%20Stoddard.pdf.

Goldrick-Rab, S., Kelchen, R., and Houle, J. (2014). The Color of Student Debt: Implications of Federal Loan 

Program Reforms for Black Students and Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Wisconsin HOPE Lab. 

Retrieved December 5, 2014, from https://news.education.wisc.edu/docs/WebDispenser/newsconnections-pdf/thecolorofstudentdebt-draft.pdf?sfvrsn=4.

Gross, J.P.K. (2014). Understanding Financial Aid and Its Effects on Student Enrollments and Institutional Finance. 

In D. Hossler and B. Bontrager (Eds.), Handbook of Strategic Enrollment Management (pp. 196–212). San 

Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Hendricks, L., and Leukhina, O. (2014a). How Risky Is College Graduation. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from 

http://www.lhendricks.org/Research/gradpred/paper_gp.pdf.

Hendricks, L., and Leukhina, O. (2014b). The Return to College: Selection and Dropout Risk, CFS Working Paper 

Series. Working Paper 487. Frankfurt, Germany: Center for Financial Studies. Retrieved December 5, 2014, 

from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2518430.

Hershbein, B., Harris, B.H., and Kearney, M.S. (2014). Major Decisions: Graduates' Earnings Growth and Debt 

Repayment. The Hamilton Project. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from 

http://hamiltonproject.org/files/downloads_and_links/Major_Decisions_Part2_Graduates_Earnings_Gro

wth_Debt_Repayment.pdf.

Hershbein, B., and Hollenbeck, K. (2014). Student Loans: A Multidimensional Public Policy Issue. Employment 

Research, 21(2): W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from 

http://research.upjohn.org/empl_research/vol21/iss2/1.

Horn, L., and Paslov, J. (2014). Trends in Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: Selected Years, 1995-96 

to 2011-12 (NCES 2014-013). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from 

http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2014013.

Huelsman, M. (2014, September 16, 2014). The Affordable College Compact. New York: Demos. Retrieved 

December 5, 2014, from http://www.demos.org/publication/affordable-college-compact.
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Jaquette, O., and Curs, B.R. (2014). Creating the out-of-state university: Do public universities respond to declining 

state appropriations by increasing nonresident freshman enrollment? Under Review. Retrieved 

November 24, 2014, from 

http://web.missouri.edu/~cursb/research/Jaquette_Curs_nonres_approp_2014.pdf.

Kofoed, M.S. (2014). Essays on the Economics of Student Financial Aid. University of Georgia Retrieved November 

24, 2014, from https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/kofoed_michael_s_201405_phd.pdf.

Lau, C.V. (2014). The Incidence of Federal Subsidies in For-profit Higher Education. Job Market Paper. 

Northwestern University. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://gradstudents.wcas.northwestern.edu/~cvl901/lau_jmp.pdf.

Lochner, L.J., and Monge-Naranjo, A. (2014). Student Loans and Repayment: Theory, Evidence and Policy, Federal 

Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Papers. Working Paper 2014-040B. St. Louis, MO: Federal Reserve Bank 

of St. Louis. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2014/2014-040.pdf.

Miller, B. (2014a). The Student Debt Review: Analyzing the State of Undergraduate Student Borrowing. Education 

Policy Program. Washington, DC: New America. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://education.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/TheStudentDebtReview_2_18_1

4.pdf.

Miller, N.B. (2014b). Nontraditional Student Graduation Rate Benchmarks. The Journal of Continuing Higher 

Education, 62(3): 141–151. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2014.953437.

Mitchell, M., Palacios, V., and Leachman, M. (2014, May 1, 2014). States Are Still Funding Higher Education Below 

Pre-Recession Levels Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved December 5, 2014, 

from http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=4135.

Odle, T.K. (2014). The Pell Grant: Foundations, Current Model, and Future Public Policy Implications. University of 

Tennessee Retrieved December 5, 2014, from http://bakercenter.utk.edu/2014/11/17/taylor-k-odle-thepell-grant/.

Palmer, R.T., Wood, J.L., Dancy, T.E., and Strayhorn, T.L. (2014). Black Male Collegians: Increasing Access, 

Retention, and Persistence in Higher Education. ASHE Higher Education Report. 40:3 Jossey-Bass.

Prescott, B.T., and Longanecker, D.A. (2014). States in the Driver’s Seat: Leveraging State Aid to Align Policies and 

Promote Access, Success, and Affordability. WICHE Publication Number 2A391. Boulder, CO: Western 

Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://www.luminafoundation.org/publications/ideas_summit/States_in_the_Drivers_Seat.pdf.

Schneider, M. (2014). Are Graduates from Public Universities Gainfully Employed? Analyzing Student Loan Debt 

and Gainful Employment. Education Outlook. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public 

Policy Research. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/-

are-graduates-from-public-universities-gainfully-employed-analyzing-student-loan-debt-and-gainfulemployment_155912583329.pdf.

Shaw, S., and Radwin, D. (2014). Comparison of Original and Revised Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2007-08 

(NCES 2014-179). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from 

http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014179.pdf.
A-5

Skomsvold, P. (2014). Profile of Undergraduate Students: 2011-12 (Web Tables) (NCES 2015-167). National Center 

for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2015167.

Smith, P., and Parrish, L. (2014). Do Students of Color Profit from For-Profit College?: Poor Outcomes and High 

Debt Hamper Attendees’ Futures. Durham, NC: Center for Responsible Lending. Retrieved November 24, 

2014, from www.responsiblelending.org/student-loans/research-policy/CRL-For-Profit-Univ-FINAL.pdf.

Soederberg, S. (2014). Student Loans, Debtfare and the Commodification of Debt: The Politics of Securitization 

and the Displacement of Risk. Critical Sociology, 40(5): 689–709. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://crs.sagepub.com/content/40/5/689.

Stolper, H. (2014). Home Equity Credit and College Access: Evidence from Texas Home Lending Laws. Job Market 

Paper. Columbia University. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from 

http://www.columbia.edu/~hbs2103/Harold_Stolper_-_Home_Equity_Draft_-_2014-11.pdf.

Thorkelson, E. (2014). What does the American university stand for? In C. Soulié and C. Charle (Eds.), La 

marchandisation de l'enseignement supérieur dans le monde. In Press. Retrieved December 5, 2014, from 

http://futurysm.com/papers/thorkelson-american-university.pdf.

Urias, M.C.V. (2014). Predictors of Sense of Belonging Among Latino Men in Community College. San Diego State 

University Retrieved December 5, 2014, from http://sdsudspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/123570/Vasquez%20Urias_Marissa.pdf?sequence=1.

Vedder, R., Denhart, C., and Hartge, J. (2014). Dollars, Cents, and Nonsense: The Harmful Effects of Federal 

Student Aid. Washington, DC: Center for College Affordability and Productivity. Retrieved November 24, 

2014, from http://centerforcollegeaffordability.org/uploads/Dollarsnonsense.pdf.

Woo, J., and Skomsvold, P. (2014). Profile and Financial Aid Estimates of Graduate Students: 2011-12 (NCES 2015-

168). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from 

http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/2015168.pdf.

Zhukov, B.A. (2014). Measuring College Price Indices. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Retrieved 

December 5, 2014, from http://cms.bsu.edu/-

/media/WWW/DepartmentalContent/MillerCollegeofBusiness/Econ/Seminar%20Series/Measuring%20Co

llege%20Price%20Indices.pdf.

2013

Adelman, C. (2013). Searching for Our Lost Associate’s Degrees: Project Win-Win at the Finish Line. Washington, 

DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.

Alliance for Excellent Education. (2013). Repairing a Broken System: Fixing Federal Student Aid. Washington, DC: 

Author.

Bailey, T. (2012). Developing Input-Adjusted Metrics of Community College Performance. Washington, DC: HCM 

Strategists, LLC.

Baum, S., Kurose, C., and Ma, J. (2013). How College Shapes Lives: Understanding the Issues. Washington, DC: 

College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.
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Baum, S., Kurose, C., and McPherson, M. (2013). An Overview of American Higher Education. Postsecondary 

Education in the United States, 23(1): 17–40.

Baum, S., Ma, J., and Payea, K. (2013). Education Pays 2013: the Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and 

Society. Washington, DC: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.

Baum, S., and Schwartz, S. (2013). Student Aid, Student Behavior, and Educational Attainment. Washington, DC: 

George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development.

Baum, S., and Scott-Clayton, J. (2013). Redesigning the Pell Grant Program for the Twenty-First Century. 

Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project.

Belfield, C.R. (2013). Student Loans and Repayment Rates: The Role of For-Profit Colleges. Research in Higher 

Education, 54(1): 1–29.

Burd, S. (2013). Undermining Pell: How Colleges Compete for Wealthy Students and Leave the Low-Income Behind. 

Washington, DC: New America Foundation.

Carter, D.F., Locks, A.M., and Winkle-Wagner, R. (2013). From When and Where I Enter: Theoretical and Empirical 

Considerations of Minority Students’ Transition to College. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and 

Research, 28: 93–149.

Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment. (2013). For-Profit Colleges: Growth, Outcomes, 

Regulation. New York: Author.

Chen, X. (2013). STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths into and out of STEM Fields (NCES 2014-001). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Choitz, V., and Reimherr, P. (2013). Mind the Gap: High Unmet Financial Need Threatens Persistence and 

Completion for Low-Income Community College Students. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social 

Policy, Inc.

College Board Advocacy and Policy Center. (2013). Rethinking Pell Grants. New York: Author.

Crisp, G., and Delgado, C. (2013). The Impact of Developmental Education on Community College Persistence and 

Vertical Transfer. Community College Review. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from 

http://crw.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/05/0091552113516488.abstract.

Dannenberg, M., and Voight, M. (2013). Doing Away With Debt: Using Existing Resources to Ensure College 

Affordability for Low and Middle-Income Families. Washington, DC: The Education Trust.

Daun-Barnett, N.J. (2013). Access to College: A Reconsideration of the National Education Longitudinal Study 

(NELS). Educational Policy, 27(1): 3–32.

Davidson, J.C. (2013). Increasing FAFSA Completion Rates: Research, Policies and Practice. Journal of Student 

Financial Aid, 43(1): 38–54.

Davidson, J.C. (2013). Why Community College Students are so Poor, but Only 16.9% Received Federal Pell Grants. 

Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 37(7): 503–513.
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Day, A., Dworsky, A., and Feng, W. (2013, April). An Analysis of Foster Care Placement History and Post-Secondary 

Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education Journal, 19: 1–17.

Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For-Profit Colleges. Postsecondary Education in the United States, 

23(1): 137–164.

Dillman, D.A., and House, C.C. (Eds.). (2013). Measuring What We Spend: Toward a New Consumer Expenditure 

Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Doyle, W.R. (2013). A New Partnership: Reshaping the Federal and State Commitment to Need-Based Aid. 

Washington, DC: The Committee for Economic Development.

Dynarski, S., and Kreisman, D. (2013). Loans for Educational Opportunity: Making Borrowing Work for Today’s 

Students. Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project.

Dynarski, S., and Scott-Clayton, J. (2013). Financial Aid Policy: Lessons From Research. NBER Working Paper 18710. 

Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Esen, E. (2013). Financial Aid and Student Persistence: A Review and Analysis of the Literature. Journal of 

Education Policy, Planning and Administration, 2(2): 107–116.

Flynn, D. (2013). Baccalaureate Attainment of College Students at 4-Year Institutions as a Function of Student 

Engagement Behaviors: Social and Academic Student Engagement Behaviors Matter. Research in Higher 

Education. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-013-9321-8.

Gray, R., Vitak, J., Easton, E.W., and Ellison, N.B. (2013). Examining Social Adjustment to College in the Age of 

Social Media: Factors Influencing Successful Transitions and Persistence. Computers & Education, 67: 193–

207.

Guzman, T. (2013). To Choose or Not to Choose: Federal Income Tax Credits and Deductions and College Choice 

Decisions. Research Paper No. 2013-01-01. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University - School of Public and 

Environmental Affairs.

Habersham, S.L. (2013). Dual Enrollment: An Analysis of Persistence, Ethnicity, and Gender. Unpublished 

dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from 

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Hamilton, D.W., and Torraco, R.J. (2013). Integrative Review of the Literature on Adults With Limited Education 

and Skills and the Implications for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development.

Retrieved July1, 2013, from

Reviewhttp://hrd.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/23/1534484312471135.abstract.

Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American 

Sociological Review, 78(1): 70–95.

HCM Strategists. (2013). The American Dream 2.0: How Financial Aid Can Help Improve College Access, 

Affordability, and Completion. Washington, DC: Author.

HCM Strategists. (2013). Doing Better for More Students: Putting Student Outcomes at the Center of Federal 

Financial Aid. Washington, DC: Author.
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Hershbein, B., and Hollenbeck, K.M. (2013). The Distribution of College Graduate Debt, 1990 to 2008: A 

Decomposition Approach. Paper presented at the Conference on Student Loans, Kalamazoo, MI.

Huelsman, M., and Cunningham, A.F. (2013). Making Sense of the System: Financial Aid Reform for the 21st 

Century Student. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.

The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Aligning the Means and the Ends: How to Improve Federal 

Student Aid and Increase College Access and Success. White Paper. Washington, DC: Author.

The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Strengthening Cal Grants to Better Serve Today’s Students: 

Analysis and Recommendations. Washington, DC: Author.

Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College 

Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83(2)

Karikari, J.A., and Dezhbakhsh, H. (2013). Are Selective Private and Public Colleges Affordable? Education 

Economics, 21(1): 60–78.

Kim, Y.M., and Cole, J.S. (2013). Student Veterans/Service Members’ Engagement in College and University Life 

and Education. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

Kofoed, M.S. (2013). For-Profit and Traditional Colleges: Institutional Control, Financial Aid Allocation, and Net 

Costs. Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business.

Kofoed, M.S. (2013). To Apply or Not to Apply: FAFSA Completion and Financial Aid Gaps. Athens, GA: University of 

Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business.

Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not-for-Profit and For-Profit Certifications: Better Data, 

Somewhat Different Results. NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of 

Economic Research. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19135.

Lott II, J.L., Hernandez, J., King, J.P., Brown, T., and Fajardo, I. (2013). Public Versus Private Colleges: Political 

Participation of College Graduates. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved July1, 2013, from

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-013-9301-z.

Lovenheim, M.F., and Owens, E.G. (2013). Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence From 

Drug Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998. NBER Working Paper No. 18749. Cambridge, MA: 

National Bureau of Economic Research.

Lynch, D. (2013). Does Diversity Matter? Evidence From the Relationship Between an Institution’s Diversity and the 

Salaries of Its Graduates. Columbia University, New York.

Mamiseishvili, K., and Deggs, D.M. (2013). Factors Affecting Persistence and Transfer of Low-Income Students at 

Public Two-Year Institutions. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 15(3): 

409–432.

McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First-Year 

Community College Students. Community College Review, 41(1): 63–85.

Mendoza, P. (2012). Should I Work or Should I Borrow? Counterfactual Analysis on the Effect of Working While 

Enrolled and Debt on Baccalaureate Completion. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 42(2): 25–59.
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Mishory, J., and O'Sullivan, R. (2012). The Student Perspective on Federal Financial Aid Reform. Washington, DC: 

Young Invincibles.

Montgomerie, J. (2013). America’s Debt Safety-Net. Public Administration: An International Quarterly. Retrieved 

July1, 2013, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2012.02094.x/abstract.

Okahana, H. (2013). Shifting Demand or Just Moving Price?: A Multi-Level Analysis of Student Price Demand for 

College Education and State Policy Preferences. Unpublished dissertation, University of California, Los 

Angeles. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1371028120.

Pontes, M.C.F., and Pontes, N.M.H. (2013). Undergraduate Students’ Preferences for Distance Education by Field 

of Study. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 16(4). Retrieved January 17, 2014, from 

http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter164/pontes_pontes164.html.

Radey, M., and Cheatham, L.P. (2013). Do Single Mothers Take Their Share?: FAFSA Completion Among AidEligible Female Students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 6(4): 261–275.

Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Characteristics of Certificate Completers with Their Time to Certificate and 

Labor Market Outcomes (NCES 2013-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hunt-White, T. (2013). 2011-12 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study (NPSAS:12): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2011-12 (NCES 2013-165). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Reed, M., and Cochrane, D. (2013). Student Debt and the Class of 2012. Washington, DC: The Institute for College 

Access & Success.

Reimherr, P., Harmon, T., Strawn, J., and Choitz, V. (2013). Reforming Student Aid: How to Simplify Tax Aid and 

Use Performance Metrics to Improve College Choices and Completion. Washington, DC: Center for Law 

and Social Policy, Inc.

Ross, P. (2013). Community College Pathways: A Narrative Inquiry with One Student. Open Access Theses and

Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. Document 199. Lincoln, NE: University 

of Nebraska—Lincoln.

Ruot, B. (2013). An Investigation of the Six-Year Persistence/Attainment of Independent Students and Students 

Beginning in Community Colleges, 2003–04 – 2008–09: A Closer Look at Academic and Social Integration 

Factors. Unpublished dissertation, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Retrieved January 

27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1413329202.

Santiago, D.A. (2013). Using a Latino Lens to Reimagine Aid Design and Delivery. White Paper. Washington, DC: 

Excelencia in Education.

Santos, J.L., and Sáenz, V.B. (2013). In the Eye of the Perfect Storm: The Convergence of Policy and Latina/o 

Trends in Access and Financial Concerns, 1975–2008. Educational Policy. Retrieved July1, 2013, from

http://epx.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/02/05/0895904812465111.abstract.

Shaw, S.F., and Dukes III, L.L. (2013). Transition to Postsecondary Education: A Call for Evidence-Based Practice. 

Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 36(1): 51–57.
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Simone, S., Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hunt-White, T. (2013). 2011-12 National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study (NPSAS:12). Price Estimates for Attending Postsecondary Education Institutions (NCES 

2014-166). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Smith, K., and Read, K. (2013). Student Characteristics and Summer Enrollment: A Comparison of Earlier Research 

With Findings From Nationally Representative Data. Summer Academe, 7: 1–19.

Sparks, D., and Malkus, N. (2013). First-Year Undergraduate Remedial Coursetaking: 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2007–

08 (NCES 2013-013). National Center Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Staklis, S., Henke, R., and Soldner, M. (2013). Who Considers Teaching and Who Teaches? First-Time 2007–08 

Bachelor’s Degree Recipients by Teaching Status 1 Year after Graduation (NCES 2014-002). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Stange, K.M. (2013). Differential Pricing in Undergraduate Education: Effects on Degree Production by Field. NBER 

Working Paper Series. No. 19183. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 

January 17, 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19183.

Turner, L.J. (2013). Rethinking Institutional Aid: Implications for Affordability, Access, and the Effectiveness of 

Federal Student Aid. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

Wang, X., and Wickersham, K. (2013). Postsecondary Co-Enrollment and Baccalaureate Completion: A Look at 

Both Beginning 4-Year College Students and Baccalaureate Aspirants Beginning at Community Colleges. 

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Langrehr, A.M. (2003). “The Persistence of Adult Students in Two-Year Colleges.” Dissertation. University of 

Missouri, Saint Louis.

Minicozzi, A. (2003). The Short Term Effect of Educational Debt on Job Decisions. Economics of Education Review, 

24(4): 417–430.

National Center for Education Statistics. (2003, September). Congressionally Mandated Studies of College Costs 

and Prices (NCES 2003-171). Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Wegmann, C.A., Cunningham, A.F., and Merisotis, J.P. (2003). Private Loans and Choice in Financing Higher 

Education (ED478298). Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. 

2002

Berkner, L., Berker, A., Rooney, K., and Peter, K. (2002). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1999–

2000 (NCES 2002-167). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P. (2002). Findings From the Condition of Education 2001: Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College 

(NCES 2001-126). Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P. (2002). Findings From the Condition of Education 2002: Nontraditional Undergraduates (NCES 2002-

012). Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (2002). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1999–2000 (NCES 

2002-166). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., Wei, C.C., and Berker, A. (2002). What Students Pay for College: Changes in Net Price of College 

Attendance Between 1992–93 and 1999–2000 (NCES 2002-174). Statistical Analysis Report. National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., Peter, K., and Rooney, K. (2002). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 

1999–2000 (NCES 2002-168). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Riccobono, J.A., Cominole, M.B, Siegel, P.H., Gabel, T.J, Link, M.W., and Berkner, L. (2002). National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study 1999–2000 [NPSAS:2000] Methodology Report (NCES 2002-152). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
A-21

Siegel, P.H., Whitmore, R.W., Johnson, R.E., and Yu, D. (2002). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 1999–

2000 (NPSAS: 2000), CATI Nonresponse Bias Analysis Report (NCES 2002-03). Working Paper. National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Sikora, A. (2002). A Profile of Participation in Distance Education (NCES 2003-154). Statistical Analysis Report. 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Wei, C.C, and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants (NCES 2002-

169). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

2001

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2001). What Influences Student Persistence at Two-Year Colleges? Community College 

Review, 29(3): 56–76.

Duggan, M. (2001, November 17–20). Factors Influencing the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College 

Students. Cambridge, MA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for 

Institutional Research. (ED460140)

Henry, D.P. (2001). “Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and 

Institutional Analysis.” Dissertation. The College of William and Mary. 

Lee, J.B. (2001). Undergraduates Enrolled With Higher Sticker Prices (NCES 2001-171 ED450678). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.G. (2001). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Student Financial Aid Estimates for 1999–2000. 

Education Statistics Quarterly, 3(3): 82–83. (EJ640237)

Mbadugha, L.N.A. (2001). “The Financial Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence for Community College 

Students: A Financial Impact Model.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. (ED459884)

Presley, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (2001). Middle Income Undergraduates: Where They Enroll and How They Pay for 

Their Education (NCES 2001-155 ED456686). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2000

Berkner, L., and Bobbitt, L. (2000). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing: Federal Student Loans in 1989–90, 1992–

93, and 1995–96 (NCES 2000-151 ED440562). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P. (2000). Low-Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2000-169 

ED440189). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2000, December). Within-Year Persistence of Students at Two-Year Colleges. Community 

College Journal of Research and Practice, 24(10): 785–807. (EJ618564)

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2000). A Comparison of the Influence of Debtload on the Persistence of Students at 

Public and Private Colleges. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 30(2): 39–58. (EJ620059)
A-22

DeAngelis, S.L. (2000, October). Tuition, Financial Aid, Debt, and Dental Student Attrition. Journal of Student 

Financial Aid, 30(2): 7–21. (EJ620057)

Heller, D.E. (2000, November 16–19). Institutional Scholarship Awards: The Role of Student and Institutional 

Characteristics. Sacramento, CA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study 

of Higher Education. (ED448637)

Heller, D.E. (2000, April 24–28). The Role of Race and Gender in the Awarding of Institutional Financial Aid. New 

Orleans, LA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. 

(ED442444)

Hergenrother, D.S. (2000). “Gender Bias: An Analysis of the Distribution of Institutional Student Aid.” Ed.D. 

Dissertation. St. John’s University, School of Education and Human Services. 

Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence

(NCES 2000-092 ED444329). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

King, J.E. (2000). Status Report on the Pell Grant Program (ED448627). Washington, DC: American Council on 

Education, Center for Policy Analysis. 

Lang, D.M. (2000, May 21–24). Financial Aid and Student Bargaining Power. Cincinnati, OH: Paper presented at 

the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED445636)

1999

Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999-108). Brochure. National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (1999, May 30–June 3). Deeper in Debt: The Impact of the 1992 Reauthorization on 

Student Persistence. Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional 

Research. (ED433784)

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (1999, Fall). An Analytical Approach To Understanding Student Debtload Response.

Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29(3): 25–44. (EJ614953)

Geddes, C. (1999). Learning About Education Through Statistics. Second Edition (NCES 1999-028 ED429127). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Heller, D.E., and Laird, T.F.N. (1999, May 30–June 3). Trends in the Use of Need-Based and Non-Need Financial Aid 

in American Colleges and Universities. Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the 

Association for Institutional Research. (ED433757)

Heller, D.E., and Laird, TFN. (1999, Fall). Institutional Need-Based and Non-Need Grants: Trends and Differences 

Among College and University Sectors. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29(3): 7–24. (EJ614952)

Horn, L., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, 

Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999-187 ED431268). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
A-23

King, J.E. (1999). Money Matters: The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Gender on How Students Pay for College

(ED443364). Washington, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Policy Analysis. 

Lee, J.B., and Suzanne B. Clery. (1999). State Aid for Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education. (NCES 1999-186 

ED430484). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of

Education. Washington, DC.

Mulugetta, Y. (1999, May 30–June 3). Possible Long-Term Effects of Awarding Merit Aid. Seattle, WA: Paper 

presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433755)

Redd, K.E. (1999). Is There Still a Need for Perkins Loans? Differences in the Demographic Characteristics and 

Income Levels of Perkins and Stafford Loan Borrowers (ED426683). Washington, DC: Sallie Mae Education 

Institute. 

Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning Available from the National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES WP-1999-11 ED431892). Working Paper. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

Somers, P., Cofer, J., Hall, M.M, and Putten, J.V. (1999, November 18–21). A Comparison of the Persistence of 

African American and White Students Using NPSAS: 96. San Antonio, TX: Paper presented at the Annual 

Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. (ED437872)

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1999, Fall). Trends in Student Borrowing.

Education Statistics Quarterly, 1(3): 69–70. (EJ600480)

1998

Berkner, L. (1998). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1995–96. With an Essay on Student Loans.

(NCES 98-076 ED424835). Descriptive Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., and Moskovitz, R. (1998). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1995–96. 

With Profiles of Students in Selected Degree Programs (NCES 98-083 ED419452). Descriptive Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., Moskovitz, R., and Malizio, A.G. (1998). Graduate and First-Professional Students: National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98-139 ED421038). National Center for Education Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98-080 ED424830). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine 

Work, Borrowing, and Attendance (NCES 98-088 ED418097). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

DeAngelis, S. (1998, Fall). The Influence of Price and Price Subsidies on Within-Year Persistence of Graduate and 

Professional Students. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28(3): 41–57. (EJ584136)

Horn, L.J. (1998). Undergraduates Who Work. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98-137 

ED421042). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
A-24

Horn, L.J., and Berktold, J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995–

96. With an Essay on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98-084 ED419461]. Statistical Analysis Report. 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A-M. (1998) Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, with 

Profiles of Students Entering 2- and 4-Year Institutions (NCES 1999-030 ED425684). Descriptive Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Volkwein, J. F., Szelest, B.P., Cabrera, A.F., and Napierski-Prancl, M.R. (1998, March–April). Factors Associated 

With Student Loan Default Among Different Racial and Ethnic Groups. Journal of Higher Education, 69(2): 

206–237. (EJ561345)

1997

Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B-S, Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on 

Postsecondary Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengths and Limitations of National Data Resources

(ED429519). Stanford, CA: National Center for Postsecondary Improvement.

Flint, T. (1997, June). Intergenerational Effects of Paying for College. Research in Higher Education, 38(3): 313–

344. (EJ547652)

Flint, T.A. (1997, May–June ). Predicting Student Loan Defaults. Journal of Higher Education, 68(3): 322–54. 

(EJ546176)

Ignash, J.M. (Ed.) (1997, Winter). Implementing Effective Policies for Remedial and Developmental Education. 

New Directions for Community Colleges, 25(4). (ED413965)

Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1997). Institutional Aid 1992–93 (NCES 98-104 ED413853). Statistical Analysis Report. 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Perna, L.W. (1997). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

(ED415818)

Riccobono, J.A., Whitmore, R.W., Gabel, T.J., Traccarella, M.A., Pratt, D.J., Berkner, L.K, and Malizio, A.G. (1997). 

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96 (NPSAS:96), Methodology Report (NCES 98-073 

ED414341). Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Wenglinsky, H. (1997). Students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Their Aspirations & 

Accomplishments. Policy Information Report. New Jersey: Policy Information Center. (ED415239)

1996

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992–

93 (NCES 96-161 ED394473). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Geddes, C. (1996). Learning About Education Through Statistics (NCES 96-871 ED403329). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
A-25

Horn, L.J., and Carroll, C.D. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and 

Persistence and Attainment Among 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES-97-578 ED402857). 

Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.A. (1996). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96: Student Financial Aid Estimates for 

Federal Aid Recipients, 1995–96 (NCES 97-937). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1996). An Exploratory Study of College Purchase Options: How Financial Aid 

Widens Minorities’ Choices (ED402829). Michigan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four-Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 

Freshmen (ED402820). Virginia: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

St. John, E.P., and Others. (1996). The Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence. Research in Higher 

Education, 37(2): 175–220. (EJ523071)

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1996). Tax Expenditures. Information on Employer-Provided Educational 

Assistance. Report to the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. 

Washington, DC: Author. (ED403419)

Wells, E.D. (1996). “The Influence of Student Aid and Prices on Within-Year Persistence in the Health Care 

Professions.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of New Orleans.

1995

Boschung, M.D. (1995). “Title IV Student Loans Assumed by Students Enrolled in Four-Year Institutions: A National 

Study of the Factors Predicting Amounts Borrowed.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Alabama.

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M. (1995). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1992–93 With 

an Essay on Student Borrowing. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 1992–93 (NCES 96-235 

ED389241). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989–90 (NCES 95-167 ED382122). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Education Resources Institute, and Institute for Higher Education Policy. (1995). College Debt and the American 

Family (ED420228). Massachusetts: Education Resources Institute. 

Flint, T. (1995). Legacies of Paying for College. Illinois: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED387012)

Horn, L.J., and Premo, M. (1995). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1992–93. 

With an Essay on Undergraduates at Risk (NCES 96-237 ED392852). Statistical Analysis Report. National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-166 

ED383276). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.
A-26

Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1995). Packaging of Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: 1989–90 (NCES 95-313 

ED386083). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.G. (1995). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1992–93 (NCES 95-

211 ED392849). Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.G. (1995). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1992–93 (NCES 

95-746 ED384292). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC.

McCormick, A.C., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989–1990 

(NCES 95-173 ED386117). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Merisotis, J.P. (1995). The Next Step: Student Aid for Student Success (ED387069). Washington, DC: Education 

Resources Institute.

Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1995). An Exploratory Study of the Role of Financial Aid in Minority Doctoral 

Education. Michigan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. (ED391411)

National Center for Education Statistics. (1995). Net Cost of Attending Postsecondary Education. Indicator of the 

Month (NCES 95-786 ED387026). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

National Transition Network. (1995). Provisions for Youth with Disabilities in Higher Education (ED385043). 

Minneapolis, MN: Author. 

Persell, C.H., and Weglinsky, H. (1995). Comparing Proprietary and Non-Profit Vocational Schools: Implications for 

Educational Privatization. American Sociological Association.

St. John, E.P., Starkey, J.B., Paulsen, M.B, and Mbaduagha, L.M. (1995, Summer). The Influences of Prices and Price 

Subsidies on Within-Year Persistence by Students in Proprietary Schools. Educational Evaluation & Policy 

Analysis, 17(2): 149–65. (EJ511049)

Tuma, J. (1995). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education, 1992–93, With an Essay on the Costs of 

Undergraduate Education Before and After Student Financial Aid (NCES 95-202 ED389240). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Volkwein, J. F. (1995). Characteristics of Student Loan Defaulters Among Different Racial and Ethnic Groups. New 

York: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED386972)

1994

Choy, S.B. (1994). Characteristics of Students Who Borrow To Finance Their Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-310 

ED377778). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Dynarski, M. (1994, March). Who Defaults on Student Loans? Findings from the National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study. Economics of Education Review, 13(1). (EJ483390)
A-27

Fitzgerald, R., and Others. (1994). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Two Years 

Later (NCES 94-386 ED372691). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Flint, T.A. (1994). “Legacies of Paying for College: The Intergenerational Effects of Financial Support to Attend 

College.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Illinois at Chicago.

Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1994). Undergraduates Who Work While Enrolled in Postsecondary Education: 1989–90

(NCES 94-311 ED374727). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Trammell, M.L. (1994). Estimating the Enrollment Effects of a Mid-Year Surcharge: Using National Price Response 

Measures in Institutional Planning. Louisiana: AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper. (ED373660)

St. John, E.P., and Starkey, J.B. (1994). The Influence of Costs on Persistence by Traditional College-Age Students in 

Community Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 18(2): 201–213.

Starky, J.B. (1994). “The Influence of Prices and Price Subsidies on the Within-Year Persistence by Part-Time 

Undergraduate Students: A Sequential Analysis.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Tuma, J. (1994). Patterns of Enrollment in Postsecondary Vocational and Academic Education. Journal of 

Vocational Education Research, 19(3): 107–130. (EJ507747)

Volkwein, F.J., and Szelest, B.P. (1994). The Relationship of Student Loan Default to Individual and Campus 

Characteristics (ED373616). AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper.

1993

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Financing Undergraduate Education: 1990 (NCES 93-201 ED357728). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Quality of Responses in the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 

93-446 ED356718). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC. 

Byce, C., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Changes in Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: Fall 1986 to Fall 1989 (NCES 

93-157 ED360902). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1989–

90 (NCES 93-091). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Kaltenbaugh, L.S. (1993). “By African American Students: An Analysis of the National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Survey of 1987.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Lyn, D.S. (1993). “The Impact of Living in University Residential Housing on Within-Year Persistence by 

Undergraduate Students Attending Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Lyn, J.G. (1993). “The Influence of Being Disabled on Within-Year Persistence by Students Attending Four-year 

Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.
A-28

Tynes, S. F.” (1993). The Relationship of Social, Economic, Academic, and Institutional Characteristics to 

Persistence of Nontraditional Age Students in Higher Education: Implications for Counselors.” Ph.D. 

Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Wenglinsky, H.H., and Persell, C.H. (1993). The Paradoxes of Educational Privatization: The Case of the Proprietary 

Schools. American Sociological Association. 

1992

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C.M. (1992). Students at Less-Than-4-Year Institutions (NCES 92-206 ED351957). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Henke, R.R. (1992). Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate Education (NCES 92-390 

ED345623). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Malizio, A.G. (1992). Who Gets Financial Aid? And Why Low-Income Students Don’t Apply for Student Aid? Key 

Findings from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (ED362969). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Shepherd, J., and Malizio, A.G. (1992). Methodology Report for the 1990 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study

(NCES 92-080 ED347206). Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Scmitt, C. (1992). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987: Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate 

Education (NCES 92-390). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1991

American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, and Association of Community College Trustees. (1991). 

Toward Human Resource Development: Position Statement on the Reauthorization of the Higher 

Education Act (ED330404). Washington, DC. 

Boyd, L.A. (1992). “Federally Subsidized Student Loans and the Economics of Default (Loan Defaults).” 

Dissertation. The Ohio State University.

Center, D.B., and Kaufman, M.E. (1991). A Study of the Present and Future Needs for Leadership Personnel To Train 

Educators in Behavioral Disorders (ED343308). Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Severe 

Behavior Disorders in Children and Youth. Tempe, Arizona. 

Congress of the United Stated, Congressional Budget Office. (1991). Student Aid and the Cost of Postsecondary 

Education. A CBO Study (ED329158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Dynarski, M. (1991). Analysis of Factors Related to Default (ED354801).

Malizio, A.G. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1989–90 (NCES 

92-003). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 
A-29

Shepherd, J.C. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Preliminary Estimates on Student Financial Aid 

Recipients, 1989–90 (NCES 91-335 ED331378). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

Yankosky, R.E., and Andrew, L. (1991). The Proprietary School Sector: A Demographic and Financial Aid Profile

(ED330269). 

Zito, E.H. (1991). Student Financial Aid and Choice of Undergraduate Major (ED339334). ASHE Annual Meeting 

Paper. 

1990

Choy, S.P. and Gifford, A.G. (1990). Profile of Undergraduates in American Postsecondary Institutions (NCES 90-

353 ED325483). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Malitz, G. (1990). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987. Technical Report 

(NCES 90-309 ED315460). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Ross, Laurent and Others. (1990). Federal Student Aid Packages: Academic Year 1986–87 (ED323829). 

Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, American Council on Education. 

Stowe, P. (1990). Undergraduate Financial Aid Awards: A Report of the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study. Analysis Report (NCES 90-332 ED326145). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

Stowe, P., and Zimbler, L. (1990). Characteristics of Stafford Loan Recipients, 1988 (NCES 90-349 ED322859). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

1989

Andrew, L.D., and Russo, R. (1989). Who Gets What? Impact of Financial Aid Policies (ED309717).

Bishop, K.O. (1989). “Student Financial Aid: Comparison by Sector.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic 

Institute and State University.

Brick, M.J. (1989). Comparison of Fall and Academic Year Student Aid Estimates (NCES 89-313 ED311834). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Greene, B., and Zimbler, L. (1989). Profile of Handicapped Students in Postsecondary Education, 1987 (NCES 89-

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2006

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2005

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2004

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Hahs-Vaughn, D. (2004). The Impact of Parents’ Education Level on College Students: An Analysis Using the 

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Pascarella, E.T. (2004). The Role of Race in the Development of Plans for a Graduate Degree. The Review of Higher 

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Saunders, K.P. (2004). Degree Attainment of Low-Socioeconomic Status Students: Structural Equation Modeling 

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2003

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Hoachlander, G., Sikora, A.C., and Horn, L. (2003). Community College Students: Goals, Academic Preparation, and 

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Rosenfield, E.D. (2003). A Demographic Profile of Single-Mother College Students and an Examination of Factors 

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2002

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Choy, S. (2002). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Findings From The Condition of Education, 2002 (NCES 2002-012). 

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Duggan, M.B. (2002). The Effect of Social Capital on the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College Students.

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Pearson, A.F. (2002). Gendered Organizations: Academic and Social Integration of Females in Engineering and 

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Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Wheeless, S.C., Francis, T.L., and Dudley, K.M. (2002). Beginning Postsecondary Students 

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2001

Bradburn, E.M., Hurst, D.G., and Peng, S. (2001). Community College Transfer Rates to 4-Year Institutions Using 

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Choy, S.P. (2001). Findings From the Condition of Education 2001: Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College 

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Duggan, M. (2001). Factors Influencing the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. Paper 

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Horn, L., and Kojaku, L.K. (2001). High School Academic Curriculum and the Persistence Path Through College 

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Leppel, K., Williams, M.L., and Waldauer, C. (2001). The Impact of Parental Occupation and Socioeconomic Status 

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Stratton, L.S., O’Toole, D.M., and Wetzel, J.N. (2001). Factors Affecting Part-Time College Enrollment Within the 

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Teng, L.Y., Morgan, G.A., and Anderson, S.K. (2001). Career Development Among Ethnic and Age Groups of 

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Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Link, M.W., Whitmore, R.W., and Francis, T.L. (2001). Beginning Postsecondary Students 

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2000

Ariguzo, G.C. (2000). An Examination of the Effects of the Federal College Work-Study Program on Minority 

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Boyles, L.W. (2000). Exploration of a Retention Model for Community College Students. Unpublished Ph.D. 

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Byun, K. (2000). A Study on the Applicability of Bean and Metzner’s Nontraditional Student Attrition Model for 

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Oregon.

Chae, J. (2000). Student Departure From United States Community Colleges: A Competing Risks Survival Analysis.

Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

Choy, S.P. (2000). Low-Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2000-169). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Huang, G., Taddese, N., and Walter, E. (2000). Entry and Persistence of Women and Minorities in College Science 

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Education. Washington, DC.

Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence

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Ishitani, T.T. (2000). An Application of Event History Modeling to Assessing Student Dropout Behavior: A National 

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Levesque, K., Lauen, D., Teitelbaum, P., Alt, M., and Librera, S. (2000). Vocational Education in the United States: 

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U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). The Condition of Education 2000, 

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1999

Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999-108). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Contento, J.M. (1999). Impacts of Financial Aid on Persistence: A Longitudinal Analysis of Beginning 

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Horn, L.J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and 

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Washington, DC.

Kaufman, P., and Chen, X. (1999). Projected Postsecondary Outcomes of 1992 High School Graduates (NCES 1999-

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Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tyson, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data

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1998

Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98-080). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine 

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Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995–96, With an Essay 

on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98-054). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1998). Stopouts or Stayouts? Undergraduates Who Leave College in Their First Year (NCES 1999-087). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A. (1998). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, With 

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Nuñez, A.-M. (1998). First-Generation Students: A Longitudinal Analysis of Educational and Early Labor Market 

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Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Perna, L.W. (1998). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence. Journal of Student Financial 

Aid, 28(3): 25–40.

Perna, L.W. (1998). Does Financial Aid Help Students To Attend Higher Priced Colleges? Journal of Student 

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Pratt, D.J., Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Whitmore, R.W., Kelly, J.E., Doherty, J.M., Simpson, J.B., and Marti, N. (1998). 

Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study First Follow-Up (BPS:96/98) Field Test Report (NCES 

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Teng, L.Y.-W. (1998). The Institutional Experience and Career Development of Community College Students.

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1997

Arnold, C.L. (1997). Using National Data Sets to Create Comparable National Statistics for the Student 

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Department of Education; the National Science Foundation; and the Association for Institutional 

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Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97-286). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A.C. (1997). Transfer Behavior Among Beginning Postsecondary Students: 1989–94 (NCES 97-266). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Nettles, M.T., and Perna, L.W. (1997). The African American Education Data Book. Volume I: Higher and Adult 

Education. Fairfax, VA: College Fund/UNCF.

Rhee, B., Hurtado, S., Inkelas, K.K., and Briggs, C.L. (1997). Differences in College Access in Choice Among 

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Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1996

Berkner, L.K., Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and McCormick, A.C. (1996). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 Beginning 

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Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992–

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Horn, L.J. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and Persistence and 

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Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four-Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 

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Pratt, D.J., Whitmore, R.W., Wine, J.S., Blackwell, K.M., Forsyth, B.H., Smith, T.K., Becker, E.A., Veith, K.J., Mitchell, 

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1995

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989–90 (NCES 95-167). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-166). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989–90

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1994

Burkheimer, G.J., Jr., Forsyth, B.H., Whitmore, R.W., Wine, J.S., Blackwell, K.M., Veith, K.J., and Borman, G.D. 

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Pratt, D.J., Burkheimer, G.J., Jr., Forsyth, B.H., Wine, J.S., Veith, K.J., and Beaulieu, J.P. (1994). Beginning 

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U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1994). Persistence and Attainment in 

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Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97-286). National Center for 

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for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Henke, R.R., Geis, S., and Giambattista, J. (1996). Out of the Lecture Hall and Into the Classroom: 1992–93 College 

Graduates and Elementary/Secondary School Teaching (NCES 96-899). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A., and Horn, L.J. (1996). A Descriptive Summary of 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients: 1 Year 

Later, With Essay on Time to Degree (NCES 96-158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1995

McGrew, K. (1995). Disability Summary Analyses of Select National Data Collection Programs. Technical Report 11. 

Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational Outcomes, University of Minnesota.

1994

Knepper, P. (1994). Field Test Methodology Report, Baccalaureate and Beyond First Follow-Up (B&B:93/94) (NCES 

94-371). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
B-1

Appendix B 

Institution Data Collection

Technical Review Panel

Members
B-2

Technical Review Panel (January 2014)

Michelle Appel

Director, Enrollment Policy & Planning

University of Maryland

Institution Research, Planning and Assessment 

1101 Mitchell Building

College Park, MD 20742

Phone: (301)405-0475

Email: mappel@umd.edu 

Steven Barnhart

Director, Student Information Systems Development

University of Southern California

3434 South Grand Avenue, Suite 340-K 

Los Angeles, CA 90089-2812

Phone: (213)740-2748

Email: barnhart@usc.edu 

Teresita Bazan

Executive Director

Austin Community College

5930 Middle Fiskville Road

Austin, TX 78752

Phone: (512)223-7550

Email: tbazan@austincc.edu 

Vasilios Bournas

Senior Government Relations Analyst

DeVry Education Group 

3005 Highland Parkway

Downers Grove, IL 60515

Phone: (630)515-5463

Email: vbournas@devry.edu 

Keith Brown

Chief Consultant

JKB Postsecondary Consulting

407 Dorothy Drive 

Cary, NC 27511

Phone: (919)215-4240

Email: brown.jkeith@gmail.com 

Rebecca Carr

Director, AAU Data Exchange

2301 Vanderbilt Place

P.O. Box 407832 

Nashville, TN 37240-7832

Phone: (615)290-5577

Email: rebecca.e.carr@vanderbilt.edu 

Jennifer Engle

Vice President for Policy Research

Institute of Higher Education Policy

1825 K Street NW, Suite 720

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)861-8223

Email: jengle@ihep.org

Donyell Francis

Data Compliance Manager

Office of Data, Planning & Research

Technical College System of Georgia

1800 Century Place NE

Atlanta, Ga 30345-4304

Phone: (404)679-4594

Email: dfrancis@tcsg.edu 

Gigi Jones

Director of Research

National Association of Student Financial Aid 

Administrators

1101 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 1100 

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202)785-0543

Email: jonesg@nasfaa.org 

Wendy Kilgore

Director of Research & Managing Consultant

American Association of Collegiate Registrars and 

Admissions Officers

One Dupont Circle NW, Suite 520 

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (520)465-6255

Email: wendyk@aacrao.org 

Hans L’Orange

Vice President for Research and Information Resources

State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO)

3035 Center Green Drive, Suite 100 

Boulder, CO 80301

Phone: (303)541-1606

Email: hlorange@sheeo.org 

Jean Russo

Financial Aid Administrator

Bryant and Stratton Colleges

2410 North Forest Road, Suite 101A

Getzville, NY 14068

Phone: (716)250-7500

Email: jlrusso@bryantstratton.edu 
B-3

Michael Sessa

President & CEO

P20W Education Standards Council

1250 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 200

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202)261-6514

Email: michael.sessa@pesc.org 

Sonia Schaible Brandon

Institutional Research

Colorado Mesa University

Lowell Heiny Hall (LHH), 220D 

1101 North Avenue

Grand Junction, CO 81501

Phone: (970)248-1884

Email: sbrandon@coloradomesa.edu 

Jonathan Smith

Associate Policy Research Scientist

College Board

1919 M Street NW, Suite 300 

Washington, DC 20003

Phone: (202)741-4733

Email: jsmith@collegeboard.org 

Christopher Strome

Product Manager

FAME

6451 North Federal Highway, Suite 501 

Fort Lauderdale, FL 33442

Phone: (800)327-5772, Ext. 172

Email: cstrome@fameinc.com 

Randy Swing

Executive Director

Association for Institutional Research

1435 East Piedmont Drive, Suite 211

Tallahassee, FL 32308

Phone: (850)385-4155

Email: rswing@airweb.org 

Jeff Webster

Assistant Vice President

TG Research and Analytical Services

P.O. Box 83100

Round Rock, TX 78683

Phone: (800)252-9743

Email: jeff.webster@tgslc.org

Sandra Whalen

Interim Director

Consortium for Student Retention Data Exchange

University of Oklahoma

1700 Asp Avenue 

Norman, OK 73072

Phone: (405)325-2158

Email: swhalen@ou.edu 

Lynn Williford

Assistant Provost for Institutional Research and 

Assessment

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

313 Carr Building, CB# 3350

Chapel Hill, NC 27599

Phone: (919)962-1500

Email: lynn_williford@unc.edu 

Federal Panelists

Donald Conner

U.S. Department of Education, OPE

1990 K Street NW 

Room 8030

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7818

Email: donald.conner@ed.gov 

John Easton

Director, Institute of Education Sciences

U.S. Department of Education, IES

555 New Jersey Avenue NW 

Room 600D

Washington, DC 20208

Phone: (202)219-1385

Email: john.easton@ed.gov 

Matthew Greene

Data Integration, Postsecondary Institutional Studies 

Program

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 8144

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7428

Email: matthew.greene@ed.gov 
B-4

Daniel Goldenberg

Management and Program Analyst

Budget Service, Cost Estimation and Analysis Division 

U.S. Department of Education, OPEPD

400 Maryland Avenue SW

Room 5W308

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)401-3562

Email: daniel.goldenberg@ed.gov 

Kashka Kubzdela

OMB Liaison

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9014

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7411

Email: kashka.kubzdela@ed.gov 

Rochelle Martinez

Office of Management and Budget

725 17th Street NW 

Room 10202 NEOB

Washington, DC 20503

Phone: (202)395-3147

Email: Rochelle_W._Martinez@omb.eop.gov

Erin O'Brien

Office of Management and Budget

725 17th Street NW 

Washington, DC 20503

Email: Erin_McNeece@omb.eop.gov

Gene Piskator

Statistician

U.S. Department of Education, FSA

830 First Street NE

Washington, DC 20202

Email: gene.piskator@ed.gov 

Daniel Pollard

Senior Loan Portfolio Advisor

U.S. Department of Education, FSA

830 First Street NE

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)377-3389

Email: daniel.pollard@ed.gov 

Richard Reeves

Program Director, Postsecondary Institutional Studies 

Program

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7436

Email: richard.reeves@ed.gov 

Marilyn Seastrom

Chief Statistician

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9040

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7303

Email: marilyn.seastrom@ed.gov 

Tom Weko

Management and Program Analyst

Budget Service, Cost Estimation and Analysis Division 

U.S. Department of Education, OPEPD

400 Maryland Avenue SW

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)401-1270

Email: tom.weko@ed.gov 

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

Sample Surveys Division 

Sharon Boivin

Chair, Interagency Working Group on Expanded 

Measures of Enrollment and Attainment

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9052

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7627

Email: sharon.boivin@ed.gov 

Chris Chapman

Acting Associate Comissioner, Sample Surveys Division

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9042

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7414

Email: chris.chapman@ed.gov 
B-5

Elise Christopher

Project Officer, ELS:2002 and HSLS:09

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9030

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7899

Email: elise.christopher@ed.gov 

Sarah Crissey

Project Officer, BPS

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9026

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7395

Email: sarah.crissey@ed.gov 

Tracy Hunt-White

Project Officer, NPSAS

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9018

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7438

Email: tracy.hunt-white@ed.gov 

Jeff Owings

Branch Chief, Longitudinal Studies Branch

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9114

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7423

Email: jeffrey.owings@ed.gov

Sean Simone

Associate Project Officer, NPSAS

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9025

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7367

Email: sean.simone@ed.gov 

Ted Socha

Project Officer, B&B 

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9028

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7383

Email: ted.socha@ed.gov 

Matthew Soldner

Technical Advisor

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9027

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)219-7025

Email: matthew.soldner@ed.gov 

Consultants and Subcontractors

Sandy Baum

Research Professor & Senior Fellow

George Washington University and Urban Institute

161 East Chicago Avenue, Apartment 45C

Chicago, IL 60611

Phone: (518)369-3774

Email: sbaum@gwu.edu 

RTI International

Kristin Dudley

Research Programmer Analyst

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6855

Email: marvill@rti.org 

Robin Henke

Senior Research Associate

RTI International

2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800

Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: (510)665-8236

Email: rrhenke@rti.org 

Laura Horn

Director, Center for Postsecondary Education

RTI International

2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800

Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: (510)665-8206

Email: lhorn@rti.org 
B-6

Annaliza Nunnery

Education Analyst

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)316-3542

Email: anunnery@rti.org 

David Radwin

Senior Research Associate

RTI International

2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800

Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: (510)665-8274

Email: dradwin@rti.org 

Christine Rasmussen

Senior Manager, Systems Development Program

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6775

Email: crasmussen@rti.org 

John Riccobono

Vice President, Education & Workforce Development

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-7006

Email: jar@rti.org 

Jennifer Wine

Director, Longitudinal Studies Program

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6870

Email: jennifer@rti.org 
C-1

Appendix C 

Confidentiality Agreement 

C-2

CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT

2015-16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:16)

And Postsecondary Longitudinal Studies

(RTI Under Contract No. ED-IES-13-C-0070)

Safeguards for Individuals Against Invasion of Privacy: In accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 United States 

Code 552a), the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-279), the Federal Statistical 

Confidentiality Order of 1997, the E-Government Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-347), the Computer Security Act of 

1987, and the National Center for Education Statistics’ (NCES’) Restricted Use Data Procedures Manual, RTI 

International (RTI) and all its subcontractors are required to comply with the applicable provisions of the legislation, 

regulations, and guidelines and to undertake all necessary safeguards for individuals against invasions of privacy. 

To provide this assurance and these safeguards in performance of work on this project, all staff, consultants, and agents 

of RTI, and its subcontractors who have any access to study data, shall be bound by the following assurance. 

Assurance of Confidentiality

1. In accordance with all applicable legislation, regulations, and guidelines, RTI assures all respondents that their 

responses may be used only for statistical purposes and may not be disclosed, or used, in identifiable form for any 

other purpose except as required by law [Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (ESRA 2002), 20 U.S. Code, § 

9573].

2. The following safeguards will be implemented to assure that confidentiality is protected as allowable by law (20 U.S.C. 

§ 9573) by all employees, consultants, agents, and representatives of RTI and all subcontractors and that physical 

security of the records is provided:

a. All staff with access to data will take an oath of nondisclosure and sign an affidavit to that effect. 

b. At each site where these items are processed or maintained, all confidential records that will permit identification 

of individuals shall be kept in a safe, locked room when not in use or personally attended by project staff.

c. When confidential records are not locked, admittance to the room or area in which they reside shall be restricted 

to staff sworn to confidentiality on this project.

d. All electronic data shall be maintained in secure and protected data files, and personally identifying information 

shall be maintained on separate files from statistical data collected under this contract.

e. All data files on network or multi-user systems shall be under strict control of a database manager with access 

restricted to project staff sworn to confidentiality, and then only on a need-to-know basis.

f. All data files on single-user computers shall be password protected and all such machines will be locked and 

maintained in a locked room when not attended by project staff sworn to confidentiality.

g. External electronically stored data files (e.g., tapes on diskettes) shall be maintained in a locked storage device 

in a locked room when not attended by project staff sworn to confidentiality.

h. Any data released to the general public shall be appropriately masked or perturbated such that linkages to 

individually identifying information are protected to avoid individual identification in disclosed data.

i. Data or copies of data may not leave the authorized site for any reason.

3. Staff, consultants, agents, or RTI and all its subcontractors will take all necessary steps to ensure that the letter and 

intent of all applicable legislation, regulations, and guidelines are enforced at all times through appropriate 

qualifications standards for all personnel working on this project and through adequate training and periodic follow-up 

procedures.

By my signature affixed below, I hereby swear and affirm that I have carefully read this statement and fully understand the 

statement as well as legislative and regulatory assurances that pertain to the confidential nature of all records to be 

handled in regard to this project, and will adhere to all safeguards that have been developed to provide such 

confidentiality. As an employee, consultant, agent, or representative of RTI or one of its subcontractors, consultants, 

agents, or representatives, I understand that I am prohibited by law from disclosing any such confidential information to 

anyone other than staff, consultant, agents, or representatives of RTI, its subcontractors, or agents, and NCES. I 

understand that any willful and knowing individual disclosure or allowance of disclosure in violation of the applicable 

legislation, regulations, and guidelines is punishable by law and would subject the violator to possible fine or 

imprisonment. 

(Signature) (RTI Employee ID Number) (Date)

(Signature) (RTI Employee ID Number) (Date)