May 5,1999 

Mr. Charles L. Dunlap 

Executive Director 

Teacher Retirement System of Texas 

1000 Red River 

Austin. Texas 78701 

Opinion No. JC-0043 

Re: Permissible investments of Teacher 

Retirement System and related questions 

(RQ-1174) 

Dear Mr. Dunlap: 

On behalf of the Board of Trustees of the Teacher Retirement System (the “Board”), you 

inquire about the Board’s authority to invest the retirement system’s trust fund. You first inquire 

about the scope of the term “securities” in article XVI, section 67 of the Texas Constitution, which 

provides that the assets of the retirement system are to be invested in “such securities as the board 

may consider to be prudent investments.” We reject the conclusion of Attorney General Opinion 

MW-152 (1980) and Letter Opinion No. 94-052 that “securities” within this provision consists of 

those investments that the federal Securities and Exchange Commission or the State Securities Board 

has determined to be a security within the regulatory statutes they administer. Instead, we conclude 

that “securities” is to be defined by reference to chapter 8 of the Texas Business and Commerce 

Code, which defines securities for investment purposes. 

You also inquire about the authority of the Board under sectibn 825.301(b) of the Texas 

Government Code to delegate authority to manage certain investments to outside managers. We 

conclude that the Board of Trustees lacks authority to delegate its discretionary authority over 

investments to private investment managers. 

I. Introduction 

Article XVI, section 67(b)(l) of the Texas Constitution provides that the “legislature shall 

establish by law a Teacher Retirement System of Texas to provide benefits for persons employed 

in the public schools, colleges, and universities supported wholly or partly by the state.” See TEX. 

CONST. art. XVI, 5 67(b)(2) (similar provision applicable to the Employees Retirement System for 

officers and employees of the state). The amount contributed by a person participating in the 

Teacher Retirement System of Texas (“TRS”) “shall be established by the legislature but may not 

be less than six percent of current compensation.” Id. 5 67(b)(3). See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 

5 x25.402(5) (Vernon 1994) (rate of contribution for retirement system members is 6.4 percent of 

member’s annual compensation). “The amount contributed by the state may not be less than six 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 2 (X-0043) 

percent nor more than 10 percent of the aggregate compensation paid to individuals participating in 

the system.” TEX. CONST. art. XVI, $67(b)(3); see TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 5 825.404(a) (Vernon 

1994) (state contributes to retirement system an amount equal to eight percent of aggregate annual 

compensation of all retirement system members during that fiscal year). 

The TRS trust fund, which is held in trust for the benefit of members, TEX. CONST. art. XVI, 

5 67(a), exceeds $60 billion in value. Brief from Teacher Retirement System of Texas to Office of 

Attorney General 15 (Sept. 18,199s) [hereinafter TRS Brief 9/18/98]. Approximately sixty percent 

ofthe portfolio is invested in equity securities traded on domestic and foreign public exchanges, with 

the bulk of the remainder invested in fixed-income instruments such as corporate and government 

bonds. Id. at 14. “Depending on the current market values of the publicly-traded securities in the 

portfolio, between 1 and 3% of the portfolio is invested in real estate mortgages or real estate accrued 

through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure and alternative investments such as the Texas 

Growth Fund.” Id.; see TEX. CONST. art. XVI, 5 70 (establishing Texas Growth Fund to make 

investments “directly related to the creation, retention or expansion of employment opportunity and 

economic growth in Texas” and authorizing investment in growth fund of TRS fund and certain 

other constitutionally established trust funds). 

As background to your questions, you refer to the “Report to the Legislative Audit 

Committee Regarding the Investment Program and Practices of the Texas Teacher Retirement 

System,” prepared by Independent Fiduciary Services, Inc. (“Fiduciary Services”), and submitted 

to the Legislative Audit Committee in October of 1996. The Report suggests that the Teacher 

Retirement System consider investing in “alternative” investments, high yield bonds, and financial 

futures contracts as a means of diversifying its investments. “Alternative investments,” as 

commonly defined, include “a wide range of disparate strategies and types of assets, including 

emerging market securities (i.e., debt and equity of companies based in underdeveloped countries), 

private domestic equity (including venture capital and mezzanine financing), international private 

equity, leveraged buy-out funds, distressed securities (issued by companies which the investment 

manager seeks to “turn around”), oil and gas programs, timberland and farmland.” INDEPENDENT 

FIDUCIARY SERVICES, INC., REPORT TO THE LEGISLATIVE AUDIT COMMI~EE REGARDING THE 

INVESTMENTPROGRAMANDPRAC~CESOFTHETEXASTEACHERRETIREMENTSYSTEM 146-47 (1996) 

[hereinafter IFS Report]. A State Auditor’s report on investment practices at certain state investing 

entities defines “alternative investments” as follows: 

Investment opportunities which have not been identified by 

traditional public equity or fixed income capital markets. Also may 

be defined as private, non-traditional, illiquid investments. . . 

Alternative investments are accomplished almost exclusively through 

private offerings of debt or equity interests, and are often made 

through entities organized as limited partnerships. Examples of 

alternative investments include international and emerging market 

stocks, hedge funds, event driven strategies+ well as illiquid equity 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 3 (X-0043) 

investments such as venture capital, mezzanine financing, private 

equity and buy-out investing, real estate, and oil and gas. 

OFFICE OF THE STATE AUDITOR, A REVIEW OF CONTROLS OVER INVESTMENT PRACTICES AT SIX 

MAJOR STATE INVESTING ENTITIES 177 (Nov. 1996) [hereinafter Review]; SW also id. at 180 

(“mezzanine financing” is investment in the subordinated debt of privately owned companies, the 

debt holder participating in equity appreciation through conversion features such as rights, warrants, 

or options). 

The Independent Fiduciary Services report also recommends that the Board “promptly and 

expressly” decide whether to renew the mortgage loan program, setting out certain fundamental 

issues the Board should address in making this decision. IFS Report supra, at 42. In deciding 

whether and in what form to renew mortgage lending, “the Board should consider retaining a 

nationally-prominent strategic real estate consulting firm.” Id. at 43. 

The report states that the review was conducted primarily from an investment perspective 

and it is not expressing an opinion as to the legality of the measures it recommends. Id. at 5. 

Following a discussion of the merits of delegating investment authority to outside investors, the 

report recommends that “the Board seek to obtain appropriate clarification or support (whether 

through legislation, constitutional amendment, if necessary or otherwise), permitting it to delegate 

investment authority. .” Id. at 26. Thus, the report does not assume that TRS has present 

authority to implement its recommendations. See alsoReview supru, at 26 (suggesting that TRS and 

ERS jointly request attorney general opinion regarding their ability to delegate investment authority). 

II. What is the meaning of usecurities” in article XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas 

Constitution? 

Your first question is as follows: 

1. For purposes of determining the scope of TRS’ constitutional and 

statutory investment authority, is the definition of “securities” for 

regulatory purposes, e.g., under The Securities Act, TEX. REV. CIV. 

STAT. ANN. art. 581-4(A) (Vernon Supp. 1998), the sole and 

exclusive definition upon which TRS must rely? If not, may TRS rely 

on the concept that a security is the evidence of debt or of ownership 

obtained as a result of the outlay or commitment of money for the 

purpose and with the expectation of earning revenue, income or profit 

from its employment in a common (separate) enterprise? 

The term “security” is not defined in the constitutional provision, nor is it defined by a statute 

applicable to TRS. Section 825.301 of the Government Code authorizes the TRS Board to “invest 

and reinvest assets of the retirement system without distinction as to their source in accordance with 

Section 67, Article XVI, Texas Constitution” and expressly provides that the Board may invest in 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 4 (X-0043) 

a list of specific securities: “[Olbligations issued, assumed, or guaranteed by the Inter-American 

Development Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), 

the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the International Finance 

Corporation.” Government Code section 825.301(a) also provides that the Board’s “[ilnvestment 

decisions are subject to the standard provided in the Texas Trust Code by section 113.056(a), 

Property Code,” which states the prudent person rule. See Hoenig & Union Nat ‘1 Bank v. Texas 

Commerce Bunk, 939 S.W.2d 656,661 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1996, no writ). 

Prior opinions of this office have advised TRS that the term “securities” in the Texas 

Constitution, article XVI, section 67(a)(3), is defined according to the definition of this term in the 

federal and state securities regulatory acts. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. MW-152 (1980), Tex. Att’y 

Gen. LO-94-052. We examine this prior advice in light of an analysis of article XVI, section 67 of 

the Texas Constitution. 

A. Historv of article XVI. section 67 of the Texas Constitution 

Article XVI, section 67 of the Texas Constitution was adopted in 1975 by the voters’ 

approval of a resolution that consolidated nearly all constitutional provisions relating to state 

and local retirement systems. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF TEXAS, Amendments Adopted in 

1973-1975, 1975 Tex. Gen. Laws LXXV, XLVII, LXXXII-LXXXIII. The constitutional provision sets 

out the following duties of trustees of statewide retirement systems: 

[e]ach statewide benefit system must have a board of trustees to 

administer the system and to invest the funds of the system in such 

securities as the board may consider prudent investments. In making 

investments, a board shall exercise the judgment and care under the 

circumstances then prevailing that persons of ordinary prudence, 

discretion, and intelligence exercise in the management of their own 

affairs, not in regard to speculation, but in regard to the permanent 

disposition oftheir funds, considering the probable income therefrom 

as well as the probable safety of their capital. The legislature by law 

may further restrict the investment discretion of a board. 

TEX. CONST. art. XVI, 5 67(a)(3). This provision applies to the trustees of the Employees 

Retirement System (“ERS”) as well as the trustees ofthe Teacher Retirement System. It establishes 

two important limitations for statewide retirement systems-the funds are to be invested in 

“securities” and these investments are to be made according to the “prudent person” standard that 

it sets out. 

Local retirement systems are not subject to the constitutional constraints that apply to 

statewide retirement systems. Article XVI, section 67(c) provides that the “legislature shall provide 

by law” for creation of a benefits system by a city or county for its officers and employees and for 

statewide benefit systems available to the officers and employees of cities, counties, and other 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 5 (X-0043) 

political subdivisions. TEX. CONST. art. XVI, $ 67(c). Thus, the constitution does not limit local 

retirement systems to investing in “securities,” nor does this provision state the standard of care 

applicable to trustees in making investment decisions for local retirement systems. The legislature 

may address these aspects oflocal retirement systems absent the constitutional constraints applicable 

to laws on statewide retirement systems. See Williams v. McKnight, 402 S.W.2d 505 (Tex. 1966) 

(legislature may not enact laws in conflict with the constitution); Jones v. Williams, 45 S.W.2d 130 

(Tex. 1931) (legislature may enact any law not in violation of state or federal constitution). 

The constitutional provision that had formerly governed the investment of TRS assets, was 

repealed by adoption of the same resolution that proposed article XVI, section 67. See TEX. CONST. 

of 1965, art. III, $48b (repealed 1975). The former provision authorized the TRS Board to invest 

the assets of the System in specific and narrow categories of investments: bonds, notes or other 

evidences of indebtedness of the United States, the State of Texas, or a political subdivision of the 

State of Texas, corporate stocks, bonds, notes, and other evidences of indebtedness, and land, a 

building, and equipment for the TRS offices. Tex. S.J. Res. 27, 59th Leg., R.S., 1965 Tex. Gen. 

Laws 2201. Article XVI, section 67 authorized the Boards of TRS and ERS “to invest the fimds of 

the system in such securities as the board may consider prudent investments,” thus broadening their 

investment authority while including strict safeguards for fund security. TEX. LEG. COUNCIL, 2 

PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS ANALYZED 3 (Apr. 22,1975); see also COMM. ON CONST. 

REV., BILL ANALYSIS, Tex. S.J.R. 3,64th Leg., R.S. (1975). Given the nature of the TRS funds and 

the constitutional language, the underlying purpose of the constitutional provision must necessarily 

be to safeguard the funds and maximize returns to provide teachers with the maximum retirement 

benefits. See Woods v. Reilly, 218 S.W.2d 437,442 (Tex. 1949) (purpose of former art. III, 5 48a 

ofthe Texas Constitution of 1936 (repealed 1965) was to provide security for public school teachers 

and provide incentive for qualified persons to become and remain teachers). 

Article XVI, section 67, represents a development ofthe categorical approach to investments 

found in its predecessor, former article III, section 48b of the Texas Constitution, but it still places 

limits on the class of investments permissible for retirement system funds. For example, in 1980, 

this office advised TRS that it could not invest in real estate, because real estate was not a security 

within the constitutional provision. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. MW-152 (1980). In 1982, a legislative 

study of public retirement systems commented as follows on the attorney general’s opinion: 

Investment of the [TRS] fund is governed by a provision in 

the Texas [Clonstitution which specifies that the trustees are 

responsible for investing system assets in such securities as are 

deemed prudent. This version of the ‘prudent person rule,’ as interpreted by the State Attorney General, effectively precludes investments in such categories as equity real estate or tangible assets which 

might, depending on the nature and form ofthe investment and other 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 6 (JC-0043) 

circumstances otherwise be deemed prudent by a board of trustees 

working under a pure version of the prudent person rule. 

SELECT COMM. ON PUB. RETIREMENT SYSTEMS, F&PORT TO SPEAKER AND MEMBERS OF THE TEXAS 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 68~~ LEGISLATURE 52 (Oct. 1982) (emphasis in original) [hereinafter 

PRS Report]. A “pure” version of the “prudent person rule” would allow a board of trustees to 

invest funds limited solely by the “prudent person rule.” See generally HOUSE RETIREMENT & 

AGING COMM., BILL ANALYSIS, Tex. S.J. Res. 6, 72d Leg., R.S. (1991). The report recommended 

to the legislature the removal of specific constitutional and statutory restrictions on the investment 

of the assets of ERS and TRS and the grant of investment authority in the form of the prudent person 

rule as defined by common law. PRS Report supra, at 54. The Sixty-eighth Legislature did not 

propose an amendment to article XVI, section 67, but it did adopt provisions authorizing the trustees 

of TRS to “contract with private professional investment managers to assist the board in investing 

the assets of the retirement system.” Act ofMay 29,1983,68th Leg., R.S., ch. 926,s 4, 1983 Tex. 

Gen. Laws 5099,510O (now codified as TEX. GOV’TCODEANN. § 825.301(b) (Vernon 1994)). 

In 1991 the legislature proposed an amendment to article XVI, section 67 that would have 

substituted a “pure” version of the “prudent person” rule for the present language, but it was rejected 

by the voters. The amendment, proposed by Senate Joint ResolutionNo. 6, would have deleted from 

article XVI, section 67, the language authorizing the trustees “to invest the funds of the system in 

such securities as the board may consider prudent investments,” and provided them authority “to 

invest the funds of the system in such manner as the board may consider prudent.” Tex. S.J. Res. 

6, 72d Leg., R.S., 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 3520 (emphasis in original). The bill analysis for the 

proposed amendment provides the following background: 

Over several legislative sessions, the Employees Retirement 

System (ERS) and the Teacher Retirement System (TRS) enabling 

laws have been amended to remove statutory lists of legal 

investments for those funds. However, an Attorney General’s 

opinion (MW-152) has held that the Constitution’s use of the word 

“securities” restricts the systems from certain investments. 

HOUSERETIREMENT&AGINGCOMM.,BILLANALYSIS,T~~.S.J.R~~.~,~~~L~~.,R.S. (1991). Thus, 

article XVI, section 67(a)(3) has not been amended since it was adopted in 1975. We note, however, 

that a pending resolution proposes an amendment to article XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas 

Constitution that would delete the term “securities” and authorize the board of a statewide system 

“to invest the funds of the system in such investments as the board may consider prudent 

investments.” Tex. H.R.J. Res. 9, 76th Leg., R.S. (1999) (proposing a constitutional amendment 

relating to investment of the Texas Growth Fund and by statewide public retirement systems) 

(emphasis added). 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 7 UC-0043) 

B. Rules of constitutional construction 

With the history of article XVI, section 67 in mind, we attempt to define “securities” as it 

appears in this constitutional provision. The provision itself does not define the term “securities,” 

nor are there any judicial decisions construing this term. The statute implementing the TRS 

investment authority, Government Code section 825.301(a), essentially restates the constitutional 

authorization and therefore provides us with no guidance in defining terms used in article XVI, 

section 67. See generally Hill County v. Sheppard, 178 S.W.2d 261 (Tex. 1944) (court looks to 

statute creating office of “criminal district attorney” to construe that term in article V, section 21 of 

Texas Constitution); Aerospace Optimist Club v. Texas Alcoholic Beverage Comm ‘n, 886 S.W.2d 

556,560 (Tex. App.-Austin 1994, no writ) (looking to bingo statute’s definition of “proceeds” to 

define that term in article III, section 47, Texas Constitution). 

In construing the state constitution, a court will give effect to its plain language, also 

considering the purpose of the provision, its historical context, and the collective intent of the 

framers and the people who adopted it. Republican Party v. Die&, 940 S.W.2d 86,89 (Tex. 1997); 

Con v. Robinson, 150 S.W. 1149, 1151 (Tex. 1912) (proceedings of legislative body framing 

provision may be examined to aid in resolving questions of construction). See Aerospace Optimist 

Club, 886 S.W.2d at 560 (we “look to other sources for instruction as to the meaning and purpose” 

of the term, including legislative interpretations). The prior state ofthe law may be examined. Cox, 

150 S.W. at 1156. The constitution must be read as a whole and ambiguities may be resolved by 

reference to other parts ofthe constitution. Collingsworth County v. Allred, 40 S.W.2d 13,14 (Tex. 

193 1). Thus, a clause that, standing by itself, might seem of doubtful import may yet be made plain 

by comparison with other clauses or portions of the same instrument. Purcell v. Lindsey, 314 

S.W.2d 283 (Tex. 1958); Snelson v. Murray, 252 S.W.2d 720 (Tex. Civ. App.-El Paso 1952, writ 

ref d n.r.e.). 

The meaning of constitutional provisions may be ascertained by reference to the common 

law. Trimmier v. Carlton, 296 S.W. 1070, 1079 (Tex. 1927) (delegation of legislative powers). A 

dictionary may be consulted to determine the meaning of a word employed in a statute. Texas & 

P.Ry. Co. v. Railroad Comm’n, 150 SW. 878,881 (Tex. 1912); see Booth v. Strippleman, 61 Tex. 

378,3 82 (1884) (rules analogous to those goveming interpretation ofstatutes and private instruments 

are referred to in construing constitutional provisions). However, one word may be used to express 

different ideas, Oden v. Gates, 24 S.W.2d 381 (Tex. 1930), and this is true ofthe word “securities.” 

Bahre v. Pearl, 595 A.2d 1027, 1035 (Me. 1991) (definitions of “security” in securities regulatory 

statute and Uniform Commercial Code article 8 are separate and distinct). The meaning of a word 

must be determined according to the context, subject matter, and evident intent of the framers and 

the people. Oden, 24 S.W.2d at 382. When one of two equally reasonable constructions of a 

constitutional provision will give rise to fewer or less complicated questions in its application, that 

constructionshouldbe favored. Thomnsv. Creuger, 107 S.W.2d705,710 (Tex. Civ. App.-Eastland 

1937, writ dism’d); see also Moore v. Edna Hosp. Dist., 449 S.W.2d 508, 526 (Tex. Civ. 

App.Xorpus Christi 1969, writ ref d n.r.e.). When, in addition, one of the two constructions will, 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 8 (X-0043) 

to a greater degree, effect the purpose of the provision, such construction should be adopted. 

Creager, 107 S.W.2d at 710. 

C. Common-law and dictionarv definitions of “securities” 

The TRS argues that “securities” within the constitutional provision should be defined by 

reference to the common law and to dictionary definitions, stating that the definition of securities 

found in the regulatory statutes is too uncertain to provide the exclusive source for determining its 

constitutional investment authority. TRS Brief 9/l S/98, at 49. “Securities,” as TRS defines the term 

on the basis of the common law and dictionaries, would include any evidence of debt, property, or 

ownership, and evidences of obligations to pay money or of rights to participate in earnings and 

distribution of corporate, trust, or other property. Id. at 3-4. TRS suggests that cases interpreting 

the term “securities” in wills may be instructive, id. at 36, but we disagree. Such common-law 

definitions were developed to construe a particular will, not to determine appropriate investments 

for a public pension fund. See Huckubee v. Hansen, 422 S.W.2d 606,609 (Tex. Civ. App.Corpus 

Christi 1967, no writ) (considering whether “securities” in context ofwill included savings account); 

see also Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp., Ltd. v. First Nat ‘I Bank, 84 S.W.2d 1111,1115 (Tex. 

Civ. App.-Galveston 1935, writ dism’d) (“securities” within bank burglary and robbery policy 

included loss of jewelry held by insured as collateral security for loans). These common-law 

definitions do not apply to the term “securities” as used in article XVI, section 67. 

In connection with its argument that dictionary definitions may be relied upon to construe 

“securities,” the TRS brief cites Webster’s dictionary, which defines “security” as “an evidence of 

debt or of ownership (as a stock certificate or bond).” TRS Brief g/18/98, at 35 (citing WEBSTER’S 

NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 1045 (8th ed. 1973) & MERRIAM-WEBSTER’COLLEGIATE S 

DICTIONARY 1056 (10th ed. 1993)). It also cites the following definition of“securities” from Black’s 

Law Dictionary: 

Stocks, bonds, notes, convertible debentures, warrants, or other 

documents that represent a share in a company or a debt owned by a 

company or government entity. Evidences of obligations to pay 

money or of rights to participate in earnings and distribution of 

corporate assets. Instruments giving to their legal holders rights to 

money or other property; they are therefore instruments which have 

intrinsic value and are recognized and used as such in the regular 

channels of commerce. 

Id. at 35 (citing BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1354 (6th ed. 1990)) (citation omitted). 

TRS proposes an extremely broad definition of securities, one that would in effect remove 

any limitations on its investment authority imposed by the term “securities” and substitute a formula 

that is difficult to distinguish t?om the pure “prudent person” rule. In our opinion, “security” has a 

meaning that may not be swept away by such construction. A greatly broadened definition of 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 9 (X-0043) 

“securities” for purposes of article XVI, section 67, might give the TRS Board more ability to 

diversify its portfolio and place funds in novel investments, subject to the prudent person standard. 

In our opinion, however, such a broad definition would virtually delete the term “securities” from 

that constitutional provision. We have already noted that in 1982 a committee proposed the deletion 

of‘kecurities,” from article XVI, section 67, and that in 1991 the legislature proposed an amendment 

to the constitution deleting this term, only to have it defeated by the voters. Thus, the term 

“securities,” with the limitations it places on the TRS investment authority, remains in the 

constitution. 

Moreover, by comparing article XVI, section 67(a)(3) with certain other constitutional grants 

of investment authority, we can illustrate the limits that the term “securities” imposes on TRS’s 

power to invest the System’s assets. The 1988 constitutional amendment that established the Texas 

Growth Fund and adopted article VII, subsection 5(d) and section 1 lb of the Texas Constitution 

grants specific governmental entities broad investment authority over certain constitutional funds. 

Tex. H.R.J. Res. 5,7Oth Leg., 2d C.S., 1988 Tex. Gen. Laws 942; Votes on Proposed Amendments 

to the Texas Constitution, 1875-May 1993, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 23 (Table following index) 

[hereinaflerVotesonProposed Amendments]. Before the 1988 amendment was adopted, articleVI1, 

section 4 of the Texas Constitution provided that the proceeds of selling lands set apart to the public 

free school fund must be used to purchase other land for the fund, 

or the proceeds shall be invested by the treasurer, as may be directed 

by the Board of Education . , in the bonds of the United States, the 

State of Texas, or counties in said State, or in such other securities, 

and under such restrictions as may be prescribed by law. . 

TEX. CONST. art. VII, 5 4 (amended 1883,1985,1995). 

The voters’ approval in 1988 ofHouse Joint Resolution No. 5 established the Texas Growth 

Fund and authorized the Board of Regents of the University of Texas System and the State Board 

ofEducation to invest in the fund. See Tex. H.R.J. Res. 5,7Oth Leg., 2d C.S., 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 

942; Votes on Proposed Amendments supra, at 23. It moreover broadened the authority of the State 

Board of Education to invest the assets of the Permanent School Fund. See TEX. CONST. art. VII, 

$5 5(d), 1 lb; id. art. XVI, $70 (constitutional amendments approved by adoption 0fH.R.J. Res. No. 

5). Subsection 5(d) of article VII, as adopted by House Joint Resolution No. 5, provides as follows: 

Notwithstanding any other provision of this constitution, in 

managing the assets of the permanent school fund, the State Board of 

Education may acquire, exchange, sell, supervise, manage, or retain, 

through procedures and subject to restrictions it establishes and in 

amounts it considers appropriate, any kind ofinvestment, including 

investments in the Texas growth fund created by Article XVI, Section 

70, of this constitution, that persons of ordinary prudence, discretion, 

and intelligence, exercising the judgment and care under the 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 10 (X-0043) 

circumstances then prevailing, acquire or retain for their own account 

in the management of their affairs, not in regard to speculation but in 

regard to the permanent disposition of their funds, considering the 

probable income as well as the probable safety of their capital. 

TEX. CONST. art. VII, 5 5(d) (emphasis added). 

Section llb of article VII provides similar authority for the Board of Regents of the 

University of Texas to invest the permanent university fund. The constitutional amendments 

allowed “the trustees of the Permanent University Fund (PUF) and the Permanent School Fund 

(PSF) to make any type of investment, subject solely to the prudent-person standard.” HOUSE 

RESEARCH ORG., SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE REPORT, 1988 CONSTITIJTIONAL AMENDMENTS, 19, 21 

(1988). Article XVI, section 67(a)(3), in contrast, does not accord TRS equally broad authority to 

invest the teacher retirement fund. 

D. “Securities” as defined bv statute 

The definitions of “securities” we have found in the common law and in dictionaries are too 

broad to define that term in conformity with the purposes of article XVI, section 67(a)(3). We will 

thus consider the purpose of the provision, its historical context, and the collective intent of the 

framers and the people who adopted it. Die&, 940 S.W.2d at 89. One aspect ofthe historical context 

of article XVI, section 67, is the body of law defining securities that existed in 1975. The subject 

of securities is comprehensively governed by legislation, so that definitions in statutes may 

reasonably have shaped the legislature’s understanding of the term “securities” in the constitutional 

amendment. 

Although we will examine statutes in effect in 1975 because they are part of the historical 

context of article XVI, section 67(a)(3), we believe we are not limited to the 1975 versions of those 

statutes but may look at their amended and successor versions. The legislature could have adopted 

a statute in 1975, or any time thereafter, defining “securities” for purposes of article XVI, section 

67(a)(3), in terms of characteristics typical of that class of investment, and the definition could 

encompass securities with those characteristics that became available after 1975. Because the 

legislature has in fact not adopted a statute defining “securities,” within article XVI, section 67(a)(3), 

we will examine statutes adopted for other purposes that define “securities” or address the 

investment of public funds in securities. 

1. Securities regulatorv statutes 

When this office was first asked to determine whether a particular investment was a 

“security” within article XVI, section 67(a)(3), it in fact looked to a statutory definition of“security” 

to construe the constitutional provision. In 1980, TRS asked this office whether it had authority to 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 11 (X-0043) 

invest in real estate or mortgage certificates secured by real estate, and Attorney General Opinion 

MW-152, issued in response to this question, determined that TRS had authority to invest in 

mortgage certificates secured by real property but not in real estate itself. Attorney General Opinion 

MW-152 reviewed definitions of “security” found in the Securities Act, TEX. F&v. CIV. STAT. ANN. 

art. 581-4(A) (Vernon Supp. 1999), and in state and federal cases. It in effect determined that real 

estate was not a security under any definition of the term. 

In 1994, the ERS asked this office whether it had authority under article XVI, section 67 of 

the Texas Constitution and its enabling legislation to invest its funds in equity swap contracts and 

interest rate swap contracts. Attorney General Letter Opinion No. 94-052, issued in response to this 

question, relied on the definitionof‘security” or “securities”in article 581-4(A) ofthe Revised Civil 

Statutes, as well as the substantially similar definition of “security” in the federal Securities Act of 

1933, 15 U.S.C.A. 9 77b(a)(l) (West 1997), and the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934, id. 

5 78c(a)(lO). It concluded that the ERS might invest its funds in equity swap contracts or interest 

rate swap contracts if the contracts are securities under either federal or state securities laws, 

providing, of course, that the ERS Board had determined that investing funds in such contracts was 

a prudent investment. 

Your request for advice has caused us to reconsider the reasoning of Attorney General 

Opinion MW-152 and Letter Opinion No. 94-052. We reject their conclusion that the securities 

regulatory statutes are an appropriate source of the definition of “securities” within article XVI, 

section 67. We do, however, accept the premise of Attorney General Opinion MW-152 that a 

statutory definition of “securities” that predated the adoption of article XVI, section 67, may assist 

us in construing the constitutional language. 

Attorney General Opinion MW- 152 and Letter Opinion No. 94-052 relied on the definition 

of “securities” in the regulatory statutes without considering whether it carried out the intent of 

article XVI, section 67-to safeguard the funds and maximize returns to provide security for 

teachers. The regulatory statutes serve a very different purpose. Securities regulatory statutes were 

adopted to “eliminate serious abuses in a largely unregulated securities market.” Reves v. Ernst & 

Young,494U.S. 56,60-61(1990); UnitedHow. Found.,Znc., v. Forman, U.S. 837,849 (1975); 

Kadane Y. Clark, 143 S.W.2d 197,199 (Tex. 1940). They define the term “securities” expansively, 

to help achieve the goal of protecting investors. Reves, 494 U.S. at 60-61. With certain omissions 

not relevant here, article 581-4 of the Revised Civil Statutes defines “security” or “securities” to 

include 

any limited partner interest in a limited partnership, share, stock, 

treasury stock, stock certificate under a voting trust agreement, 

collateral trust certificate, equipment trust certificate, preorganization 

certificate or receipt, subscription or reorganization certificate, note, 

bond, debenture, mortgage certificate or other evidence of 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 12 (JC-0043) 

indebtedness, any form of commercial paper, certificate in or under 

a profit sharing or participation agreement, certificate or any 

instrument representing any interest in or under an oil, gas or mining 

lease, fee or title, or any certificate or instrument representing or 

secured by an interest in any or all of the capital, property, assets, 

profits or earnings of any company, investment contract, or any other 

instrument commonly known as a security, whether similar to those 

herein referred to or not. 

TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-4 (Vernon Supp. 1999) (emphasis added). This definition is 

substantially similar to the definition of “security” in the federal Securities Act of 1933,15 U.S.C. 

5 77b (West 1997), and the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934, id. fj 78c(a)(lO), which also 

include the sweeping description “any. instrument commonly known as a ‘security,“’ in their 

definitions of security. Id. $5 77b(a)(l), 78c(a)(lO). In Reves v. Ernst & Young, the United States 

Supreme Court discussed the reasons for a definition of this breadth: 

The fundamental purpose undergirding the Securities Acts is 

“to eliminate serious abuses in a largely unregulated securities 

market.” UnitedHousingFoundation, Inc. v. Foeman, 421 U.S. 837, 

849, 95 S.Ct. 2051, 2059, 44 L.Ed.2d 621 (1975). In defining the 

scope of the market that it wished to regulate, Congress painted with 

a broad brush. It recognized the virtually limitless scope of human 

ingenuity, especially in the creation of “countless and variable 

schemes devised by those who seek the use of the money of others on 

the promise of profits,” SEC v. WJ. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293,299, 

66 S.Ct. 1100, 1103,90 L.Ed. 1244 (1946), and determined that the 

best way to achieve its goal of protecting investors was “to define 

‘the term “security” in sufficiently broad and general terms so as to 

include within that definition the many types of instruments that in 

our commercial world fall within the ordinary concept of a security.“’ 

Foeman, supra, 421 U.S., at 847-848, 95 S.Ct., at 2058-2059 

(quoting H.R.Rep. No. 85, 73d Cong., 1st Sess., 11 (1933)). 

Congress therefore did not attempt precisely to cabin the scope ofthe 

Securities Acts. Rather, it enacted a definition of “security” 

sujkiently broad to encompass virtually any instrument that might 

be sold as an investment. 

494 U.S. at 60-61 (footnote omitted) (emphasis added). 

We have reconsidered the assumption in Attorney General Opinion MW-152 and Letter 

Opinion No. 94-052 that we may rely upon the definition of “securities” in the regulatory acts to 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 13 (JC-0043) 

define “securities” in article XVI, section 67 of the Texas Constitution and have concluded that it 

is incorrect. Accordingly, the Board may not rely on the definition of “securities” from the 

Securities Act, TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 58 1-4(A) (Vernon Supp. 1999), the federal Securities 

Act of 1933,15 U.S.C.A. 8 77b(a)(l) (West 1997), and the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 

id. 5 78c(a)(lO), to determine the scope of TRS’ constitutional and statutory investment authority. 

We overrule Attorney General Opinion MW-152 and Letter Opinion No. 94-052 to the extent they 

rely on the definition of “securities” in the regulatory statute to define that term for purposes of 

article XVI, section 67(a)(3). 

2. Public Funds Investment Act 

We turn to other statutory sources ofinfonnation about the term “securities” as used in article 

XVI, section 67. A 1967 statute authorized state boards and agencies with investment authority 

to invest and reinvest any of their funds in direct obligations of or 

obligations the principal and interest of which are guaranteed by the 

United States of America; in direct obligations of or participation 

certificates guaranteed by the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank, 

Federal Land Banks, Federal National Mortgage Association, Federal 

Home Loan Banks, and Banks for Cooperatives; in certificates of 

deposit of any bank or trust company the kind hereinabove specified; 

in any other securities made eligible for such investment by other 

laws and constitutional provisions. 

Act of May 25, 1967,6Oth Leg., R.S., ch. 401,1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 915 (initially codified at TEX. 

REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 6252-5a, § 1 (1925)). This provision was codified as section 2256.101 

of the Government Code in 1995 without substantive change, Act of May 4,1993,73d Leg., R.S., 

ch. 268, 5 1, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 583, 867 (nonsubstantive revision of statutes relating to certain 

areas of government, including fiscal affairs). It was repealed in 1995 by legislation amending 

the Public Funds Investment Act, TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. ch. 2256 (Vernon 1999). Act of 

May 18, 1995,74th Leg., R.S., ch. 402, $ 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2958,2969. 

The Public Funds Investment Act, chapter 2256 of the Government Code, sets out the 

investments in which a state agency, a local government, or a nonprofit corporation or investment 

pool acting on behalf of a local government or state agency may generally invest its funds. See TEX. 

GOV’T CODE ANN. $2256.003 (Vernon 1999); see also id. 5 2256.004 (provisions do not apply to 

public retirement system, state funds invested under section 404.024, certain higher education 

institutions, registry funds, and deferred qualifying compensation plans). While Government Code 

chapter 2256 is not a successor of the 1969 legislation, it authorizes investment of public funds in 

the instruments identified in the 1969 legislation as well as certain more up-to-date instruments 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 14 (JC-0043) 

suitable for such investments. Thus, its expanded list of investments can be regarded as illustrative 

of “securities” for purposes of investing public funds. 

The authorized investments generally consist of the following: (1) obligations of, or backed 

by, the United States or its instrumentalities or a state or its political subdivisions, but excluding 

certain collateralized mortgage obligations, id. 5 2256.009; (2) secured or guaranteed certificates of 

deposit issued by state or national banks, savings banks or state or federal credit unions, id. 

3 2256.010; (3) fully-collateralized, repurchase agreements or reverse repurchase agreement with 

certain terms and attributes, id. $2256.011; (4) banker’s acceptances, again with certain terms and 

attributes, id. 5 2256.012; (5) high-grade commercial paper, id. 5 2256.013; (6) no-load money 

market mutual funds or no-load mutual funds with specific attributes, id.9 2256.014; (7) secured, 

guaranteed investment contracts, id 5 2256.015; and (8) cash management funds sponsored by taxexempt organizations, high-grade, negotiable certificates of deposit, and high-grade corporate 

obligations, id. 5 2256.020. 

The Public Funds Investment Act deals with the investment ofpublic moneys and represents 

a legislative balancing ofmaximizing investment flexibility and protecting public funds in the choice 

of the authorized investments listed. The purposes and interests served by this statute are closer to 

those underlying article XVI, section 67(a)(3) than those served by the regulatory statutes, but they 

are not identical. For example, the TRS funds are not public moneys but trust fund moneys invested 

to provideretirement benefits for teachers. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos. JM-300 (1985) (retirement 

fund ofERS is a trust fund), WW-565 (1959) (ERS assets are trust funds.). But more importantly, 

the Public Funds Investment Act does not define the term “securities.” While its categorical listing 

of authorized investments may include examples of securities, it does not assist the TRS Board to 

determine whether or not other investments may be securities. Accordingly, we cannot rely on the 

Public Funds Investment Act to define securities for the purposes of the constitutional provision. 

3. Article 717m-1, TEX. REV. Crv. STAT. ANN., validation of securities 

We next consider article 717m-1 of the Revised Civil Statutes. The statute was adopted in 

1979, Act of May 27, 1979, 66th Leg., R.S., ch. 400, 1979 Tex. Gen. Laws 874, repealing and 

replacing a similar provision dating from 1959. See Act ofMay 6, 1959, 56th Leg., R.S., ch. 316, 

5 1,1959Tex. Gen. Laws 690 (codified asarticle717m, TEX.REV.CIV.STAT.ANN. (1925)). Article 

717m-1 authorizes any state or local governmental entity to institute an in rem proceeding 

for a declaratory judgment on its authority to issue securities and as to the legality or validity of any 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 15 (JC-0043) 

proceedings relating to the securities. See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 717m-1, $4 l(l), 2 

(Vernon Supp. 1999). In contrast to the Public Funds Investment Act, article 717m-1 defines the 

term securities: 

“Securities”means all interest-bearing obligations, including without 

limitation, any bonds, notes, bond anticipation notes, warrants, 

certificates, or other evidences of indebtedness, whether general or 

special, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable in form, whether in 

bearer or registered form, whether in temporary or permanent form, 

whether with, or without interest coupons, and regardless of the 

source of payment, whether t?om taxes, revenues, or both, or 

otherwise. 

Id. $ l(2). See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN art. 717m (1925) (repealed) (“securities” in the 

predecessor statute, consisted of “bonds, notes, or other evidences of indebtedness whether payable 

from taxes, revenues, or both taxes and revenues”). But the purpose of article 717m-1 is completely 

different Tom that of article XVI, section 67. Article 717m-1 allows governmental bodies to obtain 

declaratory judgments as to governmental securities. Although securities is defined broadly in terms 

of “evidences of indebtedness,” it is nonetheless limited togovernmental securities, consistent with 

that statute’s purpose and intent. See Hatten v. City ofHouston, 373 S.W.2d 525, 534 (Tex. Civ. 

App.-Houston 1963, writref dn.r.e.) (article 717m, TEX. REV. CIV. STAT.ANN. (1925), was adopted 

to provide speedier and more efficient method of adjudicating validity of public securities than 

previously available). The purpose of article 7 17m- 1 differs greatly from that of Texas Constitution, 

article XVI, section 67(a)(3), and its narrow definition of “securities” is not relevant to the 

investment purposes of the constitutional provision. While article 717m-1 identities a class of 

securities in which the TRS may invest, its definition of “securities” does not illuminate that term 

as it appears in the constitutional provision we address. 

4. Uniform Commercial Code definition of securities 

We turn to the standard and most commonly accepted definition of investment securities 

under Texas law, namely that in chapter 8 of the Business and Commerce Code, Uniform 

Commercial Cod+Investment Securities. See TEX. Bus. & COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.102 (Vernon 

Supp. 1999) (defining securities). The legislature adopted the Uniform Commercial Code in 1965 

and revised and reenacted it in 1967 as part of the Texas Business and Commerce Code.’ Therefore, 

the legislature was aware of this statute and its definition of securities when it proposed the 1975 

constitutional amendment authorizing the TRS to invest the retirement funds in securities. See Acker 

‘See Act ofMay 19, 1965,59thLeg.,R.S., ch. 721,196S Tex. Gen. Laws 1, 132(UniformCommercialCode), 

repealed by Act of May 25, 1967, 60th Leg., RX, ch. 785, $1, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 2343, 2498 (revising and 

reenacting Uniform Commercial Code as part of Texas Business and Commerce Code). 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 16 (JC-0043) 

v. Texas Water Comm ‘n, 790 S.W.2d 299,301 (Tex. 1990); Garner v. Lumberton Indep. Sch. Dist., 

430 S.W.2d 418,423 (Tex. Civ. App.-Austin, no writ) (statute is presumed to have been enacted by 

legislature with complete knowledge of existing laws, particularly those dealing with subject matter 

under consideration). Section 8.102(a)(l5) ofthe Business and Commerce Code sets out the general 

definition of a security in terms of the attributes that an instrument must possess to qualify as a 

security: 

“Security,” except as otherwise provided in Section 8.103, means an 

obligation of an issue? or a share, participation, or other interest in an 

issuer or in property or an enterprise of an issuer: 

(A) that is represented by a security certificate in bearer or 

registered form,3 or the transfer ofwhich may be registered on books 

maintained for that purpose by or on behalf of the issuer; 

(B) that is one of a class or series or by its terms is divisible into 

a class or series shares, participations, interests, or obligations; and 

(C) that: 

(i) is, or is of a type, dealt in or traded on securities 

exchanges or security markets; or 

(ii) is a medium for investment and by its terms expressly 

provides that it is a security governed by this chapter. 

See TEX. Bus. & COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.102(U) (V emon Supp. 1999) (footnotes added). In short, 

a security is a share or participation in an enterprise or an obligations that (1) is fully transferable, 

(2) is one of a series rather than an individual contractual obligation, and (3) is itself or is of a type 

““Issuer” generally includes a person (1) that places OI authorizes the placement of its name to evidence an 

interest in its property or enterprise or duty to perform an obligation represented by the certificate, (2) creates an interest 

in its property or in an enterprise or undertakes an obligation, that is an uncatiticated security, (3) directly or indirectly 

creates a fractional interest in its rights or property, if the fractional interest is. represented by a security certificate, OI 

(4) becomes responsible for or in place of another person described as an issuer. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.201 

(Vernon Supp. 1999). A “certificated security” simply means a security that is represented by a certificate, id. 

5 8.102(a)(4), and an “uncertificated security” is a security not represented by a certificate, id. 5 8.102(a)(18). 

‘“Bearer form” applies to a certificated security and means a form in which the security is payable to the bearer 

of the security certificate according to its terms and not by reason of any indorsement. Id. 5 8.102(a)(2). “Registered 

form” also applies to a certificated security and means a form in which the security certificate names the person entitled 

to payment; and a transfer of the security may be registered on books maintained by the issuer for that purpose “or the 

security so states.” Id. g 8.102(@(13). 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 17 (JC-0043) 

of interest dealt in or traded on securities market or exchanges, or is a medium of investment and, 

by its terms, a security governed by chapter 8 (“opt-in provision”). See id. 5 8.102 cmt. 15. 

Section 8.103 ofthe Business and Commerce Code further elaborates and refines the general 

definition in section 8.102(a)(l5) by providing that: 

(a) A share or similar equity interest issued by a corporation, 

business trust, joint stock company, or similar entity is a security. 

(b) An investment company security is a security. “Investment 

company security” means a share or similar equity interest issued by 

an entity that is registered as an investment company under the 

federal investment company laws, an interest in a unit investment 

trust that is so registered, or a face-amount certificate issued by a 

face-amount certificate company that is so registered. “Investment 

company security” does not include an insurance policy or 

endowment policy or annuity contract issued by an insurance 

company. 

(c) An interest in a partnership or limited partnership company is 

not a security unless it is dealt or traded on securities exchanges or in 

securities markets, its terms expressly provides that it is a security 

governed by this chapter, or it is an investment company security. 

However, an interest in a partnership or limited liability company is 

a financial asset4 if it is held in a securities account. 

. 

(e) An option or similar obligation issued by a clearinghouse 

corporation to its participants is not a security, but is a financial asset. 

(f) A commodity contract, as defined in Section 9.115, is not a 

security or a financial asset. 

Id. 8 8.103 (footnote added). Section 8.103 supplements the general definitions of security and is 

“intended to foreclose interpretive issues concerning the application of the general definitions to 

several specific investment products.” Id. 5 8.103 cmt. 1. Thus, subsection (a) establishes that 

ordinary corporate stock is a security irrespective of whether it is dealt with or traded on the 

“‘Financial asset” is a broader category of obligations, shares, participation, and interest that includes 

“securities,” to which assets other UCC rules may apply. See id. 5 8,102(a)(9) & ant. 9. 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 18 (JC-0043) 

securities exchange or in the securities market. Id. cmt. 2. Accordingly, shares of a closely held 

corporation constitute securities. Id.; Kenney v. Porter, 604 S.W.2d 297, 302 (Tex. Civ. 

App.Corpus Christi 1980, writ ref d n.r.e.) (stating that it is generally recognized that stock of 

closely held corporation is a security). Additionally, investment vehicles offered to the public by 

investment companies registered under the federal Investment Company Act of 1940 are securities 

under subsection (b), notwithstanding that the “typical transaction in shares of open-end investment 

companies is an issuance or redemption, rather than a transfer of shares horn one person to another” 

as in the ordinary corporate stock transaction. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. $ 8.103(b) cmt. 3 

(Vernon Supp. 1999). Subsection (c) is intended to clarify the application “of the type” language 

in section 8.102(a)(l5)(iii) to partnership interests and establishes the general rule that a partnership 

or limited partnership interest is not a security unless it is commonly dealt in or traded on the 

financial markets, it has an explicit opt-in provision, or it is an investment company security. Id. 

cmt. 4. See generally Andrea G. Nadel, J.D., Annotation, What is a Security Under UCCArt. 8,11 

A.L.R. 4th 1036, 5 11 (Supp. 1998) (discussing cases generally holding partnership interest not 

securities). Finally, subsections (e) and (l) make clear that trade-stock options or commodity 

contracts are not securities. Id. cmt. 6; see generally 11 A.L.R. 4th 1036 (1982 & Supp. 1998) 

(discussing generally instruments found by courts to constitute “securities” under UCC chapter 8). 

In sum, chapter 8 of the Business and Commerce Code provides a functional and flexible 

definition of securities (the “UCC definition”). TEX. Bus. & COM. CODE ANN. $ 8.102 cmt. 15 

(Vernon Supp. 1999); id. $ 8.103 cmt. 1; Kenney, 604 S.W.2d at 301 (definition and comments 

explain parameters of what instruments qualify as security). Given that the UCC definition 

generally requires that securities be instruments commonly dealt in or traded on the securities market 

or exchange-the common understanding of the term “securities’‘-we believe that this definition 

is more likely to express the intent of the legislature and the people in adopting article XVI, section 

67, than the more amorphous definitions found in regulatory statutes and dictionaries. 

We note that the underlying purpose of chapter 8 is different from that of article XVI, section 

67. The underlying purpose of the constitutional provision is to safeguard the funds and maximize 

returns to provide security for teachers. Chapter 8, on the other hand, is designed to define the rights 

and duties associated with investments that qualify as securities and to state the rules relating to the 

transfer and establishment of those rights and duties. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.101 cmt. 

(Vernon Supp. 1999). Nevertheless, because chapter 8 addresses investment securities, its purpose 

is more compatible with that of the TRS constitutional provision than the federal and state securities 

regulatory statutes. The UCC definition is more fixed and certain. See id $5 8.102(a)( 15), ,103; see 

also Thomas Y. Creager, 107 S.W.2d at 710 (favoring construction of constitutional provision that 

will cause fewer or less complicated questions in its application). Generally, its purpose is to 

encompass instruments commonly accepted as securities. TEX. Bus. & COM. CODE ANN. 

$5 8.102(a)(l5), ,103 (Vernon Supp. 1999). As a result, although fewer investments qualify as 

securities under the UCC definition than under the regulatory definitions, a more restricted class of 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 19 (JC-0043) 

investments comports more with the constitutional purpose of defining a universe of securities in 

which moneys to provide teachers’ retirement benefits may be safely and profitably invested. 

But while more restrictive in some ways than the regulatory statutes’ definitions, the UCC 

definition is not categorical. Unlike former article III, section 48b of the Texas Constitution, the 

Public Funds Investment Act, or article 717m-1 of the Revised Civil Statutes, it does not set forth 

an exclusive list of investment categories. Instead, it defines “securities” according to certain 

attributes that allow incorporation of a new investment product that becomes generally accepted as 

a medium of investment in the financial markets, as long as the instrument otherwise conforms to 

the statutory requirements. See TEXBUS. &COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.102 cmt. 15 (vemon Supp. 1999) 

(explaining first two components of section 8.102(a)(l5) test that must be satisfied and noting 

that third requirement, the “functional test,” provides flexibility “while ensuring that the Article 8 

rules do not apply to interests or obligations in circumstances so unconnected with the securities 

markets .“). 

Moreover, the UCC definition provides more guidance than the other definitions we have 

considered. Sections 8.102(a)( 15) and 8.103 and the official comments to these sections explain the 

parameters of the class of instruments qualifying as securities. See id. fj$ 8.102, ,103 & cmts. 

Accordingly, the more concrete UCC definition provides a better framework for determining 

whether a particular instrument is a security than definitions phrased in general, descriptive terms, 

such as notes, bonds, debentures, and similar terms. See Kenney, 604 S.W.2d at 301 (definition and 

comments explain parameters of the instruments qualifying as securities). 

While not a perfect tit, we believe the UCC definition of security is a better fit than any other 

definition of which we are aware. We believe the UCC definition generally comprises the 

instruments commonly understood to constitute securities and as a result represents a better balance 

of investment flexibility and fiscal restraint. Additionally, it also provides a more functional 

criterion for determining whether particular instruments are securities. Moreover, this definition was 

in place when the legislature proposed adoption of the TRS constitutional provision, and it is 

reasonable to assume that the legislature understood the term “securities” to be defined as it is in 

chapter 8 of the UCC. Accordingly, we advise you that the term “securities” as used in Texas 

Constitution article XVI, section 67, is to be defined according to the UCC definition, until the 

legislature adopts a definition pursuant to the constitutional provision or until it is judicially defined. 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 20 (JC-0043) 

III. TRS authoritv under the UCC definition 

In questions two and three, you ask whether specific kinds of instruments are securities in 

which the TRS trust fund may be invested: 

2. Will an investment in “alternative,” real estate-related, or other asset 

classes having similar investment attributes constitute a security in which 

TRS may invest if it is an instrument or vehicle listed, defined, or specified 

as a “security” either in The Securities Act, or in a federal securities law, or 

in the securities law of another state, or by the Securities and Exchange 

Commission? 

3. Do any of the following vehicles or investments constitute “securities” 

which are listed, defined, or specified as a “security” in The Securities Act 

and therefore require no further “security” analysis by TRS: a limited 

partnership, a limited liability partnership (LLP), a limited liability company 

(LLC), a real estate investment trust @BIT), a real estate operating company 

(REOC), a group trust or commingled fund, joint ventures, financial futures, 

or investment accounts? If so, please identify which vehicles or investment 

categories constitute securities. 

We have determined that “securities” within article XVI, section 67(a)(3) is to be defined in 

according to the definition of that term in the Uniform Commercial Code, while your questions are 

framed in light of prior opinions defining “securities” according to the state and federal regulatory 

statutes. In answer to questions two and three, we advise you that the TRS trust fund may be invested 

ininstruments defined as securities by sections 8.102(a)(l5) and 8.103 oftheBusiness andcommerce 

Code. The attributes of a particular investment are more important than the name of the category to 

which the investment belongs. Although you name certain types of enterprises or investments, you 

do not provide information about their attributes that would allow us to determine even generally 

whether they constitute securities under sections 8102(a)(l5) and 8.103. For example, even the 

provision excluding limited partnerships as a general matter from the definition of “securities” has 

exceptions. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.103(c) (Vernon Supp. 1999) (partnership or 

limited partnership interest is not a security unless it is commonly dealt in or traded on the financial 

markets, it has an explicit opt-in provision, or it is an investment company security). Because the 

definition of “securities” from chapter 8 ofthe Business and Commerce Code provides much greater 

clarity than the definition from the regulatory statutes, we believe that the TRS itself will be able to 

answer many of its questions about particular investments. If questions remain about specific 

investments, the TRS Board may of course seek advice from this office. 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 21 (K-0043) 

Your fourth and fifth questions are as follows: 

4. If your answer to #2 or #3 above is negative in any respect or in 

cases where the task is to analyze and determine whether an 

investment instrument or vehicle is a security under Texas law, will an 

investment in “alternative,” real estate-related, or other asset classes 

having similar investment attributes constitute a security in which TRS 

may invest if it is an instrument or vehicle which meets the 

requirements of an investment contract under the “Howey test,” as 

applied by Texas courts? See S.E.C. v. W.J. Howq Co., 328 U.S. 293, 

66 S.Ct. 1100,90 L.Ed. 1244 (1946) and its progeny, including federal 

and Texas cases. If any vehicle or investment category listed in #3 is 

not identified by you as a “security,” will or may such a vehicle or 

investment category qualify as a security under the Howey test? 

5. What criteria are available to assist TRS in determining the level 

of participation or the control features TRS may have as reflected in 

the negotiated provisions of the investment documents, e.g. the 

investment contract documents or the limited partnership agreement, 

without jeopardizing the “security” designation of a particular 

investment. 

Given that we believe that the UCC definition of“securities” informs the meaning of that term 

in article XVI, section 67, the “Howey test” is inapposite. That test developed under the securities 

regulatory statutes, which we believe are at cross-purposes with the constitutional authorization in 

article XVI, section 67(a)(3). Accordingly, TRS should rely on the more certain yet flexible UCC 

definition. 

We also wish to point out that, despite our overruling of Attorney General Opinion MW-152, 

real estate itself is not a “security” for purposes of article XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas 

Constitution, because it is not included in the definition of “securities” found in chapter 8 of the 

Business and Commerce Code as discussed above. See TEX. Bus. & COM. CODE ANN. 5 8.102(a)( 15) 

(Vernon Supp. 1999) (“security” is a share or participation in enterprise, that is fully transferable and 

is one of a series rather than an individual contract). Moreover, Attorney General Opinion MW-152 

concluded that, “[i]n view of the long established and dominant legislative and judicial construction 

that realty is not within the ambit of “securities, ” it is our opinion that constitutional amendment 

would be necessary to enable the board of trustees of the Teacher Retirement System to invest its 

funds in real property.” Our decision about the definition of security has not changed this conclusion. 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 22 (JC-0043) 

IV. Delegation of investment authority 

Your remaining question concerns whether the Board may delegate authority to manage 

certain investments to outside persons: 

6. May TRS use its authority under 5 825301(b) of the Texas 

Government Code to allocate responsibilities to outside managers in 

the management of “alternative” or real estate-related securities? See 

TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 5 825.301(b) (Vernon 1994). 

By “outside manager,” we understand you to mean “external manager.” An “external 

manager” is “[a] person or firm that makes investment portfolio decisions and executes transactions 

independently, subject to the overall restrictions agreed upon by contract between the fiduciary for 

the fund and the external manager.” Review supra, at 179. An external manager’s role differs from 

that of an “investment advisor,” who is retained by an investing entity to provide investment advice 

for a fee. Id. at 180. An investment advisor may, for example, present information about the 

economic climate in general or industry information that may affect the entity’s decisions about 

investing in specific securities. Id. 

The report prepared by Independent Fiduciary Services, Inc. discusses the merits of internal 

versus external investment management ofTRS timds and recommends that the Board “seek to obtain 

appropriate clarification or support (whether through legislation, constitutional amendment, if 

necessary or otherwise), permitting it to delegate investment authority.” IFS Report supra, at 7,14, 

16, 54. Accordingly, you ask whether section 825.301(b) authorizes TRS to delegate to private 

persons or firms the authority to make investments on its behalf, subject to restrictions agreed upon 

by TRS and the private person or firm. 

Section 825.301(b) ofthe Government Code provides as follows: “The board oftrustees may 

contract with private professional investment managers to assist the board in investing the assets of 

the retirement system.” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 5 825.301(b) (Vernon 1994). 

In Attorney General Letter Opinion No. 92-37 this office construed a similar provision 

applicable to the trustees of certain municipal fire tighter retirement systems. Section 28(a) ofarticle 

6243e of the Revised Civil Statutes formerly authorized the board of trustees to “employ professional 

investment counselors to assist and advise the board in the investment of the assets of the fund.” 

(Emphasis added). Act ofApr. 27,1989,71st Leg., R.S., ch. 98, § I,1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 426,436, 

amended by Act ofMay 7,1993,73d Leg., R.S., ch. 173,s 12,1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 326,328. This 

office concluded that subsection 28(a) “clearly does not permit the board of trustees to delegate its 

entire discretionary authority over investments to a professional investment counselor,” and that the 

phrase “assist and advise” circumscribed the duties of any investment counselor selected by the 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 23 (JC-0043) 

Board, “to the extent that the board will retain all final decision-making with regard to investments.” 

In our opinion, Attorney General Letter Opinion No. 92-37 correctly interpreted the phrase 

“assist and advise.” Under article 825.301(b), the TRS Board may seek advice horn outside 

investment counselors to assist it in making its investment decisions, but the Board must retain final 

decision-making as to all investments and may not delegate to outside investment managers the power 

to decide which securities to purchase with assets of the retirement fund. 

A comparison of article 825.301(b) with provisions expressly authorizing such delegations 

supports our construction of article 825.301(b). Section 28 of article 6243e of the Revised Civil 

Statutes, the statute on municipal fire fighter retirement systems that Attorney General Letter Opinion 

No. 92-37 construed, has been amended to read as follows: 

(a) The board oftrustees. may appoint investment managers for 

the system by contracting for professional investment management 

services with one or more organizations, which may include a bank if 

it has a trust department, that are in the business of managing 

investments. 

. . . 

(c) In a contract made under this section, the board of trustees 

shall specify policies, requirements, and restrictions that the board 

of trustees adopts for investments of the system. 

(d) [board must act prudently in choosing and contracting for 

professional investment management services] . 

(e) A trustee is not liable for the acts or omissions of an 

investment manager appointed under this section, nor is a trustee 

obligated to invest or otherwise manage any asset of the system 

subject to management by the investment manager. 

(f) A board of trustees may employ professional investment 

counselors to assist and advise the board in the investment of the 

assets of the fund or to evaluate the performance of an investment 

manager appointed under this section. 

Act ofMay 7,1993,73d Leg., R.S., ch. 173,s 12,1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 326,328 (emphasis added). 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 24 (JC-0043) 

The amended version of article 6243e, section 28 adds significant new authority to a board’s 

existing power to receive advice from professional investment counselors. A board may now contract 

with an organization, including a bank with a trust department, to manage and invest the assets of the 

system. See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 6243e, $28(a), (e) (Vernon Supp. 1999). If the board 

decides to continue to invest some or all of the assets of the fimd, it retains authority under section 

28(f) to seek assistance and advice from a professional investment counselor. The Board of TRS, in 

contrast, has only the authority to contract for advice and assistance concerning its investment 

decisions. Nothing in section 825.301(b) allows the TRS Board to delegate investment authority to 

outside managers that section 28 of article 6243e of the Revised Civil Statutes gives to the boards of 

municipal fire tighter retirement systems. 

Article XVI, section 70 of the Texas Constitution, which established the Texas Growth Fund 

under a board of trustees, states that the board of trustees shall manage the investment of the fund, 

and may “employ and retain staff, including a chief executive officer; set investment policy of the 

fund; .[and] adopt rules regarding the operation of the fund.” “ [Alltematively, or in combination 

with its own staff,” the board may “contract for the management of investments under this section 

with a private investment management firm .” Because our conclusion rests on statutory grounds, 

we need not, and do not, decide the significance, if any, ofthese differences in constitutional wording. 

Because we have determined that TRS lacks statutory authority under Government Code 

section 825.301(b) to delegate investment authority to outside managers, we do not decide whether 

article XVI, section 67(a)(3), would permit such delegation by TRS of its investment authority to 

outside managers. As we have already noted, however, article XVI, section 67(c) places fewer 

constraints on local benefit systems, such as systems benetitting local firefighters, than article XVI, 

section 67(a)(3) places on statewide retirement systems such as TRS. Further, we note the existence 

of constitutional authority related to the Texas Growth Fund that provides more explicitly for 

delegation. 

Our reading of the statutory authority of the TRS Board of Trustees is consistent with case 

law on the delegation of a trustee’s authority. Generally, a trustee may not delegate his discretionary 

power to another; however, a trustee, after determining how to exercise his discretion, may authorize 

another to carry out ministerial or mechanical acts to effectuate such decision. Trunsamerican 

Leasing Co. v. Three Bears, Inc., 586 S.W.2d 472,476 (Tex. 1979); West v. Hapgood, 174 S.W.Zd 

963 (Tex. 1943). There is an exception to the rule against a trustee’s delegation of his discretionary 

power to another, where the settlors give the trustee the express power of delegation. Transamericun 

Leasing Co., 586 S.W.2d at 476. Because the Board of TRS does not have express authority to 

delegate its authority to invest in securities to private firms, the exception does not apply. 

Accordingly, the trustees of TRS may not allocate to private investment managers their power to 

decide to invest the TRS fund in particular securities. 
Mr. Charles L. Dunlap - Page 25 (JC-0043) 

SUMMARY 

The Board of Trustees of the Teacher Retirement System of Texas 

(“TRS”) has authority under article XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas 

Constitution to invest the funds of the retirement system “in such 

securities as the board may consider prudent investments.” TEX. 

CONST. art. XVI, 5 67(a)(3). In the absence of legislation defining 

“securities” within this provision, this term is defined as the authorized 

investments set out in chapter 8 of the Texas Business and Commerce 

Code. The conclusions ofAttorney General Opinion MW-152 (1980) 

and Letter OpinionNo. 94-052, that “securities” for purposes of TRS 

investment is defined by the state and federal securities regulatory 

statutes, are overruled. However, Attorney General Opinion MW- 152 

correctly determined that real property is not a security within article 

XVI, section 67(a)(3) of the Texas Constitution. 

The Board of Trustees may seek advice from outside 

investment counselors to assist it in making its investment decisions; 

the Boardmay not, however, delegate to external investment managers 

its authority to decide in which securities the TRS fund is to be 

invested. 

Attorney General of Texas 

ANDY TAYLOR 

First Assistant Attorney General 

CLARK RENT ERVIN 

Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel 

ELIZABETH ROBINSON 

Chair, Opinion Committee 

Prepared by Susan L. Garrison 

Assistant Attorney General