THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) 

 

2008 – 2012 

National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

August 2008

PREPARE PREVENT PROTECT 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

National Invasive Species Council 

Members 

Hon. Dirk Kempthorne 

Co-Chair 

Secretary of the Interior 

Hon. Ed Schafer 

Co-Chair 

Secretary of Agriculture 

Hon. Carlos M. Gutiérrez 

Co-Chair 

Secretary of Commerce 

Hon. Condolezza Rice 

Secretary of State 

Hon. Mary E. Peters 

Secretary of Transportation 

Hon. Robert M. Gates 

Secretary of Defense 

Hon. Henry M. Paulson, 

Jr. 

Secretary of the Treasury 

Hon. Michael O. Leavitt 

Secretary of Health and 

Human Services 

Hon. Michael Chertoff 

Secretary of Homeland 

Security 

Hon. Stephen L. Johnson 

Administrator 

Environmental Protection 

Agency 

Hon. Michael Griffin 

Administrator 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Amb. Susan C. Schwab 

U.S. Trade Representative 

 

Mr. James Hester 

Agency Environmental 

Coordinator 

Global Environment Center 

U.S. Agency for International 

Development 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Council Staff 

Lori C. Williams 

Executive Director 

Christopher Dionigi 

Assistant Director 

Domestic Policy, Science and 

Cooperation 

Richard L. Orr 

Assistant Director 

International Policy, Science 

and Prevention 

Phillip Andreozzi 

Senior Policy Analyst and 

Regional Coordinator 

Kelsey A. Brantley 

Program Analyst and 

Invasive Species Advisory 

Committee (ISAC) 

Coordinator 

Melinda Wilkinson 

State Liaison 

Co-Chair Department Liaisons 

A. Gordon Brown 

U.S. Department of the 

Interior 

Hilda Diaz-Soltero 

U.S. Department of 

Agriculture 

Margaret M. Brady 

National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

National Invasive Species Council 

Department of the Interior 

Office of the Secretary (OS/SIO/NISC) 

1849 C Street, N.W. 

Washington, DC 20240 

www.invasivespecies.gov 

Suggested Citation: National Invasive Species Council. 2008. 

2008-2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan. 35 pp. 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Table of Contents 

PAGE 

NUMBER 

Executive Summary 4 

Introduction 7 

2008 Plan Structure and Organization 9 

 Prevention 11 

 Early Detection and Rapid Response 16 

 Control and Management 21 

 Restoration 25 

 Organizational Collaboration 28 

Appendix 1: List of Acronyms Used 34
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Executive Summary 

Invasive Species introduced into the United States from around the globe are affecting plant 

and animal communities on our farms, ranches and coasts; and in our parks, waters, forests, 

and backyards. As global climate patterns shift, the distribution of species will change, and so 

will the susceptibility of particular habitats to the impacts of new species introductions. Human 

activity such as trade, travel and tourism have all increased substantially, increasing the speed 

and volume of species movement to unprecedented levels. Invasive species are often 

unintended hitchhikers on cargo and other trade conveyances. Still more species are 

deliberately introduced as pets, ornamental plants, crops, food, or for recreation, pest control or 

other purposes. Most nonnative species, including most of our sources of food and fiber, are not 

harmful; and many are highly beneficial. A small percentage of nonnative species cause great 

harm to the environment, the economy or human health. Nonnative species that cause harm are 

collectively known as invasive species. 

It is difficult to estimate the total economic harm caused by invasive species, however invasive 

plants alone result in two to three billion dollars in crop loss each year (Bridges 1992). Aquatic 

invasive species clog irrigation canals and pipes that supply water to power plants and factories. 

Invasive plants, pathogens and parasites cut crop yields and sicken livestock. Humans can be 

affected directly. Invasive ants cause painful stings. Invasive plant pollen increases the severity 

of respiratory allergies and the sap of the invasive plant, Giant Hogweed, causes blisters on the 

skin that can lead to permanent scarring. West Nile Virus (WNV) is an invasive pathogen of 

humans and animals. As of July 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report 

that 1,086 deaths in the United States were caused by WNV (CDC 2008). 

Invasive species (such as kudzu, snakehead fish, zebra mussels, emerald ash borers, sea 

lamprey, tree of heaven, hydrilla, nutria, West Nile virus, and Sudden Oak Death pathogen) may 

prey upon, displace or otherwise harm native species. Some invasive species also alter 

ecosystem processes, transport disease, interfere with crop production, or cause illnesses in 

animals and humans; affecting both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. For these reasons, invasive 

species are of national and global concern. 

Invasive species populations span geographic and jurisdictional boundaries; thus efforts to 

manage invasive species must be coordinated across boundaries. In 1999, Executive Order 

(EO) 13112 established the National Invasive Species Council (NISC), co-chaired by the 

Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and Commerce. NISC members include the Secretaries 

of Transportation, State, Defense, Homeland Security, Treasury, and Health and Human 

Services; the Administrators of the Environmental Protection Agency and the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration; as well as the Director of the U.S. Agency for 

International Development and the U.S. Trade Representative. NISC was charged with 

providing coordination, planning and overall leadership for federal invasive species programs 

and reaching out to state, tribal, local and private partners. 

EO 13112 also required the Secretary of the Interior to establish the Invasive Species Advisory 

Committee (ISAC), a group of 30 nonfederal stakeholders from diverse constituencies 

(representing state, tribal, local and private concerns) around the Nation, to advise NISC on 

invasive species issues. In addition, EO 13112 called on NISC to prepare and issue the first 

national plan to deal with invasive species. Completed in 2001, the National Invasive Species 

Management Plan, Meeting the Invasive Species Challenge (2001 Plan), served as a 

comprehensive “blueprint” for federal action on invasive species, as well as NISC’s primary 

coordination tool. This coordination tool provided the first comprehensive national plan for 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

invasive species action. It called for about 170 specific actions within nine categories of activity, 

about 100 of which have been established or completed. Actions identified in the 2001 Plan 

continue to be implemented. 

The 2008–2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan (2008 Plan) is the first revision of 

the 2001 Plan, as mandated by EO 13112. This document will direct Federal efforts (including 

overall strategy and objectives) to prevent, control and minimize invasive species and their 

impacts within the next five fiscal years (2008 through 2012). If necessary, it may be updated 

more frequently to reflect changes in circumstances, agency plans and priorities. NISC member 

agencies, ISAC members, NISC staff, stakeholders and other experts have provided input in 

drafting this revision, which replaces the 2001 Plan. 

The 2008 Plan is focused upon five “Strategic Goals”: Prevention; Early Detection and Rapid 

Response; Control and Management; Restoration; and Organizational Collaboration. To 

accomplish these strategic goals, critical support for efforts such as research, data and 

information management, education and outreach, and international cooperation elements are 

included in pertinent sections of the 2008 Plan. 

Each of the five strategic goals specifies on-going objectives and the long-term vision for 

success in that area. Under each strategic goal, “Objectives” describe what is to be 

accomplished over the next five years, and “Implementation Tasks” describe what agencies 

expect to do in order to accomplish that objective. Within the “Implementation Tasks”, there are 

“Performance Elements” which allow for measurement of progress towards accomplishing 

identified tasks. 

The 2008 Plan is not a comprehensive list of all federal invasive species actions. It is a targeted 

set of priority strategic action plans with objectives and implementation tasks that are intended 

to be completed in the next five years. The over-arching strategic goals and strategic action 

plan objectives remain consistent with the 2001 Plan. The accomplishment of specific 

implementation tasks and performance elements will be dependent upon agency budgets, and 

in some cases, legal or regulatory changes. 

The 2008 Plan currently requires the work of 35 different “entities” (typically agencies or 

bureaus within NISC members’ departments and agencies) to achieve a total of 87 Performance 

Elements. Participating agencies are identified either as a “Lead” or a “Participant” to describe 

their role in accomplishing a specific Performance Element. 

Prevention is the first-line of defense. The Strategic Goal for Prevention calls for preventing the 

introduction and establishment of invasive species to reduce their impact on the environment, 

the economy and health of the United States. 

Even the best prevention efforts cannot stop all invasive species. Early Detection, rapid 

assessment and Rapid Response (EDRR) may act as a critical second defense. The EDRR 

Strategic Goal calls for developing and enhancing the capacity in the United States to identify, 

report and effectively respond to newly discovered and localized invasive species. 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

The spread of widely established invasive species can be slowed and their impacts reduced. 

The Control and Management Strategic Goal calls for containing and reducing the spread of 

invasive populations to minimize their harmful impacts. 

Invasive species can severely undermine the ability of plants and animal communities to 

recover. The Restoration Strategic Goal calls for the restoration of high-value ecosystems to 

meet natural resource conservation goals by conducting restoration efforts on multiple scales. 

Invasive species cross jurisdictional boundaries, making coordination and collaboration critical 

to success. The Organizational Collaboration Strategic Goal calls for maximizing 

organizational effectiveness and collaboration on invasive species issues among international, 

federal, state, local and tribal governments, private organizations and individuals. 

 

The problem of invasive species may at times seem overwhelming. However, considerable 

success is being achieved in the prevention, detection, eradication and control of some invasive 

species along with increasing emphasis in the restoration of ecosystems that have previously 

been dramatically affected by invasive species. Additional research and information exchange; 

new detection and eradication techniques; and innovative control methodologies and 

collaborative models are increasing our capacity to address invasive species problems. The 

2008–2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan takes a strategic approach and builds 

on existing programs to maximize federal efforts over the next five years to prevent and control 

invasive species in order to enhance our environment, economy and human health. 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Introduction 

Invasive Species introduced into the United States from around the globe are affecting plant 

and animal communities on our farms, ranches and coasts; and in our parks, waters, forests, 

and backyards. As global climate patterns shift, the distribution of species will change, and 

particular habitats may become more or less susceptible to the impacts of new species 

introductions. Human activity such as trade, travel and tourism have all increased substantially, 

increasing the speed and volume of species movement to unprecedented levels. Invasive 

species are often unintended hitchhikers on cargo and other trade conveyances. Still more 

species are deliberately introduced as pets, ornamental plants and food, or for recreation, pest 

control or other purposes. Most nonnative species, including many of our sources of food and 

fiber, are not harmful; and many are highly beneficial. A small percentage of nonnative species 

cause great harm to the environment, the economy, or human health. Nonnative species that 

cause harm are collectively known as invasive species. 

Executive Order 13112 (EO 13112) defines an invasive species as: 

“an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm 

or harm to human health.” 

The definition includes many types of invasive species such as animals, plants and 

microorganisms. It focuses upon invasive species which are harmful, rather than focusing on 

nonnative species, most of which are not harmful. Several different terms have been used to 

describe invasive species, such as: “alien”, “aquatic nuisance species”, “injurious wildlife”, and 

“noxious.” In 2006, the Invasive Species Advisory Committee (ISAC) issued a white paper to 

provide advice on what is intended by the term “invasive species”, and why so many different 

terms have been used in the past. The ISAC white paper is available on the Web at: 

<http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/docs/council/isacdef.pdf>. 

Invasive species (such as West Nile virus and Sudden Oak Death pathogen, kudzu, tree of 

heaven, hydrilla, zebra mussels, emerald ash borers, sea lamprey, snakehead fish, and nutria)

may prey upon, displace or otherwise harm native species. Some invasive species also alter 

ecosystem processes, transport disease, interfere with crop production, or cause disease in 

animals or humans; affecting both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. For these reasons, invasive 

species are of national and global concern. 

Invasive species populations span geographic and jurisdictional boundaries; thus efforts to 

manage invasive species must be coordinated across boundaries. In 1999, EO13112 charged 

all federal departments whose actions may affect the status of invasive species, to the extent 

practicable and permitted by law, to work together within their current authorities to prepare, 

prevent, and protect resources from harm caused by invasive species. EO 13112 also 

established the National Invasive Species Council (NISC), co-chaired by the Secretaries of the 

Interior, Agriculture, and Commerce. NISC was charged with providing coordination, planning 

and overall leadership for federal invasive species programs and outreach to state, tribal, local 

and private partners. NISC members include the Secretaries of Transportation, State, Defense, 

Homeland Security, Treasury, Health and Human Services; the Administrators of the 

Environmental Protection Agency and National Aeronautics and Space Administration; as well 

as the U.S. Trade Representative and an official of the U.S. Agency for International 

Development. 

EO 13112 also required the Secretary of the Interior to establish the Invasive Species Advisory 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Committee (ISAC), a group of 30 non-Federal stakeholders from diverse constituencies around 

the Nation (representing state, private, local and tribal concerns), to advise NISC on invasive 

species issues. In addition, it directed NISC to prepare and issue the first national plan to deal 

with invasive species. Completed in 2001, The National Invasive Species Management Plan, 

Meeting the Invasive Species Challenge (2001 Plan), serves as a comprehensive “blueprint” for 

federal action on invasive species, as well as NISC’s primary coordination tool. 

This document is the first revision of the 2001 Plan, as mandated by EO 13112. The 

2008 –2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan (2008 Plan) will direct federal efforts 

(including overall strategy and objectives) to prevent, control and minimize invasive species and 

their impacts within the next five fiscal years (2008 through 2012). If necessary, it may be 

updated more frequently to reflect changes in circumstances, agency plans and priorities. NISC 

member agencies, ISAC members, NISC staff, stakeholders and other experts have provided 

input in drafting this revision, which is intended to replace the 2001 Plan. 

The 2008 Plan currently requires the work of 35 different “entities” (typically agencies or 

bureaus within NISC members’ departments and agencies) to achieve a total of 87 Performance 

Elements. Participating agencies are identified as either a “Lead” or a “Participant” to describe 

their role in accomplishing a specific Performance Element. 

Federal, state, local and tribal governments, as well as organizations in the private sector, have 

taken significant steps to meet the challenges posed by invasive species. These steps set the 

stage for the 2008 Plan and provide direction and focus. An estimated 59 percent of the 2001 

Plan’s 170 specific actions have been completed or are in progress. Among the products NISC 

has generated are guidance documents on early detection and rapid response, prioritization of 

control actions, and an analysis of major pathways for introduction of invasive species. NISC 

members have developed an Invasive Species Performance (Crosscut) Budget for fiscal years 

2004–2007. ISAC members completed a white paper interpreting the EO definition of invasive 

species in 2006, and they provided input on the 2008 Plan and future crosscut budget 

categories and specific initiatives. 

Awareness of the problems caused by invasive species has dramatically increased in the last 

eight years as evidenced by increased activity at federal, state, and local levels. More than 24 

states now have invasive species coordination councils. Local governments and citizens groups 

of all types are active in invasive species prevention and control. Despite the significant 

increase in activity and awareness, much remains to be done to prevent and mitigate the 

problems caused by invasive species. 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

2008 Plan Structure and Organization 

Long-range strategic planning, consistent with other government agencies’ strategic plans, is 

necessary to address complex invasive species issues. The 2008 Plan establishes five longterm “Strategic Goals” that focus federal efforts in the areas of invasive species work related to: 

1) Prevention (P), 

2) Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR), 

3) Control and Management (CM), 

4) Restoration (R), and 

5) Organizational Collaboration (OC). 

The strategic goals are ongoing and serve as guideposts for managing invasive species. Each 

strategic goal has an associated Strategic Action Plan with 

long-term “Objectives” and shorter-term “Implementation Tasks” and “Performance Elements”. 

Accomplishment of the strategic action plan objectives within each Strategic Goal will likely take 

longer than five years. However, the 2008 Plan specifically describes implementation tasks for 

each objective that the agencies expect to accomplish during the life of the 2008 Plan. Where 

practicable, implementation tasks define specific performance elements that can be used to 

gauge progress toward accomplishing the implementation tasks and achieving the objectives. 

These performance elements specify agencies and bureaus/offices that are assigned 

responsibility to be the “Lead” or a “Participant” in accomplishing each implementation task. 

Structural Hierarchy of the 2008 Plan

 STRATEGIC GOALS (P, EDRR, CM, R, and OC) 

3⁄4 Strategic Action Plan for each Strategic Goal 

 OBJECTIVES (e.g., P.1, P.2, P.3, etc.) 

• Implementation Tasks (e.g., P.1.1, P.1.2, P.1.3, etc.) 

♦ Performance Elements (e.g., P.1.1.1, P.1.1.2, P.1.1.3, etc.) 

3⁄4 Leads [Agency (Bureau/Office)] 

3⁄4 Participants [Agency (Bureau/Office)] 

Although they are not highlighted as strategic goals, the following continue to play a crucial role 

in achieving success: (1) research, (2) information sharing and data management, (3) 

international cooperation, (4) education and outreach. 

The 2008 Plan is not a comprehensive list of all federal invasive species actions. It is a targeted 

set of priority strategic action plans with objectives and implementation tasks that are intended 

to be completed in the next five years. The over-arching strategic goals and strategic action 

plan objectives remain consistent with the 2001 Plan. The accomplishment of specific 

implementation tasks and performance elements will be dependent upon agency budgets, and 

in some cases, legal or regulatory changes. 

There have been significant advances in policy, information exchange, program activity, public 

awareness and control and management tools for invasive species since the 2001 Plan. A more 

strategic approach to prevent and minimize harm caused by invasive species over the next five 

years involves taking advantage of what has been learned, and creating next steps that are well 

planned and coordinated. 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Within each implementation task, there are indices of progress called “Performance Elements.” 

Each performance element identifies the federal agency that has a leadership (Lead) or a 

participant role. Because of the varied nature of the work, the responsibilities associated with a 

lead or participant role varies among performance elements. The specific responsibilities of 

leads and participants will be determined by those engaged in the work. At a minimum, 

participants will play a role in and provide information concerning that agency’s actions on that 

performance element. Leads will play a major role by providing their agency’s information, and 

will also be the primary source of information concerning joint accomplishments for that 

performance element. Information provided by leads and participants will be summarized in 

reports prepared by NISC staff. 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Prevention 

STRATEGIC GOAL 1: Prevent introduction and establishment of invasive species 

to reduce their impact on the environment, economy and health of the United 

States. 

Introduction 

Prevention is the first-line of defense. It can be the most cost-effective approach because once 

a species becomes widespread; controlling it may require significant and sustained 

expenditures. Therefore, public investment in prevention tools, resources and infrastructure is 

indispensable in protecting human health, agriculture and natural resources. Since the original 

Plan was written in 2001, progress has been made on risk analyses, screening processes, 

evaluation of pathways, and the scientific understanding of the ecological effects of invasive 

species. A joint Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (ANSTF)/NISC Prevention Committee is 

currently addressing prevention issues. 

Long-term success in prevention will reduce the rate of introduction, the rate of establishment 

and the damage from additional invasive species in the United States. Measuring success 

requires accurate baseline data and monitoring systems to measure long-term trends. The 

Implementation Tasks identified in the 2008 Plan focus on accomplishing a limited number of 

important and achievable tasks related to prevention within the next five years. This will 

substantially contribute toward the accomplishment of the Strategic Goals and Objectives. 

OBJECTIVE P.1: PREVENT ESTABLISHMENT OF INTENTIONALLY INTRODUCED 

INVASIVE SPECIES. Develop fair and practical screening processes that evaluate different 

types of species moving intentionally in trade. Encourage agencies to modify and incorporate 

the processes into their own regulatory and non-regulatory programs.

• Implementation Task P.1.1: Develop screening processes to evaluate invasiveness of 

plants which are intended for planting and are moving in trade. 

Performance Element P.1.1.1: APHIS publishes proposed rule(s) on intentional 

introduction of potentially invasive plant species, including mechanisms to 

evaluate invasiveness potential and restrict introduction of species likely to be 

invasive. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USTR; USDA (CSREES, ARS, NRCS, FS) 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task P.1.2: Develop screening processes to evaluate invasiveness of 

terrestrial and aquatic nonnative wildlife (e.g., fish, mollusks, crustaceans, mammals, 

birds, reptiles and amphibians) moving in trade. 

Performance Element P.1.2.1: Develop a draft screening process. 

Leads: DOI (FWS); DOC (NOAA) 

Participants: DOI (USGS, NPS); USDA (APHIS, ARS); USTR; EPA 

• Implementation Task P.1.3: Develop a process to identify high-priority invasive plants, 

animals, and plant or animal pathogens for agencies’ actions.

Performance Element P.1.3.1: Prioritization process will be developed and 

distributed widely via the internet, at www.invasivespecies.gov> and 

<www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov> for agency use. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USDA (ARS, CSREES, NRCS, ERS); DOI (FWS); USTR 

OBJECTIVE P.2: PREVENT ESTABLISHMENT OF UNINTENTIONALLY INTRODUCED 

INVASIVE SPECIES INTRODUCED THROUGH HIGH RISK PATHWAYS.

• Implementation Task P.2.1: Reduce the movement of invasive plants pests and 

pathogens with propagative plant material. 

Performance Element P.2.1.1: APHIS will publish proposed rule(s) to revise 

the Quarantine on Plants for Planting (known as “Q37”). 

Lead: USDA (APHIS)

 Participant: USDA (ARS) 

Performance Element P.2.1.2: Contribute to the development of a new 

International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) standard for Plants for Planting 

that protects against pests. 

 Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USDA (ARS, FS) 

• Implementation Task P.2.2: Sponsor research on new technologies for ballast water 

management and formally assess their efficacy. Sponsor research on other ship-based 

pathways, assessing their impacts to the environment. 

Performance Element P.2.2.1: Complete a minimum of five full scale projects. 

Lead: DOC (NOAA) 

Participants: DHS (CG); DOI; DOT (OST, MARAD, SLSDC); EPA; DOD 

(COE) 

Performance Element P.2.2.2: Initiate other ship-based 

pathways studies.

Leads: DOC (NOAA); DHS (CG) 

Participants: EPA; DOT

Performance Element P.2.2.3: Support additional research 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

efforts to mitigate movement of invasive species by aquatic 

recreation. 

Lead: (DOI) FWS 

Participants: DOC; DOI (USGS); EPA 

• Implementation Task P.2.3: Support efforts in new techniques or practices to reduce 

the spread of aquatic invasive species through recreational activities. 

 Performance Element P.2.3.1: Reduce the spread of zebra and 

 quagga mussels in the Western United States. 

 Lead: DOI (FWS, NPS, USGS) 

 Participants: None 

• Implementation Task P.2.4: Reduce movement of invasive species on or in Solid Wood 

Packing Materials (SWPM). 

Performance Element P.2.4.1: Evaluate the importance of residual bark on 

SWPM, and take appropriate management or regulatory measures. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USDA (FS, ARS); DHS; USTR 

OBJECTIVE P.3: IMPROVE THE INTERNATIONAL, FEDERAL, STATE, AND TRIBAL 

STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES TO PROTECT THE UNITED STATES FROM INVASIVE 

SPECIES. 

• Implementation Task P.3.1: Strengthen and/or support the development of risk-based 

sanitary and phytosanitary international standards and guidelines under IPPC, Office 

International des Epizooties (OIE), North American Plant Protection Organization 

(NAPPO) and other international fora. 

 

Performance Element P.3.1.1: In cooperation with others, APHIS will approve 

and implement sanitary and phytosanitary standards developed in the 

appropriate international fora. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: DOS; USDA (ARS); NISC; USTR; EPA; DOI (FWS) 

Performance Element P.3.1.2: Provide training and capacity building for 

developing nations to assist them in understanding, adopting, and implementing 

international standards and guidelines for sanitary and phytosanitary measures. 

Lead: USDA (FAS) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS); DOI (FWS, USGS); USAID; USTR
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task P.3.2: Improve and expand domestic and international risk 

analysis processes. Include new risk methodologies and scientific advances in 

understanding invasive species. Expand the scope of conducting risk assessments to 

include all nonnative terrestrial and aquatic organisms moved as a result of human 

activity or action. 

Performance Element P.3.2.1: Revise 1996 Aquatic Nuisance Species Task 

Force (ANSTF) risk analysis process; submit draft for review in 24 months, and 

finalize in 36 months. 

Leads: DOC (NOAA); DOI (USGS); ANSTF 

Participants: NISC, DOI (FWS); DOS; EPA; USDA (APHIS, ARS); DOD 

(COE); USTR 

Performance Element P.3.2.2: Provide training and capacity building for 

developing nations to assist them in utilizing new risk assessment methodologies 

and incorporate scientific advances in the understanding of invasive species. 

Lead: USDA (FAS) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, ARS); USAID; DOS

Performance Element P.3.2.3: Provide training in Hazard Analysis and Critical 

Control Points (HACCP) and other risk-based methods to minimize introduction 

of invasive species. 

Lead: DOI (FWS) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS); DOC (NOAA) 

• Implementation Task P.3.3: Design a process to identify and rank pathways by 

invasive species risk. Encourage agencies to modify and incorporate the process into 

their own regulatory and nonregulatory programs. 

Performance Element P.3.3.1: Prepare a final draft of the pathway analysis 

process in 24 months; complete, distribute and encourage use in 36 months. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: DOC (NOAA); DOI (FWS, USGS); USDA (FS, ARS); EPA; 

USTR; NISC Staff 

• Implementation Task 3.4: Integrate agency data sets to improve assessment of 

invasive species threats prior to arrival.

Performance Element P.3.4.1: Three (3) or more data sets are integrated and 

utilized. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USDA (ARS, FS, CSREES, NRCS); DHS
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task P.3.5: Support efforts by non-federal stakeholders to 

develop/enhance codes of conduct and Best Management Practices (BMPs). 

Performance Element P.3.5.1: Encourage non-federal stakeholders to publish 

codes of conduct and BMPs on the Web. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: DOC (NOAA); DOI (FWS, BLM); USDA (APHIS, FS, NRCS, 

ARS); DOS 

• Implementation Task P.3.6: Share BMPs among NISC members to prevent or mitigate 

invasive species establishment or movement.

Performance Element P.3.6.1: Distribute any new BMPs that NISC Staff are 

made aware of to all relevant NISC members and other interested parties. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC Members 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Early Detection and Rapid Response 

STRATEGIC GOAL 2: Develop and enhance the capacity to identify, report and 

effectively respond to newly discovered/localized invasive species. 

Introduction 

Even the best prevention efforts cannot stop all invasive species. Early detection, rapid 

assessment and rapid response (EDRR) is a critical second defense against the establishment 

of invasive populations. EDRR increases the likelihood that localized invasive populations will 

be found, contained, and eradicated before they become widely established. EDRR can slow 

range expansion, and avoid the need for costly long-term control efforts. Effective EDRR 

depends upon the timely ability to answer critical questions such as: 

a) What is the species of concern, and has it been authoritatively identified? 

b) Where is it located and likely to spread? 

c) What harm may the species cause? 

d) What actions (if any) should be taken? 

e) Who has the needed authorities and resources? 

f) How will efforts be funded? 

EDRR requires collaboration among federal, tribal, state, local governments, nongovernment 

organizations (NGOs) and the private sector. The ability to conduct EDRR has improved, and a 

great deal is being accomplished. NISC continues to assess the current federal capabilities and 

encourage agencies to enhance their EDRR activities. However, access to invasive species 

taxonomic and mapping information, funds, and technical resources limit efforts. 

There are three components of EDRR–Early Detection (ED), Rapid Assessment (RA), and 

Rapid Response (RR). 

In order to conduct EDRR, invasive species populations must first be found. Specimens have to 

be authoritatively identified, and the boundaries of the infestations determined. These essential 

Early Detection (ED) efforts require resources, planning, and coordination. Invasive species 

are often detected by chance, but they can also be detected by trained individuals and 

personnel through targeted invasive species surveys and by monitoring specific areas. Area 

monitoring, taxonomic resources and species surveys provide the information needed to 

construct accurate distribution maps. Maps and other ecological/biological information are 

critical to planning and response actions. However, invasive species monitoring, mapping, and 

taxonomic resources and capabilities are still lacking for much of the United States. 

Rapid Assessment (RA) encompasses actions necessary to determine the appropriate 

response, including the current and potential range of the invasive species’ infestation(s). The 

RA process identifies the invasive species interdiction options, timing and overall strategy for 

actions and provides reliable information to the public. Advanced planning that anticipates 

invasions and takes into account that transjurisdictional issues greatly expedites efforts. 
17

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Rapid Response (RR) is a systematic effort to eradicate or contain invasive species while 

infestations are still localized. RR may address totally new introductions into the United States 

or range expanding infestations of previously established species. Timeliness is key to RR. It is 

critical to quickly mobilize resources to intensely control an infestation before it becomes more 

widely established. Many RR efforts are led by State or local officials working with private 

landowners. Invasions can rapidly overwhelm local resources. The ability to share resources 

across jurisdictional boundaries, form strategic partnerships, and have “ready” access to plans, 

funds and technical resources are critical components of RR. 

OBJECTIVE EDRR.1: ENHANCE CURRENT MONITORING EFFORTS FOR EARLY 

DETECTION. 

• Implementation Task EDRR.1.1: Identify and evaluate monitoring efforts for highpriority invasive species and supporting technological infrastructure including an 

evaluation of their geographic and temporal coverage. 

Performance Element EDRR.1.1.1: Evaluate monitoring efforts for high-priority 

invasive species and make recommendations to address critical gaps. 

Leads: USDA (APHIS); DOI (USGS) 

Participants: USDA (ARS, CSREES, FS, NRCS); 

DOI (NPS, FWS, BLM); DOC (NOAA); EPA; DHS; DOD (COE) 

• Implementation Task EDRR.1.2: Prepare protocols to identify high priority locations for 

targeted monitoring efforts. Initiate three systematic monitoring pilot programs. 

Performance Element EDRR.1.2.1: Develop protocols; select monitoring 

programs/locations and implement pilot projects. 

Leads: DOI (USGS); USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: DOI (FWS); DOT; DHS; DOC (NOAA); EPA; USDA (FS, 

CSREES, ARS)

• Implementation Task EDRR.1.3: Improve and support recruitment and training of 

volunteers for EDRR efforts at the local level, utilizing existing programs and 

infrastructure (such as Master Gardeners, Master Naturalists, Cooperative Extension, 

Sea Grant, National Wildlife Refuge “Friends” Groups, 4-H Groups, National Park 

support groups, and others). 

Performance Element EDRR.1.3.1: Develop guidance for volunteer training on 

at least one monitoring program. Publish guidance on invasivespeciesinfo.gov. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: DOI (USGS, FWS, NPS, BLM); USDA (CSREES, FS, ARS, 

NRCS); DOD (COE); DOC (NOAA) 

Performance Element EDRR.1.3.2: Develop at least two citizen-based 

networks to detect and monitor for new invasive species. 

Lead: DOI (FWS) 

Participants: DOC (NOAA); DOI (NPS, BLM); USDA (FS, NRCS, CSREES); 

EPA 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task EDRR.1.4: Enhance plant and animal pathogen detection 

methods. 

Performance Element EDRR.1.4.1: Develop enhanced identification methods 

and supportive technologies for at least one group of pathogens. 

Lead: USDA (ARS) 

Participants: DOI (USGS); DHS; HHS; DOD; EPA; USDA (APHIS, CSREES, 

FS)

 

OBJECTIVE EDRR.2: MAKE TAXONOMIC INFORMATION MORE READILY AVAILABLE 

TO GOVERNMENTS AND THE PUBLIC. 

• Implementation Task EDRR.2.1: Develop or enhance taxonomic expert lists to 

facilitate identification of terrestrial and aquatic organisms.

Performance Element EDRR.2.1.1: Identify taxonomic experts for terrestrial 

plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, plant and animal pathogens, and make 

their contact information available, as appropriate. 

Leads: USDA (ARS); SI 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, CSREES, NRCS); DOI (USGS) 

Performance Element EDRR.2.1.2: Finalize and maintain an updated database 

of taxonomic experts who can identify invertebrate and vertebrate aquatic 

species. 

Leads: DOC (NOAA); DOI (USGS) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS) 

OBJECTIVE EDRR.3: DEVELOP AND ENHANCE CAPACITY AND TOOLS TO SUPPORT 

EDRR EFFORTS.

• Implementation Task EDRR.3.1: Prepare protocols to evaluate and map invasive 

species risks. 

Performance Element EDRR.3.1.1: Test protocols by mapping current and 

potential extents of three high-priority invasions. 

Leads: USDA (APHIS); DOI (FWS, USGS) 

Participants: USDA (CSREES, ERS, FS, NRCS, ARS); DHS ; DOC (NOAA); 

EPA ; NASA; DOD (COE)

• Implementation Task EDRR.3.2: Engage risk assessment experts to provide 

authoritative and timely assessments of current or potential invasions. 

Performance Element EDRR.3.2.1: Prepare lists of risk experts for major 

groups of invasive species (such as plants, terrestrial species, plant pathogens, 

animal pathogens, or aquatic species.) Identify gaps in available expertise. 

Leads: DOI (USGS); USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USDA (ARS, CSREES, ERS, FS, NRCS); DOI (FWS, NPS); DOC 

(NOAA); DHS; HHS; SI; EPA; DOD (COE)
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task EDRR.3.3: Develop and evaluate the use of predictive models to 

forecast the spread of specific invasive species.

Performance Element EDRR.3.3.1: Develop and test models to forecast 

spread of two invasive species. 

Leads: DOI (USGS); USDA (ARS) 

Participants: EPA, USDA (APHIS, CSREES, ERS, FS); DOI (FWS, NPS, 

BLM); DOC (NOAA); HHS; SI; DOD (COE) 

OBJECTIVE EDRR.4: ENHANCE EXISTING CAPABILITY TO CONDUCT PLANNING FOR 

EDRR. 

• Implementation Task EDRR.4.1: Prepare model guidance or plans that encourage RR 

contingency planning at the appropriate level (such as, international, national, state, 

regional or local). Include planning for communications, response funding, cooperative 

mechanisms and other relevant issues. 

Performance Element EDRR.4.1.1: Identify and evaluate existing RR plans 

and identify effective mechanisms to enhance cooperation among and between 

state and federal agencies, and make this information available to response 

agencies. 

Leads: USDA (APHIS); DOC (NOAA) 

Participants: USDA (CSREES, NRCS, ARS); HHS; EPA; DOD; NASA; DOD 

(COE); DOI (FWS) 

 

Performance Element EDRR.4.1.2: Identify and describe existing international 

EDRR cooperation efforts among regional neighbors and trading partners. 

Leads: DOS; USTR; NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC Members

OBJECTIVE EDRR.5: DEVELOP OPTIONS PAPER TO FUND RAPID RESPONSE 

EFFORTS.

• Implementation Task EDRR.5.1: Work with ISAC, states and others to develop 

mechanisms for cooperation and funding rapid response efforts, such as options for 

matching grants to states. 

Performance Element EDRR.5.1.1: Explore and prepare options for 

cooperation and funding RR; and submit to NISC for discussion and selection of 

preferred alternative(s). 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: DOI (FWS, BLM, NPS); DOD (COE) 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task EDRR.5.2: Explore options for research funding for 

preparedness and other programs that are required for RR. 

Performance Element EDRR 5.2.1: Prepare and submit to NISC options for 

funding research for EDRR. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: USDA (CSREES, APHIS, ARS, FS) 
21

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Control and Management 

STRATEGIC GOAL 3: Contain and reduce the spread and populations of 

established invasive species to minimize their harmful impacts. 

Introduction

Eradication of widespread invasive species may not be feasible. Widespread invasive species 

are subject to control and management efforts that slow the rate of range expansion and lessen 

the impacts of invasive populations. 

 

Invasive species can span geographic and jurisdictional boundaries. Their control and 

management requires interjurisdictional communication and regionally coordinated action. 

Information on the distribution, abundance, rates of spread, and impacts of invasive species is 

critical to their control. 

Impacts of terrestrial invaders differ from those of aquatic species, and impacts also differ from 

taxon to taxon. Understanding the ecological, economic, and social impacts of invasive species 

is important in prioritizing control and management operations. 

A variety of control and management tools is needed to assess, remove and contain invasive 

species populations and guide management decisions. These tools are applied within 

coordinated and integrated invasive species management strategies that are adjusted, as 

needed. Lack of financial and human resources often limits the capacity to control and manage 

invasive species. 

OBJECTIVE CM.1: EVALUATE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT CAPABILITIES AND 

IDENTIFY STRATEGIC GAPS.

• Implementation Task CM.1.1: Identify and evaluate regional invasive species control 

and management efforts.

Performance Element CM.1.1.1: Identify and evaluate three regional control 

and management efforts including their geographic coverage (such as, regions, 

states or countries within North America.) 

Lead: DOI (BLM) 

Participants: DOI (FWS, BOR, NPS) DOD (COE); USDA (CSREES, NRCS, 

APHIS) 

Performance Element CM.1.1.2: Benchmark, compare and report on at least 

three control programs within broader regional efforts. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USDA (FS, NRCS, ARS)
22 

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task CM.1.2: Identify and address strategic gaps in regional invasive 

species control and management efforts and tools.

Performance Element CM.1.2.1: Identify three priority species or locations 

(including international border locations, if appropriate) that need additional or 

enhanced control methods. 

Lead: NISC Staff (to collate information) 

Participants: DOI (FWS, BLM, NPS, USGS, BOR); USDA (NRCS, APHIS); 

DOS; DOC (NOAA); DOD (COE) 

Performance Element CM.1.2.2: Evaluate, develop or enhance three or more 

biological, chemical, physical or other control methods. 

Leads: USDA (ARS); DOI (USGS); DOD (COE) 

Participants: USDA (FS, NRCS, APHIS) ; DOI (FWS) 

Performance Element CM.1.2.3: Increase acres of land or water included in 

regional invasive species control and management programs. 

Lead: NISC Staff (to collate information) 

Participants: USDA (NRCS, APHIS); DOI (FWS, BLM, NPS); 

DOD; DOD (COE) 

OBJECTIVE CM.2: REDUCE THE SPREAD AND HARM CAUSED BY INVASIVE SPECIES. 

• Implementation Task CM.2.1: Reduce the spread of invasive species. 

Performance Element CM.2.1.1: Increase the number of cleaning treatments 

conducted to address pathways of spread such as potentially contaminated 

equipment, hikers, anglers, recreation vehicles, watercraft or other conveyances. 

Monitor effectiveness. 

Leads: USDA (FS); DOD (COE); DOI (BLM) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, NRCS); DOT ; DOI (NPS, FWS) 

Performance Element CM.2.1.2: Increase the number of acres treated. 

Encourage state and private sector partners to take steps to reduce the spread of 

invasive species by utilizing protective measures such as, requiring the use of 

weed-free forage, mulch, seed, gravel and other materials; restricting the 

movement of contaminated firewood and having live bait restrictions or other 

methods that reduce the spread of invasive species. 

Lead: DOI (BLM) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, NRCS); DOI (NPS, FWS); DOD (COE) 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task CM. 2.2: Support on-the-ground control and management 

efforts. 

Performance Element CM.2.2.1: Increase the percentage of high priority, 

at-risk acres treated according to science-based plans that monitoring has 

demonstrated to have been implemented successfully. 

Lead: NISC Staff (to collate information) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, FS, ARS); DOD (COE) 

Performance Element CM.2.2.2: Increase the ratio of projects technically 

supported vs. the total number of on-the-ground projects requesting technical 

support. 

Lead: NISC Staff (to collate information) 

Participants; USDA (APHIS); DOI (BLM, FWS, NPS); 

DOD (COE) 

Performance Element CM. 2.2.3: Increase the number of 

on-the-ground projects technically supported. 

Lead: NISC Staff (to collate information) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, ARS, FS, NRCS); DOD; DOI (BLM, FWS, NPS); 

DOD (COE) 

Performance Element CM. 2.2.4: Increase the number of acres receiving “onthe-ground” control and management treatments. 

Lead: NISC Staff (to collate information) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, FS, NRCS, ARS); DOI (BLM, FWS, NPS); DOD 

(COE) 

OBJECTIVE CM.3: DEVELOP WORKFORCE COMPETENCIES TO PERFORM CONTROL 

AND MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES. 

• Implementation Task CM. 3.1: Increase invasive species training for land and water 

resource managers, and others as appropriate. 

Performance Element CM. 3.1.1: Increase the number of training workshops, 

training materials developed, and total number of personnel and volunteers 

trained, including but not limited to, training in Integrated Pest Management. 

Leads: USDA (CSREES); DOI (FWS) 

Participants: DOI (BLM, NPS); USDA (CSREES, NRCS, ERS, ARS); DOD; 

DOD (COE) 
24 

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

OBJECTIVE CM.4: ENHANCE ECOSYSTEM RECOVERY PROCESSES THAT 

CONTRIBUTE TO CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT.

• Implementation Task CM.4.1: Enhance ecosystem recovery decision tools and 

conduct ecosystem assessments. 

Performance Element CM.4.1.1: Increase the efficiency, accuracy, and 

precision of monitoring and mapping operations. 

Lead: DOI (USGS) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, NRCS, ARS, ERS, CSREES); NASA; DOD 

(COE) 

Performance Element CM.4.1.2: Enhance ecosystem recovery models and 

evaluate ecosystem assessment methods. 

Lead: DOD (COE) 

Participants: DOI (USGS); USDA (FS, ARS, CSREES)

Performance Element CM.4.1.3: Report the number of acres and species 

monitored and mapped. 

Lead: NISC Staff (to collate information) 

Participants: DOI (USGS, FWS, BLM); USDA (FS, NRCS, ARS); NASA; 

DOD (COE)
25

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Restoration 

STRATEGIC GOAL 4: Restore native species and habitat conditions and 

rehabilitate high-value ecosystems and key ecological processes that have been 

impacted by invasive species to meet desired future conditions. 

Introduction 

Restoration treatments are an integral part of control and management efforts to help guard 

against future re-infestations and further harm. Section 2(a) (2) of EO 13112 charges Federal 

agencies to “provide for restoration of native species and habitat conditions in ecosystems that 

have been invaded”. Additionally, Section 4 (d) of EO 13112 calls on NISC to develop 

guidance, in coordination with the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), “including the 

procurement, use and maintenance of native species as they affect invasive species.” New 

restoration guidance will be shared widely with federal, tribal, state, and private landowners and 

water managers. 

Habitats and ecological processes can suffer cumulative impacts from the direct and indirect 

effects of invasive species and other environmental stressors. Complex ecological relationships 

that have evolved over evolutionary time scales can be at risk if invasive species interrupt 

nutrient cycling, pollination, predator/prey relationships or other ecological processes and 

services. Processes altered by human activity may promote invasion by inhibiting the 

reproduction and/or survival of native or desirable species. 

 

The 2001 Plan recognized the importance of using native species to restore 

long-term ecosystem resiliency. For shorter term rehabilitation and site stabilization, both native 

and desired nonnative species appropriate to the site have been used successfully. Evaluation 

of available materials that can successfully compete with invasive species is needed, as is the 

development of new materials. These will serve as an ecological transition while native 

components and ecosystem processes develop. Assessment of the ecosystem’s desired future 

condition and restoration potential across a range of spatial scales allows managers to 

strategically control and eradicate invasive species and to restore habitats with appropriate 

species. These efforts can result in lower control costs, increased effectiveness, and improved 

chances for ecosystem restoration success. 

OBJECTIVE R.1: INCLUDE INVASIVE SPECIES CONSIDERATIONS IN FORMAL 

GUIDANCE FOR RESTORATION PROJECTS. 

• Implementation Task R.1.1: Address invasive species concerns in planning for 

restoration projects in federal land and water management field and guidance manuals. 

Performance Element R.1.1.1: Amend existing or develop new land use 

planning protocols and Best Management Practices within federal agencies to 

include restoration activities to mitigate impacts of invasive species. 

Leads: DOI (NPS, BLM); USDA (FS) 

Participants: DOI (FWS); USDA (NRCS);DOD (COE and other agencies); 

DOC (NOAA) 
26 

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Performance Element R.1.1.2: Identify sources of native and appropriate 

nonnative materials for restoration projects carried out by federal agencies. 

Leads: DOI (NPS); USDA (NRCS) 

Participants: USDA (FS, CSREES, ARS); DOD (COE and other agencies; 

DOI (FWS, BLM)

Performance Element R.1.1.3: Incorporate invasive species prevention plans, 

such as those that utilize HACCP, into federally-funded or authorized restoration 

projects. 

Lead: NISC Staff (to collate information) 

Participants: DOI (BIA, BLM, BOR, FWS, NPS); USDA (FS, NRCS); EPA; 

DOD; NOAA 

OBJECTIVE R.2: RESTORE HIGH-VALUE AREAS IMPACTED BY INVASIVE SPECIES. 

• Implementation Task R.2.1: Restore sites that have the highest ecological or 

economic value or contribute most to protecting human health. 

Performance Element R.2.1.1: Conduct and report on four interagency 

restoration projects that demonstrate the success of information sharing, plant 

(and animal) materials sharing, techniques for cost-effective modeling, and 

documentation of results, including decision support tools. 

Leads: NISC staff, DOI (FWS, BLM, NPS); USDA (NRCS); DOD (COE) 

Participants: DOI (BOR, USGS); DOD; USDA (APHIS, FS, ARS); EPA 

Performance Element R.2.1.2: Provide technical assistance on the species and 

methods to use in restoring native species, including the use of low impact, 

nonnative or “transitional” species where appropriate. 

Leads: DOI (FWS); USDA (NRCS); DOD (COE) 

Participants: DOI (NPS, BLM, BOR, USGS); USDA (FS, APHIS, ARS) 

Performance Element R.2.1.3: Provide technical assistance on site selection, 

site modification, and prioritization for restoration projects.

Leads: DOI (FWS, USGS); DOD (COE) 

Participants: DOI (NPS, BLM, BOR); USDA (APHIS, NRCS) 

Performance Element R.2.1.4: Conduct at least four (4) information sharing 

projects with stakeholders about invasive species restoration projects.

Lead: USDA (NRCS) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, ARS); DOD; DOI (FWS, USGS); DOC (NOAA)

OBJECTIVE R.3: RESTORE HABITAT AT MULTIPLE SCALES AND DEMONSTRATE 

MODEL APPROACHES THAT ENGAGE LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THE PUBLIC. 

• Implementation Task R.3.1: Coordinate multi-taxa restoration projects at the regional, 

watershed or landscape level (Healthy Lands Initiative, for example), addressing water 

quality, fisheries (both fresh and marine), and terrestrial plants and animals (including 

their pests and pathogens) in restoration planning. 
27

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Performance Element R.3.1.1: Work across agencies to create demonstration 

projects in at least three geographic or regional focus areas over the next three 

years. 

Leads: DOI (FWS, NPS, BLM); DOD (COE) 

Participants: DOI (BOR, USGS); DOC (NOAA); EPA 

Performance Element R.3.1.2: Document four successful restoration projects 

involving recovery from invasive species impacts, for example on private lands or 

in coastal environments, with nongovernmental cooperators. 

Leads: NISC staff; DOI (FWS); DOD (COE) 

Participants: EPA; DOD 

Performance Element R.3.1.3: Document four successful fire rehabilitation and 

fuels treatment projects involving recovery from invasive species impacts on 

different kinds of public lands (such as range, forest, shrub, and steppe). 

Leads: NISC staff; USDA (FS); DOI (BLM) 

Participants: DOI (OWFC, FWS, NPS, BIA) 
28 

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Organizational Collaboration 

STRATEGIC GOAL 5: Maximize organizational effectiveness and collaboration on 

invasive species issues among international, federal, state, local and tribal 

governments, private organizations and individuals. 

OBJECTIVE OC.1: IMPROVE KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF LEGAL AND 

REGULATORY TOOLS AVAILABLE TO ADDRESS INVASIVE SPECIES. 

• Implementation Task OC.1.1: Complete an analysis of current federal laws and 

regulations dealing with invasive species. 

Performance Element OC.1.1.1: Complete a brief status report based on the 

existing legal and regulatory analyses.

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: DOI; USDA; DOC and other NISC members as appropriate 

• Implementation Task OC.1.2: Provide information and briefings as requested on 

invasive species issues.

Performance Element OC.1.2.1: NISC will respond to requests for information 

or briefings within 30 days. 

 Lead: NISC Staff 

 Participants: NISC members as appropriate 

OBJECTIVE OC.2: EXPAND THE COORDINATION OF INVASIVE SPECIES PROGRAMS 

AND EXPENDITURES TO LEVERAGE RESOURCES.

• Implementation Task OC.2.1: Update the invasive species crosscut budget for Federal 

agency expenditures concerning invasive species, changing its name to the Invasive 

Species Inter-Agency Performance Budget (Performance Budget). Request input 

from ISAC, ANSTF, Federal Interagency Committee on the Management of Noxious and 

Exotic Weeds (FICMNEW), and the Federal Interagency Committee on Invasive 

Terrestrial Animals and Pathogens (ITAP) on initiatives to be included in future 

Performance Budgets. 

 

Performance Element OC.2.1.1: Complete Performance Budgets for fiscal 

years 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 as directed, along with reports on prior year’s 

performance. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC members
29

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

OBJECTIVE OC.3: IMPROVE FEDERAL RESEARCH CAPACITY AND COORDINATION TO 

ADDRESS A BROADER ARRAY OF INVASIVE SPECIES ISSUES. 

• Implementation Task OC.3.1: Improve the coordination and effectiveness of federal 

research. 

Performance Element OC.3.1.1: Establish an Invasive Species Working Group 

under the OSTP/Committee on Environment and Natural 

Resources/Subcommittee on Ecological Systems, to coordinate existing federal 

invasive species research activities and outline federal research priorities by 

February 2009. 

Lead: DOI (USGS) 

Participants: DOC (NOAA); EPA; DOD; NASA; DOS 

Performance Element OC.3.1.2: Provide research results on invasive species 

or summaries, as appropriate, and take steps to make information provided by 

agencies more readily available. 

Lead: USDA (ARS/NAL) 

Participants: NISC Staff; USDA (ARS, FS, ERS, CSREES); DOI (USGS); 

EPA; DOC (NOAA); NASA; DOD

• Implementation Task OC.3.2: Improve economic modeling of invasive species 

impacts. 

Performance Element OC 3.2.1: Improve modeling of invasive species 

prevention actions to determine their costs and benefits. 

Lead: USDA (ERS) 

Participants: EPA 

Performance Element OC 3.2.2: Improve economic modeling of control and 

management actions to determine their costs and benefits. 

Lead: USDA (ERS) 

Participant: DOC (NOAA); EPA 

Performance Element OC 3.2.3: Develop cost and benefit analysis models of 

alternative control methods. 

Leads: USDA (FS, CSREES, NRCS, APHIS, ERS) 

Participants: None 

OBJECTIVE OC.4: ENHANCE POLICY AND IMPROVE REGULATORY PROCESSES ON 

INVASIVE SPECIES. 

• Implementation Task OC.4.1: As required by EO 13112, prepare, in cooperation with 

the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), guidance to federal agencies to 

prevent and control invasive species that is fully compliant with the National 

Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
30 

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Performance Element OC.4.1.1: Prepare draft NEPA guidance for CEQ 

consideration and finalize. 

Leads: NISC Staff, CEQ 

Participants: All NISC members 

• Implementation Task OC.4.2: Collect, organize and make available federal agency 

guidance to prevent, control and manage invasive species. 

Performance Element OC.4.2.1: Each NISC agency shall make available their 

existing policies on prevention, EDRR, and control of invasive species. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC members 

• Implementation Task OC.4.3: Develop an improved regulatory process for the 

development, testing, assessment and approval of biological control agents. 

Performance Element OC.4.3.1: Implement improved regulatory process. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USDA (ARS, CSREES, NRCS) 

OBJECTIVE OC.5: STRENGTHEN COORDINATION AMONG FEDERAL AGENCIES TO 

FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL PRIORITIES FOR INVASIVE 

SPECIES. 

• Implementation Task OC.5.1: Promote and facilitate communication on international 

invasive species issues and activities.

Performance Element OC.5.1.1: NISC staff prepares the monthly report of 

upcoming international meetings on invasive species to be distributed to federal 

agencies and others. 

Leads: NISC Staff; DOS 

Participants: USTR, USAID, DHS, EPA; DOD (COE)

• Implementation Task OC.5.2: Represent NISC interests in the formulation of United 

States policy positions related to invasive species in the context of discussions under 

relevant international organizations and agreements, e.g. Convention on Biological 

Diversity (CBD), International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Organisation 

International de Epizooties (OIE), World Health Organization (WHO), Food and 

Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other 

relevant global or regional fora. 

Performance Element OC.5.2.1: In cooperation with federal agencies, NISC 

will contribute to the development of United States positions on invasive species 

during preparation for relevant international meetings. 

Leads: DOS; NISC Staff 

Participants: NISC members as appropriate
31

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

• Implementation Task OC.5.3: As appropriate, seek to incorporate invasive species 

issues into the environmental cooperation mechanisms developed in connection with 

free trade agreements (FTA). 

Performance Element OC.5.3.1: Department of State-led interagency working 

groups on FTA environmental cooperation mechanisms will assist in developing 

cooperative activities related to invasive species. 

 Lead: DOS 

Participants: USTR, EPA, DOI, USDA (FAS, ERS, ARS, APHIS); DOC

OBJECTIVE OC.6: ENHANCE OUTREACH ON INVASIVE SPECIES. 

 

• Implementation Task OC.6.1: Determine approaches regarding invasive species 

pathways for strategic outreach to targeted user groups and businesses. 

Performance Element OC.6.1.1: Develop outreach materials for target 

audiences cooperatively with relevant stakeholders and make available through 

the internet. 

 Leads: DOC (NOAA); USDA (APHIS)

Participants: USDA (FS, NRCS, ARS, FAS); DOI (FWS)

• Implementation Task OC.6.2: Work with existing educational organizations to enhance 

invasive species information delivery to primary and secondary educators. 

 Performance Element OC.6.2.1: Information about at least eight invasive 

species or federal invasive species programs provided to educational 

organizations/invasive species outreach programs and reported to the NISC 

staff. 

Lead: NISC staff

Participants: All NISC Members 

• Implementation Task OC.6.3: Develop basic messages for common public awareness 

concerning invasive species for NISC member agencies and staff to utilize. 

Performance Element OC.6.3.1: Communicate clear and consistent general 

messages on invasive species to all NISC members and stakeholders, so that 

they may include these points when a new invasive species action, regulation or 

policy is announced. Communicate via the Internet. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC members 
32 

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

OBJECTIVE OC.7: IMPROVE AND STREAMLINE NISC MEMBERS’ REPORTING ON 

INVASIVE SPECIES PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES. 

• Implementation Task OC.7.1: The following reports are required. 

Performance Element OC.7.1.1: Each NISC member submits one formal (draft 

and final) report per fiscal year, tracking the implementation of the NISC 2008 

Plan. NISC Staff will complete a streamlined reporting template within three 

months. Annual summary report by NISC is available on its website by February 

28 of each year along with the individual NISC member reports. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC Members 

Performance Element OC.7.1.2: NISC members provide a consistently 

formatted written report in response to ISAC recommendations, action items and 

requests. 

Lead: NISC staff (in consultation with ISAC) 

Participants: All NISC Members 

Performance Element OC.7.1.3: Report on agency participation in the NISC 

Invasive Species Performance (Crosscut) Budget. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC Members 

 

OBJECTIVE OC.8: ENHANCE DATA STANDARDS AND QUALITY TO IMPROVE ACCESS 

AND ABILITY TO SEARCH ACROSS DATA BASES AND FEDERAL DATA SOURCES. 

• Implementation Task OC.8.1: Develop and provide portal and reference information, 

as well as public access to federal research information, as appropriate and consistent 

with applicable law. 

Performance Element OC.8.1.1: Summarize research results on invasive 

species and take steps to make it more readily available based on information 

provided by agencies.

Lead: USDA (ARS/NAL) 

Participants: NISC Staff; All NISC Members 

Performance Element OC.8.1.2: Enhance and maintain the NISC website to 

provide an overview of federal invasive species efforts and policies; access to, 

and information about NISC member agencies and their invasive species 

programs and information about NISC, its activities, the Invasive Species 

Management Plan, and ISAC. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC Members 

Performance Element OC.8.1.3: The Invasive Species Compendium will be 
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THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

developed by interested agencies. 

Lead: USDA (ARS) 

Participants: USDA (APHIS, CSREES, NRCS); DOC (NOAA) 

Performance Element OC.8.1.4: Share information on federal invasive species 

grant opportunities and programs by linking from the NISC website to grant 

information on existing agency websites. 

Lead: NISC Staff 

Participants: All NISC Members 

• Implementation Task OC.8.2: Work cooperatively to develop common data standards 

and enhance databases. 

Performance Element OC.8.2.1: Improve and expand participation in the 

aquatic invasive species information system NISbase. 

Leads: DOI (USGS); DOC (NOAA), SI 

Participants: DOI (FWS, BLM); DOD (COE); USDA (APHIS) 

Performance Element OC.8.2.2: Link and expand databases of invasive plant 

pathogens. 

Lead: USDA (ARS) 

Participants: USDA (FS, APHIS)

Performance Element OC.8.2.3: Develop and implement an invasive species 

pathways database. 

Lead: USDA (APHIS) 

Participants: USDA (ARS, FAS); Other NISC agencies

Performance Element OC.8.2.4: Enhance the PLANTS database in regard to 

invasive species and pollinators. 

Lead: USDA (NRCS) 

Participants: USDA (ARS, FS, APHIS) 

Performance Element OC.8.2.5: Improve and expand the U.S. Government’s 

participation in the Global Invasive Species Information Network (GISIN) and the 

Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN). 

Lead: DOI (USGS) 

Participants: DOS; DHS; NASA 
34 

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

Appendix 1: List of Acronyms Used 

ANSTF Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force 

APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service 

ARS Agricultural Research Service 

BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs 

BLM Bureau of Land Management 

BMP Best Management Practices 

BOR Bureau of Reclamation 

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity 

CDC Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention 

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality 

CG Coast Guard 

CM Control and Management 

COE Army Corps of Engineers 

CSREES Cooperative State Research, Education, 

and Extension Service 

DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security 

DOC U.S. Department of Commerce 

DOD U.S. Department of Defense 

DOI U.S. Department of the Interior 

DOS U.S. Department of State 

DOT U.S. Department of Transportation 

ED Early Detection 

EDRR Early Detection and Rapid Response 

EO Executive Order 

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

ERS Economic Research Service 

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization 

FAS Foreign Agricultural Service 

FICMNEW Federal Interagency Committee on the 

Management of Noxious and Exotic 

Weeds 

FS Forest Service 

FTA Free Trade Agreements 

FWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

GISIN Global Invasive Species Information 

Network 

HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points 

HHS U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services 

IABIN Inter-American Biodiversity Information 

Network 

IMO International Maritime Organization 

IPPC International Plant Protection Convention 

ISAC Invasive Species Advisory Council 
35

THE NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL (NISC) August 1, 2008 

 2008-2012 National Invasive Species 

Management Plan 

ITAP Federal Interagency Committee on 

Invasive Terrestrial Animals and 

Pathogens 

MARAD U.S. Department of Transportation 

Maritime Administration 

NAL National Agricultural Library 

NAPPO North American Plant Protection 

Organization 

NASA National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration 

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act 

NGO Nongovernmental Organizations 

NISC National Invasive Species Council 

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration 

NPS National Park Service 

NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service 

OC Organizational Collaboration 

OIE Office International des Epizooties 

OWFC Office of Wildland Fire Coordination 

P Prevention 

R Restoration 

RA Rapid Assessment 

RR Rapid Response 

SI Smithsonian Institution 

SLSDC Saint Lawrence Seaway Development 

Corporation 

SWPM Solid Wood Packing Materials 

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development 

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture 

USGS U.S. Geological Survey 

USTR Office of the U.S. Trade Representative 

USTREAS U.S. Department of the Treasury 

WHO World Health Organization 

WNV West Nile Virus