NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

KENNETH KON, 

Petitioner-Appellee, 

 v. 

MARTIN GAMBOA, 

Respondent-Appellant.

No. 21-55430 

D.C. No. 

8:16-cv-00397-SVW-SK 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Stephen V. Wilson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 7, 2022

Pasadena, California

Before: BERZON and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and WHALEY,** District 

Judge.

Acting Warden Martin Gamboa (“Warden”) appeals the district court’s grant 

of habeas corpus relief. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(a). We 

review de novo a district court’s decision to grant or deny a petition for writ of 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Robert H. Whaley, United States District Judge for the 

Eastern District of Washington, sitting by designation.

FILED

FEB 15 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

habeas corpus. Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 964 (9th Cir. 2004). “Factual 

findings and credibility determinations made by the district court in the context of 

granting or denying the petition are reviewed for clear error.” Id. We affirm the 

district court’s grant of habeas relief. 

1. As found by the district court, Petitioner Kenneth Kon exhausted his 

claim that he invoked his right to remain silent with the state courts. To exhaust a 

claim under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A), a petitioner must “present both the factual 

and legal basis for the claim to the state court.” Robinson v. Schriro, 595 F.3d 

1086, 1101 (9th Cir. 2010). To do so, the petitioner must “reference specific 

provisions of the federal constitution or cite to federal case law and . . . provide a 

statement of the facts that entitle him to relief.” Id. For the “purposes of 

exhaustion, pro se petitions are held to a more lenient standard than counseled 

petitions.” Sanders v. Ryder, 342 F.3d 991, 999 (9th Cir. 2003). Even though Kon 

put more emphasis on his alleged right-to-counsel violation, he nonetheless 

exhausted his right-to-silence claim. He stated the legal theory of his claim—a 

violation of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)—and cited to People v. 

Neal, 31 Cal. 4th 63 (2003), a case that concerned the right to remain silent. Next, 

he asserted the factual basis for his claim by circling the statement on the first page 

of Exhibit 1 to his state habeas petition “Don’t talk, that’s all I have to say.” This 
3 

conclusion is bolstered by our holding that pro se petitions are to be liberally 

construed. Sanders, 342 F.3d at 999.

Because we conclude that Kon’s right to silence claim was exhausted, we 

need not address his alternative argument that the Warden waived the exhaustion 

requirement. 

2. This Court’s remand order did not confine the district court to reviewing 

only one of the alleged Fifth Amendment violations. We remanded for the district 

court to determine “whether [Kon’s] statements to the police were admitted in 

violation of his Fifth Amendment rights under Miranda.” Kon v. Sherman, 

802 F. App’x 240, 241 (9th Cir. 2020). The district court properly considered the 

Warden’s argument to limit the scope of remand and did not err by addressing all 

three purported Miranda invocations.

3. The district court did not err by concluding that Kon’s statement 

constituted an unambiguous invocation of the right to remain silent. “[W]e review 

the district court’s factual findings concerning the words a defendant used to 

invoke his Miranda rights for clear error and whether the words actually invoked 

those rights de novo.” United States v. Rodriguez, 518 F.3d 1072, 1076 (9th Cir. 

2008). If a suspect “indicates in any manner, at any time prior to or during 

questioning, that he wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease.” 

Miranda, 384 U.S. at 473–74. To take effect, the invocation must be unambiguous. 
4 

Jones v. Harrington, 829 F.3d 1128, 1137 (9th Cir. 2016). A suspect “need not 

speak with the discrimination of an Oxford don. . . . The words of the request will 

be understood as ordinary people would understand them.” Arnold v. Runnels, 

421 F.3d 859, 865 (9th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citations 

omitted). It is not dispositive whether the invocation occurs before or after the 

suspect receives a Miranda advisement. Id. (citing United States v. Bushyhead, 

270 F.3d 905, 912 (9th Cir. 2001)). Kon’s statement, “So tired. That’s all I have to 

say. Y’know,” constituted an unambiguous invocation of his right to remain silent.

See id. (nothing more explicit or more technically-worded than “I have nothing to 

say” is required for a suspect to invoke his right to silence). We affirm the district 

court’s conclusion that Kon invoked his right to remain silent.

AFFIRMED.