19-347

Lucente v. County of Suffolk 

United States Court of Appeals

for the Second Circuit _____________________________________

August Term 2019

(Argued: January 6, 2020 Decided: November 17, 2020)

No. 19-347

_____________________________________

TARA LUCENTE, JANET VIOLA, JAMIE A. CULOSO,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

SHARON WATTS, MICHELE ATKINSON, CATHERINE ANDES,

Plaintiffs,

— v. —

THE COUNTY OF SUFFOLK, SUFFOLK COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT,

OFFICER JOSEPH FOTI, EACH BEING SUED INDIVIDUALLY AND IN THEIR OFFICIAL 

CAPACITY, OFFICER JOHN SANTACROCE, EACH BEING SUED INDIVIDUALLY AND IN 

THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITY, AKA OFFICER SANTA CRUZ,1

Defendants-Appellees.

_____________________________________

Before: KEARSE, CARNEY, and BIANCO, Circuit Judges.

Plaintiffs Tara Lucente, Jamie A. Culoso, and Janet Viola appeal from a 

judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York 

(Donnelly, J.), dismissing their claims against defendants County of Suffolk and 

the Suffolk County Sheriff’s Department, as well as Sergeant Joseph Foti and 

1 The Clerk of Court is respectfully instructed to amend the caption as set forth above.
2

Corrections Officer John Santacroce, in connection with Foti’s alleged sexual 

harassment and sexual assault of female inmates at the Suffolk County 

Correctional Facility in Riverhead, New York, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The 

district court granted summary judgment on plaintiffs’ claims on the grounds that: 

(1) there was insufficient evidence in the record of a municipal policy or custom to 

trigger liability under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978); (2) 

the claims brought by Lucente and Culoso were barred by the statute of limitations 

under § 1983; and (3) Viola failed to exhaust her administrative remedies with 

respect to her claims as required under the Prison Litigation Reform Act. For the 

reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment 

as to Viola’s claims, but VACATE as to the dismissal of Lucente and Culoso’s 

claims against Suffolk County and the individual defendants, and REMAND to 

the district court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

LUIS C. HANSEN (Darnley D. Stewart, 

on the brief), Outten & Golden LLP, 

New York, NY; Laura A. Solinger, 

Law Offices of Laura A. Solinger, 

Esq., Southold, NY (on the brief), for 

Plaintiffs-Appellants.

BRIAN C. MITCHELL (Arlene S. 

Zwilling, on the brief), Assistant 

County Attorneys, for Dennis M. 

Cohen, Suffolk County Attorney, 

Hauppauge, NY, for DefendantsAppellees County of Suffolk, Suffolk

County Sheriff’s Department, and Officer

John Santacroce.

WILLIAM P. NOLAN, Esq. Garden City, 

NY, for Defendant-Appellee Officer 

Joseph Foti.

_____________________________________
3

JOSEPH F. BIANCO, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiffs Tara Lucente, Jamie A. Culoso, and Janet Viola (collectively, 

“plaintiffs”) appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the 

Eastern District of New York (Donnelly, J.), dismissing their claims against

defendants County of Suffolk and the Suffolk County Sheriff’s Department 

(together, “Suffolk County”), as well as Sergeant Joseph Foti and Corrections 

Officer John Santacroce (collectively, “defendants”), in connection with Foti’s 

alleged sexual harassment and sexual assault of female inmates at the Suffolk 

County Correctional Facility in Riverhead, New York (the “Riverhead Facility”),

in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court granted summary judgment on 

the plaintiffs’ claims on the grounds that: (1) there was insufficient evidence in the 

record of a municipal policy or custom to trigger liability under Monell v. 

Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 690-91 (1978); (2) the claims brought by 

Lucente and Culoso were barred by the statute of limitations under § 1983; and (3) 

Viola failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as required under the Prison 

Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) with respect to her claims.

On appeal, plaintiffs contend that, with respect to the municipal liability 

claim, the district court overlooked evidence in the record that precluded 

summary judgment on whether Suffolk County had both actual and constructive 
4

knowledge of Foti’s persistent and widespread sexual misconduct involving 

female inmates, but failed to adequately remedy it. Lucente and Culoso further 

argue that their claims were timely under the continuing violation doctrine. 

Finally, Viola submits that the PLRA exhaustion requirement should have been 

excused on the theory that a campaign of threats and retaliation against female 

inmates at the Riverhead Facility, as well as Foti’s sexual intimidation of her, made 

the administrative process unavailable to her.

For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment as to Viola’s claims, but VACATE as to the dismissal of 

Lucente and Culoso’s claims against Suffolk County and individual defendants, 

and REMAND the case to the district court for proceedings consistent with this 

opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

Lucente, Culoso, and Viola, as well as three other former plaintiffs (Sharon 

Watts, Michele Atkinson, and Catherine Andes) who settled their claims with 

defendants, were all pre-trial inmates at the Riverhead Facility from May 2009 to

April 2011. These women alleged that they were subjected to sexual assault, sexual 

harassment, and sexually degrading treatment by Foti during their time at the 
5

Riverhead Facility, and that Suffolk County and Santacroce were aware of Foti’s 

misconduct but failed to halt it.

At the conclusion of discovery, in response to defendants’ summary 

judgment motion, plaintiffs presented various categories of evidence to the district 

court to support their claims, including the Internal Affairs Section of the County 

Sheriff’s Office (“Internal Affairs”) investigation reports in the 1990s regarding 

allegations of sexual harassment and sexual assault against Foti, observations of 

various corrections officers regarding Foti’s inappropriate conduct with female 

inmates, harrowing sworn accounts from plaintiffs themselves and other inmates

about sexual harassment and sexual assault perpetrated by Foti, and some 

inmates’ subsequent attempts to report his behavior to officials at the Riverhead 

Facility. Although this evidence was disputed, the district court, in the context of 

a summary judgment motion, must view such evidence in the light most favorable 

to plaintiffs and draw all reasonable inferences in their favor. See Amore v. Novarro, 

624 F.3d 522, 529 (2d Cir. 2010). With that legal principle in mind, plaintiffs’ 

evidence in support of their claims is summarized below.
6

A. The Riverhead Facility 

The organizational hierarchy at the Riverhead Facility was well established 

during the time period at issue. Foti was a corrections officer assigned to the 

Riverhead Facility’s Rehabilitation Unit (the “Rehab Unit”). Foti reported to 

Sergeant Noreen Fisher, who reported to Lieutenant Darlene McClurkin. Fisher 

served as the “sexual harassment officer” at the Riverhead Facility. Sealed 

Appendix (“Sealed App’x”) at 90.2 McClurkin reported to a Captain Johnson. 

McClurkin usually reported issues to the Warden through the chain of command. 

Separately, Internal Affairs received investigation reports regarding allegations 

made by inmates and others of sexual misconduct. In addition, Santacroce was an 

investigator in the Security Unit of the Riverhead Facility. In this role, Santacroce

and the other security investigators were “in charge of the safety and security of 

the facility” which included “movements of inmates.” Id. at 37. Santacroce 

testified that the female inmates could go to “anybody” at the Riverhead Facility

with complaints of inappropriate conduct. Id. at 40.

Much of the Riverhead Facility’s inmate programming ran through the 

Rehab Unit, where Foti was assigned. Inmates at the Riverhead Facility attended 

2 Portions of the appendix have been filed under seal and are hereby deemed unsealed to 

the extent that their content is quoted or described in this opinion.
7

church services, Alcoholics Anonymous, and Narcotics Anonymous meetings in 

the chapel in the Rehab Unit. The Rehab Unit also housed the Riverhead Facility’s 

law library and classrooms. At the time of plaintiffs’ incarceration, there were no 

cameras at the Riverhead Facility except in the visiting room. 

B. The Early Investigations of Foti’s Misconduct

Foti began working at the Riverhead Facility as a corrections officer in 

January 1988. In the 1990s, Foti was the subject of several Internal Affairs

investigations, including allegations of sexually inappropriate behavior and other 

misconduct that could constitute such behavior, and the results of those 

investigations were documented. In 1992, an Internal Affairs investigation found 

that Foti engaged in misconduct when, on two occasions, he failed to enter a

female inmate’s movement into the logbook after he removed her from her 

housing unit for the alleged purpose of cleaning the cellblock. According to Foti, 

he was accused of “do[ing] inappropriate things” with the inmate. Id. at 87. As a 

result, Foti was reprimanded and cautioned that repetition of this behavior would 

result in more serious disciplinary action. In 1994, Internal Affairs opened another

investigation into Foti regarding an allegation of fraternizing with an inmate. 

Internal Affairs closed this investigation in 1995, and issued Foti a letter of 
8 

warning. 

 In 1997 and 1998, Internal Affairs 

opened still more investigations into Foti regarding allegations of harassment by 

Foti in his personal life. The subsequent 1997 investigation involved an allegation 

by his ex-girlfriend that Foti sexually harassed her; it too was marked closed 

“pending further information.” Id. at 87, 238. The 1998 investigation related to 

allegations of harassment by Foti’s ex-fiancée that he harassed her from April 1996 

to August 1996, and was marked as “closed/unsubstantiated.” Id. at 87, 235. These 

Internal Affairs investigation reports were maintained by Suffolk County in an 

electronic database that reflects the date that each complaint was sent to the 

County Sheriff and the nature of the complaint. 

 C. The Reputation and Supervision of Foti 

Plaintiffs adduced evidence that Foti had a reputation among his fellow 

employees for inappropriate behavior with female inmates at the Riverhead 

Facility. Corrections Officer Catherine Laton observed that Foti was “overly 

3

 
9

friendly” with female inmates and he crossed “the line” in his behavior toward the 

women. Redacted Appendix (“Redacted App’x”) at 223-24, 228. Laton called Foti 

“an accident waiting to happen” with regard to his inappropriate behavior with 

female inmates. Id. at 224. Laton observed that Foti would bring female inmates 

to the law library out of rotation. On one occasion, Laton observed Foti caress a 

female inmate’s arm during a mass service in the chapel. Laton reported her 

concerns about Foti’s conduct to her supervisor, Fisher, who was the sexual 

harassment officer at the Riverhead Facility, as well as to McClurkin, who was a 

lieutenant and the head of the Rehab Unit where Foti worked. After Laton shared

her concerns about Foti to Fisher and McClurkin, both agreed to speak to him. 

However, Foti testified that no one ever spoke to him about his alleged 

inappropriate behavior. 

Fisher testified at her deposition that she was aware of complaints and 

concerns expressed by female inmates of inappropriate comments and behavior 

toward them by Foti. At some point prior to September 2011, an inmate reported 

that she believed Foti was having “inappropriate relations” with two female 

inmates. Sealed App’x at 94-95. Specifically, although the inmate had not 

observed any misconduct, she believed that Foti was bringing “breakfast specials”
10

(“egg sandwiches and coffee”) to female inmates and “they were doing special 

favors for him.” Id. at 95. Another inmate told Fisher that Foti was “too touchy 

feely” with the female inmates, that he was a “pig,” and that she did not want to 

work in an area with him. Id. at 99. On a separate occasion, another corrections 

officer reported to Fisher that she observed Foti massaging a female inmate. Fisher 

further stated that Laton told her that Foti was being “overly friendly” with the 

female inmates. Id. at 105. Fisher also testified that she led a weekly women’s 

group where the female inmates could discuss various personal matters. At one 

of the meetings, an inmate told her that Foti would share his sexual preferences 

and experiences with women, including experiences with his wife. Id. at 100. 

Fisher acknowledged that it was not “a good idea” to discuss these topics in front 

of inmates but did not address it with Foti. Id. at 106. In addition, Fisher recalled 

that Foti would often receive phone calls from released female inmates because 

“he would be teased about it.” Id. at 103. Fisher explained that Foti’s supervisors 

“had to correct [his behavior] so many times it was like being a mother . . . you 

would be frustrated sometimes and just say, okay, you gotta stop.” Id. at 106.

According to Fisher, she reported some of these complaints and concerns 

regarding Foti to her supervisor, McClurkin. For example, Fisher testified that she 
11

reported to McClurkin the inmate’s suspicion that Foti was having inappropriate 

relations with two female inmates. In response, McClurkin called Foti into her 

office to discuss the allegations of the inappropriate behavior, but Foti completely

denied those allegations.4 Fisher also reported to McClurkin that Foti would call 

female inmates out of rotation to the law library and not follow the schedule. 

McClurkin and Fisher told Foti he could no longer bring female inmates to the 

library out of schedule. Foti said that was “ridiculous” and that he “could decide 

when and who he wants to bring down.” Id. at 96. Fisher further described to 

McClurkin that Foti visited the female inmates’ tiers to notarize documents, rather 

than following the standard procedure of notarizing documents in the law library. 

Finally, Fisher stated that she and McClurkin confronted Foti about giving an 

inmate a massage, that Foti admitted to doing so, and that McClurkin “yelled at 

him, took him into the office and told him to knock it off.” Id. at 104. 

D. Foti’s Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault of Plaintiffs

All six of the original plaintiffs in this case testified in detail at their 

depositions about Foti’s sexual harassment and sexual assaults of them while they 

4 There is no testimony from Foti confirming that this discussion with McClurkin 

occurred; rather, as noted above, Foti testified that none of his supervisors ever spoke to 

him about inappropriate behavior with inmates. 
12

were incarcerated at the Riverhead Facility. When combined, the incidents they 

testified to spanned from May 2009 to April 2011.

Lucente was incarcerated at the Riverhead Facility from May 10, 2009 until 

July 12, 2010. According to Lucente, in June 2009, Foti sexually assaulted Lucente 

after removing her and another inmate from a line to the women’s restroom

during a religious retreat at the Riverhead Facility. Foti pushed Lucente against 

the wall, grabbed her by the throat, and licked her all over her body, including her 

face and chest. Foti then pulled Lucente’s pants down and touched her vagina, 

while Lucente tried to escape from him. The other inmate heard Lucente scream 

for Foti to stop. Foti told the other inmate to leave, but she refused. Eventually,

Foti retreated and told Lucente to wash her face because she had been crying and 

to “keep [her] f***ing mouth shut” about what happened. Redacted App’x at 241-

42. After the sexual assault, Foti continued to sexually harass Lucente whenever

he saw her. Foti would growl at her and rub his body into her when she passed 

by. According to Lucente, “this was his thing all the time,” so she stopped going 

to the chapel. Id. at 235.

Lucente shared with some of the other female inmates that Foti sexually 

assaulted her. Later, Santacroce called Lucente down to meet with her, but 
13

Santacroce ignored Lucente’s complaint that Foti attacked her at the religious 

retreat, and Santacroce ordered her back to her housing unit. As a result of her 

complaint about Foti to Santacroce, Lucente was moved to the maximum security 

unit on the fifth floor of the Riverhead Facility where she was placed on twentythree hour lockdown. Lucente eventually returned to the Rehab Unit and, on 

several occasions when she saw Foti, he would grab his crotch, wag his tongue,

and growl at her. She again explained that, as female inmates passed him by, Foti 

would block them so he could forcibly touch them on their arms, back, or 

anywhere he could reach. She characterized Foti’s inappropriate behavior in this 

regard as “relentless.” Id. at 248.

Viola was incarcerated at the Riverhead Facility from January 13, 2010 to 

May 2010. About a month into her incarceration, Viola asked Foti if she could use 

the telephone in the chapel of the Riverhead Facility. While she was on the phone 

with her mother, Foti grabbed Viola’s hand to rub his crotch. On another occasion,

because she was terrified for her own safety after a fellow inmate was brutally

beaten by two corrections officers in March 2010, Viola asked Foti to use the 

telephone again to ask her family to bail her out as soon as possible. During this 
14

call, Foti pulled his penis out of his pants and forced her to give him a “hand job”

while she was on the phone. Sealed App’x at 128. 

Culoso was incarcerated at the Riverhead Facility from August 2009 until 

December 2010. As with other inmates, Foti permitted Culoso to use the telephone 

on multiple occasions during which he would make sexual gestures, claw at her,

and grunt. Culoso also testified about a sexual assault that occurred in the law 

library. As she entered the law library, Foti was sitting at a desk with the computer 

opened to Culoso’s Facebook page. As Foti looked at her Facebook page, he asked 

her if she was wearing a bra in one of the photographs. Culoso said Foti told her 

that she was getting him “so aroused.” Id. at 184-85. Culoso tried to leave, and 

Foti grabbed her by the wrist and rubbed his crotch against her. Culoso’s mother 

called the Riverhead Facility to complain about Foti’s behavior. A couple of days 

later, an unidentified lieutenant visited Culoso in her housing unit and, after she 

recounted what Foti had done to her, advised her not to pursue a grievance against 

Foti. 

The other plaintiffs in this lawsuit (Watts, Andes, and Atkinson) also testified 

to being sexually harassed and sexually assaulted by Foti, as well as experiencing 

indifference and/or retaliation from Riverhead Facility personnel when they
15

complained about his conduct, including complaints to Santacroce. Watts 

observed Foti flirt with female inmates and touch them inappropriately. Watts 

said that Foti would regularly and openly touch himself in front of the inmates 

when they were in the Rehab Unit. In July or August of 2009, Foti sexually 

assaulted Watts when she asked to use the telephone in the chapel to call her 

family. Like Viola, as Watts sat at the desk and used the telephone, Foti unzipped 

his pants and forced her to rub his penis. A couple of days later, Watts reported 

Foti’s conduct to Santacroce who laughed in response and told her to “suck it up, 

it’s jail.” Id. at 11. After speaking to Santacroce about Foti, Watts, like Lucente,

was moved to maximum security on the fifth floor of the Riverhead Facility and 

placed on twenty-one-hour lockdown. Watts pleaded with Santacroce to move 

her from maximum security but he said not until she “learned how to behave.” Id. 

at 23. Once Watts promised to “keep [her] mouth shut,” Santacroce moved her 

back to her regular unit. Id. Several months later, in the winter of 2009 to 2010, 

Foti assaulted Watts again when she was using the telephone in the chapel. This 

time, Foti forced Watts to put her hand around his penis and ejaculated on her 

face. After he ejaculated, Foti continued to rub his penis on her face. On a later

occasion, Foti approached Watts as she was making photocopies in the law library 
16

and “dry hump[ed]” her from behind. Id. at 171. Subsequently, Foti was in Watts’s

housing unit to notarize documents for female inmates. Watts waited in line and,

when it was her turn, Foti leaned into her and made an inappropriate sexual 

comment to her. In the spring of 2010, Foti again assaulted Watts when she was 

calling her family to discuss her sentencing. This time, Foti pulled his penis out of 

his pants and asked that Watts give him a “blow job.” Id. at 169. Foti forced Watts 

to hold his erect penis while she spoke on the phone to her family. 

Andes was incarcerated at the Riverhead Facility between February 2010 and 

April 2011. On several occasions, Foti commented that Andes was beautiful and 

made inappropriate sexual comments to her. One evening in May or June 2010, 

when Andes attended a meeting in the chapel, Foti called her into another room. 

The two began talking and, at one point, Foti grabbed Andes’s hand and forced 

her to put it on his crotch. Foti then pulled Andes into his body and tried to kiss 

her, but another inmate, Atkinson, walked in. Atkinson asked what was going on,

and Foti responded by grabbing Atkinson’s chest and asking if she wanted to join 

him and Andes. Atkinson smacked Foti’s hand away, and she and Andes left the 

room. About a month or two after the incident, Andes approached Santacroce 

about Foti’s conduct, but he “shut [her] down before [she] could even say 
17

anything.” Redacted App’x at 151. Santacroce said that, unless Andes was in his 

office to report information about drugs at the Riverhead Facility, he did not want 

to hear her complaint. 

Atkinson was incarcerated at the Riverhead Facility between December 2009 

and August 2010. Foti sexually assaulted Atkinson on an elevator shortly after she 

arrived at the Riverhead Facility. On that occasion, Foti was escorting Atkinson to 

the medical unit and, once the two were alone in the elevator, Foti pushed 

Atkinson, grabbed her hand, and put it on his exposed penis. Additionally, Foti 

made numerous sexually harassing comments to Atkinson and, on several 

occasions, touched his crotch in front of her while she attended meetings in the 

chapel. After the elevator incident, Foti again exposed himself to Atkinson in the 

law library approximately three or four times. According to Atkinson, she filed a 

formal grievance about Foti that, as she recalled, reported “the incident that [she] 

had with [Foti] in the elevator and [that she] need[ed] to speak to somebody 

immediately, that [she] was scared for [her]self and the other women in the 

facility.” Sealed App’x at 208-09. She submitted a written grievance to a 

corrections officer, and she saw him hand it to a sergeant. Atkinson also tried to 

report Foti’s sexual misconduct to Santacroce, who similarly told her, “[i]f you 
18

know what’s best for you, you will keep your f***ing mouth shut.” Id. at 210, 212-

13. According to Atkinson, after her conversation with Santacroce about Foti, she 

was subjected to retaliation. Specifically, the next time a family member visited, 

Atkinson and her visitor were searched, and from then on, she was only permitted 

box visits, a more restrictive visitation where no physical contact is allowed 

between the inmate and visitor. 

E. The 2011 to 2013 Internal Affairs Investigation and Report

Santacroce testified that, in September 2011, three or four different inmates 

reported to him that Foti behaved in a sexually inappropriate manner with female 

inmates. Santacroce reported the complaints to his supervisor, Sergeant 

Lundquist. Internal Affairs was then notified about the allegations of sexual 

harassment and sexual assault by Foti. Internal Affairs then took 18 months, from 

September 2011 to January 2013, to investigate the allegations of Foti’s misconduct 

and to issue its report. 

Based upon this investigation and the resulting 26-page report, Foti was 

found to have violated the Operations and Procedures Guide for Immoral 

Conduct and Conduct Detrimental to the Sheriff’s Office. Specifically, the 

investigation included interviews of Watts, Andes, and Culoso, during which they 
19

described Foti’s sexual harassment and sexual assaults.5 The report also included 

that Watts sent a letter to a District Attorney’s office chronicling how Foti had 

sexually assaulted her. For example, the report notes that Watts stated in the letter 

that Foti “unzipped his pants and pulled out his penis” and grabbed her right 

hand and “pressed it against his penis.” Id. at 134. Watts reported that this sexual 

assault happened on more than one occasion. Watts said in her interview that,

whenever she made a phone call in the Rehab Unit where Foti was posted, he said 

to her you “know[] the drill” and would insist she hold his penis while she made 

a call. Id. at 136. Andes told investigators that, in one instance, Foti put her hand 

on his penis outside of his pants, placed his hand on her vagina, and leaned in to 

kiss her. Culoso likewise shared with investigators that, when she was in the law 

library, Foti grabbed her around the waist and pulled her into his crotch area. 

Culoso explained that Foti was always “touchy feely” and made “several 

flirtatious” remarks to her. Id. at 141. Foti also told Culoso that, if she wanted to 

make a phone call, he “want[ed] something too.” Id. 

The Internal Affairs report also detailed that Foti met a former inmate after 

she was released from incarceration and had sex with her in exchange for money 

5 Viola, Lucente, and Atkinson were not interviewed by Internal Affairs as part of this 

investigation. 
20

in 2006. That former inmate also stated that, while she was incarcerated at the 

Riverhead Facility, she had seen Foti “touching himself while seated at his desk 

and [that] he would point out his erection to her.” Id. at 133. Another inmate 

referenced in the report said Foti was “very suggestive to the female inmates” and 

that he made them “uncomfortable.” Id. That same inmate told investigators that 

Foti would look up female inmates’ information on the computer to see their 

release date and then offer to drive them home. The Alcoholics Anonymous 

counselor explained to investigators that Foti would remove female inmates 

during meetings and that she felt like “something was going on” and that these 

inmates were “getting favors for something.” Id. at 138. Laton and Fisher reported 

to investigators that Foti was sexually inappropriate with female inmates and had 

once walked into a room where female inmates were changing even after Laton 

told him to stay out. The report uncovered allegations of persistent and egregious 

sexual misconduct by Foti; the instances listed above are by no means exhaustive

of what is included in the report but highlight only representative accounts of his 

behavior.

As part of the investigation, Internal Affairs inventoried the contents of 

Foti’s work locker and found pornography, printouts of female inmates’ criminal 
21

records, and inmates’ email addresses, as well as printouts of former female 

inmates’ social media pages, and a CD containing naked photos of individuals 

unrelated to the jail. 

Based upon this investigation, the January 2013 Internal Affairs report

found, inter alia, that: (1) Foti “violate[d] the Operations and Procedures Guide 

Section 103-76 Immoral Conduct for being in possession of pornographic images 

as well as erotic literature recovered from his locker”; and (2) Foti “violate[d] the 

Operations and Procedures Guide Section 103-102 Conduct Detrimental to the 

Sheriff[’]s Office for his actions outlined in this case file.” Id. at 147. The latter 

finding also related to the items found in Foti’s locker. The report noted the 

inability to corroborate the inmate allegations of sexual misconduct with 

documentary evidence within the Riverhead Facility, and Foti was not charged 

with any violations beyond those related to the contents of his locker. 

In January 2013, Foti retired after 25 years and received his pension benefits. 

Foti testified that his retirement had nothing to do with the Internal Affairs 

investigation, and that none of his supervisors ever spoke to him about any 

inappropriate behavior toward female inmates. Internal Affairs closed the 

investigation once Foti announced his retirement in late 2012. On December 5, 
22

2012, the Sheriff wrote a letter to Foti to accept his retirement effective January 3, 

2013. In the same letter, the Sheriff thanked Foti for his “dedicated services for the 

past twenty-five (25) years” and noted that Foti’s “professionalism and 

competence have certainly been assets to [the Sheriff’s] Office.” Id. at 217. 

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On March 28, 2013, five female inmates from the Riverhead Facility – Watts, 

Lucente, Atkinson, Culoso, and Andes – filed a complaint in the Eastern District 

of New York against Suffolk County, Foti, and Santacroce for violations of 

42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Foti subjected them to sexual assault, sexual 

harassment, and sexually degrading treatment, and that the other defendants 

failed to act in response to Foti’s known conduct. The Complaint asserted claims 

for (1) violations of their due process rights under the Fourth, Eighth, and 

Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution; (2) cruel and unusual 

punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment; and (3) violations of their 

Equal Protection rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. On January 19, 2017, 
23

the First Amended Complaint was filed, which added Viola as a plaintiff with 

respect to those claims. 

On August 22, 2017, following discovery, the district court granted Suffolk 

County’s motion for summary judgment in part and denied it in part. The district 

court granted the motion on municipal liability and dismissed the claims against 

the County of Suffolk and the Suffolk County Sheriff’s Department. The district 

court, although noting that “there is a question of fact as to whether plaintiffs told 

[Santacroce] that Foti sexually assaulted them,” stated that plaintiffs did not 

“adduce[] any evidence that McClurkin or Fisher knew about the sexual assaults.” 

Id. at 248 & n.11. The district court further concluded that testimony that Foti was 

an “accident waiting to happen” was unavailing because it was an “expression of 

potential” and “not a statement that something actually happened.” Id. at 248. 

The district court cited certain testimony from female inmates about Foti’s

conduct, namely that he had “inappropriate relations” with two female inmates, 

that he shared his sexual preferences and experiences with women, including 

experiences with his wife, with inmates, and that he was seen “massaging an 

inmate and walking in while inmates were undressing.” Id. at 248-49. The district 

court characterized this behavior as “surely disturbing” but concluded that it 
24

“d[id] not establish that Fisher knew that Foti committed sexual assault.” Id. at 

249. The district court further stated that even if McClurkin, Fisher, and 

Santacroce were aware that Foti sexually harassed and sexually assaulted female 

inmates, inaction by a few subordinate employees who lacked policymaking 

authority was insufficient as a matter of law to create municipal liability. Id. (citing 

Rubio v. County of Suffolk, No. 01-cv-1806, 2007 WL 2993833, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 9, 

2007), aff’d, 328 F. App’x 36 (2d Cir. 2009)). In reaching this conclusion, the district 

court explained that Fisher and Santacroce were not “anything other than line 

officers,” and plaintiffs had presented no evidence that they made binding policy 

or that someone with such policymaking authority had delegated such authority 

to them. Id. The district court also noted that, although McClurkin was of higher 

rank than Fisher and Santacroce, plaintiffs did not contend that she had 

policymaking authority either. Accordingly, the district court granted Suffolk 

County’s motion for summary judgment as to the municipal liability claim. 

Next, the district court dismissed the claims brought by Lucente and Culoso 

(including the claims against Foti and Santacroce individually) on statute of 

limitation grounds. The district court reasoned that, because neither Lucente nor

Culoso had alleged that Foti sexually assaulted them within three years of the 
25

filing of the complaint, their claims were time-barred. The district court rejected 

plaintiffs’ argument that the continuing violation doctrine should extend the 

limitations period for all of plaintiffs’ claims. Specifically, the district court 

explained that, because plaintiffs failed to establish a municipal policy to ignore 

Foti’s misconduct, the continuing violation doctrine did not apply. 

The district court also dismissed the claims brought by Viola because she 

failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as required by the PLRA. The 

district court pointed out that Viola had not alleged “more than a generalized fear 

of retaliation” and she did not “claim that she was threatened or warned about 

filing a grievance.” Id. at 254. The district court further concluded that, because 

Viola did not demonstrate a connection between the beating of another inmate and 

her inability to report a grievance, “the grievance procedure was available to her, 

and her failure to exhaust the administrative remedies is not excused.” Id.

Following the summary judgment decision, the remaining claims brought 

by Watts, Atkinson, and Andes against Foti and Santacroce were scheduled to 
26

proceed to trial. However, those parties settled before trial and their claims were 

voluntarily dismissed. 

Plaintiffs moved for reconsideration of the August 22, 2017 decision. On 

November 2, 2017, the district court denied the motion for reconsideration. 

Plaintiffs timely appealed both the August 22, 2017 decision dismissing their 

claims, and the November 2, 2017 decision denying their motion for 

reconsideration. 

III. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review 

We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Rubens v. 

Mason, 527 F.3d 252, 254 (2d Cir. 2008). A motion for summary judgment may be 

granted only “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 56(a). A “genuine issue” exists and summary judgment is therefore 

improper “where the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could decide in the 

non-movant’s favor.” Beyer v. County of Nassau, 524 F.3d 160, 163 (2d Cir. 2008). 

In reviewing a district court’s grant of summary judgment, we must “construe the 

facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and must resolve all 
27

ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the movant.” Id. Summary 

judgment dismissing a claim “is inappropriate when the admissible materials in 

the record make it arguable that the claim has merit.” Kaytor v. Elec. Boat Corp., 

609 F.3d 537, 545 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).

B. Municipal Liability6

Plaintiffs principally argue that the district court’s decision to grant 

summary judgment on the Monell claim against Suffolk County was based upon 

the following errors regarding the factual record and the applicable law: (1) 

characterizing Foti’s conduct as the “isolated action of a rogue [] officer,” Sealed 

App’x at 249 (emphasis added); (2) excluding from consideration formal 

complaints regarding allegations of Foti’s misconduct that were sent to the Sheriff 

in the 1990s; (3) finding that plaintiffs did not show that a policymaker or 

designated policymaker had knowledge of Foti’s sexual misconduct; and (4) 

limiting the analysis to knowledge by supervisors of allegations of sexual assaults

by Foti, rather than also more broadly considering knowledge of allegations of 

6 Both the parties and the district court construed the municipal liability claim against the 

Suffolk County Sheriff’s Department, which is an administrative arm of Suffolk County, 

as being against Suffolk County (which also was separately named as a defendant), and 

we do so on appeal. 
28

sexual harassment and other misconduct by Foti towards female inmates. 

Appellants’ Br. at 33-37, 38-39, 41. 

We agree. As set forth below, construing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to plaintiffs, summary judgment on the Monell claim was unwarranted 

because there was sufficient evidence in the record to create a material issue of 

disputed fact as to whether supervisory officials at the Riverhead Facility 

consistently ignored Foti’s widespread pattern of sexual assaults and sexual 

harassment of female inmates, such that it constructively supported the inference 

that policymakers, at the very least, had a custom or practice of acquiescing to 

Foti’s sexual misconduct. 

“To hold a [municipality] liable under § 1983 for the unconstitutional actions 

of its employees, a plaintiff is required to plead and prove three elements: (1) an 

official policy or custom that (2) causes the plaintiff to be subjected to (3) a denial 

of a constitutional right.” Wray v. City of New York, 490 F.3d 189, 195 (2d Cir. 2007) 

(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted); see Monell, 436 U.S. at 690-91. 

“[A] municipality cannot be made liable [under § 1983] by application of the 

doctrine of respondeat superior,” Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 478 

(1986), but rather the plaintiff must “demonstrate that, through its deliberate 
29

conduct, the municipality was the moving force behind the alleged injury,” Roe v. 

City of Waterbury, 542 F.3d 31, 37 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Under Monell, “[o]fficial municipal policy includes the decisions of a 

government’s lawmakers, the acts of its policymaking officials, and practices so

persistent and widespread as to practically have the force of law.” Connick v.

Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61 (2011). Such a policy “may be pronounced or tacit and 

reflected in either action or inaction.” Cash v. County of Erie, 654 F.3d 324, 334 (2d 

Cir. 2011). A municipality’s “‘policy of inaction’ in light of notice that its program 

will cause constitutional violations ‘is the functional equivalent of a decision by 

the [municipality] itself to violate the Constitution.’” Connick, 563 U.S. at 61-62 

(quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 395 (1989) (O’Connor, J., concurring 

in part and dissenting in part)).

In order to establish Monell liability based upon a “persistent and 

widespread” practice by a subordinate municipal employee (or employees) other 

than a policymaker, the employee’s unconstitutional conduct must be “so manifest 

as to imply the constructive acquiescence of senior policy-making officials.” 

Sorlucco v. N.Y.C. Police Dep’t, 971 F.2d 864, 870-71 (2d Cir. 1992) (citing City of St. 

Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 130 (1988); Krulik v. Bd. of Educ. of the City of N.Y., 
30

781 F.2d 15, 23 (2d Cir. 1986)). In other words, there must be “sufficient instances 

of tolerant awareness by supervisors of abusive conduct to support an inference 

that they had a policy, custom or usage of acquiescence in such abuse.” Jones v. 

Town of East Haven, 691 F.3d 72, 82 (2d Cir. 2012); see also Batista v. Rodriguez, 702 

F.2d 393, 397 (2d Cir. 1983) (acknowledging that inaction may lead to municipal 

liability for the “persistent failure to discipline subordinates who violate civil 

rights” as it can “give rise to an inference of an unlawful municipal policy of 

ratification of unconstitutional conduct within the meaning of Monell”). It is only 

at that point that, although not expressly authorized, the unconstitutional conduct 

is so persistent and widespread that it can constitute a custom or usage of which a 

supervising policymaker must have been aware. See Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 

520 U.S. 397, 403-04 (1997). 

Within this well-settled legal framework, we proceed to analyze the record 

evidence in this case in the light most favorable to plaintiffs.

1. Severity and Scope of the Alleged Unconstitutional Conduct

First, in assessing whether it can be inferred that municipal policymakers 

acquiesced in unconstitutional conduct of a subordinate employee, it is important 

to analyze the severity and scope of the unconstitutional conduct by the employee
31

or multiple employees. See, e.g., Matusick v. Erie Cnty. Water Auth., 757 F.3d 31, 63

(2d Cir. 2014) (noting, in assessing municipal liability, that “the acts of 

discrimination and harassment alleged by [the plaintiff] were frequent and 

severe”). Here, the district court characterized Foti’s conduct as the “isolated 

action of a rogue [] officer.” Sealed App’x at 249. Although there was no evidence 

that officers other than Foti participated in the alleged sexual assaults and sexual 

harassment of female inmates, there was nothing “isolated” about his alleged 

misconduct at the Riverhead Facility. Putting aside the allegations from the 1990s 

contained in the Internal Affairs investigations and corresponding reports, the 

record includes testimony from six different female inmates – namely, the original 

plaintiffs in this case – who accused Foti of sexually assaulting and sexually 

harassing them at the Riverhead Facility. In addition to the alleged sexual assaults 

and sexual harassment of these six inmates over a period of approximately 18 

months, the record is replete with evidence of inappropriate touching and/or other 

sexual harassment of female inmates on a regular basis by Foti in or around that 

same timeframe. For example, Watts testified that Foti would visit the female tiers 

and flirt with the inmates and touch them inappropriately, and would regularly 

touch himself in front of the female inmates when they were in the Rehab Unit. 
32

Similarly, Lucente explained that, as female inmates passed by Foti in the Rehab 

Unit, he would block them so he could forcibly touch them on their arms, back, or 

anywhere he could reach. She characterized Foti’s inappropriate behavior in this 

regard as “relentless.” Redacted App’x at 248. Thus, this evidence and other 

similar information in the record suggests that Foti’s sexual harassment was open 

and notorious.

There were also statements by Laton of inappropriate behavior which the 

district court failed to view in the light most favorable to plaintiffs. In considering 

Laton’s testimony regarding Foti as an “accident waiting to happen” and being 

“overly friendly,” the district court dismissed this commentary as an “expression 

of potential” and not a statement about what actually happened. Sealed App’x at 

248. This is too narrow of a view given Laton’s overall description of Foti’s “overly 

friendly” behavior crossing the line. Redacted App’x at 223-24, 228; see also id. at

228 (“I didn’t feel comfortable working with him because of his – I felt he crossed 

the line with him being too friendly with the female inmates.”). In particular, 

Laton gave an example of Foti’s harassing behavior – caressing a female inmate’s 

arm during a mass service. Moreover, in her written statement, Laton described 

an incident in September 2011 in which Foti walked into an area where female 
33

inmates were undressing, even after Laton told Foti that the inmates were 

changing in that area. 

There was also testimony about Foti’s unusual practices within the jail that 

would allow a jury to rationally infer, in light of the entire record, that Foti created

opportunities to regularly engage in inappropriate behavior towards female 

inmates. For example, Laton stated that she observed Foti bring the same female 

inmates to the law library more often than was required, and that he would go to 

the female housing area to notarize documents even though no other officer did 

that. Fisher similarly testified that “Foti would call down the females out of turn 

and not follow the schedule,” and “would go up to the female floors and do 

[notarizations] instead of having [the inmates] come down to the law library.” 

Sealed App’x at 96. Watts testified that Foti used his notary visits to the female 

housing area and the law library (where they were not allowed to sign in) to 

sexually harass the female inmates. In particular, the allegations that Foti’s most 

egregious conduct often took place in the law library would corroborate the

accounts of multiple female inmates (including plaintiffs) of a pattern of sexual 

harassment and sexual assaults of female inmates by Foti.
34

In short, construing the evidence in the record most favorably to plaintiffs, 

a rational jury could conclude that Foti’s sexual misconduct against the female 

inmates (including sexual assaults, verbal harassment, and other inappropriate 

behavior) was not isolated, but rather was severe, persistent, and pervasive

conduct that was executed in a manner that would have been difficult to conceal 

from supervisory personnel at the Riverhead Facility, including policymakers. See 

Matusick, 757 F.3d at 63 (“[B]ased on the pervasiveness of the harassment and the 

lack of response, the jury could reasonably have found that [the Director of the 

County Water Authority’s] inaction and acquiescence to the harassment that [the 

plaintiff] suffered allowed the harassment to become the custom and practice, if 

not the policy, of the [County Water Authority].”) Thus, the evidence regarding 

the severity and scope of Foti’s misconduct towards female inmates, in 

combination with the evidence of awareness of various aspects of that sexual

misconduct by multiple Suffolk County employees within the Riverhead Facility 

(discussed infra), provides strong support (if credited by the jury) for plaintiffs’ 

municipal liability claim. 
35

2. 1990s Internal Affairs Investigations of Foti’s Misconduct

With respect to the policymakers’ awareness of Foti’s misconduct, plaintiffs 

sought to demonstrate actual knowledge by a policymaker – namely, the Suffolk 

County Sheriff at the Riverhead Facility – of Foti’s sexually inappropriate behavior

based upon five formal complaints that were filed against Foti with Internal 

Affairs at the Riverhead Facility in the 1990s.7 Plaintiffs note that each of these 

formal investigations about Foti was sent to the Sheriff who thus had actual notice 

of these incidents through these reports.

In concluding that this evidence has no probative value regarding whether 

the Sheriff was on notice of Foti’s misconduct, the district court noted three of the 

reports – namely, (1) 

 (2) Foti’s 

ex-girlfriend’s report in 1997 that he sexually harassed her; and (3) Foti’s exfiancée’s report that he harassed her between April 1998 and August 1998 – 

“hav[e] nothing to do with inmates or incidents at the jail where Foti worked.” 

Sealed App’x at 264. The district court further explained, with respect to these 

three reports, that “[b]ecause these reports do not involve inmates, they cannot 

7 The district court found that the Sheriff had policymaking authority at the Riverhead 

Facility, and defendants do not dispute that finding on appeal. 
36

establish that the Sheriff knew about—and ignored—any incidents of Foti sexually 

harassing inmates.” Id. As to the remaining two reports, which do involve 

inmates, the district court concluded that the reports do not make reference to 

misconduct of a sexual nature, and thus could not be used to support any 

awareness by the Sheriff of Foti sexually assaulting or harassing inmates. 

Although the district court correctly identified some of the weaknesses and

ambiguities of this category of proof as it relates to notice, we do not agree that it 

has no probative value on that issue when viewed in the light most favorable to 

plaintiffs, especially when examined in the context of the entire record.

First, the fact that three of these reports of sexual assault or sexual 

harassment by Foti were not alleged to have involved inmates or to have occurred 

at the Riverhead Facility does not mean that they would be irrelevant to his 

continued employment or to an investigation of alleged similar misconduct by Foti 

at the Riverhead Facility itself. As this Court has previously articulated, off-duty 

conduct can be relevant for establishing municipal liability. See Vann v. City of New 

York, 72 F.3d 1040, 1051 (2d Cir. 1995). The potential relevance of these off-duty 

allegations to this case was highlighted by the testimony of Internal Affairs 

investigator Theresa Pisciotta, in which she acknowledged that Foti’s indictment 
37

in the 1990s (with his ex-fiancée’s minor daughter as the alleged victim) would 

have been relevant to her investigation into Foti’s overall sexual misconduct even 

many years later. 

Second, with respect to the Internal Affairs reports involving female 

inmates, a jury could reasonably infer that those reports, although not a model of 

clarity, related to inappropriate sexual misconduct with female inmates. With 

respect to the 1992 report regarding movement of a female inmate, Foti twice 

engaged in misconduct by failing to enter inmate movements in the logbook in 

connection with his removal of a female inmate from her housing unit for the 

purpose of cleaning the cellblock. Foti testified that he was accused of “do[ing]

inappropriate things” with that inmate. Sealed App’x at 87. The investigation was 

closed with Foti receiving a Letter of Reprimand for failing to make logbook 

entries. Given that Foti was not asked to describe the nature of the alleged 

“inappropriate things” he was accused of doing with the female inmate, the 

district court concluded it had no relevance on the issue of notice in this case 

because “[t]here is no reason . . . to assume that the ‘inappropriate things’ Foti 

referred to were sexual.” Id. at 265. With respect to the separate report in 1995 

documenting an “allegation of fraternizing with an inmate” which was closed 
38

with a “letter of warning and cautioning” to Foti, id. at 234, the district court 

similarly disregarded the report because the district court did “not agree with the 

plaintiffs that ‘fraternizing’ is the equivalent of sexual harassment,” id. at 265. We 

do not believe that the potential relevance of these reports on the issue of notice 

can simply be cast aside because of these ambiguities. As an initial matter, we 

conclude that a jury could rationally infer – from Foti’s description of being 

accused of doing “inappropriate things” with a female inmate and in light of the 

other evidence in this case – that the 1992 investigation of that conduct involved 

sexually inappropriate conduct. Id. In any event, each instance of alleged prior 

misconduct with female inmates need not be identical to those alleged here, or 

even rise to the level of sexual harassment, to have probative value on the issue 

of whether the recipient of that information (including a policymaker) would have 

had at least some level of notice that the municipal employee was engaging in 

unconstitutional sexual harassment of female inmates, especially when combined 

with the other evidence in the record. 

Thus, we conclude that these reports, construed most favorably to plaintiffs 

and in the context of the entire record, are probative of whether the policymakers 

had prior notice of Foti’s alleged sexual misconduct toward female inmates, and 
39

their failure to properly investigate and act upon such notice. Notwithstanding 

the ambiguities in the record with respect to these incidents, plaintiffs should be 

able to ask the jury to rationally infer, especially by the time of the fifth report in 

1999, that these reports collectively put the Sheriff on notice that Foti was the 

subject of serious allegations of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and 

inappropriate behavior toward female inmates both on-duty and off-duty, and 

that those allegations were not sufficiently investigated and addressed in order to 

ensure the future safety of female inmates at the Riverhead Facility. 

In reaching this conclusion, we emphasize that this proof was not the 

cornerstone of plaintiffs’ evidence with respect to their attempt to prove the 

existence of a municipal policy or custom of acquiescing to unconstitutional 

conduct by Foti toward female inmates. Instead, the bulk of plaintiffs’ evidence 

(as discussed in detail infra) related to establishing that there was widespread 

knowledge among supervisors at the Riverhead Facility of Foti’s sexual 

misconduct towards female inmates from 2009 to 2011 (when plaintiffs were 

incarcerated there), and that corresponding inaction by those supervisors 

provided a basis for concluding that the Riverhead Facility’s policymakers, who 

ran the facility, had constructive notice of the misconduct. However, even in that 
40

context, plaintiffs should be able to utilize these reports from the 1990s as 

background to attempt to demonstrate that the Sheriff’s lack of response to the 

earlier allegations against Foti evidenced the beginning of a policy or custom of 

inaction and acquiescence that continued for well over a decade, which thereby 

placed female inmates at risk of subsequent unconstitutional conduct that is now 

alleged to have occurred years later with respect to the plaintiffs at the same 

Riverhead Facility. It is squarely within the province of the jury to decide, in 

determining municipal liability, what weight this evidence should receive on the 

issue of a policymaker’s actual or constructive notice of the unconstitutional 

conduct in light of all the evidence in this case.

3. Evidence of Supervisory Awareness of Foti’s Conduct

The district court also determined that plaintiffs’ evidence of awareness by 

employees and supervisory officials at the Riverhead Facility of Foti’s misconduct 

was insufficient as a matter of law to establish municipal liability by 

demonstrating that Suffolk County had a persistent and widespread practice of 

ignoring Foti’s sexual harassment of female inmates. We disagree. Even assuming 

no direct evidence existed that any policymakers were aware of Foti’s sexual 

misconduct towards female inmates in the 2009-2011 timeframe, we conclude that 
41

the evidence in the record of awareness of such misconduct by supervisory nonpolicymakers was sufficient to raise disputed factual issues that preclude 

summary judgment on this claim.

Complaints by plaintiffs and other female inmates regarding sexual 

misconduct by Foti towards female inmates reached multiple Suffolk County 

officials at the Riverhead Facility with an investigatory and/or supervisory 

function regarding such allegations. The Riverhead Facility employee who was 

alleged to have had the most extensive knowledge of Foti’s sexual misconduct 

against female inmates was Santacroce. According to Santacroce, he was an 

investigator who was appointed by the Sheriff to manage internal security, which 

consisted of ensuring the safety and security of the Riverhead Facility, including 

inmates. In opposition to defendants’ summary judgment motion, plaintiffs 

pointed to their testimony, as well as that of other witnesses, that Santacroce was 

made aware on multiple occasions of Foti’s sexual assaults and sexual harassment 

of female inmates and took no action, and in fact often retaliated against the inmate 

for complaining. For example, Lucente testified that, when she complained to 

Santacroce about Foti’s brutal sexual assault of her, Santacroce ignored her 

complaint and simply told her to return to her housing unit. Lucente further 
42

testified that Santacroce not only dismissed Lucente’s plea for help, but also

reprimanded her for coming forward by putting her in the maximum security unit. 

Similarly, Watts testified that, when she reported Foti’s assaults to Santacroce, he 

responded, “[S]uck it up, it’s jail.” Sealed App’x at 10-11. Atkinson likewise

testified that she tried to report Foti’s sexual harassment and sexual assault to 

Santacroce, who in turn responded, “If you know what’s best for you, you will 

keep your f***ing mouth shut.” Redacted App’x at 212-13. And Andes testified 

that she approached Santacroce about Foti but he “shut [her] down” and told her 

that, unless she was reporting information about drugs at the Riverhead Facility, 

he did not wish to hear what she had to say. Id. at 150-51. 

The parties vigorously dispute Santacroce’s level of responsibility at the 

Riverhead Facility, with plaintiffs arguing that he was the Head of Security based 

upon testimony adduced by them, and Suffolk County countering that he was 

only an investigator. This dispute, however, is not dispositive with respect to the 

Monell claim because there is also substantial evidence that allegations of Foti’s 

alleged sexual misconduct were reported to various supervisory personnel by 

both female inmates and other Suffolk County employees.
43

Sergeant Fisher was Foti’s supervisor and, according to Foti, was designated 

as the sexual harassment officer at the Riverhead Facility. Suffolk County does 

not appear to contest that designation, but rather disputes that such a designation 

makes her a policymaker. See Appellees’ Br. at 23. The record contains evidence 

of a number of instances in which Fisher received allegations of Foti fraternizing 

with female inmates, improperly touching them, and engaging in inappropriate 

relations with them, as well as making improper sexual comments towards them. 

For example, Fisher testified that, at some point prior to September 2011, an inmate 

reported that she believed Foti was having “inappropriate relations” with two 

female inmates. Sealed App’x at 94-95. Another inmate also told Fisher that Foti 

was “too touchy feely” with the female inmates, that he was a “pig,” and that she 

did not want to work in an area with him. Id. at 99. Fisher testified that, at a 

weekly women’s group where the female inmates could discuss various personal 

matters, an inmate told her that Foti would share his sexual preferences and 

experiences with women, including his experiences with his wife. On a separate 

occasion, another corrections officer reported to Fisher that she observed Foti 

massaging a female inmate. Fisher even admitted that she was aware that Foti’s 

supervisors “had to correct [his behavior] so many times it was like being a mother 
44

. . . you would be frustrated sometimes and just say, okay, you gotta stop.” Id. at 

106.

According to Fisher, she reported to her supervisor, Lieutenant McClurkin,

several of the verbal complaints she received regarding Foti’s inappropriate 

behavior and practices with respect to female inmates, including: (1) the complaint 

by an inmate, at some point prior to September 2011, that she believed Foti was 

having inappropriate relations with two female inmates; (2) Foti massaging the 

shoulders of a female inmate; (3) Foti’s practice of calling down female inmates 

out of rotation to the law library and not following the schedule; and (4) Foti’s

practice of visiting the female inmates’ tiers to notarize documents, rather than 

following the standard procedure of notarizing documents in the law library. 

Laton also testified that she reported her concerns about Foti’s conduct to not only 

Fisher, but McClurkin as well. 

Fisher acknowledged receiving complaints about Foti’s behavior and 

testified that she took some remedial action to address them. For example, Fisher

testified, upon learning of the complaint that Foti might be having inappropriate 

relations with female inmates, she called Foti into her office to discuss the 

allegations of the inappropriate behavior, but Foti completely denied them. 
45

According to Fisher, when she learned about Foti’s irregular procedures with 

female inmates regarding the law library, she and McClurkin told Foti he could no 

longer bring down female inmates to the library out of schedule; Foti said that

instruction was “ridiculous” and that he “could decide when and who he wants 

to bring down.” Id. at 96. According to Fisher, she also was present when 

McClurkin yelled at Foti for massaging an inmate’s shoulders. Foti denied ever 

being confronted by a supervisor about inappropriate conduct towards female 

inmates. Id. at 83 (“Q. Did anyone ever tell you that you made any of the inmates

feel uncomfortable? A. Never. Q. You never heard that from any of your 

supervisors? A. No. Q. Did any of your supervisors ever tell you that they 

believed you were acting in an inappropriate fashion? A. No.”).

The district court found this evidence of supervisory knowledge and 

inaction insufficient to preclude summary judgment for two primary reasons. 

First, the district court noted that, regardless of any knowledge of Foti’s sexual 

harassment of female inmates, plaintiffs had no evidence “that McClurkin or 

Fisher knew about the sexual assaults.” Id. at 248 (emphasis added). Second, the 

district court noted that there was no evidence that Santacroce, Fisher, or 

McClurkin had policymaking authority or had been delegated such authority by 
46

an individual with power to do so. Id. at 249-50. However, neither of those 

conclusions would support summary judgment on this claim given all the 

evidence in the record from which, when construed most favorably to plaintiffs, a 

rational jury could conclude municipal liability exists. 

As an initial matter, although there was no evidence that Fisher or 

McClurkin were aware of the alleged sexual assaults by Foti of several female 

inmates, there was evidence that supervisory officials were placed on notice that

two separate inmates were asserting that Foti had sexually assaulted them. Culoso 

testified that, a few days after Culoso’s mother called the Riverhead Facility to 

complain about Foti’s sexual assault of Culoso, an unnamed lieutenant visited 

Culoso in her housing unit and, after she recounted what Foti had done to her, the 

lieutenant advised her not to pursue a grievance against Foti. In addition, even 

though the district court stated that no formal grievances were filed, Atkinson 

testified that she filed a formal grievance about Foti’s sexual assault and sexual 

harassment of her, which was never addressed by Suffolk County. Although there 

does not appear to be documentation of that grievance in the record, the lack of 

any documentation on this issue does not allow Atkinson’s testimony to be 

discounted in assessing whether there is sufficient proof to overcome a summary 
47

judgment motion. See Danzer v. Norden Sys., Inc., 151 F.3d 50, 57 (2d Cir. 1998)

(concluding that “self-serving” affidavit alone created issue of fact precluding 

summary judgment). Thus, plaintiffs did adduce evidence that supervisory 

officials within the Riverhead Facility were made aware of allegations of Foti’s 

sexual assaults on at least two female inmates. Moreover, Fisher was aware of 

allegations that Foti massaged an inmate’s shoulders, and Foti admitted to such 

conduct, but claimed he did not think of it as inappropriate. 

In any event, neither Fisher, McClurkin, nor any other supervisory 

employee need have been aware of a sexual assault to place them on notice as to 

Foti’s unconstitutional conduct towards female inmates; rather, it is well-settled 

that sexual harassment also violates the Equal Protection Clause. See Gierlinger v. 

N.Y. State Police, 15 F.3d 32, 34 (2d Cir. 1994) (“Section 1983 liability can be imposed 

upon individual employers, or responsible supervisors, for failing properly to 

investigate and address allegations of sexual harassment when through this 

failure, the conduct becomes an accepted custom or practice of the employer.”); 

see also Matusick, 757 F.3d at 62 (“A custom or policy of harassment and other 

discriminatory acts giving rise to hostile work environment claims can form the 

basis of section 1983 claims.”). Here, plaintiffs assert that Suffolk County’s custom 
48

of ignoring allegations of sexual assault and sexual harassment caused them to be 

subject to both forms of such unconstitutional conduct by Foti. Thus, the evidence 

in the record regarding awareness by Fisher, McClurkin, and other supervisory 

personnel at the Riverhead Facility of sexual harassment of female inmates by Foti 

can and should be considered in determining whether a Suffolk County

policymaker was on notice as to Foti’s unconstitutional conduct.

The same is true with respect to evidence of knowledge and inaction by 

multiple supervisors regarding Foti’s pattern of fraternizing with the female 

inmates. The fact that Suffolk County Correctional Facility’s Harassment Policy 

strictly forbids corrections officers from fraternizing with the female inmates 

demonstrates a recognition of the inherent safety risk of such fraternization to 

female inmates. See Redacted App’x at 253 (“Members of the Correction Division 

shall be forbidden to fraternize or converse with inmates on a personal basis. . . .

They shall not discuss any subject non[-]conducive to the well-being of inmates as 

individuals or as a group.”). Therefore, although fraternizing with female inmates 

may not itself rise to the level of unconstitutional conduct by a corrections officer, 

knowledge of such conduct by multiple supervisors and indifference to it may be

highly probative, especially in the context of other evidence, as to (1) an awareness 
49

of an extremely high risk that female inmates may be unconstitutionally sexually 

harassed or sexually assaulted by that corrections officer, and as to (2) the existence 

of a custom of failing to protect inmates from such unconstitutional conduct. For 

example, in Cash v. County of Erie, we held that a practice of allowing guards to 

have unmonitored one-on-one interactions with inmates of a different sex could 

have been rationally considered by the jury in finding that a failure to preclude or 

monitor such interactions demonstrated a municipal policy of deliberate 

indifference to prisoner safety, which allegedly resulted in the rape of the plaintiff 

by a guard:

In concluding that trial evidence was legally insufficient . . . , the 

district court observed that a policy permitting unmonitored one-onone interactions between a guard and a prisoner of different sexes was 

not itself unconstitutional, and that the lack of prior sexual assaults by 

male guards of female prisoners failed to alert [the Sheriff] to the fact 

that such a policy posed a risk of rape to [the plaintiff]. We take no 

exception to the district court's first observation, but we cannot agree 

with its second.

654 F.3d at 336 (emphasis in original) (citation omitted). We further explained that 

the district court erred in reasoning that the prior instances of sexual activity 

between inmates and guards gave no indication that such activities were 

assaultive, because it “overlook[ed] the fact that, as a matter of New York state 

law, any sexual contact between a guard and a prisoner is deemed non-consensual 
50

due to the inherent power differential between guards and prisoners.” Id. at 337

(emphasis in original); see also J.K.J. v. Polk County, 960 F.3d 367, 381-82 (7th Cir. 

2020) (en banc) (“[The female inmates] were confined in circumstances where they 

depended on male guards for nearly everything in their lives—their safety as well 

as their access to food, medical care, recreation, and even contact with family 

members. With this authority and control for the guards came power and, in turn, 

access and opportunity to abuse it. It is difficult to conceive of any setting where 

the power dynamic could be more imbalanced than that between a male guard 

and a female inmate.” (quotation marks omitted)), petition for cert. filed, No. 20-427 

(U.S. Oct. 2, 2020). 

Similarly, in the instant case, to establish the County’s responsibility 

plaintiffs are not limited to relying on supervisors’ knowledge of sexual assaults 

by Foti against female inmates. Rather, the supervisors’ alleged inaction 

(including the failure to discipline Foti) in response to all of Foti’s alleged 

misconduct toward female inmates, including, for instance, Foti’s proscribed 

fraternization with inmates, can be probative of their awareness of Foti’s alleged 

sexual assault and sexual harassment of female inmates (even when the 

misconduct itself was not of a gravity or pervasiveness to be considered
51

unconstitutional). See Cash, 654 F.3d at 337 (“[K]nowledge that an established 

practice has proved insufficient to deter lesser [sexual] misconduct can be found 

to serve notice that the practice is also insufficient to deter more egregious 

misconduct.”); see also J.K.J., 960 F.3d at 382 (“A reasonable jury could have viewed 

the County’s learning of [a correctional officer’s] sexual exploitation of [the female 

inmate] as sounding an institutional alarm, making it highly predictable, if not 

certain, that a male guard would sexually assault a female inmate if the County 

did not act. By that point the risk was not only obvious, but blatantly so. To be 

certain, the accusations of [the corrections officer’s] reprehensible conduct fell 

short of rape. But it would be naive in the extreme to dismiss the misconduct as 

no more than boorish behavior or, more to it, providing no incremental notice of 

an obvious risk.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Gonzales v. Martinez, 403 

F.3d 1179, 1187 (10th Cir. 2005) (finding that, in connection with a claim that jail 

administrator sexually assaulted the plaintiff inmate, Sheriff’s knowledge of 

substantial risk of harm to inmates could be determined based upon, among other 

things, his “knowledge of reported risks to inmate health or safety, including the 

documented lapse of security in the control room, [and] complaints of sexual 

harassment and intimidation”).
52

The district court also erred in concluding that any evidence of knowledge 

of Foti’s misconduct by Fisher and McClurkin was insufficient as a matter of law 

to trigger municipal liability because neither of these Suffolk County employees 

was a legislatively authorized policymaker nor was delegated policymaking 

authority. The legal standard for Monell liability is not that narrow. As noted 

supra, the Supreme Court has made clear that, if a practice is “so persistent and 

widespread as to practically have the force of law,” Connick, 563 U.S. at 61, actual 

notice by the policymakers need not be proven. In Praprotnik, the Supreme Court 

explained the reasoning behind this theory of municipal liability:

[W]hatever analysis is used to identify municipal policymakers, 

egregious attempts by local governments to insulate themselves from 

liability for unconstitutional policies are precluded by a separate 

doctrine. Relying on the language of § 1983, the Court has long 

recognized that a plaintiff may be able to prove the existence of a 

widespread practice that, although not authorized by written law or 

express municipal policy, is so permanent and well settled as to 

constitute a “custom or usage” with the force of law. That principle, 

which has not been affected by Monell or subsequent cases, ensures 

that most deliberate municipal evasions of the Constitution will be 

sharply limited.

485 U.S. at 127 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). We therefore have 

held that “where senior personnel have knowledge of a pattern of constitutionally 

offensive acts by their subordinates but fail to take remedial steps, the 
53

municipality may be held liable for a subsequent violation if the superior’s 

inaction amounts to deliberate indifference or to tacit authorization of the 

offensive acts.” Turpin v. Mailet, 619 F.2d 196, 201 (2d Cir. 1980); see also Krulik, 781 

F.2d at 23 (“[A]n individual official’s acts can rise to the level of ‘policy’ when 

‘senior personnel’ knowingly ‘acquiesce’ in their subordinates’ behavior.”).

We recognize that, under this theory of Monell liability, “even if a policy can 

be inferred from omissions of a municipality, such as where it acquiesces in a 

pattern of illegal conduct, such a policy cannot be inferred from the failure of those 

in charge to discipline a single police officer for a single incident of illegality”; 

instead, there must be “more evidence of supervisory indifference, such as 

acquiescence in a prior pattern of conduct.” Turpin, 619 F.2d at 201-02. 

In the instant case, construing the evidence most favorably to plaintiffs, (1) 

a lieutenant was made aware of Foti sexually assaulting Culoso in or about 

January 2010; (2) Atkinson filed a formal complaint regarding Foti’s sexual assault 

of her in 2010; (3) at some point prior to September 2011, the sexual harassment 

officer (who was a sergeant) was made aware of Foti’s sexual harassment of female 

inmates and also knew that Foti’s supervisors “had to correct [his behavior] so 

many times it was like being a mother . . . you would be frustrated sometimes and 
54

just say, okay, you gotta stop,” Sealed App’x at 106; and (4) after she received that 

information, the sexual harassment officer reported some of the alleged 

misconduct to her supervisor (a lieutenant) on several occasions. Although there 

is some evidence that Foti was confronted about his sexual harassment, Foti 

denied that he was ever even approached about inappropriate behavior, and there 

is no evidence that the allegations of assaults were ever investigated. Thus, if 

plaintiffs’ evidence is credited, it would allow a jury to rationally find that, 

notwithstanding the awareness by supervisory personnel of these allegations of a 

pattern of misconduct by Foti towards female inmates, no action was taken in 

response to any of the inmates’ complaints. See Ricciuti v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 941 

F.2d 119, 123 (2d Cir. 1991) (concluding that an inference of a municipal policy can 

be drawn from circumstantial evidence, including “evidence that the municipality 

had notice of but repeatedly failed to make any meaningful investigation” into 

allegations of unconstitutional conduct). 

On this critical question, the existence of disputed material facts, which are 

unsuitable for resolution on summary judgment, is further highlighted by the 

evidence in the record of Internal Affairs reports from the 1990s outlining sexual 

misconduct and related inappropriate behavior by Foti towards female inmates, 
55

both on-duty and off-duty. Thus, given the totality of the evidence in this case, a 

jury should decide whether the supervisory personnel with such alleged 

knowledge are sufficiently senior, and whether the pattern of unconstitutional 

conduct by Foti and alleged inaction by supervisory personnel was sufficiently 

persistent and widespread, to allow an inference of policymaker acquiescence that 

would trigger Monell liability.8

Our conclusion on this issue is consistent with our other decisions 

addressing analogous factual circumstances. For example, in Matusick, in 

upholding a jury verdict, we held that there was a sufficient basis for finding 

Monell liability based upon the “pervasiveness of the harassment” and “the lack of 

response” from the municipality that could amount to “inaction and acquiescence 

to the harassment.” 757 F.3d at 63. In that case, the plaintiff’s complaints of 

harassment were not raised with a policymaker, but rather the Coordinator of

Employee Relations and the Director of Human Resources. Id. We concluded that 

the latter supervisor’s “high-level position . . . and her failure to address the 

harassment supports an inference that [the policymaker whom she reported to] 

8 Given this holding, we need not address plaintiffs’ alternative argument that Monell 

liability can be based upon record evidence that supports a finding that Fisher and 

Santacroce were policymakers. This of course does not prevent plaintiffs from 

attempting to establish that proposition in the proceedings on remand.
56

also knew of the harassment and allowed for the conduct to become the accepted 

custom or practice of the [municipality].” Id.; accord Doe 1 v. City of Chicago, No. 18 

C 3054, 2020 WL 1166222, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 11, 2020) (noting that, although there 

was no evidence that the policymaker was aware of sexual harassment of female 

paramedics, evidence of a “widespread practice of sex discrimination” precluded 

summary judgment on the Monell claim); DelGadillo v. Town of Cicero, No. 11 C 

7342, 2015 WL 1502410, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 27, 2015) (finding that, although the 

plaintiff failed to produce evidence that a policymaker had knowledge of 

harassment of a female firefighter, summary judgment was unwarranted on the 

Monell claim because of evidence of a “widespread policy or practice of tolerating 

discrimination and harassment”); see also Doe C.D. v. Career Tech. Ctr. of Lackawanna 

Cnty., No. CV 3:20-0088, 2020 WL 1165837, at *22 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 11, 2020) (denying 

motion to dismiss Monell claim where it was alleged that administrators were 

aware of a teacher’s “open and widespread sexual abuse and harassment of his 

male minor students,” even though there was no allegation of actual knowledge 

of abuse by policymakers).

As in Matusick, plaintiffs here have presented evidence that raises genuine 

issues of material fact as to whether Suffolk County supervisory officials had 
57

knowledge of Foti’s alleged widespread unconstitutional conduct sufficient to 

create an official policy or custom of inaction through actual or constructive notice 

of (and constructive acquiescence to) that conduct. The district court erred in 

concluding otherwise.9

C. § 1983’s Statute of Limitations and the Continuing Violation 

Doctrine 

The district court also held that all of Lucente and Culoso’s claims under 

§ 1983, including their claims against individual defendants Foti and Santacroce, 

were time-barred. Specifically, the district court concluded that, because the 

Monell claim did not survive summary judgment, there was no discriminatory 

practice to which the continuing violation doctrine could apply. Moreover, the 

district court determined that neither Lucente nor Culoso had alleged any 

9 Suffolk County also contends that the lack of evidence of causation supports summary 

judgment. As an initial matter, Suffolk County failed to raise this causation issue in their 

summary judgment motion before the district court, and thus may not raise it on appeal. 

See Greene v. United States, 13 F.3d 577, 586 (2d Cir. 1994) (“[I]t is a well-established general 

rule that an appellate court will not consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal.”). 

In any event, we find that argument unpersuasive. For purposes of a § 1983 claim under 

Monell, a plaintiff must demonstrate a “direct causal link between a municipal policy or 

custom and the alleged constitutional deprivation.” Canton, 489 U.S. at 385. This 

standard, which is described later in Canton as a requirement that the municipal policy 

“actually caused” the constitutional deprivation, id. at 391, supports liability here because 

there is more than sufficient evidence in the record from which a rational jury could 

conclude that the alleged failure by Suffolk County to address Foti’s pattern of sexual 

misconduct towards female inmates was an actual cause of some of Foti’s 

unconstitutional assaults and harassment of plaintiffs. Accordingly, summary judgment 

on the causation issue is also unwarranted.
58

unconstitutional act against them that occurred within the applicable limitations 

period. Because the continuing violation doctrine can apply to plaintiffs’ claims 

and because there is evidence that would allow the jury to conclude that at least 

some of Foti’s alleged unconstitutional conduct towards Lucente and Culoso

occurred within the limitations period, summary judgment should not have been 

granted on timeliness grounds.10

The statute of limitations for § 1983 actions arising in New York is three 

years. See Owens v. Okure, 488 U.S. 235, 250-51 (1989); Hogan v. Fischer, 738 F.3d 

509, 517 (2d Cir. 2013). Here, plaintiffs filed their complaint on March 28, 2013; 

therefore, to be timely, Lucente and Culoso’s claims must have accrued on or after 

March 28, 2010. However, the threshold question is whether the continuing 

violation doctrine can be applied to Lucente’s and Culoso’s claims.

The continuing violation doctrine, where applicable, provides an “exception 

to the normal knew-or-should-have-known accrual date.” Harris v. City of New 

York, 186 F.3d 243, 248 (2d Cir. 1999). It applies to claims “‘composed of a series

of separate acts that collectively constitute one unlawful . . . practice.’” Washington 

v. County of Rockland, 373 F.3d 310, 318 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Nat'l R.R. Passenger 

10 Defendants did not argue in the district court, nor do they argue on appeal, that Viola’s 

claims were untimely.
59

Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 111 (2002)). The continuing violation doctrine thus 

applies not to discrete unlawful acts, even where those discrete acts are part of 

“serial violations,” but to claims that by their nature accrue only after the plaintiff 

has been subjected to some threshold amount of mistreatment. Morgan, 536 U.S. 

at 114-15. Accordingly, where the continuing violation doctrine applies, the 

limitations period begins to run when the defendant has “engaged in enough 

activity to make out an actionable . . . claim.” Id. at 117. A claim will be timely, 

however, only if the plaintiff “allege[s] . . . some non-time-barred acts” 

contributing to the violation. Harris, 186 F.3d at 250. Although the doctrine is 

utilized most often in connection with certain Title VII claims, its application is not 

limited to that context. This Court, for example, has applied the doctrine to 

various constitutional claims brought under § 1983. See, e.g., Fahs Constr. Grp., Inc. 

v. Gray, 725 F.3d 289, 291-92 (2d Cir. 2013) (applying doctrine to Equal Protection 

claim); see also Sherman v. Town of Chester, 752 F.3d 554, 566-67 (2d Cir. 2014) 

(applying doctrine to an unlawful takings claim); Shomo v. City of New York, 579 

F.3d 176, 182 (2d Cir. 2009) (applying doctrine to Eighth Amendment deliberate 

indifference claim). To trigger the continuing violation doctrine in the context of 

an Equal Protection claim, a plaintiff “must allege both the existence of an ongoing 
60

policy of discrimination and some non-time-barred acts taken in furtherance of 

that policy.” Fahs, 725 F.3d at 292 (internal quotation marks omitted). More 

specifically, as it relates to a Monell claim, a plaintiff “will need to allege the 

persistence of the municipal policy and non-time-barred acts indicating the 

acquiescence of policy-making officials in subordinates’ misconduct.” Shomo, 579 

F.3d at 185. 

As discussed supra, plaintiffs have presented sufficient evidence to create a 

genuine dispute of material fact as to the existence of an ongoing discriminatory 

policy by Suffolk County over several years (arguably decades) of ignoring and/or 

inadequately addressing Foti’s sexual misconduct with female inmates. 

Moreover, there is evidence that Foti’s persistent and widespread misconduct 

towards female inmates, as well as Suffolk County’s alleged policy of acquiescence 

with respect to that misconduct, continued well after March 28, 2010, and thus 

within the three-year statute of limitations period. For example, there is non-timebarred evidence that Foti sexual assaulted Andes in May or June 2010. Further, 

there is evidence within the limitations period that, consistent with Suffolk 

County’s alleged policy of acquiescence, Santacroce rejected Andes’s efforts to 

report Foti’s ongoing sexual misconduct. See, e.g., Redacted App’x at 151, 194 
61

(Andes’s sworn statement that, “a month or two” after Foti assaulted her in May 

or June 2010, she tried to report Foti’s misconduct to Santacroce, but was told 

“[u]nless [she] was in his office to give him information about drugs being brought 

in, he didn’t want to hear anything [she] had to say”). In short, construing the 

evidence in the record most favorably to plaintiffs, a rational jury could find, under 

the continuing violation doctrine, “the persistence of the municipal policy and 

non-time-barred acts indicating the acquiescence of policy-making officials in 

subordinates’ misconduct.” Shomo, 579 F.3d at 185.

The continuing violation doctrine can also apply to Lucente’s and Culoso’s

separate § 1983 claims against individual defendants Foti and Santacroce as long 

as each plaintiff alleged an unconstitutional act committed by each particular 

defendant that falls within the three-year statutory period. See id. at 183 (“The 

continuing violation doctrine does not apply to the claim against [the individual 

defendant] because there is no indication that [the plaintiff] is able to allege acts 

involving [that defendant] that fall within the three-year statutory period.”). On 

that issue, we disagree with the district court’s determination that “neither 
62

Lucente nor Culoso allege[d] that Foti assaulted them after March 28, 201[0].”11 

Sealed App’x at 251. Culoso testified that Foti sexually harassed and sexually 

assaulted her during the course of her incarceration at the Riverhead Facility, 

which spanned from August 2009 through December 2010. In her deposition, 

Culoso testified that the sexual assault occurred in the law library about two weeks 

before she left the Riverhead Facility, and her departure took place in December 

2010, which would place this alleged unconstitutional act within the limitations 

period. Defendants note that, at other points in her deposition, Culoso testified 

that the sexual assault occurred in January 2010. The inconsistencies in the 

deposition testimony regarding the date, however, should not be resolved in 

defendants’ favor on their summary judgment motion, but rather pose a credibility 

issue that should be resolved at trial. See Patrick v. LeFevre, 745 F.2d 153, 160 (2d 

Cir. 1984) (concluding that conflicting testimony in a deposition should not be 

resolved on summary judgment). In other words, construing the testimony most 

favorably to Culoso as we are required to do on a motion for summary judgment, 

there exists, at the very least, a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the 

11 The district court opinion included a typographical error, which referenced the 

commencement of the statute of limitations period as March 28, 2013, but the correct year 

is 2010. 
63

alleged sexual assault occurred within the statute of limitations period. In any 

event, separate from the alleged sexual assault, Culoso also testified to persistent 

and ongoing sexual harassment by Foti during her time at the Riverhead Facility 

until December 2010. Specifically, Culoso testified to Foti’s growling and clawing 

at her in a sexual manner each time he saw her during her entire time at the 

Riverhead Facility, and that such conduct occurred “all the time.” Sealed App’x

at 182. That ongoing sexual harassment, if proven to have continued into the 

limitations period, could also provide a separate basis for a timely claim under the 

continuing violation doctrine. Therefore, given these disputed issues of fact, 

Culoso’s claims should not have been dismissed as untimely on summary 

judgment.

Similarly, the district court should not have dismissed Lucente’s claims as 

barred by the statute of limitations. Lucente testified that Foti’s sexual harassment 

against her was persistent and ongoing until she left the Riverhead Facility in July 

2010. For example, Lucente testified that Foti would open his legs, rub his crotch, 

wag his tongue, and growl at her up until the time she left the Riverhead Facility, 

and she characterized that conduct as “relentless.” Redacted App’x at 248. 

Because Lucente proffered sufficient evidence of sexually harassing acts by Foti 
64

that a rational jury could find fell within the statute of limitations period, her 

claims against him individually, like the Monell claim, should not have been 

dismissed on summary judgment. 

In sum, because there is evidence upon which the continuing violation 

doctrine can apply as to all of the § 1983 claims in this case, and because there is 

evidence of a sexual assault and/or sexual harassment by Foti against Lucente and 

Culoso within the limitations period, their claims should not have been dismissed 

as untimely on summary judgment, and must proceed to trial.12

D. The PLRA and Failure to Exhaust on Viola’s Claims

Finally, the district court dismissed Viola’s claims for failure to exhaust 

under the PLRA. Although it was undisputed that Viola never filed a grievance, 

Viola argues that she satisfied the exhaustion requirement because the 

12 Although defendants do not separately argue that the individual claims against 

Santacroce are untimely, the Court concludes that summary judgment on those claims on 

timeliness grounds is also unwarranted. As noted above, there is evidence in the record 

that, during the limitations period, Santacroce furthered Foti’s unconstitutional conduct 

by, among other things, retaliating against female inmates who complained of sexual 

harassment by Foti. For example, Atkinson testified that she was told by Santacroce: “If 

you know what’s best for you, you will keep your f***ing mouth shut.” Sealed App’x at 

210. Atkinson testified that this encounter with Santacroce occurred after Foti assaulted 

Andes, which Andes stated occurred in May or June 2010. Thus, Santacroce’s alleged 

retaliation against complaining inmates within the limitations period could be found by 

a jury to have facilitated Foti’s ongoing sexual harassment of Lucente, Culoso, and others 

and provided a basis for personal liability against him under § 1983. See Graham v. 

Henderson, 89 F.3d 75, 80 (2d Cir. 1996).
65

administrative process was unavailable to her due to defendants’ intimidation and 

retaliation. Given the lack of any evidence that the administrative process was 

unavailable to Viola due to threats or any other form of intimidation, we agree 

with the district court that the PLRA bars Viola’s claim. 

The PLRA was enacted to “curtail what Congress perceived to be inmate 

abuses of the judicial process.” Ortiz v. McBride, 380 F.3d 649, 658 (2d Cir. 2004). 

The PLRA states that “[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison 

conditions under section 1983 . . . , or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined 

in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies 

as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The PLRA requires “proper 

exhaustion” of administrative remedies, meaning exhaustion in “compliance with 

an agency’s deadlines and other critical procedural rules.” Woodford v. Ngo, 

548 U.S. 81, 90-91 (2006); see also Macias v. Zenk, 495 F.3d 37, 44 (2d Cir. 2007). 

However, prisoners are exempt from the exhaustion requirement when 

administrative remedies are “unavailable.” Ross v. Blake, 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1858

(2016). An administrative procedure may be unavailable when (1) “‘it operates as 

a simple dead end—with officers unable or consistently unwilling to provide any 

relief to aggrieved inmates’”; (2) it is “‘so opaque that it becomes, practically 
66

speaking, incapable of use’”; or (3) “‘when prison administrators thwart inmates 

from taking advantage of a grievance process through machination, 

misrepresentation, or intimidation.’” Williams v. Priatno, 829 F.3d 118, 123-24, 123

n.2 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859-60). We have held that “[t]he 

test for deciding whether the ordinary grievance procedures were available must 

be an objective one: that is, would a similarly situated individual of ordinary 

firmness have deemed them available.” Hemphill v. New York, 380 F.3d 680, 688 

(2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted), abrogated on other grounds by Ross, 

136 S. Ct. at 1850). On this issue, we have noted that “threats or other intimidation 

by prison officials may well deter a prisoner of ‘ordinary firmness’ from filing an 

internal grievance, but not from appealing directly to individuals in positions of 

greater authority within the prison system, or to external structures of authority 

such as state or federal courts.” Id. 

We note that, although there is evidence that other plaintiffs faced 

retaliation for complaining about Foti’s conduct towards them, there is no 

evidence that Viola was ever made aware of any of those instances of alleged 

retaliation. Here, Viola has alleged no more than a generalized fear of retaliation

which is insufficient as a matter of law to support a finding that the grievance 
67

process was unavailable in order to overcome herfailure to exhaust administrative 

remedies under the PLRA. Viola asserts that she was afraid to report Foti’s 

conduct because of her fear of the ongoing danger of being further sexually 

assaulted and sexually harassed by Foti, and because she had learned about the 

beating of a female inmate at the Riverhead Facility by at least two corrections 

officers.13 As to the latter concern, Viola stated that, sometime in March 2010, she 

learned from several inmates that corrections officers broke that female inmate’s

nose, knocked out her two front teeth, and then attempted to cover up the abuse. 

However, neither of those fears related to threats or intimidation in 

connection with the grievance process itself. Viola was never threatened, or even 

warned, by Foti or anyone else, not to complain or file a grievance, and Viola did 

not attempt to report Foti’s misconduct to any official. Foti’s alleged sexual 

harassment and sexual assault of Viola, as serious as those allegations are, would 

13 Suffolk County notes that Viola testified that she was unaware of the grievance process 

at the Riverhead Facility but that, if she had known about it, she would not have filed a 

grievance because of fear of retaliation. Suffolk County thus contends that, “[s]ince Viola 

has admitted that she was unaware of a grievance process at the jail, any claim that she 

was deterred from filing a grievance based upon a generalized fear is wholly 

speculative.” Appellees’ Br. at 42. However, because Hemphill utilizes an objective test 

for determining the availability of the grievance process, and that test is not satisfied here, 

we need not address this alternative argument that a plaintiff must have been aware of 

the grievance process in the first place in order to argue that her failure to exhaust that 

process was due to intimidation. 
68

not necessarily alone provide a legal basis to conclude that the entire grievance 

process was unavailable to Viola. To hold otherwise would allow any inmate who 

was claiming that a prison guard violated § 1983 based upon an act of violence or 

other hostile act in the jail to avoid the PLRA exhaustion requirement because of a 

generalized fear that any grievance or complaint could lead to more violence by 

that guard. Neither the Supreme Court nor this Court has ever interpreted 

unavailability of the grievance process to be applied so broadly, and such an 

interpretation would thwart the language and purpose of the PLRA. See generally 

McBride v. Lopez, 807 F.3d 982, 988 (9th Cir. 2015) (“There is no reason to allow 

inmates to avoid filing requirements on the basis of hostile interactions with 

guards when the interaction has no apparent relation to the use of the grievance 

system. Hostile interaction, even when it includes a threat of violence, does not 

necessarily render the grievance system ‘unavailable.’”). In the absence of 

evidence that the administrative remedies process is unavailable to inmates, the 

PLRA properly incentivizes inmates to seek remediation of their grievances 

through the prison system in the first instance, as prison officials are best situated 

to efficiently remedy those grievances without the need for protracted litigation.
69

With respect to Viola’s alleged awareness of the attack by corrections 

officers on another female inmate, we emphasize that a plaintiff inmate’s 

knowledge of threats or violence against another inmate by prison officials could 

plausibly constitute intimidation that would satisfy the objective standard where 

that conduct was based upon a grievance or complaint raised by that other inmate 

or could reasonably be viewed, in light of the full circumstances, as an attempt to 

silence that inmate or others. See, e.g., Rodriguez v. County of Los Angeles, 891 F.3d 

776, 793 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding that a reasonable fear of retaliation made the 

grievance process unavailable where, inter alia, a plaintiff filed a declaration 

stating that “he knew from his personal experience that other inmates had been 

beaten for filing grievances and that he had heard that anyone who complained 

about the beating that occurred during the cell extractions would face retaliation”). 

That is not the situation here. Viola has not demonstrated any connection 

between the alleged beating of another female inmate and her alleged inability to 

report Foti’s conduct. Viola did not contend that the alleged beating of a female 

inmate by the corrections officers was done in retaliation for the inmate attempting 

to utilize the grievance process or was part of an effort to silence the inmate from 

making a complaint of some type; rather, Viola stated in her affidavit that she 
70

understood that the inmate was beaten “because she disobeyed their instructions 

to go to court.” Redacted App’x at 49, 216. Therefore, that alleged violent act 

against another inmate, wholly unrelated to the grievance process or any attempt 

to intimidate an inmate from reporting abuse, does not provide grounds for 

excusing Viola’s failure to comply with the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement. See, 

e.g., McBride, 807 F.3d at 988 (“Although the threat need not explicitly reference 

the grievance system in order to deter a reasonable inmate from filing a grievance, 

there must be some basis in the record from which the district court could 

determine that a reasonable prisoner of ordinary firmness would have understood 

the prison official’s actions to threaten retaliation if the prisoner chose to utilize 

the prison’s grievance system.” (internal citation omitted)); see also Rinaldi v. United 

States, 904 F.3d 257, 267 (3d Cir. 2018) (“We agree that serious threats of substantial 

retaliation can trigger this third category of unavailability [under Ross], and thus 

join our Sister Circuits who have held, even before Ross, that administrative 

remedies are not ‘available’ under the PLRA where a prison official inhibits an 

inmate from resorting to them through serious threats of retaliation and bodily 

harm.” (citing Hemphill and other cases)). 
71

Given that Viola did not point to any evidence of intimidation that would 

have deterred a similarly situated individual of ordinary firmness from utilizing 

the grievance procedures at the Riverhead Facility, the district court properly 

dismissed her claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies under the 

PLRA. 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment as to Viola’s claims, but VACATE as to the dismissal of 

Lucente and Culoso’s claims against Suffolk County, Santacroce, and Foti, and 

REMAND the case to the district court for proceedings consistent with this 

opinion.