National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Natural Resource Program Center 

An Evaluation of Biological Inventory Data Collected 

at Cumberland Gap National Historical Park 

Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories 

Natural Resource Report NPS/CUPN/NRR—2010/182
ON THE COVER 

Clockwise beginning top left: eastern small-footed Myotis (Myotis leibii), green salamander (Aneides aeneus), 

deciduous forest, banded sculpin (Cottus Carolinae), and black bear (Ursus americanus). Photos courtesy of NPS 

cooperators (Copperhead Environmental Consulting, Inc., NatureServe, and Third Rock Consultants, LLC). 
An Evaluation of Biological Inventory Data 

Collected at Cumberland Gap National Historical 

Park 

Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories 

Natural Resource Report NPS/CUPN/NRR—2010/182 

Bill Moore 

Ecologist/Data Manager 

Cumberland Piedmont Network 

National Park Service 

P.O. Box 8 

Mammoth Cave, Kentucky 42259 

March 2010 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

National Park Service 

Natural Resource Program Center 

Fort Collins, Colorado 
The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that 

address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National 

Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and 

environmental constituencies, and the public. 

The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource 

management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse 

audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management 

applicability. 

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the 

information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended 

audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal 

peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, 

or reporting of the data. 

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report are those of 

the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. 

Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute 

endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. 

This report is available from the Cumberland Piedmont Network Inventory and Monitoring 

website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/units/CUPN) and the Natural Resource Publications 

Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM). 

Please cite this publication as: 

Moore, B. J. 2010. An evaluation of biological inventory data collected at Cumberland Gap 

National Historical Park: Vertebrate and vascular plant inventories. Natural Resource Report

NPS/CUPN/NRR—2010/182. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. 

NPS 380/101424, March 2010 

ii 
Contents 

Page 

Tables............................................................................................................................................. iv 

Abstract........................................................................................................................................... v 

Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 

Methods........................................................................................................................................... 1 

Results............................................................................................................................................. 2 

Discussion..................................................................................................................................... 17 

 Future Inventory Efforts .......................................................................................................... 18

 Monitoring ............................................................................................................................... 20

 Management............................................................................................................................. 22

 Climate Change........................................................................................................................ 24

 Summary of Management Findings and Recommendations ................................................... 25

Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 27 

Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary..................................................................................... 29 

Appendix B. Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List. ........................... 33 

Appendix C. Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) species-area 

comparisons with other Cumberland Piedmont Network (CUPN) parks. ................................... 69 

iii 
Tables 

Page 

Table 1. Count of vouchers and observations in NPSpecies.......................................................... 2 

Table 2. Count of vascular plants and vertebrate organisms.......................................................... 3 

Table 3. Count of birds and mammals by Abundance categories ................................................. 4 

Table 4. Count of Non-native organisms by taxa category............................................................ 4 

Table 5. Non-native plants, occurring on CUGA, with an Invasive Species Impact 

Rank (I-Rank) containing High ...................................................................................................... 6 

Table 6. Organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a park status of Present in Park 

or Probably Present, which are state listed, federally listed, and/or possess a state 

rank of S1 or S2. ............................................................................................................................. 8 

Table 7. Number of organisms designated as Present in Park or Probably Present 

in Cumberland Piedmont Network Parks ..................................................................................... 15 

Table 8. Summary of findings/recommendations assembled by CUPN staff for 

CUGA. .......................................................................................................................................... 26 

iv 
Abstract 

An important function of the National Park Service (NPS) is protecting and maintaining the 

biological diversity found within parks. In an effort to assist parks in documenting vascular 

plants and vertebrates, the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program (I&M) provided funding and 

technical assistance through its 32 I&M Networks. Cumberland Gap National Historical Park 

(CUGA) is within the Cumberland Piedmont Network (CUPN). In cooperation with CUGA, 

CUPN compiled existing information on vertebrates and vascular plants (i.e., species lists with 

related attribute and spatial data) and initiated additional field investigations in an effort to 

document at least 90% of the species of vertebrates (amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and 

reptiles) and vascular plants believed to occur on CUGA. All data were entered and certified in 

NPSpecies, the NPS master database for documenting species status. 

A total of 1,212 organisms were categorized as Present in Park (i.e., occurrence in park is 

documented) on CUGA’s Local List, with an additional 36 categorized as Probably Present (very 

high confidence of occurrence in park but undocumented). Based on the numbers in these two 

categories, 97% of CUGA’s vertebrates and vascular plants are documented. While this 

percentage is not exact (i.e., it will vary as additional information is gained), it is apparent that 

substantial gains have been made in documenting vertebrates and vascular plants on CUGA. 

However, this is not to imply that additional efforts are unlikely to document additional 

organisms. Potential priorities for follow-up inventory efforts are noted within this report, 

including the need for inventories to be conducted within the newly acquired Fern Lake 

watershed. Inventory results are also briefly discussed within the context of long-term 

monitoring and management. 

With 33 ecological community types and over 1,000 organisms documented within its borders, 

CUGA supports a wide diversity of common and rare organisms. The blackside dace (Phoxinus 

cumberlandensis) and Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) are the only federally listed species known to 

occur on the park. But, 134 organisms categorized as Present in Park are state listed, federally 

listed and/or listed as critically imperiled or imperiled (S1, S2, G1, or G2) by NatureServe. Park 

managers face a number of challenges in their efforts to conserve these resources, not the least of 

which is aggressive exotic plants. A total of 122 exotic vascular plants are currently known to 

occur on CUGA. Additional threats include forest pests and climate change. CUPN’s long-term 

monitoring efforts will be focused on providing information on these and other threats to park 

managers. 

v 

Introduction 

A natural resource inventory is 

an extensive point-in-time effort 

to determine location or condition 

of a resource, including the 

presence, class, distribution, and 

status of plants, animals, and 

abiotic components such as water, 

soils, landforms, and climate. 

Monitoring differs from 

inventory in adding the 

dimension of time, and the 

general purpose of monitoring is 

to detect changes or trends in a 

resource.

As part of the National Park Service’s (NPS) effort to 

“improve park management through greater reliance on 

scientific knowledge,” a primary role of the Inventory and 

Monitoring (I&M) Program is to collect, organize, and 

make available natural resource data and to contribute to the 

Service’s institutional knowledge by facilitating the 

transformation of data into information through analysis, 

synthesis, and modeling. In pursuit of that endeavor, the 

I&M Program’s Cumberland Piedmont Network (CUPN) 

recently completed multiple efforts to inventory the 

vertebrate species and vascular plants at Cumberland Gap 

National Historical Park (CUGA). These efforts included 

cataloging all existing data, followed by additional field 

investigations. The primary goal of these efforts was to 

document 90% of the vertebrate and vascular plant species 

occurring in the park. This report provides a summary of results. Results are also briefly 

discussed within the context of future inventory efforts, long-term monitoring, management, and 

climate change. 

As part of the National Park Service’s (NPS) effort to 

“improve park management through greater reliance on 

scientific knowledge,” a primary role of the Inventory and 

Monitoring (I&M) Program is to collect, organize, and 

make available natural resource data and to contribute to the 

Service’s institutional knowledge by facilitating the 

transformation of data into information through analysis, 

synthesis, and modeling. In pursuit of that endeavor, the 

I&M Program’s Cumberland Piedmont Network (CUPN) 

recently completed multiple efforts to inventory the 

vertebrate species and vascular plants at Cumberland Gap 

National Historical Park (CUGA). These efforts included 

cataloging all existing data, followed by additional field 

investigations. The primary goal of these efforts was to 

document 90% of the vertebrate and vascular plant species 

occurring in the park. This report provides a summary of results. Results are also briefly 

discussed within the context of future inventory efforts, long-term monitoring, management, and 

climate change. 

Methods Methods 

Prior to the initiation of any field investigation, an effort was made to assemble extant data on 

species occurrence at CUGA. This included searches of reference databases and vouchers, as 

well as a site visit to the park (Nichols et al. 2000). Based on the limited findings, inventories for 

vertebrate and vascular plant groups at CUGA were determined to be incomplete or lacking. As 

such, inventories of birds (Monroe 2005), fish (Remley 2005), mammals (Gumbert et al. 2006), 

amphibians and reptiles (Meade 2003), and vascular plants (White 2006) were conducted on the 

park. 

Prior to the initiation of any field investigation, an effort was made to assemble extant data on 

species occurrence at CUGA. This included searches of reference databases and vouchers, as 

well as a site visit to the park (Nichols et al. 2000). Based on the limited findings, inventories for 

vertebrate and vascular plant groups at CUGA were determined to be incomplete or lacking. As 

such, inventories of birds (Monroe 2005), fish (Remley 2005), mammals (Gumbert et al. 2006), 

amphibians and reptiles (Meade 2003), and vascular plants (White 2006) were conducted on the 

park. 

Recent inventory reports for CUGA are 

available on the CUPN Intranet website 

http://www1.nrintra.nps.gov/im/units/CUPN/

NPSpecies is the National Park Service's master 

database for documenting the occurrence and status of 

species in more than 270 national park units containing 

significant natural resources. Data gathered from the 

initial reviews at CUGA and recent inventories were organized and entered in NPSpecies. 

Organism names were linked to the available evidence (reference, observation and/or voucher), 

quality checked, and made ready for a review by individuals with expertise in the various taxa 

groups. The purpose of these reviews was to assign a park status (e.g., Present in Park, Probably 

Present, False Report) and complete a series of checklist fields for each organism (i.e., 

abundance, residency, nativity, and cultivation). Upon completion of this step, data were 

considered certified and uploaded to a master, online version of NPSpecies 

(https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start

NPSpecies is the National Park Service's master 

database for documenting the occurrence and status of 

species in more than 270 national park units containing 

significant natural resources. Data gathered from the 

initial reviews at CUGA and recent inventories were organized and entered in NPSpecies. 

Organism names were linked to the available evidence (reference, observation and/or voucher), 

quality checked, and made ready for a review by individuals with expertise in the various taxa 

groups. The purpose of these reviews was to assign a park status (e.g., Present in Park, Probably 

Present, False Report) and complete a series of checklist fields for each organism (i.e., 

abundance, residency, nativity, and cultivation). Upon completion of this step, data were 

considered certified and uploaded to a master, online version of NPSpecies 

(https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start), which is currently restricted to NPS 

users and contractors. In an effort to improve user functionality, the Natural Resource Program 

Center is working on an initiative to integrate and streamline information management tools for 

natural resources within the NPS. This initiative is referred to as IRMA (Integration of Resource 

1 
Management Applications), and NPSpecies is the first large application to be converted. A 

prototype portal for IRMA is now accessible at http://nrinfo.nps.gov/Home.mvc. From this 

portal NPS users can navigate to obtain certified species lists, as well as search for available 

documents. Although limited in scope, this prototype represents a framework for future steps. 

The full compliment of data will be accessible to parks in a streamlined and more user friendly 

environment in the near future, with protections in place for records flagged as sensitive. 

Results 

Searches for past data and completion of recent inventory efforts 

resulted in a total of 18 references, 492 vouchers, and 6,103 

observations entered in NPSpecies for CUGA (Table 1). These 

totals include five observations for fungi and non-vascular 

plants. However, both fungi and non-vascular plants were not 

included in recent certification efforts for CUGA and are not 

addressed within this report. 

Table 1. Count of vouchers and observations in NPSpecies by 

taxa category for Cumberland Gap National Historical Park 

(NPSpecies 8/19/2009). 

Category # Vouchers # Observations 

Bird 0 912 

Fish 29 26 

Mammal 223 78 

Amphibian 22 44 

Reptile 20 17 

Vascular Plant 198 5,021 

Other (fungi & nonvascular plants)1

0 5 

 Total 

In some instances, taxa on 

CUGA’s local list have 

only been identified to the 

species level, such as the 

white-tailed deer (e.g., 

Odocoileus virginianus). 

While in other instances, 

they have been identified 

to the subspecies or variety 

level, such as the cloudland 

deer mouse (Peromyscus 

maniculatus nubiterrae). 

Therefore, the term 

organism (as opposed to 

species) is generically used 

throughout this report to 

refer to unique taxa at the 

species level or below.

492 6,103 

1

 Fifty-six additional fungi and non-vascular plants have been 

entered into NPSpecies (Walker et al. 2007). However, these 

groups have not been certified and are not included within the 

scope of this report. 

Individuals involved in the certification of a park’s data primarily placed organisms in one of 

three Park Status categories. In instances where reviewers had extremely high confidence that an 

organism existed in the park due to recent verifiable evidence (i.e., recent report, voucher, and/or 

observation) then that organism was classified as Present in Park. In instances where current 

verifiable evidence was lacking, but reviewers had extremely high confidence that an organism 

occurred in the park, then it was categorized as Probably Present. In instances where an organism 

name existed in NPSpecies, but current verifiable evidence was lacking, and a reviewer did not 

have a high level of confidence that it occurred on the park, then it was categorized as 

Unconfirmed. Detailed definitions of these and the remaining Park Status categories can be 

found in Appendix A. 

2
Based on a review of the assembled evidence, 1,248 vertebrate and vascular plant organisms 

were categorized as Present in Park or Probably Present (Table 2). An additional 707 organisms 

were categorized as Unconfirmed. In addition to the categories of Present in Park, Probably 

Present, and Unconfirmed, nine organisms were classified as Encroaching (documented adjacent 

to the park with potential to occur in the park), Historic (documented historically but recent 

investigations indicate is now probably absent), or False Report (report believed to be in error). 

Table 2. Count of vascular plants and vertebrate organisms on CUGA’s Local List by Park 

Status categories (Total=1,964) (NPSpecies 8/19/2009). 

Park Status1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular 

Plant 

Total 

Present in Park 142 25 40 23 12 970 1,212 

Probably Present 14 4 9 3 4 2 36 

Unconfirmed 1 60 11 2 3 630 707 

Encroaching 2 2 4 

Historic 3 3 

False Report 1 1 2 

1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Park Status categories. 

Currently, 62% (1,212) of the 1,964 organisms on CUGA’s Local List are documented via 

substantive reference, observation and/or voucher, leading reviewers to make a determination of 

Present in Park during the recent certification process. At first glance, one might conclude that 

CUGA is well below the I&M goal of documenting 90% of the organisms occurring on the park. 

However, 62% is based on ALL organisms currently on CUGA’s Local List, including those 

classified as Unconfirmed. Organisms received an Unconfirmed status based on weak or no 

evidence, giving minimal indication of the species' occurrence in the park (refer to Appendix A 

for more information). When the Local List is pared down to those organisms with a Park Status 

of Present in Park or Probably Present (i.e., those organisms known or believed to be in the 

park), the percentage of documented organisms rises to 97%. This percentage exceeds the I&M 

goal of documenting 90% of the organisms occurring on the park. 

Reviewers assigned general abundance categories (e.g., common, rare, etc) to two categories – 

birds and mammals (Table 3). Reviewers did not attempt to estimate abundance for fish, 

amphibians, reptiles, or vascular plants, during the certification process. 

Residency values (e.g., breeder, migrant, resident, etc.) were assigned for all documented 

vertebrates with the exception of 45 birds and two bats. The inability to assign a residency value 

to these organisms was due to the fact that it was unclear if they bred on the park (i.e., breeder) 

or fell within another residency category. 

CUGA’s local list includes 242 non-native organisms (12% of total). Of these, 126 are currently 

known to occur in the park (i.e., Present in Park), two are classified as Probably Present, and two 

more are classified as Encroaching (Table 4). As expected, the majority of these non-native 

organisms are vascular plants. 

3
Table 3. Count of bird and mammal organisms by Abundance 

categories on CUGA with a Park Status of Present in Park 

(NPSpecies 8/19/2009). 

Abundance 

Category1 Bird Mammal Total 

Abundance 

Category1

Abundant 1 1 

Common 52 16 68 

Uncommon 40 14 54 

Rare 37 10 47 

Occasional 9 9 

Unknown 3 3 

1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of 

Abundance categories.

Six additional organisms, including the coyote (Canis latrans) and five sport fish are currently 

assigned a nativity of Unknown. This is due to the fact that there is currently some uncertainty 

as to whether these organisms are native to the park or are present as a result of stocking efforts 

either on or near the park (i.e., the fish). 

Table 4. Count of Non-native organisms on CUGA’s Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009). 

Taxa Group Present in Park Probably Present Encroaching Unconfirmed

Bird 4 

Fish 4 

Mammal 2 2 1 

Vascular Plant 122 107 

 Total 126 2 2 112 

1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Park Status categories.

NatureServe, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and NPS, developed a protocol to 

rank the impact of non-native invasive vascular plants (Morse et al. 2004). Through a series of 

standardized questions, non-native species are evaluated and assigned an Invasive Species 

Impact Rank (I-Rank) based on impact to native species and natural biodiversity. I-Ranks are 

categorized as high, medium, low, or insignificant. 

Seventeen of the 122 non-native vascular plants known to occur on CUGA received an overall IRank score that included “High” (Table 5). However, this does not automatically mean these are 

the 17 most serious non-native threats to CUGA. For example a serious threat to CUGA is 

undoubtedly tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), which received a medium overall I-Rank 

score. One of the many other non-native plants known to occur on CUGA could also prove to be 

a more serious ecological or managerial threat given time to establish and the right 

environmental conditions. Rather, this ranking is intended to serve as a starting point for 

prioritization and also guard against the possibility of potentially overlooking a species simply 

because it may be new to the region or is unfamiliar to resource managers. 

4
A total of 144 organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a Park Status of Present in Park or 

Probably Present meet at least one of the following criteria: 

• State listed by Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, Tennessee Natural Heritage 

Inventory Program (plants), Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (animals), or Virginia 

Department of Game and Inland Fisheries as endangered, threatened, special concern or other 

conservation status. 

• Federally listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service per the U.S. Endangered Species Act 

of 1973, as amended. 

• Ranked as Critically Imperiled (G1) or Imperiled (G2) at the global level by NatureServe and 

its network of member programs. 

• Ranked as Critically Imperiled (S1) or Imperiled (S2) at the state level by NatureServe and 

its network of member programs. 

These include five amphibians, twenty-eight birds, seven fish, fourteen mammals, and ninety 

vascular plants (Table 6). Ten of these organisms are considered Probably Present. The 

remaining 134 are categorized as Present in Park. 

 

5
Table 5. Non-native plants, occurring on CUGA, with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) containing ”Hig

Preferred Common Name Scientific Name 

Overall I-Rank 

Ecological Impact1 Management Difficulty2 Comments 

Japanese barberry Berberis 

thunbergii 

High/ Medium 

High/ Medium 

Insignificant A serious problem in New England whe

stands that eliminate all native understdisturbed sites, as well as high quality 

musk thistle Carduus nutans High/ 

Low 

Medium/ Insignificant 

High/ Medium Persistent annual or biennial of open a

of disturbance in dense woods. Prolific seeds that remain viable for up to 15 yand management programs will extend 

oriental bittersweet 

Celastrus orbiculata 

High/ Medium 

Medium/ Low 

Medium Reduces system-wide light levels and 

structure and composition by overtopinand shading lower layers. 

common crownvetch Coronilla varia High High Low This perennial herb is a nitrogen-fixer, 

fire-adapted ecosystems, creates densstands by strongly out competing nativhigh-quality occurrences of common ancommunities in the US. 

Chinese yam Dioscorea 

oppositifolia 

High/ Low 

Medium/ Low 

Medium/ Insignificant 

Alters community structure and compoexisting vegetation layers and shading layers. 

Elaeagnus umbellata 

High High 

6

Low Reported to alter ecosystem processes 

the soil. It also alters community structby creating dense thickets and shading 

Chinese privet Ligustrum 

sinense 

High/ Medium 

Medium Low Alters community structure and compos

dense shrub layer that shades plant spe

tall fescue Lolium 

arundinaceum 

High/ Medium 

Medium High/ Medium Threatens several natural communities

prairies, and woodlands. Usually infectendophyte making it allelopathic, inhibitgrowing and is poisonous to animals inc

Japanese honeysuckle 

Lonicera japonica High/ 

Medium 

Medium High/ Medium Can have extremely negative conseque

communities and forest structure. Few methods known. 

amur honeysuckle Lonicera maackii High High/ Medium Medium Thickets of this species exhibit significa

reducing species richness and abundannative tree seedlings. 
Table 5. Non-native plants, occurring on CUGA, with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) containing “Hig

7

Preferred Common Name Scientific Name 

Overall I-Rank 

Ecological Impact1 Management Difficulty2 Comments 

Nepalese browntop Microstegium 

vimineum 

High/ Medium 

Medium High/ Medium Slow to invade undisturbed vegetation b

and forms dense monocultures in disturdisplace native vegetation in a few yearground nesting birds. 

English plantain Plantago 

lanceolata 

High/ Low High/ Low High/ Low Rapidly colonizes open areas and form

crowd out native vegetation and prevennative species. Seeds remain viable fo

Canada bluegrass Poa compressa High/ Low Medium/ Low High/ Low Seems to require disturbance to establi

occurs in communities of conservation. more impacts in the northern portion of 

Japanese knotweed Polygonum 

cuspidatum 

High/ Medium 

High/ Medium Medium Extremely competitive and aggressive i

riparian and wetland habitats, as well as Infestations can replace native species habitat. Once established, control can 

sulphur cinquefoil Potentilla recta High/ 

Medium 

High/Low Medium/Low Very competitive in native grasslands a

dominant in forest habitats where tree cof the most serious wildland invaders in 

common pear Pyrus communis High /Low High/ Low Unknown This species doesn’t seem to be an agg

most of its range. However since this scultivated, its spread should be monitor

johnsongrass Sorghum 

halepense 

High/ Medium 

Medium/ Low High/ Medium Massive size and rapid growth of rhizom

for establishment of other species. One frequently listed noxious weeds in U.S.and aggressive. 

1 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses organism’s negative impacts on native plant and animal population2 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses difficulty of control. 
Table 6. Organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a park status of Present in Park or Probably Present, which are st

listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2. 

8

Category Scientific Name Common Name 

State Status1, State Rank2 and Federal Status3

GloRan

Amphibian Desmognathus welteri Black Mountain salamander TN=D GAmphibian Gyrinophilus porphyriticus 

duryi 

Kentucky spring salamander VA=S2 T

Amphibian Hemidactylium scutatum four-toed salamander TN=D GAmphibian Plethodon kentucki Cumberland Plateau 

salamander 

TN=S2 G

Amphibian Plethodon richmondi southern ravine salamander TN=S2 GBird Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk KY=S, S3B,S4N; TN=D, S3B GBird Aegolius acadicus Northern Saw-whet Owl TN=T, S1; VA=SC, S1B,S1N GBird Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle TN=T, S1 GBird Carpodacus purpureus Purple Finch VA=SC, S1B,S5N GBird Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush VA=SC, S1B,S5N GBird Certhia americana Brown Creeper KY=E, S1B,S4N; VA=SC, S3B,S5N GBird Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier KY=T, S1B,S4N; TN=D, S4N; 

VA=SC, S1B,S3N 

G

Bird Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher TN=D, S1 GBird Corvus corax Common Raven KY=T, S1; TN=T, S2 GBird Dendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler TN=D, S3B GBird Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler KY=T, S1B GBird Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler VA=SC, S2B GBird Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher VA=SC, S1B GBird Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher KY=E, S1B GBird Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon KY=E, S1B; TN=E, S1N; VA=ST, 

S1B,S2N 

G

Bird Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle KY=T, S2B,S2N; TN=D; VA=ST, 

S2B,S3N 

G

Bird Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco KY=S, S2B,S5N G
Table 6. Organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a park status of Present in Park or Probably Present, which are st

listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2 (continued). 

9

Category Scientific Name Common Name 

State Status1, State Rank2 and Federal 

Status3

GloRan

Bird Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's Warbler TN=D; VA=SC, S2B GBird Oporornis philadelphia Mourning Warbler VA=SC, S1B GBird Pandion haliaetus Osprey KY=T, S2B GBird Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak KY=S, S3B GBird Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet VA=SC, S2B,S5N GBird Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch KY=E, S1B; VA=SC, S2B,S4N GBird Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker TN=D, S1B,S4N GBird Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren VA=SC, S2B,S4N GBird Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler KY=T, S2B; TN=D, S3B; VA=SC, 

S3B 

G

Bird Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo VA=SC, S5 GBird Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler KY=S, S3B GFish Ammocrypta clara western sand darter KY=E, S1; TN=T, S1; VA=ST, S1 GFish Etheostoma caeruleum rainbow darter VA=S2 GFish Etheostoma sagitta arrow darter TN=D, S2 GFish Notropis buccatus silverjaw minnow TN=T, S1 GFish Notropis rubellus rosyface shiner TN=D, S2 GFish Percina aurantiaca tangerine darter TN=D; VA=S2 GFish Phoxinus cumberlandensis blackside dace KY=T, S2; TN=T, S2S1; USFWS=T GMammal Corynorhinus rafinesquii Rafinesque's big-eared bat KY=S; TN=D; VA=LE, S2 GMammal Myotis grisescens gray bat KY=T, S2; TN=E, S2; VA=LE, S1; 

USFWS=E 

G

Mammal Myotis leibii eastern small-footed bat KY=T, S2; TN=D, S2S1 GMammal Myotis sodalis Indiana bat KY=E, S1; TN=E, S1; VA=LE, S1; 

USFWS=E 

G

Mammal Napaeozapus insignis woodland jumping mouse TN=D, S4 G
Table 6. Organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a park status of Present in Park or Probably Present, which are st

listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2 (continued). 

10

Category Scientific Name Common Name 

State Status1, State Rank2 and Federal 

Status3

GloRan

Mammal Neotoma magister Allegheny woodrat TN=D GMammal Parascalops breweri hairy-tailed mole TN=D GMammal Sorex cinereus masked shrew KY=S; TN=D GMammal Sorex dispar long-tailed shrew KY=N (S. d. blitchi=E) , S1; TN=D, 

S2 

G

Mammal Sorex fumeus smoky shrew TN=D GMammal Sorex hoyi pygmy shrew TN=S2 GMammal Spilogale putorius eastern spotted skunk KY=S, S2 GMammal Synaptomys cooperi southern bog lemming TN=D, S4 GMammal Ursus americanus black bear KY=S, S2 GVascular Plant Adlumia fungosa climbing fumitory KY=E, S1; TN=T, S2 GVascular Plant Agrimonia gryposepala tall hairy groovebur KY=T, S1 GVascular Plant Allium tricoccum wild leek TN=S-CE, S1 GVascular Plant Amianthium muscitoxicum fly-poison KY=T, S1 GVascular Plant Aralia nudicaulis wild sarsaparilla KY=E GVascular Plant Boykinia aconitifolia brook saxifrage KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Calamagrostis porteri Porter's reedgrass KY=N, S2; TN=E, S1 GVascular Plant Calamagrostis porteri ssp. 

porteri 

Porter's reedgrass KY=T, S2 T

Vascular Plant Cardamine rotundifolia round-leaf water cress TN=S, S2 GVascular Plant Carex appalachica Appalachian sedge KY=T, S2; TN=S1 GVascular Plant Carex austrocaroliniana tarheel sedge KY=S; TN=S2 GVascular Plant Carex interior inland sedge VA=S1 GVascular Plant Carex purpurifera purple sedge VA=S2 GVascular Plant Carex radiata stellate sedge KY=N, S2 G
Table 6. Organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a park status of Present in Park or Probably Present, which are st

listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2 (continued). 

11

Category Scientific Name Common Name 

State Status1, State Rank2 and Federal 

Status3

GloRan

Vascular Plant Castanea dentata American chestnut KY=E, S1; TN=S, S2 GVascular Plant Castanea pumila Allegheny chinkapin KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Castanea pumila var. 

pumila 

Allegheny chinkapin KY=S1 T

Vascular Plant Cheilanthes alabamensis Alabama lipfern KY=H, SHS1 GVascular Plant Clematis catesbyana satincurls KY=H, SHS1 GVascular Plant Cocculus carolinus Carolina coralbead VA=S1 GVascular Plant Convallaria majuscula convallaria KY=E, S1 GVascular Plant Corydalis sempervirens pale corydalis KY=S; TN=E, S1 GVascular Plant Crataegus calpodendron pear hawthorn VA=S1 GVascular Plant Cypripedium acaule pink lady's-slipper TN=S-CE, S4 GVascular Plant Cypripedium parviflorum small yellow lady's-slipper KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Deschampsia flexuosa wavy hairgrass KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Desmodium cuspidatum largebract ticktrefoil VA=S2 GVascular Plant Desmodium strictum pinebarren ticktrefoil VA=S2 GVascular Plant Elymus canadensis nodding wild-rye VA=S2 GVascular Plant Eriophorum virginicum tawny cottongrass KY=E, S1; TN=E, S1 GVascular Plant Eryngium yuccifolium rattlesnake-master VA=S2 GVascular Plant Eupatorium incarnatum VA=S2 GVascular Plant Eupatorium steelei Steele's eupatorium KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Euphorbia mercurialina mercury spurge KY=T, S1 GVascular Plant Eurybia surculosa VA=S1 GVascular Plant Gentiana decora showy gentian KY=S GVascular Plant Hexastylis contracta mountain heartleaf KY=E, S1 G
Table 6. Organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a park status of Present in Park or Probably Present, which are st

listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2 (continued). 

12

Category Scientific Name Common Name 

State Status1, State Rank2 and Federal 

Status3

GloRan

Vascular Plant Hieracium scabrum rough hawkweed TN=T, S2 GVascular Plant Houstonia canadensis Canadian summer bluet VA=S2 GVascular Plant Huperzia porophila rock clubmoss VA=S1 GVascular Plant Hydrastis canadensis golden-seal TN=S-CE GVascular Plant Hydrophyllum virginianum Shawnee salad KY=T, S2; TN=T GVascular Plant Juglans cinerea butternut KY=S, S3; TN=T GVascular Plant Juncus subcaudatus woods-rush KY=N, S1 GVascular Plant Lathyrus venosus smooth veiny peavine KY=S, S2 GVascular Plant Lilium canadense Canada lily TN=T, S3 GVascular Plant Listera smallii kidney-leaf twayblade KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Lonicera dioica limber honeysuckle TN=S, S2 GVascular Plant Lycopodium clavatum running clubmoss KY=E, S1 GVascular Plant Lysimachia tonsa southern loosestrife TN=S2 GVascular Plant Magnolia macrophylla bigleaf magnolia VA=S1 GVascular Plant Maianthemum canadense false lily-of-the-valley KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Melampyrum lineare American cow-wheat KY=N, S2 GVascular Plant Melampyrum lineare var. 

latifolium 

American cowwheat KY=T, S2 T

Vascular Plant Melanthium parviflorum small-flowered false 

helleborne 

KY=E, S1 G

Vascular Plant Minuartia glabra Appalachian sandwort KY=T, S1 GVascular Plant Minuartia groenlandica Appalachian sandwort TN=E, S1S1 GVascular Plant Oclemena acuminata whorled wood aster KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Oligoneuron rigidum var. 

rigidum 

VA=S2 T
Table 6. Organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a park status of Present in Park or Probably Present, which are st

listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2 (continued). 

13

Category Scientific Name Common Name 

State Status1, State Rank2 and Federal 

Status3

GloRan

Vascular Plant Panax quinquefolius American ginseng TN=S-CE; VA=ST GVascular Plant Paronychia argyrocoma silvery nailwort KY=E, S1; TN=T, S1 GVascular Plant Penstemon calycosus longsepal beardtongue VA=S1 GVascular Plant Phlox amplifolia large-leaved phlox VA=S2 GVascular Plant Polygonatum biflorum var. 

commutatum 

TN=S2 T

Vascular Plant Polygonum arifolium halberd-leaf tearthumb TN=T, S1 GVascular Plant Prosartes maculata KY=S GVascular Plant Ranunculus allegheniensis Allegheny mountain buttercup TN=S1 GVascular Plant Rhododendron 

catawbiense 

catawba rhododendron KY=N, S2 G

Vascular Plant Rhododendron minus Carolina rhododendron TN=S2 GVascular Plant Robinia hispida var. rosea bristly locust KY=N, S2 TVascular Plant Rosa setigera prairie rose VA=S1 GVascular Plant Rosa virginiana Virginia rose TN=S, SH GVascular Plant Rubus canadensis smooth blackberry KY=E, S1 GVascular Plant Ruellia purshiana pursh's wild-petunia TN=S, S1 GVascular Plant Salvia urticifolia nettle-leaf sage KY=E, S1 GVascular Plant Saxifraga michauxii michaux's saxifrage KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Scutellaria incana hoary skullcap VA=S2 GVascular Plant Silene ovata ovate catchfly KY=E, S1; TN=E, S2S1 GVascular Plant Silene rotundifolia roundleaf catchfly VA=S2 GVascular Plant Silphium terebinthinaceum prairie rosinweed TN=S2S1 GVascular Plant Sisyrinchium albidum white blue-eyed grass VA=S2 GVascular Plant Smilax ecirrata upright carrionflower VA=S1 G
Table 6. Organisms on CUGA’s Local List with a park status of Present in Park or Probably Present, which are st

listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2 (continued). 

14

Category Scientific Name Common Name 

State Status1, State Rank2 and Federal 

Status3

GloRan

Vascular Plant Solidago curtisii KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Solidago roanensis roan mountain goldenrod KY=T, S1 GVascular Plant Streptopus lanceolatus 

var. roseus 

twistedstalk TN=S1 T

Vascular Plant Symphyotrichum laeve smooth blue aster KY=N, S2 GVascular Plant Trillium undulatum painted trillium KY=T, S2 GVascular Plant Vaccinium erythrocarpum southern mountain cranberry KY=E, S1 GVascular Plant Vitis labrusca fox grape KY=S, S2 GVascular Plant Woodsia appalachiana Appalachian cliff fern KY=H, SH; TN=S, S1 G

1 Data obtained from NatureServe (June 5, 2008). The official endangerment status or level of legal protection the state has 

 KY - E=A taxon in danger of extirpation and/or extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range in Kentucky. T=A t

endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant part of its range in Kentucky. S=A taxon that 

to various concerns related to it’s continued viability. N=None. 

TN - E=Endangered (plants and animals) Any species or subspecies whose prospects of survival or recruitment within the 

are likely to become so within the foreseeable future. T=Threatened (plants and animals) - Any species or subspecian endangered species within the foreseeable future. S=Special Concern (plants) - Any species or subspecies of plTennessee, or has unique or highly specific habitat requirements or scientific value and therefore requires careful mD=Deemed in need of management (nongame animals). This category is analogous to “Special Concern.” CE= Com

VA - SE=state endangered (protected). ST= state threatened (protected). SC= special concern (animals on a non-regula

2 Data obtained from NatureServe (June 5, 2008). The rounded NatureServe conservation status, developed by NatureServ

member (state) programs, of a species from a state/province perspective, characterizing the relative imperilment of the spec

Imperiled, S2=Imperiled, S3=Vulnerable, S4=Apparently Secure, S5=Secure, B=Breeding population, N=Non-breeding popu

Conservation Status not yet assessed. Refer to <http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/nsranks.htm> for additional informatio

3 Data obtained from NatureServe (June 5, 2008). U.S. Endangered Species Act: Current status of the taxon as designated 

Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) or the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, and as reported in the U.S. Federal Regis

U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. 4 Data obtained from NatureServe (June 5, 2008). The rounded NatureServe conservation status, developed by NatureServ

member programs, of a species from a global (i.e., rangewide) perspective, characterizing the relative imperilment of the spe

Imperiled, G2=Imperiled, G3=Vulnerable, G4=Apparently Secure, G5=Secure. Refer to <http://www.natureserve.org/explore

additional information on ranks. 

5 Refer to the Appendix for definitions of Park Status categories.
As can be seen from these results CUGA boasts significant biological diversity, which compares 

favorably with other CUPN parks. As an example, CUGA ranks highest amongst CUPN parks 

with regard to its list of confirmed and probable (i.e., Present in Park and Probably Present) 

mammals (Table 7). However, a park’s value in regard to protecting and maintaining biological 

diversity cannot be measured purely by the numbers. Another key attribute is its ability to 

support rare or unique species. The previous table (Table 6) certainly implies CUGA is doing 

well in this regard as well. 

 

Table 7. Number of organisms designated as Present in Park or Probably Present in 

Cumberland Piedmont Network Parks (NPSpecies 2008). 

 

Park Bird Fish Mammal Amphib. Reptile

Vascular 

Plants TOTALS 

Park 

Size 

(ac.) 

ABLI 131 10 37 16 21 567 782 341 

CARL 102 15 34 21 22 605 799 264 

CHCH 175 19 46 23 22 966 1,251 8,178 

COWP 96 7 19 23 32 554 731 842 

CUGA 156 29 49 26 16 968 1,244 20,437 

FODO 177 13 29 21 29 785 1,054 558 

GUCO 76 14 19 19 27 413 568 220 

KIMO 122 19 28 22 34 686 911 3,945 

LIRI 147 40 33 28 28 994 1,270 13,691 

MACA 167 79 48 28 33 1,269 1,624 52,809 

NISI 149 22 22 21 39 440 693 988 

RUCA 130 5 25 17 14 542 733 309 

SHIL 186 51 43 26 28 809 1,143 3,969 

STRI 152 46 27 13 21 633 892 709 

1 Refer to Appendix C for a graphical representation of these data. 

15

Discussion 

Much of the CUGA’s biological diversity is attributable to the 33 ecological community types, 

ranging from bogs to dry-mesic forests to mountain balds (White 2006). Although much of the 

vegetation is second and third growth forest, some of these areas have not been disturbed for 

over 100 years (White 2006). In addition, many rare communities also occur on CUGA. From a 

zoological standpoint, the quality habitats along the ridgeline combined with the natural 

‘funneling action’ of the Cumberland Mountains results in a substantial number of migrant 

songbirds and raptors, alike. On a single fall day, Monroe (2005) reported observing 17 different 

species of warblers in addition to many other migrants. Many regionally significant and rare 

avian species were also observed during the breeding season (Monroe 2005). This includes 

species in Kentucky whose breeding records are confined to this portion of the state (Palmer-Ball 

1996). 

When considering all this diversity, the obvious question of how thorough or complete recent 

field efforts were at documenting organisms that exist on CUGA arises. Based on counts of the 

number of documented organisms (i.e. Present in Park) and those believed to be present (i.e., 

Probably Present), CUGA’s percentage of documented organisms currently stands at 97%, which 

obviously exceeds the I&M goal of documenting 90% of the organisms occurring in the park. 

However, as already noted, this percentage drops below 65% if those organisms currently 

classified as Unconfirmed are included in this calculation. 

Considering the sheer number of vascular plants on CUGA’s Local List (82% of the total), it is 

not surprising vascular plants comprise the majority of Unconfirmed organisms. However, the 

only data source for nearly all of the Unconfirmed vascular plants is county level distribution 

maps obtained from the Biota of North America Program (BONAP). This means that while 

verifiable evidence for an organism may be available for the county or region, there is no direct 

evidence of its occurrence on the park. While one cannot unequivocally assume all these 

Unconfirmed organisms do not occur on CUGA, the fact that multiple plant inventories have 

been conducted by highly competent investigators, and these organisms were not detected 

certainly raises some doubt. NatureServe utilized multiple estimates to evaluate the thoroughness 

of vascular plant inventory efforts finding that the number of species already documented 

exceeded three of the four estimates. In other words, results indicated that over 100% of the 

species had been documented, which is obviously impossible. Their final conclusion, based on 

the first-order jackknife estimate, was that somewhere between 95 – 100% had been 

documented. As a result, it is doubtful whether additional inventory efforts would suddenly find 

many of these Unconfirmed organisms. However, this is not to imply that additional organisms 

are unexpected. CUGA is a very diverse and remote park, and as additional botanical efforts 

occur it is anticipated some additional organisms will be verified, and additional locations of rare 

plants will also be confirmed. But, based on the results of efforts to date, it seems unlikely an 

additional 600+ organisms will be documented. Currently there are 630 vascular plants 

categorized as Unconfirmed on CUGA’s Local List (Table 2). 

Another category with a much smaller number but high percentage of Unconfirmed records is 

fish. More than half of the fish currently on CUGA’s Local List are Unconfirmed. This is 

because Remley (2005) included several species “unlikely to be present” but were “collected in 

17
reasonable proximity to Cumberland Gap.” Thus, Remley (2005) sought to be as thorough as 

possible, while recognizing many of the species would likely not occur on the park (similar to 

BONAP records). 

In short, while there are a large number of Unconfirmed organisms currently on CUGA’s Local 

List, it would be incorrect to assume that CUGA’s list of documented organisms is woefully 

incomplete. To the contrary, based on current evidence it is likely that many (most?) of the 

organisms classified as Unconfirmed do not occur on the park. I&M guidance states that if 

“reasonable efforts” to obtain current, verifiable evidence for those organisms in the 

Unconfirmed category are unsuccessful, then the Park Status should be changed to Historic, 

Encroaching or False Report as applicable. 

An important step in this process would also be to “re-review” existing park records and reports. 

Nichols et al. (2000) reviewed several documents, etc. existing at that time. However, based on a 

very limited review of existing CUGA files and discussions with staff ((NPS, Jenny Beeler, 

CUGA Resource Mgt. Specialist, pers. comm.) it would appear several past project reports and 

data, providing information on species presence and distribution, may have been overlooked. 

Future Inventory Efforts 

While acknowledging the thoroughness of inventory efforts, it is still anticipated that additional 

organisms will be documented on CUGA. As an example, bear-huckleberry (Gaylussacia 

ursina) a new park record and state record for Kentucky has recently been reported for CUGA 

(NatureServe, Milo Pyne, Botanist, pers. comm., 8/3/2009). Once all the information and 

evidence are collected this will add an additional organism to CUGA’s Local List. However, 

based on NatureServe’s assessment, it is not anticipated there will be a significant number of 

vascular plants added in the future. This is largely true for vertebrates, as well. But, based on a 

review of recent inventories, there appears to be some areas, and in some cases specific taxa, 

where follow-up efforts may prove successful and useful to park management. 

Gumbert et al (2006) added seven organisms that were previously undocumented on CUGA. 

They also believed additional organisms may be present on the park, but noted “the initial list of 

60 species covers any mammal potentially found on the property and includes those that are rare, 

cryptic, or introduced exotics. Obviously the “rare and cryptic” can be difficult to document. 

However, this includes several species that may be important to management. Examples include 

the long-tailed shrew (Sorex dispar) (S1 in KY, S. d. blitchi state endangered; S2 in TN) and 

water shrew (Sorex palustris) (S2 in TN; S1, state endangered in VA). Gumbert et al (2006) 

noted ideal habitats for these shrews were trapped unsuccessfully. However, also noting inherent 

limitations in a comprehensive mammal survey, they believed “a more focused and dedicated 

effort in specific habitats may be needed.” For instance, they noted the Rafinesque’s big-eared 

bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) (S3, state sensitive in KY; S3 in TN; and S2 state endangered in 

VA) has never been documented on CUGA though “habitat requirements seem to be met for this 

species.” While an additional, full-scale mammal inventory is not warranted, focused 

opportunistic efforts to document these and other species that may be deemed important to 

management would certainly seem appropriate. 

18
The southeastern region of the United States has the richest herpetofaunal (amphibians + 

reptiles) biodiversity on the continent (Gibbons 1997), and the Cumberland Plateau with its 

unique microclimates and habitats is no exception. This can be seen in the fact that CUGA’s list 

of confirmed and probable (Present in Park and Probably Present) list is near the top in regard to 

number of amphibians. However, it is among the lowest in regard to reptiles. At first glance, this 

may seem illogical, but this discrepancy is somewhat explained by the fact that only one species 

of turtle, the box turtle (Terrapene carolina), was documented on CUGA. By contrast, Ninety 

Six National Historic Site, an NPS unit of less than 1,000 acres had six turtles documented 

during recent inventory efforts. 

Meade (2003) indicated that hoop traps (i.e., aquatic turtle traps) were utilized during inventory 

efforts. However, there was no indication within the reports as to the intensity of its use or the 

number of locations. While habitat for aquatic turtles may be limited on CUGA as compared to 

other parks within CUPN, it seems unlikely there would be no aquatic or semi-aquatic turtles 

present on CUGA. As an example, Barbour et al. (1979) described the common musk turtle 

(Sternotherus odoratus) as common in Yellow Creek. 

While turtle trapping can be labor intensive and requires specialized equipment, a more focused 

less labor intensive approach would be to conduct basking surveys in potential sites. If basking 

turtles are observed and cannot be positively identified, this effort could be followed up with 

trapping efforts. However, not all turtles regularly bask, therefore some focused trapping may 

still prove successful. Yellow Creek and the beaver ponds on Davis Branch are some potential 

locations for follow up efforts. 

Seven additional amphibians and reptiles are currently categorized as Probably Present, meaning 

“very high confidence” the organism occurs in the park. Overall, amphibians can be extremely 

difficult to inventory, in some cases, taking years, even decades, to document the occurrence 

and/or distribution of some (Gibbons 1997). While this is not necessarily the case for these 

seven, it is not surprising some were potentially missed during the recent 12-month inventory 

(Meade 2003). Given the right season and environmental conditions, opportunistic surveys for 

these organisms should be attempted. 

 

The largest number of organisms in the Probably Present category belongs to birds. The 

majority of these, such as the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo 

lagopus), Wilson’s Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla), Connecticut Warbler (Oporornis agilis), and 

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris) should be considered uncommon to rare 

migrants though regularly occurring on/over the park during appropriate season. 

The Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus) is a potentially noteworthy exception to this 

list. Monroe (2005) believed this rare and secretive species (no breeding records in KY, S1 and 

state threatened in TN; S1 and special concern in VA) could potentially be present year round in 

some remote rhododendron thickets within the park. Opportunistic playbacks would seem the 

most appropriate means of documenting this extremely secretive species within the park. 

Another group where additional organisms could potentially be documented on the park is fish 

(the one remaining vertebrate group not already mentioned in this section). Remley (2005) 

19
collected five species categorized as “possibly present” prior to survey efforts, in addition to one 

species the greenside darter (Etheostoma blennoides) that was considered unlikely to be present. 

When combined with other fish studies, it is believed the park has a solid picture of its fish 

fauna. However, as already noted, a number of organisms are currently categorized as 

Unconfirmed. Expertise on the local fish fauna surrounding CUGA was lacking during the recent 

certification of CUGA’s NPSpecies files. Therefore, a future need is to have this list reviewed 

prior to making a determination if follow up inventory efforts are warranted. 

All discussions of inventories thus far have been based on the park minus its newest addition – 

the 4,000+ acre Fern Lake watershed. This addition was accomplished in several phases with the 

first 1,850 acres being completed in the spring of 2008. An additional phase including 1,268 

acres was completed in January 2009, and a third phase of 905 acres was completed in the spring 

of 2009. Currently the lake and approximately 600 acres remain in the watershed and the park is 

working with a willing seller. These are significant acquisitions that were completed and thus not 

included in this round of vascular plant and vertebrate inventories (Meade 2003, Monroe 2005, 

Remley 2005, Gumbert et al. 2006, White 2006). While much of this land base is likely similar 

to the diversity found in portions of the remainder of the park, considering the collective size of 

this addition alone, makes it a priority for future systematic inventory efforts. 

In regard to follow-up, opportunistic vertebrate inventory efforts, CUPN has staff knowledgeable 

in techniques for many of these taxa and some limited assistance could be made available to the 

park as needed and as opportunities arise. Fish are one exception where expertise is lacking 

amongst CUPN staff. 

Monitoring 

Information on CUPN’s selected vital 

signs monitoring protocols can be 

accessed from the CUPN website at: 

http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/cupn/

The CUPN Vital Signs monitoring effort currently 

focuses on vegetation communities, water quality, 

caves, landscape dynamics, ozone, invasive plants, 

forest pests, and climate/weather. Vascular plants are a 

component within many of these efforts across the 

Network, but vertebrates are currently only included 

within CUPN’s cave monitoring efforts at MACA (i.e., woodrats and bats). It should be noted 

however, there is currently some discussion depending upon need and available resources to 

expand cave monitoring efforts to other parks within CUPN including CUGA. The stated reason 

for the initial low prioritization given to most vertebrates by individuals included in the vital sign 

ranking process was due largely to a lack of inventory data (Leibfreid et al. 2005). This 

limitation has been addressed in large measure by the completion of recent inventories. As a 

result, the question arises as to whether issues were raised during recent inventory efforts that 

point to a need for additional long-term monitoring efforts at CUGA that includes vertebrates. 

While CUGA’s abiotic and biotic factors result in a large number of migrants occurring on the 

park, it also boasts an amazingly rich diversity of mature forest species including many high 

elevation species that are “quite rare” within the region (Monroe 2005). Some of these species, 

such as the Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) and Blackburnian Warbler 

(Dendroica fusca), are at the limit of their known geographic range (Palmer-Ball 1996). 

20
Considering the fact that many populations of eastern migratory songbirds have shown steady 

declines in recent decades (Robbins et al. 1989; Franzreb and Rosenberg 1997) combined with 

the looming threat of climate change, species such as these on the periphery of their range 

warrant consideration for some monitoring. Currently, avian monitoring on CUGA is limited to a 

portion of a single Breeding Bird Survey route that begins near the visitor center and extends out 

Highway 988 through the Sugar Run area before exiting the park and continuing on Highway 

217. There are currently no efforts being conducted in the high elevation areas of the park where 

many of the regionally rare species are known to occur. While still in development, a component 

of CUPN’s vegetation monitoring protocol may include birds as a specialized habitat indicator 

(NatureServe, Rickie White, Botanist, pers. comm. 8/27/09). 

Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries has been conducting biennial bat hibernacula 

counts in two caves on the park with a focus on the park’s wintering population of the federally 

endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). Considering this species declines despite numerous 

recovery efforts throughout its range and the impending threat of White-Nose Syndrome, these 

efforts should continue to be a priority. 

The problem of declining amphibian populations has drawn significant attention as credible 

reports of decline or disappearance from many areas have been received. In 1997 the National 

Park Service listed amphibian declines as among its highest priority research and information 

needs (Dodd 2003). While biodiversity is declining worldwide, amphibians have received special 

attention due to (1) increases in reports of population declines and extinctions, (2) causes seem to 

be occurring simultaneously and over great distances, and (3) declines being reported in 

protected, natural areas (Collins and Storfer 2003). The latter is particularly alarming as it raises 

concerns that traditional methods of species conservation (i.e., habitat protection) do not appear 

to be effective for all species. Climate change, disease, and environmental pollution are just 

some of the factors that have been implicated in contributing to this global phenomenon. 

Monitoring the effects of climate change is a recent initiative of the Department of the Interior. 

Petranka et al. (2004) began monitoring of pond breeding amphibians on CUGA and other NPS 

units in 1993. This effort was picked up by park staff in 2006 and the park has continued each 

year (NPS, Jenny Beeler, CUGA Resource Mgt. Specialist, pers. comm. 3/3/2009). Thus, the 

park is building a long-term dataset on pond breeding amphibians. In addition, a research project 

involving aquatic insects and salamanders in Shillalah, Martin’s Fork and Station creeks has 

recently been initiated. While this project is likely short-term in nature it could provide some 

baseline data on the status of streamside salamanders within the park. 

This may prove important, as streamside salamanders are not immune to recent reported declines 

as well. Bank et al. (2006) and Means and Travis (2007) reported declines and potential 

extirpations of dusky salamanders (genus Desmognathus) from areas where they were once 

considered common and widespread. The northern dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) 

went undetected during recent inventories at Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical 

Site (MacGregor 2007) and was found at only one location in Mammoth Cave National Park, 

though it was formerly considered common. This decline occurred “despite a complete lack of 

obvious physical changes in these habitats” (MacGregor 2007b). Thus, some level of periodic 

21
qualitative monitoring (e.g., continued persistence, disease detection, etc), at minimum, is 

recommended as an early warning to potential declines. 

One area worth noting in regard to monitoring of vascular plants is in the area of rare species. 

Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission (KSNPC) recently re-visited Element Occurrence 

Records (EORs) in an effort to update its records (White and Littlefield 2008). Because state 

heritage programs such as KSNPC maintain extensive databases of rare organisms, coordination 

and data sharing with these entities should be re-visited on a periodic basis to ensure these 

important datasets are available to park managers. 

Management 

As noted within this report, significant efforts have been made to consolidate and certify 

available data in NPSpecies for use by park planners, managers, and others. Completion of this 

effort is a significant step for most CUPN parks, as it is the first time verified and validated 

species lists can be generated. To increase the utility of these data, a remaining step within 

NPSpecies is identification of management priority species, such as sensitive species, highly 

invasive exotics, or poached species. CUPN staff is available to assist the park in accomplishing 

this task. In addition, plans are currently underway by the I&M Program to make all nonsensitive data available to researchers and ultimately the general public in the near future. As 

such, CUGA and CUPN staff should also plan to evaluate the data for sensitive information to 

ensure that such data are not inadvertently released when this occurs. 

While species lists, priority lists, etc. are obviously important for future park planning and 

management, the diversity of organisms and associated abundance also provide insight into the 

outcome or success of current and past management. As one looks at CUGA’s current Local List 

a clear pattern emerges. Like Monroe (2005) stated, “The park is amazingly rich with species of 

mature forests.” He went on to state: 

Conversely, there are virtually no openings of significance within the boundaries. 

This makes the overall diversity of the park lower than other areas, but allows 

several rare species and species of special concern to thrive here. The single most 

telling ‘find’ was the detection of only a single, flyover Brown-headed Cowbird. 

This species, often considered one of the greatest threats to many other birds due 

to its parasitic nature, simply does not seem to occur unless there are disturbances 

within the forest. 

 

In short, while the park’s overall diversity could likely be increased by creating openings within 

the forest, the current management approach of protection and allowing habitats or communities 

to mature has resulted in significant populations of many uncommon and regionally rare species. 

This is reflected in vertebrate groups, as a high percentage of the expected species were found on 

the park. White (2006) noted: 

Because the land is so unfragmented and relatively undisturbed for the past 60+ 

years, most all of the ecological communities within the park are considered 

natural community types. The nine semi-natural/disturbed types tend to occur on 

the edges of the park or around the human-maintained Hensley Settlement. 

22
 

White (2006) went on to note that while many of the natural communities within the park are 

globally common, “the park probably protects some of the best high quality examples of these 

forests in this ecoregion.” In short, results are positive in regard to the direction and success of 

natural resource management at CUGA. However, as time continues new threats emerge. Some 

of the more noteworthy for CUGA include Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae), emerald 

ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), White-Nose Syndrome (bats), and a host of exotic invasive 

plants. At present, the emerald ash borer and White-Nose Syndrome have not been detected on 

CUGA, though their range is expanding toward the park. 

CUGA is currently recovering from severe southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) 

outbreaks that have significantly impacted the mature pine trees in the park (White 2006). The Hi 

Lewis Pitch Pine Barrens is considered extremely rare and declining on the park due to heavy 

damage from this native forest pest. Many of the stands once dominated by pines are being 

replaced by successional hardwood species. Stand replacement events such as these also open the 

door to potential invasion by aggressive invasive exotics. The jury is still out as to whether fire is 

an effective tool to slow invasion of hardwoods, allowing for pines to regenerate (White 2006). 

While decisions on the best way to control the spread or impacts of forest pests can be difficult, 

early detection is often the manager’s best hope for success. Currently a multitude of entities 

from government agencies to academic institutions to NGOs have data available on the 

establishment and spread of a continually growing list of forest pests. To aid managers in 

synthesizing this information, CUPN will regularly and systematically review the available 

information, filter it, and provide relevant information to CUGA. This effort will be part of 

CUPN’s forest pest vital sign monitoring protocol (in prep). In addition, a component of CUPN’s 

vegetation community vital sign monitoring protocol (in prep) will incorporate some level of 

forest pest monitoring. 

White (2006) believed aggressive exotic plants may currently be the biggest single threat to 

overall ecological health of the park. A total of 122 exotic vascular plants are currently known to 

occur on CUGA, which is comparable to most parks in CUPN. CUGA Resource Management 

staff has been very active in attempting to combat many of these species with periodic assistance 

from the NPS Southeast Exotic Plant Management Team. With many additional foreign invaders 

encroaching upon the region such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), early detection and 

control are the best defense. CUPN aims to assist in this endeavor through its invasive plants 

vital sign monitoring protocol (in prep). 

The arrival of garlic mustard at CUGA will likely have a tremendous effect on the rich 

bottomland and cove forests in the park, particularly the Northern Mixed Mesophytic Forest 

(White 2006). As a result, the first management recommendation made by White (2006) is 

control of highly invasive exotics in all communities, “especially those highly ranked community 

types and community types near floodplains.” The Dry Calcareous Forest/Woodland (White 

Ash-Shagbark Hickory Type), one of the rarer community types in the park as well as being 

considered globally rare (G1?), is primarily threatened by exotic invasion (e.g., princess tree, 

Paulownia tomentosa; and tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus altissima) due to its relatively open canopy. 

23
Other rare community types are potentially threatened by tree and shrub invasion. These include 

the Cumberland Streamside Bog (G1?Q), Swamp Forest-Bog Complex (Typic Type) (G2), Hi 

Lewis Pitch Pine Barrens (G2?), Montane Grape Opening (G2G3), and the Southern 

Appalachian Mountain Laurel Bald (G2G3) on deeper soil sites (White 2006). These rarer 

community types are prime candidates for monitoring within CUPN’s vegetation community 

vital sign monitoring protocol (in prep). Once an initial stratification process is complete for this 

protocol, NatureServe and CUPN staff will meet with park staff to ensure park vegetation 

community monitoring needs (such as these) are addressed. 

Additional management issues and recommendations specific to CUGA can be found in the 

various inventory reports, as well as White and Littlefield (2008). 

Climate Change 

An area of management concern, which is currently the focus of a flurry of activity and attention, 

is addressing climate change impacts. As already noted, the Department of Interior (DOI) has 

identified the response to rapid climate change a top priority, and the DOI and Congressional 

committees are greatly emphasizing the need to closely coordinate the response across agencies 

within and external to the DOI. For more information regarding this coordination refer to DOI 

Secretarial Order 3289, http://www.doi.gov/climatechange/SecOrder3289.pdf). 

While monitoring effects of climate change and formulating a management response at the local 

level is somewhat nebulous at this juncture, much of what NPS currently does in support of its 

mission to manage parks “unimpaired for future generations” certainly aligns with these items. 

This includes: 

• Preserving ecosystem services (e.g., clean and abundant water supply, clean air, pollination, 

critical nutrient cycling, cultural heritage, recreational services); 

• Preserving biodiversity (including genetic diversity) so that species can adapt to climate 

change; 

• Reducing other environmental stressors that interact with global warming (e.g., invasive 

species, habitat destruction, disease, over-fishing, pollution); 

• Providing science-based information to educators, visitors, partners, and the general public. 

 

The I&M program, and specifically CUPN, will be monitoring developments in this arena 

including predicted impacts. As developments occur and new information is made available, 

CUPN will evaluate its activities, as well as seek to keep park managers informed on this 

important issue. 

24
Summary of Management Findings and Recommendations 

Following is a summary of the inventory, monitoring and management items discussed within 

this report (Table 8). As already noted, this list was developed by CUPN staff and is based on 

staff knowledge and reviews of recent inventory reports and other data contained in NPSpecies 

for CUGA. This list should not be viewed as all inclusive or in any way usurping park 

management’s own evaluations. It is CUPN’s hope that this review document will facilitate 

greater use and understanding of data collected under the auspices of the I&M Program. As 

already noted, CUPN staff is available to provide technical assistance and in some cases limited 

field assistance (as appropriate and as opportunities arise) in the accomplishment of many of 

these tasks. 

25
Table 8. Summary of findings/recommendations assembled by CUPN staff for CUGA, based on 

staff knowledge and a review of recent inventory reports and other NPSpecies data. 

Category Finding/Recommendation 

Inventory • Complete inventories within new land acquisitions (e.g., Fern Lake). 

• Cross-check existing park files for species inventory data and other 

relevant natural resource information with references currently linked in 

NPSpecies (with emphasis on vertebrates and vascular plants). Enter 

additional reports and observations into NatureBib and NPSpecies, as 

appropriate. 

• With the aid of taxa experts and targeted field efforts (where 

appropriate), review the park’s list of Unconfirmed organisms with the 

goal of reducing the number of organisms in this Park Status category. 

All groups should be addressed as opportunities arise. However, 

vascular plants and fish currently have the highest percentages as 

Unconfirmed. 

• Conduct targeted field efforts to document rare, sensitive, or other 

mammalian organisms deemed important to management. 

• Conduct targeted field efforts to document additional turtle species on 

the park. 

• As opportunities arise, conduct targeted efforts to document the seven 

amphibian and reptiles currently classified as Probably Present. 

• As opportunities arise, conduct targeted efforts to document the 14 birds 

currently classified as Probably Present. 

• With the aid of taxa experts knowledgeable of the local fish fauna, 

evaluate results of recent fish inventory efforts to determine if additional 

survey efforts are warranted. 

Monitoring • Dependent upon outcome of CUPN Vegetation Monitoring Protocol, 

seek opportunities to monitor high elevation breeding bird populations 

on the park. 

• Seek opportunities to conduct periodic qualitative sampling of 

streamside amphibian populations as an early warning to amphibian 

declines. 

• Continue efforts to update element occurrence data with state heritage 

programs and others. 

• Evaluate need and efficacy of adding cave monitoring to CUPN’s longterm monitoring efforts at CUGA. 

• Assess vulnerabilities to climate change and formulate appropriate 

monitoring and/or management response (This will be an iterative 

process as new information is made available). 

Management • Within NPSpecies, identify and flag organisms considered pest, 

management priority, and exploitation concern. 

• Within NPSpecies, identify and flag sensitive data records. 

• Continue efforts and seek partnerships to detect forest pests early. 

• Continue efforts to combat establishment and spread of invasive exotic 

plants. 

• In cooperation with CUPN and NatureServe, identify particular 

habitat/community types of management concern for the park. 

26
Literature Cited 

Bank, M. S., J. B. Crocker, S. Davis, D. K. Brotherton, R. Cook, J. Behler, and B. Connery. 

2006. Population decline of northern dusky salamanders at Acadia National Park, Maine, 

Biological Conservation 130:230-238. 

Barbour, R. W., W. H. Davis, and R. A. Kuehne. 1979. The Vertebrate Fauna of Cumberland 

Gap National Historical Park. 

Collins, J. P. and A. Storfer. 2003. Special Issue: Amphibian declines. Diversity and 

Distributions 9:89-98. 

Dodd, C. K. 2003. Monitoring amphibians in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 1258. 

Franzreb, K. E. and K. V. Rosenberg. 1997. Are forest songbirds declining? Status assessment 

from the southern Appalachians and northern forests. Transactions of the 62nd North 

American Wildlife and Natural Resoure Conference 62:264-279. 

Gibbons, J. W. 1997. Discovering hidden biodiversity: Lessons from five decades of 

herpetological research. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on the Natural History of 

Lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys:1-7. A. F. Scott, S. W. Hamilton, E. W. 

Chester and D. S. W. (Eds.). Clarksville, Tennessee. 

Gumbert, M., P. Sewell, and P. Roby. 2006. Mammals of Cumberland Gap National Historical 

Park; Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia. Copperhead Consulting, Richmond, Kentucky. 

Leibfreid, T. R., R. L. Woodman, and S. C. Thomas. 2005. Vital signs monitoring plan for the 

Cumberland Piedmont Network and Mammoth Cave National Park Prototype Monitoring 

Program: July 2005. National Park Service, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. 

MacGregor, J. 2007. Results of an Amphibian, Reptile, and Turtle Survey of Abraham Lincoln 

Birthplace and Boyhood Home National Park, Kentucky. 

MacGregor, J. 2007b. Results of an Amphibian, Reptile, and Turtle Survey of Mammoth Cave 

National Park, Kentucky. 

Meade, L. S. 2003. Herpetofauna survey of Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. Third 

Rock Consultants, LLC, Lexington, Kentucky. 

Means, D. B. and J. Travis. 2007. Declines in ravine-inhabiting dusky salamanders of the 

Southeastern US costal plain, Southeastern Naturalist 6:83-96. 

Monroe, M. S. 2005. Bird inventory for Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. 

27
Nichols, B., J. R. Jenkins, K. Langdon and T. Leibfreid. 2000. Study plan for vertebrate and 

vascular plant inventories in Cumberland Piedmont and Appalachian Highlands Networks. 

U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service. 

Palmer-Ball, B. L. Jr. 1996. The Kentucky breeding bird atlas. The University of Kentucky 

Press, Lexington. 

Petranka, J. W., C. K. Smith and A. F. Scott. 2004. Identifying the minimal demographic unit for 

monitoring pond-breeding amphibians. Ecological Application 14:1065-1078. 

Remley, A. W. 2005. Fish inventory of Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. Third Rock 

Consultants, LLC, Lexington, Kentucky. 

Robbins, C. S., J. R. Sauer, R. S. Greenberg, and S. Droege. 1989. Population declines in North 

American birds that migrate to the neotropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of 

Sciences 86:7658-7662. 

Walker, G. L., D. Ballinger, U. Matthes and D. Dobson. 2007. Physical variables and community 

structure of the White Rocks cliff system, Cumberland Gap National Historic Park. 

Appalachian State Univ., Boone, North Carolina. 

White, D. L. and T. R. Littlefield. 2008. Update of Kentucky rare plants in Cumberland Gap 

National Historical Park. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort, 

Kentucky. 

White, R. D. 2006. Vascular plant inventory and ecological community classification for 

Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. NatureServe, Durham, North Carolina. 

 

28
Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary 

Park Status The current status of each species in 

each park. 

Applicable only to organisms with the Local List

checkbox checked. The possible values reflect a 

combination of confidence, and availability and 

currency of verifiable evidence in NPSpecies. 

Present in Park Species' occurrence in park is 

documented and assumed to be extant. 

Extremely high confidence that the species is 

currently in the park. A current, verifiable 

reference, voucher or observation is included in 

NPSpecies. 

Probably 

Present

Park is within species' range and 

contains appropriate habitat. 

Documented occurrences of the species 

in the adjoining region of the park give 

reason to suspect that it probably 

occurs within the park. The degree of 

probability may vary within this 

category, including species that range 

from common to rare. 

Very high confidence that the organism is 

currently in the park. Verifiable evidence may 

exist in NPSpecies, but is not considered current 

enough to elevate the status to Present in Park. 

Efforts should be made to obtain current, verifiable 

evidence in NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status 

to “Present in Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain 

current, verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then 

the Park Status should be changed to 

Unconfirmed, Historic, Encroaching or False 

Report as applicable. 

Unconfirmed Included for the park based on weak 

("unconfirmed record") or no evidence, 

giving minimal indication of the 

species' occurrence in the park. 

Any confidence from very low to high that the 

organism is currently in the park. Verifiable 

evidence may exist in NPSpecies, but it is not 

considered sufficient enough to elevate the status 

to Probably Present, nor current enough to elevate 

the status to Present. Efforts should be made to 

obtain current, verifiable evidence in NPSpecies to 

elevate the Park Status to “Present in Park”. If 

reasonable efforts to obtain current, verifiable 

evidence are unsuccessful, then the Park Status 

should be changed to Historic, Encroaching or 

False Report as applicable. 

Encroaching The species is not documented in the 

park, but is documented as being 

adjacent to the park and has potential to 

occur in the park. 

Extremely low confidence that the organism is 

currently in the park, but extremely high 

confidence that the organism is currently adjacent 

to the park. Verifiable evidence may exist in 

NPSpecies documenting the occurrence in the 

park, but it is not current. Potential invasive 

organisms are good candidates for this Park Status 

designation, either before they enter a park or after 

they have been eliminated from a park. 

Historic Species' historical occurrence in the 

park is documented, but recent 

investigations indicate that the species 

is now probably absent. 

Extremely low confidence that the organism is 

currently in the park. Verifiable evidence exists in 

NPSpecies, but is not current. Extinct, extirpated 

or eliminated species are candidates for a Historic 

Park Status designation. 

False Report Species previously reported to occur 

within the park, but current evidence 

indicates that the report was based on a 

misidentification, a taxonomic concept 

no longer accepted, or some other 

Extremely low confidence that the organism is 

currently in the park. Evidence exists in 

NPSpecies, but it cannot be sufficiently verified. 

29
similar problem of interpretation. 

NA Not Applicable - Park-Status does not 

apply to the scientific name for the 

park. 

The NA value prevents null values from appearing 

in NPSpecies and applies to 2 primary situations: 

1) An outdated scientific name that is not 

used in the locale of the park for an 

organism, but is in NPSpecies for a park 

because of the inclusion of vouchers, 

observations or names linked to 

references. Note that outdated names are 

reconciled in NPSpecies with the LOCAL 

CLASSIFICATION system. 

2) Vouchers, observations or names linked 

to references have not been identified at 

the species level or lower, but are 

included in NPSpecies with the name of a 

higher taxonomic rank than the species 

level. The names of these higher level 

taxonomic ranks will disappear from 

NPSpecies if the evidence of the 

respective name are identified to the 

species level or lower, and are changed 

appropriately in NPSpecies. 

Abundance The current abundance of each 

organism in each park. 

Applicable only to organisms with the Local List

checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". 

The values attempt to balance abundance with 

suitable habitat, and temporal/behavioral 

considerations. In practice, the entered value 

should apply (although there are numerous 

exceptions) to the abundance in the most suitable 

habitat of the organism, and at the time that the 

organism is engaged in it’s principle behavior in 

(e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.), or 

most important behavior to, the park. A future 

generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of 

Abundance (and associated Residency) to separate 

out the temporal and behavioral aspects. The Data 

Source field for Abundance is available to provide 

a citation that specifically addresses abundance in 

more detail. 

Abundant Animals: May be seen daily, in 

suitable habitat and season, and 

counted in relatively large numbers. 

Plants: Large number of individuals; 

wide ecological amplitude or occurring 

in habitats covering a large portion of 

the park. 

Common Animals: May be seen daily, in 

suitable habitat and season, but not in 

large numbers. Plants: Large numbers 

of individuals predictably occurring in 

commonly encountered habitats but not 

those covering a large portion of the 

30
park. 

Uncommon Animals: Likely to be seen monthly in 

appropriate season/habitat. May be 

locally common. Plants: Few to 

moderate numbers of individuals; 

occurring either sporadically in 

commonly encountered habitats or in 

uncommon habitats. 

Rare Animals: Present, but usually seen 

only a few times each year. Plants:

Few individuals, usually restricted to 

small areas of rare habitat. 

Occasional Animals: Occurs in the park at least 

once every few years, but not 

necessarily every year. Plants: Not 

applicable. 

Unknown Abundance unknown. 

NA Not Applicable – Abundance does not 

apply to the scientific name in the park. 

All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park 

Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. 

Residency Current residency classification for 

each ANIMAL species in each park. 

Applicable only to ANIMALS with the Local List

checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". 

The values attempt to balance temporal and 

behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered 

value should apply (although there are numerous 

exceptions) to the residency of the organism at the 

time that the organism is engaged in its principle 

behavior (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, 

etc.) in, or most important behavior to, the park. A 

future generation of NPSpecies will address the 

coding of Residency (and associated Abundance) 

to separate out the temporal and behavior aspects. 

The Data Source field for Residency is available to 

provide a citation that specifically addresses 

Residency in more detail. 

Breeder Population reproduces in the park. 

Resident A significant population is maintained 

in the park for more than two months 

each year, but it is not known to breed 

there. 

Migratory Migratory species that occurs in park 

approximately two months or less each 

year and does not breed there. 

Vagrant Park is outside of the species' usual 

range. 

Unknown Residency status in park is unknown. 

NA Not Applicable – Residency does not 

apply to the scientific name in the park. 

All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park 

Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. 

Nativity Nativity classification for each 

organism for each park. 

Applicable only to organisms with the Local List

checkbox checked. If the park-status of an 

organism is not “Present in Park”, then nativity 

represents the nativity if the organism were 

31
eventually confirmed in the park. 

Native The organism is native, or would be 

native, to the park (either endemic or 

indigenous). 

Non-Native The organism is not native, or would 

not be native, to the park (neither 

endemic nor indigenous). 

Cultivated organisms as defined under the 

Cultivation field are also considered non-native. 

Unknown Nativity is unknown relative to the 

park. 

NA Not Applicable Applies to names that do not represent organism 

names for the locale of the park. 

Cultivation Cultivation classification for each nonnative organism in each park. 

Applicable only to organisms with the Local List

checkbox checked, a Park Status of "Present" or 

"Probably Present" and a Nativity of Non-Native. 

Cultivation is intended to distinguish between nonnative organisms that were introduced as part of a 

park’s mission, and non-native organisms that 

occur in the park naturally. Cultivation was not 

intended to apply to organisms that are cultivated 

for landscape purposes and have not persisted into 

the natural environment, for example plants in 

gardens or terrariums, or animals in enclosures. In 

general, NPSpecies was not intended to include 

controlled, “domestic” organisms. 

Cultivated A non-native species that is currently 

cultivated in the park. 

Persistent A non-native species that persists in the 

park (either reproducing or nonreproducing) from a previous 

cultivation in the park. 

Not Cultivated A non-native species that is not 

currently cultivated in the park. 

Unknown A non-native species for which the 

cultivation in the park is currently 

unknown. 

NA All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park 

Status of Present or Probably Present and a 

Nativity of Non-native should have a Cultivation 

of NA. 

Not Applicable – Cultivation does not 

apply to the non-native scientific name 

in the park. 

32
Appendix B. Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Local List (NPSp

8/19/2009). Organisms sorted alphabetically by group (i.e., amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals, reptiles, and vascLatin name. 

33 

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

AmphibiansAmbystoma maculatum spotted salamander PIP Ambystoma opacum marbled salamander PIP Aneides aeneus green salamander PIP Bufo americanus American toad PIP Bufo fowleri Fowler's toad U Desmognathus fuscus northern dusky salamander PIP Desmognathus monticola seal salamander PIP Desmognathus welteri Black Mountain salamander PIP Eurycea cirrigera southern two-lined 

salamander 

PIP 

Eurycea longicauda longtail salamander U Eurycea lucifuga cave salamander PIP Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Kentucky spring salamander PIP Hemidactylium scutatum four-toed salamander PIP Hyla chrysoscelis Cope's gray treefrog PIP Hyla versicolor gray treefrog F Notophthalmus viridescens red-spotted newt PIP Plethodon glutinosus northern slimy salamander PIP Plethodon kentucki Cumberland Plateau 

salamander 

PIP 

Plethodon richmondi southern ravine salamander PIP Pseudacris brachyphona mountain chorus frog PIP Pseudacris crucifer spring peeper PIP Pseudacris feriarum upland chorus frog PIP Pseudotriton diastictus midland mud salamander PP Pseudotriton ruber northern red salamander PP 

Scientific Name Common N

Rana catesbeiana bullfrog Rana clamitans green frog Rana palustris pickerel frog Rana sylvatica wood frog Scaphiopus holbrookii eastern spadefooBirds

Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned HaAegolius acadicus Northern Saw-whAgelaius phoeniceus Red-winged BlackAimophila aestivalis Bachman's SparrAix sponsa Wood Duck Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper SpaAnas platyrhynchos Mallard Anser albifrons Greater White-froAnthus rubescens American Pipit Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle Archilochus colubris Ruby-throated HuArdea herodias Great Blue Heron Baeolophus bicolor Tufted Titmouse Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse Branta canadensis Canada Goose Bubo virginianus Great Horned OwButeo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Ha
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

34

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk PIP Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk PIP Butorides virescens Green Heron PP Caprimulgus carolinensis Chuck-will's-widow PIP Caprimulgus vociferus Whip-poor-will PIP Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal PIP Carduelis pinus Pine Siskin PIP Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch PIP Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch PIP Carpodacus purpureus Purple Finch PIP Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture PIP Catharus fuscescens Veery PIP Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush PIP Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush PIP Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush PIP Certhia americana Brown Creeper PIP Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher PIP Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift PIP Charadrius vociferus Killdeer PIP Chen caerulescens Snow Goose PIP Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk PIP Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier PIP Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo PIP Coccyzus erythropthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo PIP Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker PIP Colinus virginianus Northern Bobwhite E Columba livia Rock Pigeon PIP Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher PIP Contopus virens Eastern Wood-Pewee PIP Coragyps atratus Black Vulture PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow Corvus corax Common Raven Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay Dendroica caerulescens Black-throated BlDendroica castanea Bay-breasted WaDendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped WDendroica discolor Prairie Warbler Dendroica dominica Yellow-throated WDendroica fusca Blackburnian WarDendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler Dendroica palmarum Palm Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica Chestnut-sided WDendroica petechia Yellow Warbler Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica tigrina Cape May WarbleDendroica virens Black-throated Gr

Warbler 

Dryocopus pileatus Pileated WoodpecDumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied FlyEmpidonax minimus Least Flycatcher Empidonax virescens Acadian FlycatcheEremophila alpestris Horned Lark Falco columbarius Merlin Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Falco sparverius American Kestrel Geothlypis trichas Common YellowthGrus canadensis Sandhill Crane Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

35

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Helmitheros vermivorum Worm-eating Warbler PIP Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow PIP Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush PIP Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat PIP Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole PIP Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole PP Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco PIP Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull PIP Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's Warbler PIP Megascops asio Eastern Screech-Owl PIP Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker PIP Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed Woodpecker PIP Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey PIP Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow PIP Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow PIP Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird PIP Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler PIP Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird PIP Myiarchus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher PIP Oporornis agilis Connecticut Warbler PP Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler PIP Oporornis philadelphia Mourning Warbler PP Pandion haliaetus Osprey PIP Parula americana Northern Parula PIP Passer domesticus House Sparrow PIP Passerella iliaca Fox Sparrow PIP Passerina caerulea Blue Grosbeak PIP Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting PIP Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak PIP Picoides borealis Red-cockaded Woodpecker H 

Scientific Name Common N

Picoides pubescens Downy WoodpeckPicoides villosus Hairy WoodpeckePipilo erythrophthalmus Eastern Towhee Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager Piranga rubra Summer Tanager Poecile carolinensis Carolina ChickadePolioptila caerulea Blue-gray GnatcaProgne subis Purple Martin Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary WarQuiscalus quiscula Common Grackle Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned KiRegulus satrapa Golden-crowned Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe Scolopax minor American WoodcoSeiurus aurocapilla Ovenbird Seiurus motacilla Louisiana WaterthSeiurus noveboracensis Northern WaterthSetophaga ruticilla American RedstaSialia sialis Eastern Bluebird Sitta canadensis Red-breasted NutSitta carolinensis White-breasted NSphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied SaSpizella passerina Chipping Sparrow Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern Rough-w

Swallow 

Strix varia Barred Owl Sturnella magna Eastern MeadowlSturnus vulgaris European Starling Tachycineta bicolor Tree Swallow Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

36

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher PIP Troglodytes aedon House Wren PP Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren PIP Turdus migratorius American Robin PIP Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird PIP Vermivora celata Orange-crowned Warbler PIP Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler PIP Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler PIP Vermivora pinus Blue-winged Warbler PIP Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville Warbler PIP Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo PIP Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo PIP Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo PIP Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo PIP Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia Vireo PIP Vireo solitarius Blue-headed Vireo PIP Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler PIP Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler PIP Wilsonia pusilla Wilson's Warbler PP Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove PIP Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow PIP Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow E FishesAmbloplites rupestris rock bass PIP Ameiurus melas black bullhead U Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead U Ammocrypta clara western sand darter PP Ammocrypta pellucida eastern sand darter U Anguilla rostrata American eel U Campostoma anomalum central stoneroller PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Catostomus commersonii white sucker Chaenobryttus gulosus warmouth Clinostomus elongatus redside dace Clinostomus funduloides rosyside dace Cottus bairdii mottled sculpin Cottus carolinae banded sculpin Cyprinella galactura whitetail shiner Cyprinella spiloptera spotfin shiner Cyprinella whipplei steelcolor shiner Cyprinus carpio common carp Erimonax monachus spotfin chub Erimystax cahni slender chub Erimystax dissimilis streamline chub Etheostoma baileyi emerald darter Etheostoma blennioides greenside darter Etheostoma caeruleum rainbow darter Etheostoma camurum bluebreast darter Etheostoma cinereum ashy darter Etheostoma flabellare fantail darter Etheostoma kennicotti stripetail darter Etheostoma sagitta arrow darter Etheostoma simoterum snubnose darter Etheostoma simoterum simoterum 

snubnose darter 

Etheostoma susanae Cumberland johnEtheostoma tippecanoe tippecanoe darter Etheostoma variatum variegate darter Etheostoma virgatum striped darter Etheostoma zonale banded darter Gambusia affinis mosquitofish Hemitremia flammea flame chub 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

37

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Hybopsis amblops bigeye chub U Hypentelium nigricans northern hogsucker PIP Ichthyomyzon bdellium Ohio lamprey U Ichthyomyzon fossor northern brook lamprey U Ichthyomyzon greeleyi mountain brook lamprey U Ichthyomyzon unicuspis silver lamprey U Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish U Labidesthes sicculus brook silverside U Lampetra aepyptera least brook lamprey U Lampetra appendix American brook lamprey U Lepomis auritus redbreast sunfish PIP Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish PIP Lepomis macrochirus bluegill PIP Lepomis megalotis longear sunfish U Lepomis microlophus redear sunfish U Luxilus chrysocephalus striped shiner PIP Lythrurus ardens rosefin shiner U Micropterus coosae redeye bass U Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass U Micropterus punctulatus spotted bass PIP Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass PIP Moxostoma anisurum silver redhorse U Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse U Notropis ariommus popeye shiner U Notropis buccatus silverjaw minnow PIP Notropis chlorocephalus greenhead shiner F Notropis photogenis silver shiner U Notropis rubellus rosyface shiner PIP Notropis stramineus sand shiner U Notropis volucellus mimic shiner U 

Scientific Name Common N

Noturus eleutherus mountain madtom Noturus flavipinnis yellowfin madtom Noturus flavus stonecat Noturus miurus brindled madtom Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout Perca flavescens yellow perch Percina aurantiaca tangerine darter Percina caprodes logperch Percina maculata blackside darter Percina oxyrhynchus sharpnose darter Percina sciera dusky darter Phenacobius uranops stargazing minnow Phoxinus cumberlandensis blackside dace Phoxinus erythrogaster southern redbelly Pimephales notatus bluntnose minnow Pimephales promelas fathead minnow Pomoxis annularis white crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie Pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish Rhinichthys atratulus blacknose dace Rhinichthys cataractae longnose dace Salvelinus fontinalis brook trout Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub Mammals

Blarina brevicauda northern short-taiCanis familiaris domestic dog Canis latrans coyote Castor canadensis American beaver Cervus elaphus elk Clethrionomys gapperi southern red-back
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

38

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Corynorhinus rafinesquii Rafinesque's big-eared bat PP Cryptotis parva least shrew PIP Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum PIP Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat PIP Felis catus domestic cat PP Glaucomys volans southern flying squirrel PIP Lasionycteris noctivagans silver-haired bat PIP Lasiurus borealis eastern red bat PIP Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat PIP Lontra canadensis river otter U Lynx rufus bobcat PIP Marmota monax woodchuck PIP Mephitis mephitis striped skunk PIP Microtus pennsylvanicus meadow vole U Microtus pinetorum woodland vole PIP Mus musculus house mouse E Mustela frenata long-tailed weasel PP Mustela nivalis least weasel U Mustela vison mink PP Myotis grisescens gray bat PP Myotis leibii eastern small-footed bat PIP Myotis lucifugus little brown bat PIP Myotis septentrionalis northern bat PIP Myotis sodalis Indiana bat PIP Napaeozapus insignis woodland jumping mouse PIP Neotoma magister Allegheny woodrat PIP Ochrotomys nuttalli golden mouse PIP Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer PIP Ondatra zibethicus muskrat PIP Oryzomys palustris marsh rice rat U 

Scientific Name Common N

Parascalops breweri hairy-tailed mole Peromyscus leucopus white-footed mouPeromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae 

cloudland deer m

Pipistrellus subflavus eastern pipistrelle Procyon lotor raccoon Rattus norvegicus Norway rat Reithrodontomys humulis eastern harvest mScalopus aquaticus eastern mole Sciurus carolinensis eastern gray squiSciurus niger eastern fox squirrSigmodon hispidus hispid cotton rat Sorex cinereus masked shrew Sorex dispar long-tailed shrew Sorex fumeus smoky shrew Sorex hoyi pygmy shrew Sorex longirostris southeastern shreSorex palustris water shrew Spilogale putorius eastern spotted sSus scrofa feral pig Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail Sylvilagus obscurus Appalachian cottoSynaptomys cooperi southern bog lemTamias striatus eastern chipmunk Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray fox Ursus americanus black bear Vulpes vulpes red fox ReptilesAgkistrodon contortrix copperhead Carphophis amoenus worm snake Chelydra serpentina common snapping 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

39

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Coluber constrictor black racer PIP Crotalus horridus timber rattlesnake PIP Diadophis punctatus ringneck snake PIP Elaphe spiloides black rat snake PIP Eumeces fasciatus five-lined skink PIP Lampropeltis getula nigra black kingsnake U Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum 

eastern milk snake PP 

Nerodia sipedon northern water snake PIP Opheodrys aestivus rough green snake PP Sceloporus undulatus eastern fence lizard PIP Scincella lateralis ground skink PP Sternotherus odoratus common musk turtle U Storeria occipitomaculata northern redbelly snake PIP Terrapene carolina eastern box turtle PIP Thamnophis sirtalis eastern garter snake PIP Virginia valeriae valeriae eastern earth snake PP Vascular PlantsAbutilon theophrasti velvetleaf U Acalypha rhomboidea PIP Acalypha virginica Virginia threeseed mercury PIP Acer negundo box elder PIP Acer negundo var. negundo box elder U Acer nigrum black maple U Acer pensylvanicum striped maple PIP Acer rubrum red maple PIP Acer rubrum var. rubrum red maple U Acer rubrum var. trilobum red maple PIP Acer saccharinum silver maple U Acer saccharum sugar maple PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Acer saccharum var. saccharum 

sugar maple 

Acer spicatum mountain maple Achillea millefolium common yarrow Acinos arvensis basil thyme Aconitum uncinatum southern blue moAcorus americanus sweetflag Acorus calamus sweetflag Actaea pachypoda white baneberry Actaea podocarpa Actaea racemosa var. racemosa Actaea rubifolia Adiantum pedatum northern maidenhAdlumia fungosa climbing fumitory Aesculus flava yellow buckeye Agalinis purpurea purple false foxgloAgalinis tenuifolia slender false-foxgAgalinis tenuifolia var. tenuifolia 

slenderleaf false f

Ageratina altissima white snakeroot Ageratina altissima var. altissima 

white snakeroot 

Ageratina altissima var. roanensis Ageratina aromatica lesser snakeroot Agrimonia gryposepala tall hairy groovebAgrimonia parviflora swamp agrimony Agrimonia pubescens soft agrimony Agrimonia rostellata woodland agrimoAgrostemma githago common corncocAgrostis gigantea redtop Agrostis hyemalis winter bentgrass 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

40

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Agrostis perennans perenial bentgrass PIP Agrostis stolonifera spreading bentgrass PIP Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven PIP Albizia julibrissin silk tree PIP Aletris farinosa white colicroot U Alisma subcordatum broad-leaved water-plantain PIP Allium burdickii narrowleaf wild leek U Allium canadense meadow garlic U Allium cernuum nodding onion PIP Allium tricoccum wild leek PIP Allium vineale ssp. vineale wild garlic PIP Alnus serrulata brook-side alder PIP Alopecurus arundinaceus creeping meadow foxtail U Amaranthus hybridus slim amaranth U Amaranthus retroflexus redroot amaranth U Amaranthus spinosus spiny amaranth PIP Ambrosia artemisiifolia annual ragweed PIP Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior 

annual ragweed U 

Ambrosia trifida var. trifida great ragweed PIP Amelanchier arborea downy serviceberry PIP Amelanchier arborea var. arborea 

common serviceberry U 

Amelanchier canadensis Canadian serviceberry PIP Amelanchier laevis Allegheny service-berry PIP Amianthium muscitoxicum fly-poison PIP Ampelopsis arborea peppervine U Ampelopsis cordata heartleaf peppervine U Amphicarpaea bracteata American hog-peanut PIP Amsonia tabernaemontana var. tabernaemontana 

eastern bluestar U 

Anagallis arvensis scarlet pimpernel U 

Scientific Name Common N

Anagallis minima chaffweed Andropogon gerardii big bluestem Andropogon glomeratus bushy bluestem Andropogon glomeratus var. glomeratus 

bushy bluestem 

Andropogon ternarius splitbeard bluesteAndropogon virginicus broom-sedge Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus 

broomsedge blue

Anemone quinquefolia wood anemone Anemone quinquefolia var. bifolia 

twoleaf anemone 

Anemone quinquefolia var. quinquefolia 

nightcaps 

Anemone virginiana var. virginiana 

tall thimbleweed 

Angelica triquinata filmy angelica Angelica venenosa hairy angelica Antennaria parlinii Antennaria parlinii ssp. parlinii 

Parlin's pussytoes 

Antennaria plantaginifolia plantain-leaf pussAntennaria solitaria single-head pussyAnthemis arvensis corn chamomile Anthemis cotula stinking chamomiAnthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernalgrass Apios americana American groundAplectrum hyemale puttyroot Apocynum cannabinum Indian-hemp Aquilegia canadensis wild columbine Arabis canadensis sicklepod Arabis laevigata smooth rockcress Arabis laevigata var. laevigata 

smooth rockcress 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

41

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Arabis lyrata lyre-leaf rockcress PIP Arabis patens spreading rockcress U Aralia nudicaulis wild sarsaparilla PIP Aralia racemosa ssp. racemosa 

American spikenard PIP 

Aralia spinosa hercules club PIP Arctium minus lesser burrdock U Arenaria serpyllifolia thymeleaf sandwort U Arisaema dracontium green dragon PIP Arisaema triphyllum swamp jack-in-the-pulpit PIP Arisaema triphyllum ssp. pusillum 

Jack in the pulpit U 

Arisaema triphyllum ssp. quinatum 

Jack in the pulpit U 

Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum 

Jack in the pulpit U 

Aristida dichotoma churchmouse threeawn U Aristida dichotoma var. dichotoma 

churchmouse threeawn U 

Aristida purpurascens arrowfeather threeawn U Aristida ramosissima s-curve threeawn U Aristolochia macrophylla pipevine PIP Aristolochia serpentaria Virginia snakeroot PIP Aristolochia tomentosa woolly dutchman's pipe U Arnoglossum atriplicifolium pale Indian-plantain PIP Arrhenatherum elatius tall oatgrass U Artemisia annua sweet sagewort U Artemisia vulgaris var. vulgaris 

common wormwood U 

Arthraxon hispidus small carpgrass U Aruncus dioicus common goatsbeard PIP Aruncus dioicus var. dioicus bride's feathers U Arundinaria gigantea giant cane PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Arundinaria gigantea ssp. gigantea 

giant cane 

Asarum canadense Canada wild-gingAsclepias amplexicaulis clasping milkweed Asclepias exaltata poke milkweed Asclepias incarnata swamp milkweed Asclepias purpurascens purple milkweed Asclepias quadrifolia whorled milkweed Asclepias syriaca common milkweeAsclepias tuberosa butterfly milkweed Asclepias tuberosa ssp. interior 

butterfly milkweed 

Asclepias variegata white milkweed Asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed Asclepias viridiflora green milkweed Asimina triloba pawpaw Asparagus officinalis garden asparagus Asplenium bradleyi Bradley's spleewoAsplenium montanum mountain spleenwAsplenium pinnatifidum lobed spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron var. platyneuron 

ebony spleenwort 

Asplenium resiliens black-stem spleenAsplenium rhizophyllum walking-fern spleeAsplenium ruta-muraria wallrue spleenwoAsplenium trichomanes maidenhair spleeAsplenium X trudellii Trudell's spleenwAstilbe biternata Appalachian false 

beard 

Astragalus canadensis Canadian milkvetAthyrium filix-femina common ladyfern 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

42

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides 

asplenium ladyfern PIP 

Aureolaria flava yellow false-foxglove PIP Aureolaria laevigata entire-leaf yellow false 

foxglove 

PIP 

Aureolaria patula spreading yellow false 

foxglove 

U 

Aureolaria pedicularia fernleaf yellow false-foxglove PIP Aureolaria pedicularia var. austromontana 

fernleaf yellow false foxglove U 

Aureolaria virginica downy false-foxglove PIP Avena sativa common oat PIP Baptisia tinctoria horseflyweed U Barbarea verna early yellowrocket PIP Barbarea vulgaris yellow rocket PIP Bartonia virginica yellow screwstem U Belamcanda chinensis blackberry lily PIP Bellis perennis lawndaisy U Berberis canadensis American barberry U Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry PIP Betula alleghaniensis yellow birch PIP Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis 

yellow birch U 

Betula lenta sweet birch PIP Betula nigra river birch PIP Bidens aristosa bearded beggarticks PIP Bidens bipinnata Spanish-needles PIP Bidens frondosa devil's beggar-ticks PIP Bidens tripartita three-lobe beggar-ticks PIP Bidens vulgata big devils beggartick U Bignonia capreolata crossvine PIP Blephilia ciliata downy woodmint PIP Blephilia hirsuta var. hirsuta PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Boehmeria cylindrica false nettle Botrychium biternatum sparselobe grapeBotrychium dissectum cutleaf grape-fern Botrychium matricariifolium matricary grapefeBotrychium oneidense bluntlobe grapefeBotrychium virginianum rattlesnake fern Bouteloua curtipendula sideoats grama Boykinia aconitifolia brook saxifrage Brachyelytrum erectum bearded short-husBrassica napus turnip Brassica rapa field mustard Brickellia eupatorioides false boneset Brickellia eupatorioides var. eupatorioides 

false boneset 

Bromus commutatus meadow brome Bromus japonicus Japanese brome Bromus pubescens hairy wood brome Bromus racemosus bald brome Bromus secalinus rye brome Bromus tectorum cheatgrass Buglossoides arvensis corn gromwell Bulbostylis capillaris ssp. capillaris 

densetuft hairsed

Calamagrostis coarctata arctic reedgrass Calamagrostis porteri Porter's reedgrasCalamagrostis porteri ssp. porteri 

Porter's reedgras

Calamintha nepeta ssp. glandulosa Calamintha nepeta ssp. nepeta 

lesser calamint 

Callitriche heterophylla large water-starwCallitriche terrestris terrestrial waterst
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

43

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus 

U 

Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus 

eastern sweetshrub U 

Calystegia sepium hedge bindweed PIP Calystegia silvatica ssp. fraterniflora 

shortstalk false bindweed U 

Calystegia spithamaea low false bindweed PIP Camassia scilloides Atlantic camas U Campanula divaricata southern harebell PIP Campanulastrum americanum 

tall bellflower PIP 

Campsis radicans trumpet creeper PIP Capsella bursa-pastoris common shepherd's purse PIP Cardamine angustata slender toothwort PIP Cardamine bulbosa bulbous bittercress U Cardamine concatenata cutleaf toothwort PIP Cardamine diphylla two-leaf toothwort PIP Cardamine dissecta forkleaf toothwort U Cardamine douglassii limestone bittercress U Cardamine hirsuta hairy bitter-cress PIP Cardamine maxima large toothwort U Cardamine pensylvanica Pennsylvania bitter-cress PIP Cardamine rotundifolia round-leaf water cress PIP Carduus nutans musk thistle PIP Carex abscondita thicket sedge PIP Carex aestivalis summer sedge U Carex albicans whitetinge sedge PIP Carex albicans var. albicans whitetinge sedge PIP Carex albursina white bear sedge U Carex amphibola eastern narrowleaf sedge PIP Carex annectens yellowfruit sedge U Carex appalachica Appalachian sedge PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Carex argyrantha hay sedge Carex atlantica prickly bog sedge Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica prickly bog sedge Carex austrocaroliniana tarheel sedge Carex baileyi Bailey's sedge Carex blanda woodland sedge Carex bromoides bromelike sedge Carex careyana Carey's sedge Carex caroliniana Carolina sedge Carex cephalophora oval-leaved sedge Carex communis fibrousroot sedge Carex complanata blue sedge Carex crebriflora coastalplain sedgCarex crinita fringed sedge Carex crinita var. crinita fringed sedge Carex cumberlandensis Cumberland sedgCarex debilis white edge sedge Carex debilis var. debilis white edge sedge Carex debilis var. pubera white edge sedge Carex debilis var. rudgei white-edge sedge Carex digitalis slender wood sedCarex eburnea bristleleaf sedge Carex flaccosperma thinfruit sedge Carex frankii Frank's sedge Carex gracilescens slender looseflowCarex gracillima graceful sedge Carex granularis limestone meadow Carex gynandra nodding sedge Carex hirsutella fuzzy wuzzy sedgCarex hystericina bottlebrush sedge 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

44

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Carex interior inland sedge PIP Carex intumescens bladder sedge PIP Carex jamesii James' sedge PIP Carex laevivaginata smooth-sheath sedge PIP Carex laxiculmis spreading sedge PIP Carex laxiflora loose-flowered sedge PIP Carex laxiflora var. laxiflora broad looseflower sedge U Carex leavenworthii Leavenworth's sedge PIP Carex leptalea bristly-stalk sedge PIP Carex leptalea ssp. harperi Harper's sedge U Carex leptonervia nerveless woodland sedge U Carex lucorum blue ridge sedge PIP Carex lucorum var. lucorum blue ridge sedge PIP Carex lupulina hop sedge U Carex lurida shallow sedge PIP Carex meadii Mead's sedge U Carex mesochorea midland sedge PIP Carex muehlenbergii Muhlenberg's sedge U Carex muehlenbergii var. enervis 

muhlenberg's sedge PIP 

Carex muehlenbergii var. muehlenbergii 

Muhlenberg's sedge U 

Carex nigromarginata black edge sedge PIP Carex normalis greater straw sedge PIP Carex oligocarpa richwoods sedge U Carex pedunculata longstalk sedge U Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania sedge PIP Carex plantaginea plantainleaf sedge PIP Carex platyphylla broad-leaved sedge PIP Carex prasina drooping sedge PIP Carex projecta necklace sedge PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Carex purpurifera purple sedge Carex radiata stellate sedge Carex retroflexa reflexed sedge Carex rosea rosy sedge Carex ruthii Ruth's sedge Carex scabrata rough sedge Carex scoparia var. scoparia broom sedge Carex sparganioides burr reed sedge Carex squarrosa squarrose sedge Carex stipata owlfruit sedge Carex stipata var. stipata owlfruit sedge Carex striatula lined sedge Carex stricta uptight sedge Carex styloflexa bent sedge Carex swanii swan sedge Carex tonsa var. rugosperma Carex torta twisted sedge Carex tribuloides blunt broom sedgCarex tribuloides var. sangamonensis 

blunt broom sedg

Carex tribuloides var. tribuloides 

blunt broom sedg

Carex virescens ribbed sedge Carex vulpinoidea fox sedge Carex willdenowii Willdenow's sedgCarpinus caroliniana American hornbeaCarpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana 

American hornbea

Carya alba mockernut hickory Carya cordiformis bitter-nut hickory Carya glabra sweet pignut hickCarya illinoinensis pecan 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

45

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Carya laciniosa big shellbark hickory PIP Carya ovalis red hickory PIP Carya ovata shag-bark hickory PIP Carya pallida sand hickory PIP Castanea dentata American chestnut PIP Castanea pumila var. pumila Allegheny chinkapin PIP Catalpa speciosa northern catalpa U Caulophyllum giganteum giant blue cohosh U Caulophyllum thalictroides blue cohosh PIP Ceanothus americanus new jersey tea PIP Celastrus orbiculatus oriental bittersweet PIP Celastrus scandens climbing bittersweet PIP Celtis laevigata sugarberry U Celtis occidentalis common hackberry PIP Celtis tenuifolia dwarf hackberry PIP Cenchrus longispinus innocent-weed U Centaurea biebersteinii spotted knapweed U Cephalanthus occidentalis common buttonbush PIP Cerastium brachypodum shortstalk chickweed PIP Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare 

big chickweed PIP 

Cerastium glomeratum sticky chickweed U Cerastium nutans var. nutans U Cercis canadensis var. canadensis 

redbud PIP 

Chaenomeles speciosa flowering quince PIP Chaerophyllum procumbens spreading chervil PIP Chaerophyllum tainturieri var. tainturieri 

hairyfruit chervil PIP 

Chamaecrista fasciculata var. fasciculata 

sleepingplant PIP 

Chamaecrista nictitans ssp. nictitans var. nictitans 

partridge pea PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Chamaelirium luteum devil's-bit Chamaesyce maculata devil's-bit Chamaesyce nutans eyebane Chasmanthium latifolium Indian woodoats Cheilanthes alabamensis Alabama lipfern Cheilanthes lanosa hairy lipfern Chelone glabra white turtlehead Chelone obliqua red turtlehead Chelone obliqua var. obliqua red turtlehead Chenopodium album white goosefoot Chenopodium album var. album 

lambsquarters 

Chenopodium ambrosioides var. ambrosioides 

Mexican tea 

Chimaphila maculata spotted wintergreChionanthus virginicus white fringetree Chrysogonum virginianum var. australe 

green and gold 

Chrysopsis mariana Maryland golden Chrysosplenium americanum American golden Cichorium intybus chicory Cicuta maculata var. maculata 

spotted water hem

Cinna arundinacea stout wood reed-gCinna latifolia slender wood reeCircaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis 

intermediate enchnightshade 

Cirsium altissimum tall thistle Cirsium arvense Canadian thistle Cirsium discolor field thistle Cirsium muticum swamp thistle Cirsium vulgare bull thistle Cladrastis kentukea Kentucky yelloww
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

46

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Claytonia caroliniana Carolina spring-beauty PIP Claytonia caroliniana var. caroliniana 

Carolina springbeauty U 

Claytonia virginica narrow-leaved spring beauty PIP Cleistes bifaria cleistes U Clematis catesbyana satincurls PIP Clematis glaucophylla whiteleaf leather flower U Clematis terniflora Japanese virgin's-bower PIP Clematis versicolor pale leather flower U Clematis viorna vase-vine leatherflower PIP Clematis virginiana Virginia virgin-bower PIP Clethra acuminata mountain pepper-bush PIP Clinopodium vulgare field basil PIP Clintonia umbellulata white bluebead-lily PIP Clitoria mariana Maryland butterfly-pea PIP Cocculus carolinus Carolina coralbead PIP Collinsonia canadensis Canada horse-balm PIP Comandra umbellata ssp. umbellata 

U 

Commelina communis Asiatic dayflower PIP Commelina communis var. communis 

Asiatic dayflower U 

Commelina communis var. ludens 

Asiatic dayflower U 

Commelina diffusa climbing dayflower U Commelina virginica Virginia dayflower U Conium maculatum poison hemlock U Conoclinium coelestinum PIP Conopholis americana squaw-root PIP Convallaria majuscula convallaria PIP Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed PIP Conyza canadensis Canada horseweed PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Conyza canadensis var. canadensis 

Canadian horsew

Corallorrhiza maculata Corallorrhiza odontorhiza autumn coral-root Corallorrhiza wisteriana spring coralroot Coreopsis auriculata lobed tickseed Coreopsis lanceolata lanceleaf tickseed Coreopsis major wood tickseed Coreopsis tripteris tall tickseed Cornus alternifolia alternate-leaf dogCornus amomum silky dogwood Cornus florida flowering dogwooCornus obliqua Coronilla varia common crown-veCorydalis flavula yellow fumewort Corydalis sempervirens pale corydalis Corylus americana American hazelnuCrataegus calpodendron pear hawthorn Crataegus crus-galli cockspur hawthorCrataegus flabellata fanleaf hawthorn Crataegus intricata Copenhagen hawCrataegus macrosperma bigfruit hawthorn Crataegus pruinosa waxyfruit hawthorCrataegus uniflora dwarf hawthorn Croton monanthogynus prairie tea Cruciata pedemontana piedmont bedstraCryptotaenia canadensis Canadian honewoCunila origanoides common dittany Cuphea viscosissima blue waxweed Cuscuta gronovii scaldweed 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

47

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Cuscuta pentagona var. pentagona 

fiveangled dodder U 

Cymophyllus fraserianus Fraser's cymophyllus U Cynanchum laeve honeyvine U Cynodon dactylon bermudagrass U Cynoglossum officinale gypsyflower U Cynoglossum virginianum var. virginianum 

wild comfrey PIP 

Cyperus echinatus globe flatsedge U Cyperus esculentus chufa flatsedge U Cyperus flavescens yellow flatsedge U Cyperus lancastriensis manyflower flatsedge U Cyperus retrofractus rough flatsedge PIP Cyperus retrorsus pine barren flatsedge U Cyperus retrorsus var. retrorsus 

pine barren flatsedge U 

Cyperus squarrosus bearded flatsedge U Cyperus strigosus straw-colored flatsedge PIP Cypripedium acaule pink lady's-slipper PIP Cypripedium kentuckiense southern lady's-slipper U Cypripedium parviflorum small yellow lady's-slipper PIP Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens 

PIP 

Cypripedium reginae showy lady's slipper U Cystopteris bulbifera bulblet fern PIP Cystopteris protrusa lowland brittle fern PIP Dactylis glomerata ssp. glomerata 

orchardgrass PIP 

Danthonia compressa flattened oatgrass PIP Danthonia sericea silky oatgrass PIP Danthonia spicata poverty oatgrass PIP Dasistoma macrophylla mullein foxglove U Datura stramonium jimsonweed U 

Scientific Name Common N

Daucus carota Queen Anne's lacDelphinium tricorne dwarf larkspur Dennstaedtia punctilobula eastern hay-scenDeparia acrostichoides silvery spleenworDeschampsia flexuosa wavy hairgrass Descurainia pinnata western tansymusDesmodium canescens hoary tick-treefoil Desmodium ciliare hairy smallleaf ticDesmodium cuspidatum largebract ticktrefDesmodium glabellum dillenius' tick-trefoDesmodium glutinosum large tick-trefoil Desmodium laevigatum smooth tick-trefoiDesmodium marilandicum smooth ticktrefoil Desmodium nudiflorum bare-stemmed ticDesmodium obtusum stiff tick-trefoil Desmodium paniculatum narrow-leaf tick-trDesmodium paniculatum var. paniculatum 

panicledleaf ticktr

Desmodium pauciflorum fewflower ticktrefoDesmodium perplexum perplexed ticktrefoDesmodium rotundifolium prostrate tick-treeDesmodium strictum pinebarren ticktreDesmodium viridiflorum velvety tick-treefoDianthus armeria deptford-pink Diarrhena americana American beakgraDicentra canadensis squirrelcorn Dicentra cucullaria dutchman's breecDichanthelium acuminatum tapered rosette grDichanthelium acuminatum var. acuminatum 

tapered rosette gr

Dichanthelium acuminatum var. fasciculatum 

western panicgras
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

48

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Dichanthelium boscii bosc's witchgrass PIP Dichanthelium clandestinum deertongue PIP Dichanthelium commutatum variable witchgrass PIP Dichanthelium depauperatum starved panicgrass U Dichanthelium dichotomum cypress witchgrass PIP Dichanthelium dichotomum var. dichotomum 

cypress witchgrass PIP 

Dichanthelium latifolium broad-leaf witchgrass PIP Dichanthelium laxiflorum openflower rosette grass PIP Dichanthelium linearifolium slimleaf panicum U Dichanthelium oligosanthes Heller's rosette grass U Dichanthelium sabulorum hemlock rosette grass U Dichanthelium sabulorum var. thinium 

hemlock rosette grass U 

Dichanthelium scoparium velvet panicum U Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon 

roundseed panicum PIP 

Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon var. isophyllum 

roundfruit panicgrass PIP 

Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon var. sphaerocarpon 

roundfruit panic grass PIP 

Dichanthelium villosissimum whitehair rosette grass U Dichanthelium villosissimum var. villosissimum 

whitehair rosette grass U 

Digitaria ciliaris southern crabgrass PIP Digitaria filiformis slender crabgrass U Digitaria ischaemum smooth crabgrass U Diodia teres poorjoe U Diodia teres var. teres poorjoe U Diodia virginiana larger button-weed PIP Dioscorea oppositifolia Chinese yam PIP Dioscorea quaternata fourleaf yam PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Dioscorea villosa yellow yam Diospyros virginiana persimmon Diplazium pycnocarpon glade fern Dipsacus fullonum Fuller's teasel Dipsacus fullonum ssp. sylvestris Dirca palustris eastern leatherwoDodecatheon meadia pride of Ohio Doellingeria infirma cornel-leaf whitetoDoellingeria umbellata var. umbellata Draba verna spring whitlowgraDryopteris campyloptera mountain woodfeDryopteris carthusiana spinulose woodfeDryopteris goldiana goldie's woodfern Dryopteris intermedia evergreen woodfeDryopteris marginalis marginal wood-feDryopteris X triploidea triploid woodfern Duchesnea indica Indian mock-strawDulichium arundinaceum threeway sedge Echinacea purpurea eastern purple coEchinochloa crus-galli barnyard grass Echinochloa muricata rough barnyardgrEchinochloa muricata var. microstachya 

rough barnyardgr

Echinochloa muricata var. muricata 

rough barnyardgr

Echium vulgare common vipersbuEclipta prostrata false daisy Elaeagnus umbellata var. parvifolia Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikesedge 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

49

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush U Eleocharis quadrangulata squarestem spikerush U Eleocharis tenuis slender spike-rush PIP Eleocharis tenuis var. tenuis slender spikerush U Elephantopus carolinianus Carolina elephant-foot PIP Elephantopus tomentosus tobaccoweed PIP Eleusine indica Indian goosegrass PIP Elymus canadensis nodding wild-rye PIP Elymus hystrix bottle-brush grass PIP Elymus hystrix var. hystrix eastern bottlebrush grass U Elymus repens U Elymus riparius riverbank wildrye U Elymus villosus slender wild-rye PIP Elymus virginicus Virginia wild-rye PIP Elymus virginicus var. virginicus 

Virginia wildrye U 

Enemion biternatum eastern false rue anemone U Epifagus virginiana beechdrops PIP Epigaea repens trailing arbutus PIP Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum 

coast willowweed U 

Epilobium coloratum purple-leaf willow-herb PIP Equisetum arvense field horsetail PIP Equisetum hyemale var. affine 

PIP 

Eragrostis capillaris lace grass U Eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass U Eragrostis curvula weeping lovegrass U Eragrostis frankii sandbar lovegrass U Eragrostis hypnoides teal lovegrass U Eragrostis minor little lovegrass U Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea 

U 

Scientific Name Common N

Eragrostis pilosa Indian lovegrass Eragrostis spectabilis purple love-grass Erechtites hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia 

American burnwe

Erigenia bulbosa harbinger of sprinErigeron annuus white-top fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabErigeron pulchellus robin plantain fleaErigeron pulchellus var. pulchellus 

robin's plantain 

Erigeron strigosus daisy fleabane Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus 

prairie fleabane 

Eriophorum virginicum tawny cottongrass Eryngium yuccifolium rattlesnake-masteErythronium americanum yellow trout-lily Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum 

American troutlily 

Euonymus americana American strawbeEuonymus atropurpurea eastern wahoo Euonymus fortunei var. radicans 

winter creeper 

Eupatorium album var. album white thoroughwoEupatorium altissimum tall thoroughwort Eupatorium fistulosum hollow joe-pye weEupatorium perfoliatum var. perfoliatum Eupatorium pilosum rough boneset Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum 

sweetscented joe

Eupatorium rotundifolium roundleaf thorougEupatorium rotundifolium var. ovatum 

hairy boneset 

Eupatorium serotinum late-flowering thoEupatorium sessilifolium upland boneset 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

50

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Eupatorium sessilifolium var. sessilifolium 

upland boneset U 

Eupatorium steelei Steele's eupatorium PIP Euphorbia commutata tinted woodland spurge U Euphorbia corollata flowering spurge PIP Euphorbia dentata var. dentata 

PIP 

Euphorbia mercurialina mercury spurge PIP Euphorbia spathulata warty spurge U Eurybia divaricata white wood aster PIP Eurybia schreberi U Eurybia surculosa PIP Fagopyrum esculentum fagopyrum U Fagus grandifolia American beech PIP Festuca rubra red fescue PIP Festuca subverticillata nodding fescue PIP Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbry U Fleischmannia incarnata PIP Forsythia viridissima forsythia PIP Fragaria virginiana Virginia strawberry PIP Fragaria virginiana ssp. virginiana 

Virginia strawberry U 

Frangula caroliniana Carolina buckthorn PIP Fraxinus americana white ash PIP Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash PIP Fraxinus quadrangulata blue ash U Galactia regularis eastern milkpea U Galactia volubilis downy milkpea PIP Galax urceolata beetleweed PIP Galearis spectabilis showy orchis PIP Galinsoga quadriradiata fringed quickweed PIP Galium aparine catchweed bedstraw PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Galium circaezans wild licorice Galium circaezans var. circaezans 

licorice bedstraw 

Galium lanceolatum lanceleaf wild licoGalium latifolium purple bedstraw Galium mollugo false baby's breatGalium pilosum hairy bedstraw Galium tinctorium stiff marsh bedstrGalium triflorum sweet-scent bedsGamochaeta purpurea spoon-leaf purple Gaultheria procumbens teaberry Gaura biennis biennial gaura Gaylussacia baccata black huckleberry Gentiana decora showy gentian Gentiana saponaria var. saponaria Gentiana villosa striped gentian Gentianella quinquefolia agueweed Geranium carolinianum var. carolinianum 

Carolina geranium 

Geranium columbinum longstalk cranesbGeranium dissectum cutleaf geranium Geranium maculatum wild crane's-bill Geranium molle dovefoot geranium Geum canadense var. canadense 

Canada avens 

Geum vernum spring avens Geum virginianum pale avens Ginkgo biloba maidenhair tree Glechoma hederacea ground ivy Gleditsia triacanthos honey-locust Glyceria melicaria slender manna grGlyceria septentrionalis floating mannagra
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

51

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Glyceria striata fowl manna-grass PIP Goodyera pubescens downy rattlesnake-plantain PIP Gratiola neglecta clammy hedgehyssop U Gratiola virginiana roundfruit hedge-hyssop PIP Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffeetree U Hackelia virginiana beggarslice U Hamamelis virginiana American witch-hazel PIP Hedeoma pulegioides American false-pennyroyal PIP Hedera helix English ivy U Helenium autumnale var. autumnale 

common sneezeweed PIP 

Helenium flexuosum purple-head sneezeweed PIP Helianthemum canadense longbranch frostweed U Helianthus atrorubens purple-disk sunflower PIP Helianthus decapetalus thin-leaved sunflower PIP Helianthus divaricatus woodland sunflower PIP Helianthus giganteus giant sunflower U Helianthus hirsutus stiff-hair sunflower PIP Helianthus laevigatus smooth sunflower PIP Helianthus maximiliani Maximilian sunflower U Helianthus microcephalus small wood sunflower PIP Helianthus strumosus paleleaf woodland sunflower U Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke PIP Heliopsis helianthoides ox-eye PIP Heliopsis helianthoides var. helianthoides 

smooth oxeye U 

Hemerocallis fulva orange daylily PIP Hepatica nobilis liverwort U Hepatica nobilis var. acuta sharp-lobed hepatica PIP Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa roundlobed hepatica PIP Heracleum maximum common cowparsnip U 

Scientific Name Common N

Hesperis matronalis dames rocket Heuchera americana American alumrooHeuchera americana var. americana 

American alumroo

Heuchera longiflora longflower alumroHeuchera parviflora little-leaved alumrHeuchera parviflora var. parviflora 

littleflower alumro

Heuchera pubescens downy alumroot Heuchera villosa var. villosa hairy alumroot Hexalectris spicata crested coralroot Hexastylis arifolia little brown jug Hexastylis arifolia var. ruthii Ruth's littlebrownjHexastylis contracta mountain heartleaHexastylis heterophylla variable-leaved heHexastylis virginica Virginia heartleaf Hibiscus syriacus rose-of-sharon Hibiscus trionum flower of an hour Hieracium caespitosum meadow hawkweHieracium gronovii hairy hawkweed Hieracium paniculatum panicled hawkweeHieracium scabrum rough hawkweed Hieracium venosum rattlesnake hawkwHolcus lanatus common velvetgraHolosteum umbellatum jagged chickweed Houstonia caerulea azure bluets Houstonia canadensis Canadian summeHoustonia longifolia longleaf bluet Houstonia purpurea purple bluet Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa 

Venus' pride 

Houstonia purpurea var. purpurea 

Venus' pride 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

52

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Houstonia serpyllifolia thymeleaf bluet U Humulus lupulus common hop U Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides 

common hop U 

Huperzia lucidula shining clubmoss PIP Huperzia porophila rock clubmoss PIP Hybanthus concolor green violet PIP Hydrangea arborescens wild hydrangea PIP Hydrastis canadensis golden-seal PIP Hydrophyllum canadense bluntleaf waterleaf PIP Hydrophyllum macrophyllum largeleaf waterleaf PIP Hydrophyllum virginianum Shawnee salad PIP Hypericum canadense lesser Canadian St. 

Johnswort 

U 

Hypericum densiflorum bushy St. Johnswort U Hypericum dolabriforme straggling St. Johnswort U Hypericum drummondii nits and lice U Hypericum frondosum cedarglade St. Johnswort U Hypericum gentianoides orange-grass st. john's-wort PIP Hypericum hypericoides St. Andrews cross U Hypericum hypericoides ssp. hypericoides 

St. Andrew's cross PIP 

Hypericum hypericoides ssp. multicaule 

St. Andrew's cross PIP 

Hypericum mutilum slender st. john's-wort PIP Hypericum prolificum shrubby St. Johnswort U Hypericum punctatum common St. John's-wort PIP Hypochaeris radicata hairy catsear U Hypoxis hirsuta eastern yellow stargrass PIP Ilex ambigua Carolina holly PIP Ilex decidua possumhaw PIP Ilex montana mountain holly PIP Ilex opaca var. opaca American holly PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Impatiens capensis spotted jewel-weeImpatiens pallida pale jewel-weed Ionactis linariifolius flaxleaf aster Ipomoea coccinea redstar Ipomoea hederacea ivyleaf morning-gIpomoea lacunosa whitestar Ipomoea pandurata big-root morning-gIpomoea purpurea tall morning-glory Iris cristata crested dwarf iris Iris pseudacorus paleyellow iris Iris verna dwarf violet iris Iris verna var. smalliana dwarf violet iris Iris virginica Virginia iris Iris virginica var. shrevei Shreve's iris Isanthus brachiatus Isoetes engelmannii Appalachian quillwIsotria verticillata large whorled pogItea virginica Virginia sweetspirJeffersonia diphylla twinleaf Juglans cinerea butternut Juglans nigra black walnut Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush Juncus biflorus bog rush Juncus brachycephalus smallhead rush Juncus coriaceus leathery rush Juncus debilis weak rush Juncus diffusissimus slimpod rush Juncus dudleyi Dudley's rush Juncus effusus soft rush Juncus effusus var. pylaei common rush 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

53

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Juncus effusus var. solutus lamp rush U Juncus interior inland rush PIP Juncus marginatus grassleaf rush U Juncus secundus lopsided rush U Juncus subcaudatus woods-rush PIP Juncus tenuis slender rush PIP Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana 

PIP 

Justicia americana American waterwillow U Kalmia latifolia mountain laurel PIP Krigia biflora two-flowered dwarf dandelion PIP Krigia virginica dwarf dandelion PIP Kummerowia stipulacea Korean clover PIP Kummerowia striata common korean-clover PIP Kyllinga gracillima spikesedge PIP Kyllinga pumila low spikesedge U Lactuca biennis tall blue lettuce U Lactuca canadensis Canada lettuce PIP Lactuca floridana woodland lettuce PIP Lactuca floridana var. floridana 

woodland lettuce U 

Lactuca saligna willowleaf lettuce PIP Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce U Lamium amplexicaule common deadnettle PIP Lamium purpureum purple deadnettle PIP Lamium purpureum var. purpureum 

purple deadnettle U 

Laportea canadensis wood nettle PIP Lapsana communis common nipplewort U Lathyrus latifolius broad-leaf peavine PIP Lathyrus venosus smooth veiny peavine PIP Lechea minor thymeleaf pinweed U 

Scientific Name Common N

Lechea racemulosa Illinois pinweed Leersia oryzoides rice cutgrass Leersia virginica Virginia cutgrass Lemna minor lesser duckweed Leonurus cardiaca common motherwLepidium campestre field pepperweed Lepidium virginicum var. virginicum 

Virginia pepperwe

Lespedeza bicolor shrubby lespedezLespedeza cuneata Chinese lespedezLespedeza frutescens wand bush-clover Lespedeza hirta hairy bush-clover Lespedeza hirta ssp. hirta hairy lespedeza Lespedeza procumbens trailing bush-cloveLespedeza repens creeping bush-cloLespedeza thunbergii Thunberg's lespeLespedeza violacea violet lespedeza Lespedeza virginica slender lespedeza Leucanthemum vulgare oxeye daisy Leucothoe fontanesiana highland doghobbLiatris aspera tall gay-feather Liatris spicata dense gayfeather Liatris squarrosa scaly gayfeather Ligusticum canadense lovage Ligustrum amurense amur privet Ligustrum obtusifolium border privet Ligustrum sinense Chinese privet Ligustrum vulgare European privet Lilium canadense Canada lily Lilium canadense ssp. canadense 

Canadian lily 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

54

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Lilium philadelphicum wood lily U Lilium superbum turkscap lily U Linaria vulgaris butter and eggs U Lindera benzoin spicebush PIP Lindernia dubia moistbank pimpernel U Lindernia dubia var. dubia yellowseed false pimpernel U Linum medium var. texanum stiff yellow flax U Linum striatum ridged yellow flax U Linum sulcatum var. sulcatum 

U 

Linum usitatissimum common flax PIP Linum virginianum Virginia flax PIP Liparis liliifolia large twayblade PIP Liparis loeselii yellow widelip orchid U Liquidambar styraciflua sweet gum PIP Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree PIP Listera smallii kidney-leaf twayblade PP Lithospermum canescens hoary puccoon PIP Lithospermum latifolium American gromwell PIP Lobelia cardinalis cardinal flower PIP Lobelia inflata Indian-tobacco PIP Lobelia puberula downy lobelia PIP Lobelia puberula var. simulans 

downy lobelia U 

Lobelia siphilitica var. siphilitica 

PIP 

Lobelia spicata pale-spiked lobelia PIP Lolium arundinaceum tall fescue PIP Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass PIP Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum 

perennial ryegrass PIP 

Lolium perenne ssp. perenne perennial ryegrass U Lolium pratense U 

Scientific Name Common N

Lonicera dioica limber honeysuckLonicera japonica Japanese honeysLonicera maackii amur honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens trumpet honeysucLotus corniculatus birdfood deervetcLudwigia alternifolia bushy seedbox Ludwigia decurrens wingleaf primroseLudwigia palustris marsh seedbox Luzula acuminata hairy woodrush Luzula acuminata var. carolinae 

Carolina woodrus

Luzula bulbosa southern woodrusLuzula echinata wood rush Luzula multiflora common woodrusLycopodiella inundata inundated clubmoLycopodiella X brucei Bruce's clubmoss Lycopodium clavatum running clubmoss Lycopodium digitatum shining clubmoss Lycopodium obscurum tree clubmoss Lycopodium tristachyum deep-root clubmoLycopodium X habereri Haberer's clubmoLycopus americanus American waterhoLycopus virginicus Virginia bugleweeLygodium palmatum climbing fern Lyonia ligustrina maleberry Lyonia ligustrina var. ligustrina 

maleberry 

Lysimachia ciliata fringed loosestrife Lysimachia lanceolata lanceleaf loosestrLysimachia nummularia creeping jenny Lysimachia quadrifolia whorled loosestrif
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

55

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Lysimachia tonsa southern loosestrife PIP Magnolia acuminata cucumber magnolia PIP Magnolia fraseri Fraser magnolia PIP Magnolia macrophylla bigleaf magnolia PIP Magnolia tripetala umbrella magnolia PIP Maianthemum canadense false lily-of-the-valley PIP Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum 

false Solomon's-seal PIP 

Malaxis unifolia green adder's-mouth PIP Malus angustifolia southern crabapple PIP Malus angustifolia var. angustifolia 

southern crabapple U 

Malus coronaria sweet crabapple U Malus pumila apple PIP Malva moschata musk mallow U Malva neglecta common mallow PIP Manfreda virginica false aloe U Marrubium vulgare common hoarhound PIP Matelea obliqua climbing milkvine U Medeola virginiana Indian cucumber-root PIP Medicago lupulina black medick PIP Medicago sativa alfalfa U Medicago sativa ssp. sativa alfalfa U Meehania cordata Meehan's mint U Melampyrum lineare American cow-wheat PIP Melampyrum lineare var. latifolium 

American cowwheat PIP 

Melanthium parviflorum small-flowered false 

helleborne 

PIP 

Melica mutica twoflower melicgrass U Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover PIP Menispermum canadense Canada moonseed PIP Mentha suaveolens apple mint U 

Scientific Name Common N

Mentha X piperita peppermint Mertensia virginica Virginia bluebells Microstegium vimineum Nepalese browntoMicrothlaspi perfoliatum Mimulus alatus sharp-wing monkeMimulus ringens var. ringens Allegheny monkeMinuartia glabra Appalachian sandMinuartia patula pitcher's stitchworMiscanthus sinensis Chinese silvergraMitchella repens partridge-berry Mitella diphylla two-leaf bishop's-Mollugo verticillata green carpet-weeMonarda clinopodia basil bee-balm Monarda fistulosa wild bergamot Monotropa hypopithys American pinesap Monotropa uniflora Indian-pipe Monotropsis odorata sweet pinesap Morus rubra var. rubra red mulberry Muhlenbergia capillaris hairawn muhly Muhlenbergia frondosa wirestem muhly Muhlenbergia schreberi schreber muhly Muhlenbergia sobolifera cliff muhly Muhlenbergia sylvatica woodland muhly Muhlenbergia tenuiflora slender muhly Murdannia keisak wartremoving herMyosotis arvensis field forget-me-noMyosotis macrosperma largeseed forget-mMyosotis scorpioides true forget me not Myosotis verna spring forget-me-Najas guadalupensis ssp. guadalupensis 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

56

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Narcissus poeticus poet's narcissus U Nepeta cataria catnip U Nicandra physalodes apple of Peru U Nyssa biflora swamp tupelo PIP Nyssa sylvatica black gum PIP Obolaria virginica Virginia pennywort PIP Oclemena acuminata whorled wood aster PIP Oenothera biennis common evening-primrose PIP Oenothera laciniata cutleaf eveningprimrose U Oenothera pilosella meadow eveningprimrose U Oenothera speciosa pinkladies U Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum 

PIP 

Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern PIP Ophioglossum engelmannii limestone adderstongue U Ophioglossum pusillum northern adderstongue U Ophioglossum vulgatum PIP Opuntia humifusa pricklypear U Opuntia humifusa var. humifusa 

pricklypear U 

Orbexilum onobrychis frenchgrass U Orobanche uniflora one-flowered broomrape PIP Orontium aquaticum goldenclub U Osmorhiza claytonii hairy sweet-cicely PIP Osmorhiza longistylis smoother sweet-cicely PIP Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern PIP Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea 

cinnamon fern U 

Osmunda claytoniana interrupted fern PIP Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis 

royal fern PIP 

Ostrya virginiana eastern hop-hornbeam PIP Oxalis grandis great yellow wood-sorrel PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Oxalis montana white wood-sorreOxalis stricta upright yellow woOxalis violacea violet wood-sorreOxydendrum arboreum sourwood Oxypolis rigidior stiff cowbane Packera anonyma Small's ragwort Packera aurea Packera millefolia Packera obovata roundleaf ragwort Packera plattensis Panax quinquefolius American ginseng Panicum anceps beaked panic graPanicum capillare common panic grPanicum dichotomiflorum fall panic grass Panicum dichotomiflorum var. dichotomiflorum 

fall panicgrass 

Panicum flexile wiry panicgrass Panicum gattingeri Gattinger's panic Panicum philadelphicum Philadelphia panicPanicum rigidulum redtop panicgrass Panicum rigidulum var. elongatum 

redtop panicgrass 

Panicum rigidulum var. rigidulum 

redtop panicum 

Panicum verrucosum warty panicgrass Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania pellParnassia grandifolia largeleaf grass of Paronychia argyrocoma silvery nailwort Paronychia canadensis forked nailwort Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper Paspalum dilatatum dallisgrass Paspalum laeve field paspalum 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

57

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Paspalum pubiflorum hairy-seed paspalum PIP Paspalum setaceum thin paspalum PIP Passiflora incarnata purple passionflower U Passiflora lutea yellow passionflower PIP Pastinaca sativa wild parsnip U Paulownia tomentosa princess tree PIP Pedicularis canadensis ssp. canadensis 

Canadian lousewort PIP 

Pellaea atropurpurea purple-stem cliff-brake PIP Pennisetum glaucum PIP Penstemon calycosus longsepal beardtongue PIP Penstemon canescens gray beardtongue PIP Penstemon digitalis talus slope penstemon PIP Penstemon laevigatus eastern smooth beardtongue U Penstemon pallidus pale beardtongue PIP Penthorum sedoides ditch stonecrop U Perilla frutescens beef-steak plant PIP Perilla frutescens var. frutescens 

beefsteakplant U 

Phacelia bipinnatifida fernleaf phacelia PIP Phacelia purshii Miami-mist PIP Phalaris arundinacea reed canarygrass U Phaseolus polystachios wild kidney bean PIP Phegopteris hexagonoptera broad beech fern PIP Philadelphus hirsutus streambank mock-orange PIP Phleum pratense meadow timothy PIP Phlox amplifolia large-leaved phlox PIP Phlox carolina thick-leaved phlox PIP Phlox divaricata wild blue phlox PIP Phlox divaricata ssp. divaricata 

wild blue phlox U 

Phlox glaberrima smooth phlox U 

Scientific Name Common N

Phlox maculata spotted phlox Phlox maculata ssp. pyramidalis 

wild sweetwilliam 

Phlox paniculata fall phlox Phlox stolonifera creeping phlox Phoradendron leucarpum American mistletoPhotinia melanocarpa black chokeberry Phryma leptostachya lopseed Phyllanthus caroliniensis ssp. caroliniensis Physalis heterophylla var. heterophylla 

clammy groundch

Physalis longifolia longleaf groundchPhysalis longifolia var. subglabrata 

longleaf groundch

Physalis virginiana var. virginiana 

Virginia groundch

Physocarpus opulifolius var. opulifolius Physostegia virginiana obedient-plant Physostegia virginiana ssp. praemorsa 

obedient plant 

Physostegia virginiana ssp. virginiana 

obedient plant 

Phytolacca americana common pokeweePilea pumila Canada clearweePilea pumila var. pumila Canadian clearwePinus echinata Arkansas pine Pinus rigida pitch pine Pinus strobus white pine Pinus virginiana Virginia pine Piptochaetium avenaceum blackseed needlePityopsis graminifolia var. graminifolia 

silkgrass 

Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia 

narrowleaf silkgra
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

58

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Plantago lanceolata English plantain PIP Plantago major great plantain PIP Plantago rugelii black-seed plantain PIP Plantago rugelii var. rugelii Rugel's plantain U Plantago virginica pale-seeded plantain PIP Platanthera ciliaris yellow fringed orchid PIP Platanthera clavellata small green woodland orchid PIP Platanthera flava pale green orchid PIP Platanthera flava var. flava palegreen orchid U Platanthera flava var. herbiola 

palegreen orchid U 

Platanthera lacera green fringed orchid PIP Platanthera psycodes lesser purple fringed orchid U Platanus occidentalis sycamore PIP Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana 

resurrection fern PIP 

Pluchea camphorata camphor pluchea U Poa alsodes grove bluegrass PIP Poa annua annual bluegrass PIP Poa autumnalis autumn bluegrass PIP Poa compressa Canada bluegrass PIP Poa cuspidata early bluegrass PIP Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass PIP Poa sylvestris woodland bluegrass PIP Poa trivialis rough bluegrass PIP Podophyllum peltatum may apple PIP Podostemum ceratophyllum hornleaf riverweed U Polygala cruciata drumheads U Polygala cruciata var. cruciata 

drumheads U 

Polygala curtissii Curtiss' milkwort U Polygala sanguinea field milkwort PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Polygala senega seneca snakeroot Polygala verticillata var. verticillata 

whorled milkwort 

Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum Polygonatum pubescens hairy Solomon's sPolygonum arifolium halberd-leaf tearthPolygonum aviculare prostrate knotweePolygonum caespitosum var. longisetum 

oriental ladysthum

Polygonum convolvulus black bindweed Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese knotwePolygonum erectum erect knotweed Polygonum hydropiperoides swamp smartweePolygonum pensylvanicum Pennsylvania smaPolygonum persicaria lady's thumb Polygonum punctatum dotted smartweed Polygonum punctatum var. confertiflorum 

dotted smartweed 

Polygonum sagittatum arrow-leaved tearPolygonum scandens climbing false-bucPolygonum scandens var. cristatum 

climbing false buc

Polygonum scandens var. scandens 

climbing false buc

Polygonum setaceum bog smartweed Polygonum virginianum Virginia knotweed Polymnia canadensis white-flower leafcPolypodium appalachianum Appalachian polyPolypodium virginianum rock polypody Polystichum acrostichoides var. acrostichoides 

Christmas fern 

Populus alba white poplar Porteranthus trifoliatus bowman's-root 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

59

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Portulaca oleracea little hogweed U Potamogeton diversifolius waterthread pondweed U Potamogeton illinoensis Illinois pondweed U Potamogeton pusillus small pondweed U Potentilla canadensis Canada cinquefoil PIP Potentilla canadensis var. villosissima 

dwarf cinquefoil U 

Potentilla norvegica ssp. monspeliensis 

Norwegian cinquefoil PIP 

Potentilla recta sulphur cinquefoil PIP Potentilla simplex old-field cinquefoil PIP Prenanthes alba white rattlesnakeroot U Prenanthes altissima tall rattlesnake-root PIP Prenanthes serpentaria cankerweed PIP Prenanthes trifoliolata gall of the earth PIP Prosartes lanuginosa PIP Prosartes maculata PIP Prunella vulgaris self-heal PIP Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata 

lance selfheal U 

Prunus americana American plum PIP Prunus angustifolia var. angustifolia 

PIP 

Prunus mahaleb Mahaleb cherry U Prunus persica peach PIP Prunus serotina var. serotina black cherry PIP Prunus virginiana common chokecherry U Pseudognaphalium helleri U Pseudognaphalium helleri ssp. micradenium 

U 

Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium 

rabbit tobacco PIP 

Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium 

PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Ptelea trifoliata wafer-ash Ptelea trifoliata ssp. trifoliata var. mollis 

wafer-ash 

Pteridium aquilinum bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum 

western brackenfe

Pueraria montana var. lobata kudzu Pycnanthemum incanum hoary mountain-mPycnanthemum incanum var. incanum 

hoary mountainm

Pycnanthemum loomisii Loomis' mountainPycnanthemum montanum thinleaf mountainPycnanthemum pycnanthemoides 

southern mountai

Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides var. pycnanthemoides 

southern mountai

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium narrowleaf mountPycnanthemum verticillatum whorled mountainPyrrhopappus carolinianus Carolina false-danPyrularia pubera buffalo-nut Pyrus communis common pear Quercus alba white oak Quercus coccinea scarlet oak Quercus coccinea var. coccinea 

scarlet oak 

Quercus falcata southern red oak Quercus marilandica blackjack oak Quercus muehlenbergii chinkapin oak Quercus nigra water oak Quercus phellos willow oak Quercus prinus chestnut oak Quercus rubra northern red oak Quercus rubra var. rubra northern red oak 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

60

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Quercus shumardii shumard oak U Quercus stellata post oak PIP Quercus velutina black oak PIP Ranunculus abortivus kidney-leaved buttercup PIP Ranunculus acris tall butter-cup PIP Ranunculus allegheniensis Allegheny mountain 

buttercup 

PIP 

Ranunculus ambigens waterplantain spearwort U Ranunculus bulbosus bulbous buttercup PIP Ranunculus fascicularis early buttercup U Ranunculus hispidus hispid buttercup PIP Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum 

bristly buttercup U 

Ranunculus hispidus var. hispidus 

bristly buttercup PIP 

Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus 

bristly buttercup U 

Ranunculus recurvatus blisterwort PIP Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup U Ranunculus sardous hairy buttercup U Rhamnus alnifolia alderleaf buckthorn U Rhamnus lanceolata lanceleaf buckthorn U Rhexia mariana Maryland meadowbeauty U Rhexia mariana var. mariana Maryland meadowbeauty U Rhododendron calendulaceum 

flame azalea PIP 

Rhododendron catawbiense catawba rhododendron PIP Rhododendron cumberlandense 

Cumberland rhododendron PIP 

Rhododendron maximum great rhododendron PIP Rhododendron minus Carolina rhododendron PIP Rhododendron periclymenoides 

pink azalea U 

Rhododendron prinophyllum early azalea PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Rhus aromatica var. aromatica Rhus copallinum winged sumac Rhus copallinum var. latifolia winged sumac Rhus glabra smooth sumac Rhus hirta Rhynchospora capitellata brownish beakrusRhynchospora glomerata clustered beaksedRibes cynosbati eastern prickly goRobinia hispida bristly locust Robinia hispida var. kelseyi Kelsey's locust Robinia hispida var. rosea bristly locust Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum watercress Rorippa palustris bog yellowcress Rorippa palustris ssp. fernaldiana 

Fernald's yellowc

Rorippa sylvestris creeping yellowcrRosa carolina var. carolina Carolina rose Rosa multiflora multiflora rose Rosa palustris swamp rose Rosa setigera prairie rose Rosa virginiana Virginia rose Rosa wichuraiana memorial rose Rotala ramosior lowland rotala Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny blackbeRubus allegheniensis var. allegheniensis 

Allegheny blackbe

Rubus allegheniensis var. gravesii 

Graves' blackberr

Rubus argutus sawtooth blackbeRubus canadensis smooth blackberr
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

61

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Rubus cuneifolius sawtooth blackberry PIP Rubus depavitus Aberdeen dewberry U Rubus flagellaris sand blackberry PIP Rubus hispidus sand blackberry PIP Rubus laudatus plains blackberry U Rubus occidentalis black raspberry PIP Rubus odoratus purple flowering raspberry PIP Rubus pensilvanicus Pennsylvania blackberry PIP Rubus phoenicolasius wine raspberry U Rubus roribaccus Lucretia dewberry U Rubus whartoniae Wharton's dewberry U Rudbeckia fulgida orange coneflower PIP Rudbeckia fulgida var. fulgida orange coneflower U Rudbeckia fulgida var. umbrosa 

orange coneflower PIP 

Rudbeckia hirta black-eyed susan PIP Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima 

blackeyed Susan U 

Rudbeckia laciniata cut-leaved coneflower PIP Rudbeckia laciniata var. laciniata 

cutleaf coneflower U 

Rudbeckia triloba brown-eyed Susan PIP Rudbeckia triloba var. rupestris 

browneyed Susan U 

Ruellia caroliniensis ssp. caroliniensis var. caroliniensis 

Carolina wild petunia PIP 

Ruellia humilis U Ruellia purshiana pursh's wild-petunia PIP Ruellia strepens limestone wild petunia U Rumex acetosella sheep sorrel PIP Rumex crispus curly dock PIP Rumex obtusifolius bitter dock PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Sabatia angularis square-stemmed Saccharum alopecuroidum silver plume grass Sagittaria australis longbeak arrowheSagittaria brevirostra shortbeak arrowhSagittaria calycina hooded arrowheaSagittaria calycina var. calycina 

hooded arrowhea

Sagittaria latifolia broadleaf arrowheSalix discolor pussy willow Salix humilis tall prairie willow Salix humilis var. humilis prairie willow Salix humilis var. tristis prairie willow Salix nigra black willow Salix sericea silky willow Salvia lyrata lyre-leaf sage Salvia urticifolia nettle-leaf sage Sambucus nigra European black eSambucus nigra ssp. canadensis Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus 

seaside brookwee

Sanguinaria canadensis bloodroot Sanicula canadensis Canadian black-sSanicula marilandica Maryland sanicle Sanicula odorata clustered blacksnSanicula smallii Small's black-snaSanicula trifoliata largefruit blacksnaSaponaria officinalis bouncing-bet Sassafras albidum sassafras Saururus cernuus lizards tail Saxifraga michauxii michaux's saxifra
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

62

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Saxifraga micranthidifolia lettuceleaf saxifrage U Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem PIP Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium 

little bluestem U 

Schoenoplectus pungens var. pungens 

U 

Schoenoplectus purshianus U Scirpus cyperinus cottongrass bulrush PIP Scirpus georgianus Georgia bulrush U Scirpus pendulus rufous bulrush U Scirpus polyphyllus leafy bulrush PIP Scleria oligantha littlehead nutrush U Scleria pauciflora fewflower nutrush U Scleria triglomerata whip nutrush U Scrophularia marilandica carpenter's square U Scutellaria elliptica hairy skullcap PIP Scutellaria elliptica var. elliptica 

hairy skullcap U 

Scutellaria elliptica var. hirsuta 

hairy skullcap PIP 

Scutellaria incana hoary skullcap PIP Scutellaria incana var. incana hoary skullcap U Scutellaria incana var. punctata 

hoary skullcap U 

Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap U Scutellaria ovata heartleaf skullcap PP Scutellaria ovata ssp. Ovata heartleaf skullcap U Scutellaria parvula var. missouriensis 

U 

Scutellaria saxatilis smooth rock skullcap U Scutellaria serrata showy skullcap PIP Sedum pulchellum widowscross PIP Sedum ternatum wood stonecrop PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Selaginella apoda meadow spikemoSenna marilandica Maryland senna Sericocarpus asteroides Sericocarpus linifolius narrowleaf whitetoSetaria faberi Japanese bristlegSetaria parviflora bristly foxtail Setaria viridis green bristle grasSetaria viridis var. viridis green bristlegrass Sherardia arvensis blue fieldmadder Sicyos angulatus one-seed bur-cucSida hermaphrodita Virginia fanpetals Sida spinosa prickly fanpetals Silene antirrhina sleepy silene Silene latifolia bladder campion Silene latifolia ssp. alba bladder campion Silene noctiflora nightflowering sileSilene ovata ovate catchfly Silene rotundifolia roundleaf catchfly Silene stellata widowsfrill Silene virginica fire pink Silene vulgaris maidenstears Silphium asteriscus var. asteriscus Silphium terebinthinaceum prairie rosinweed Silphium trifoliatum three-leaved rosinSilphium trifoliatum var. latifolium 

whorled rosinwee

Silphium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum 

three-leaved rosin

Sinapis arvensis corn-mustard Sisymbrium officinale hedgemustard Sisyrinchium albidum white blue-eyed g
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

63

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Sisyrinchium angustifolium pointed blue-eyed-grass PIP Sisyrinchium atlanticum eastern blueeyed grass U Sisyrinchium mucronatum needletip blueeyed grass U Smallanthus uvedalius yellow-flowered leafcup PIP Smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier PIP Smilax ecirrata upright carrionflower PIP Smilax glauca glaucous-leaved greenbrier PIP Smilax herbacea smooth carrion-flower PIP Smilax hugeri huger's carrion-flower PIP Smilax pulverulenta downy carrion-flower PIP Smilax rotundifolia common greenbrier PIP Smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier PIP Solanum carolinense var. carolinense 

Carolina horsenettle PIP 

Solanum ptychanthum nightshade PIP Solanum rostratum buffalobur nightshade U Solidago arguta Atlantic goldenrod PIP Solidago arguta var. arguta cut-leaved golden-rod PIP Solidago arguta var. caroliniana 

Atlantic goldenrod PIP 

Solidago bicolor white goldenrod PIP Solidago caesia bluestem goldenrod PIP Solidago caesia var. curtisii PIP Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod PIP Solidago canadensis var. canadensis 

Canada goldenrod U 

Solidago canadensis var. scabra 

Canada goldenrod PIP 

Solidago flaccidifolia Appalachian golden-rod PIP Solidago flexicaulis broad-leaved goldenrod PIP Solidago gigantea late goldenrod PIP Solidago nemoralis var. nemoralis 

gray goldenrod PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Solidago odora var. odora anisescented goldSolidago patula roundleaf goldenrSolidago patula var. patula roundleaf goldenrSolidago puberula downy goldenrod Solidago puberula var. puberula 

downy goldenrod 

Solidago roanensis roan mountain goSolidago rugosa wrinkleleaf goldenSolidago rugosa ssp. aspera wrinkleleaf goldenSolidago rugosa ssp. rugosa var. rugosa 

rough-leaf golden

Solidago speciosa showy goldenrod Solidago speciosa var. erecta Solidago sphacelata autumn goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia var. ulmifolia 

elmleaf goldenrod 

Sonchus asper spiny-leaf sowthisSorghastrum nutans yellow Indian-grasSorghum halepense johnsongrass Sparganium americanum American bur-reeSparganium androcladum branched burreed Sphenopholis intermedia slender wedgescaSphenopholis nitida shiny wedge grasSphenopholis obtusata prairie wedgescalSpigelia marilandica woodland pinkrooSpiraea prunifolia bridal-wreath Spiraea tomentosa steeplebush Spiranthes cernua nodding ladies'-treSpiranthes lacera northern slender 

ladiestresses 

Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis southern slender 

ladies'tresses 

Spiranthes lacera var. lacera northern slender 

ladiestresses 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

64

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Spiranthes lucida shining ladiestresses U Spiranthes ochroleuca yellow nodding ladiestresses U Spiranthes ovalis lesser ladies'-tresses PIP Spiranthes praecox PIP Spiranthes tuberosa little ladiestresses U Spiranthes vernalis twisted ladies'-tresses PIP Sporobolus clandestinus rough dropseed U Sporobolus compositus var. compositus 

dropseed U 

Sporobolus indicus var. indicus 

U 

Sporobolus neglectus puffsheath dropseed U Sporobolus vaginiflorus poverty dropseed U Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. ozarkanus 

U 

Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. vaginiflorus 

U 

Stachys eplingii Epling's hedgenettle U Stachys hyssopifolia hyssopleaf hedgenettle U Stachys nuttallii nuttall's hedge-nettle PIP Stachys tenuifolia smooth hedgenettle U Staphylea trifolia American bladdernut U Stellaria corei Tennessee starwort U Stellaria graminea grasslike starwort U Stellaria media common starwort PIP Stellaria media ssp. media common chickweed U Stellaria pubera giant chickweed PIP Stewartia ovata mountain camellia U Streptopus lanceolatus U Streptopus lanceolatus var. lanceolatus 

U 

Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus 

twistedstalk PIP 

Strophostyles umbellata pink fuzzybean U 

Scientific Name Common N

Stylophorum diphyllum celandine poppy Stylosanthes biflora sidebeak pencilfloSymphoricarpos orbiculatus coral-berry Symphyotrichum cordifolium common blue wooSymphyotrichum divaricatum Symphyotrichum drummondii Symphyotrichum drummondii var. drummondii Symphyotrichum dumosum Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum Symphyotrichum laeve smooth blue asteSymphyotrichum laeve var. concinnum Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum 

white panicle aste

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum calico aster Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum Symphyotrichum lowrieanum Symphyotrichum novaeangliae Symphyotrichum oblongifolium 

aromatic aster 

Symphyotrichum patens late purple aster Symphyotrichum patens var. patens Symphyotrichum phlogifolium phlox-leaf aster Symphyotrichum pilosum Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum Symphyotrichum prenanthoides 

crookedstem aste

Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum Symphyotrichum undulatum waxyleaf aster 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

65

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Synandra hispidula Guyandotte beauty U Taenidia integerrima yellow pimpernell PIP Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale 

wandering dandelion PIP 

Taxus canadensis Canada yew U Tephrosia virginiana goat's-rue PIP Teucrium canadense Candad germander PIP Teucrium canadense var. canadense 

Canada germander PIP 

Thalictrum clavatum mountain meadow-rue PIP Thalictrum coriaceum maid of the mist U Thalictrum dioicum early meadowrue PIP Thalictrum pubescens tall meadow-rue PIP Thalictrum revolutum waxleaf meadowrue PIP Thalictrum thalictroides windflower PIP Thaspium barbinode hairy-jointed meadowparsnip PIP Thaspium trifoliatum purple meadow-parsnip PIP Thaspium trifoliatum var. aureum 

purple meadowparsnip U 

Thaspium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum 

purple meadowparsnip U 

Thelypteris dentata mountain woodfern U Thelypteris noveboracensis new york fern PIP Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens 

eastern marsh fern U 

Thlaspi arvense field pennycress U Thuja occidentalis eastern arborvitae U Tiarella cordifolia heart-leaved foam-flower PIP Tiarella cordifolia var. cordifolia 

heartleaf foamflower U 

Tilia americana American basswood PIP Tilia americana var. americana 

American basswood PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Tilia americana var. heterophylla 

white basswood 

Tipularia discolor crippled cranefly Torilis arvensis field hedge-parsleToxicodendron radicans poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans 

eastern poison ivy 

Tradescantia ohiensis ohio spiderwort Tradescantia subaspera zigzag spiderwort Tradescantia subaspera var. subaspera 

zigzag spiderwort 

Tradescantia virginiana Virginia spiderwoTragopogon dubius yellow salsify Trautvetteria caroliniensis var. caroliniensis 

Carolina bugbane 

Trichostema dichotomum forked bluecurls Tridens flavus tall purple-top flufTrifolium calcaricum clover Trifolium campestre low hop clover Trifolium dubium suckling clover Trifolium hybridum alsike clover Trifolium pratense red clover Trifolium repens white clover Trillium erectum stinking benjamin Trillium grandiflorum large-flowered waTrillium luteum yellow wakerobin Trillium sulcatum furrowed wakerobTrillium undulatum painted trillium Triodanis perfoliata clasping Venus' loTriodanis perfoliata var. perfoliata 

clasping venus' lo

Triosteum angustifolium yellowfruit horsegTriosteum aurantiacum horse-gentian 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

66

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Triosteum aurantiacum var. aurantiacum 

orangefruit horsegentian PIP 

Triosteum aurantiacum var. glaucescens 

orangefruit horsegentian U 

Triosteum perfoliatum feverwort PIP Triphora trianthophora threebirds U Tripsacum dactyloides eastern gamagrass PIP Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock PIP Tussilago farfara coltsfoot PIP Typha latifolia broad-leaf cattail PIP Ulmus alata winged elm PIP Ulmus americana American elm PIP Ulmus rubra slippery elm PIP Ulmus serotina September elm U Uvularia grandiflora large-flowered bellwort PIP Uvularia perfoliata perfoliate bellwort PIP Uvularia sessilifolia sessile-leaf bellwort PIP Vaccinium arboreum tree sparkleberry U Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry PIP Vaccinium erythrocarpum southern mountain cranberry PIP Vaccinium pallidum early lowbush blueberry PIP Vaccinium simulatum upland highbush blueberry PIP Vaccinium stamineum squaw huckleberry PIP Valerianella locusta lewiston cornsalad PIP Valerianella radiata beaked cornsalad U Veratrum viride American false hellebore U Verbascum blattaria moth mullein PIP Verbascum thapsus great mullein PIP Verbena simplex narrowleaf vervain U Verbena urticifolia white vervain PIP Verbena urticifolia var. urticifolia 

white vervain U 

Scientific Name Common N

Verbesina alternifolia wingstem Verbesina occidentalis yellow crownbearVerbesina virginica var. virginica 

white crownbeard 

Vernonia gigantea ssp. gigantea 

ironweed 

Veronica agrestis green field speedVeronica anagallis-aquatica brook pimpernell Veronica arvensis corn speedwell Veronica hederifolia ivyleaf speedwell Veronica officinalis var. officinalis 

common gypsywe

Veronica peregrina neckweed Veronica peregrina ssp. peregrina 

neckweed 

Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's root Viburnum acerifolium maple-leaf arrowoViburnum dentatum southern arrowwoViburnum nudum possumhaw viburViburnum nudum var. cassinoides 

possumhaw 

Viburnum opulus Eureopean cranbViburnum prunifolium smooth black-haw Viburnum rafinesquianum downy arrowwood Viburnum rufidulum rusty blackhaw Vicia caroliniana Carolina wood veVicia sativa common vetch Vicia sativa ssp. nigra garden vetch Vicia villosa winter vetch Vinca minor common periwinkViola affinis sand violet Viola arvensis field pansy 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (CUGA) Local List (NPSpecies 8/19/2009) (continued)

67

Scientific Name Common Name Park 

Status1

Viola bicolor field pansy PIP Viola blanda smooth white violet PIP Viola canadensis var. canadensis 

Canadian white violet PIP 

Viola conspersa American bog violet PIP Viola cucullata marsh blue violet PIP Viola hastata halberd-leaved yellow violet PIP Viola hirsutula southern wood violet PIP Viola labradorica alpine violet U Viola macloskeyi ssp. pallens smooth white violet PIP Viola palmata var. palmata PIP Viola pedata bird's-foot violet PIP Viola pubescens downy yellow violet PIP Viola pubescens var. pubescens 

smooth yellow violet PIP 

Viola rostrata longspur violet U Viola rotundifolia roundleaf violet PIP Viola sagittata arrow-leaved violet PIP Viola sororia common blue violet PIP Viola striata striped violet PIP Viola tripartita threepart violet U Vitis aestivalis summer grape PIP Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis summer grape U Vitis aestivalis var. bicolor summer grape PIP Vitis cinerea pigeon grape PIP Vitis cinerea var. baileyana graybark grape PIP Vitis cinerea var. floridana Florida grape PIP Vitis labrusca fox grape PIP Vitis rotundifolia muscadine grape PIP Vitis vulpina winter grape PIP Waldsteinia fragarioides barren strawberry PIP 

Scientific Name Common N

Waldsteinia fragarioides ssp. doniana 

Appalachian barrestrawberry 

Wisteria frutescens American wisteria Woodsia appalachiana Appalachian cliff fWoodsia obtusa blunt-lobe woodsiWoodwardia areolata netted chainfern Xanthium strumarium rough cocklebur Xanthium strumarium var. glabratum 

rough cockleburr 

Yucca filamentosa common yucca Zizia aptera golden alexander 1Park Status refers to the current status of 

park, where PIP=Present in Park, PP=PrE=Encroaching, F=False Report, H=HisU=Unconfirmed. 

Appendix C. Cumberland Gap National Historical Park 

species-area comparisons with other Cumberland Piedmont 

Network parks. 

69

Organism counts are grouped at the species level and include both present in park and 

probably present. Analyses courtesy of Dr. Tom Philippi, NPS Inventory and Monitoring 

Program (Source: NPSpecies 28 September 2008). 

The Department of the Interior protects and manages the nation’s natural resources and cultural heritage; provides scientific and 

other information about those resources; and honors its special responsibilities to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated 

Island Communities. 

NPS 380/101424, March 2010 
National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Natural Resource Program Center 

1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 150 

Fort Collins, Colorado 80525 

www.nature.nps.gov 

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