flips'

STANDARD PACKS, CONTAINERS.

AND PACKAGING MATERIALS^^^

Poultry and Poultry Products

-bound Box for Dressed Poultiy Film Wrjp (or Readv-to CooK U.

United States Department of Agiicultuie

Production and Marketing Administration

Poultry Branch

Agriculture Handbook No. 23
GÖSTSmS

Page

Introduction 1

Part !•—^Packs for poultry (identification and reference tables) ... 2

Baby chick and poult packs (table) 2

Lire poultry packe (table) # 3

Dressed poultry packs (table) 5

Beady-to-co<* poultry packs (table) 7

Cooked poultry packs (table) 12

Poultry products packs (table) 14

Part II.-«-Containers for poultry 16

Bararels, wire-bound (for processed poultry) 16

Barrels, wooden (for processed poultry) 18

Boxes, fiber (for balqr chicks) • • 21

Boxes, fiber (for processed poultry) 27

Boxes, vlre--boTxnd (for processed poultry) 31

Boxes, wooden (for processed poultry) 40

Cans, metal (for processed poultry) 45

Cartons, fiber, and paperboard (for processed poxaltry) 45

Coops, metal (for lire poultry) 50

Coops, wood (for live poultiy) 52

Coops, wood, and wire (for lire poultry) 56

Drums, fiber (for processed poultry) 57

Jars, glass (for processed poultry) 59

Part III*—Packing and wrapping materials for poultry packs 60

Tillers, fiber (for processed poultry) 60

Films, plastic, and transparent (for processed poultry) 61

Toils and metal trays (for processed poultry) 62

Laminated combinations (for processed poultry) 65

Pads, fiber (for processed poultry) 66

Pads, wood (for lire poultry) 67

Papers (for processed poultry) 68

Stocdtinettes (for processed poultry) • . • 71

Standard tests and testing procedures 74

Standard terminology 77

Prepared in Poultry Branch

PRODUCTION AND MAEKETING ADMINISTBATIOH

UNITED STATES DBPAETMBNT OF A&BICÜLTÜHB

Washington. D. C. Issued July 1951

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U. S. Government Printinff Office

Washington 25. D. C. - Price 40 cents
KBCûIvII-fflltDSD SPECIFICATIOHS FOR STAMSABD

PACKS, CONTAIMERS, AICD PACKA&IN& MTEBIALS

FOR POÛLTET AH) POULTîff PRODUCTS

INTRODUCTIOH

Standards of some kind for farm commodities are almost as old as comiaercial agriculture itself, but uniform national standards were not promulgated

\mtil after the passage of the U. S. Cotton Futures Act in 1914*

Broadly speaking, standards serve several purposes:

1» They set up a common language of quality, or specification.

2. ïhey remove the need for personal inspection of products by

sellers, buyers, and lenders of money»

3. They provide a comparable basis for the quotation of market

prices throughout the country*

4. They provide a basis for the settling of disputes over qiiality

or specifi cations«

5* They provide a buying guide for consumers or purchasers*

6. They provide a sotind, logical basis for the physical- separation

of products into quality or specification groups, so that commercial

needs and wants may be filled at a minimum of distribution cost.

7. Other things being eqtial, they aid the seller in obtaining market

priceb*

8. They improve marketing conditions in many other ways»

National standards are "Mandatory,"* "Permissive," or "Tentative." In

most cases, standards in the United States are permissive; that is, they

are for voliantary use by the general public as a quality or specification

measxire in buying or selling.

In releasing these specifications, the U. S. Department of Agriculture

has made the first attempt to set up recommended standards for poultry and

poultry product packs, containers, and packaging materials, and a terminology

for use as a common basis for buying, selling, and discussion. As different

containers are found to be satisfactory and practical for use in packing

poultry and poultry products, they will be added to these standards in future

revisions*

Work in connection with the development of these standards has been conducted in cooperation with the Poultry Packaging Sub-Task Group of the Poultry and Egg Packaging Task &roup. This Sub-Task Group is composed of members

of associations and organizations representing poultry, manufacturing, railroad, warehousing, and trucking industries. It makes recommendations that

are relevant to work conducted by the Poiiltry Branch in accomplishing the

following objectives: (l) To develop recommended specifications for poultry

and poultry products, packs, containers, and packaging procedures; (2) to

publisli educational materials pertaining to problems such as the assembly of

containers, proper packing, loading, stacking, warehousing, and proper hanling; and (s) to make recommendations for research needed in the field of

pOTiltry and poultry products packaging.
Part !•—PACKS FOR POÖLTBT

In relation to the packs specified in this part, only new containers and new padcaging materials

shall be used in making domestic or North American shipments hy rail or hy truck, in making export shipments hy boat, or in making domestic and export shipments by air, except that coops for live poiiltxy

may be refused for domestic shipments provided they have been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected« The

specifications for the containers and packaging materials used in the following packs shall be a part

of the pack requirements*

Table !•—Chick and poult packs

Pack identification

1

1

Î

> Beferences to specifications \

for constituent uarts of uacks <

\

\ Fiber chick:

î or î

î poult boxes:

Zxcelsior pads used

• on floors of chick

or poult boxes i

Primary use

{ Pase î Page ¡

1. A ^counter** pack, accommodating 25 or

50 baby chicks or poolts

1 22-26 :

» i

67

î

\ Counter displays and

; local deliveries

2. A **local winter** pack, accommodating

100 baby chicks or poults

Î1 do. :

s :

t *

do. 1

«

i 4

1 Local deliveries

S. A "local summer** pack, accommodating

100 baby chicks or poults

t do. : do. ;

•

1 Local deliveries

4. A regular (domestic) ** combination" pack,

accommodating 25 or 50 baby chicks or poults

\ do. :

k 4

i i

4o.

1 1

\ Local deliveries,

\ domestic shipments

5. A small (domestic) or export "winter" pack, i

accommodating 100 baby chicks or poults

> 4

; do. :

\ :

do. J

4

1 «

\ Domestic and export

\ shipments

6. A regular (domestic) or export "summer**

accommodating 100 baby chicks or poults

pack. ! do. î¡ do. Í; Domestic and export

; shipments

7. A jumbo (domestic) or export ''orersize"

accommodating 100 baby chicks

pack, î; do, 1! do. \ Domestic and export

s shipments

8. A regular (domestic) started chick pack,

accommodating fifty 3- to 8-week old

started chicks

t do. \

I 1

\ do.

1 \

5

\ Domestic and North

\ American shipments

I

1
TaMe 2.—Live po^xLtry pacsks

Pack identification

1. A regular (domestic), or '^1-man, ** Droiler

coop 3^/ pack, acconKiodating from 14 to

20 "broilers

2. A regular (domestic), or "1-man,*^ chicken

coop pack, accommodating from 10 to

12 large fowl i/

3. A regular (domestic), or "l-man," turkey

coop pack, accommodating from 5 to

6 turkeys

4. A domestic '*l--man, ** adjustable coop for

"broilers, chickens, or turkeys (See

figure 1, page 4)

5. A regular (domestic) poultry coop pack,

accommodating from 12 to 16 geese, from20 to 24 large fowl, etc»

6. A regular (domestic), or "2-man," turkey

coop pack, accommodating from 10 to

12 turkeys

References to specifications for

different kinds of COOT^S used

All

raetal

Page,

50

50

50

51

All

JlPód_

52

52

52

52, 56

52, 56

V/ood and

wire

ÇâSê.

56

56

Primary use

Market or processing

plant shipments,

huckster pick-up*

Do.

Do*

Do*

On the farm transfer,

market deliveries,

huckster pick-up.

Do.

I

I

ij Other kinds of poultry are also packed in these coops.
- 4 -

gfc null lili mil iiii niin an a¿ ill ' ' I III- ^ Mm |0«M>g|M|

'/TP «í.

.^- -m

i:

^ «.«««fc j wEmW 1[7

Figure 1.—^n all-alucimMi, "l-men," adjustable coop for TjroilerB, chiclcens,

or turkeys.

Figure 2,—A fi"ber drun pack of dressed dilckens.
Table 3«'—D^^essed poultry packs

References to specifications for constituent parts of packs"

Pack identification

Different kinds and types of shipping

containers used

Wooden s

barrels î „-u Fiber

1, Â regular (domestic) lOO-pound fiber drum

pack, acconmodating dressed poultry

2. A regular (domestic) 200-pound barrel or

fiber drum pack accommodating dressed

poultry (See Figure 2, page A) :

s

S. A regular (domestic) 250-pound barrel pack, s

aceoîTjnodating dressed poultry (See Figure 3, :

page 6) :

4.. A regular (domestic) broiler-fryer box pack, :

accommodating about 70 pounds of dressed t

broilers or fryers j

5. A domestic or export chicken box pack,

accommodating fran 36 to 53 pounds of

dressed chickens

6. A domestic or export chicken box pack,

accommodating from 54- to 59 pounds of

dressed chickens

7« A domestic or export chicken box pack,

accommodating from 60 to 65 pounds of

dressed chickens

8. A domestic or eaqjort turkey box pack,

accommodating from 4-8 to 85 pounds of

dressed turkeys

9» A domestic or export turkey box pack,

accomjnodating frcm 85 to 105 pounds of

dressed turkeys

10. A domestic or export turkey box pack,

accommodating over 100 pounds of

dressed turkeys

11. A domestic duck box pack, accommodating

from 33 to 60 po\mds of dressed ducklings

or ducks

12. A danestic goose box pack, accommodating

from 42 to 60 pounds of dressed geese

Slacki Wire-i ^"^^

; boimd;

Page ; Page t Pagê~

- s - s 57

: :

16

16

18 t 57

18

Boxes

Fiber5 Wire-

: bound

Page ; Page

:

!

27

27

27

27

27

: :

31

31

27 : 31

:

:

31

31

27 : 31

31

27 : 31

31

Paper liners :

used in

Sawn

wood :

Barrels

and

drums

Page ; Page

69

69

41

41

41

41

41

Al

a

41

41

69

Boxes

Page

Individual wraps

for birds packed

in shipping containers with, or

without liners

: 69

69

i 69

: :

69

69

69

: 69

:

69

69

rage

70

70

70

sHead wrapss

5for birds :

spacked in j

; shipping :

:containers:

Î with Î

liners :

Primary use

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

Page

68 î Local chilled shipments

; under refrigeration.

Intermediate storage.

68

68

68

68

68

68

: 68

68

68

Do.

Iced and frozen shipments and chilled

shipments under re—

î frigeration,

:

: Chjlled shipments undo:

refrigeration and iced

shipments.1/

Storage, frozen shipments, chilled shipments under refrigeration.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

1/ Iced shipments in wire-bound and wooden boxes.
1

I

Figure 3.—Photograph shoving voodcn slack Ijarrels loaded with iced, dressed poultry, and covered.
Table 4.—iîsady-to-cook poultr/ packs

: References to specifications for constituent parts of packs ;

; Different kinds

Î of shipping

; boxes used

î

: Paper

: liners

: for

: ship-

:ping

:boxes

! Different kinds of individual wraps or

: bags for birds that are packed in ship-

: ping boxes with or without box liners

5 Diffcr-^Tit kinds and tjnpes of retail :

I packages that are packed in shipping :

; boxes :

Pack identification

JFiber Wirebound

ISawn

1 wood

iPaper'

wrapsj

: :

: Foil

: over-

"^1^ îivrapped

'^^PS. with

: fiL-a

S

Foil

wraps

: t

ÍFilmÍ

Jbagsj

Film bag

overwrapped

with

stockinette

: Paperboard ¡

, cartons ¡

overwrapped'

: with

Paperboard

cartons

lined with

film

• • •

:Paper- : ^., :

:bokrd î ^^^^^ :

îcartonsî^^^^^^^

î î

Primary use

, Paper; Fi3.m

1. A domestic or export chicken box pack

accommodating from 36 to 53 pounds of

ready-to-cook chicken

! Page

: 27

Page

31

: Page

: 41

: Page

. "69

.Pag

! 70

e; -Pu

61

ej Page Page :Page:

: 61 :

Page • Page : Pap,e: Page . Page Pago :

Frozen er chilled

shipments under

refrigeration.

2. A domestic or export chicken box pack

accommodating from 54 to 59 pounds of

ready-to-cook chicken

1 27 31 'i 41 'î 69 ! 70 61 - - 1 61 i - ! - î - : - ! * Do,

3. A domestic or export chicken box pack

accommodating from 60 to 65 pounds of

ready-to-cook chicken

I 27 i 31 » 41 : 69 • 70 61 - - i 61 : - : - : - î - ' Do.

4« A domestic or export turkey box pack

accommodating from 43 to 85 pounds of

ready-to-cook turkey

'i 27 1 31 ! 41 69 70 61 - - î 61 i - - : - : - - " s Do.

5« A domestic or export turkey box pack

accommodating from 85 to 105 pounds of

ready-to-cook turkey

• 27 i 31 i a ¡ 69 ! 70 61 - - :' 61 i - - : - s - • - s Do.

6. A dcmestic or export turkey box pack

accommodating over 100 pounds of

ready-to-cook turkey

27 S 31 i a ! 69 • 70 61 3 - i 61 î - • - : - î ' - ï Do.

?• A domestic fiber box pack accommodât- ,

ing 6 ready-to-cook chickens (See

Figure 4, page 8)

27 i - • - 69 î 70 61 - - î - 5 - . - j -. j - - - î Frozen and chilled

shipments under

refrigeration.

8, A domestic single-bird paperboard j

carton pack for one amall ready-to-cookj

bird (See Figure 5, page 9) j

27 s 31 ' 41 - J - 61 - i - S - J - ' 70 ': 62 î 62 , 48 - î Frozen, retail,

cold-storage.

9» A domestic single-bird carton pack for j

one large ready-to-cook bird (See j

Figure 6, page 10) j

- s - s - 5 69 70 61

•

J61, 64 s

: i

î :

64 i 61 : 61, 71 - : - î - 48 : Frozen, farm to

consumer, etc.

10» A domestic cut-sip or poultry parts j

carton pack for ready-to-cook cut-up j

poultry (See Figure 7, page 11) ?

27 i 31 - î - 61 î - ; - ; - î 70 : 62 î 62 1 48 - s Frozen, retail.

11. A domestic self-service cut-up poultiy :

or poultry parts pack s

- s - i - j

î

- i - 61 - i - : - s i - : - Í - i - - î Fresh, selfservice ,

12, A domestic individual bird film pack ¡

for ready-to-cook bird» :

27 : 31 î

s

- î - 61 - î - ¡ 61 : 61, 71 - : -. î - ! - - î Frozen, retail,

cold-storage.

13. A domestic turkey »log« pack for 9- :

pound boned ready-to-cook turkey »logs^j

27 i 31 i 41 J

Í

3 i

- -

î

64 : - :

'

- Í - s i - î Frozen,

restaurant.
- 8 -

V

Pi^re 4.—Shcv.lTif: one style of fi"ber poultry "boT with different styles of

"box-ppcked birds. The upper photo shows the side-to-side style of pack,

the lov.'er, the end-to-end pack.
(O

I

Figure 5.—'íhole, frozen ducklings wr&pped in film and packed in papertoard waxed cartons.
o

Figure 6.—Individufl frozen ready-to-cook turkey pacic.
Figure 7.---This photo shows paperboard cartcne containing qulck-frosen, cut-up, reedy-to-cook chicken

and packed in a corrugated fiterboard shipping container.
Table 5.—Cooked poultry packs

Reference to specifications for constituent parts of packs

Pack identification

tDifferent kinds of: Different inner packing materials

; shipping boxes : used in shipping boxes in which

: used : jars or cans are packed

; t i : :Fillers

; Fiber :Wire-î Sawi :Liners:

: bound; wood

: Page: Page

and

pads

Page : Page : Page

Partitions

and

pads

Individual : ;

jar wrappers: Metal : Glass

and pads : cans ; jars

Different kinds and types of retail packages or wraps that are

packed in shipping boxes

Page : Page

61 i -

Fiber

cartons

Foil board

carton

Page

Different kinds

of individual

wraps for birds

packed in

cartons

Film

PrLTiary use

Foil

Page Page

1, A domestic 5-ounce

jar pack accommodating 5-ounce jars

of cooked boned

chicken or turkey

2. A regular (domestic)

or export ¿-ounce

can pack accommodating 6-oUi\ue cans

of cooked boned

chicken or turkey

3« A regular (domestic)

or export l-ç>ound

can pack accommodating 1-poimd cans

of cooked boned

chicken or turkey

A domestic can pack

accommodating 2-

pound 3-ounce cans

of cooked boned

chicken or turkey

A domestic can pack :

accommodating 3-pound:

2-ounce cans of whole:

cooked chicken with :

bone i

27

27

27

27

27

31

31

a

a

61 : 61

Page

60

Page ¡Page

67 :

31 : a

:

31

31

41

a

67

67 :

67

45

45

45

45

Retail.

Retail.

Retail,

institutional.

Institutional.

Retail.
A domestic can pack

accommodating 4-

pounds 8-ounce cans

of whole cooked

chicken with bone A domestic carton

pack accomnodating

one cooked, frozen

chicken, half-turkey,

etc.

A domestic carton

pack accommodating

one cooked frozen

turkey A domestic "log"

pack accommodating 8 pounds of cooked

boned and rolled

turkey : 27

t 31Îai : 27 t 31 41 i

-ï- : t 27 i 31 I 41 • - i - •! : 27 i 31 41 ¡ 61 i - i

67 45

46

64

64

46 61

61

64

64

64

5 Retail.

Retail. : Producer to î consumer. : Restaurant^ î delicatessen.
Table 6.—Poultry Products Packs

References to specifications for constituent parts of packs :

Pack identification

: Different kinds of

Î shipping containers

{ used

Î Different inner packing materials

r used in shipping boxes in which jars

î or CÇU13 are packed

; Different kinds and types of

Í retail packages that are packed

: in shipping boxes

:Different kinds of indisvidual wraps for birds

:packed in cartons

i Primary

: use

: Fiber: Wire- t Sawn

! : bound j wood

t s Fillers

I Liners s and

: : pads

: partition: individual

: and : jar

: pads : wrappers

: : : :Paper-: Fiber

: Metal:Glass: Metal:board : carÍ cans: jars: trays:carton: tons

: Film i Foil

: Page j Page : page : page t Page : page : page I Page :Page : Page : page j Page : Page : page

!• A domestic jar pack

acconmodating 9-1/2 or

11-ounce jars of poultryproducts (chicken a-laking, etc.)

: 27 .. 31 Í 41 : 61 J 61 : - : 61 : - : 61 : - , - , - : Retail.

2. A domestic jar pack

accommodating l6-ounce

jars of poultry products

(chicken with noodles,

etc.)

. 27 : 31 : 41 61 : 61 t - : 61 t - : 61 : - , - , - : Retail.

3« A domestic or export

can pack accommodating

5- or 6-ouncc cans of

poultry products j

(smoked boned turkey,

etc.)

• 27 s 31 1 41 1 r 67 : - \ Á5 t ' t ' : - : - t Retail .

4. A domestic or export

can pack accoimodating j

1-pound or 1-pound 4- j

ounce cans of poultry j

products (chicken a-la- j

king, chicken broth, s

etc.) 3

27 : 31 : 41 3 67 : - 3 45 : - : - : - : - j Retail.

5, A domestic can pack j

accommodating 3-pound 1- j

ounce or 6-pound lO-ouncej

cans of poultry products j

(smoked turkey split pea j

soup, chicken rice soup, j

etc.) J

27 : 31 s a 3 • 67 : - : 45 : - : - : - : - , Retail and

institutional

distribution.

I
6.

A domestic smoked turkeyj 27 : 31

Î 41 : 61 : : i

-i

- : - : _

i : 46 : 61 : 64 : Producer

carton pack aceoimiodating:

t to

one whole or one-half : î consumer

smoked frozen turkey :

7.A domestic or exports 27 ¡ 31 1 41

i-i

—• -,

1—*—•—1 «. ! 46

- : 61 . -

i Retail.

carton pack accommodating:

1-pound cartons of frozen?

poultry products (won :

ton soup, chicken chow :

mein, etc.) :

8.A domestic carton pack : 27

1 31 ; 41

2-î

— . —

=î—

•—s

„

i 46 . .

2 61 . : RetAil and

accommodating 4-pound : , ' : institutional

cartons of frozen poultry;

s distribution.

products (chicken a-la- ;

king, etc.) :

9.A domestic pie tray pack : 27 ¡ 31 at- ! _ . —

^•.

î—• 64

<

«.,

>.• 61

• ¡ Retail.

accommodating 11-ounce ;

trays of frozen chicken :

pie

10.A domestic pie tray pack : 27 ! 31 ' ai

-i

- : —-s-3—t SA

{-

s- : 61

2~

î Retail.

accommodating 22-ounce :

trays of frozen chicken :

pie : '

11.A domestic envelope packj 27

I- ] -

s- : -

s ••-1

- ; - : - : - „,

f_ ! - : 61 ! 64 : Retail,

accomraodatjng 2-ounce ; *

envelopes of dehydrated :

poultry product soup mix ; 1
- 16 -

Part II.—CONTAIHERS FOE PODLTBI

Barrels. WlreJound (for Processed Poultry)

A. Standard domestic wire-bound poultry barrels (See figure 8)

The body of a wire-bound barrel is made of veneer face boards fastened together with binding wires. The top (when used) and bottom is

made of yeneer» plywood« or sawn wood; the top being "nailed in^ or

*^wlred on;" the bottom being **laid in.** Barrels such as this shall

meet the specifications outlined in B, below, according to the following designations:

! A regular 200-pound wire-bound barrel y

2» A regular 250-pound wire-bound barrel.

B» Specifications for standard domestic wire-bound poultry barrels

Style of

barrel: l^ach regular wire-bound barrel shall be octagonal in shape and

have looped wire closures.

Size of

barrel: The outside dimensions for each regular barrel shall be as

follows:

!• A regular 2Q0-pound barrel = 27-3/4 inches in height by 18-3/8

inches in width measured across the flats.

2. A regular 250-pound barrel « 31 inches in hei^t by 20-7/8 inches in width measured across the flats.

Material^i ^'he face boards on the blank shall be one-piece veneer. The

bottom and also the top, the latter used when either sized barrel

contains frozen poultry, may be made from veneer or resawn boards

stitched to two liners to form an octagonal construction, or onepiece plywood of octagonal shape may be used with the ftill-sized

barrel irith one bottom batten attached across the center.

Wires: Six 14-gage bindiiig wires shall be applied girthwise around the

regular 250-pound barrel and six 15-gage binding wires shall be

similarly applied around the regular 200-pound barrel and fastened

about every 2 inches around the circumference with staples. The

top and bottom wires shall be stapled 3/8 inch from the top and

bottom edges of the barrel. The other four wires shall be spaced

approximately 6 inches apart for the regular 250-pound barrel and

approximately 5-1/2 inches apart for the regular 200-pound barrel*
- 17 -

Figure 8.—A regular wire-Tiound poultry "barrel,
- 18 -

Stapline; Four staples per face board shall be applied over each binding

wire. Staples entering face boards only, shall be of IS-gage, and

5/16-inch in length for either sized barrel. Staples passing through

face boards into cleats shall be of 16 gage, l-l/8-inch long for the

regular 250-pound barrel and 1-inch long for the regular 200-pound

barrel. Ten 18-gage staples 9/l6-inoh long shall be used for stitching liners for 3-piece top and bottom construction for either barrel

if the material is reneer or resawn lumber. Six 16-gage staples

1 inch long shall be used for attaching battens when plywood is used

for tops and bottoms for .the regular 260-pound barrel.

lable 7.—Sizes of wooden parts for octagonal wire-bound poultry barrels

Wooden parts

Cleats, mitered to 67-i/2°

Pace boards (a pieces)

Tops and bottoms

3-piece reneer or resawn

1-piece plywood

Batten for 1-piece plywood

Regular 250-pound

barrel

Length

Inches

8-1/2

31

20-1/2

20-1/2:

18-3/4

Width

Inches

13/16

8-1/2

6(min. )

20-1/2

ThickIpch?ff

7/8

3/16

3/16

1/4

13/16

Regular 200-pound

Length

Inches

7-1/2

27-3/4

18

18

None

Width

Ip<Ag?

13/16

7-1/2

18

None

Thickness

Inches

13/16

1/6

1/6

3/16

Hone

Barrels. Wooden (for Processed Poultry)

^* Standard domestic wooden poultry 'barrels

The "body of a wooden slack barrel is made of staves "bound together

with wooden or wire hoops. The bottom is made of regular heading* The

top or cover is made of heavy crepe paper, osnahurg cloth or burlap

laminated kraft* Barrels such as this shall meet the specifications in

B below according to the follo%ring designations:

1« A regular 25a>pound wooden barrel

2» A regular 200-pound wooden barrel

^* Spgçjftcatj^on^ for stafldard dogeiyt^lc wppd^ft pQ\i¿^ry bayrglg

Type of

barrels The regular 250-pound barrel is a Ho* 1 barrel and the regular

200-pound barrel is a Ho* 2 barrel*

Size of

barrels Both the Ho. 1 and the No. 2 slack barrels for poultry shall be

made from 30-inch length staves, the single head diameter of the
19 -

former shall "be 19-1/8 inches; the single head diameter of the latter shall he 17-1/8 inches. The hilge circiimference of the No. 1

barrel sliall he 72 inches and the hilge circumference of the No. 2

barrel slaall be 64 inches. Standard bilge shall be 3/4 inch.

Materlals? The No. 1 barrel is made of No. 1 grade staves, No. 1 graxLe

single heading, and with plain jointed staves and cant heads.

The No. 2 barrel is made of No. 2 grade staves^ No. 2 grade

single heading» and with plain jointed staves and plain jointed

heads.

The barrels may be made from poplar, southern hardwood cut

staves, consisting of gum mixed timber. Staves should not be kilndried but well air'-dried to a minimum of 12 percent or less moisture

content. Pine, if properly dried so as not to impart taste and odor

to the poultry may also be used.

Hoops for barrels shall be all wood, all steel,or may consist

of two wood hoops and four wire hoops.

Burlap, osnaburg cloth, or crepe kraft paper may be used

singly or in a 2-ply lamination as covering for poultry packed in

slack barrels.

Bilge and quarter hoops shall be fastened at least four points

with nails, hoop fastener nails, or staples.

Bright nails, not less than one inch by twelve gage with onequarter inch heads, or staples, shall be used for the head hoops.

Slack barrel

material

definitions; The term "Gum Mixed Timber Staves" shall be understood to

include sycamore, elm, hackberiy, maple, sweet gum, red gum, and

birch staves, but not to include cypress, oak, ash, túpelo gum,

cottonwood, pine, black gum, beech, or box elder.

Dead cialls are staves containing knotholes of over l/2 inch

in diameter; or staves with large coarse knots near the quarter or

within 1 inch of either end, to prevent staves from being trussed

In barrels or properly crozed; or staves cross-grained near the

quarter to such an extent as would result in stave breaking when

being t:russed In barrel; or staves under l/4 inch in thickness; or

staves with bad slanting shakes exceeding 6 Inches In length or

with rot that seriously Inqpalr« strength.
- 20 -

Construction

details: No. 1 staves shall "be of uniform thickness, well equalized,

circled and Jointed, free from knots, slanting shakes, worm holes,

or dozy wood. However, moderate stain, slight roughness, flat

staves less than 4 Inches in width across the hilge, and cross

graining which will not "break or splinter in trussing or slight

wari)age shall not "be considered defects» These staves shall not

"be less than 2 inches, nor more than 5-1/2 inches, in width,

measuring across the hilge*

No. 2 staves shall he free of slanting shakes over 1-1/2

inches long, knotholes and unsound knots (hut sound knots over 3/4

inch in diameter shall "be allowed), and shall consist of good,

sound, workable staves. Moderate stain, mildew, or discoloration

shall not he considered defects. No* 2 staves shall he free from

dead culls. These staves shall not he less than 2 inches nor more

than 6 inches in width«

Thicknesses of staves shall he as shown in stave groups in

tahle 8.

Tahle 8.—Thicknesses of staves hy stave groups for poultry barrels

Wood

Elm and gam

Cottonwood and hasswood

Hardwood (oak, beech,

and maple)

Vihite ash

Thicknesses of

groups of staves

Inches

1-7/8

1-15/16

2-1/8

2-1/8

All staves used for these two barrels tur poultry shall average 4 inches in width, or 4,000 inches per thousand staves.

No. 1 heading made from hasswood, túpelo gum, cottonwood,

pine, willow, and poplar shall be l/2 inch thick after being dressed

on one side and straight jointed. When made from hardwood and gum

mixed timber, the thickness after being dressed shall be 7/16 inch.

No. 2 heading shall be manufactured from heading blanks culled

in the process of manufacturing No. 1 heading and shall be woikable

and free from dead culls.

Tolerance allowed in diameter of heading shall be l/8 inch.

All heading including pine heading shall be turned with a 90-percent

bevel and be l/4-inch wide on the face side of the head*
- 21 -

Heading that contains knotholes of over l/2-inch diameter^

bad slanting shakes, rotten timber» or other defects that make it

tmworkahlet shall he considered as dead culls«

All heading shall be well bundled, 15 sets to the bundle*

for a btindle of headings for the regular barrel 2 wires should be

Used, but for a bundle of Jumbo barrel headings 3 vires are necessar/«

The number of pieces required per head shall be as shown in

table 9.

Table 9*—The number of pieces required per head in each singles-headed

wooden poultry barrel

Type of barrel I

* Diameter ^

of head

\

1 Pieces in head

»

t iRChçf \

»

No. 1 regular, 'sugar" i\ 19-1/8 Î1 3, 4, and 5. At least 50^ to

! To« 4 piece, or less

No» 2 regular, "flour" j1 17-1/8 Î

5 Î

\ 3 and 4 pieces. At least 50^

1 to be 3 piece, or less

Wooden hoops shall be of good sound timber, up to specifications, well finished, and free from broken and other defective

hoops in the coil in excess of 3 percent on hoops over 5 feet in

length, 5 percent on 5-foot hoops, and 8 percent on hoops less

than 5 feet long» idiich are unfit for use on a barrel, and to be

dry Iridien shipped*

Standard dimensions of coiled elm hoops, 5 feet 6 inches,

and longer, to be, when finished and seasoned, 9/32 inch by 5/32

inch by 1-3/8 inch»

Boxes, Tiber (for Baby Chicks)

A. Standard domestic and export fiber chldk and poiat boxes

Tiber chick and poult boxes are made of corrugated or solid fiberboard meeting the specifications outlined in B, below,according to the

following designations:

!• A chick or poiat "counter" box

2* A "local winter." chick or poult box

954118 0—51 4
- 22 -

3* A ''local siiimn#^rw chlck or poult TJQX

4. A re^^ar (domestic) or export ''comMnation" chick or Doult

ISOJL

5. A small (domestic) or export vinter chick or poult "box

^* -^ re^s^ar (domestic) or export "summer" chick or posait "box

*''• A ^iumho (domestic) or export "oversize" chick or poult hox

8^ A regular (domestic) started chick box

^' Specifications for standard domestic and export fiber chick and poult^

Style of

hox: Each "bahy chick or poult "box may embrace one or more of the

following styles and designs:

Straight-sided, slope-sided, slope-lidded, stickless (with

double or single wall cell partitions extending up through cover),

plain smooth top, smooth top with spaces or slits for corrugated

T-sticks, or spacing cleats glued to top without staples, stickless and without staples, single unit, 2-cell, 4-cell, 6-ccll,

attached lid, removable lid; or a started box equipped with water-^

er, center feeder box, troxigh feeder, or other style feeder« (See

figure a)

Size of

box: The Inside dimensions for each box are given in table 10«

Construc1* All counter boxes made from pressed board» jute» or other material, and all other fiber boxes made of corrugated flberboard for

baby chicks, poults, and started chicks, shall meet the requirements for these materials as shown in tables 11 and 12.

2* All facings (container board) of corrugated flberboard shall be

firmly glued to the corrugated sheet (corrugated board) at all

points of contact and the outer facings on all regular and

jumbo corrugated fiber boxes ("shippers") shall be waterproofed«

3. Chick boxes made by stapling shall have a lap not less than

1-1/4 inches and be fastened with metal stitches not more than

2^112 Inches apart»

4» For weights of component parts of flberboard, and bursting

strength of flberboard used in standard fiber baby chick and

poult boxes, see table 11*
Figure 9,—Baljy chlcik: and poult "box style«. Top view shows a stickless

"box, without staples. Hiddle photo shows a regular stickless "box.

Bottom shows a standard stapled hox %d.th corrugated r-shaped sticks

inserted in the corer*
Table 10.—Type of boxes, style of construction,

poiilts contained.

inside dimensions, and air holes in cover, sides. and ends in accordance with number of chicks and

Type of box

: Chicks

1 or

: poults

:

j Inside dimension

t

range :

Range of number of holes or

number of slits for ventilation

in sides, ends, and cover i/ ! General styles of construction

j Length \ Width \ Height;

End :

holes '

Side i

holes j

Cover

Holes i Slits

A chick or poult »»counter» box

: Number

1 a. 25

I b. 50

s Inches

i 16

t 11

s Inches

i 6

: 9

: Inches:

i 4 i

: 5 í

Number: Number: Number

10-15 :

20-30 î

Number3

1. 0-6 i

0-8 1

5-6 ;

8-12 :

0 J

0 J

Usually one-piece construction.

2. A »»local winter»» chick or poult

box I 100 22 t 18 1 5-1/2 t 14-22 i 14-20 Í 20-rtO J 0 3

î

Smooth-top standard constnictiôn with

staples and spacers, such as V-shaped

cleats; 4-cell.

3. A »»local summer»» chick or poult J

box ! 100 2A i 18 i 6 : 12-29 : 10-40 5 20-172 1 0 î Same as 2, above.

4. A regular (domestic) or export

»»combination«» chick or poult box i

r a. 25

I b. 50

18

12

. 12

I 9

: 5-1/2 i

i 5-1/2 s

5-10 î

13 :

7-14 :

14-28 Í

10 :

30 J

0 i

0 î

a. Standard, with V-shaped cleats for

spacing;

b. Both stickless and without staples with

four projecting comers. Sides may be

sloping. Lid may be tuck-in type creased

on both ends to make the hinge. May be

4-cell or 6-cell.

5. A small (domestic) or export i

«hfinter»» chick or poult box j 100

: a.

I b.

Î c.

22 j

23-3/4S

23-3/4.

18

19-1/4

17-3/4

i 5-1/2 ;

J 5-5/8 :

í 7 3

U i

6-19 2

16 :

14 !

20-25 :

20 i

42-^ i

96 Í

0 i

0 i

10 :

10 :

Same as 4a and 4b, above; and

c. Double-walled partitions extending up

through the lid (stickless)

6. A regular (domestic) or export j

»»sunmier'» chick or poult box i 100

t a.

i b.

I c.

24 1

23-3/4Î

23-3/4;

18

19-1/4

17-3/4

t 6 :

î 5-5/8 :

í 7 :

24 t

16-19 :

16 :

24 i

20-ß5 J

20 :

30 :

90 1

0 :

0 î

10 :

10 J

Same as 4a, 4b, and 5c, above.

7. A jumbo (domestic) or export j

"over-size»» chick or poult box i 100

t a.

5 b.

Î c.

24 !

24 J

23-3/4J

18

20

20

1 6 i

i 6 t

t 8 t

16-24 : 20-25 ¡

30 î

96 t

0 i

0 i

10 î

10 :

Same as 4a, 4b, and 5c, above.

8. A regular Çdomestic) started j

chick box*/ s 50

a.

î b.

c.

24 i

24 J

28 :

22

22

24

i 8 i

t 8 t

! 9 :

6-12 1 22.^9 : 90-100 ¡ 0 i

Smooth top with standard staples and

spacers, such as V-shaped cleats. Various

feeders and waterer styles.

1/ Diameter of holes on cover - 3/4". Holes on sides and ends - 5/8«», except for 8 (started chick box) see note 2/.

2/ Diameter of holes on cover - l». Holes on sides and end - 7/8»».
- 26 -

5. For thickness of material used in "baby chick fil)er box construction and minimum number of parts» see table 12«

Closure of

fiber boxes: In addition to the usual tie around the outside of babychick and poult boxes with twine, rope, string, or other materials,

whether shipped singly or in bundles of two or more, tops may be

"locâced on" by the following devices!

1* For "stickless" or "4-p08ter" boxes for local delivery, tops

may be locked on by twisting the center end ends of the

dividers (projecting partitions)»

2. Covers of tuck-in type may be locked in position by turning

the tabs on the comers* The lid is creased on both ends

to make the hinge*

Sable 11*—Minimum weights of component parts and bursting strength of

double-faced corrugated flberboard used in recommended standard

fiber baby chick and poxilt boxes

5 MiniffiiMtt com- ;\ Minimum weight 5 Minimum

: bined weigjit ! of corrugat- Î average

Chick Î of 2 facings \ ing medium in : bursting

and : of double- I double-faced Î Flute : strength of

poult : faced corru- \ corrugated I board per

boxes : gated fiber5 board

! fiberboard : square inch

5 when dry

: Pounds per : Pounds per 5 î Pounds per

: i.OOO s^. ft- I 1,000 sq. ft^. - ! sQuare inch

••Counter" boxes <I 5 \

»

Local "summer 1 64 !! 26 \ A : 150

and winter"

boxes ;

Regular "started" \ 90 kraft or IS 26 \ A î 200 and S50 1/

chick boxes î; 120 jute î

Small, reblar, i; 90 kraft or J 26 Î A 1I 200

and jumbo (do- í 120 jute \

meßtic) and i

export boxes î

1

«

1/ Partition material for started boxes may be 350-pound testccrrugated fiberboard. All inner surfaces may be waxed»
Table 12#—Î5^c and thickness of material and minimum thickness of parts in recommended standard bal?y chick

fiber boxes

Chick

and

poult

boxes

l*ype and

form of

material

Material and thickness

TnicKness or

corrugated

medium if used

(A flute)

Points

None used

Liner

material

Kind

Chipboard,

kraft

board,

or jute

Kraft

Minimum

thickness

of liner

Minimum

poiinds per

1,000 sq* ft,

of liner

Pounds

Minimum number or complete

thickness of parts

Top Sides Bottom Ends

Partition Feeders

^'Counter*^

boxes

Local suimner

and winter

boxes

Pressed

board, Jute

stock, or

kraft stock

Doublefaced corrugated

fiberboard

Regular •Double-

"started^' : faced corchick boxes jrugated

jfiberboard

«

Small, regu-:Doublelar and junbosfaced cor- î

(domestic) jrugated

and export jfiberboard

boxes Î

Kraft

or

jute

Kraft

or

jute

Points

26-32

16

16

32

h^ or 60

15 or 60

No. No. No, No. No.

hr 2£>

No,

lif

1/ All Liner surfaces shall be waxed. Feeder shute and trough may be of 350-pound test double-faced

corrugated fiberboard or two thicknesses of 200-pound test placed side by side*

2/ Stickless îi-cell or 6-cell boxes may have the lengthwise partition of single thickness; the crosswise partition of two thicknesses of double-faced corrugated fiberboard placed side by side*
- 27 -

Boxea. rn>er (for Processed Poultry)

A* Standard domestic and export fl'ber pooltry boxes

Tiber poultry boxes are made of corrugated or solid fiberboard

meeting the specifications outlined In B, belov, and including boxes

for the following uses:

1* domestic fiber boxes for shipping dressed and ready->to«»cook

poultry, in chilled or frozen foim> (See fiber boxes in figure 4J

2. Export fiber boxes for shipping frozen dressed and ready^tocook poidtryt

3* .Domestic fiber boxes for shipping canned, cartoned^ trayed

and indlTldtially wrapped poultry: or poultry in ,1ars# (See fiber box

in fijgurg^SjL

4. Export fiber boxes for shipping canned, cartoned, traved. and

IndiYidually wrapped poultry, or poultry in jars>

5* Domestic fiber boxes for shipping one whole frozen bird, (See

fiber box in figure 6> )

B. Specifications for standard domestic and export fiber poultry boxes

Style of

box: Domestic or export boxes may be of regular slotted, center

special slotted» or overlapped slotted* Export boxes shall hare

tubes or sleeves«

Size of

box: The inside dimensions of domestic and export fiber boxes for

shipping dressed or ready-to-cook poultry, whether individually

wrapped or not, shall be the same as those given for '.^re-bound

boxes in table 16, on page 34. The inside dimensions for fiber

boxes in which canned poultry is shipped are given in table 13*

Flberboard:

!• Piber boxes ((3.oKiestic or eacport) shall be made of solid fiberboard or of double faced coringated fiberboard having proper

bending q."aalitles and meeting the requirements of tables 14

and 15.
28

Table 13.—Sizes of domestic and export fiber boxes for shipping canned poultry,

packed in cans.)

(See table 29, for kind and amount of product

: Number

Í of

: cans

: per box

: Arrangement of cans in boxes : Inside box dimensions £/

Can makers : Trade name

description 1/ : of cans

I Number t

t in a :

! row :

Number ;

of :

rows j

Number :

of :

layer« :

Length : Width : Depth

Inches : Inches ; Inches

208 X 208 \ ¡ 24

t 48

t 96

i 4 :

4 t

6 :

3 i

4 :

4 s

2 î*

3 j

4 :

10-1/16

10-1/16

15-1/16

i 7-9/16

t 10-1/16

: 10-1/16

: 7-1/2

: 10-1/16

208 X 212 i : 24

t 48

t 96

( 4 i

4 :

6 :

3 i

4 :

4 »

2 i

3

4 í

10-1/16

10-1/16

15-1A6

: 7--9/16

s 10-1/16

t 10-1/16

: 5-1/2

î 8-1/4

: 11

211 X 300 Í 8Z short ¡ 24 î

: 36 Í

: 48 1

: 72 1

: 96 1

4 :

4 :

6 :

6 :

6 :

3 i

3 :

4 s

4 :

4 J

2 i

3

2 :

3 »

4 I

10-13/16

10-13/16

16-3/16

16-3/16

16-3/16

* 8-1/8

: 8-1/8

: 10-13/16

î 10-13/16

î 10-13/16

1 6

î 9

: 6

: 9

î 12

211 X 400 1 No, 1 ! 24 i

: 48 î

6 i

6 :

4 :'

4 :

1 t

2 :

16-3/16

16-3/16

¡ 10-13/16

: 10-13/16

î 4

t 8

211 X 414 i 24 i

{ 48 :

6 i

6 s

4 t

4 :

1 :

2 s

16«3/16

16-3/16

í 10-13/16

: 10-13/16

: 4-7/8

: 9-3/4

300 X 407 ¡ No. 300 24 i

• 36 :

48 :

4 i

4 í

6 :

3 ¡

3 t

4 :

2 i

3 :

2 :

12-1/16

12-1/16

lS-1/16

i 9-1/16

: 9-1/16

î 12-1/16

: 8-7/8

: 13-5/16

303 X 113 1 24 i

48 t

96 î

4 i

4 :

6 :

3 i

3 8

4 :

2 î*

4 t

4 :

12-13/16

12-13/16

19-3/16

î 9-5/8

î 9-5/8

: 12-13A6

î 3-5/8

: 7-1/4

i 7-1/4

303 X 402 i i 12 :'

24 :

36 :

4 :

4 :

4 í

3 i

3 :

3 í

1 1

2 :

3 :

12-13/16

12-13/16

12-13/16

i 9-5/8

: 9-5/8

: 9-5/8

:* 4-1/8

: 8-1/4

: 12-3/8

303 X 406 i No. 303 s 12 ¡

24 :

36 î

4 i

4 :

6 :

3 i

3 :

3 í

1 :

2 :

2 :

12-13/16

12-13/16

19-3/16

! 9-5/8

: 9-5/8

: 9-5/8

i 4-3/8

: 8-3/4

: 8-3/4

307 X 112 ¡ î 24 't

AB :

96

4 :

4 :

6 :

3 i

3 :

4 :

2 i

4 î

4 :

13-13/16

13-13/16

20-11/16

i 10-3/8

: 10-3/8

: 13-13/16

; 2-1/2

: 7

: 7

307 X 409 i No. 2 i 12 ¡

24 :

4 :

4 :

3 i

3 :

1 ¡

2 :

13-13/16

13-13/16

i 10-3/8

: 10-3/8

î 4-9/16

: 9-1/8

404 X 115 : : 24 :

48 :

4 :

4 :

3 i

3 :

2 i

4 :

17-1/16

17-1/16

: 12-13/16

í 12-13/16

:* 3-7/8

: 7-3/4

404 X 414 î t 24 *: 4 í 3 i 2 i 17-1/16 ¡ 12-13/16 î 9-3/4

404 X 700 l No. 3 Cyl. : 12 : 4 : 3 s 1 : 17-1/16 ¡ 12-13/16 : 7

411 X 708 i î 12 : 4 ¡ 3 i 1 i 18-13/16 i 14-1/8 î 7-1/2

415 X 708 î J 12 : 4 : 3 :' 1 : 19-13/16 ¡ 14-^7/8 î 7-1/2

603 X 700 i No. 10 : 6 ! 3 :' 2 i 1 : 18-5/8 1 12-3/8 l 7

1/ The first three figures represent the outside diameter of each can and the second group of three

figures represents the height of each can when sealed. The first digit in each group of figures represents

inches and the second and third digits represent sixteenths of an inch. (Example: 211 x 400 means 2-ll/l6

inches in diameter by 4 inches in height»

2/ All dimensions stated are net. If dividing liners between tiers of cans are used, the dimensions

shown for depth of box should be increased by the thickness of the liner or liners used. A tolerance of

l/l6 of an inch was added to the length and width of each box.
- 29 -

TalDle 14.--^he type and caliper (or thickness) of filbertcard used in

domestic and export filler "boxes

Standard

fiber

"boxes

All domestic "boxes

All export "boxes

Type of

fi'berlDoard

Symtol

s or c

73s. TOS,

or V3c

Meaning

Solid or

corrugated

Weatherproof

solid or

Mininnam caliper or

Corrugated

flherboard

Each : Corrugating

facing

Solid

fiberboard

Inches

0.060

0.090

Incheg

0.016

medj.xmi,

Incheg.

0.009

0.023 : 0.010

Table 15.—Comparative weights of coioponent parts of fiberboard, bursting

strength and ply separation of fiberboard used in domestic and

- ."."-^"I L-" — T..f-T-SfJ* -.«.-

Minimum ! Minimum î

MioimuiB : combined: combined : Minimum : MaxinnuD : Minimum average

weight of ! weight ! weights of î weight of J permis- ! bursting strength

standard i of coin- ; two facingsî corrugating: siTîle : of fiberboard

fiter "boxes : ponent : (liners) of: medi\un in î.ply sep-! per square inch

and contents:iplies ofî corrugated î corrugated : aratlon,! 2/

in pounds : solid ! fiberboard : fiberboard : when !

fiber« Îper 1,000 î.per 1,000 î!wet 2/ J

board î sq. ft, ;;sq. ft« 1

iper 1.000;

îsQ.ft.iyi ! 1

: 2ry : Wet

; Pounds I Pounds I Pounds ,! Inches î¡Pounds!! Pounds

Domestic "bojees

20 : 114 : 52 : 26 ! 125 !

40 : 149 .; 75 : do ! 175 1

65 : 190 î 84 5 do ! 200 !

90 \ 237 5 138 : do ! 275 :

120 : 283 : 180 : do :

1

: 350 ,

1 <

Export Ijoxßs

•

: 1/4 : 400 :¡150 for

All weights

:

»»

:

•

•

•

¡VSs & V3c

¡200 for

{ VUS

1/ Exclusive of adhesives.

2/ This means ply separation as determined by the standard test outlined .on page 75.

5/ As determined by test outlined on page 74.

054118 ()~51 -
-30 •

2. Solid fi1>erl3oard used in making domeetic "boxes shall consist

of not less than 2-plie8 (thickness) when such hoxes and their

contents weigh 40 poxinds or less. When the weight of solid

fiher boxes and their contents are over 40 pounds, the solid

fiherhoard shall consist of not less than 3-plies. Solid

fiherhoard used in making export boxes shall consist of not

less than 4-plies. All plies of fiberboard in these boxes

shall be fimaly glued together.

All inside surfaces of export fiber boxes and the tubes shall

be protected by application of fully refined, paraffin wax

which has a melting point of not less than 125^ F. Such wax

shall cover or impregnate these surfaces. The outer ply of

each export box shall be waterproofed,

3. Each outer and inner facing (each liner or container board)

of the corrugated fiberboard used in making domestic and

eaport boxes shall be firmly glued (one on each side of corrugating medium) to the corrugated sheet (corrugating medium

or corrugated board), at all points of contact. Each outer

facing shall be waterproofed.

Body

joints: At each joint in the body piece, the fiberboard .used in meking

domestic fiber boxes shall overlap not less than 1-1/4 inches and

that used in making export fiber boxes, not less than 1-1/2 inches,

and be secured by metal stitches. Such metal stitches shall be

spaced not more than 2 inches apart and the difitance between the

outer stitch and the end of the joint shall not exceed 1 inch.

An additional stitch shall be used about l/2 of an inch from the

outer stitch, at each end of the joint. Not less than 6 metal

stitches shall be used in making a body joint. In lieu of a tiestitched joint, boxes may be stitched with the same total number

of stitches (including tie-stitch), equally spaced in a eingle

row. Metal fastenings shall pass through all the pieces to be

fastened and shall be clinched. In the completed box there shall

be no visible cracks in the fastenings. Stitches shall be at

least 0.100 x 0.020. (Boxes for round cans or jars packed in

one tier (layer) may be stitched with a single row of stitches

spaced not more than 2 inches apart, provided the stitches used

are not less than 0.100 x 0.028.)

WorkmanshjLp;

1. All fiber boxes shall be cut square and of required size.

2. All boxes shall be creased and slotted so that in the assembled

box the parts fit closely without undue bending.

3. 'I'here shall be no surface breaks nor separation of plies

in the fiberboard due to creasing or other causes, excepting as provided for in table 15.
-31 -

4* In the completed box there shall "be no visible cracks in the

fastenings«

Strapping;

of boxes:

1* Each eacport box shall be reinforced by 2 flat straps, each

being 3/8 of an inch wide by 0*020 of an inch thick*

2* One such strap shall be centered around the top, ends, and

bottom with the other strap centered around the top, sides,

and bottom of each box. 'i'he straps should be applied so

they fall orer an area of the box under which the cans make

contact with it.

Boxes, Wire-bound Çfor Processed. P^ou^^^

^* Standard domestic and exgort wire-bound poultry._bo:geA

Boxes in which sides, tops, and bottoms are constructed of veneer

or sawn boards fastened to wood cleats and to each other by binding

wires and staples, the ends being of veneer or sawn wood, plain or stapled to battens or liners and fastened in place by nails, by staples,

or wired on, for holding various quantities and weights not exceeding

500 pounds of box-packed, packaged, and canned poultry or poultry products and meeting the specifications in B, below* ïhe followiiig boxes

are included. (See figure 10.)

1. ?amejlicj«JLxerb03aix^

cook pouJ,try, in chilled or frozen forpa>

2. Export wi,y_e-bound boxes for shipping dressed and ready^to-CQ^ok

poijLLtry in frozen form.

individually wra-p-ped poultry.

4. Export wire-bound boxes for shi-p-pin^ canned, CHrtpnedLand^indlr.

vidually wrapped -poultry.

S• Specifications for standard domestic and export wire-boundja.QuLtîXJlo^ces

Style of

box: Wire-bo^ind boxes shall be one of the following styles:

Style 2 - A wire-bovmd box having a looped wire closure.

Style 2A - A wire-bound box having a twisted wire closure.

Style 3 - A wire-bo\md box having a looped wire closure with

wired ends.
- 32 -

Figure 10.—Various sizes of wire-bound poultry boxes.
Size of

box:

- 33 -

The inside dimensions of wire-bound boxes in whic5h dressed

and ready-to-cook poultry is shipped, whether individually wrapped

or not, are given in table 16. The inside dimensions of wire-bound

boxes for shipping canned poultry are the same as those given for

fiber boxes in table 13.

Materialst

1* Wood. Wood used in wire-boimd boxes shall be from woods listed

below. When any species is specified, any species in that same

group of woods may be used. No species of wood which might impart an undesirable odor or flavor to the poultry shall be used.

Group I ; Group II '; Group III ' ; Group IV

AspenCpopple) Magnolia i; Douglas-fir \ Ash, black î; Ash. white

Basswood Pine, jade :t Hemlock : Ash, pumpkin Í Beech

Buckeye Pine, lodgepole îÎ (Western) î> Blackgum î Birch

Butternut Pine, ponderosa j\ Larch î1 Elm, white \\ Elm, rock

Cedar (Western yellow) <t (tamarack) i\ Maple, soft \ Hackberry

Chestnut Pine,red (Norway) ,; Pine : Sweetgum I Hickory

Cottonwood Pine, su^ar î; (Southern) î; (red gum) î1 Maple, hard

Cuctuaber Pine, white ; Sycamore \\ Oak

Cypress Bedwood : \ Tupelo, ;1 Pecan

Fir, alpine Spruce : water î

Fir, balsam Willow Î: \ î

Fir, noble Yellow Poplar í î

lU. white 4

4 ' » 1

\ - , :

Each piece of wood shall be free from decay,

and batten shall be free from splits.

Each cleat

In cleats, battens» and liners, the divergence of the

grain shall not exceed 1 inch in 10 inches of length* In

sawed or veneer boards» the divergence of the grain shall

not exceed 1 inch in 8 inches of length.

Knots, if any, shall be sound. In sawed or veneer boards

the diameter of any knot shall not exceed 1-.1/2 inches nor

exceed l/S the width of the board. No part of a knot may be

closer to an end of the board than 1 inch.

In cleats and battens the cross-sectional area of any

knot shall not exceed one-fourth the cross-sectional area of

the piece. No part of any knot may be closer to an end of

the cleat or batten than 1-1/4 inches.

The moisture content of sawed boards shall not be less

than 9 percent nor more than IB percent of their dry weight
Sable 16.—Sizes and capacities of wire-lJO\md boxes for domestic and export shipments of different

kinds, classes, and weigjits of dressed or ready-'to^^ook poultry

Kinds and classes

of poultry

Broiler-fryers (iced) 1/

Chi ckens

Chi ckens

Chi ckens

iurkeye

Turkeys

Turkeys

Ducklings

Ducks

Geese

Approximate

amo\int or

range, Mrds

per box

Mumber

18-36

12

12

12

6

3-6

4-12

12

6

3-4

Contents,

or

range

Pounds

Up to 70

36-53

54-59

60-65

48-85

85-105

Over 100

42-60

33-60

42-60

Inside dimensions or range

Length

Ifiches,

22

18-20

a

22

25-28

30

32

24

24-31

23-1/2-29

Width

Inches

16

14-15-1/2

16-1/2

17

21-24

22

28

16

18-1/2-22

18-23-1/4

Height

Inches

10

7-1/4 - 7-1/2

7-3/4

8

6-1/4

8-1/2

7-1/4

3-1/2 - 4-1/2

4-3/4 - 6-1/2

Capacity

2,685

2,992

5,610

6,496

3,072

S

Xl Domestic pack: only«
- 35

at the time of laaniafacture of the boxee. The moieture con«-

tent for reneer shall not he lees than 9 percent nor more

than 15 percent at the time of nanufacture of the hozes*

2. Wire. Binding wires shall he loir carhoa annealed steel wire*

Wire used for hoxes with Style 1 closures shall have

sufficient ductility to insure the folloiring nuaher of complete

turns vhen twisted with a Bruce or toggle Twister»

Gage of wire

16

15

JLíL

Humher of complete turns

2-1/2

2

Ji

After remoral of the tool the wire shall show no fractures*

Wire used for hoxes having Style 2k closures shall have

sufficient ductility to permit manufacturing with the number of

turns as shown above and give a satisfactory closure»

Wire used for boxes having Style 2 or Style 3 closures

shiall have such physical properties as to pemdt satisfactory

maciufactxire of the loops without fracturing the wire and give

satisfactory closures«

The surface on binding wires shall be galvanized»

Staples shall be made from carbon steel wire having galvajiized finish»

Ifetnufac--

turét Boxes shall be well manufactured in accordance with high-grade

commercial practice» The boxes shall be free from imperfections

which may affect the utility.

ïace

boards: Face boards may be either sawed lumber or singles-thickness

veneer of any of the species in group II or III woods or of the

followJLng group I woods: Cottonwood, cypress, magnolia, noble

fir, wliite fir, and spruce»

The thicknesses of face boards, cleats» and battens for the

various styles of wire-bound boxes for poultry shall conform with

the miiiLimtiffl requirements in tables 17, 18, and 19*
Tatle 17. —Mininnjun thicknesses of face "boards and sizes of cleats for various styles of wire-bound "boxes

for domestic shipments of chickens, ducks, and geese 1/

Î Contents;

MinitDiun thicknesses c>f face hoards 1 Minimum c.Leat sizes

Classes . ! foT Style 2 or î3& boxes ; For Style 3 boxe<i

of ! Top . î 3-inchí ; Top I Por ! For

poultry ; ¡Sides ! and ,1 Snds : Edge <.; wide ; Sides ,1 and ,; Ends .: Edge .! Style 2 ! Style 3

¡bottom; ! liners ; center,

1 liner ¡L .„,_.. „, ^

•hottorn : liners ! or

! 2k box

! box

I Cu. in. Î! In. ,1 In. ! In. I Ln^ I In. \ In. : ISi. ! In. !: -- i

! In. ! IJU.

Chickens;I Up to î

: 3,000 :

» 1

! ^^V; 1/8 "

1 1

1 1/8 ;; 1/8 ;

: i

î ; 1/8 '; 1/8 ; 1/8 ;

! ^/^

: 9/16 by .

13/16 I

! 9/16 by

! 13/16

Bucks ;; from :

s 3,001 to.

î 4,000 î

> 4

; 1/8,

Í 1

: 1/8

\ 1

I \

1 4

'. 1/6 ! 1/6 ,

1

1 4

t I

» 1

) 1

: 1/6 ,I 1/8 ,1 1/8 : 1/8 ;

; 1

: ^/® :

.13/16 by

13/16

¡13/16 by

! 13/16

Greese

» i

! Orer ¡

! 4,000 i

> <

1 «

: ^^^:

-

» 4

I 1/8 i

i

1 1

» 4

! J

! 3/16 ¡! 3/16 !

» 4

» 1

1 3/16 :I ^-/^ :

\ ;

: ^^^ ;

; :

1 *

> 1

! 1/8 !

i

1

i

* 4

4

113/16 by 1

13/16 ¡

¡13/16 by

¡ 13/16

03

i/ ïhe thicknesses of face hoards indicated in the ahove tahle apply to all group 11 and III woods

and to cottonwood, cypress» magnolia, nohle fir, white fir, and spruce.
f

Table 18*—^Minimtia thicknesses of face boards and sizes of cleats for yarious styles of wire-bound boxes

for domestic shipments of txxrkeys l/

Classes

of

poultry

:

Minimom thicknesses of face boards

Contents

luxkeys

only

Turkeys

only

Turkeys

only

Cu. in.

For style 2 or 2A- box 5.

: Top :

Sidess and

{bottom

For Style 3 box

In.

X

Up to : 1/6

4,000 ;

t

Prom I 1/6

4,001 to :

5,600 :

Over : 3/X6

5,600 '

i

8

îfis

1/8

1/8

1/6

Ends

In.

1/6

3/16

3/16

Edge

liners

In.

1/6

3/16

3/16

Wide : : Top :

center: Sides : and t Ends

liner : : bottom: _

In. : IBJ In^

:

1/6

3/16

3/16

1/6

1/6

3/16

Ins

1/8

1/8

1/6

1/8

1/8

1/7

j Minimum cleat sizes

J

for

Style 3

box

Edge : îor

liners: Style 2

or 2A. boi

In.

1/8

1/8

1/7

In.

13/16 by

13/16

13/16 by

13/16

13/16 by

13/16

In.

13/16 by

13/16

13/16 by

13/16

13/16 by

13/16

1/ The thicknesses of face boards indicated in the above table apply to all group II and III woods

and to cottonvood, cypress, magnolia, noble fir, white fir, and spruce.
- 38 -

Cleats: Cleats shall te made from group II» group III, or group IT

woods only.

Cleats shall be made ndth mitered ends or with mortised and

tenoned ends (tongue«-and-grooTed)*

Cleats shall he 9/l6 inch by 13/16 inch, 13/16 inch by 13/16

inch, or 13/16 inch by 7/8 inch according to the requirements, indicated in tables 17, 18, and 19.

Table 19«-*-Hinimuffl thicknesses of face boards and sizes of cleats for

arious styles of wire-bound boxes for export shipments of

frozen bulk-^packed chickens and turkeys „__

Classes of

poultry

All poultry

All poultry

Contents

PoTinds

Up to 85

Orer 85

Minimum thickness of all

face boards for all styles

of boxes 1/

3/16

1/4

Minimum

cleat

Inch

13/16 by 13/16

13/16 by 7/8

1/ ïhe thicknesses of face boards indicated in the above table apply

to all group II and III woods, and to cottonwood, cypress, magnolia, noble

fir, white fir, and spruce»

Binding

wires: The girth wires shall comply with the requirements as indicated in tables 20 and 21.

On Style 3 boxes, there shall be one wire on each end and the

gage shall be one size less than required on the blank« VJhere two

gages are indicd.ted in tables 20 and 21 the wires on the end shall

be the same gage as the smaller wire specified in these tables»

Staples: Staples shall be used for fastening binding wires to boards

and cleats and shall be used for fastening liners to end boards*

Staples driven over binding wires into cleats shall be not

less than 0.0625-inch diameter (16 gage). For 9/16 inch by 13/16^

inch cleats, staples shall be 7/8-inch long. For 13/16-inch by

13/16 inch cleats» staples shall be 7/8-inch long for boards 1/8

inch thick and 1-inch long for boards more than l/8-inch thick«

For 13/16-inch by 7/8-inch cleats, staples shall be 1-inch long

for boards less than l/4-lnch thick and l-l/8-inchee long for boards

l/4-inch thick» Staples shall not be deformed and if an occasional

staple point protrudes through a cleat, it shall be clinched»

Staples driven over binding wires into boards only shall be

not less than 0.0348-inch diameter (20 gage) and 5/l6-inch long

for boards not over 3/l6-inch thick« For boards more than 3/16-

inch in thickness, staples shall be not less than 0.0475 inch-diam--

eter (l8 gage) and l/2-inch long. Staples shall penetrate the

boards and the points shall be clinched»
TaVLñ 20.—Minimom number and gage of binding wires for wire-bound boxes for domestic shipments of

chickens,, duäcs, geese, and turkeys

Classe8

of

potiltry

- Kinds

; of

' wood

! Mlnlimmi nimiliei' and faM of binding wires

; For inside length :

! of box up to !

: 15 inches !

! Por inside length of .

I box over 15, to 20 !

Í inches i

t Por inside length of î

box over 20, to î

29 inches î

ïor inside length

of box over 29

î inches

! Class : Number !

» 1

gage i: Humber :' Gage ! Humber î

4

Gags. i Gage

Chickens ,Î I ¡

» 4

1 2 :

! 1

! 15 ¡

! 16 .

2 !

i 2 1

4

! 15 î

! 16 i

2 :

! 3 !

15 :

16 !

2 i

4 i

15

, 16

Ductcs i II 1! 3 : 15 i! 4 !1 15 ! 5 !1 15 ! 6 i1 15

Geese : III !

»

1 2 !

Ï 1 !

1 14

I 15 i

! 2

¡ 2

! 14

! 15

: 2

: 3 ¡

: 14

! 15

: 2 i

4

1 14

! 15

Turkeys ; I i!

: - ¡! ! - 1; 5 ! 15 : 6 ! 15

\

: 14

( 15

1

lurkeys i' II !I ! - ¡! : : 2

: 3 !

! 14

! 15

! 2

: 4

1

Turiceys !: III ! ! ! î t 2

! 3

: 14

: 15

ft

! 2

î 4

: 14

! 15

iable 21 •—^Minimum number and gage of binding wires for wire-bound boxes for export shipments of

chickens and tvirkeys

Classes of !

! Minimum number and gage of binding wires

poultry ! For inside length of !

box up to 18 inches '<

iPor inside length of

\Y "^over 18 to 24 î

liedles

tFor inside length of !

îbox over 27 to 30 î

:inches I

íFor inside length of box

lover 30 inches

1

Chickens i

Turkeys :

Number

4 i

1 Gage .

! 15 !

» 4

t. ^ . !

: Number î

1 5

Sage î

î 15

* Humber

1 2 :

î 4

! Gage 1

I 14 1

î 15

! Humber

1 2

î .5 !

! Gage

»»

! 14

1 J6
- 40 -

Each liner shall be fastened to the end boards by staples»

Bach staple shall pass through the liner and end boards and shall

be clinched. For boards not OTer 3/l6-inch thick the staples shall

be 0.0348-inch diameter (20 gage) and 0.0476«inch diameter (18 gage)

for boards greater than 3/l6-inch In thickness* For boards l/8-inch

thick the staples shall be 3/8-inch long, for boards OTer l/8-inch

but not more than 7/32-inch thick the staples shall be l/2-inch long

and for boards l/4-inch thick the staples shall be 9/l6-inch long*

The minimum number of staples in any cleat in wire-bound boxes

for poultry shall be as listed in table 22»

Liners; Each end shall have two edge liners irith the grain perpendicular to the grain of the end boards. Edge liners shall be not less

than 1-1/8 inches wide» Vhere wide center liners are used, these

shall be not less than 2-7/8 Inches wide and shall be stapled to

end boards with two rows of staples«

Table 22.—Minimum number of staples in any cleat for

wire-bound boxes for poultry 1/

Length of cleat

Inches

Up to 4-1/2

Over 4-1/2, to 6-^1/2

Minimum nximber of staples in

any cleat for wire-bound boxes

for an çlasffgfi of poultry

Htamb^r

2

3

Over 6-1/2 i 4

ly Not less than two staples shall be driven over

each girth wire through each board*

Strapping: All wire-bound boxes for poultry export shipments shall have

two girthwise straps applied between the first and second binding

wire from each end.

Strapping may be either 3/8-inch by 0*020-lnch flat strapping

or 15 gage wire strapping having a tensile strength of 140,000

pounds per square inch.

Boxes> Wooden (for Processed Poultry)

A. Standard domestic and export wooden poultry boxes

Boxes made of sawn wood meeting the specifications outlined in B,

below* The following boxes are included:

1. Domestic wooden boxes for shipninj? dresse^ and ready-to^^ceoli

poultry in ch^U^^^ or fyog^fi f9CTi..
- 41 -

2. Export wooden "boxes for shiT>T)lng dressed and ready-to«>cook

poultry In chilled and frozen form>

3. Domestic wooden "boxes for shipning canned^ cartoned, and indl^

Yidually wrapped poultry/

4. Export wooden "boxes for shlnplng canned, cartoned, and Indjyldually wrapped poultry^

B. Specifications for standard domestic and export wooden -ponltry "boxes

Style of

T)ox: Wooden poultry "boxes may "be one of the following styles:

Style 1 - Hailed constzuctlon, no cleats»

Style 4 - Nailed construction, two exterior vertical cleats

on each end«

Style 5 - Kailed construction, two interior vertical cleats

on each end»

Size of

Ihe inside dimensions of wooden poultry "boxes used to ship

dressed or ready-to-cook poultry, whether individually wrapped

or not, are the same as those given for wire-'bound boxes in ta"ble

16* The inside dimensions of wooden boxes in which canned poultry and poultry products are shipped would be about the same as

those given for fiber boxes in table 13. (Tolerances for inside

dimensions of wooden boxes should be l/8 of an inch instead of

l/l6 of an inch.)

Species

of woodi Ho species of wood which may impart an objectionable odor or

flavor to the poultry shall be used in making wooden poultry boxes«

The species of wood for such purposes shall be from the following

groups:

Group I I &roup II I (Jroup III ; Grotjp IT

Alpine fir Lodgepole pine Í Douglas fir

I

I Black ash

»

: Beech

Aspen Magnolia ;; Hemlock \ Black gum \ Birch

Balsam fir Hoble fir î Larch I Maple, soft ji Hackberry

Basswood Horway pine ;\ Horth Caro- \\ Maple,Bilveri Hickory

Buckeye Bedwood \ Una pine <\ P\2mpkin ash î\ Maple, hard

Butternut Spnice Î: Southei*n ;\ Bed gum I1 Oak

Cedar Sugar pine î\ pi M i\ Sycamore í1 Hock elm

Chestnut Western yellow pine í î Tupelo 1; White ash

Cottonwood White fir î : White elm î

Cucumber tree Willow :

Cypress Yellow poplar î » 4

Jack Dine White Pine :\ \ S
-42-

Materials

and construction:

1« The thicknesses of domestic wooden l)oz parts are given in

tahle 23. Those for export wooden hox parts are shown in

table 2A.

Table 2g>—Thicknesses of domestic wooden hox parts

' Net !

Styl« i weight

of t of i

"box : contents'

Hininum thicknesses of

; wood frouDS I and II !

\ Minimum thicknesses of

\ wood ffrouns III and IV

. Sides!

I Top !

1 and 1

ihottoffii

! Znds: Cleats i

I : !

t : Top Î

; Sides: and :

; :'bottom

\ Ends: Cleats

: Lb. ! In. .! iMx. i! la.. : In*.

• 1

\ In. : lEu.

No. 1 : 0 - 60 : 5/16 : 5/16 Î 1/2 : None

1 • i

! 1/4 : 1/4 ¡

1 • 1

t 1/2 : Hone

No. 4 :61 - 1251

or 5 :

! 3/8 .! 3/8 1I 5/8 :5/8xl-3/4î! 5/16Í 5/16 !

1 t 4

•- - • *

! 9/16:9/16x1-3/4

i *

Table 24>—^Thicknesses of export wooden box parts

Style : Weight

of : of

box : contents

:

Minimum thickness for

group I and II woods

Sides,

top, and

bottom

Minimum thickness for

group III and IV woods

Ends Cleats

: Sides,

top, and

bottom

Ends : Cleats

_J

Bo. 1

No. 4

Pounds

0-60

61 - 125

Inches

3/4

5/8

Inch? 8

No cleats

5/8 X

1-3/4

Inches

5/16

3/8

Inches : Inches

5/8 :No cleats

9/16 : 9/16 X

lJ:^h

2. Nails used in wooden boxes shall be cement-coated or chemically

etched box, cooler^or sinker nails. The sizes of nails used in

domestic and export wooden boxes are given in tables 25, 26,

and 27| respectively»

Table 25.—The sizes of nails used in nailing tops and bottoms of domestic

wooden boxes to sides of different thicknesses

Thickness of sides to vôilch ! Nail sizes for different wood groups iJ

tops and bottoms are nailed

(Inches) ' Group I \ Group II ; Group III 1 Group IV

Under l/2

1/2 - 39/64

5/8 - 7/8 ,

1 Penny !

: 4

! 6 i

! 7 I

! Penny. 1

1 4

! 5

! 6

1 Penny : Penny

¡3:3

¡4:4

L . 5 : 4

ly See footnote, table 27.
_ 43 -

laDie 26.- The sizes of nails used in nailing sides, tops, and bottoms of

domestic wooden boxes to ends and cleats of different thidcnesse«

Thicknesses of ends or

cleats to which sides,

tops, and bottoms are

Nail sizes for different wood groups 1/

ßroup I Grroup II Ghroup III Group IV

Under 7/16

7/16 - 31/64

1/2 - 35/64

9/16 - 39/64

^/9 - 43/64

4

5

5

6

7

Penny

4

4

5

5

6

3

4

4

5

5

Penny

3

3

4

4

4

Xj See footnote 1, table 27.

Table 27.—The sizes of nails for different styles of export wooden boxes

Style of box 1 Wood group i Nail sizes l/

1

4 or 5

4 or 5 Î

! All groups 1

! I and II

! Ill and IV

! Penny

! 5

! 6

! 5

1/ Threepenny "box nails are 1-1/8 inches long "ty 16 gage; 4-penny =

1-3/8 inches long "by 15-1/2 gage; 5-penny s 1-5/8 inches long by 15 gage;

6-penny » 1-7/8 inches long hy 13-1/2 gage; and 7-penny = 2-1/8 inches long

hy 13-1/2 gage. Threepenny sinker or cooler nails « 1-1/2 inches long hy

15-1/2 gage; 4-penny » 1-3/8 inches long "by 14 gage; 5-penny » 1-5/8 inches

long lay 13-1/2 gage; 6-penny « 1-7/8 inches long hy 13 gage; and 7-penny »

2-1/8 inches long hy 12-1/2 ga^.

If nails are used which are not cement-coated, except for cleats,

their n\jm'ber shall he increased by 25 percent. Sevenpenny nails

shall not he spaced more than 2-1/4 indies apart tdien driven into

the end grain of the end. Sixpenny or smaller nails, when driven

into the side grain of the end shall not be spaced closer than 2

inches and not more than 1-3/4 inches when driven into the end

grain of the end.

3. Each board in the side, top, or bottom shall have at least two

nails at each nailing end. If the sides are less than l/2 inch

in thicknesG, neither the top nor the bottom shall be nailed to

the sides txnless side nailing is specified. V/hen the ends and

cleats are the same thickness, approximately half of the nails

in the ends of the sides, top, and bottom, shall be driven into

the ends and the remainder into the cleats. If the top or bottom

' is nailed to the side, the nails shall be spaced between 6 and

8 incüíes.

4. The width of cleats for box styles 4 or 5 shall not be less than

three times the required thickness. Each piece of the end shall

be nailed to each cleat with not less than 2 nails. The nails
- 44 -

shall pass throtagh "both the cleat and the end and be clinched.

Either ceicent-coated or uncoated nails may "be used for cleats,

and nails in each cleat shall "be driven in two rows and spaced

as noted ahove. If the cleats are thicker than the ends, the

nails shall he driven throiagli tl^« ends into the cleats and

clinched.

5* Boxes shall he constructed according to Federal specifications

Defects in

material:

1. All pieces shall he cut true to length and each hox shall he

made according to hi^-grade commercial practice. They shall

he free from all defects that materially weaken them, e^qpose

the contents of hoxes to damage, or that interfere with the

fabrication or nailing. No knot, or knot-hole, in any piece

shall have a diameter exceeding one-third the width of the

piece*

2. All lumber shall be seasoned to a moisture content of not more

than 18 percent of its dry weight at the time of manufacture.

Straps

ping; Style I wooden export poultry boxes shall have three straps

applied—two straps located approximately one-sixth of the length

of the box from each end, and one strap shall be centered around

the top, ends, and bottom at right angles to the other two straps.

The longer strap shall be applied first. For box Styles 4 and 5

there shall be two straps applied aroTxnd top, sides, and bottom with

a strap located approximately one-sixth of the length of the box

from each end. All steel straps shall be protected with a rust resistant coating. The minimiim gage of round straps and the size of

flat straps shall be as specified in table 28.

Table 28.—Minimum strap sizos for export wooden poultry boxes

Weight

of box

contents

(pOT;indj8)

Round straps

100,000 pounds per;140,000 pounds per

sq. in. minimum :SçL. in. minimum

tgfisllg gtrefigt^ :t^Rsii.^ gtrepgth

Flat straps

80,000 pounds per sq.ln.

¡aifijmuffl ^gfigll9 gtrgflfitli

Jhlç^fi^gg : Width

0-60

6;i >- 125 :

Oage

15

Gage

16

15

Inches

0.0150

0.0200

Inches

3/8

g/8
•- 45 -

Cans. Metal (for Processed Poultry)

A» Standard metal poultry cans

Metal cans are containers made of tin, usually of 10 gallons or less

capacity and usually cylindrical in shape, meeting the specifications

given "below in B. The identification of standard metal cans is given in

tal)le 29.

B* Specifications for standard metal poultry cane

Style of

can; lach can shall he a round, open-top style of metal can capable

of "being hermetically sealed^ and sanitary* Only perfect closure

is acceptable for these sealed containers.

Size, material^

and construction of cans; Each can, according to its designation (see under A,

ahove), shall comply with the requirements and he of such size as

given in tahle 29. The side seaai in each can hody shall "be solidered, and each can shall he supplied with compound lined, douhleseamed ends»

The nominal coating weight per hase hox for all cans excepting

when specified differently shall be 0.50 pounds and the permissible

deviation in average weight per base box shall be 0.03 pound» plus

or mi]9U8| as determined by the Seller's method.

Cartons, Tiber^ and Paperboard (for Processed Poultry)

•*• Standard fiber and paperboard poultry cartons, and pa-perboard cartons

for noultry parts

fi'beT poultry cartons are the same construction as the domestic

fiber boxes for shipping one whole frozen bird. (No# 5 on page 27*)

Such containers are called boxes when used for shipping and cartons

when a num"ber of them are packed in a shipping box for shipments. (See

figure 11.)

Paperboard potxltry cartons are made from solid bleaphed sulphite

board» solid board, or laminated board that has been wax coated or wax

saturated, with or without overwraps or liners, made according to the

specifications in B, below» (See cartons in a fiber box in figure ?•)
46

Table 29.- Comparative tin plate basing weights for different

products

sises of metal cans for cooked poiatry and cooked poultry

Size and description of t

can 1

Í Tin plate basing weight for can

bodies and ends I Tin coating or type

Can identification 1/ j

Trade name j

Can maker's i

description j

Weight 1 Equivalent s

1 weight per :

2 square feett

Approximate

thickness

¡ of finish for cans

: for each product

Ihole chicken with bone s

No. 3 cyl. ¡ 404 X 700 1

411 X 708 1

a5 X 708 1 100 X U2 1

Pounds

100

100

I 100

\ 100

: Pounds :

1 0.4592 Î

1 .4592 :

-1 .4592 J

t .4592 i

Inches

0.0110

.0110

.0110

.0110

Regular 3-lb., 2-Oï., can i

Regular 4-'lb., 8-oa., can i

J'jmbo 4-'lb.y 8*oz«^ can i

Regular 4-lb., 12-oz., can i

1 No. 50 electrolytic

: or 1.25 hot dipped

: tin plate and

Î enameled.

Boned chicken or boned turkey j

Small 6<K>z. can :

Jumbo 6-oz. can j

Regular 1-lb. can s

Regular 2-lb., 3-oz., can j

No. 303 1

No. 3 J

208 X 212 i

303 X 113 1

303 X 406 i

404 X 414 1

100

100

t 100

100

i 0.4592 i

: .4592 :

: .4592 t

: .4592 í

0.0110

.0110

.0110

.0110

» Enamel-láned.

Smoked turkey j

(boned and sliced) j

Regul.ar 6-oz. can 3 307 X 112 î 85 ¡ 0.3903 3 0.0094 1 Enameled outside

• and inside.

Chicken fricassee j

Regular 1-lb can j 303 X 402 ! 85 : 0.3903 : 0.0094 : C«enamel lined or

¡ plain interior.

Chicken a-la-king j

Regular 8-oz. can j

Regular U-oz. can j

Regular 13-1/2-oz. can 1

Regular 1-lb. can 3

8 Z short 1

No. 1 1

No. 211 cyl. J

211 X 300 ,

211 X 400 J

211 X 400 3

303 X 402

85

85

85

85

i 0.3903 i

i .3903 i

i .3903 :

: .3903 :

0.0094

.0094

.0094

.0094

: C-enamel lined or

î plain interior.

Boneless chicken with jelly j

Regular 8-oz. can j

Regular 12-oz. can

8 Z short j 211 X 300 '

404 X 115

85

85

i 0.3903 :

: .3903 :

0.0094

.0094

î C-enamel lined or

: plain interior.

Chicken or smoked turkey j

spreads

Regular 5-oz. can

Regular 6-oz. can

208 X 208

307 X 112

' S5

I 85

X 0.3903 i

s .3903 :

0.0094

.0094

; Enameled outside

î and inside.

Chicken broth

Regular 10-1/2-oz. can

Regular 1-lb. can

Regular 1-lb., 4-oz., can

Regular 3-lb., 1-oz,, can

Regular 6-lb., 3-oz., can

i No. 1 i

I No. 303 i

' No. 2

I No. 3 cyl. J

{ No. 10

?n X 400

303 X 406

\ 307 X 409

404 X 700

{ 603 X 700

! 85

t 85

I 85

t 90

Í 100

1 0.3903 i

: ..3903 J

: .3903

Î .4133

: .4592 :

0.0094

.0094

.0094

.0099

.0110

s C-enamel lined or

: plain interior.

Chicken noodle soup

Regular 10-1/2-oz. can

Regular 15-oz. can

¡ No. 1

\ No. 300

! 211 X 400

300 X 407

! 85 '

t 85

\ 0.3903 i

5 .3903 :

0.0094

.0094

J C-enamel lined or

s plain interior.

Cream of chicken soup

Regular 1-lb. can ; No. 303 Í 303 X 406 : 85 Î 0.3903 i 0.0094 ; C-enamel lined or

: plain interior.

Chicken gumbo soup

Regular 1-lb., 4-oz., can Í No. 2 t 307 X 409 i 85 i 0.3903 i 0.0094 : C-enamel lined or

: plain interior.

Smoked turkey split pea

soup

Regular 3-lb., 3-oz., can Î No. 3 cyl. ! 404 X 700 i 90 i 0.4133 i 0.0099 : G-enamel lined or

î plain interior.

Chicken rice soup

Regular 6-lb., 10-oz., can : No. 10 : 603 X 700 i 100 ¡ 0.4592

i 2

0.0110 : Plain 1.25 poimd

: hot dipped tin

: plate, body C8 enamel. No. 50

: electrolytic tin

î plate end.

1/ Net weights will not be constant and will depend upon the consistency of the product. It is generally considered that In order to avoid a charge of slack fill, a can must be filled to not less than»905è of its total capacity.

2/ See footnote 1, in table 13, page 2Q.

3/ Means the weight of 112 sheets, each being 14 inches x 20 inches in size.
!^

Pifcure 11.-'.le styl« of closure shown is one of seTeri^l used on fiber cartons for whole frozen Mrds.

eliüiinPting the need for sealing tape.
« 48 -

*• Spfctft cations for standard T>at)erT)oard poialtry cartont, and paperboard

cartons for poultry part«

Type of

Ç^^r^Pnt ^ carton may be one of the following typesi

1. Windowed printed waxed carton, with spot-glued transparent film,

such as moistureproof cellophane for carton liner*

2. Honwindowed, hèarlly waa»d, printed carton, inner-lined with

transparent filn, such as moistureproof cellophane«

a. l-piece folding hox with spot-^ued transparent film as

carton liner»

h* l«*piece folding hox with transparent loose film sheet

inner liner or wrap,

c* l«-piece folding-box with inner surface film-laminated»

d. 2-piece folding-hox with transparent loosi* film sheet

inner liner or wrap,

e» 2-piece folding-hox with inner surface film-laminated.

3. Plain, nonwindowed, waxed hox, orerwrapped with heavily waxed

printed paper, film innerlined.

4. Plain, nonwindowed, heavily waxed box, orerwrapped with printed,

transparent film, such as moistureproof cellophane, and film

innárlined.

5. Printed, nonwindowed carton, overwrapped with unprinted moistureproof transparent film^ such as cellophane, and film

innerlined»

6. Double-cover carton with a cellophane window insertion in the

inside cover, ^nd with a color-printed, damage-proof, hinged

outside cover.

Sizes of

carton; Paperboard cartons are made in many sizes. Table 30 gives some

of the sizes that are commonly used.

Finishs Folding carton stock may be designated by nos. 1, 2, 3, or 4

standard finishes, the exact designation depending upon the degree

of pressiare applied on the calendar stacks during manufacture of

the board* Ho. 1 finish is applied to board made under lightest

pressure. * No. 4 is made tinder heaviest pressure, and therefore

has the smoothest finish, highest density, and lowest area per pooind

of board.

The inside carton board shall be of such finish that will not

discolor when paraffin coated. The inside carton board of a box

with a spot-glued inner liner may be of Manila finish; the outside

finish may be white.
Table 30«—Some sizes for paperboard cartons, corresponding carton liners and

ing frozen whole or cut-up ready-to-cook poultr;^

carton overwraps foi• cartonned

5 Dimensions (siaes)

Frozen items that are carte : Carton (I# Di.) ! Film overwrap : Film liner

: Length îî width ií Height i! Length i! Width : Length í mdth

t Inches i! Inches i! Inches ¡! Inches i1 Inches : Inches í¡ Inche»

Tlhole Long Island ducks I 11 i1 6 i1 3-1/2 i! 2O-.3A i] 16-1/2 i 17 i1 17

miole roaster

a. Regular carton

b« 1-piece tuck carton

i 9 1

I 9-'l/2 ! 5-.1/2 !

1 5-iA i

í k !

< <

\ 20-lA i

r - 1

1 15 i 17 i

17 !

! 17

( 17

Tlïhole fryer, 2-piece carton i 7-3A i! 5 1\ 2 15 « j! - î 17 !! 17

Whole broiler, 2«piece carton i 7-lA i1 U-iA it 2 iî -^ í * ** « 10 !'. 13

Cut-up fowl i 7-3/8 !i 5-3/U '1 2-5/16 ii I7-.3A i1 11 î 17 ii 17

Cut-up broilers or fiyers i 7-7/8 i! I1-I/2 i! 2-3/8 i1 10-1/2 i1 11-3A i 10 ií 13

Í

î or 1

I 6-.3A í

! or í

! 6 '.

! or i

sl-5/8-3i1 15-1/2 i1 11-3/U : 10 i! 13

Parts (under 1 pound) i 5 i1 li ií 1-3/íi ! 13-lA í! 7-3A î 10 'l 13

Parts (1 pound thighs, wings,

(2 pound backs)

etc*) Íi 6«l/2 í

r 7-7/8 1

( U

r 5

! 1-3A )

i 2-.3/U i

i 13 i

! 17-3A 1

'i 9-lA t

t 11 î

10 i

17

't 13

! 17

Livers (10 ounces) ií s í{ 3 1r 1-1/2 i{ 10-1/2 îi 7-lA î 10 t 13

Won ton soup and chicken chow mein í

1 •

! u

1

í 1-3/U ií 10-1/2 i! 7-lA Í 10 i 13

•fe
- 60 •

Coatlng;: íl?he inside surface of a linerless box shall be treated with a

special high-gloil, hard-surface wax and the outside surface shall

he coated with a lighter, eggshell wax coating. Before glueing

comer, etc., wax shall he removed from the surface to he glued.

ïor boxes with landnated, or spot-glued innerliner, the inside

surface of the box may be coated a dull-finish paraffin, but the

outside shall be a hl^-gloss wax.

Spot-glued

izmer liner

construction; For folding blank with spot-glued inner cellophane liner,

carton shall be so die cut as to provide locking comers, locking

front, and inner locking side walls. Ears may Issue from the front

lodcing flaps to confine the liner %áiich may be anchored, moistureproof cellophane, so made as to be set up into tray position on a

plunger type-forming machine.

Coops> Metal (for Live Poultry)

'*'• Standard domestic, metala live potiltry coops

Poultry coops made entirely of aluminum (see figure l) or of steel

meeting the specifications in B, below and identified as follows:

1* A regular (domestic) or 1-aan all-metal ''broiler'* coop ie a coop

made entirely of metal for 14 to 20 broilers*

2* A yeff4ar (dçm^Bttç) oy 1-taayi alJL-^iietaJL ^cMçtefp'' CQ9P 1« a coop

made entirely of metal for holding 10 to 12 large fowl, i/

8. A regular (domestic) or 1-man all metal "turkey" 2/coop is a

coop made entirely of metal for 5 to 6 tuxkeys.

4. A ragular (domestic) 1-man aH^e^^al. ad.1ustable COOP isa coop

made entirely of metal and adjustable for the different heists suitable

for broilers» ähitkens, and tuxkeys«

'• SpfrtiiffftiOM tn ttap4ard dc^wg^lÇ. W^rti llTt V<P^\r7 coppt

•irpa of

coopt An allHMtal coop may be one of the following:

1/ The numbers of birds designated for coops are the amounts usually

recommended for safety without crowding.

2/ The descriptive terms ^'chicken*' and "turkey" do not imply that these

coops are used only for these particular kinds of poultry. "Chicken" coops

may be used for broilers,or geese may be placed in "tuikey" coops, etc.
•• 51 -

1. One-section, 1-^man*

2* Two-section shipping, trucking, or huckster coop.

3* Adjustable coop, adjustable for height only, 1-inan.

4. One section coop with 1 door on top, or 1 door on one side

or 1 door on top and 1 door on one side; or a tvo-section

coop with 1 door for each section either top or side or

hoth.

5* Bottoms made of wood resting on metal frame*

6, Bottoms made of galyanized sheet steel or al\2minum and

removahle.

7« Sloping end channel to facilitate cleaning«

Size of

coop: lach coop according to its designation as glTen In A, ahoTe,

shall he the same size as those given for similarly designated

wooden coops in tahle 20.»

Materials

and construction: Steel coops may he constructed from good quality heavy steel

rods, intermediate rods or wires» and steel sheets for bottoms* All

steel parts shall be completely galvanised«

Frames for top, sides, ends, and bottom shall be heavy galvanized

steel rods, or steel strips» If steel strips are used for framing»

corner steel rods may be l/2-lnch diameter and the intermediate rods

may be S/lS-inch diameter*

If heavy steel rods, ranging In diameter from 0»216-Inch to

0»250-Inch, are used for framing, intermediate rods and horizontal

rails may be 0.ISO-inch diameter* îwo crosswise supports for the

top frame may be 0» 303-Inch in diameter* A metal floor or bottom

wot2ld be a piece of sheet steel 2 feet by 3 feet made of 16-*gage and

reinforced by steel rods at least 0*250-inch diameter. As additional bottom support, two such rods (0*250-Inch diameter) may be placed

lengthwise across the bottom and eVenly s|>aced*

Steel coops made of rods or heavy wire of the same diameter

throughout may be constructed from material at least 0.1875-inch

diameter.

Aluminum coops may be so constructed that the parts, such as

the side panels, end panels, and the top may be assembled with screws.

The height of the coop may be adjustable. Alxaminum comer posts and

other supporting posts may be l/2-lnch in diameter and the snialler

dowels in between» 3/l6-inch diameter. Dowels along the side and

ends are usually placed on 1-3/4-inch centers and those between the

top framing on l-l/2-inch centers. Horizontal framing along the

sides, ends, top, and bottom may be made of 3/32-inch "T-shaped"

aluininiim to receive the dowels. No parts are welded. The bottom

m&Y be a single sheet or screen of alximinum.
- 52 -

COOPS, Wooden (for Live Poultry) 5/

A. Standard domestic wooden live potxltrv coops

Coops made entiarely of wood or of wood with steel rods in the corners (see live poultry coop on cover) meeting the specifications in B,

helow and identified as follows:

1. A regular (domestic) or "l^-man" wooden hroller coop is a coop

made of wood for from 14 to 16 small fowl, or from 14 to 20 "broilers,

2. A regular (domestic) or ''1-man" wooden chicken coot) is a coop

made of wood for from 10 to 12 large fowl»

3. A regular (domestic) or ^1-^man** wooden tuiicey coop is a coop

made of wood for from 5 to 6 turkeys.

4» A regular (domestic) or "2-man" wooden poultry coop is a coop

made of wood for from 12 to 16 geese, 20 to 24 large fowl, etc.

5. A regular (domestic) or "2-^man" wooden tuifcey coop is a coop

made of wood for from 10 to 12 turkeys.

B. Specifications for standard domestic wooden live poultry coopg

Type of

coop: Various parts of wooden coops may Tse constructed as follows:

!• lops may he of hoard or slat construction.

2. Corners may he of steel or wood; if wood, they may he of

greater diameter than the regular side or end dowels.

3. Dowels at middle of sides and ends are usually of greater

diameter than regular side and end dowels, and may he of the

same size as the larger wooden comer posts.

4* Middle rails are usually fastened horizontally around fell

four sides of coops, such as for poultry coops used hy hucksters, etc.

5. »Knocked down^ or «col,lftp«ihle»' coops are so constructed that

they may he collapsed or knocked down \nxen empty^ When thus

shipped, the shippers can ohtain the third-class freist rate,

which is usually ahout 70 percent of the cost of shipping

rigid or assemhled coops, which take the douhle, first-class

freight rate. >?hen collapsed, either 3 or 4 coops will thus

fit in the space occupied hy one rigid or set-up coop.

5/ Under this section are included wooden coops made entirely of wood or

of wood except for such steel parts as door springs, steel comer posts, etc.
- 53 -

6. Doors may "be placed in the center of the top of the coop, or

made on one side of the coop to facilitate passing of "birds in

and out when the coops are stacked and loaded, such as at auction sales.

7* Cleats may be used to reinforce floor bottoms, to strengthen

coop, prevent warping, or to act as runners when dragging coops

over any area,

8* Removable ends may be opened to fill or remove poultry, such

as for farm transfers or when coops are stacked*

9. Double-hinged doors may be hinged on either side*

10. Demountable sections, in addition to being collapsible, are

demountable or built in sections which can be removed for

replacement in case of breakage»

Size of

coop: Each wooden coop, according to its designation under section A,

above, shall be of such approximate size as indicated in table 31.

Table 31.—Domestic wooden live poultry coops with respect to ranges of

sizes, net shipping weights, and range of contents

Domestic

live poultry

: Outside dimen-

\ sions (range)

! Net

¡weight

¡(ranee).

¡ Htunher (

¡ classes

¡ per

[range) and

of poviltry

coops îLength : Width :Depth coop

linches:! Inches

! 23-1/4-

. 24

¡Inches ¡Potrnds .¡ ïfumher ¡

! of -birds

\ Class

!• Begular or "l-man" : 35-36 : 10-12"¡ 16-18

broiler coop î

¡ 14-16

¡ 14-30

; Small fowl

î Broilers

2. Eegular or "l-»man" î

chicken coop ;

35-36 ,! 23-1/4--

24 !

! 12-14! 16-20 !¡ 6-8 :

. 10-12 !

¡ 10-12 !

Geese

Large fowl

» Old cocks

3. Eegular or "l-man" î

turkey coop î

35-36 :

k «

23-1/4-:

24 !

16-20! 18-23 ! 5-6 i: Turkeys

•

4- Regular or ••2-man** î

poultry coop

¡47-48 ! 29-1/2-

. 31-1/4!

! 13-14- . 12-16 ¡

20-24 !

¡ 1

; 10-12 !

1

Geese

Large fowl

5* Eegular or '*2-man" î

turkey coop :

47-48 i 29-1/2-!

! 31-1/4,

! 16-20!

» 4

i Turkeys

I als: Por frames or rails air-dried poplar or other smooth grain

woods may be used.

For floors or bottoms and doors air-dried basswood, poplar,

pine^ or other suitable woods are recommended..

Dowel rods shall be made from hickory, maple, or other suitable woods.
54 -

Defects in

material:

1* Bach piece of wood shall "be free of decay« Each dowel post

shall be free from visible splits

2. Knots, if any, shall he sound.

3. Each coop shall he made according to good commercial practice.

A. All lumber shall be seasoned to a moisture content of not more

than 18 percent of its dry weight at the time of manufacture.

Construction

of coop:

1. Material for rails» bottoms, and dowel rods shall be of the

sizes indicated in table 32«

Table 32.~Width and thickness (caliper) of rails, floors, tops,

and dowels of wooden live potxltry coops

Parts of coop : Ban^e of sizes of material

\ Width : ^Thickness : Diameter

Bails (or frames)

Floors, tops, and :

door material :

Dowel rods i

Î

; 1-1/4 1

1 Î

Î Inches : Inches

: :

1 1 :

\ 3/8 - 1/2 :

\ : 3/8, 7/16, or l/2

Larger wooden dowel :

rods as middle or

comer posts

Cleats (if used) 5/8

2. Spacings between dowels or rods.

a. Chicken coop. Top rods may be set on l-l/4-.inch centers

(or no space between dowels on top to exceed 1 inch);

side rods may be set on 2-inch centers (or l«5/& indfeies

between rods), to allow poultry to eat between dowels«

b. Broiler coop. Top rode may be set on l-l/8-inch centers;

side yods may be set also on l-*l/8-«inch centers to that

dowels will be spaced 1 inch apart; diameter of dowele

3/8^1nch#
« 55 -

c* Turkey coop* Top rods may lue sev on l-l/2-lnch centers;

side rods on 3-inch centers or S-ß/S-inches "between rods;

diameter of dowels 3/8-inch.

3. Nailing 6chedu3.es*

a. The numher of nails used per wooden coop may vary from 100

to 139; nails may he 1-inch hox nails^ Vihen spikes are

used at corners^ they may he No. 20*

h. When hoard tops are used, two nails are used for even

spacing, driven down throu^ the top framing through the

hoard at each junction of framing and hoard, and clinched.

V/hen slat tops are used» one nail shall he similarly

driven at junction of framing and slat, and clinched*

c* A chicken coop 3 hy 2 hy 1, dowels around sides and ends

spaced 1-1/2 inches apart, uses approximately 113 nails»

A turkey coop 3 hy 2 hy 1-1/3, middle rails around

side and ends, uses at least 80 nails*

Broiler coop 3 hy 2 hy 1, spaces hetween top rods

1 inch, spaces hetween side and end rods 1-1/8 inches

uses approximately 152 nails

Truclcing coop 3 hy 2 hy 1, spaces 1-5/8 inches hetween

side rodSi> and 1-1/8 inches hetween end dowels, uses approximately 116 nails^

4. Hardware.

For trucking coops, steel parts shall include steel corner

rods, steel door rod, and steel door jamh, with no-lip door*

5. Door sizes.

Door sizes may he 10 hy 11 inches of same wood as top and

hinged with straight steel wire spring, or for hroiler

coops 8-1/2 by 13-1/2 inches.

Bill of

materials: Typical hill of materials for a collapsible 1-man or rod

hroiler coop 3 hy 2 by 1 feet;

1 by 1-3/8 inches 10 lineal feet

1 by 1 inches 15 lineal feet

1 by 3/4 inches 10 lineal feet

1 by 1-1/4 inches 4 lineal feet

1 by 1-1/2 inches 6 lineal feet

Bottom - 6 sq-uare feet of 3/8 inch wood.

Dowels - 84 lineal feet, 3/8 inch diameter.

100 .- 152 box nails, 1 inch.

10 No. 20 sT>ikes.
56 ^

Inscription: Built in remora1)le sections« Bnds swing in or out* When

folded, the coop is fastened at six points* When upri^t, the coop

is fastened at 10 points* Collapsed beight is 4 inches. ïrames or

rails of poplar or o^her smooth grain woods* Bottoms of hasswood,

poplar, pine, or other suitable wood 3/8*inch thick. Dowel rods of

hickory, maple, or other suitable hard woods, 3/8-inch in diameter.

Horizontal Slatted Wooden Coop

Construction! Tops, sides, and ends between framing of both "l-man" and

W2-man" wooden coops may be constructed of horizontal slats instead

of dowels. Further, those of either kind of construction may be

made in the two-compartment style, for additional strength.

Bottoms are of solid wood and the top has a full-length slat

for opening, which is held in place by a heavy wire both at the

ends and the center.

Material: All slats on the ends and sides may be of l/2-inch by 2-inch

material. End supports and comers may be of 7/8-inch by 2-inch

material«

Coo-ps. Vood and Wire (for Live Poultry)

A. Standard domestic wood and wire live poultry coops

Ooups made of wood and wire, meeting the specifications in B, below.

The identification of standard wood and wire coops shall be the same as

those for standard wooden coops as given in 2, 3, 4, and 5, tinder A, on

page 52, when the words "wood and wire** are substituted for the word

•'wooden" in each designation.

B* S-pe cifloations for domestic wood and wire live poultry COOPS

Type of

coopt Wood and wire coops may be of the following types:

1. One-section coop.

2. Two-section coop with wood or wire partition, or wood and wire

partition, with full-length sliding door.

Size of

coops Wood and wire coops shall, according to their designation, be

about the same size as those given for wooden coops in table 31.
- 57 •

Materialsîi Wood and vire coops shall "be made of selected cottonwood

throtigh which is forced wire of not less than No« 11 gage. All

slats on the ends and sides shall he of l/2-*inch material• Snd

supports and corners shall he of 7/8-inch hy 2-inch material.

Constructions Each end and each side horizontal slat shall he vertically

holed at not over 2-inch intervals» and through the holes No* 11 or

larger wire shall he passed up to the cross wire and clinched or

electrically spot-welded.

Sides, ends, and top horizontal slats shall he made from

solid l/2-inch cottonwood or other suitahle Itimher»

Bottoms shall he made from solid l/2-inch lumher*

If coop is a two-section coop, the centers shall preferahly he

made of wood. At least two pieces of wood of not less than 13/16-

Inch thick and 1-inch wide shall he used»

Nails used in construction shall he No* 6 cement coated and

No. 3 egg case cement coated»

?hree wood rails may he used on the side and ends to facilitate

handling when loading»

The door may he made from one length lumher; it should slide

either way and he held in place hy a heavy wire at hoth the ends and

the center.

Drums. Fiher (for Processed Poultry)

A. Standard domestic fiher poultry dmaas

Fiher drums are cylindrical in shape, and made with fiherhoard side

walls, and tops and hottoms of metal, fiherhoard, or wood meeting the

specifications outlined in B, helow and identified as follows; (See

figure 2.)

! A regular 100-pound fiher drum.

2* A regular 200-pound fiher drtam.

B* Specifications for standard domestic fiher poultry drma«

Types of

drums: Depending upon the intended use, there are, in general, two

types of fiher drums for poultry:
- 58 -

1. WVP - Water vaporproofed either "by yapor "barrier material

fabricated in the construction of the drum, or \>y suitahle

coatings, or "by means of separate hag or pouch liners.

2. NWVP - Not water vaporproofed»

Style of

clos\xre; The various styles of clostires used in fiher drums include the

following:

1* Top locking hands actuated hy levers or other devices»

2. Metal lugs or clips.

3. Hailed.

4. Priction-type or telescopic slip-on covers secured hy

sealing tape.

5* Other.

Size of

drum: The sizes of standard fiher drums are given in tahle 33»

Tahle 33.—Sizes for fiher poultry drums

t Capacities J

1 or poultry î

contents î

1 Ineide dimensions

Drum identification J

' Bieundter |; Height

Pounds ît Inches iÍ Inchgj.

Eegiilar 100 pound îI ( 100 !

¡ ( 100

1 ( 100

I 15-1/2 ¡

! 15-1/2

! 16

1

1 23-1/4

! 24-1/2

! 23-3/4

Begular 200 pound i

<

1 ( 200

! ( 200 J

5 ( 200

r ( 200

! 20

! 20

! 20

I 31-1/2

\ 28-3/4

I 30

! 3L-3/4

! 26

Materials and

construction:

!• Sidewalls: Side walls of hoth drum types, WVP and NWVP, shall

he convolutely wound, each ply to he not less than 0.012

Inch thick. All plies shall he glued together and the outer

ply shall he waterproofed. The minimum or side wall strength

shall he as shown in tahle 34»

2. Tops and hottoms: Tops and hottoms may he made from fiher,

metal, solid wood, plywood, or any comhination of these materials. The thicknesses of the tops and hottoms shall he not

less than those shown in tahle 34.
- 59 -

3. g'aetenlng tops and bottoms to sldawallst Tops and bottoms shall

be fastened to the side walls with metal fastenings, adhesive,

or tape, or a combination of these methods, in such a manner as

to withstand handling and shipping.

4. Special linings, coatings, etc.: Materials imparting greaseproof or stainproof properties, including paraffins and resins,

may be added to the board material.

Table 34.—Side wall strength and minimum top and bottom thicknesses for

fiber drums

I*4aximum

limit

weight of

contents

(pounds)

Minimum

side

wall

test

Minimum requirements for tops or bottoms l/

Tiberboard outer

ply—vfi^^n?rçpfed

Thickness * Test

Steel

(U. S.)

Wood thickness

Solid

3 or more

ply

plyyood

Lb. per

eq> in, Zj

100

200

500

700

Inches

.160

.120

• 180

.120

: Lb. per

• sq.in. 2j

or

:

or

400

800

500

1000

Grage

28

26

Inches

1/2

Inches

3/10

1/2 X 3/8

Xl Regular tops may be omitted for drums containing chilled poultry,

provided covering material is used to exclude dirt or foreign materials.

Coverings may be of creped kraft paper, osnaburg cloth, burlap laminated

kraft, or other suitable materials,

Zj Vfhen there is more than a single ply, the test may be determined

by multiplying test of single sheet or ply by the number of laminations

or plies.

Jarj|^_&lajLS^ifQxJgzPcess?d Poultry)

•^* Standard domestic cooked -poultry or poultry produet .larg

Jars of several different styles made of glass meeting the specifications in B, below and identified as follows:

1 • ^ regular S-o^ince jar for cocked boned chicken or turkey

2. domestic jars holding 9-1/2. 11. or 16 ounces of chicken a-la>>

king, chicken with noodles^ etc.

3. Home canning .iars holding l/2 pint> 1 pint, and 1 quart of

cooked poultry.
- 60 -

^* Specifications for standard domestic cooked •poultry or poultry product

Style of

jar:

!• Commercial styles—any of the styles now in use^

2. Home-^canning style-^-^Mason or lightning-typ« jars»

Style of,

closure;

!• Commercial styles—standard rubber, hermetically sealed style*

2» Home-canning styles—Mason jars closed "by screw cap made of

zinc, porcelain lined, Screwed down over rubber ring; or closed

by metal screw band over glass lid with rubber inside ring; or

closed by metal screw band over metal lid edged with sealing

compound»

Lightning-type jars closed by glass lid with rubber inside

ring held in place by wire bail.

Materials;

1* Grlass. Jars may be made from ordinary flint or soda-lime glass.

2. Caps. Caps may be zinc porcelain-lined, glass, or metal screw

caps, (toson jars for home canning.)

3. Seals. Seals may be a rubber ring or sealing compound. (Mason

jar for home canning.)

4. Bails. The bail for the lightning-type jar is made of wire.

(Jar for home canning.)

Part III.—PACEIN& AKD V/HAPPING MATEEIJULS POE POULTKÏ PACKS

Fillers. Fiber

A. Standard domestic and export fillers

Strips of corrugated fiberboard at right angles to each other (halfslotted, interlocking, vertical cell partitions), used as cushioning

material, in whidi poixltry and poultry products in glass Jars are held

in place within a regular shipping container, with or without the partitions having extended tips, and meeting the specifications in B.
- 61 -

B. Specifications for fillers

Style of

filler: Each filler shall "be of honeycomb style.

Materials

and con*-

structlons The corrugating material, liners, or "backings shall he of the

minimum thicknesses shown In tahle 35.

Tahle 35.—Thicknesses (callper) of corrugated material used as fillers

for glass jars of cooked poultry or poultry products ^^^

Minimum thicknesses

(callper) of liners

(Inch)

Material

(not chipboard)

Minimum thicknesses of

corrugating

material

Size of corrugation

0.009 Kraft or jute 0.009 or 0.010

Flute

A, B, or C

nims. Plastic and Trans-parent

A. Standard plastic and transparent films for poultry

Plastic and transparent film in sheets, tuhingSj or made up in hags

and used as close wrapping of whole poultry, cut-up poultry, and poultry parts shall meet the specifications (properties) outlined xxnder B,

below. (See film-wrapped bird photo on front cover.)

B. Specifications for plastic and transparent film poultry bags and sheets

Sise of bags

and sheets: The recommended sizes for round-end turkey bags are given

in table 36. The recommended sizes for poultry sheets are given

in table 37. For sizes of film overwraps see table 30.

Table 36.—Sizes of round-end film bags for ready-to^cook tuifceys

Helative sizes of different : Dimensions of bags

clasees of ttiriceyB )! Lenath ! Width

Small hens ;

! Incheu !

: 18 1

! Inches

1 12

Medium hens and small tome :! 24 i

1 20 1

! 14

i 14

Very large hens and medliam tome ); 24 i! 16

Large tome ! 26 1

1 1

! 18

Very laree tome i

1 4

! 27 îí 20
- 62 -

lable 37,—Approximate film sheet sizes for wrapping fresh whole, or

cut-up ready-to-cook poultry in retail stores for self-service,

and sizes for direct wraps (close fitting) on ready-to-cook

^ frozen poultry

Items

Kind Class

For wrapping

whole fresh

poultry in

retail stores

for self

Size of sheets

From To

For wrapping :

cut-up poultry

alone or poultry

in trays for

self service

Prom To

For direct, closefitting wraps on

frozen ready-to

cook whole birds

Sheet size and

size ranges

Poultry

Bucks

Turkeys

Broilers

Fryers

Boasters

Fowl

Duckling

Small

Medium

Large

Inches

16 X 18

16 X 18

18 X 20

18 X 20

18 X 20

22 X 26

26 X 30

go X 34

Inches

18 X 20

18 X 22

20 X 22

20 X 22

20

Inches

14 X 16

16 X 18

16 X 18

16 X 18

X 22 16 X 18

:

26 X 30: 22 x 26

30 X 34: 26 X 30

34 X 38: 30 x 34

lachgp

18 X 20

18 X 20

20 X 20:

20 X 20

20 X 20

26 X 30:

30 X 34:

33 X 36:

Inches

14 X 16

16 X 18

18 X 20 - 20 X 20

16 X 18 - 18 X 20

20 X 20

25 X 28

29 X 32

32 X 35

Properties

of films: Films are produced in sheet or roll form, in various thicknesses best suited for various classes of poultry» Table 38 gives

the properties of some films used for processed poultry.

Sealing

transparent

film: The temperature of the sealing irons and hot plates for heatsealing sheets of cellophane-wrapped poultly should be about 300^ P.

If the iron is being used continuously or for 460-weigjht films, a

slight increase in temperature may be desirable* For intermittent

use for heavyweight irons, temperatures as low as 250^ F« may be

used« In no case should the iron be hot enough to scorch the film

sheets* Cellophane may also be satisfactorily sealed by using

self-sealing cellophane tape«

FojLlg aftd M^taJ. Tyayff

A. Standard aluminum folle and aluminum travs

Aluminum foil used in sheet form for frozen poxdtry or made into

trays for frozen cooked poultry products or for self-service fresh cut-up

poultry and poultry parts displays, shall meet the specifications (properties) outlined under B, below, and Identified as follows:
Table 38.—Various properties of some plastic and transparent films used for frozen poultry and as wraps

for short-life fresh poultry displays in retail self-service stores

Type of film : Forms availaWe ! Thickness

> Beststance

1 to heat

' Besistance

• to cold ' > 1 » *

! Heat

sealing

pan«

: Inch ! Decree P. ! Decree ï. !1 Decree P.

Plastic film : Holls and sheets,

: lay-flat tubing,

! gusseted tubing î

! 0.001 or mor© :! Softens at 200°'! Less than i

! - 90° i

, 250° - 300°

Plastic film Î; Tubes and rolls Í 0.001 to 0.002 !¡ Softens at 300** : Plead hie at.

I - 20°

; 240° - 270°

Plastic film : Continuous rolls :

Í and sheets

! Normal 0.0008 !

I to 0.00225

! lensillzed

! 0.0002 to 0.0004 !

! 160° it Depends on ;

\ plasticizerî

{ 1

! 250° - 350°

Transparent film (heat

sealing moistureproof, ;

anchored lacquered, ;

regenerated) :

I Sheets and rolls ;! 0.0009 to 0.0017 : Begins to char

! at 300°

\ Depends on i

\ type and J

1 R. H, '

»

1 200° - 300°

Í

Transparent film (plain,î

regenerated, cellulose):

Sheets and rolls ;

î

«

0.0008 to 0.0016 !! Begins to chap !

at 375° i

»

Í Depends on i

type and !

: a. H. .

'.... -,

01
- 64 -

1* -^n alumintun foil poiiltry top sheet Is a sheet of plain alxixDinum

foil for pressing dovm orer "box-pacfced frozen poultry.

2» An alumintun foil direct poultry wrap is a sheet or bag made of

plain aluminum foil for wrapping frozen ready-to-cook whole, halved, or

quartered Mrds.

3* An alumin\M foil paner for poultry products is a printed foil

"bonded to i)aper and \ised as an overwrap over waxed paperboard cartons

containing quick-frozen cooked poultry or frozen poultry products.

4* An aluminiam foil poultry tray is a tray made from heavy foil,

with a cover, for frozen cooked poTiltry products such as chicken pies,

or, without cover, except for a film overwrap, for fresh cut-up poultry

in self-service refrigerated cases*

^* Specifications for aluminum foil

Description

and thickness

of material:

lo For top sheets for frozen box-packed poultry, or for a direct

wrap over frozen ready-to-cook ^ole, halved, or quartered

birds, a 0,0015-inch gage foil may be used. As an additional

protection, the foil-wrapped item may be inserted in an aluminum foil be^ or in any plastic film bag or sheet. Transparent

film 450 KSAT could also be used as an additional protective

v/rap. Al\aminum foil of 0.0015-inch gage for poultry has a

bright finish (shiny) on one side and a mat (dull) finish on

the other side. The temper is dead soft; that is, it is fully

annealed.

Some principal properties of 0.0015-inch ga^e aluminum

foil are listed in table 39.

Table 39.—Some principal properties of 0.0015-inch plain aluminum foil

for poultry

Material

Thickness Mullen

test per

sq\iare

inch

Tensile strength -Moistureper inch in the |v»Por

weaker direction '^^ransimtsstan

Weight

per ream

(24x36 - 480)

Plain

aluninum

foU

Inch

0.0015

Pounds

28

Pounds

12.1

Grram

0.01

Pounds

61

2. Printed aluminum foil paper consists of paper bonded by an

adhesive to a continuous sheet of al\aminum foil. The most

common foil thicknesses for bonding are 0.00035 inch and

0.0005 inch. The paper background is generally a high finished ground-wood sulphite sheet. The most common laminant

is microcrystalline wax.
- 65 -

3. For trays for frozen cooked poultry products such as cMcken

pies, or for fresh cut-up po\iltry in self-sorvice refrigerated

cases, sizes, and types of heavy foil used in their manufacture

are factory coded with respect to their relative loads in ounces*

Codes are IU12, 3S half hard, R-16, 3S half hard, and IU32,

3S half hard* For sizes IU12 and E^16 the thickness, or gage,

is 0.004 inch. R-32 is made out of 0,005 inch gage material*

The trays are packed for shipments in lots of 1,000 per shipping

carton.

Laminated ComMnations (for Processed Poultry)

Standard materials for laminated wrapa and protective coverings for

poultry and dehydrated poultry products

Foil, plastic or transparent film, and paper used as ply material

for comhining into a single-structiired wrap for containing dehydrated

poultry products, or "biarlap, cloth, and paper similarly comhined or

used singly as a protective covering for iced poultry in barrels, shall

l)e identified as indicated helow anc» shall meet the specifications given

in B and C.

1. An envelope for dehydrated poultry product mix is an envelopeshaped container made hy laminating film, foil, and paper.

2. A protective covering for "barrels of iced poultry is a piece

of "burlap, osnahxarg cloth, heavy crepe paper, or "burlap or cotton cloth

laminated to crinkled or creped kraft papers into a single wall*

Specifications for a laminated envelope for dehydrated poultry products

An envelope-shaped container made "by laminating a three-ply structure of film, foil, and paper has heen claimed as suitable for dehydrated poultry product mixes, such as dehydrated chicken rice soup mix.

The food mixture contains various proportions of dehydrated vegetables,

noodles or macaroni, seasonings, vegetable and dried chicken fats and

oils* ïhe purpose of the package is to exclude light, air, and moisture.

Size and

contents of

envelope; For containing 2 ounces of a dehydrated poultry product soup

mix such as dehydrated chicken rice soup mix, the size of the

envelope is approximately 4-1/4 by 5-1/2 inches*

Materials; The laminated structure for the envelope is formed by placing the foil on the outside, the film on the inside and the paper

laminated between the foil and the film*
- 66 -

O- Specifications for a laminated covering for Iced poultry in "barrels

Burlap, osnal)urg cloth, or crepe kraft paper may be used singly

or in a 2-ply lamination as covering for iced poultry in barrels*

Matertftls:

1» Burlap. Burlap or Hessian cloth is a product woven from the

hast fibers of jute. Weights are commonly 7-1/2, 8, 9, 10,

10-1/2, 12» and 14 ounces. V/idths in common use are 32, 36,

40, 45, and 54 inches. The 40-inch width is the basis of

weight measurement. A linear yard of 36 inches at 10 ounces

per 40-inch, weighs 9 ounces, for example.

2* Osnaburg cloth. The weight of cotton cloth is usually given

in yards per pound* The figures—"40 inches, 2.85 yards'*--

mean that 2 and 85/100 yards of cloth, 40 inches wide, weigih

one pound« Osnaburgs are generally woven of the heaviest

yarns.

Burlap or cotton (osnaburg) may be laminated to crinkled or

creped kraft paper into a single wall. The laminant may be glue

or starch adhesive, resin, or wax.

Closure: Tacks, wood or wire hoops» or adhesive may be used for barrel

closure»

Pad8> Fiber

^^ Standard export and domestic fiber pads and liners

Sheets of corrugated fiberboard used as cushioning material as well

as for interlocking partitions to hold glass jars of poultry and poultry

products, may be placed around the sides of the partitions or placed at

the top and the bottom of the iregular shipping container. VThen used

around the sides, the sheets are termed '^liners''; when used at the top

and the bottom, they are referred to as ^pads.** Pads may also be used

between layers of canned poxúLtry or between layers of partitions holding

poultry in glass jars. Fiber pads and liners shall be Identified as

Indicated below and shall meet the specifications in B«

1. A corrugated fiber nad for box-nacked canned poultry and poultry

in ¿Lass -lars is a sheet of corrugated fiberboard material for horizontal

insertion at top and bottom of partitions holding poultxy in glass jars,

or for horizontal insertion between layers of canned poultry»

2. A corrugated fiber liner for poultry in glass jars is a sheet

of corrugated fiberboard material for vertical Insertion around the sides

of corrugated cell partitions containing glass jars*
-67 -

B» SpecifleatlOM for fi'ber padB and fiber liners

Material; The corrugating material used for fiter pade and fi'ber liners

shall he of the minliram thicknesses shown in tahle 35.

Pads, Vood

K Standard wood (excelsior) tmds for hahy chick hpyeg

Sheets of vood wool or excelsior« of correct sise and thickness to

fit accurately into the hottom of cells of chick hoxes shall he identified as indicated helow and shall »eet the specifications under B.

1* A wood wool or excelg^iyy '^V c^<^ o^ ^Q^J-* ^^^ ^>Q^ ^s a pad

half the length and half the width of the respectlTe inside length and

inside widths of all regular 4-.cell 100 hahy chick or poult boxes*

B. Specifications for wood (excelsior) t>ads

Excelsior (wood) consists of thin, curled strands or shreds cut by

rapidly moying spurs or knifes fro» bolts of wood about 18 inches long*

The bolts are held finaly in a machine and scored or slit by sharp spurs

or teeth. The scored portion is then pared off with a knife« and the

operation of slitting and paring is repeated until the bolt is used up*

The width of the strands is determixxed by the distance between the spurs

(expressed as "gags'*) and the thickness by the amount the paring knife

is advanced between each cut (expressed as "knife cuts per inch"). The

higjaest grades of excelsior (wood) consist of the thinnest and narrowest

strands, and the lowest grades of the coarsest strands« Excelsior in

bale form is sold by wei^t« the bales weighing about 100 pounds*

Size of

Dads: Excelsior pads for chick boxes may be f\irnished in the following size:

9 by 11 for regular irinter boxes

9 by 12 for regular summer boxes

10 by 12 for oversized boxes

Materiales: Excelsior (wood) for pads should be made from straightgrained wood (slope of grain not over 1 in 20), free from decay,

discoloration, and pitchy accumulations* The wood shall have

been seasoned at least 4 months, and shall be cut from bolts not

less than 18 inches long*

The pads shall be thick-meshed and soft; totigh, but not brittle,

and free from lumps, sticks, dust, and any objectionable odor. They

shall resist crushing or close packing and have the ability to expand after being compressed*
- 68 -

Packixig and

T>ackaglD£: Fine excelsior (wood) padding shall be packed and sold In

bundle« weiring about 30 to 40 pounds, the price varying with the

size of the pads and with the species of wood and grade of excelsior used.

P^peyg

^* Standard papers for Doultry

Papers used as liners for poultry packed in boxes, barrels, and

drums, papers as wraps for individual birds, and as head wraps and giblet wraps, shall be identified as indicated below and shall meet the

specifications given in B. C. D, and E.

!• A domestic poultry head wrap is a wrap of genuine vegetable

parchment paper, or paper waxed on one side, made from 25-pound or better

basis weight paper.

2» A domestic liner for box-packed poultry is a liner made of genuine vegetable parchment, or whale hide or wet-strength paper, for insertion in fiber, wire-bound, and wood boxes and in barrels or drums of

packed poultry«

3. A domestic or export paper individual bird wrap isa paper wrap

with proper moisture vaporproof properties to wrap around individual

birds for packing and freezing in fiber, wire-bound, and wooden boxes,

and in fiber drums«

4« A domestic vegetable parchment giblet wrap isa paper wrap for

giblets for insertion in the body cavity of fresh or frozen ready-tocook whole birds.

5. A domestic tray or backing for self-service poultry is a pulp,

wax-board tray for backing, or a U-board tray made of unsized piaperboard,

for refrigerated case displays in self-service stores«

^* Specifications for head wraps

Sizes; Eead wraps range In size from 5 by 5 by 10 Inches for broilers

to 10 by 10 by SO inches for extra large turkeys« Sizes of head

wraps for dressed poultry are shown in table 40«
- 69 -

Ta'ble 40.-—Approximate sizes for head wraps in relation

to kinds and classes of dressed poultry

Kind Class '• Size

1 Inchea

Chickens i Broilers i

! Fowl 1

! 5 X 5 X 10

! 6 X 6 X 12

Tuifeeys !! Small

1 Large

1 Extra large

! 7 X 7 X 14

! 9 X 9 X 18

! 10 X 10 X 20

Duck» !! DucklinÄS ! 8 X 8 X 16

Materials: Basis weights for market, wrapping, vegetable parchment and

waxed on<-one«*side papers for head wraps are shown helow in table 41«

Tahle 41««»-Basis weights of different papers used

as head wraps for dressed poultry

Kind of paper Basis weight

Begular "market"

Begular "wrapping"

Waxed on one side

Grentiine Tegetahle parch«*

40

40-60

25-30

30-36

40-45

27

^^ Spectficatj,OM for ^.^aerg

Sizes; Iwo liners shall he used for each hox of poultry, each of

which shall he at least 2 inches wider than the width and length

of each hox. They shall he long enough so that after crossing

at right angles at the hottom of the hox idien empty, they will

overlap over the hirds nhen packed. Similarly, three liners

shall he used for harrel-packed poultry.

Materials: For fresh, ice-packed poultry sxu^ as hroilers shippea in

boxes or in barrels, either 27- or 35-pound genuine vegetable

parchment shall be used aa liners. Whale-hide paper, or kraft

paper which has been par(âimentised, majr ^Iso be used^ as well as

Tarions suitable wet-strength papers» Crinkled TegetaULe pardu»

ment and crinkled whale-hide papers are also suitable»
- 70 -

Liners for "boxes for frozen poultry, shall be made from either

high-grade insoluble vegetable parchment or from bleacshed or semibleached long-fibered pulp, wet strength, treated so as to have a

wet-tensile strength after soaking 24 hours of not less than 25 percent of its tensile strength when dry. The minimum basis weight of

the paper liners shall be 30 pounds per ream (24 by 36 - 500)

(27 pounds if parchment) before waxing with a minimum of 10 pounds

of fully refined wax per ream. The wax shall have a melting point

not lower than 128® P. All liners shall be of such grade and material as to transmit no color, odor, taste, or toxicity to the

poultry.

Liners made from other materials for frozen, box-packed potiltry

shall have at least equal or better wet tensile strength and moisture-vapor-resistant properties and other specifications described

above. Regular waxed paper in either 35- or 40-pound basis weight,

waxed on one side, is acceptable.

Hi^ greaseproofness and wet strength are characteristics of

vegetable parchment. Normally its water vapor transmission rate is

quite high, although certain grades have been produced with a rating

close to 1.0 gram for 100 square inches per 24 pounds at 90® F. It

is available in weights from 25 to 120 pounds per standard ream of

500 sheets, 24 by 36 inches. It is sold plain or printed in sheets,

rolls, or die-cut pads«

Paper coated with wax on one side is called wet-waxed, and in

its manufacture 20 to 40 percent of wax by weight is coated only on

one surface. Either microcrystalline or paraffin waxes or blends

may be used. However, .since paraffin often becomes brittle and

cracks or flakes at low teinperature, microcrystalline waxes are superior when Hiaking wet-waxed papers for products stored at low

temperatures. Wet-waxed paper is always printed before being coated.

It is available in rolls, sheets, or die-cut pads and sold on a

cost-per-po\md basis.

D. Specifications for domestic or export paper wraps for frozen individual

Mrd£

Sizes: Sheet sizes for frozen individual birds, box-packed in fiber,

wire-bound and wooden boxes, barrels» and fiber drums, shall be

the same as shown in table 37, page 62, for various kinds and

classes of potiltry. See tmder column "For direct, close-fitting

wraps on frozen ready-to-coofc whole birds,** table 37«

Material: Papers used for individual bird wraps for frozen Dirds shall

be made of good qtiality moisture resistant material. See table 42

for acceptable wraps for frozen individual birds. Preferably,

individxxally wrapped, frozen poultry for eaqport or for long storage,

if box-packed, should also contain moisture-resistant liners within

the box«
- 71-

ü. specifications for gfblet wraps

Sizes: The usual size of sheet for wrapping giblets for insertion in

the tody carity of ready-to-cook poultry is a'bout 9 inches hy

12 inches*

Materiel; Paper for giblets may be either 27- or 35-pound basis of Tegetable parchment. For shipments and for storage up to 3 months,

this paper is considered adequate* Vegetable parchment paper may

be printed with stay-fast inks which will not rub off in the presence of moistxire and grease inside the carcass*

Tables 42 and 43 list papers used as box liners and wraps and

their properties.

Stockinettes

^^ Standard cotton overwraps for poultry

Cotton overwraps or stockinettes for poultry, and meeting the specifications given linder B shall be identified as follows:

1* A regular cotton overwrap or stockinette is a cotton mesh sack

drawn over frozen whole birds and tied, used as a protective outer wrap

against rough handlings of frozen poultry in storage or during shipment*

The inner, or retail wrap may be foil, film, or cellophane*

B. Specifications for stockinettes:

Sizes: Bundles of stockinettes are commonly available in 32-, 36-,

and 42-inch lengths. Selection is made on the basis of cutting

for individual bird lengths without waste of material, and allowing for sewing and tying. A stockinette 2-1/4 inches wide may

be stretched to a width of 16 or 17 inches*

Materials: Good quality cotton open mesh cloth shall be used in the

maaufaéture of stockinettes*

ClosTxre: Cotton thread closures of stockinettes may be sewed either by

hand or by machine. After filling, the open end may be gathered

and tied.
Tatle 42*--Description and basic weights of papers used as box liners or as individual bird, giblet,

and head wraps for variotts types of poultry shipments

Type of box-packed

poultry for shipment

Papers and thej.r basic weights used as liners and wraps

Liners in boxes î

Wrans

Individual bird Head ; Giblet

Fresh, dressed, domestic,

iced ;

27-or 35-po\ind vegetable î

parchment, crinkled whale î

hide, or wet-strength

1/ 5/

1 : - ; -

Dressed, domestic, i

chilled

27-pound vegetable parch- ;

; ment

9m . Parchment, waxed--î

\ on-one-side \

» «

\

Heedy-to-cook, domestic,«

chilled Î

27-pound vegetable parch- î

1 ment :

» i

î î

> i

» 1

t I

27- or 35-pound

\ parchment

Dressed, domestic, or i

export, frozen

» «

1 V/axed parchment, 30-pound

\ basis weigiht before waxing,;

\ or regular waxed paper 35- t

\ or 40-pound basis weight,

; waxed-on-one-side, or the

î equivalent

î 35-or 40«pound î

: parchment, i

î waxed-on-one- î

! side S/ <

s 1

» 4

» — t

» <

1 i

\ 1

t <

» i

Dresjsed, domestic, or

export, frozen

; do

1

\ Parchment, or

; waxed-on-one-cidei

» ^ Ready-to-cook, domestic .

or export frozen î

\ do

» i

1 35- or 40-pound1

I parchment,

I waxed-on-one- î

I side

t 4

!

! î

1

»

! 27- or 35-pQund

\ parchment

s

»

1 j

CO

1/ Whale hide paper—a parchmentized kraft basis paper, usually crinkled*

2/ Wet-strength paper—a paper which retains a substantial degree of its original strength properties

upon immersion in water* &enerally applied specifically to paper which has been tested, by beater or tubsizing, with a melamine-formaldehyde resin#

Sj Waxed-on-one-side paper—usually recommended as 26-30 pound, 30-36 pound, or 40-45 pound basis,

the heavier the bird the heavier the paper.
Tal>le 43»—JProperties of some papers used as box liners for potatry or as individual Mrd, giblet^and

head wraps

Kind of

paper

Vegetable

parchment

Kraft

(Sulphate)

Greaseproof

Base paper

(for coating

or waxing)

Wet strength

Type of pulp or

base stock; used

.Seneyat vrV9^V%Un

Ei^ alpha eelItLlose» from

sulphite or

sulphate pulp

Kraft, pulp only

Hydrated sulphite or

sulphate not

super calendered

Sulphate, sulphite, or mixed

pulps

Usually sulphate pulp plus

melemine resins

Weight range

500 sheets

24" X 36»

Pounds

27 - 35

or higher

25 -. 90

20 - 50

15 - 50

15 - 50

Besi stance

to grease

Good to

insoluble,

depending

upon grade

None

Good

None

Poor

Ph^vslcal Drot>erties

Bursting strength

(Mullen)

PoTinds Der square inch

Approx* 100^ basic

weiêiit on sulphates»

Approx. 70^ basic

weight on sulphites•

Not less than 80 per*-

cent of basic weight

G-ood with sulphate

pulp. Tair with sulphite

At least

weight

of basic

Over 60^ of basic

weight

Folding

endurance

V/et

strength l/

Very good on

special

grades

10 double

(Schopper)

Moderate

Normally

brittle

Öood

Dry. Somewhat better

than base*-

type paper

Mullen and

tear: 50-

60^ of dry

Low

Poor on

regular

greaseproof

Low

Normally

from 30 - 50j5

of dry

values after

16-hour immersion

i/ Plain kraft or greaseproof paper can be given wet-strength characteristics by adding suitable

resins to the pulp.

03
- 74 -

STAHDABD TESTS AKD TBSTING PROCEDUHBS 4/

Performance Tests for Container Farts

Mullen or Oady Test for ri^)erT3oard

This Is a "bursting strength test in which standard Mullen or Oady

testers of the hand, motor-driven, or jximho types are used« It consists

essentially in clamping the vet or dry fiherhoard between two surfaces

having concentric circular openings of about 1*25 inches in diameter and

then applying hydraulic pressure through a rubber diaphragm secured to

one of the circular openings so as to burst a hole through the hoard ex^.

posed to the opening. The pressure required to hurst the hoard is

recorded hy means of a pressure gage calibrated to read in pounds per

square inch* The hydra\alic system of the tester is filled with glycerine and maintained free from entrapped air when in use^

1* The procedure for making the standard Mullen or Cady test is

as follows:

a. Conditioning hoard for dary "bursting strength t^si

Mullen or Oady test shsO.! he made after the hoard (fiberhoard and paperhoard) has been conditioned for 3 hours in an atmosphere

of 50 to 70 percent relative humidity and from 70*^ to 80^ f. tenterattxre. In case of dispute, the board specimens for final referee fests

shall be conditioned in an atmosphere maintained at 50 percent (plus or

minus 2 percent) relative humidity, and 75® ?• (plus or minus 5^ V.)

until moisture in the sample attains an equilibrium with conditioning

atmosphere as determined by accurately weighing samples at intervals of

not less than 24 hours \xntil the wei^t is constant.

b. Conditioning board for wet tests

Board and boxes shall be allowed to cure in an atmosphère

of 50 to 70 percent relative humidity and 70® to 80® ï* temperature for

at least 1 week from time of manufacttire to time of submission. When

the wet bursting strength, ply separation of board, or wet drop test of

a box so aged is below specifications, additional samples from the same

lot may be aged for a total of 2 weeks from time of manufacture to time

of submission and tested for final determination of compliance. Boxes

for comer drop test may be further aged for a maxlsmm of 96 hours after

sealing If such a period is necessary to prevent failure of sealing

bond»

Specimens of fiberboard or boxes, properly aged amd conditioned as specified in the above paragraph, shall be immersed for 24

hours in fresh tap water maintained at a temperature of 75® P. (Plus

^ Other performance tests for containers and container parts shall be

added to these recommendations as they are proved In commercial handling or

in laboratory tests»
- 75 -

or minus 5^ F*). The water shall haire a pH ralue between 5*8 and 8.0«

a degree of hardness within reasonahle limits» and shall he drawn fresh

for each hatch of samples*

Specimens shall he 6 inches x 10 inches in size cut from

sound unscored portions of boxes and shall be submerged vertically with

the 10-inch edges horizontal, the top edge 1 inch below the surface of

the water and supported so that the water has free access to all surfaces and ply separation is not restricted« Bursting strength specimens

taken from the water after the 24* hour period shall have excess surface

water removed by suitable means so that the surfaces no longer glisten*

Water shall be removed from the flutes of type OF boards by vigorously

shakix^ specimens to fling the water out*

Cm Bursting strength method

The bursting strength of fiberboard shall be determined as

follows:

(1) The board shall be clamped firmly in the machine to

prevent slipping.

(2) Pressure shall be applied by the action of a motordriven or hand wheel. The wheel of the hand-driven testing machine shall

be turned at a uniform speed of about 2 revolutions per second» If the

board slips during a test» the results shall be disregarded.

(a) In testing corrugated fiberboard» double pop tests

shall be disregarded»

(3) Six punctures shall be made» 3 from each side of the

board.

(4) IfOien making wet tests, at least 6 tests shall be made

on each 6 by 10 specimen immediately after removal of excess water.

(5) To comply with this specification, the average of the

6 tests shall not fall below the strength requirements indicated in the

specifications, dry or wet.

(6) If the fiberboard fails to pass the test as specified,

then a retest may be made on 4 additional specimens consisting of 24

punctures, 12 from each side of the fiberboard. Specimens shall be conditioned according to paragraph ("a") andC^'b"), above. If the average

of these tests falls below the strength requirements, the fiberboard

would be rejected.

Ply Separation and Bonding; Test for Fiberboard

1. Specimens of fiberboard shall be conditioned in accordance with

(»1-b») above.
- 76 -

2. Six epeeinen« shall be ezaalned iamedlately after remoTal of

excess water for ply separation and satisfactory bonding.

3. When separation of the component plies appears at the edge of

the fiherboard, such separation shall not extend Hio3pe than l/4 of an

inch from the edge of the specimen imhen loose edges are flexed by pressure from the thumb. All other areas shall be satisfactorily bonded«
- 77 -

STAEDAED TEEMIKOLOaY

!• AdheBive - A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment*

2* Ajr-drted or air-seasoned wood - Green wood dried by exposure in a

yard without artificial heat.

3, Barrel cleat - A wooden strip fastened across the head of a slack

barrel•

4» Barrel liney - A protective bag or sheet> usimlly made of paper used

inside slaclc barrels to protect the contents from moisture and

contamination»

5» Batten - A reinforcing member attached inside or outside, at right

angles to the grein of wood in box panel, wooden barrel head,

or outside face of the end of a wire-bound box or crate»

6. Base box ^ The estîiïîative unit area» For tin mill products, 112sheets,

14 inches by 20 inches, or 31,360 square inches (217.78 sqiaare

feet).

7. Bead - The outside edge of circled heading of slack barrels which fits

into the croze of the staves.

8^ Silga - The bulging, curved part of a slack barrel, equidistant from

each head.

9* Black plate - Thin sheets of steel, produced by hot-pack rolling or

the cold-reduction method, in widths of from 12 inches to 33

inches and in gages No. 29 and lighter, within the limitations of

the "Uniform Classification of Hai Rolled Carbon Steel Products."

a. Chemically treated black plate - Black plate that is given

chemical treatment for the pxirpose of improving the adhesion

of organic enamels, paints, or lacquers»

10* Bltie stain - A bluish or grayish discoloration of the sapwood caused

by the growth of certeln moldlike fungi on the surface and in the

interior of the wood piece; made possible by the same conditions

that favor the growth of other fungi.

11. Bgay»

An abbreviated term for flberboard, paperboard, container

board, etc., used In making shipping containers, folding

boxes, and cartons.

a. Container board - Sheets of fibrous materials, usually

in rolls, for use of manufacturers in making solid or

corrugated fiber shipping containers.
« 78 -

ID» Corrugated "board - >* sheet of container lioard thet lias

passed through a corrugating machine, receiving a ntunher of corrugations (fiutesT»

(1) A-flute corrugated hoard - A corrugated hoard that

has ahout 36 corrugations (flutes) per foot^ approximately 0.180 of an inch high.

(2) B-flute corrugated hoard - A corrugated hoard that

has ahout 51 corrugations (flutes) per foot, approximately 0.097 of an inch high.

(s) C-»flute corrugated hoard - A corrugated hoard that

has ahout 42 corrugations (flutes) per foot, approximately 0.0140 of an inch high.

c* Fjherhoard - See definition 39, a and h.

d. Liner hoard - A terra used to designate container hoard

that is used as an inner or outer facing in the manufacture of corrugated or solid fiherhoard.

e. Paperhoard - Generically it may include all cellulosic

fiher sheet stock, finished or ready for further fahrication or treatment, having a thickness greater than 0.009

inch.

(l) Fourdrinier-machine-made paperhoard - Made hy pulp

furnish carried on long endless vihrating screens

and thence over a series of heated dryer rolls and

through calender rolls. The fihers are more evenly

distrihuted directionwise than cylinder hoard.

(S) Cylinder-machine-made r?aperhoard - Paperhoard made

hy dravdng a weh over a series of large, hollow

cylinders covered with fine-mesh screen, which is

then drawn over dryer rolls.

Since most of the fihers of cylinder hoard lie parallel

to the direction of the machine, the grain direction of

the fiher is more distinctive than in Pourdrinier hoard.

f. Test Board - A general term for fiherhoard, or paperhoard, that is reqxdred to meet a specified h\irsting or

puncture test, a definite caliper, and a definite weight.

V/hen pertaining to wood, hoard refers to lumher less than

2 inc±i.e6 thick and 8 inches or more In width.

12. Bottom - The face on which a container usually rests while it is

filled or handled.

13. Box - A container having four closed faces, usually square or rectangular.
-79 -

14. Bursting strength - The pressxxre required to rupture a specimen when

it is tested in a specified instiniment under specified conditions; commonly used as an important measure of the strength of

paper, paperhoard, or fiherlDoard.

15. Gady-tester - A machine used to test the "bursting strength of paper,

paperhoard, or fiberhoard. (Same as Mullen tester.)

16» Can - A container usually of 1Û gallons or less capacity and usually

cylindrical in shape.

17. Cant - A single outside piece of a multiple-piece wooden "barrel head.

18. Carton •• A closed receptacle, made of paperhoard or fiherhoard, that

is used as interior packing or as a consumer package, hut not

applied to shipping containers.

19. Case - Used synonjnmously with hox. Usually means a reasonably large

wooden, wire-"bo\ind, or fiherhoard box,

?0. Cement coating - A coating applied to nails to increase their holding

power.

?1. Chime -• That portion of the stave between the croze and the end of

the barrel.

¡?2. Cleat - A wooden, metal, or fiberboard strip attached along the edge

of a wooden, wire-bound, or fiberboard container, used to connect

an adjacent painel, or to fasten to the panel between the edges

for reinforcement and stiffening.

23. Container - Ar^jr receptacle (such as bag, barrel, drum, box, crate) used

in comirierce for packing, storing, or shipping poultry in various

forms.

24. ContaiD£3r board -. See definition 11a.

2Ö. CprrugPted board - See definition lib.

26. Corrugated fiberboard - A sheet of corrugated board on one or both

sides of v/Mch a sheet of container board has been pasted.

^- Single-faced corrugated fiberbo8>rd - A sheet of corrugated

board, on one side of which is pasted a sheet of container

board.

"^^ I^ouble-feced corrugated fiberboard - A sheet of corru^Tted

board, on both sides of which a sheet of container board

has been pasted.

27. Cro2^, - A groove near the ends of the staves into which the he^d. of

the wooden barrel fits.
-sosa. Cull8 - (wooden "barrels) - Defectire pieces of staves or heading for

wooden "barrels*

29. Cut-up poTiltry - A general term for all the parts, including gihlets,

that result from the cutting up or disjointing of ready-to-cook

hirds*

30. Defect - An irregularity occurring in or on material that may lower

its strength.

31. Die-cut containers - Corrugated cartons fabricated hy using special

punching die hlades, instead of conventional rotary knife segments, for any cut, flap, or hole. (These are heing used to

a greater extent, eliminating sealing tape formerly required

for the regular slotted carton.)

32. Dowel - A vertical peg, usually cylindrical, for joining and supporting horizontal framing construction, such as for poultry coops.

33. Dressed poultry - Poultry which has heen slaughtered for human food

with head, feet, and viscera intact and from which the hlood and

feathers have "been removed.

34. Dry-waxed paper - Paper impregnated with wax, applied either at the

dry end of the paper machine or as a secondary operation.

35. Edge grain nailing- - Wood members so nailed together that the point

of the nail follows the grain of the wood in that member holding the point of the nail.

36. Electrolytic tin plate - Black plate additionally processed by pickling and coated on both sides with commercially pure tin by electrodeposition; that is, deposited by means of electricity.

37. Eviscerated poultry - Any dressed poultry from which the pinfeathers,

vestigial feathers (hair or down, as the case may be), head,

shanks, crop, oil gland, trachea, esophagus, entrails, reproductive organs, and lungs have been removed and, with or without

the giblets, is ready-to-cook without need of further processing.

38. Face - Any one of the plane surfaces of a container.

39. Fiberboard .- Two or more plies (thickness) of container board pasted

together, or one or more sheets of container board pasted to a

corrugated sheet to make solid or corrugated fiberboard.

Ä. Solid fiberboard - Swo or more plies (thicknesses of container

board pasted together),

b. Corrugated fjberboard - A sheet of corrugated board, on one

or both sides of which a sheet of container board is pasted.
• 81 -

40. 'Flani^e (metal can) - The ends of a can "body turned outward so as to

engage in curl of ends for douWe seaming«

41* Flute (or corrugation) - Refers to one of the undulations (corrugations) on a corrugated "board.

&• A-flute corrugated hoard -^ A corrugated hoard that has ahout

36 corruga-tions (flutes) per foot, approximately 0.180 of

an inch hi^.

^b. B^flute corrugated hoard - A corrugated hoard that has ahout

51 corrugations (flutes) per foot, approximately 0.097 of

an inch high»

c. C-flute corrugated hoard - A corrugated hoard that has ahout

42 corrtigations (flutes) per foot, approximately 0.140 of an

inch high.

42, Framing - The parts or memhers of a crate forming the main structure

to which the sheathing, hraces, dowels, and hlocks may he added.

43. gage - Thickness of metal or diameter of steel and iron wire expressed in whole numher8(l-20) or expressed in decimal parts of

an inch.

44* Sihlets - Liver (with hile sac removed), the heart from which the

pericardial sac has heen removed, and the gizzard from which the

lining and contents have heen removed*

45. G-rain - The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of

the fiher in wood.

Ö- Sross grain - Grain not parallel with the axis of a piece.

It may he diagonal or spiral, or a comhination of hoth.

'b. Blagonal grain - Annual rings at an angle with the axis of

a piece as a result of sawing at an angle with the hark of

the tree»

c^ ^àf^§ ^ra¿a - Lumher that has heen sawed parallel with the

pith of the log and approximately at right angles to the

growth riiîgs.

^* Vertical grain - Same as edge grain.

46. Groups of staves or hundled staves - Sets of staves for slack harrels,

tied up with wire»

47* Gummed cloth tapes - Tapes which may he clay filled, fiher filled, or

cloth comhined with paper, used hy manufacturers of fiherhoard

containers for the manufacturer's joint*

*8' hummed sea;Lin^ tape - A kraft paper in a wide range of hasis weights

(usually 35, 60, and 90 pounds (24 hy 36 inches - 500 sheets)),

which is gummed on one side and silt into rolls of various

widths.
^ 82 -

49. Gruraïïied sisal tape - A tape gujnmed on one side, containing sisal fi-

"bers of unusu^al strength embedded in asphalt betv/een two sheets

of kraft paper, ii^hose total weight is 30 pounds, one lamination

of kraft paper "being 50 pounds and the other 30 pounds* It is

usöd "by fiberboard container manufacturers for the manufacturer U joint.

^« Coiaiaon sisal tape - Sisal tape made with the sisal fibers

running in the cross-machine direction,

"b. Double-duty sisal tape - Sisal tape made with the fibers

running in both directions.

50. Heading •- ^'he circular pieces fitted into the croze of the staves to

form the ends (top and bottom) of a barrel•

51. Eeat sealing - îhe welding or bonding of thermoplastic materials,

either by an open flame, heated metal surfaces, or by special

electrical means.

52. Hoop - Á circular band, of wire or wood, used to hold together the

staves of a slack barrel.

a. Bilge hoops - 'The t\vo hoops nearest the center of a slack

barrel.

b» Head hoops - The two hoops nearest the ends (top and bottom)

of a slack barrel,

c. Quarter hoops«* The hoops between the head hoops and the

bilge hoops.

53. Iced or Ice-packed poultry - Dressed or ready-to-cook poultry packed

in boxes or crates with shaved or cracked ice, or dressed or

ready-to-cook poultry packed in barrels in alternate layers with

shaved or cracked water-ice under and over each layer of poultry,

54. I. D> - Inside dimensions.

55. Joint - The point where two parts of a container are Joined or put

together,

»• Butt-.ioint - A type of lumber joint in which two squared

surfaces are brought together and fastened with two or more

corrugated fasteners.

b. Lindermann joint - Consists of a projection along the edge

of one piece of board extending into a corresponding recess

in the edge of the adjoining part, the projection and the

recess extending the length of the pieces.

c. I^nufacturer's .1oint - Usually refers to the point where the

two parts of a box are joined by the manufacturer. This

term is usually used in connection with the manufacture of

fiberboard boxes,

d. Ship-lap joint - Consists of a groove or slot made in the

edge of one piece of board to receive another piece of
- S3 -

board having an identical groove or slot, which when inverted

and placed together form a smooth surface.

56» J^flho - A package or pack larger than average or ordinary size and containing the saiüe numher or weight of a product as the regular

package or pack»

57. îiute - A fiter furnish made of wood pulp and mixed waste paper*

58. Jute hoard - Formerly used only for "board made from jute fihers. This

term now applies to any hoard made on a cylinder-type paper machine, except solid, unmixed kraft hoard.

59. JuteJLiner - Indicates a container liner hoard made from a fiher furnish of wood pulp and mixed waste paper«

60. Kij.n->dried - A term applied to v/ooden slack harrel staves and heading

which have heen artificelly dried in a kiln to a lower moisture

content.

61. Knptj. - Round, Jlard defects in timher,

62. ^raft. - A common term used to designate paper made from sulphate pulp*

Kraft toard is specified by thickness in points, that is, number

of thous3.ndths of an inch. Plain kraft paper is specified by

weight per ream of 500 sheets, 24 hy 36 inches.

^» Kraft^ cylinder - Board or paper made on a cylinder machine.

Exhibits a characteristic greln direction when torn»

^* Kraft y Fourdrinier - Board or paper made on a FourdrirJLer

machine. Docs not exhibit any grain direction when torn.

63. Lacquer - A solution of resins, plasticizers, and film forming ingredients in solvents»

64. LaminatJ,ne - To overlay or huild up in thin sheets or layers.

®» Larainated wood - A piece of wood made up of plies that have

heen joined together with glue or mechanical fastenings.

The grain of all plies is parallel.

h. Laminated fiherhoard - Two or more pieces of container board

pasted together»

^* iLMiJnated foil paper - Paper honded }:>y an adhesive to a continuous sheet of metallic foil, generally altuninum.

65. ÎL^L.iranpjîareM_.fiIm - ^ilm that is less moii?tureprcof than standerd,

heat seala"ble, anchored (water resistant), and transparent.

66. Laminated structure materlaj. - Any metal foil, plastic, or cellulosic

film, paper, cloth, used as a ply of a laminated structure. In

niany cases combinations of di^^similar materials are necessary

to develop the required functional properties, theoretically,
- 84 -

any number of plies can go into the stmicture material, although

they are usxially limited to '3 or 4*

67. Laminant or laminating agent - An adhesive composition which combines

tvo or more plies of material into a single structure»

68* Liner for box - A protection sheet inserted along the sides, ends, top,

or bottom of a box» In wire-bound boxes it is a thin board stapled to the end boards, and its grain is perpendicular to the

grain at the end boards.

a. Case liner - A lining, usually paper or treated materials,

placed inside a shipping container for the purpose of preventing shifting or entrance of moisture, dust, or dirt.

69. Lumber - The product of the saw and planing mill not further manufactured than by sawing, resawing, and passing lengthwise through

a standard planing machine, crosscut to length and matched.

a. Yard lumber - Lumber less than 5 inches in thickness that

is intended for general building purposes»

"b* Boayds - Yard lumber less than 2 inches in thickness,

8 inches or more in width.

c. iJimensions - All yard lumber except boards, strips, and timbers; that is, yard l\mber 2 inches and less than 5 inches

thick, and of any width.

d. Strips - Yard lumber less than 2 inches thick and less than

8 inches wide*

70. Medium - A term applied to the container board used for the fluted

or corrugated component of corrugated fiberboard.

71. Moisture content of wood - Weight of water contained in the wood, usu^.

ally expressed in percentage of the weight of the oven dry wood.

72. MSB transparent film - Film that is moistureproof, heat scalable, coating anchored, and transparent.

73. Moisture-resistant paper - Paper that has the ability to resist permeation of moisture (water vapor) through the sheet*

74. Mullen tester - A machine to test the bursting strength of paper or

fiberboard.

75. Kail - A pointed piece of ipetal or wood us-'Jio.lly with a brosÄened head,

used for holding materials together or as a peg or ornament.

a. Blunt point - Nail having a point that is cut off square with

the shank.

b. Box - A nail with a large flat head, usually made with a

lighter gage wire than that used for siiafcers.
- 85 -

c- Cement-coateá - A nail with a cement coating applied to

increase its holding power.

<3.. Cooler - A nail in v;hich the head is flat underneath and

of slightly greater diameter than the heads of other nails

of the saijie penny size«

e. Diamond point - A nail with a point having four faces.

This is the most common point used*

f» l^ail. sinker - A nail with a small fillet under the head

for extra strength, used for either hand or machine driving,

76. Osnahurg cloth - Cotton cloth generally woven of the heaviest yarns

and commonly asphalt laminated to kraft paper, v;hich is used as

top coverings over slack harrels of iced poultry.

"î"?. 0> D. - Outside dimensions.

''^S- P^ck - A completely packaged product, ready for shipment»

79. Packing - The materials used for cushioning or holding an article or

articles in £)lace within a container or for separating the articles from each other; also, the operation of placing an article

or articles within a shipping container»

80. Pad - A rectangular or square piece of corrugated or solid fiherboard

used at top or "bottom of a "box, or as a divider "between layers,

or as a separator "between articles when packed for shipment.

Usually pads are cut to meet the inside dimensions of the "box.

81* Pallet - A low, portahle platform of wood, metal, fi'ber'board, or comMnations of the same to facilitate handling, storage, and transportation of materials as a unit.

B2. Palletized load— A regular pile of a commodity placed on a pallet

for ease in handling "by mechanical equipment. The pile may he

fastened to the pallet hy means of cordage, metal strapping,

wires, or adhesives.

83. Panel - ^ face or side of a hox.

84. Paster or comhiner « A machine which applies glue or silicate to various plies of solid fiherhoard roll stock and delivers comhined

(solid) fiherhoard.

85* Picklj.ng: - To clean metal "by immersion in diluted acid.

86. Point - A term used to descrihe one unit of thickness of paper, paperhoard, or containerboard, the actual unit heing one thousandth

of an inch (a point is O.OOl). (The term is sometinies used to

designate Mullen or Cady test units.)

^'^^ Polyvlnvl acetate - A resin for binding, such as for laminating foil

to paper, ceîllulose acetate to paper, etc.
- 86 «

88. Poultry - Any kind of domesticated Mrd, including T^ut not "being limited to chickens, turkeys, dacks, geese, pigeons, and guineas.

89. Poultry carcass - Each individual carcass isa quantity of dressed or

ready-to^cook poultry»

90. Poultry food product - Any article of human food for or capable of

"being so used which is prepared or derived in whole or in suhsta,ntial and definite part, from any edi"ble portion of dressed

poultry.

91. Prepackaged poultry - A term to designate fresh, whole, or cut-up

poultry or poultry parts wrapped in transparent or plastic film

for display in self-service refrigerated cases in retail stores.

The items may "be prepared and wrapped in consumer units, either

at the retail store or at the processing plant.

92. Pulphoard - Unsized "board using unmixed pulp, usually unhleached

sulphite.

93. ''Quick-frozen'* - A product may he considered **quick frozen" when its

temperature has "been reduced down to "betv/een 31^ anr» 25^ F. within

1 hour or less.

94. Beaa,T-^o-cook poultry - Any eviscerated poultry or any cut-up or disjointed portion thereof.

95. Bebdar - A package or pack of average or ordinary size as used "by the

majority of consumers for a certain quantity of weight of a product«

96. Rock fastener - The design of ends of the wires on wire-'bound "boxes,

which are made so that the container is closed "by interlocking

one loop through the other.

97. Sawn wood - Bough or surfaced lumher that has "been divided into two

or more thicknesses hy sawing.

98. Score - An impression or a crease in corrugated or solid fiherhoard

to facilitate folding.

99. ,Seam - A ridge, fold, or overlapping formed "by fastening two pieces of

material together hy stitching, pasting, soldering, etc.

100. Shake ^ A separation along the grain of wood, the greater part of

which occtirs "between the rings of annual growth.

101. Shocks - Slack barrels knocked down and packed in hundles, for shipment, or, generally the unassembled hut coarpletely fabricated

parts of a "box, crate, or barrel.
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102. Slack: "barrel - A wooden barrel with wood, wire, or wood and wire

hoops. Lighter in construction than tight "barrels,

103. Slotter - A machine which cuts a slot into fiberhoard so that the

board immediately adjacent to both sides of the slot can be

folded to form part of the box.

104. Standard - An established or authorized measure of weight, dimensions,

quality, or the like; especially something serving as a model.

105. Staple - A U-shaped round or flat wire fastener with printed ends, to

secure box parts together; it may be driven over wires, bands,

and hoops to hold them in position and may or may not be clinched.

106. Staple ss - Applied to fiber box die-cut surfaces such as ends and

tops which are fastened by various self-locking devices or tuckins in lieu of staples.

107« Stave - An arched, vertical piece forming the walls or sides of a

barrel•

108. Stickless - Applied to fiber boxes for baby chicks, poults, etc., of

special construction, in which single or double wall fiber cell

partitions extend up through the cover or lid of the box, mailing

glued sticks, or v-corrugated, inserted sticks on the box cover

Tinnecessary for insuring space and ventilation between boxes

when stacking,

109. Stitcher « A jaiachine, using wire drawn from a spool, for stitching

manufacturer's joints, container bottoms, and/or tops, usually

operated by a small motor.

110. Strapping; - Flexible materials, consisting of textile, paper, and

round or flat metal, applied with special stretching and sealing

tools or secnired with nails or staples, and used to:

(1) Fasten merchandise within a container;

(2) Hold together a bundle or bale; and

(3) Reinforce a shipping container.

111. Tape - GhiiRroed fabric or paper used to complete closures on containers.

112. Tensile strength - The resistance to longitudinal strain. Usually

applied to wire and/or flat strapping; also to paper.

113. Test - A process or a procedure by which the performance of a material,

container, or any other object is determined, así

(1) Beacli;

{2) Cady or mullen;

{^) Compression;

(4) Flat crush;

(5) Impact;

(6) Revolving drum.
- 88 -

114. Timber - Ltamber 5 inches or larger in least dimension.

115. lin plate - A black plate Cidditionally processed \¡j pidding and that

is coated on both sides with commercially ptxre tin, either by

the hot-dip process (termed coke tin plate, charcoal tin plate,

or silver tin) or by electro-deposition (termed electrolytic tin

plate)•

116* Tolerance - The allowable variation from a standard as of weight,

dimensions, thickness of material, etc*

117. longued and grooved (for barrels, etc^) - Staves or slack barrel heading pieces ^ich contain a rib on the edge of one piece to fit

into a groove on the edge of the adjacent piece to make a flush

Joint, or a type of lumber joint consisting of a tongue and a

groove on opposite edges to provide close fitting into an adjacent grooved or tongued piece.

118. Trim « The material rejected or cut out in making folding paper "boxee,

folding cartons, etc«

119* Trussing - The holding together of the staves with a hoop or ring while

the barrel is formed.

120. Type 2 load - Can be defined as an article of moderate density, such

as a poultry pack, ^ich completely fills the box and gives some

support to all faces of the box. Used by wooden-box designers

in classifying contents to more readily prepare suitable specifications. This is also referred to as an average load.

121. Vegetable parchment paper - This is waterleaf paper, unsized, and made

from sulphite or sulphate (kraft) wood pulp, and which has been

parchmentized by drawing the stock through a sulphuric acid bath

and drying on paper, machine-type dryers.

122. Veneer - A thin sheet of wood, commonly less than 3/8 inch thick.

a. Rotary-cut veneer. Veneer cut in a continuous strip by

rotating a log against the edge of a knife in a lathe.

b. Sawed veneer. Veneer produced by sawing.

c. Sliced veneer. Veneer that is sliced off by moving a log

against a large knife.

12S. Vinyl films - Mixed polymers of either vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate,

or copolymers of both.

124. Vol\3me fill - The minim\am volume of food in the can after processing

and cooling.

125. V/aterproof paper - Paper resistance to penetration of water in liquid

form through the sheet.
89 -

126. Waxed paper - Incltides any "base paper stocâcs to which petroleum wax

has heen added, either as an impregnation or as a surface coating»

127. Weatherproof peper - A flexible paper, laminated, coated, or infused

to give water and/or water-vapor resistance. May be creped for

added flexibility and/or reinforced with strands of sisal or

other fiber, or backed with fabric for added strength.

128. Weight «- The force with \ibich a body is attracted toward the earth.

^* Orose weight - The total weight of goods as shipped or

packed, with no deductions,

b. get weight - The weight of the commodity alone.

^» lare weight - The difference between the gross and net

weights*

129. W^t,strength t)aT)ers ^ Those papers \ihich retain a substantial degree

of their original strength properties upon immersion in water.

Generally applied specifically to paper which has been treated,

by beater or tub sizing, with a urea^formaldehyde or melamineformaldehyde resin.

130. Wet^waxed - Paper coated with wax on one or two sides, usually the

latter.

•jir U. S. GOVERNM NT PRINTING OFFICE : O—1951