alea-institute/kl3m-data-sample-004-shuffled huggingface dataset:
Kevin M. Fitzpatrick, Esquire (VSB #30716) 

4118 Leonard Drive, Suite 200 

Fairfax, VA 22030 

(703) 352-7150 

Counsel for Plaintiff Automotive Finance Corporation

 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT 

 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA 

 Alexandria Division 

IN RE: ) 

 ) 

SALIM ZAMANI, ) Case No. 17-11618-KHK 

 ) (Chapter 7) 

 Debtor. ) 

 ) 

 ) 

AUTOMOTIVE FINANCE CORPORATION, ) 

 ) 

 Plaintiff, ) 

 ) 

 vs. ) Adversary No. 1:17-ap-01085 

 ) Judge: Klinette H. Kindred 

SALIM ZAMANI, ) 

 ) 

 Defendant. ) 

MOTION FOR ENTRY OF DEFAULT JUDGMENT 

 Plaintiff Automotive Finance Corporation (“Plaintiff”), by counsel and pursuant Rule 

55(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, made applicable herein by Rule 7055 of the Federal 

Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, and Local Rule 7055-1, hereby moves for the entry of a Default 

Judgment against Defendant Salim Zamani (“Defendant”) for failure to plead or otherwise defend. 

In support thereof, Plaintiff avers: 

1. On August 11, 2017, the Plaintiff filed its Complaint to Determine Dischargeability 

of Debt Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(2), 523(a)(4), and 523(a)(6) (the “Complaint”) against 

the Defendant. 

2. On August 25, 2017, the Court issued an Alias Summons. 

Case 17-01085-KHK Doc 15 Filed 11/24/17 Entered 11/24/17 12:54:50 Desc Main

 Document Page 1 of 2
 2 

3. On August 28, 2017, counsel for Plaintiff served the Alias Summons by U.S. mail 

on the Defendant; the Defendant’s attorney, Amir Raminpour, in his Chapter 7 case (Case No. 17-

11618-KHK); and the Trustee in the Defendant’s Chapter 7 case. Counsel for Plaintiff filed a 

Certificate of Service of the Alias Summons on August 28, 2017. 

4. Rule 55(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorizes entry of a default 

against a party for failure to answer or otherwise plead to a complaint. 

5. The deadline for the Defendant to answer or otherwise respond to the Plaintiff’s 

Complaint was September 25, 2017. As of the date of this Motion, the Defendant had not answered 

or otherwise responded to the Plaintiff’s Complaint. 

6. The Clerk of the Bankruptcy Court entered a default against the Defendant on 

November 1, 2017. 

7. Since no Answer has been filed, the Plaintiff requests that a Default Judgment in 

the amount of $358,168.03 be entered in its favor and against the Defendant as demanded in the 

Plaintiff’s Complaint, and that the judgment be deemed nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. 

§§ 523(a)(2), 523(a)(4), and 523(a)(6). 

8. In support of this Motion, the Plaintiff incorporates (a) the Declaration of Debt in 

Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default Judgment, and (b) the Affidavit of Kevin M. 

Fitzpatrick in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default Judgment, attached hereto as 

Exhibits A and B, respectively. 

Date: November 24, 2017 By: /s/ Kevin M. Fitzpatrick 

Attorney for Plaintiff 

The Fitzpatrick Law Office, P.C. 

4118 Leonard Dr., Suite 200 

Fairfax, VA 22030 

Phone: 703-352-7150 

Case 17-01085-KHK Doc 15 Filed 11/24/17 Entered 11/24/17 12:54:50 Desc Main

 Document Page 2 of 2
(No. 73-CC-459

#### County of Cook, and Cook County Department of Public Aid, Claimant, *vs.*State of Illinois, Department of Public Aid, Respondent.

*Opinion filed August 27, 1973.*

Bernard Carey, Cook County State’s Attorney for Claimant.

William J. Scott, Attorney General; Saul R. Wexler, Assistant Attorney General, for Respondent.

Per Curiam.
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

DAY HIGH

 348

 360

 361

 358

 358

 374

 374

 397

 380

 377

 362

 360

 363

 372

 377

 389

 385

 387

 389

 390

 398

 388

 372

 386

 413

 435

 461

 429

 451

 528

 564

 317

 336

 339

 331

 334

 349

 351

 365

 353

 353

 338

 332

 335

 338

 352

 365

 371

 360

 367

 372

 369

 349

 355

 354

 376

 391

 361

 377

 369

 394

 405

 329

 346

 350

 347

 347

 361

 363

 378

 369

 367

 351

 348

 348

 356

 367

 376

 379

 374

 377

 380

 384

 362

 365

 373

 394

 406

 405

 412

 415

 446

 450

LOW MEAN

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION-CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT-CALIFORNIA

AUGUST 2020 WATER QUALITY REPORT RUN DATE: October 19, 2020

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, UMHOS 

TDS

 219

 230

 232

 230

 230

 239

 240

 250

 244

 243

 233

 231

 231

 236

 243

 248

 250

 247

 249

 251

 253

 240

 242

 247

 259

 267

 266

 271

 272

 292

 294

TOTAL 11,625

Comments:

0 reading indicates that the station was out of service.

DELTA MENDOTA CANAL AT CHECK 20
### §100. Omitted

#### **Editorial Notes**

#### Codification

Section, act Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 463, §706, 39 Stat. 797, as amended by act Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 356, title III, §318(f), 42 Stat. 947, related to testimony and production of papers. See section 1333(a) to (e) of this title.
Case 20-03142-KRH Doc 177 Filed 03/08/22 Entered 03/08/22 10:28:39 Desc Main

Document Page 1 of 5
Case 20-03142-KRH Doc 177 Filed 03/08/22 Entered 03/08/22 10:28:39 Desc Main

Document Page 2 of 5
ENTERED ON DOCKET: Mar 8 2022

Case 20-03142-KRH Doc 177 Filed 03/08/22 Entered 03/08/22 10:28:39 Desc Main

Document Page 3 of 5
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Document Page 5 of 5
USGS HomeContactUSGSSearchUSGS

Data Series 638

----

AccessibilityFOIAPrivacyPolicies and Notices

U.S. Department of the Interior |            U.S. Geological Survey                                                URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/638/html/purpose.html            Page Contact Information: GS Pubs Web Contact                        Page Last Modified: Friday, October 28, 2011, 09:12:08 AM
Editorial Note on Part 17
Editorial Note: Nomenclature changes to part 17 appear by T.D. ATF-436, 66 FR 5470, 5471, Jan. 19, 2001.

§ 17.163 Evidence of taxpayment of distilled spirits. ( a ) *Shipments from distilled spirits plants.* For each shipment of taxpaid spirits from the bonded premises of a distilled spirits plant, the manufacturer shall obtain the record of shipment prepared by the supplier under § 19.626 of this chapter. This record shall be retained with the commercial invoice (if the latter is a separate document) as evidence of taxpayment of the spirits. The record shall show the effective tax rate(s) (if other than the rate prescribed by 26 U.S.C. 5001) applicable to the shipment.
( b ) *Purchases from wholesale and retail liquor dealers.* Manufacturers shall obtain commercial invoices or other documentation pertaining to purchases of distilled spirits from wholesale and retail liquor dealers (including such dealership operations when conducted in conjunction with a distilled spirits plant). For spirits other than alcohol, grain spirits, neutral spirits, distilled gin, or straight whisky (as defined in the standards of identity prescribed by § 5.22 of this chapter), the manufacturer of nonbeverage products shall obtain evidence, from the producer or bottler of the spirits, as to the effective tax rate paid thereon.
( c ) *Imported spirits.* For imported spirits that were taxpaid through Customs, evidence of such taxpayment (such as Customs Forms 7501 and 7505, receipted to indicate payment of tax, and the certificate of effective tax rate computation, if applicable) shall be secured from the importer and retained by the manufacturer.
( d ) *Evidence of effective tax rate.* If the evidence of effective tax rate, required by this section for distilled spirits products that may contain wine or flavors, is not obtained, drawback shall only be allowed based on the lowest effective tax rate possible for the kind of distilled spirits product used.
[T.D. ATF-379, 61 FR 31412, June 20, 1996, as amended by T.D. TTB-92, 76 FR 9090, Feb. 16, 2011]
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

DAY ELEV

 1,194.60

 1,194.89

 1,195.15

 1,195.43

 1,195.68

 1,195.93

 1,196.17

 1,196.41

 1,196.64

 1,196.86

 1,197.08

 1,197.29

 1,197.49

 1,197.69

 1,197.90

 1,198.09

 1,198.29

 1,198.34

 1,198.35

 1,198.38

 1,198.39

 1,198.37

 1,198.36

 1,198.35

 1,198.34

 1,198.33

 1,198.32

 1,198.32

 1,198.32

 42.16

 42.63

 43.06

 43.52

 43.93

 44.35

 44.75

 45.16

 45.55

 45.92

 46.30

 46.66

 47.01

 47.35

 47.72

 48.05

 48.41

 48.49

 48.51

 48.56

 48.58

 48.55

 48.53

 48.51

 48.49

 48.48

 48.46

 48.46

 48.46

STORAGE

+0.49

+0.47

+0.43

+0.46

+0.42

+0.42

+0.40

+0.41

+0.39

+0.38

+0.38

+0.36

+0.35

+0.35

+0.37

+0.33

+0.35

+0.09

+0.02

+0.05

+0.02

-0.04

-0.02

-0.02

-0.02

-0.02

-0.02

+0.00

+0.00

CHANGE

252

244

218

236

213

216

207

214

206

195

213

188

179

183

192

177

234

131

102

140

128

86

90

83

74

69

64

-468

70

INFLOW

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 47

 78

 85

 107

 114

 99

 92

 85

 78

 71

 65

 65

 65

SPILL

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

 2

OUTLET

 5

 4

 1

 1

 2

 3

 2

 8

 7

 4

 4

 3

 3

 6

 5

 7

 8

 7

 6

 4

 3

 3

 5

 5

 3

 5

 6

 2

 3

C.F.S.

 .09

 .07

 .02

 .02

 .03

 .05

 .04

 .14

 .13

 .07

 .07

 .06

 .05

 .10

 .08

 .12

 .14

 .13

 .10

 .07

 .06

 .05

 .09

 .08

 .06

 .08

 .10

 .04

 .05

INCHES

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .05

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .19

 .07

 .04

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

PRECIP

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION-ORLAND PROJECT-CALIFORNIA

FEBRUARY 2016 EAST PARK RESERVOIR DAILY OPERATIONS RUN DATE: 05/24/2016

IN LAKE

EVAPORATION

INCHES

C.F.S.

COMPUTED*

1000 ACRE-FEET

RELEASE - C.F.S.

TOTALS +6.80 4,136 58 1,051 125 2.19 .35

ACRE-FEET +6,800 8,204 115 2,085 248

COMMENTS:

* COMPUTED INFLOW IS THE SUM OF CHANGE IN STORAGE, RELEASES AND EVAPORATION.

DATA BASED ON 24 HOUR PERIOD ENDING 0800 AM.

SUMMARY RELEASE (ACRE-FEET)

SPILL 2,085

OUTLET

TOTAL

 115

 2,200

PRECIPITATION

THIS MONTH =

TO DATE =

 .35

JULY 1, 2015 6.76

 41.67
#### § 19.497 Obliteration of marks.

Except as otherwise provided in § 19.487(b), the marks required to be placed on any container or case under this part must not be destroyed or altered before the container or case is emptied.

(26 U.S.C. 5206)
### Stratigraphy of the Dripping Spring Quartzite, southeastern Arizona

By: Harry Clifford GrangerR. Bruce Raup

                            https://doi.org/10.3133/b1168

#### Links

- More information:  **National Geologic Map Database Index Page**                            (html)
-                                                                                                                             Document:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  **Report**                                                                                                     (pdf)                                                                                                                                     
- Plates:                               - **Plate 1**                            (pdf)
  - **Plate 2**                            (pdf) 
- Download citation as:  RIS                         |                         Dublin                            Core

#### Abstract

Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format                        (PDF). For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download                        the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. PDF documents opened from your                        browser may not display or print as intended. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. More information                        about viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found at the common download problems FAQ.
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

DAY

 477.70

 478.40

 479.15

 479.90

 480.61

 481.84

 483.29

 484.87

 486.28

 487.91

 489.28

 490.59

 491.83

 493.19

 494.67

 496.12

 497.65

 499.03

 500.63

 502.19

 503.60

 505.18

 506.77

 508.20

 509.52

 510.82

 511.88

 512.90

 514.32

 515.31

 516.40

 1,259,314

 1,266,881

 1,275,005

 1,283,146

 1,290,869

 1,304,284

 1,320,158

 1,337,529

 1,353,094

 1,371,164

 1,386,413

 1,401,047

 1,414,947

 1,430,245

 1,446,956

 1,463,392

 1,480,803

 1,496,567

 1,514,914

 1,532,876

 1,549,173

 1,567,505

 1,586,027

 1,602,748

 1,618,236

 1,633,540

 1,646,055

 1,658,128

 1,674,986

 1,686,775

 1,699,786

 7,690

 7,711

 3,840

 3,837

 3,830

 4,120

 5,329

 10,882

 7,415

 7,502

 7,518

 8,056

 7,030

 7,017

 10,451

 7,784

 6,865

 6,844

 7,096

 7,023

 7,002

 9,749

 6,995

 6,937

 6,891

 9,582

 7,240

 7,229

 9,399

 7,639

 7,097

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION-CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT-CALIFORNIA

SAN LUIS RESERVOIR FEDERAL March 8, 2017

DAILY OPERATIONS

JANUARY 2017 RUN DATE:

FEDERAL

CHANGE CHANGE

PACHECO

PUMP

TOTALS 450,502 0 7,403 216,379

FEDERAL

PUMP ADJ

FEDERAL

GEN

 10,030

 7,567

 8,124

 8,141

 7,723

 13,415

 15,874

 17,371

 15,565

 18,070

 15,249

 14,634

 13,900

 15,298

 16,711

 16,436

 17,411

 15,764

 18,347

 17,962

 16,297

 18,332

 18,522

 16,721

 15,488

 15,304

 12,515

 12,073

 16,858

 11,789

 13,011

 248

 261

 239

 253

 234

 171

 45

 6

 107

 186

 261

 271

 292

 312

 300

 301

 302

 277

 273

 305

 313

 305

 306

 266

 213

 199

 215

 237

 213

 207

 285

7,241

7,266

3,673

3,675

3,498

3,583

5,293

11,616

7,335

7,826

7,268

7,635

6,625

6,501

9,901

7,186

6,788

6,796

6,908

7,398

6,661

10,389

6,919

6,021

6,466

9,162

6,704

6,783

8,809

7,235

7,218

ELEV STORAGE

 223,600

 464,779

 472,045

 475,718

 479,393

 482,891

 486,474

 491,767

 503,383

 510,718

 518,544

 525,812

 533,447

 540,072

 546,573

 556,474

 563,660

 570,448

 577,244

 584,152

 591,550

 598,211

 608,600

 615,519

 621,540

 628,006

 637,168

 643,872

 650,655

 659,464

 666,699

 673,917

FEDERAL

STORAGE

COMMENTS : 

VALUES IN ACRE-FEET

 457,538

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0
Editorial Note on Part 13
Editorial Note: Nomenclature changes to part 13 appear by T.D. ATF-449, 66 FR 19085, Apr. 13, 2001.

§ 13.76 Service on applicant or certificate holder. ( a ) *Method of service.* TTB must serve notices of denial on an applicant by first class mail, or by personal delivery. TTB must serve notices of proposed revocation and notices of revocation on a certificate holder by certified mail, return receipt requested, by a commercial delivery service that will provide an equivalent written acknowledgment from the recipient, or by personal delivery.
( b ) *Date of receipt.* If there is a time limit on a certificate holder's action that runs from the holder's receipt of a document, the date of receipt may be established by a certified mail receipt, an equivalent written acknowledgment secured by a commercial delivery service, or by a written acknowledgment of personal delivery.
( c ) *Person to be served.* When service is by mail or other commercial delivery service, a copy of the document must be sent to the applicant or certificate holder at the address stated in the application or at the last known address. If authorized by the applicant or certificate holder, the copy of the document may be mailed to a designated representative. If service is by personal delivery, a copy of the document must be delivered to the certificate holder or to a designated representative. In the case of a corporation, partnership, or association, personal delivery may be made to an officer, manager, or general agent thereof, or to the attorney of record.
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

DAY ELEV

 1,198.22

 1,198.22

 1,198.21

 1,198.21

 1,198.20

 1,198.20

 1,198.20

 1,198.20

 1,198.18

 1,198.17

 1,198.15

 1,198.14

 1,198.14

 1,198.15

 1,198.15

 1,198.14

 1,198.12

 1,198.11

 1,198.11

 1,198.10

 1,198.09

 1,198.08

 1,198.08

 1,198.08

 1,198.07

 1,198.06

 1,198.06

 1,198.05

 1,198.04

 1,198.01

 48.28

 48.28

 48.27

 48.27

 48.25

 48.25

 48.25

 48.25

 48.21

 48.20

 48.16

 48.14

 48.14

 48.16

 48.16

 48.14

 48.11

 48.09

 48.09

 48.07

 48.05

 48.04

 48.04

 48.04

 48.02

 48.00

 48.00

 47.98

 47.97

 47.91

STORAGE

+0.00

+0.00

-0.02

+0.00

-0.02

+0.00

+0.00

+0.00

-0.04

-0.02

-0.04

-0.02

+0.00

+0.02

+0.00

-0.02

-0.04

-0.02

+0.00

-0.02

-0.02

-0.02

+0.00

+0.00

-0.02

-0.02

+0.00

-0.02

-0.02

-0.05

CHANGE

24

22

13

24

9

20

22

21

2

7

-6

9

18

26

19

6

8

14

23

10

14

21

26

28

16

14

26

21

27

9

INFLOW

 14

 14

 10

 10

 6

 6

 6

 6

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

 0

SPILL

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

 12

OUTLET

 9

 7

 11

 13

 11

 13

 15

 14

 19

 15

 11

 17

 17

 16

 18

 14

 14

 11

 11

 7

 11

 18

 14

 16

 13

 11

 14

 18

 24

 24

C.F.S.

 .15

 .12

 .20

 .23

 .19

 .23

 .26

 .24

 .34

 .27

 .20

 .30

 .30

 .28

 .31

 .25

 .24

 .20

 .20

 .12

 .19

 .31

 .24

 .28

 .23

 .19

 .25

 .31

 .42

 .42

INCHES

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

 .00

PRECIP

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION-ORLAND PROJECT-CALIFORNIA

JUNE 2010 EAST PARK RESERVOIR DAILY OPERATIONS RUN DATE: 07/01/2010

IN LAKE

EVAPORATION

INCHES

C.F.S.

COMPUTED*

1000 ACRE-FEET

RELEASE - C.F.S.

TOTALS -.41 493 184 72 426 7.47 .00

ACRE-FEET -410 978 365 143 845

COMMENTS:

* COMPUTED INFLOW IS THE SUM OF CHANGE IN STORAGE, RELEASES AND EVAPORATION.

DATA BASED ON 24 HOUR PERIOD ENDING 0800 AM.

SUMMARY RELEASE (ACRE-FEET)

SPILL 143

OUTLET

TOTAL

 365

 508

PRECIPITATION

THIS MONTH =

TO DATE =

 .00

JULY 1, 2009 17.11

 48.28
#### § 306.2 United States citizenship; when acquired.

Immediately upon making the declaration of renunciation as described in § 306.12 the declarant shall be deemed to be a citizen of the United States. No certificate of naturalization or of citizenship shall be issued by the clerk of court to any person obtaining, or who has obtained citizenship solely under section 306(a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act or under section 1 of the act of February 25, 1927.
EXHIBIT 32

Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
(Subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States
Code)

Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and
(b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United Stated Code), each of the
undersigned officers of TOP Group Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the
"Company"), does hereby certify, to such officer's knowledge, that:

The Quarterly report on Form 10-QSB for the three months period ended June 30,
2005 (the "Form 10-QSB") of the Company fully complies with the requirements of
Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the
information contained in the Form 10-QSB fairly presents, in all material
respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.





Dated:   July 22, 2005                           /s/ Song Ru-Hua
                                                --------------------------------
                                                 Song Ru-Hua, President

Dated:   July 22, 2005                           /s/ Zhou Zong-Zheng
                                                --------------------------------
                                                 Zhou Zong-Zheng, Treasurer



The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to section 906 of
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter
63 of title 18, United States Code) and is not being filed as part of a separate
disclosure document.
The Impact of Pellet Fuel Ash 

Content on Particulate Emission 

Performance of Pellet Heaters

10-21-2010
Background

• Many of the certified pellet heaters were tested 

using pellets with very low ash content (< 0.5%). 

• These pellets are made from softwood feed 

stock and are produced in the Pacific Northwest.

• These pellets are commonly available for the lab 

that conducted much of the pellet heater 

certification testing.

• Pellets that are most commonly available in 

other areas of the country where pellet heaters 

are popular are generally hardwood or mixed 

wood and have higher ash content (>1%). 

10-21-2010
• There was supposition that higher ash 

fuels would result in higher particulate 

emissions.

– This was based on observations made by 

pellet heater manufacturers when they tested 

other fuel types (corn, grains, hulls, etc.) that 

were known to have higher ash content than 

wood pellets.

10-21-2010
• There was almost no data directly 

comparing low and high ash wood pellet 

fuels in the same heater using the same 

test method.

• There was concern over the impacts on 

BDT since different pellets might produce 

different results, even when the burn 

settings are optimized.

10-21-2010
• This concern expands further when other 

fuel types are considered (corn, grain, 

hulls, pits, switch grass, etc.)

10-21-2010
Action

• HPBA has been working to obtain data 

that will shed some light on this potential 

problem.

• Some comparison testing has been 

conducted, both in manufacturer labs and 

one EPA accredited lab.

• The results obtained to date are shown in 

the following table.

10-21-2010
Test Results (To-date)

10-21-2010
• There is one softwood versus hardwood 

pellet test series that has been completed 

but the data has not been QA’d. This data 

will be added will be available within a few 

days.

10-21-2010
Conclusions

• Based on the limited data obtained so far, it 

appears that higher ash pellets will produce 

higher levels of particulate emissions.

• Due to the fact that pellet heaters include 

combustion air blowers, it is likely that the 

additional PM collected with the higher ash fuels 

is primarily ash (inorganic) that has been 

entrained in the exhaust flow.

• The higher ash pellet fuels dominate the 

available pellet fuel supply in areas other than 

the west coast (primarily due to available 

feedstock for the pellet mills).

10-21-2010
• An assessment of the impact on BDT 

determination must be made before pellet heater 

emission levels (passing grade(s)) can be set 

within the revised NSPS.

• The performance of pellet heaters on higher ash 

fuels can still provide a clean-burning option.

• Without considering this issue, alternative biofuel development and heater development for 

those fuels could be stifled.

10-21-2010
### §1437. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–182, title VI, §690(b)(3), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2223

Section, act June 17, 1930, ch. 497, title IV, §437, 46 Stat. 711, provided for return of register or document to master or owner of vessel upon clearance.