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<title>Importation of Fresh Immature Inflorescences of Pacaya, </title>
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<body><div class="header"><p class="header"><i>Pest Risk Assessment for Pacaya from El Salvador</i></p>
</div>
<p><b>Importation of Fresh Immature Inflorescences of Pacaya, </b></p>
<p><b><i>Chamaedorea tepejilote</i> Liebm., from 
</b></p>
<p><b>El Salvador into the Continental United States</b></p>
<p><b>A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment
</b></p>
<p><b>April 5, 2010</b></p>
<p><b>Rev. 01</b></p>
<p class="normal_(Web)"><b>Agency Contact:</b> 

</p>
<p class="normal_(Web)">Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

</p>
<p class="normal_(Web)">United States Department of Agriculture
Animal Plant Health Inspection Services
Plant Protection and Quarantine
1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300
Raleigh, NC 27606
</p>
<h1>Executive Summary
</h1>
<p class="plain_Text">In this document we assessed the risk associated with the importation of fresh immature inflorescences of pacaya, <i>Chamaedorea tepejilote</i>, from El Salvador into the continental United States. Information on pests associated with pacaya in Central American countries that produce it revealed two quarantine pests that could be introduced into the continental United States via this pathway. The quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway are:
</p>
<p class="plain_Text"><i>Brevipalpus hondurani </i>(Acari: Tenuipalpidae)</p>
<p class="plain_Text"><i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i> (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
</p>
<p class="plain_Text"><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> (Systellommatophora: Veronicellidae) 
</p>
<p class="plain_Text">We qualitatively analyzed these quarantine pests using our Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We examined pest biology in the context of Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction, and used these elements to estimate the Pest Risk Potential. Based on available information, <i>Brevipalpus hondurani</i> is highly unlikely to establish in the continental United States, and the overall risk is negligible. The other two pests pose potential phytosanitary risks to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems. We determined that the pest risk potential is <b>Medium</b> for<i> Sarasinula plebeia</i> and <b>Low</b> for <i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i>. 
</p>
<p class="plain_Text">Pests assigned a Low Pest Risk Potential typically do not require specific mitigation measures as port-of-entry inspection is expected to provide sufficient phytosanitary security. For pests with a Medium Pest Risk Potential, specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary and options are presented within this document. Final phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk along the pacaya pathway will be determined during the development of a separate, detailed pest risk management document.
</p>
<p><b>Table of Contents
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>iiExecutive Summary
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>1. Introduction
1</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">1.1. Commodity information
1</p>
<p class="tOC_2">1.2. Production information
1</p>
<p class="tOC_2">1.3. Standard post-harvest processing measures
2</p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>2. Risk Assessment
2</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
2</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Pacaya
2</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions
3</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
4</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.5. Consequences of Introduction
20</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.6. Likelihood of Introduction
22</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.7. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential
26</p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>3. Risk mitigation options
26</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">3.1. Mitigation at the origin
27</p>
<p class="tOC_2">3.2. Quarantine Treatments
27</p>
<p class="tOC_2">3.3. Conclusions
27</p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>4. Contributors
28</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>5. Literature Cited
28</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>6. Appendices
37</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">Appendix A. Standard post-harvest procedures [Original and translation]
37</p>
<p class="tOC_2">Appendix B. Interceptions of quarantine pests on <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. and <i>C. tepejilote</i> from 1985 to 2008
39</p>
<p><b>
</b></p>
<h1>1. Introduction 
</h1>
<p>This risk assessment was prepared by the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in response to a request submitted by the government of El Salvador to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh immature inflorescences of pacaya, <i>Chamaedorea tepejilote </i>Liebm., into the continental United States. This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated because it is based on risks associated with the importation of the commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative; we expressed risk as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).
</p>
<h2>1.1. Commodity information
</h2>
<p>The genus <i>Chamaedorea</i> is composed of approximately 100 species. All members of the genus originate in the neotropical zones in the Americas and are understory plants that live in a warm, humid environment (Mont et al., 1994). Pacaya has a range from Southern Mexico through Central America to parts of Colombia and Brazil and is commonly called the pacaya palm (Mont et al., 1994). It is frequently found in association with other <i>Chamaedorea</i> palms, such as the parlor palm, <i>Chamaedorea elegans</i>. 
</p>
<p>The immature inflorescence of the pacaya palm has been harvested and consumed in Central America, especially Guatemala, since the pre-Colombian era (Mont et al., 1994). This inflorescence is called pacaya.
</p>
<h2>1.2. Production information
</h2>
<p>El Salvador plans to grow pacaya palms in association with coffee production areas at 400 to 800 m above sea level on steep slopes. The total area in production is planned to be 200 ha or about 16,670 plants total. A plant needs at least three years growth to give a commercial viable yield. Harvest season is from August to December (MAG, 2005).
</p>
<p>The Salvadoran government wishes to export pacaya to the United States to take advantage of the expatriate and immigrant Salvadorian community in the United States, marketing pacaya especially in New York, Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, San Francisco, Washington D.C., Santa Ana, Chicago, Boston, Dallas, and New Orleans (Beatres-Marques<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001; Hernández<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2003). The Salvadoran government estimates annual production of pacaya at 5-10 tons, on 25-30 ha (Esquivel, 2005). 
</p>
<p>Since pacaya has never been an agronomic commodity in El Salvador, little information exists about its production and pest problems. Thus, we included information from other countries in the growing region in the analysis, particularly Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. In addition, confusion exists about the taxonomy of pacaya palm, so we included information about three other taxa as well: 1) <i>Chamaedorea </i>sp., 2) <i>C. alterans</i>, which has frequently been confused with <i>C. tepejilote </i>(Bacon and Bailey, 2006), and 3) <i>C. costaricacannse,</i> which is sometimes referred to as a pacaya in the literature. 
</p>
<h2>1.3. Standard post-harvest processing measures
</h2>
<p>Some standard post-harvest treatments were specified in the technical report on the cultivation of pacaya (MAG, 2005), and are included in Appendix A.  These measures specify that the pacayas will be harvested during the months of August through December. The external bracts will be removed, and each will have a peduncle of approximately one inch. The pacayas will be immersed in vats of chlorinated water (50 ppm) for 10 seconds. They will be subjected to a heat treatment of 10 second at 62oC and then dried by centrifugation. The pacaya will be packed in two-pound trays for export. </p>
<h1>2. Risk Assessment
</h1>
<p>The Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 2006: ISPM #2) describe three stages in analysis of pest risk associated with specific commodities. This document satisfies the requirements of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Stages 1 (initiation) and 2 (risk assessment), and our own guidelines (PPQ, 2000).</p>
<p class="footer">We begin this pest risk assessment by identifying the initiating event, conducting a weediness potential screening, and discussing past decisions on the commodity. We then identify and characterize the pests likely to be associated with pacaya in El Salvador. Finally, we analyze in more detail the quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway with the imported commodity. 
</p>
<p class="footer">In this assessment, we combine five risk elements to assess the risk associated with the Consequences of Introduction of pests into the United States. Likewise, we combine six sub-elements to assess the Likelihood of Introduction into the United States. Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values form an evaluation of the Pest Risk Potential. 
</p>
<h2>2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
</h2>
<p>We conducted this pest risk analysis in response to a request by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) of El Salvador for USDA authorization to allow imports of fresh pacaya. This commodity may present a potential plant pest risk, as indicated in MAG letter No.285-2004 dated 15 October 2004 (MAG, 2005). Importation into the continental United States of fresh pacaya grown in El Salvador is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7 CFR §<b> </b>319.56) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.
</p>
<h2>2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Pacaya
</h2>
<p>The results of screening for weed potential for pacaya did not prompt a weed-initiated risk assessment (Table 1).
</p>
<p><b>Table 1. </b>Weed potential of Pacaya
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Scientific name</b>: <i>Chamaedorea tepejilote </i>Liebm.
</p>
<p><b>Synonyms:</b> <i>Nunnezharia casperiana, Chamaedorea alternans, Stephanostachys wendlandiana, Nunnezharia wendlandiana, Chamaedorea wendlandiana, Edanthe veraepacis, Chamaedorea sphaerocarpa, Chamaedorea exorrhiza, Chamaedorea columbica, Chamaedorea casperiana, Nunnezharia alternans, Stephanostachys casperiana, Stephanostachys tepejilote, Nunnezharia tepejilote Edanthe tepejilote, Chamaedorea anomospadix</i> (Faucon 2005).<b> 
</b></p>
<p><b>Common Names:</b> Pacaya, Tepejilote palm, Pacaya palm,<b> </b>Boda (Spanish), Bolá (Spanish, Panama), Caña verde (Spanish), Cana verde (Spanish), Palmito dulce, Camedórea-pacaia (Brazil), Mo xi ge ling long ye zi (Chinese), Ba ka ya ye zi (Chinese) (Barlow, 2003; Faucon 2005; PPQ 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008).</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 1</b></p>
</td>	<td><p>Distribution in the United States: Pacaya is not widely distributed in the United States. It is not native to the United States and cannot grow outside of southern Florida in a natural environment</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 2</b></p>
<p>No</p>
<p>No</p>
<p>No</p>
<p>No</p>
<p>No</p>
<p>No 
</p>
<p>No<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>Invasive/Weed Potential Status: 
</p>
<p>Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1979)</p>
<p>World’s Worst Weeds (Holm<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1977)</p>
<p>World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1997)</p>
<p>Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1988)
</p>
<p>Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)</p>
<p>Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 2007) </p>
<p>Other (Various literature databases)</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 3</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Summary and Conclusions</b>: We found no evidence of invasive behavior by this plant, and the immature inflorescence is highly unlikely to lead to plant establishment. Thus, this pest risk assessment continues.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions 
</h2>
<h3>2.3.1. Current import status and Decision history
</h3>
<p>Pacaya can enter the United States as a fresh market commodity from Belize and Mexico into all ports. We also found a proposal to import pacaya into the United States from Guatemala. That was approved in 1935, but currently Guatemala is not allowed to import pacaya. 
</p>
<h3>2.3.2. Pest interceptions
</h3>
<p>Over 19,000 interceptions of quarantine pests associated with <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. or <i>C. tepejilote</i> were recorded between 1985 and 2008 (Appendix A). About 10,000 of these interceptions were recorded with general cargo, over 2,000 were with permit cargo, and 6,500 were in baggage.
</p>
<h2>2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
</h2>
<h3>2.4.1. Pest list introduction
</h3>
<p class="plain_Text">We developed a list of pests associated with pacaya or <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp., and present<i> </i>in El Salvador and neighboring countries (Table 2). The list identifies (1) the presence or absence of the pests in the United States, (2) the references supporting an association between the pest and host, (3) the plant parts where the pest can be found where applicable, (4) the United States quarantine status of the pests, and (5) if the pest could follow the pathway into the continental United States via commercial shipments of pacaya. Although diseases caused by bacteria, phytoplasmas, and viruses are reported for other species of palm (Elliott et al., 2004), none were reported for <i>Chamaedorea</i> species.
</p>
<p class="plain_Text">A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby, but not yet present, or present, but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5). A pest is likely to follow the pathway for pacaya if the pest is present in El Salvador, is associated with the immature inflorescence at the time of harvest, and remains viable with the immature inflorescence during harvesting, packing, and shipping. The possibility that a quarantine pest following the pathway could become established and spread throughout the United States depends on the presence of appropriate climatic and ecological conditions, including protected areas (such as greenhouses), where the presence of primary or alternative hosts and vectors are influential.
</p>
<p class="plain_Text">A specific issue for this risk analysis is the relative lack of information about infection or infestation of immature inflorescences. Such information is more commonly available about leaves, stems and fruit. When we found no specific information indicating whether or not the pest could affect immature inflorescences, we determined the ability of the pest to follow the pathway based on biology and plant part affected. For example, if evidence indicated that an insect is associated with leaves but a <i>generalist feeder</i>, then we would deem it reasonably likely to follow the pathway of pacaya. If, on the other hand, we found information that a pest is strictly limited to a plant part other than the inflorescence, or that the pest is biologically unlikely to attack the inflorescence (i.e., feeds on mature fruit), then the pest would be classified as unlikely to follow the pathway. In contrast, if a pathogen only affects leaves, then it seems highly unlikely to follow the pathway. For pathogens especially, the unusual tissue type of the pacaya commodity may not provide a suitable infection site.</p>
<p class="plain_Text">Note: In the pest list, we only provide information on plant part association and whether or not the pest is likely to follow the pathway for quarantine pests, not for non-quarantine pests. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed for non-quarantine pests.
</p>
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Plant pests associated with Pacaya<i> </i>or <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. in El Salvador or Central American pacaya-producing countries.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest scientific name</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Distribution
</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Host association</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Plant part(s) affected
</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Quaran-
</b></p>
<p><b>tine pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Follow pathway</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>ARTHROPODS</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Eriophyidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Retracrus johnstoni</i> Keifer</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (TX) (Davis et al., 1982), CO (Howard et al., 2001), CR (Ochoa et al., 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Davis et al., 1982; Howard et al., 2001; Ochoa et al., 1991</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Lindquist et al., 1996; Ochoa et al., 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tarsonemidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Steneotarsonemus furcatus</i> DeLeon</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Ochoa et al., 1991), US (Denmark and Nickerson, 1981)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Henley et al., n.d.</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tenuipalpidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus californicus</i> Banks</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT, HN, SV, NI, CR, PA (Maes, 2004a), MX, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Childers et al., 2003b; Maes, 2004a; Ochoa and Salas, 1989</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S  (Childers et al., 2003a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus hondurani</i> Evans</p>
</td>	<td><p>HN (Evans et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans et al., 1998; Ochoa et al., 1991; </p>
</td>	<td><p>L, I, F, S (Ochoa and Salas, 1989)
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus ortizi</i> Ochoa & Salas</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Ochoa et al., 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ochoa et al., 1991<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Ochoa et al., 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus phoenicis</i> Geijskes</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959b), HN (Childers et al., 2003a), CR (Ochoa and Salas, 1989),  US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Childers et al., 2003b; Ochoa and Salas, 1989</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus trinidadensis </i>Baker<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HN, CR, MX (Evans et al., 1993)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans et al., 1993</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Quirós de G. et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tenuipalpus bakeri</i> McGregor</p>
</td>	<td><p>HN, CR, GT, MX, US (Evans et al., 1993; Ochoa et al., 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans et al., 1993; Ochoa et al., 1991</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tenuipalpus chamaedoreae</i> Salas & Ochoa</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Ochoa et al., 1991; Salas and Ochoa, 1985)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Ochoa et al., 1991; Salas and Ochoa, 1985</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Ochoa et al., 1991; Salas and Ochoa, 1985)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tetranychidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus gloveri</i> Banks</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, CR, HN, PA (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008), MX, US (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus salasi</i> Baker & Pritchard</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, NI (Bolland et al., 1998; Maes, 2004a; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008; Ochoa et al., 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; Maes, 2004a; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008; Ochoa et al., 1991</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Ochoa, Aguilar et al. 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus tumidus</i> Banks</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, PA (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Migeon and Dorkeld, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch (Syn: <i>T. cinnabarinus</i> Boisduval)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT, HN, SV, NI, CR, PA (Maes, 2004c), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Maes, 2004c; Ochoa et al., 1991</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>INSECTA</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Bruchidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Caryobruchus gleditsiae</i> Johansson & Linné</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, US (Nilsson and Johnson, 1993)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Nilsson and Johnson, 1993</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala antennata </i>Spaeth</p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (Meskens et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Meskens et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Meskens et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala brevicornis</i> Boheman<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, GT, NI, PA, CO (Blackwelder, 1946), CR (Maes et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Maes et al., 2009 Meskens et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Meskens et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri </i>Boheman<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GT, MX, NI, PA (Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Córdova-Ballona and S., 2008; Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala marginipennis</i> Boheman</p>
</td>	<td><p>HN, GT (Sánchez and Ortiz, 1998), MX (Blackwelder, 1946; Oyama and Dirzo, 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Oyama and Dirzo, 1991; PestID, 2009; Windsor et al., 1992</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001;  Oyama and Dirzo, 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Córdova-Ballona and S., 2008; Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia lata </i>Baly<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (Meskens et al., 2008), CR (McKenna and Farrell, 2005), Central America (Strong, 1977)
 </p>
</td>	<td><p>McKenna and Farrell, 2005; Meskens et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (McKenna and Farrell, 2005; Meskens et al., 2008), I  Strong, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotella semiatrata </i>Boheman (Syn: <i>Coptocycla semiatrata</i> Boheman)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, CR, GT (Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008b)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001; PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotella tuberculata</i> Fabricius (Syn: <i>Metriona tuberculata</i> Fabricius)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry and Salazar Vaquero, 1957), MX, CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, NI (Borowiec and Swietojanska, 2002), US (Balsbaugh and Riley, 1980)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotis leprieuri</i> Boheman</p>
</td>	<td><p>HN (Blackwelder, 1946), GT (Morton, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coptocycla sordida</i> Boheman</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, BZ, CR, GT (Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008c)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Flowers and Janzen, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ischnocodia annulus </i>Fabricius<i> </i>(Syn: <i>Tapinaspis annulus</i> Blackwelder)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959b), CO, CR, GT, MX, NI, PA (Borowiec, 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metriona trisignata</i> Boheman</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry and Salazar Vaquero, 1957), MX (Blackwelder, 1946), GT (Morton, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microctenochira cumulata</i> Boheman</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GT, MX, NI, PA (Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008d)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microctenochira ferranti</i> Spaeth</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, CR, GT, MX, NI (Borowiec and Swietojanska, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microctenochira hieroglyphica </i>Boheman<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, CR, GT, PA (Borowiec and Więtojańska, 2008e)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Prosopodonta dorsata </i>Baly<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (Meskens et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Meskens et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Meskens et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tapinaspis wesmaeli</i> Boheman</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959b; Borowiec and Swietojanska, 2002), MX, GT (Blackwelder, 1946)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Curculionidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conotrachelus</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, F, L (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius hemipterus carbonarius</i> Chevrolat<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Giblin-Davis et al., 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (Weissling and Giblin-Davis, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius hemipterus</i> Linnaeus</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Giblin-Davis et al., 1994; Gonzalez Chavez, 2002), BZ, CR, SV, GT, HN, NI, PA, US (FL) (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (Weissling and Giblin-Davis, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius hemipterus sericeus</i> Olivier</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Giblin-Davis et al., 1994; McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US, MX, HN, NI, CR, PA, CO (Maes and O'Brien, 1990), US (FL) (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (Weissling and Giblin-Davis, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parisoschoenus</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), HN, MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (PestID, 2009), I
 (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phelypera distigma</i> Boheman</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959b), MX, GT, NI, PA (Maes and O'Brien, 1990)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Scolytidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccotrypes dactyliperda</i> Fabricius</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, MX, PA, US (Wood, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Wood, 1992</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocerus flavomarginatus</i> Bondar</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Evans, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Walker, 2009)
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocerus palmae</i> Russell</p>
</td>	<td><p>BZ, CR, GT, HN, MX, NI, PA (Anderson, 2007), US (FL) (Hodges and Evans, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anderson, 2007; Dooley, 2009; Evans, 2007a; Martin, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Walker, 2009)
</p>
<p></p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocerus</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Evans, 2007a; Morton, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2007a; Morton, 1997</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Walker, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroglandulus magnus</i> Russell<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (Evans, 2008; Mound and Halsey, 1978), CR (Manzari and Quicke, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dooley, 2009; Evans, 2008; Mound and Halsey, 1978</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Nakahara, 1995)
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroglandulus subtilis</i> Bondar</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, MX, PA (Evans, 2008), BZ, NI, US (Martin, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dooley, 2009; Evans, 2008; Mound and Halsey, 1978; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroplatus cococolus </i>Quaintance & Baker<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>BZ, CO, CR, NI, PA (Evans, 2008), GT (Morton, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Quaintance and Baker, 1917)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroplatus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Nakahara, 1995)
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotrachelus atratus</i> Hempel<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Gerling et al., 2006), CO, MX (Evans, 2007b), US (FL, HI) (NAPIS, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dooley, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Walker, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotrachelus</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT, MX, SV, US (Evans, 2007a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2007a; Morton, 1997</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotrachelus trachoides</i> Back</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, CR, SV, GT, HN, MX, NI, PA, US (Evans, 2008) NI (Maes and Mound, 1993)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dooley, 2009; Evans, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotulus </i>sp<i>.</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Nakahara, 1995)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paraleurolobus chamaedoreae</i> Russell</p>
</td>	<td><p>BZ, CR, MX, NI (Martin, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2008; Martin, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Russell, 1994)
</p>
<p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paraleurolobus</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paraleyrodes minei</i> Iaccarino</p>
</td>	<td><p>BZ, GT, HN, MX, US (Evans, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dooley, 2009; Evans, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Singhiella citrifolii</i> Morgan</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, CR, GT, HN, MX, PA, US (Evans, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetraleurodes acaciae</i> Quaintance 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>BZ, CR, SV, GT, MX, NI, PA, US (Nakahara, 1995), CO, HN (Evans, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dooley, 2009; Evans, 2008; Nakahara, 1995</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetraleurodes chivela</i> Nakahara</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (Oaxaca) (Nakahara, 1995),  BZ, MX (Evans, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dooley, 2009; Evans, 2008; Nakahara, 1995</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Nakahara, 1995)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetralicia</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Nakahara, 1995)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asterolecanium epidendri</i> Bouché</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Palmaspis inlabefacta</i> Russell (Syn: <i>Asterolecanium inlabefactum</i> Russell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, F (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Coccidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes floridensis</i> Comstock</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, BZ, GT, HN, NI, US (Maes, 2004c), CR, PA, CO, (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Maes, 2004c; Morton, 1997; Quezada, 1972</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus hesperidum hesperidum</i> Linnaeus</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Quezada, 1972), CO, MX, PA, SV, US (Ben-Dov, 1993), GT, HN, SV (Maes, 2004c)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov, 1993; CABI, 2007; Maes, 2004c</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus viridis</i> Green</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, GT, BZ, HN, SV, NI, CR, PA, CO (Maes, 2004c), US (FL, HI) (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Maes, 2004c</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eucalymnatus tessellatus </i>Signoret<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry and Salazar Vaquero, 1957), MX, CO, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Kilifia americana</i> Ben-Dov</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (Ben-Dov, 1993)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov, 1993</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lopholeucaspis cockerelli</i> Grandpré & Charmoy (Syn: <i>Leucaspis cockerelli</i>)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959a), SV, MX, US, CO, CR, HN, PA (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2009; Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Vinsonia stellifera </i>Westwood<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, NI (Maes, 2004b), US (AL, GA, FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Diaspididae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acutaspis albopicta </i>Cockerell</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, CR, GT, HN, PA, US (CA, TX) (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aonidiella aurantii</i> Maskell</p>
</td>	<td><p>HN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspidiotus destructor</i> Signoret</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959b), US, MX, GT, BZ, SV, HN, NI, CR, PA, CO (Maes, 2004c)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Howard et al., 2001; Maes, 2004c; Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspidiotus spinosus</i> Comstock</p>
</td>	<td><p>Central America, US, MX, CO (Miller and Davidson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysomphalus aonidum</i> Linnaeus</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959b; Quezada, 1972), MX, GT, SV, HN, NI, CR, PA (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), CO, US (Maes, 2004c)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Howard et al., 2001; Maes, 2004c; Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysomphalus dictyospermi</i> Morgan</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Quezada, 1972), CR, GT, HN, NI, PA, MX, US (CABI, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diaspis boisduvalii</i> Signoret</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959a), Cosmopolitan (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gaimari, 2008; Howard et al., 2001; Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diaspis</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, F, S (Tenbrink and Hara, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dinaspis aculeata </i>Ferris<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009), CO, PA (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Ferris, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fiorinia fioriniae</i> Targioni Tozzetti</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cosmopolitan (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Furcaspis</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemiberlesia cyanophylli </i>Signoret (Syn: <i>Abgrallaspis cyanophylli</i> Signoret)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, CR, MX, NI, PA, US (Watson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Maes, 2004c</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemiberlesia lataniae</i> Signoret</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, NI (Maes, 2004c), GT, PA, US (CABI, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Maes, 2004c; Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ischnaspis longirostris </i>Signoret</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry and Salazar Vaquero, 1957), MX, HN, SV, NI, CR, PA, CO, US (Maes, 2004a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Howard et al., 2001; Maes, 2004a; Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Malleolaspis mammata </i>Ferris<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Malleolaspis</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis buxi</i> Bouché</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959b), MX, BZ, CO, PA, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis strachani</i> Cooley<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Berry, 1959a, 1959b), CO, MX, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudischnaspis acephala</i> Ferris</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, SV, NI, PA, CO (Ben-Dov et al., 2009; Maes, 2004c)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2009; Maes, 2004c</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides </i>Comstock<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, HN, PA, MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2009; Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Selenaspidus articulatus</i> Morgan</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Quezada, 1972), US (Miller and Davidson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Miller and Davidson, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Margarodidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Icerya</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Geococcus coffeae</i> Green</p>
</td>	<td><p>HN, GT, SV, BZ, CO, CR, MX, PA (Ben-Dov, 1994), US (FL) (Kuitert and Dekle, 1966)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov, 1994; Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Barrera, 2008; Kuitert and Dekle, 1966)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nipaecoccus nipae</i> Maskell</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT, SV, US, BZ, CO, CR, MX, NI, PA (Ben-Dov, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov, 1994; Howard et al., 2001; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus gregosus</i> Williams & Granara de Willink</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, Central America (Howard et al., 2001) CR, MX (Ben-Dov, 1994; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov, 1994; Howard et al., 2001; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus longispinus </i>Targioni Tozzetti<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, CR, GT, HN, MX, PA, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2009;  CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov, 1994; Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhizoecus americanus </i>Hambleton<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, CR, HN, MX, PA (Ben-Dov, 1994), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Biruga chariclo</i> Fennah</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (Fennah, 1974)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fennah, 1974</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Fennah, 1974)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Brassolidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opsiphanes</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001; PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Carystoides</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tromba xanthura </i>Godman<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Chavez, 1985), CR (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005), MX, HN, PA, CO, BZ (Savela, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Noctuidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Copitarsia </i>sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Morton, 1997), MX, CO (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Morton, 1997; PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, F, L, S (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brassolis isthmia</i> Bates</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PA (Young, 1986), CO (Bristow, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Young, 1986</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Young, 1986)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Tineidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opogona sacchari</i> Bojer</p>
</td>	<td><p>Central America (EPPO, n.d.)
, HN (EPPO, 2006, CABI 2007)  US (FL, HI) (CABI 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EPPO, n.d.; Howard et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, L, S (CABI, 2007), R (Peña et al., 1990)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Orthoptera: Acrididae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microtylopteryx hebardi</i> Rehn</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Howard et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Braker, 1989; Howard et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (Braker, 1989)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Idiarthron subquadratum</i> Saussure & Pictet</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, GT, HN, SV, CR, CO (Zavala et al., 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Barrera, 2008; Zavala et al., 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, F (Barrera, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Thysanoptera: Thripidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i> Retana & Mound</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, BZ, Central America (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005)
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>I (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aegerita </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aschersonia</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ascochyta</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calonectria kyotensis</i> Terash.<i> </i>(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, PA, MX, US (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccostromopsis chamaedoreae </i>(Syd.) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon (Syn: <i>Cocodiella chamaedoreae </i>(Syd.) Hino & Katum)  (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009), MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009; Elliott et al., 2004</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Sordariomycetes: Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Chapen, 2007), CO, CR, PA, US (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009), BZ, GT, HN, NI (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chapen, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cylindrocadium</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (Chapen, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chapen, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ganoderma</i> sp. <i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Chapen, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p> Chapen, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>S, L (Chapen, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p> Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gliocladium vermoesenii</i> (Biourge) Thom 
(Syn: <a href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=345310"><i>Nalanthamala vermoesenii</i> (Biourge) Schroers</a>) (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, GU (Sol-Sánchez, 2007), US (Atilano et al., 1980)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sol-Sánchez, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macbridella olivacea </i>Seaver<i> </i>(Syn. <i>Rubrinectria olivacea</i> Rossman and Samuels)<b> (</b>Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales<b>)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Schroers et al., 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycosphaerella </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis palmarum</i> (Cooke) Steyaert (Sordariomycetes: Xylariales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009), US (Mordue and Holliday, 1999), CO, SV, PA (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phoma </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phomopsis</i> sp. (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (Rehner and Uecker, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Rehner and Uecker, 1994</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Rehner and Uecker, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora palmivora</i> E.J. Butler (Oomycetes: Peronosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, GT (Sol-Sánchez, 2007), CR, GT, HN, PA, SV, US (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sol-Sánchez, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllosticta</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Platypeltella angustispora </i>M.L. Farr & Pollack (Dothideomycetes: Microthyriales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pyrenochaeta </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thanatephorus cucumeris</i> (A.B. Frank) Donk (Syn. <i>Rhizoctonia solani </i>J.G. Kuhn) (Agaricomycetes: Cantharellales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (CABI, 2006), CO, CR, HN, MX, NI, US (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zygosporium oscheoides</i> Mont. (Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al., 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zygosproium</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>NEMATODA</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne incognita </i>(Kofoid & White) Chitwood </p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Solano et al., n.d.), US (Meerow and Weissling, 1998; Handoo and Ellington, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Meerow and Weissling, 1998</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>MOLLUSKA</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calcicuccinea Aff. Luteola</i> (Gould) (Succinieidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009), US (Thompson, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Drymaeus dominicus</i> (Reeve) (Bulimulidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Drymaues</i> sp. (Bulimulideae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GT (PestID, 2009), US (Deisler, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Guppya gundlachi</i> (Pfeifer) (Euconulidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (PestID, 2009), GT (Goodrich and Van der Schalie, 1937), MX, US (Sandoval, 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicella virgata </i>(Dacosta) (Hygromiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicina cinctella </i>(Shuttleworth) (Helicinidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Henderson occulta</i> (Say) (Helicinidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leidyula moreleti </i>(Fischer) (Verononicellidae) </p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009), US (Life, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oligyra</i> sp. (Helicinidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pallifera costaricensis</i> (Morch) (Philomycidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pallifer </i>sp. (Philmycidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pupisoma dioscoricola </i>(C.B. Adams) (Vallloniidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX, US (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sarasinula plebeia </i>(Fischer) (Veronicellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009), GU, SV, HN, BE, NI, CR, PA (Barker, 2002), US (FL) (Stange and Deisler, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009), I (Barker, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Veronicella</i> sp. (Veronicellae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>MX (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2009</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2009)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>2.4.2. Pests not likely to follow the pathway
</h3>
<p class="body_Text">Quarantine plant pests in this assessment which we did not further scrutinize may be detrimental to agricultural production systems of the United States or the natural environment. We did not analyze pests identified only at the genus level or higher if the group already occurs in the United States. This lack of biological information should not be equated with low risk. By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Many species may occur within a genus, and we cannot reasonably assume identical biology for all congeneric organisms. The lack of species identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, or inadequacy of the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for species identification. If the pests identified in this risk assessment at a genus level are intercepted on pacaya from El Salvador in the future, their species specific determination should follow. Quarantine action can be taken where appropriate and a re-evaluation of their risk may be necessary. </p>
<p>In the pathway-initiated risk analysis titled “Importation of fresh immature inflorescence of pacaya into the Continental United States from El Salvador” dated July 2005, scientists from the Center for Phytosanitary Excellence (CEF) included several organisms in the pest list that we excluded. Previously, they based host status on interception data for the following arthropods: 
</p>
<p><i>Acanthoscelides guazume</i> Johnson & Kingsolver (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
</p>
<p><i>Malacorhinus irregularis</i> Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
</p>
<p><i>Metriona crucipennis</i> Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
</p>
<p><i>Rhinostomus barbirostris</i> Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
</p>
<p><i>Conoderus varians</i> Steinheil (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
</p>
<p><i>Oncometopia clarior</i> (Walker) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
</p>
<p><i>Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis</i> Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
</p>
<p><i>Planococcus minor</i> Maskell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
</p>
<p><i>Maruca vitrata</i> Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)</p>
<p>Each of these organisms was only intercepted on or with <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. one or two times, which we consider insufficient evidence for a pest-host relationship. We found no other references to these arthropods occurring on <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp., and therefore we removed them from the draft pest list. In addition, we removed the following arthropods because we were unable to verify host status from any source:
</p>
<p><i>Deloyala zettersatedti</i> Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
</p>
<p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i> Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)</p>
<p><i>Opsiphanes cassinia</i> Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Brassolidae)
</p>
<p><i>Saissetia coffeae</i> Walker (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
</p>
<p><i>Tetranychus cinnabarinus</i> (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae)
</p>
<p><i>Cocodiella chamaedorea</i> has frequently been intercepted, but this pathogen has been reexamined and is now <i>Coccostromopsis chamaedoreae</i>. It is one of 31 causal agents of tar spot of palms. We excluded <i>C. chamaedoreae</i> from further analysis because it is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. That is because it infects plants intraveinally, which precludes it infecting immature inflorescences.</p>
<h3>2.4.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway but excluded from analysis
</h3>
<p>We identified three pathogens—<i>Cocodiella chamaedoreae, Phomopsis</i> sp., and <i>Zygosporium oscheoides</i>—for which we had no information relating to an actual damaging disease. <i>Zygosporium oscheoides</i> did not have defined taxonomy so its pathogenicity, if it was a pathogen, had never been described. Likewise, <i>Phomopsis</i> sp. has only been observed in molecular assays and has no known associated disease, so its pathogenecity status is unclear. Because pathogenecity had never been described, in these cases it was not possible to assess risk.
</p>
<h3>2.4.4. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and analyzed
</h3>
<p>We will analyze quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway, i.e<i>.</i>, be included in commercial shipments of pacaya, in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 2000)]. We found three quarantine pests that may follow the pathway of fresh immature inflorescences: <i>Saransinula plebeia, Brevipalpus hondurani,</i> and <i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i>. Although <i>Chamaedorea</i> species have never been described as hosts of <i>S. plebeia</i>, the frequency with which they were intercepted suggests that the slug could follow the inflorescences pathway. As a small mite, <i>B. hondurani</i> may be found on the inflorescences. <i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae </i>is an internal feeder that may follow the pathway. <i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae </i>is an internal feeder that may follow the pathway.
</p>
<h2>2.5. Consequences of Introduction
</h2>
<p>We estimate the Consequences of Introduction using five risk elements: climate-host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact. They assign a Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) to each Risk Element and add the Risk Elements to produce a Cumulative Risk Rating for each pest analyzed (PPQ, 2000). Table 3 summarizes the Consequences of Introduction values.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Brevipalpus hondurani</i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>Brevipalpus hondurani </i>is only known to occur in Bermuda and the Honduras (Evans et al., 1998). This region corresponds to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 12 and 13 (Magarey et al., 2008), which do not occur in the continental United States. The continental United States spans a wide climatic range from zone 1 in Fairbanks, Alaska to zone 11 in Miami, Florida (PERAL, 2008). Based on its distribution, we estimate that <i>B. hondurani</i> would not be able to establish in the continental United States. Based on the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments (PPQ, 2000), the RA for <i>Brevipalpus hondurani</i> <b>STOPS</b>.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Negligible</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p>While<i> Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i> is apparently widespread in Central America (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005), it is not reported anywhere else. This species is likely tropical, with a limited ability to survive in the United States. Plant hardiness zones present in Central America are zones 11 through 13, with zone 10 encompassing some higher elevation regions (Magarey et al., 2008). We estimate that <i>B. chamaedoreae</i> may establish in the southern portion of Florida, within Plant Hardiness Zone 11 and perhaps some of Zone 10. <i>Chamaedorea</i> spp. is found in Florida (NRCS, 2009).</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p><i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i> only reproduces in certain <i>Chamaedorea</i> (Arecaceae) species (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005). </p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>We found little information<i> </i>about <i>B. chamaedoreae</i>, which is only recently described. At some sites, “many thousands” of individuals were present, and all life stages were found on the same plant (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005), indicating high reproductive capacity. In general, thrips have limited capability for natural spread, though wind can move them long distances (Vierbergen, 1995). They are also commonly transported in trade of propagative materials, and are one of the most frequently intercepted arthropods (Vierbergen, 1995). Due to the limited capabilities of thrips to disperse naturally, we rated the dispersal potential of <i>B. chamaedoreae</i> as <b>Medium</b>.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>We found little information on <i>Chamaedorea</i> production in the United States. Some <i>Chamaedorea</i> is produced in the United States, by about 23 growers (Wilsey and Endress, 2007). <i>Chamaedorea</i> palms are used in the floral industry: large volumes of leaves are imported from Central and South America. The act of <i>B. chamaedoreae</i> boring into male inflorescences may reduce production of <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. Adults are likely to be involved in the pollination of <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005). Given the limited production of <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. in the United States, we rated the economic impact to be <b>Low</b> for this species.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p>No <i>Chamaedorea</i> spp. which may be impacted by <i>B. chamaedoreae</i> are listed on the Threatened or Endangered species list (USFWS, 2009). We found no indication that this pest would cause any significant environmental impacts. Thus, we rated <i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i> <b>Low</b> for environmental impact.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p>In Latin America this slug is limited to tropical and sub-tropical zones (Barker, 2002). These zones correspond to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 10 and 11 (PERAL, 2008). This limited distribution yields a <b>Low </b>rating.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>The host range is large since <i>S. plebeia</i> is polyphagous (Barker, 2002). It is a major pest of Fabaceae and Cucurbitaceae (Barker, 2002). Since it can attack plants in multiple families, we rated it <b>High</b>.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> has a limited potential for spread since it is non-burrowing (Stange and Deisler, 2009). It is oviparous, and produces 1-2 annual clutches of approximately 37 eggs each (Barker, 2002). Like many mollusks its larvae and eggs can travel in water (Barker, 2002). It also moves in commercial shipments. For these reasons, we rated it <b>Medium</b>.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> has been described as a “significant” pest of dry beans and squash (Barker, 2002), and damages cacao plants, citrus stock, and nursery plants (Stange and Deisler, 2009). It may be the most serious threat to harm Florida agriculture (Stange and Deisler, 2009). <i>S. plebeia</i> causes severe economic damage as both an agricultural pest as well as an intermediate host of parasites (Barker, 2002). Additional control measures are necessary in areas where <i>S. plebeia</i> is established, thereby increasing costs of production (Barker, 2002). We rated the economic impact as <b>High</b>.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> is not known to attack any endangered species and seems to be primarily an agronomic pest. Thus, we rated this element<b> Low</b>.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Table 3. </b>Summary of risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Climate/Host Interaction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Host Range</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Dispersal Potential</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Economic Impact</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Environ. Impact</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cumulative Risk Ratinga</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus hondurani</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Negligible</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>Negligible</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (10)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low = 5-8 points; Medium = 9-12 points; High = 13-15 points.
</p>
<h2>2.6. Likelihood of Introduction
</h2>
<p class="body_Text_2">The likelihood of a pest being introduced and establishing a reproductive population is dependent on a series of six independent events: 1) the quantity of the commodity imported, 2) the ability of the pest to survive post-harvest treatment, 3) the ability of the pest to survive shipment, 4) the probability the pest will not be detected at the port-of-entry, 5) the likelihood that it will be moved to a suitable habitat, and 6) the probability that it will come into contact with suitable host material (PPQ, 2000). We evaluated these six elements below, and summarized them in a cumulative risk rating (Table 4).
</p>
<h3>2.6.1. Quantity of product imported annually
</h3>
<p>The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount of potentially infested commodity that is imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity imported is estimated in units of standard 40-foot-long shipping containers.
</p>
<p>The market for pacaya in the United States is limited. The primary intended consumers are Salvadorian expatriates and recent immigrants. Pacaya could only be marketed in communities with sufficient size to justify the costs of shipping and to consume the product fast enough that it would not spoil. A small number of areas in the United States meet those criteria (Hernández et al., 2003). The quantities exported are likely to be small until these markets are developed, so the number of containers is likely less than 10 (Hernández et al., 2003), and the risk associated with the quantity being imported is <b>Low</b>.</p>
<h3>2.6.2. Survive post-harvest treatment
</h3>
<p>Post-harvest treatment refers to any industry-standard manipulation, handling, or specific phytosanitary treatment to which the commodity is subjected. We summarized these processes above (see 1.3), but the most important were removal of the external bracts, immersion in chlorinated water (50 ppm) for 10 seconds, a 10 second heat treatment of 62oC, and drying by centrifugation. </p>
<p><i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i> is an internal pest, so the planned treatments are unlikely to fully mitigate against it. Thus, we rated it <b>High</b>. </p>
<p>As an external pest, <i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> is unlikely to survive immersion in chlorinated water, heat treatment, and drying by centrifuge. Thus, we rated it <b>Low</b>.</p>
<h3>2.6.3. Survive shipment
</h3>
<p>Shipping conditions for pacaya from El Salvador are not known. The most likely method of entry seems to be by air, and El Salvador is only a short flight (two hours) to Miami. 
</p>
<p>Because <i>B. chamaedoreae</i> larvae will be inside in the inflorescence, they are likely to be protected during shipment. Thus, we rated it <b>High</b> for this sub-element. 
</p>
<p>Most <i>S. plebeia</i> intercepted on <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. from Mexico and Costa Rica, in cut flower/greenery shipments, have been live adults (PestID, 2009). Thus, <i>S. plebeia</i> is likely to survive shipment from Central America to the continental United States. If shipped by air, conditions seem unlikely to cause significant mortality, especially compared to post-harvest treatments. Thus, we rated the risk of surviving the shipment as <b>High</b>.</p>
<h3>2.6.4. Not detected at port-of-entry
</h3>
<p>The likelihood that a pest will not be detected at a port-of-entry depends on several factors, including pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment. 
</p>
<p>The internal feeder, <i>B. chamaedoreae</i>, is highly unlikely to be detected at the port-of-entry, so we rated it <b>High</b> for this sub-element. 
</p>
<p>The coloring and small size of slugs can make visual detection more difficult (Barker, 2002). In addition, slugs may hide near the stem of the pacaya. Thus, we rated this risk as <b>Medium</b>.</p>
<h3>2.6.5. Imported or moved to an area with an environment suitable for survival
</h3>
<p>The likelihood that a pest will be moved to an area with a suitable environment for survival depends on the potential distribution of markets for the host commodity throughout the country. Some pacaya is likely to be imported into Miami, and some into more northern ports. 
</p>
<p>We estimated above that <i>B. chamaedorea</i> would only be able to establish in southern Florida. Thus, we rated this sub-element <b>Low</b> for this pest. 
</p>
<p>South Florida is the environment most likely to be a suitable environment for <i>S. plebeia</i> in the United States. Since the Salvadoran government has targeted Miami as a market for Salvadoran products, pacaya is highly likely to go there (Hernández et al., 2003). Hence, the risk is <b>High</b> for this sub-element.<i> </i></p>
<h3>2.6.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction
</h3>
<p>Even in environments suitable for pest survival, pests must still come in contact with viable host material. This largely depends on two factors, the pest’s dispersal ability and the presence of host material in the region. <i>Chamaedorea</i> spp. are not native to the continental United States, and typically are only found in greenhouse production and as a garden ornamental.
</p>
<p>In general, thrips have a low capability for self-dispersal, though they may move long distances with wind currents (Vierbergen, 1995). Still, because <i>B. chamaedoreae</i> is only known to affect certain <i>Chamaedorea</i> species, and little <i>Chamaedorea</i> production exists in the United States, this pest is highly unlikely to contact a suitable host. Thus, we rated <i>B. chamaedoreae</i> <b>Low</b>. 
</p>
<p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> is polyphagous (Barker, 2002), attacking both dry beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) and squash, which are widely grown. Thus, we rated it <b>High</b>.
</p>
<h3>2.6.7. Cumulative Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction
</h3>
<p>Both quarantine pests of concern had a <b>Medium</b> cumulative risk rating. 
</p>
<p><b>Table 4. </b>Summary of risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Quantity imported annually</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Survive post-harvest treatment</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Survive shipment</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Not detected at port-of-entry</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Moved to suitable habitat</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Contact with host material</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cumula-tive risk ratinga</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (13)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low = 6–9 points; Medium = 10–14 points; High = 15–18 points
</p>
<h2>2.7. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential 
</h2>
<p>The overall Pest Risk Potential of a pest incorporates the likelihood of its introduction and establishment with the potential economic and environmental consequences that may follow. It is a qualitative estimation of risk that is expressed in terms of Low, Medium, or High. We calculate Pest Risk Potential by summing the risk element values from those two components of risk (PPQ, 2000). Based on available information, it is highly unlikely that <i>Brevipalpus hondurani</i> would be able to establish in the continental United States, and the overall risk is negligible.</p>
<p>We rated <i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> (Systellommatophora: Veronicellidae) as <b>Medium</b>  Pest Risk Potential, and <i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i> (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as <b>Low</b> Pest Risk Potential (Table 5).
</p>
<p>According to our guidelines (PPQ, 2000), port-of-entry inspection provides sufficient phytosanitary security for pests assigned Low pest risk potentials, while specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary for Medium pest risk potentials and are strongly recommended for High pest risk potentials. 
</p>
<p><b>Table 5. </b>Pest Risk Potential.</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Consequences of Introduction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Likelihood of Introduction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cumulative Risk Ratinga</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (10)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (13)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (23)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (12)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (18)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low =11-18 points; Medium = 19-26 points; High = 27-33 point
</p>
<h1>3. Risk mitigation options 
</h1>
<p>The risk assessment of pacaya exported from El Salvador to the continental United States determined that <i>Brooksithrips chamaedoreae</i> was a quarantine pest likely to follow the pathway, with <b>Low</b> Pest Risk Potential. Given this rating, we have not presented any risk mitigation options.
</p>
<p>On the other hand, <i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> had  <b>Medium</b> Pest Risk Potential. This may require specific phytosanitary measures, so we have presented risk mitigation options here. The appropriate level of protection may be achieved through the application of a single phytosanitary measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. 
</p>
<h2>3.1. Mitigation at the origin
</h2>
<p>Mitigations for these pests may include inspection at the point of origin for culling and hot water treatments. As part of post-harvest processing, the open spaces in the inflorescence could be inspected along with the bags and boxes before shipment to the United States. Visual inspection may be required as a condition of movement, and the exporting country’s National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary certificates stating that such inspection was done. The shipping box may be labeled with the identity of the production site.
</p>
<h2>3.2. Quarantine Treatments
</h2>
<p>No quarantine treatments have been approved for pacaya (PPQ 2008). The treatments below would need to be checked for efficacy.
</p>
<h3>3.2.1. Hot Water
</h3>
<p>Hot water treatment consists of submerging the fruit in circulating hot water for an extended period of time (PPQ, 2008). Eight minutes at 49oC is an acceptable treatment for killing slugs and snails, including <i>S. plebeia</i> (USDA, 1993). Some experimentation may required to determine if pacaya quality is unaffected by this treatment. Also, some trapping options under development (Hollingworth, 2007) could help certify that packing areas are and remain free of <i>S. plebeia</i>.
</p>
<h3>3.2.2. Methyl bromide
</h3>
<p>Methyl bromide (CH3Br) fumigation is an effective treatment for disinfesting a wide variety of plant pests on a wide variety of commodities. Methyl bromide is effective at treating insects (all life stages), mites and ticks (all life stages), nematodes (including cysts), snails and slugs, and fungi (such as oak wilt fungus) (PPQ, 2008). It is effective in mitigating internal Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Pseudococcidae, as well as some surface feeders such as thrips infesting various commodities.
</p>
<h2>3.3. Conclusions
</h2>
<p>We have identified risk mitigation strategies that may reduce the likelihood of <i>Sarasinula plebeian </i>establishing in the United States. A single risk mitigation option may not be sufficient to reduce pest risk to an acceptable level for all situations. A systems approach with specific mitigations targeting this pest may be more appropriate. 
</p>
<p>This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a specific program or systems approach. It identifies risks and provides information regarding known mitigative measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. Risk management measures will be established in a Risk Management Document.
</p>
<h1>4. Contributors
</h1>
<p><b>Prepared by</b>:<b> 
</b></p>
<p>John Rogers, Botanista</p>
<p>Cynthia Landry, Ecologista</p>
<p><b>Reviewers:
</b></p>
<p>Robert Ahern, Entomologista</p>
<p>Betsy Randel-Shadel, Plant Pathologista</p>
<p>Ashley Jackson, Editorial Assistanta</p>
<p>a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL</p>
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<h1>6. Appendices
</h1>
<h2>Appendix A. Standard post-harvest procedures [Original and translation]</h2>
<p>(See translation below.)</p>
<p>Communicated by the El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (MAG, 2005). </p>
<p><b>Datos del informe de Pacaya (<i>Chamaedorea tepejilote</i>):</b></p>
<p>La Pacaya se cultiva desde los 400 m.s.n.m. hasta los 800 m.s.n.m. En la actualidad, este cultivo se encuentra asociado con cultivos de café.</p>
<p>El inicio de la cosecha de este cultivo comienza en agosto y termina en diciembre. Siendo aproximadamente 5 meses de producción.</p>
<p><b>Datos generales:</b></p>
<p>El distanciamiento por Ha. es de 1.5 por 1.5. Esto da una densidad de 3,334 plantas por ha y una planta produce 5 Pacayas por corte. Esto da una producción de 16,670 Pacayas por corte y se calcula que son de dos a tres cortes por temporada.</p>
<p>El peso de 5 Pacayas con una bráctea es 0.45 kilogramos Con este peso se calcula 4 toneladas por hectárea.</p>
<p>Área aproximada de siembra total a nivel nacional: 200 hectáreas.</p>
<p>La presentación del producto para su exportación puede ser sin bráctea o con una bráctea interna ambas con pedúnculo de una pulgada.</p>
<p>El cultivo de pacaya comienza a producir tres años después de la siembra.</p>
<p>El tratamiento poscosecha consiste en:</p>
<p>- Lavado: sumergimiento en tinas por 10 seg. con hipoclorito a 50 ppm.</p>
<p>- Tratamiento térmico: 10 seg. a 62oC.</p>
<p>- Secado por centrifugación</p>
<p>- Empaque en bandejas de 2 libras.</p>
<p>El volumen estimado a exportar es de 20-25 toneladas por año.</p>
<p>Zonas de siembra: Departamentos de: Ahuachapan, San Salvador, Cuscatlan, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, La Libertad, La Paz, San Vicente, y Usulutan.</p>
<p>Importancia: con la siembra de una mayor área del cultivo se favorecería la protección del medio ambiente y del recurso suelo por ser un cultivo que se siembra en asocio con café y en suelos principalmente, con pendientes pronunciadas. Adicionalmente se mejorarían los ingresos de los productores (como consecuencia de su grupo familiar) así como la calidad de vida. Se daría una diversificación de la agricultura tradicional y se generaría una mayor fuente de trabajo para los trabajadores del área rural.</p>
<p>Communicated by the El Salvador Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal (MAG, 2005).</p>
<p><b>Information for the Pacaya Report</b> (<i>Chamaedorea tepejilote</i>)</p>
<p>Pacaya is grown between 400 and 800 meters above sea level and usually in association with coffee production.</p>
<p>Harvest begins in August and ends in December, which is approximately 5 months of production per year.</p>
<p><b>General Information
</b></p>
<p>The distance is between plants 1.5 m by 1.5 m. This separation gives a density of 3,334 plants per hectare and one plant produces 5 Pacayas each cutting. This arrangement results in 16,670 Pacayas for each cutting and there are three cutting each season. Five Pacayas, with bracts, weighs 0.45 Kg which gives a total production of 4 metric tons per hectare per year.
</p>
<p>Total area planted nationally is approximately 200 ha.</p>
<p>The export grade Pacaya does not have a bract or is with an internal bract.  In either case a peduncle the Pacayas are cut with a one inch peduncle or stalk.</p>
<p>Production begins three years after planting.</p>
<p>Post-harvest treatment consists of the following:
</p>
<p>-Washing is by submerging the Pacaya in vats containing a solution 50 ppm bleach for 10 seconds
</p>
<p>- Heat treatment of at 62 C for 10 seconds
</p>
<p>-Drying by centrifugation
</p>
<p>-Package in 2 lbs bags</p>
<p>The estimated export volume is 20-25 metric tons per year.</p>
<p>The production zones are the departments or states of Ahuachapan, Sna Salvador, Cuscatlan, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, La Libertad, La Paz, San Vincente, and Usulutan.</p>
<p>Note: Cultivation of Pacaya is principally in areas which need environmental protections and soil conservation. In particular, Pacaya is grown in association with coffee production and on steep slopes. Also, Pacaya production could improve family income which improves the quality of life for many farmers. Additional benefits are diversification of traditional agriculture and increased employment in the rural areas.</p>
<p><b>Appendix B. Interceptions of quarantine pests on <i>Chamaedorea</i> sp. and <i>C. tepejilote</i> from 1985 to 2008</b>.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Quarantine pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Baggage</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cargo</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Stores</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Total</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>General</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Permit</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Abgrallaspis</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p>219</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>234</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acalles</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Acrolepiidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acutaleyrodes</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acutaspis</i> <i>albopicta</i> (Cockerell) (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>83</p>
</td>	<td><p>146</p>
</td>	<td><p>53</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>284</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acutaspis</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agallia</i> <i>modesta</i> Osborn & Ball (Cicadellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Agriolimacidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Agromyzidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alagoasa</i> sp. (Ahrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocanthus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocerus</i> <i>palmae</i> (Russell) (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>384</p>
</td>	<td><p>294</p>
</td>	<td><p>935</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1,614</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocerus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>397</p>
</td>	<td><p>1,791</p>
</td>	<td><p>71</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2,261</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurodicus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroglandulus</i> <i>similis</i> Bondar (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroglandulus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurolobus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroplatus</i> <i>cococolus</i> Quaintance & Baker (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>166</p>
</td>	<td><p>266</p>
</td>	<td><p>28</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>460</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroplatus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>728</p>
</td>	<td><p>295</p>
</td>	<td><p>29</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1,060</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurothrixus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotrachelus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>42</p>
</td>	<td><p>114</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>163</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotulus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>24</p>
</td>	<td><p>320</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>348</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aleyrodidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>36</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aleyrodinae, species of (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Altica</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amblyomma</i> sp. (Ixodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amorbia</i> sp. (Tortricidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anasa</i> sp. (Coreidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha</i> sp. (Tephritidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anchonus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anomala</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anthonomus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anthostomella</i> sp. (Xylariaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aphididae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis</i> sp. (Aphididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Apion</i> sp. (Apionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Apis</i> <i>mellifera</i> (Linnaeus) (Apidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Arctiidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ascochyta</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td>	<td><p>56</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>83</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asphaera</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asphodelus</i> <i>fistulosus</i> Linnaeus (Asphodelaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Asteraceae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Asterolecaniidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asterolecanium</i> <i>inlabefactum</i> Russell (Asterolecaniidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1,193</p>
</td>	<td><p>564</p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>1,779</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asterolecanium</i> sp. (Asterolecaniidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p>20</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>38</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aulacaspis</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aulacoscelis</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Baridinae, species of (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Baris</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Blapstinus</i> sp. (Tenebrionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Blissus</i> sp. (Blissidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Botryosphaeria</i> sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brachybaenus</i> sp. (Gryllacrididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brachystylus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Brassolidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus</i> <i>chamaedorea</i> Baker, Tuttle, & Abbatielo (Tenuipalpidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p>50</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>73</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus</i> sp. (Tenuipalpidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Buprestidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calcisuccinea</i> aff. <i>Luteola</i> (Gould) (Succineidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calcisuccinea</i> sp. (Succineidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calligrapha</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala</i> <i>gerstaeckeri</i> Boheman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>48</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>50</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala</i> <i>marginipennis</i> Boheman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>240</p>
</td>	<td><p>38</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>282</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Camirus</i> sp. (Scutelleridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Caryobruchus</i> sp. (Bruchidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Carystoides</i> sp. (Hesperiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cassidinae, species of (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cassidini, species of (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Catolethrus</i> <i>longulus</i> Boheman (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Catolethrus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cecidomyiidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceraspis</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cerataphis</i> sp. (Aphididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cercopidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora</i> sp. (Hyphomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>24</p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p>34</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>72</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes</i> <i>rubens</i> maskell (Coccidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes</i> sp. (Coccidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cerotoma</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetocnema</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chalcodermus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chalepus</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotella</i> <i>proxima</i> Boheman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotella</i> <i>semiatrata</i> Boheman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotella</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>186</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>199</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotella</i> <i>trisignata</i> (Boh.) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>20</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>28</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotella tuberculata</i> (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotis aurofasciata</i> Erichson (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotis leprieuri</i> Boheman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotis seminulum</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotis</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chariodotella</i> <i>sexpunctata</i> (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chelymorpha</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chloropidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cholus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chorizococcus</i> sp. (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chrysauginae, species of (Pyralidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chrysomelidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>44</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>62</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chrysomelinae, species of (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cicadellidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (Hyphomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coccidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>40</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccodiella</i> <i>chamaedoreae</i> (Syd.) Hino & Katum. (Phyllachoraceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>332</p>
</td>	<td><p>795</p>
</td>	<td><p>35</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1,163</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccostroma</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccotrypes</i> sp. (Scolytidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus</i> sp. (Coccidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus</i> <i>viridis</i> (Green) (Coccidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coelomycetes, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coelonertus nigrirostris</i> Solari (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coelonertus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colaspis</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>22</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>30</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coniothyrium</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conoderus rugicollis</i> Champion (Elateridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conoderus varians</i> (Steinheil) (Elateridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conotrachelus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>37</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>41</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Contarinia</i> sp. (Cecidomyiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cophes</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Copitarsia</i> sp. (Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coptocycla dorsoplagiata</i> (Champ.) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coptocycla leprosa</i> Boheman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coptocycla semiatrata</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coptocycla sordida</i> Bakeman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>60</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>64</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coptocycla</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coreidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Corynespora</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cosmopterigidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Crambidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Crematogaster</i> sp. (Formicidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Crypticerya rosae</i> Riley & Howard (Margarodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Crypticerya</i> sp. (Margarodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cryptorhynchinae, species of (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptorhynchus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ctenochira hieroglyphica</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Ctenuchinae, species of (Arctiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Curculio</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Curculionidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>30</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>47</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Curculioninae, species of (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Curvularia pallescens</i> Boedijn (Hyphomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Curvularia</i> sp. (Hyphomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cyclocephala</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cyclorrhapha</i>, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cydia</i> sp. (Tortricidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Deloyala</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>20</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Deloyala zetterstedti</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Delphacidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Demotispa</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Derelomus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Deuterocampta</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica undecimpunctata</i> Mannerheim (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Diaspididae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diaspidiotus</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diaspis</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>38</p>
</td>	<td><p>385</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>427</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Didymella</i> sp. (Pleosporaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Didymosphaeria</i> sp. (Didymosphaeriaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dinaspis aculeata</i> Ferris (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>82</p>
</td>	<td><p>422</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>522</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diplotaxis</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Diptera, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Disonycha</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dothiorella</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dyscinetus</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus</i> sp. (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eburia</i> sp. (Cerambycidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Elateridae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eleodes</i> sp. (Tenebrionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Empoasca</i> sp. (Cicadellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Entiminae, species of (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epicaerus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epilachna mexicana</i> (Guerin-Meneville) (Coccinellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eubulus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eucalandra</i> sp. (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eupatorium</i> sp. (Asteraceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Exitianus</i> sp. (Cicadellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Fabaceae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ferrisia</i> sp. (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fiorinia</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Flatidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella</i> sp. (Thripidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Furcaspis</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>103</p>
</td>	<td><p>164</p>
</td>	<td><p>147</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>416</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium</i> sp. (Hyphomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>147</p>
</td>	<td><p>41</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>191</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusicoccum</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gelechiidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Geometridae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gerstaeckeria</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Glomerella</i> sp. (Glomerellaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>25</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>28</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gnathotrichus</i> sp. (Scolytidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gracillariidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>37</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Grammodes geometrica orientalis</i> Warren (Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gryllacrididae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gryllidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Guignardia</i> sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gynandrobrotica lepida</i> (Say) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gynandrobrotica</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Halysidota</i> sp. (Arctiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heilipus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicella virgata</i> Dacosta (Hygromiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemiberlesia</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hesperiidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p>160</p>
</td>	<td><p>57</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>228</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Heteroptera, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hispinae, species of (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Homoptera, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hoplandrothrips</i> sp. (Phlaeothripidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hypocryphalus</i> sp. (Scolytidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hypothenemus</i> sp. (Scolytidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Icerya montserratensis</i> Riley & Howard (Margarodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Icerya</i> sp. (Margarodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Insecta, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Isorhinus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lamiinae, species of (Cerambycidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Laminicoccus pandani</i> (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leidyula moreleti</i> (Fischer) (Veronicellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lema</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lepidoptera, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptinotarsa nitidicollis</i> (Stal) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptodothiorella</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptosphaeria</i> sp. (Leptosphaeriaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ligyrocoris</i> sp. (Rhyparochromidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ligyrus</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Limacidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Limacodidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Linochora</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Listroderes</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Listronotus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Llaveiella</i> sp. (Margarodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lobometopon</i> sp. (Tenebrionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lophodermium</i> sp. (Rhytismataceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lycaenidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lygaeidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrodactylus</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrohaltica</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrophoma</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Malacorhinus irregularis</i> (Jacoby) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Malleolaspis mammata</i> Ferris (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>62</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>81</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Malleolaspis</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>493</p>
</td>	<td><p>855</p>
</td>	<td><p>29</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1,379</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Margarodidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p>61</p>
</td>	<td><p>32</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>104</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Marmara</i> sp. (Gracillariidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Maruca vitrata</i> (Fabricius) (Crambidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melanaspis</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melanconium</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Membracidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius hemipterus</i> (Linnaeus) (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius hemipterus carbonarius</i> (Chevrolat) (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>23</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius hemipterus hemipterus</i> (linnaeus) (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius hemipterus sericeus</i> (Olivier) (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius</i> sp. (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>64</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>65</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metriona crucipennis</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metriona erratica</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metriona</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metriona trisignata</i> Boheman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microcentrum</i> sp. (Tettigoniidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microctenochira cumulata</i> (boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microctenochira ferranti</i> (Spaeth) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microctenochira hieroglyphica</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microctenochira</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>111</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>126</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microctenochira vivida</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>24</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>27</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microsphaeropsis</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mikania micrantha</i> Humboldt Bonpland, et Kunth. (Asteraceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mikania</i> sp. (Asteraceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Miridae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Mollusca, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Monoxia</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycosphaerella advena</i> Syd. (Mycosphaerellaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycosphaerella palmae</i> Miles (Mycosphaerellaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycosphaerella</i> sp. (Mycosphaerellaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>67</p>
</td>	<td><p>137</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>207</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myochrous</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myodocha intermedia</i> Distant (Rhyparochromidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoconocephalus</i> sp. (Tettigoniidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nipaecoccus</i> sp. (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>24</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Noctuidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nodonota</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Notodontidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Notolomus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Nymphulinae, species of (Crambidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nysius</i> sp. (Lygaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ochlerus</i> sp. (Pentatomidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Octotoma</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Odontota</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Oecophoridae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ogdoecosta catenulata</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ogdoecosta</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Omphalia flavida</i> (Cke.) Maubl. & Rangel (Tricholomataceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oncometopia clarior</i> (Walker) (Cicadellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ophiodothella</i> sp. (Phyllachoraceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>23</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opogona</i> sp. (Tineidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opsiphanes</i> sp. (Brassolidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>23</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orocharis</i> sp. (Gryllidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Osbornellus</i> sp. (Cicadellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ozophora consanguineus</i> (Distant) (Rhyparochromidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pallifera costaricensis</i> (Mörch) (Philomycidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pallifera</i> sp. (Philomycidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>50</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>53</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Palmaspis</i> sp. (Asterolecaniidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pandeleteius</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paraleurolobus chamaedoreae</i> Russell (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paraleurolobus</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p>94</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>104</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paraleyrodes bondari</i> Peracchi (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paraleyrodes citri</i> Bondar (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paraleyrodes</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parallelia</i> sp. (Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paria</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parisoschoenus flavolimbatus</i> Champion (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parisoschoenus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>95</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>99</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parlatoria</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paroecanthus aztecus</i> Saussure (Gryllidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pelidnota</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pentatomidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pentatomoidea, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Periconia</i> sp. (Hyphomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Peritrechus gracilicornis</i> Puton (Rhyparochromidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phaeoseptoria</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>65</p>
</td>	<td><p>43</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>108</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phaeosphaeria palmarum chaudhuri</i>(EcoPort Record) & P.N. Rao (Phaeosphaeriaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>54</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>60</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phaeosphaeria</i> sp. (Phaeosphaeriaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p>47</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>57</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pheidole punctatissima</i> Mayr (Formicidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pheidole</i> sp. (Formicidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus</i> sp. (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phoma</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p>35</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>49</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phomopsis</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>33</p>
</td>	<td><p>70</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>107</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phoradendron</i> sp. (Santalaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p>57</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>83</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phycitinae, species of (Pyralidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllachora</i> sp. (Phyllachoraceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllocnistis</i> sp. (Gracillariidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>22</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>31</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllophaga</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllosticta</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllotreta</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Physalospora</i> sp. (Hyponectriaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Physonota</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Physorhinus</i> sp. (Elateridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pieridae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pityophthorus</i> sp. (Scolytidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plagiometriona</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i> (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus</i> sp. (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Platynota</i> sp. (Tortricidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis</i> (Green) (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudocercospora</i> sp. (Hyphomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pseudococcidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>46</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus</i> sp. (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudoparlatoria carolilehmanni</i> balachowsky (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudoparlatoria</i> sp. (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Psyllidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia cymbopogonis</i> Mass (Pucciniaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia tillandsiae</i> Cumm. & Pollack (Pucciniaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pulvinaria</i> sp. (Coccidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyralidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyraloidea, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pyrenochaeta</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>34</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Raoiella indica</i> hirst (Tenuipalpidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Resseliella</i> sp. (Cecidomyiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Retracrus johnstoni</i> Keifer (Nalepellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Reuteroscopus</i> sp. (Miridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhabdopterus</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhinostomus barbirostris</i> (Fabricius) (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rottboellia cochinchinensis</i> (Lour.) Clayton (Poaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saccharum</i> sp. (Poaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia</i> sp. (Coccidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Santalaceae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> (Fischer) (Veronicellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Saturniidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Scarabaeidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Scolytidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Scrophulariaceae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Selenaspidopsis browni</i> Nakahara (Diaspididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Selenophoma</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Sesiidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sibine</i> sp. (Limacodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sibinia</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sipha</i> sp. (Aphididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sitona</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Sminthuridae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Solanum</i> sp. (Solanaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sphaeropsis</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sphenophorus</i> sp. (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stagonospora</i> sp. (Coelomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stictolobus minor</i> (Fowler) (Membracidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stilodes</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stolas</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Strategus</i> sp. (Scarabaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Succinea costaricana</i> Von Martens (Succineidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Succinea horticola</i> Reinhardt (Succineidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Syrphidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tanymecus</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tapinaspis annulus</i> (Fabricius) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tapinaspis</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tapinaspis wesmaeli</i> (Boheman) (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>30</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>34</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tenuipalpus</i> sp. (Tenuipalpidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetraleurodes</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetralicia</i> sp. (Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1,642</p>
</td>	<td><p>864</p>
</td>	<td><p>117</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2,623</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus</i> sp. (Tetranychidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tettigoniidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Theba pisana</i> (Müller) (Helicidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Thysanoptera, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tingidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tischeriidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomolips</i> sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tortricidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tortricinae, species of (Tortricidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tridax procumbens</i> Linnaeus (Asteraceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Triozidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Venturia</i> sp. (Venturiaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Veronicella</i> sp. (Veronicellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Veronicellidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>32</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>44</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Vinsonia stellifera</i> (Westwood) (Coccidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xenocassis amoena</i> Boheman (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xenochalepus</i> sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Yuccaborus</i> sp. (Dryophthoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Grand total</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>6,523</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>10,343</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>2,341</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>30</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>19,237</b></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>� BZ = Belize; CO = Colombia; CR = Costa Rica; GT = Guatemala; HN = Honduras; MX = Mexico; NI = Nicaragua; PA = Panama; SV = El Salvador; US = United States; AL = Alabama; CA = California; GA = Georgia; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; TX = Texas (Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species if considered a quarantine pest for the United States)
</p>
<p>� Plant Parts: Br=Branch, F=Fruit, I=Inflorescence, L=Leaf, R=Root, and S=Stem. N/A = Not Applicable (see text for more detail).
</p>
<p>� Brackets (“[ ]”) indicate that this is a quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States.
</p>
<p>� We found little information on B. hondurani. Brevipalpus species generally feed on leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, and trunks of host plants (Ochoa and Salas, 1989).
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>� Cephaloleia lata has been collected “from Mexico to Panama” (Strong, 1977).
</p>
<p>� Generally known as leaf rollers, some larvae of Cephaloleia sp. feed on the inflorescences of palms (Strong, 1977). As external feeders, any C. lata feeding on pacaya are highly likely to be removed via post-harvest treatments of cleaning, submersion, and bract removal.
</p>
<p>� Larvae bore into immature florets of palms (Howard et al., 2001).
</p>
<p>� We found little biological information for A. flavomarginatus. Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).
</p>
<p>� We found little biological information for A. magnus. Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).
</p>
<p>� Whiteflies usually infest leaves of plants and are rarely found on the stems (Nakahara, 1995).
</p>
<p>� Copitarsia sp. was intercepted on Chamaedorea sp. three times, in 1986, 1987, and 1988 (PestID, 2009), and a total of nine alive immatures were collected on Chamaedorea leaves, in general cargo, stores, and permit cargo. We found no published information that “palm” or Chamaedorea sp. are true hosts of any member of the Copitarsia genus. The three interceptions (more than 20 years ago) are insufficient evidence of host status. We concluded that this genus is highly unlikely to follow the pathway on pacaya.
</p>
<p>� Opogona sacchari is generally widespread in Central America (EPPO, n.d.).
</p>
<p>� Opogona larvae typically feed at the base of Chamaedorea palms, where the aerial roots enter the soil (Heppner et al., 1987). They are highly unlikely to occur in the inflorescences of Chamaedorea palms. Adults are highly mobile and are not likely to remain with the commodity through standard post-harvest treatments of washing and immersion
</p>
<p>� Although the authors described specimens from Belize and Costa Rica, B. chamaedoreae is considered widespread in Central America (Retana-Salazar and Mound, 2005).
</p>
<p>� This pathogen is only interveinal (Farr et al., 2009), which would prohibit it from infecting the immature inflorescence. Thus, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� Source = PestID, 2009. Not shown are three interceptions in mail (Coccodiella chamaedoreae; Helicidae, species of; and Pseudococcidae, species of), one interception in quarters (Malleolaspis sp.), and nine interceptions on miscellaneous items (Aleurocerus palmae; Aleuroplatus sp. [5 times]; Asteraceae, species of; Hypocryphalus sp. (Scolytidae); and Steiarrhinus sp. (Curculionidae)).
</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="footer"><p class="footer">PAGE  </p>
<p class="footer">Rev. 01
April 5, 2010
49</p>
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