GUIDANCE FOR ACHIEVING SAFE AND HEALTHY 

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS DURING HOME ENERGY 

RETROFITS

Healthy Indoor 

Environment

Protocols for Home 

Energy Upgrades
HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT PROTOCOLS FOR 

HOME ENERGY UPGRADES

i

Purpose and Scope

Millions of American homes will be retrofitted in the coming years to improve their energy efficiency, make them more 

“green” or add features their owners want. Integrated healthy home and energy-efficiency retrofit activities can simultaneously 

lower utility costs and improve indoor air quality. Leading energy-efficiency retrofit programs have demonstrated the feasibility 

of integrating many indoor air quality and safety improvements. However, home energy retrofit activities might negatively 

affect indoor air quality if the appropriate home assessment is not made before work begins and issues that may affect indoor 

air quality are not identified and properly addressed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed Healthy 

Indoor Environment Protocols for Home Energy Upgrades to provide practical guidance on improving or maintaining 

indoor air quality and indoor environments during home energy upgrades, retrofits or remodeling. 

The protocols apply to existing single-family and multi-family low-rise residential buildings. They provide guidance for 

conducting home assessments and undertaking the responses necessary to maintain or improve indoor air quality and safety. 

The protocols also can help improve the quality of home weatherization projects and other energy-efficiency retrofit or 

remodeling jobs, thus reducing failures and call-backs.

The protocols are intended for use by the home energy retrofit industry, including energy-efficiency retrofit and housing 

rehabilitation professionals and contractors, and others engaged in energy-focused residential retrofit, renovation or 

remodeling efforts. They are also intended for voluntary adoption by federal, state, tribal and local weatherization assistance 

programs, federally funded housing programs, industry standards organizations, private sector home performance contracting 

organizations and public and environmental health professionals.

EPA developed these voluntary protocols in coordination with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Workforce Guidelines 

for Home Energy Upgrades (http://www.weatherization.energy.gov/retrofit_guidelines) and the White House Council on 

Environmental Quality (CEQ) Recovery Through Retrofit initiative 

(http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Recovery_Through_Retrofit_Final_Report.pdf).

Programs and contractors undertaking energy retrofits and renovations are encouraged to coordinate their services with local 

health and housing resources to provide families the support they may need. 

This document is not intended to 1) set new EPA regulatory standards, 2) provide guidance on diagnosing occupant 

health problems or building-related illness, 3) address emerging issues that have not been linked to adverse health effects, 

4) make training or training documents unnecessary, 5) provide detailed guidance on how to achieve the intent of each 

recommendation in all situations or 6) identify funding availability or which programmatic funding sources should be used.
How the Protocols Are Organized

This document is organized into four sections to highlight priority indoor environmental issues that may relate to home 

energy-efficiency retrofits. 

1. Priority Issues are listed in Column 1.

2. The Assessment Protocols in Column 2 are EPA-recommended or EPA-required protocols for evaluating existing 

conditions of concern and the potential for additional concerns that may arise from retrofit activities.

3. The Minimum Actions in Column 3 include critical actions that home energy retrofit contractors should take to help 

ensure their work does not introduce new indoor air quality concerns or make existing conditions worse. These actions 

often refer to national standards and guidance; however, work should be conducted in compliance with state and local 

requirements as well. All equipment removals should include proper disposal so that hazardous units are not reinstalled 

or used elsewhere.

4. The Expanded Actions in Column 4 include additional actions to promote healthy indoor environments that can 

be taken during many home energy retrofit projects. They can be performed by properly trained home energy retrofit 

workers who have sufficient resources. National standards and guidance are also referenced; however, work should 

be conducted in compliance with state and local requirements as well. All equipment removals should include proper 

disposal so that hazardous units are not reinstalled or used elsewhere.

Relevant standards and guidance documents are listed in the Assessment Protocols, Minimum Actions and Expanded 

Actions columns for each priority issue in an abbreviated format that can be identified with more detailed information in the 

References section.

The icons used in these protocols are:

Indicates an issue where worker safety is a primary concern. See Appendix A: Worker Protection for information 

on assessing the risks to workers, recommended actions to minimize risks to workers’ health and safety and 

additional resources.

Indicates an issue where occupant education is especially important. If the icon appears in a priority issue section, 

appropriate occupant education about health and safety is strongly recommended as part of the retrofit activities. 

See Appendix B: Client Education for recommended occupant health messages and additional resources.

ii
Contents

PURPOSE AND SCOPE............................................................................................................................................. i

HOW THE PROTOCOLS ARE ORGANIZED ................................................................................................................. ii

CONTAMINANTS..................................................................................................................................... 1

ASBESTOS ....................................................................................................................................................... 1

BELOWGROUND CONTAMINANTS (EXCEPT RADON)........................................................................................... 3

BUILDING PRODUCTS/MATERIALS EMISSIONS.................................................................................................. 4

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) AND OTHER COMBUSTION APPLIANCE EMISSIONS

(NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS [VOCs] AND PARTICULATES)........................................... 6

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS)......................................................................................................... 7

GARAGE AIR POLLUTANTS (CO, BENZENE AND OTHER VOCs)............................................................................ 8

LEAD................................................................................................................................................................ 9

MOISTURE (MOLD AND OTHER BIOLOGICALS) .................................................................................................. 9

OZONE ........................................................................................................................................................... 11

PESTS............................................................................................................................................................ 11

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)........................................................................................................... 12

RADON........................................................................................................................................................... 12

WOOD SMOKE AND OTHER SOLID FUEL EMISSIONS ....................................................................................... 16

CRITICAL BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS................................................. 17

HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) EQUIPMENT ............................................................. 17

COMBUSTION SAFETY .................................................................................................................................... 18

Vented Combustion Appliances..................................................................................................................... 18

Unvented Combustion Appliances ................................................................................................................. 20

SOURCE VENTILATION.................................................................................................................................... 21

WHOLE-HOUSE VENTILATION FOR DISTRIBUTED CONTAMINANT SOURCES..................................................... 22

MULTI-FAMILY VENTILATION ........................................................................................................................... 22

SAFETY ................................................................................................................................................ 23

HOME SAFETY................................................................................................................................................ 23

JOBSITE SAFETY ............................................................................................................................................ 24

REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................... 26

STANDARDS AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................................... 26

GUIDANCE ..................................................................................................................................................... 27

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES............................................................................................................................... 31

APPENDICES........................................................................................................................................ 32

APPENDIX A: WORKER PROTECTION............................................................................................................... 32

APPENDIX B: CLIENT EDUCATION ................................................................................................................... 38

APPENDIX C: ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 43
1

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Measures to help home energy retrofit contractors 

identify common indoor air quality and safety 

concerns in homes. This document is not a 

guide to diagnosing occupant health problems or 

building-related illnesses.

Critical actions intended to ensure work does 

not potentially cause or worsen indoor air quality 

or safety problems for occupants or workers 

(i.e., “Do No Harm”). EPA recommends these 

protections for ALL retrofit projects. 

Additional actions to promote healthy indoor 

environments that can be taken during energyefficiency retrofit projects. EPA recommends 

considering these improvements when feasible.

CONTAMINANTS

Determine potential asbestos hazard. Consider 

the age of the structure; homes built after 1930 

and before the 1970s especially may have asbestos 

insulation. Asbestos may also be present in other 

building materials in homes built or renovated 

prior to the 1990s.

Note

Possible sources of asbestos are:

•	 Attic insulation (especially vermiculite).

•	 Wall insulation (e.g., vermiculite, insulation 

blocks). 

•	 Insulation on steam pipes, boilers and furnace 

ducts.

•	 Vinyl flooring (including 9-inch by 9-inch 

or 12-inch by 12-inch floor tiles, vinyl sheet 

flooring and the mastics and other adhesives used 

to secure the flooring).

•	 Cement sheet, millboard and paper used as 

insulation around furnaces and wood- or coalburning appliances.

•	 Door gaskets in furnaces and wood- or coalburning appliances (seals may contain asbestos).

•	 Soundproofing or decorative surface materials 

sprayed on walls or ceilings, including popcorn 

ceilings.

•	 Patching and joint compounds and textured 

paints on walls and ceilings.

•	 Roofing, shingles and siding (including cement or 

adhesives).

•	 Artificial ashes and embers (used in gas-fired 

fireplaces).

•	 Transite (cement and asbestos) combustion vent 

or transite flue. 

•	 Original plaster or plaster that is old enough to 

potentially contain asbestos.

If suspected asbestos-containing material (ACM) is 

in good condition, do not disturb.

If suspected ACM is damaged (e.g., unraveling, 

frayed, breaking apart), immediately isolate 

the area(s). For example, separate work area in 

question from occupied portions of the building 

using appropriate containment practices AND do 

not disturb. For suspected ACM that is damaged 

or that must be disturbed as part of the retrofit 

activity, contact an asbestos professional for 

abatement or repair, in accordance with federal, 

state and local requirements. Only a licensed or 

trained professional may abate, repair or remove 

ACM.

Note

Typically, trained professionals can repair asbestos 

by: 

•	 Sealing or Encapsulating: Treating the material 

with a sealant that either binds the asbestos 

fibers together or coats the material so fibers are 

not released. Pipe, furnace and boiler insulation 

can often be repaired this way.

•	 Covering or Enclosing: Placing a protective layer 

over OR around the ACM to prevent release of 

fibers. Exposed insulated piping may be covered 

with a protective wrap or jacket. 

•	 Removing: Removing ACM may be 

advantageous when remodeling OR making 

major changes to a home that will disturb 

ACM, or if ACM is damaged extensively and 

cannot be otherwise repaired (by covering, 

enclosing, sealing or encapsulating).

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HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT PROTOCOLS FOR HOME ENERGY UPGRADES

ASBESTOS

(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

If unsure whether material contains asbestos, 

contact a qualified asbestos professional to assess 

the material. Sample and test as needed.

Note

The EPA vermiculate guidance referenced below 

includes photos to aid the identification of 

vermiculite insulation.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

The National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (NIST) maintains a list of asbestos 

laboratories accredited under the National 

Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program 

(NVLAP):

•	 Call NIST at (301) 975-4016 or email 

NVLAP@nist.gov.

•	 NIST/NVLAP: Accredited Laboratories for 

the Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) Test 

Method.

•	 NIST/NVLAP: Accredited Laboratories for 

the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 

Test Method.

DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926, subpart Z. 

EPA Asbestos: Asbestos in Your Home.

EPA Asbestos: Regional and State Asbestos 

Contacts.

EPA Vermiculite.

If working in a pre-1980 building, see: 

Appendix A: Worker Protection – Asbestos and 

Confined Spaces. 

When working around ACM, do not:

•	 Dust, sweep or vacuum ACM debris. 

•	 Saw, sand, scrape or drill holes in the 

material.

•	 Use abrasive pads or brushes to strip 

materials.

Do not remove OR disturb attic insulation that 

looks like vermiculite unless the material has been 

tested and found not to contain asbestos.

Any asbestos abatement or repair work should be 

completed prior to blower door testing. Exercise 

appropriate caution when conducting blower door 

testing where friable asbestos or vermiculite attic 

insulation is present to avoid drawing asbestos 

fibers into the living space (i.e., use positively 

pressurized blower door testing) unless the 

material has been tested and found not to contain 

asbestos.

Notes

Appropriate identification of ACM is necessary to 

ensure the continued safety of the occupants and 

the safety of workers, who may not be aware of 

asbestos hazards.

If ACM may be disturbed during a planned 

retrofit, a competent person needs to conduct an 

initial exposure assessment to determine potential 

worker exposures and required exposure controls. 

Asbestos awareness training is recommended for 

retrofit workers, especially auditors and crew 

chiefs. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

BPI Technical Standards: Technical Standards for 

the Heating Professional. 

DOL, OSHA, Asbestos. 

DOL, OSHA, Asbestos – Construction.

EPA Asbestos: Asbestos in Your Home.

EPA Vermiculite.

ASBESTOS (continued)
3

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Visually evaluate potential sources AND check for 

odors of gasoline, sewer gas or fuel oil. 

Visually evaluate the integrity of sewer vent 

system (e.g., ensure drain traps have water in 

them, inspect drain lines for breaks or leaks), 

particularly if there is the odor of sewer gas in the 

home (e.g., during the initial assessment or a fan 

depressurization test).

If you detect an odor but cannot identify its source 

and the house is in a known contaminated area, 

notify local or state authorities AND/OR pursue 

additional assessment before making additional 

energy upgrades.

If soil or groundwater contamination is suspected 

on or near the building site (e.g., former industrial 

site), volatile contaminants or breakdown products 

may pose an indoor air quality risk through soil 

gas intrusion. In such cases, EPA recommends 

further assessment before air sealing. Consult 

your state OR tribal voluntary brownfield cleanup 

program OR environmental regulatory agency for 

information on the risks of vapor intrusion in your 

area.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ASTM E2600.

EPA OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating 

Vapor Intrusion.

Repair or replace failed or unattached sewer vent 

system components before proceeding with energy 

retrofits.

If the assessments reveal sewer gas odors from 

drain traps that are dry due to infrequent use, fill 

the traps with a non-toxic liquid that has a slow 

evaporation rate (e.g., mineral oil).

If soil gas vapor intrusion is suspected, assess 

AND mitigate in compliance with state or 

local standards. If there are no such standards, 

follow EPA guidance, below, for vapor intrusion 

evaluation and mitigation.

Note 

The causes or sources of contaminants must be 

identified and corrected before air sealing or other 

weatherization retrofit actions are performed to 

ensure the problem is not exacerbated.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASPE Data Book.

Conduct work in compliance with state and local 

standards. Otherwise follow:

ASTM E2600.

EPA OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating 

Vapor Intrusion.

EPA Vapor Intrusion Mitigation Approaches. 

If there is an untrapped floor drain, consider 

installing a low-cost floor drain seal like those 

often used during radon mitigations, as described 

in ASTM E2121.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ASTM E2121.

BELOWGROUND CONTAMINANTS (except radon)
4

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Review information on the contents of products 

being considered for purchase and installation 

during an energy upgrade project to determine 

whether they contain potentially hazardous 

compounds. Many of these products and 

materials (e.g., paints, particle board, pressed 

wood, insulation, sealants, plywood and cleaning 

supplies) may contain volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs), including formaldehyde, or other 

hazardous compounds to which exposure should 

be minimized or eliminated during and after an 

energy upgrade. 

Assess ventilation to determine compliance 

with the Minimum Actions and Whole-House 

Ventilation for Distributed Contaminant Sources 

(page 22).

Note:

Dilution using whole-house ventilation will help 

reduce VOCs and other airborne contaminants 

from indoor sources in most homes.

In most circumstances, testing for VOCs is not 

necessary. If odors or occupant complaints indicate 

potential VOCs or other airborne contaminants, 

follow the source control and ventilation actions 

under Minimum Actions and Expanded Actions.

If working with materials associated with chemical 

emissions or dust generation, including spray 

polyurethane foam insulation, see Jobsite Safety 

(page 24) and Appendix A: Worker Protection. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

American Chemistry Council: Spray Polyurethane 

Foam Health and Safety.

DOL, OSHA, Green Jobs Hazards.

EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam, Building 

Occupants and Other Workers Should Vacate 

During SPF Installation.

Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed 

Contaminant Sources (page 22).

Minimize occupant and worker exposure to VOCs 

or other airborne contaminants by: 

•	 Ensuring that work areas are properly isolated 

(e.g., by sealing with plastic sheeting) and 

ventilated to the outdoors during activities that 

result in VOC emissions (e.g., installing spray 

foam insulation, painting, sealing, finishing) 

AND that they are ventilated as close as 

possible to the source of those emissions.

•	 Using appropriate dust-control and protective 

equipment.

•	 Thoroughly cleaning work areas and allowing 

any odors to dissipate before re-occupancy. 

•	 Following manufacturers’ recommendations, 

which may indicate the need to evacuate 

building occupants and other unprotected 

individuals from work areas during and for 

some period after the use of a product.

Source Control

When installing new products and materials, 

consider using the least toxic product or material 

feasible to effectively do the job. For example, use 

products and materials that indicate they have (or 

are certified as having) low VOC content or low 

VOC emissions. 

Note:

California Title 17 requires reduced formaldehyde 

emissions from composite wood products and 

finished goods that contain composite wood 

products sold, offered for sale, supplied, used or 

manufactured for sale in California.

Ventilation 

Ensure the home meets the Minimum Actions 

in the Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed 

Contaminant Sources section (page 22). 

Ventilate the building with as much outside air 

as possible before permanently occupying. Do 

not conduct a “bake-out” in an attempt to reduce 

VOC emissions after the building is occupied, 

because it may cause VOCs to be absorbed by 

other interior materials and may damage building 

components.

New Products Source Control

When available, specify products and materials 

that meet independent certification and testing 

protocols, such as:

•	 California Department of Public Health, 

Emission Testing Method for California 

Specification 01350.

•	 Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label 

or Green Label Plus program criteria or 

equivalent standards for carpet.

•	 Collaborative for High Performance Schools 

(CHPS) High Performance Products Database.

•	 Green Seal Standard GS-11.

•	 Greenguard Children and Schools 

Certification Program.

•	 Master Painters Institute (MPI) Green 

Performance Standards GPS-1 or GPS-2.

•	 Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) Standard 

EC-10.2-2007, Indoor Advantage Gold.

When installing structural plywood or pressed or 

composite wood products, select those that are 

certified compliant with California Title 17. If 

California Title 17 compliant materials are not 

available, use products that meet section 6.1 of EPA’s 

Indoor airPLUS Construction Specifications. 

Existing Condition Source Control/

Supplemental Ventilation

If odors, complaints or testing indicate potential 

VOCs or other airborne contaminants, remove 

any potential sources (e.g., hobby materials, 

fiberglass that may contain formaldehyde) from 

the room or area. If removal is not feasible, 

consider installing local exhaust ventilation for 

sources that are isolated in a specific room or area.

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BUILDING PRODUCTS/ MATERIALS EMISSIONS
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PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Relevant Guidance/Standards

American Chemistry Council: Spray Polyurethane 

Foam Health and Safety.

California Title 17.

EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam.

Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed 

Contaminant Sources (page 22).

Seal composite wood products (e.g., particle board 

and pressed wood) that are not compliant with 

California Title 17 or that do not meet section 

6.1 of EPA’s Indoor airPLUS Construction 

Specifications with a sealant intended to reduce 

VOC emissions. Seal all exposed surfaces and 

holes, as appropriate. Check with vendors for 

recommendations on sealing their engineered 

wood products. If these actions do not solve 

the problem (e.g., persistent odors, occupant 

complaints), hiring an environmental professional 

and testing may be necessary.

Testing

If VOCs appear to be present based on odors or 

complaints and source control or ventilation do 

not alleviate the problem, testing by a qualified 

professional may be useful. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

California Department of Public Health, Emission 

Testing Method for California Specification 

01350.

California Title 17.

CARB: Formaldehyde. 

CHPS.

CRI.

EPA Design for the Environment.

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification Section 6. 

Green Seal Standard GS-11.

Greenguard Children and Schools Certification 

Program.

MPI GPS-1 and GPS-2.

SCS Standard EC-10.2-2007.

Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed 

Contaminant Sources (page 22).

BUILDING PRODUCTS/ MATERIALS EMISSIONS (continued)
6

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Locate and identify any fuel-burning combustion 

appliances in the home (e.g., gas, oil, kerosene, 

wood- or coal-burning appliances). See 

Combustion Safety (page 18) and Wood Smoke 

and Other Solid Fuel Emissions (page 16) 

for assessment protocols to complete safety 

inspections of all combustion appliances in a 

dwelling.

Determine if there is an attached garage. See 

Garage Air Pollutants (page 8) for ways to locate 

air leaks from a garage to occupied spaces.

Determine whether there are working carbon 

monoxide (CO) alarms and smoke alarms.

Ask occupants whether they have supplemental 

portable combustion equipment (e.g., generators, 

unvented gas or kerosene space heaters).

Test interior living space for CO. Avoid testing 

near combustion equipment that has already 

undergone CO testing. 

Test for CO outside of the home (e.g., near front 

entrance) to document general outdoor levels. 

Avoid testing near obvious sources of CO (e.g., 

motor vehicles, lawn equipment). 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

BPI-1100-T-2010, Combustion Appliance Testing 

section.

Combustion Safety (page 18).

Garage Air Pollutants (page 8).

Wood Smoke and Other Solid Fuel Emissions 

(page 16). 

If CO levels in interior living spaces exceed 

outdoor levels, investigate potential sources and 

take appropriate action to reduce them (e.g., have 

a qualified professional tune, repair or replace 

improperly operating combustion appliances; 

apply weatherstripping or conduct air sealing 

between the garage and the home). 

Specify and install CO alarms in all homes. See 

Home Safety (page 23) for details.

See Garage Air Pollutants (page 8) for 

recommendations on how to minimize the 

movement of air and contaminants (including CO 

and other combustion appliance emissions) from 

the garage to the house. 

See Combustion Safety (page 18) and Heating, 

Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 

Equipment (page 17), as appropriate, for 

recommendations on repairing, removing or 

replacing combustion appliances. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

Combustion Safety (page 18).

Garage Air Pollutants (page 8).

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning 

(HVAC) Equipment (page 17).

Home Safety (page 23).

See Home Safety (page 23) for recommended 

installation of CO alarms that can detect and store 

peak CO levels of less than 30 ppm.

See the Expanded Actions for Garage 

Air Pollutants (page 8) for additional 

recommendations on minimizing airflow from the 

garage to the house. 

See the Expanded Actions for Combustion Safety 

(page 18) for additional recommendations on 

repairing, removing or replacing combustion 

appliances. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

Combustion Safety (page 18).

Garage Air Pollutants (page 8).

Home Safety (page 23). 

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) AND OTHER COMBUSTION APPLIANCE EMISSIONS (NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS [VOCs] AND PARTICULATES)
7

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Single Family Dwelling: Look for signs of smoking 

indoors (e.g., ashtrays, cigarette packs, odors).

Multi-Family Dwelling: Determine whether there 

is a smoke-free housing policy. Determine whether 

tenants have complained about smoking odors or 

smoking related concerns.

Single-Family Dwelling: See Appendix B: Client 

Education.

Multi-Family Dwelling: If there have been 

complaints, ask the owner if a smoke-free housing 

policy is being considered. If a policy has not 

been adopted, address the complaints through the 

following actions: 

•	 Reduce unintended excess airflow from 

common exhaust ventilation systems due to 

duct and shaft leakage, excess fan flow and 

unbalanced unit flows.

•	 Seal enough to enable ventilation systems 

to increase capture in smokers’ units, match 

flows to remove fan-induced pressure 

difference between units, and increase 

outdoor air supply ventilation rates in nonsmokers’ units.

•	 Reduce ETS transfer from smokers’ units by:

• Air sealing the walls, ceilings and floors 

that separate the unit from neighboring 

units, corridors, chases and stairwells. Seal 

smoker’s unit as tightly as possible.

• Adjusting outdoor air and exhaust flows 

so the unit is negative relative to bounding 

wall and ceiling cavities and the overall 

ventilation rate for the unit has increased. 

Smoke current tubes or other air flow tests 

should show that air flows into the dwelling 

unit through openings in bounding walls 

(e.g., electrical outlets).

Note 

The above air sealing strategies are intended to help 

reduce the exposure of occupants in the non-smoking 

units adjacent to the smokers’ units. These actions 

may not reduce the risks of ETS to occupants living 

in the smokers’ units.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010. 

MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco 

Smoke Transfer in Minnesota Multifamily 

Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation 

Treatments.

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ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) 

(Continued on next page)
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PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in 

Existing or New Buildings with Central Roof 

Exhaust.

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in 

Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have FanPowered Ventilation Systems. 

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in 

New and Existing Multi-Family Buildings with 

Individual Unit Ventilation Systems.

If there is an attached garage (i.e., sharing at least 

one wall, ceiling, ductwork, etc.), identify the 

location of any air leaks from the garage to the 

occupied spaces that may provide pathways for 

hazardous emissions to enter the occupied spaces. 

Look for leaks around walls, doors, ceilings, 

ductwork, air conditioners, furnaces, chimneys 

and electrical and pipe penetrations.

Determine (visual inspection and/or occupant 

inquiry) if there are unvented combustion 

appliances or hobby equipment that may be used 

in the garage.

Note

If combustion appliances are present, see Carbon 

Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion Appliance 

Emissions (page 6), Vented Combustion Appliances 

(page 18) and Unvented Combustion Appliances 

(page 20) for recommended actions.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion 

Appliance Emissions (page 6).

Energy Conservatory: Blower Door.

Unvented Combustion Appliances (page 20).

Vented Combustion Appliances (page 18).

To minimize the movement of air and 

contaminants from the attached garage to the 

house, air seal walls and ceilings separating the 

garage from the living spaces.

At a minimum, air seal these locations (if present):

•	 Doors (ensure tight closure AND install 

weather-stripping).

•	 Electrical, plumbing and duct penetrations.

•	 Cracks between mud sill, rim joists, subfloors 

and/or bottom of gypsum board.

•	 Leaks in the ductwork and air handlers and 

gaps around the ductwork penetrating from 

the garage to the occupied space. 

To keep garage air from being drawn into the 

home, eliminate or disconnect supply diffusers 

and return grilles in the garage that connect to air 

handlers serving the occupied space. 

If heat is needed in the garage, use a properly 

installed supplemental heating system.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ACCA 5 QI-2010.

ASHRAE 62.2-2010.

Steps that can reduce air pressure in the garage 

and minimize flow from the garage to the house 

include the following:

•	 If occupants spend significant time in the 

garage (e.g., the garage is used as a workshop 

or playroom), at a minimum, install local 

exhaust fan(s) rated for continuous operation 

and vented outdoors in attached garages in 

accordance with section 5.6 of EPA’s Indoor 

airPLUS Construction Specifications or 2009 

International Mechanical Code, table 403.3.

•	 Relocate the air handling equipment and 

associated ductwork from the garage to an area 

within a conditioned space.

•	 If accessible, add blocking in the floor system 

to assist with air sealing between the garage 

and living space in homes that have a room 

above the garage. 

•	 Use advanced blower door techniques (see 

guidance listed below) to identify air leakage 

pathways between the house and garage and 

to verify the effectiveness of air sealing.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification 5.6.

Home Energy, Advanced Blower Door 

Techniques.

International Mechanical Code, 2009.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) (continued)

GARAGE AIR POLLUTANTS (CO, BENZENE AND VOCS)
9

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Assume there is lead-based paint in homes built 

before 1978 unless testing shows otherwise. 

Determine whether paint will be disturbed by the 

work or the assessment. 

Consider using an EPA-recognized testing method 

(e.g., X-ray fluorescence [XRF] testing, or an 

on-site test kit) on suspect surfaces that will be 

disturbed in order to determine whether the 

paint is lead-based. The lead-safe work practices 

minimum and expanded actions apply only to 

paint assumed to be or tested to confirm that it is 

lead-based.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

HUD Title 24.

EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) 

Program Rule: 24 CFR Part 25, subpart J.

EPA Lead.

EPA Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and 

Painting Program: Small Entity Compliance 

Guide to Renovate Right. 

If working in a pre-1978 building, see 

Appendix A: Worker Protection – Lead.

Comply with EPA’s Lead-Based Paint Renovation, 

Repair, and Painting (RRP) Program Rule. Among 

the rule’s key elements are:

•	 Use a Certified Renovator.

•	 Follow lead-safe work practices if disturbing 

more than 6 ft2 of interior or 20 ft2 of exterior 

painted surfaces.

•	 Contain the work area to avoid resident 

exposure. 

•	 Minimize lead dust and leave no dust or 

debris behind.

•	 Achieve visual post-cleaning criteria. 

Comply with state and local lead-related 

regulations, which may be applicable to lead 

hazard reduction activities and may require 

additional certified personnel.

Note

This is not a complete summary of the regulatory 

requirements. The intent of this protocol is to 

promote the most health-protective steps that 

are feasible and practical. The minimum action 

recommended in this protocol is to comply with 

whatever the most current version of the RRP 

Program Rule prescribes.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

DOL, OSHA, Lead. 

EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) 

Program Rule: 24 CFR Part 25, subpart J.

EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) 

Program Rule: 40 CFR Part 745.

EPA Lead Accredited Training Programs.

Follow the U.S. Department of Housing 

and Urban Development (HUD) lead-safe 

rehabilitation practices. In addition to EPA’s RRP, 

these HUD practices:

•	 Lower the thresholds for interior painted 

surface area from 6 ft2 to 2 ft2.

•	 Require repair of painted surfaces that 

are disturbed when using lead-safe work 

practices. 

•	 Require meeting lead dust clearance testing 

standards if more than 2 ft2 of paint is 

disturbed.

Note

Lead dust clearance testing includes measuring 

for lead dust on floors, windowsills and window 

troughs. See NCHH Fact Sheet: Testing for LeadContaminated Dust. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) 

Program Rule: 24 CFR Part 25, subpart J.

HUD Lead Safe Work Practices.

NCHH Fact Sheet: Testing for LeadContaminated Dust.

Inspect the interior and exterior of the building 

for evidence of moisture problems. Document 

the extent and location of the problems, and 

the proposed repairs, to avoid exacerbating the 

problems when the repairs are made. Examples of 

moisture and mold problems are:

•	 Water damage or stains.

•	 Foundation cracks that leak water.

•	 Visible mold growth.

Repair roof leaks before air sealing or insulating the 

attic.

Address surface water pooling near the foundation 

before insulating basement or crawlspace walls near 

wet areas.

Repair additional moisture problems identified 

during the assessment (e.g., plumbing leaks, 

rain leaks including leaks around windows and 

flashing, and foundation leaks).

Retrofit crawlspaces so that they are unvented, 

sealed, insulated, properly drained and 

waterproofed, following guidance in section 

1.4 of EPA’s Indoor airPLUS Construction 

Specifications.

(Continued on next page)

LEAD

MOISTURE (MOLD AND OTHER BIOLOGICALS)
10

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

•	 Wet or damp spots.

•	 Musty odor.

•	 Moisture damage on windows.

•	 Groundwater, surface water and rainwater 

intrusion. 

•	 Plumbing leaks. 

•	 Condensation.

•	 Consider temperature, relative humidity 

and absolute humidity (e.g., dew point 

temperature and humidity ratio [i.e., pounds 

or grains of water vapor per pound of dry 

air]).

Determine whether the project requires 

mold remediation and additional moisture 

control measures (e.g., as determined during a 

Weatherization Assistance Program audit).

Document which moisture problems will be 

addressed as part of the energy-conserving project, 

and which must be repaired by the homeowner or 

another contractor before certain, specific energy 

conserving measures can be implemented. 

If moisture issues cannot be addressed, do not 

install energy upgrades that will reduce the 

home’s air infiltration rate. Homes where this may 

be the case include those that have significant 

condensation or humidity problems, such as 

condensation on multiple windows, condensation 

in attics or significant moisture or mold problems 

that are beyond the scope of the remedies under 

Minimum Actions.

See Appendix A: Worker Protection – Mold and 

Confined Spaces as appropriate.

Manage rainwater in assemblies receiving retrofits 

(e.g., drainage planes and flashings), following 

guidance in EPA’s Indoor airPLUS Construction 

Specifications 1.5 and 1.6.

Ensure proper HVAC condensate drainage.

Prevent condensation in the enclosure by:

•	 Air sealing the enclosure. Note: This also 

prevents ice dams in cold, snowy climates.

•	 Managing water vapor flow and condensing 

surface temperatures to avoid dew point 

conditions (achieved by selection of materials 

with appropriate combination of R-value and 

vapor permeability).

•	 Managing air pressure relationships as needed.

•	 Controlling indoor humidity sources, for 

example:

• Ensuring bath fans are operating properly 

and vented to the outdoors.

• Ensuring clothes dryers are correctly vented 

to the outdoors.

• Covering earthen floors in basements and 

crawlspaces with sealed vapor barriers; seal 

sump crocks.

• If adding an air conditioning (AC) unit, 

ensure it is sized properly. If the relative 

humidity or moisture in the air is high, 

evaluate whether the AC unit is oversized.

• Install dehumidifiers, if appropriate.

• Remove unvented combustion space heaters.

• Ensure proper crawlspace ventilation.

• Ensure proper attic ventilation, unless sealed 

or conditioned.

Conduct any required mold remediation following 

EPA or other professional guidance (see see 

Appendix A, Mold section, page 34). 

See Mold and Moisture section in Appendix B: 

Client Education. 

Perform additional activities, beyond those 

required for the weatherization project, in order to 

remediate any mold growth. Follow EPA or other 

professional guidance (see Appendix A, Mold 

section, page 34).

Relevant Guidance/Standards

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification: 1.4.

EPA Mold Remediation.

(Continued on next page)

MOISTURE (MOLD AND OTHER BIOLOGICALS) (continued)
11

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Relevant Guidance/Standards

DOE: Workforce Guidelines for Home Energy 

Upgrades (under development). 

Notes 

Replacing an atmospherically vented or fanpowered combustion device that draws combustion 

air from inside the home with a high-efficiency 

sealed combustion device can reduce the ventilation 

rate, which could result in cold-weather 

condensation in some building enclosures. 

If an atmospherically vented combustion device is 

causing an indoor humidity problem, it should be 

repaired in accordance with the Combustion Safety 

section (page 18).

Relevant Guidance/Standards

Combustion Safety (page 18). 

DOE: Workforce Guidelines for Home Energy 

Upgrades (under development).

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specifications 1.5 and 1.6.

Determine if there is any air-cleaning equipment 

designed to intentionally produce ozone (i.e., 

ozone generators) in the house.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

CARB: Ozone.

Do not install air-cleaning equipment designed to 

intentionally produce ozone (i.e., ozone generators).

Recommend removal of air-cleaning equipment 

designed to intentionally produce ozone, if present.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification 4.7.

EPA IAQ: Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air

Cleaners.

This cell is intentionally blank.

Identify evidence of mice, squirrels or other 

rodents; termites; birds; bats; cockroaches or 

other pests. Note the location and identify 

pest-contaminated materials (e.g., nests, feces). 

Determine whether rodenticides or pesticides are 

being used. 

Remove pest-infested materials OR determine if 

professional assistance is needed to do so before 

conducting energy retrofit work in pest-infested 

areas.

Alert owner of any termite infestations and inform 

owner of the need to seek assistance from an 

integrated pest management (IPM) professional 

(e.g., Greenpro, Greenshield or equivalently trained 

IPM professional). 

In areas with evidence of rodent infestations, patch 

with pest-resistant materials (e.g., copper mesh, 

hardware cloth, sheet metal, concrete) exterior 

holes that are larger than 1⁄4 inch by 3/8 inch before 

applying air sealing materials (e.g., caulk or foam) 

OR before insulating.

Protect air intakes from potential bird and pest 

entry (e.g., cover openings with 1/2-inch screen or 

galvanized mesh).

Protect exhaust vents from rodent, bird and 

pest entry (e.g., cover openings with louvers). 

Avoid creating conditions that can clog exhaust, 

particularly dryer vents.

(Continued on next page)

MOISTURE (MOLD AND OTHER BIOLOGICALS) (continued)

OZONE

PESTS
12

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Note 

Termite and some other types of pest infestations 

are often an indication of moisture problems. 

See Moisture (page 9) for diagnosing moisture 

problems. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

AFHH.

CDC Resource on Rodents.

Advise owner/resident to regularly clean/fix screens 

or dampers over exterior air intakes and exhausts 

(e.g., at least semi-annually or when replacing 

HVAC filters). Remove clutter, eliminate wood 

piles near house, and remove bushes, trees or 

other vegetation closer than two feet from the 

structure. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

EPA IPM.

NCHH IPM.

New York City Department of Health and Mental 

Hygiene.

Follow IPM guidelines for roach control AND, if 

feasible, apply boric acid or gels in holes for roach 

issues. Follow relevant state pesticide applicator 

standards.

Note

Some states require that pest management 

professionals be licensed.

Provide sealable outside garbage cans OR advise 

clients to use them. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010. 

EPA IPM.

New York City Department of Health and Mental 

Hygiene.

Determine whether fluorescent light ballasts 

containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are 

present.

Note 

Some homes may contain fluorescent light fixtures 

with ballasts manufactured before 1979 that 

contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Ballasts 

manufactured between 1979 and 1998 that do 

not contain PCBs were required to be labeled “No 

PCBs.” Newer fluorescent lighting typically uses 

electronic ballasts that do not contain PCBs and 

should be clearly marked as electronic.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

EPA PCB-Containing Light Ballasts.

If fluorescent light ballasts do not have the 

statement “No PCBs” or are not marked as 

electronic, assume that the ballasts contain 

PCBs and replace with new lighting fixtures OR 

contact the manufacturer to determine whether 

the ballasts contain PCBs. If the manufacturer 

is not sure whether the ballasts contain PCBs, 

assume that they do and replace with new lighting 

fixtures. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

EPA PCB.

EPA PCB-Containing Light Ballasts.

The presence of PCBs may not be limited to 

fluorescent light ballasts. PCBs were also used 

in other products, including caulk. See EPA’s 

website on PCBs for a complete list of products of 

concern, and where possible, remove and replace 

them.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

EPA PCB.

EPA PCBs in Caulk.

Follow one of two testing options to determine the 

radon level as summarized below and in Table 1. 

Option 1: Test-In/Test-Out – Test for radon 

before and after energy upgrade work. 

Option 2: Post-Work Test – Test for radon only 

after completing energy upgrade work.

Before completing retrofit activities, take 

precautionary measures listed below in Column 1 

of Table 1, depending on pre-work test results. After 

work, follow the appropriate Minimum and/or 

Expanded Actions outlined in Table 1, depending 

on post-work test results.

Additional actions to reduce radon exposure are 

summarized below and outlined in Table 1. 

•	 Mitigate according to ASTM E2121 when 

the post-work radon level is ≥ 4 pCi/L. 

•	 If the post-work radon level is between 2 and 

4 pCi/L, refer the client to EPA’s Citizen’s 

Guide to Radon or mitigate in accordance 

with ASTM E2121.

PESTS (continued)

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)

RADON

(Continued on next page)
13

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Perform radon testing in accordance with applicable 

state requirements or federal guidance. Individuals 

conducting tests should be trained or certified by 

either of these groups:

•	 National Environmental Health Association 

(NEHA) National Radon Proficiency Program.

•	 National Radon Safety Board (NRSB).

Notes 

Two radon tests may be performed simultaneously 

and averaged to increase confidence in the shortterm test result. This approach can be used for both 

pre- and post-work testing. Another option is to take 

two tests sequentially. DO NOT average the prework and post-work test results.

Long-term testing is the most accurate way to test 

for radon, but it may not be feasible. See EPA’s 

Citizen’s Guide to Radon for information on longterm testing. 

The recommended testing protocols are designed 

to ensure that radon exposure does not increase 

above EPA thresholds in homes where radon levels 

are initially below those thresholds. This protocol 

is not designed to mitigate radon risks that existed 

prior to the energy upgrade. All clients should be 

provided with radon testing results.

Determine whether the home has an active or 

passive radon mitigation system. 

Note 

Active mitigation systems include a radon vent fan, 

usually located in an attic, in an attached garage 

or on the building exterior.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ASHI Radon Mitigation System Inspection 

Checklist.

EPA Radon Guidance: Guidance for Radon 

Testing and Mitigation.

EPA Radon: State Radon Contact Information.

When the pre-work radon level is ≥ 2 pCi/L, 

complete precautionary foundation air sealing 

strategies:

• Cover exposed earthen floors in basements 

and crawlspaces according to section 1.2 

of EPA’s Indoor airPLUS Construction 

Specifications.

• Air seal sumps (e.g., install an airtight sump 

cover) in such a way that water can drain 

from above and below the sump cover.

• Install airtight drain fittings (e.g., trap or 

flange system) in foundation floor drains.

• Seal and caulk penetrations, openings or 

cracks in below-grade walls and floors that 

contact the ground with a sealant that meets 

the requirements of ASTM C920.

Note

These foundation air sealing strategies are also 

important elements of radon mitigation according 

to ASTM E2121, which addresses both foundation 

air sealing and fan-powered radon mitigation 

systems.

Educate the client about the test results and radon 

reduction measures that were followed. Inform 

the client that the radon testing protocols were 

completed to ensure that the energy upgrade work 

did not introduce indoor radon problems, but 

the protocols do not necessarily mitigate a prior 

indoor radon problem in the home. Advise the 

client to refer to EPA’s Citizen’s Guide to Radon 

for more information about radon risk.

Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121 if:

• Option 1: Post-work radon level is ≥4pCi/L 

AND it exceeds the pre-work radon level OR

• Option 2: Post-work radon level is ≥4pCi/L 

AND no pre-work levels were taken.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASTM C920.

ASTM E2121.

EPA Radon. State Radon Contact Information.

EPA Radon Guidance: Citizen’s Guide to Radon.

(Continued on next page)

RADON (continued)
14

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

For homes equipped with an active radon

mitigation system:

• Verify that the radon vent fan is operating.

• If a previously installed radon mitigation 

system is not operating correctly OR if the 

post-work tested radon level is ≥4 pCi/L, 

advise the client to consult the state radon 

office.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ASTM C920.

ASTM E2121.

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification 1.2.

EPA Radon Guidance: Citizen’s Guide to Radon. 

RADON (continued)
15

Table 1: Radon Testing Options and Reduction Strategies

Pre-Work 

Test Result and

Precautionary Measures

Post-Work 

Test Result Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

<2 pCi/L

Consider precautionary 

radon-reduction actions as 

part of energy upgrade work, 

especially covering exposed 

earth, air sealing open sumps, 

ensuring floor drains have 

traps and that traps are not 

dry. 

<2 pCi/L No action.

>2 and <4 pCi/L Complete foundation air sealing strategies. For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer 

client to EPA’s Citizen’s Guide to Radon and Consumer’s 

Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance 

with ASTM E2121.

≥4 pCi/L ≥4 pCi/L Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.

>2 and <4 pCi/L

Take precautionary radonreduction actions: complete 

foundation air sealing 

strategies as part of energy 

upgrade work.

<4 pCi/L and NOT 

higher than pre-work 

level.

No further minimum action. For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer 

client to EPA’s Citizen’s Guide to Radon and Consumer’s 

Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance 

with ASTM E2121.

<4 pCi/L AND higher 

than pre-work level.

Verify that foundation air sealing strategies were completed 

appropriately and correct deficiencies. 

For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer 

client to EPA’s Citizen’s Guide to Radon and Consumer’s 

Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance 

with ASTM E2121.

≥4 pCi/L Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.

≥4 pCi/L

Complete all foundation air 

sealing strategies as part of 

energy upgrade work.

<4 pCi/L No further minimum action. For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer 

client to EPA’s Citizen’s Guide to Radon and Consumer’s 

Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance 

with ASTM E2121.

≥4 pCi/L but NOT 

higher than pre-work 

level.

Refer client to EPA’s Citizen’s Guide to Radon and 

recommend radon mitigation.

Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.

≥4 pCi/L AND higher 

than pre-work level.

Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.

No Pre-Work Test

Consider precautionary 

radon-reduction actions as 

part of energy upgrade work, 

especially covering exposed 

earth, air sealing open sumps, 

ensuring floor drains have 

traps and that traps are not 

dry.

<4 pCi/L No further minimum action. For post-work radon levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L, refer 

client to EPA’s Citizen’s Guide to Radon and Consumers 

Guide to Radon Reduction and/or mitigate in accordance 

with ASTM E2121.

≥4 pCi/L Mitigate in accordance with ASTM E2121.
16

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Determine whether there are wood- or coalburning appliances (e.g., wood stove or furnace, 

wood pellet stove, fireplace) in the home.

If wood- or coal-burning appliances are present, 

determine whether there is evidence of wood 

smoke emissions affecting the home, using any of 

the following practices or the equivalent (note that 

many of the following may require input from 

certified/trained professionals):

•	 Look for evidence of soot on the walls or 

ceiling or creosote staining near the flue pipe.

•	 Determine whether the inside of the home 

smells like wood smoke.

•	 Ask occupants whether they regularly (i.e., 

daily) smell wood smoke during the heating 

season.

•	 If certified/trained professionals are available, 

consider using a particle counter to quantify 

particulates in the indoor air.

Assess appliance safety by considering:

•	 Appliance condition, especially leaks, cracks 

or faulty flue connections.

•	 Proper distance of appliance to combustible 

materials (minimum clearances) and/or 

proper protection of combustibles.

•	 Proper size and materials of floor protection.

•	 Proper venting system (Vented Combustion 

Appliances [page 18] and Unvented 

Combustion Appliances [page 20]).

Determine whether the wood- or coal-burning 

appliance is EPA-certified (i.e., more energy 

efficient and cleaner burning).

Determine whether a hydronic heater (e.g., 

outdoor wood-fired boiler) is present.

If the wood- or coal-burning appliance is 

operating during the assessment, observe the 

opacity of the smoke leaving the chimney.

Assess what the proper size of any wood- or 

coal-burning appliances will be after the retrofit 

is complete. If the current unit is oversized, 

recommend replacement with a properly sized, 

EPA-certified appliance.

If evidence of soot, wood smoke or other health 

safety concern is apparent, determine the source 

of the problem and work with the appropriate 

certified professional (e.g., NFI, CSIA, etc.) to 

resolve it.

Encourage the homeowner to have a certified 

professional chimney sweep (e.g., certified by the 

Chimney Safety Institute of America) inspect the 

chimney and wood- or coal-burning appliance 

annually.

Share EPA Burn Wise tips with the homeowner: 

http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/BurnWiseTips.

pdf. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

CSIA.

EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for Best 

Burn Practices for Wood Stoves.

EPA Burn Wise Tips.

NESCAUM Regulations.

NFPA 211.

Replace non-certified wood- or coal-burning 

appliances with properly sized and installed 

EPA-certified wood- or coal-burning appliances 

after the retrofit is complete. Appliances should 

be installed according to the manufacturer’s 

instructions. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

EPA Burn Wise Lists.

WOOD SMOKE AND OTHER SOLID FUEL EMISSIONS

(Continued on next page)
17

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Note

One hundred percent opacity means nothing can 

be seen through the smoke. At 20% opacity, there is 

very little smoke and you can see almost completely 

through it. Smoke with opacity of more than 20% 

is an indication that unseasoned wood is being 

burned, a non-EPA approved stove is in use or 

poor operation.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for 

Identifying Cleaner-Burning Appliances.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion 

Appliance Emissions (page 6).

NFPA 211.

Unvented Combustion Appliances (page 20)

Vented Combustion Appliances (page 18)

CRITICAL BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

Evaluate the condition of the existing HVAC 

system components (e.g., furnace, boiler, air 

handler, heat pump, associated ductwork) in 

accordance with minimum inspection standards 

of ANSI/ACCA Standard 4 (Maintenance of 

Residential HVAC Systems), ASHRAE handbooks 

or other equivalent standards and guidelines. 

Ventilation requirements are also addressed in 

Source Ventilation (page 21), Whole-House 

Ventilation for Distributed Contaminant Sources 

(page 22) and Multi-Family Ventilation (page 22).

The HVAC assessment is to include an evaluation 

of whether the system is functioning properly, 

based on ANSI/ACCA checklists appropriate for 

the type of equipment. Determine whether the 

HVAC system is properly sized in accordance 

with ASHRAE handbook, or other equivalent 

standardized guidelines. 

Based on an assessment of equipment condition 

and sizing, repair, modify or replace equipment 

to meet minimum corrective actions for proper 

HVAC function. 

If repairs are needed to restore HVAC to proper 

functioning, repair in accordance with ANSI/

ACCA Standard 6 (Restoring the Cleanliness of 

HVAC Systems), ASHRAE handbooks or other 

equivalent standards and guidelines.

If replacing equipment, base sizing calculations 

on post-retrofit conditions. Refer to Sections 4.1 

and 4.2 of EPA Indoor airPLUS Construction 

Specifications. 

Install new equipment in accordance with ANSI/

ACCA Standard 5 (HVAC Quality Installation 

Specification) AND verify installation in 

accordance with ANSI/ACCA Standard 9 (HVAC 

Quality Installation Verification Protocols), 

ASHRAE handbooks or other equivalent standards 

and guidelines.

Replace functioning HVAC equipment that is 

near the end of its service life with new energyefficient HVAC equipment and base sizing 

calculations on post-retrofit conditions. Refer 

to Sections 4.1 and 4.2 of EPA Indoor airPLUS 

Construction Specifications. 

Follow ANSI/ACCA Standard 5 (HVAC Quality 

Installation Specification), Standard 9 (HVAC 

Quality Installation Verification Protocols), 

ASHRAE handbooks or other equivalent 

standards and guidelines. Consider using filters 

with a high MERV rating (11 or above) if 

equipment capacity is sufficient to accommodate 

the pressure drop. For existing systems, check with 

the manufacturer to determine whether MERV 11 

filters can be installed.

HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) EQUIPMENT

WOOD SMOKE AND OTHER SOLID FUEL EMISSIONS (continued)

(Continued on next page)
18

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

If HVAC replacement or modification is 

anticipated, base sizing calculations on postretrofit conditions. Refer to Sections 4.1 and 

4.2 of EPA Indoor airPLUS Construction 

Specifications. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ACCA 4 QM-2007.

ASHRAE Handbooks: ASHRAE Handbook 

Series.

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specifications: 4.1 and 4.2.

Multi-Family Ventilation (page 22).

Source Ventilation (page 21).

Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed 

Contaminant Sources (page 22).

Ensure newly installed central forced-air HVAC 

systems have a minimum MERV 6 filter, no filter 

bypass, and no air cleaners designed to intentionally 

produce ozone.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ACCA 5 QI-2010.

ACCA 6 QR-2007.

ACCA 9 QIVP-2008.

ASHRAE 62.2-2010, Section 6.7.

ASHRAE Handbooks: ASHRAE Handbook Series.

ASHRAE 52.2-2007.

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specifications: 4.1, 4.2 and 

4.7.

EPA IAQ: Residential Air Cleaners.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ACCA 5 QI-2010.

ACCA 9 QIVP-2008.

ASHRAE Handbooks: ASHRAE Handbook 

Series.

ASHRAE 52.2-2007.

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specifications: 4.1, 4.2 and 

4.7.

Complete a safety inspection of all vented 

combustion appliances in the dwelling (e.g., 

furnaces, boilers, space heaters, water heaters). The 

inspection shall include observations for proper 

clearances, condition of venting, assessment of the 

potential for backdrafting, integrity of fuel lines, 

safety of electrical connections and the appliance 

itself.

•	 For gas-fired appliances and equipment, make 

this assessment using applicable installation 

standards, including the National Fuel Gas 

Code, ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54, the applicable 

ANSI Z21 gas-fired appliance safety standard 

and manufacturer’s instructions. Determine 

whether gas-fired appliance installations 

comply with Section 9.3 “Air for Combustion 

and Ventilation” of ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54 

for proper venting, including influences of 

other building ventilation and exhausting 

equipment.

Complete all applicable actions under the 

Assessment Protocols AND ensure compliance 

with applicable codes and standards. Test 

combustion appliances for proper draft and 

venting under worst case conditions before and 

after retrofit measures that affect envelope leakage 

and airflows (e.g., air sealing, insulation, addition 

or upgrade of exhaust fans). Repair, remove 

or replace combustion equipment and address 

other issues or deficiencies as needed to meet the 

applicable codes and standards.

Note:

All equipment removals should include proper 

disposal so that hazardous units are not reinstalled 

or used elsewhere.

Address depressurization and potential 

backdrafting problems (e.g., with combustion 

make-up air, fan interlocks, transfer grilles, 

jumper ducts, louvered doors or door undercuts) 

OR disable the exhaust equipment causing the 

problems.

If a whole-house fan is used for cooling at night, 

advise occupants to open several windows before 

operating the fan. 

If replacing combustion equipment located 

in occupied or conditioned spaces as part of 

the retrofit process, recommend power vented 

or sealed combustion equipment (see Section 

5.1 of EPA’s Indoor airPLUS Construction 

Specifications). Install new combustion equipment 

in accordance with ANSI/ACCA 5 QI 2010 

HVAC Quality Installation Specifications. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ACCA 5 QI-2010.

EPA Indoor airPLUS Specification 5.1.

(Continued on next page)

VENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES

HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) EQUIPMENT (continued)
19

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

•	 For oil-fired appliances and equipment, make 

this assessment using applicable installation 

standards, including the Standard for the 

Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, ANSI/

NFPA 31, the applicable ANSI/UL oil-fired 

appliance safety standard and manufacturer’s 

instructions.

Performance test vented combustion appliances 

(e.g., boilers, furnaces, space heaters and water 

heaters) to ensure proper draft under worst case 

depressurization and perform CO testing.

Conduct Combustion Appliance Zone (CAZ) 

Worst Case Depressurization testing in accordance 

with BPI-1100-T-2010, Section 7.5, to determine 

whether there are any combustion safety issues 

that may result from changes to the building 

envelope.

Note

When conducting CAZ testing, a 5 Pa 

depressurization limit may not be appropriate 

for all venting conditions. See the BPI CAZ 

Depressurization Limits table referenced below. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54.

ANSI Z21 Series Standards for Residential GasFired Appliances. 

BPI-1100-T-2010, Combustion Appliance Testing 

section. 

BPI Technical Standards: Technical Standards 

for the Building Analyst Professional, CAZ 

Depressurization Limits Table.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion 

Appliance Emissions (page 6).

NFPA 31.

NFPA 211. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54.

ANSI Z21 Series Standards for Residential GasFired Appliances. 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010 Section 6.4.

BPI-1100-T-2010, Combustion Appliance Testing 

section.

BPI Technical Standards: Technical Standards 

for the Building Analyst Professional, CAZ 

Depressurization Limits Table.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion 

Appliance Emissions (page 6).

NFPA 31.

NFPA 211.

VENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES (continued)
20

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Identify any unvented gas or kerosene space 

heaters or vent-free combustion appliances (e.g., 

fireplaces, cooktops, ovens, kerosene or gas space 

heaters).

Determine whether any state or local regulations 

prohibiting these devices apply.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion 

Appliance Emissions (page 6).

State or local regulations. 

Verify that the kitchen exhaust fan vents to the 

outdoors. If not, see Source Ventilation (page 21) 

for recommended actions.

Identify illegal unvented gas or kerosene space 

heaters that do not conform to state and local 

regulations and, with the occupant’s permission, 

remove them as appropriate. If the space heaters 

are the primary source of heat, replace them with 

electric or vented, code-compliant heating systems.

Note:

All equipment removals should include proper 

disposal so that hazardous units are not reinstalled 

or used elsewhere.

With the occupant’s permission, remove other 

unvented heaters, except when used as a secondary 

heat source AND when it can be confirmed that 

the unit is being used in conformance with ANSI 

Z21.11.2. Units that are not being operated 

in compliance with ANSI Z21.11.2 should be 

removed prior to the retrofit, but may remain until 

a replacement heating system is in place.

If the occupant objects to these recommendations:

•	 Provide the occupant with information about 

the hazards of operating illegal unvented 

space heaters or operating vent-free appliances 

contrary to manufacturers’ instructions. For 

example, the manufacturers’ instructions 

may call for open windows because use of 

the device requires adequate or additional 

ventilation to remove products of combustion 

such as CO, nitrogen oxides, CO2, PM and 

water vapor.

•	 For gas-fired unvented space heaters without 

an oxygen depletion sensor (ODS) shutoff 

system, suggest the occupant replace with a 

vented appliance or, at a minimum, consider 

upgrading the heater to a new model 

consistent with ANSI Z21.11.2/CSA.

•	 For gas-fired unvented space heaters and 

vent-free fireplaces that are oversized for 

the application, advise the occupant of the 

improper sizing of the appliance.

This cell is intentionally blank.

UNVENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES

(Continued on next page)
21

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

•	 Advise the occupant that it is always 

important to consult and follow the 

manufacturer’s instructions for proper 

operation and maintenance. If the 

manufacturer’s instructions are not available 

to the occupant, advise or assist the occupant 

in obtaining replacement instructions or 

contacting the Air-Conditioning, Heating 

and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) for 

information on obtaining these instructions 

for gas appliances.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

AHRI.

ANSI Z21.11.2/CSA.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion 

Appliance Emissions (page 6).

Source Ventilation (page 21).

Determine whether the home complies with the 

local exhaust requirements for kitchens and baths 

of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010, Section 5 and 

Appendix A, as applicable. Determine whether 

kitchen and bath exhausts are present and vent to 

the outdoors.

Determine whether the home complies with the 

local exhaust requirements for clothes dryers 

in ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010, Section 6. 

Determine whether clothes dryers vent to the 

outdoors. (Condensing dryers are exempt.) Inspect 

or verify that clothes dryer exhaust duct(s) do not 

discharge into crawlspaces or attics or within walls. 

Inspect clothes dryer vents for restrictions and lint 

buildup. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010. 

BPI-1100-T-2010, Indoor Air Quality and 

Ventilation and Baseload Energy Efficiency 

sections.

If ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 requirements 

for bathroom, kitchen and clothes dryer exhaust 

requirements are not met, repair, replace or 

install local exhaust ventilation to meet the 

requirements, ensuring ducts are sized, installed 

and vented properly to the outdoors, OR increase 

whole-house ventilation airflow to compensate 

for deficiencies of local exhaust in bathrooms and 

kitchens using the alternative compliance method 

(Appendix A of Standard 62.2-2010).

•	 In multi-family buildings, common spaces 

should be served by dedicated ventilation 

systems.

•	 Ensure that all clothes dryers exhaust to the 

outdoors and cannot be readily diverted 

indoors. (Condensing dryers are exempt.)

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010.

BPI-1100-T-2010, Indoor Air Quality and 

Ventilation section.

If the home is in compliance with ASHRAE 

Standard 62.2-2010 without bathroom or kitchen 

exhaust fans (i.e., using Appendix A), EPA 

recommends installation of exhaust fans vented 

to the outdoors, in accordance with Section 5 of 

ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 requirements, to 

improve pollutant source removal.

For spaces with strong, localized pollutant sources, 

consider installing additional (dedicated) local 

exhaust ventilation.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010.

SOURCE VENTILATION

UNVENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES (continued)
22

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Determine whether the home complies with the 

ventilation requirements of ASHRAE Standard 

62.2-2010:

•	 Use Section 4 requirements OR use Appendix 

A – Existing Buildings if local exhaust 

ventilation in bathrooms and kitchens is 

deficient. Blower door testing and measuring 

fan flows (e.g., bathroom or kitchen exhaust) 

will be required. 

•	 Determine whether additional ventilation 

measures are needed to meet the ASHRAE 

Standard 62.2-2010 requirements. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010.

Install additional ventilation measures as 

necessary to meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 

requirements for whole-building ventilation. 

If the local exhaust ventilation in bathrooms 

and kitchens is deficient, use the alternative 

compliance supplement (Appendix A of Standard 

62.2-2010).

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010.

Install a balanced, whole-house ventilation system 

(e.g., heat recovery ventilator [HRV]).

Relevant Guidance/Standards

NAHB Research Center, http://www.toolbase.org. 

Search “whole-house ventilation” and “HRV” for 

additional resources.

Determine ventilation system type (e.g., fanpowered exhaust, fan-powered outdoor supply 

or a combination of the two) and whether each 

system serves individual units, each floor or the 

entire building. 

Determine whether existing ventilation meets 

ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 requirements using 

Appendix A – Existing Buildings for each unit. 

Determine whether all doors between dwelling 

units and common hallways are gasketed and 

airtight with weather stripping (except when the 

ventilation system design requires air transfer 

from corridors to units). See ASHRAE Standard 

62.2-2010 for additional requirements for each 

dwelling unit. 

Determine whether ventilation for common 

corridors meets ASHRAE 62.1-2010 Table 6-1 

(0.06 cfm/ft2 floor area).

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010. 

ASHRAE 62.1-2010.

If each dwelling unit is served by its own 

ventilation equipment, follow Minimum Actions 

for Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed 

Contaminant Sources (page 22) and Source 

Ventilation (page 21). Be certain to include the 

sealing measures between dwelling units required 

in Section 6.1 of ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010. 

If multiple dwelling units are served by a 

single exhaust fan, fan-powered outdoor air, 

or combination of the two, meet 62.2-2010 

requirements, paying special attention to sealing 

measures in Section 6.1 plus:

•	 Seal all the holes that can be sealed in the 

ventilation ductwork.

•	 Specify and install a balancing device at each 

exhaust or supply point that, in combination 

with a sufficiently high operating pressure, 

ensures constant continuous ventilation 

which meets the target ventilation rate during 

all seasons.

•	 Adjust or replace fans so that outlets or inlets 

have at least 0.2 inches water column (w.c.) 

pressure difference across the balancing 

devices in each dwelling unit.

•	 Ensure that ventilation systems run 

continuously or have dampers installed that 

prevent airflow between dwelling units when 

the system is off.

If each dwelling unit is served by its own 

ventilation equipment, follow the Expanded 

Actions for Whole-House Ventilation for 

Distributed Contaminant Sources (page 22) and 

Source Ventilation (page 21).

If multiple dwelling units are served by a single 

exhaust fan, fan-powered outdoor air, or a 

combination of the two, meet all the Minimum 

Actions for Multi-Family Ventilation AND 

conduct extensive air sealing to compartmentalize 

each dwelling unit OR design and install 

individual ventilation systems for each unit to 

meet the requirements of ASHRAE 62.2-2010 as 

it applies to new construction.

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ASHRAE 62.2.2-2010.

MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco 

Smoke Transfer in Minnesota Multifamily 

Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation 

Treatments.

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in 

Existing or New Buildings with Central Roof 

Exhaust. 

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in 

Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have FanPowered Ventilation Systems.

MULTI-FAMILY VENTILATION

(Continued on next page)

WHOLE-HOUSE VENTILATION FOR DISTRIBUTED CONTAMINANT SOURCES
23

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

•	 Use minimum MERV 6 filters on supply 

ventilation systems.

•	 In buildings where vertical shafts or ducts 

and passive rooftop ventilators provide nonfan-powered exhaust to multiple dwelling 

units, add exhaust fans in combination with 

the above requirements to provide a more 

effective ventilation system.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

ASHRAE 62.2-2010. 

MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco 

Smoke Transfer in Minnesota Multifamily 

Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation 

Treatments.

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in 

Existing or New Buildings with Central Roof 

Exhaust. 

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in 

Multi-Family Buildings That Do Not Have FanPowered Ventilation Systems. 

Source Ventilation (page 21).

Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed 

Contaminant Sources (page 22).

Source Ventilation (page 21).

Whole-House Ventilation for Distributed 

Contaminant Sources (page 22).

SAFETY

Determine whether there are working smoke 

alarms and CO alarms.

Identify knob and tube electrical wiring.

Identify harmful chemicals in accessible locations.

Check whether there is a fire extinguisher in the 

home.

Determine whether the hot water heater 

temperature setting is within the allowable limits 

of the local and state codes.

Document other home safety hazards that are 

observed during the energy audit/assessment/

retrofit (e.g., missing handrails, non-intact stairs, 

insufficient lighting, holes in floors).

Replace non-working smoke and CO alarms. If 

smoke alarms or CO alarms are not present, install 

new alarms. If new batteries are used, install 10-

year lithium batteries. 

(It is recommended that CO alarms have a digital 

display and provide peak level readings.) 

Correct life-threatening safety risks (i.e., fall 

hazards) and provide client education on safety 

concerns.

Do not bury unsafe wiring in attic insulation.

Relevant Guidance/Standards 

CPSC Document #466.

NFPA 720.

Install CO alarms that can detect and store peak 

CO levels of less than 30 ppm. 

Have qualified personnel replace knob and tube 

wiring in accordance with applicable electrical 

codes. 

For households with small children or elderly 

occupants, discuss scald prevention with clients 

AND adjust hot water heater set-point to 120 

degrees Fahrenheit to prevent scalding. 

In homes with elderly persons, install grab bars, 

handrails and lighting as appropriate.

MULTI-FAMILY VENTILATION (continued)

HOME SAFETY

(Continued on next page)
24

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

Relevant Guidance/Standards

CDC Fall Prevention Checklist.

CDC Home Safety Checklists.

HUD Notice: Public Housing Assessment System 

Physical Condition Scoring Process Interim 

Scoring, Corrections and Republication.

For households with small children, recommend 

installation of gates at the tops of stairs. 

Recommend installation of light switches at the 

top and bottom of stairs.

Recommend installation of safety lighting above 

stairs. Consider energy-efficient LED lighting.

Recommend repair of malfunctioning doors, 

windows, roofs and floors.

Recommend appropriate and controlled storage 

of hazardous chemicals (e.g., strong cleaners, 

household hazardous materials) and pesticides 

(e.g., remove from accessible locations).

Repair identified safety hazards. 

Relevant Guidance/Standards

ANSI/UL 2034.

EPA Design for the Environment.

Evaluate existing and potential health concerns 

and activities. Refer to Appendix A: Worker 

Protection for recommended evaluation measures 

and actions.

Note

By law, employers and supervisors are required 

to ensure that workers are working with an 

OSHA written Safety and Health Plan. More 

details about these requirements and resources are 

available in Appendix A: Worker Protection.

Protect workers and occupants from on-site health 

and safety hazards by: 

•	 Ensuring proper isolation (e.g., sealed with 

plastic sheeting) and ventilation of work area 

to the outdoors during activities that result 

in VOC emissions (e.g., installing spray foam 

insulation, painting, sealing, finishing) AND 

ventilating as close to the source of VOCs as 

possible.

•	 Using appropriate dust control and protective 

equipment.

•	 Thoroughly cleaning work area before reoccupancy. 

•	 Adding precautions to protect occupants 

during and after installation of spray 

polyurethane foam:

• Evacuating building occupants and other 

unprotected trade workers from the work 

area.

For additional information on each of the topics, 

visit the resources provided under each issue in 

Appendix A: Worker Protection.

HOME SAFETY (continued)

JOBSITE SAFETY

(Continued on next page)
25

PRIORITY ISSUES ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS Minimum Actions Expanded Actions

• Using appropriate personal protective 

equipment (e.g., chemical-resistant [nitrile] 

gloves, appropriate respirator, chemicalresistant clothing) for anyone in work area. 

• Cleaning the area thoroughly and waiting 

until the foam cures before allowing 

unprotected workers or occupants to 

reoccupy the work area.

See Appendix A: Worker Protection for 

recommended actions to protect worker safety, 

including available resources.

JOBSITE SAFETY (continued)
26

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CDC Resource on Rodents: Resource on Rodents. 2010. U.S. 

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CSIA: Top-Down Method of Stove Loading. Chimney Safety 

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DOE: Workforce Guidelines for Home Energy Upgrades (under 

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DOL, OSHA, Asbestos: Asbestos. U.S. Department of Labor, 

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DOL, OSHA, Asbestos - Construction: Asbestos - Construction. 

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration. 

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/construction.html

DOL, OSHA, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card:

Protecting Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick 

Card. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/3282-10N-05-

English-07-18-2007.html

DOL, OSHA, Combustible Dust: Combustible Dust.

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration.

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DOL, OSHA, Confined Spaces: Confined Spaces. U.S.

Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health

Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/confinedspaces/index.html

DOL, OSHA, Confined Spaces E-Tool: Confined Spaces E-Tool. 

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration.

http://www.dol.gov/elaws/confined.htm

DOL, OSHA, Electrical Incidents E-Tool: U.S. Department of 

Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/electrical_

incidents/mainpage.html

DOL, OSHA, Falls: Falls. U.S. Department of Labor, 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/fallprotection/index.html

DOL, OSHA, Falls E-Tool: Falls E-Tool. U.S. Department of 

Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/falls/mainpage.

html
29

DOL, OSHA, Green Jobs Hazards: Green Jobs Hazards, Weather 

Insulating/Sealing. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/dep/greenjobs/weather_spf.html

DOL, OSHA, Hazard Communication: Hazard

Communication. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/index.html

DOL, OSHA, Lead: Lead. U.S. Department of Labor,

Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

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DOL, OSHA, Lead – Construction: Lead – Construction.

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/construction.html

DOL, OSHA, Mold in Workplace: A Brief Guide to Mold

in the Workplace. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib101003.html

DOL, OSHA, OSH ACT: Section 5 (a)(1). U.S. Department

of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_

document?p_table=OSHACT&p_id=3359

DOL, OSHA, Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs):

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). U.S. Department of

Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/pel/

DOL, OSHA, Stairways and Ladders: Stairways and Ladders: A 

Guide to OSHA Rules. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational 

Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.pdf

DOL, OSHA, Wood Dust: Wood Dust. U.S. Department of 

Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/wooddust/index.html

Energy Conservatory: Blower Door. Automated Blower Door 

Systems and Accessories. The Energy Conservatory.

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EPA Asbestos: Asbestos in Your Home. 1990. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/ashome.html

EPA Asbestos: Regional and State Asbestos Contacts. 2011. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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EPA Asthma: Indoor Environmental Asthma Triggers. 2011. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/asthma/triggers.html

EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for Best Burn Practices 

for Wood Stoves. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/bestburn.html

EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for Identifying

Cleaner-Burning Appliances. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/appliances.html

EPA Burn Wise Lists: Burn Wise List of Cleaner Burning, More 

Energy Efficient Hydronic Heaters. 2011. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/owhhlist.html

EPA Burn Wise Tips: Burn Wise Tips. U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/BurnWiseTips.pdf

EPA Carbon Monoxide: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality, 

Carbon Monoxide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html

EPA Design for the Environment: Safer Product Labeling 

Program. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/formpart.htm

EPA Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Smoke-free Homes and 

Cars Program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010.

http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/

EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Carbon 

Monoxide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html

EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Volatile 

Organic Compounds (VOCs). 2011. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html

EPA IAQ: Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners. 2010. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor Air Quality.

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EPA IAQ: Residential Air Cleaners. 2009. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Indoor Air Quality.

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EPA IPM: Integrated Pest Management Principles. 2011. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Pest 

Management.

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EPA Lead: EPA Recognized Lead Test Kits. 2010. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/testkit.htm

EPA Lead Accredited Training Programs. Locate Accredited 

Renovation Training Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency.

http://cfpub.epa.gov/flpp/searchrrp_training.htm

EPA Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and Painting

Program: Small Entity Compliance Guide to Renovate Right. 

2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/sbcomplianceguide.pdf

EPA Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and Painting

Program: Lead Safe Certified Guide to Renovate Right Brochure. 

2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovaterightbrochure.pdf
30

EPA Mold: A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home. 

2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/iedmold1/moldguide.html

EPA Mold: Mold and Moisture. 2010. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/mold/

EPA Mold: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial 

Buildings. 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/iedmold1/mold_remediation.html

EPA OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating Vapor Intrusion: 

Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air 

Pathway from Groundwater and Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion 

Guidance). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/correctiveaction/eis/vapor.htm

EPA PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyls. 2011. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/index.htm

EPA PCB-Containing Light Ballasts: Proper Maintenance, 

Removal, and Disposal of PCB-Containing Fluorescent Light 

Ballasts. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/ballasts.htm

EPA PCBs in Caulk: PCBs in Caulk in Older Buildings. 2011. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk

EPA PCBs in Caulk –Steps to Safe Renovation and Repair 

Activities: 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk/guide/guide-sect2.htm

EPA Pests: Pesticides: Controlling Pests. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency. 2011. 

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/controlling/index.htm

EPA Radon: State Radon Contact Information. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/radon/whereyoulive.html

EPA Radon Guidance: Citizen’s Guide to Radon. 2009. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html

EPA Radon Guidance: Guidance for Radon Testing and

Mitigation. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/index.html

EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam. 2011. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency. 

http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/spray_polyurethane_

foam.html

EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam, Building Occupants and 

Other Workers Should Vacate During SPF Installation. 2011. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/spray_polyurethane_

foam.html#building

EPA Vapor Intrusion Mitigation Approaches: Indoor Air Vapor 

Intrusion Mitigation Approaches. 2008. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r08115/600r08115.pdf

EPA Vermiculite: Vermiculite. 2011. U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/verm.html

Home Energy, Advanced Blower Door Techniques: David 

Bohac, “Zone Pressure Diagnostic.” 2002. Home Energy.

http://www.homeenergy.org/show/article/nav/diagnostics/page/7/

id/267

HUD Lead Safe Work Practices: Lead Safe Work Practices. 

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/affordablehousing/training/web/

leadsafe/keyrequirements/safepractices.cfm

HUD Notice: Public Housing Assessment System Physical 

Condition Scoring Process Interim Scoring, Corrections and 

Republication. FR Vol. 66, No. 117, pages 59084-59124. 2001. 

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 

http://www.huduser.org/portal/datasets/pis/66FR59084.pdf

MNCEE: Reduction of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Transfer in 

Minnesota Multifamily Buildings Using Air Sealing and Ventilation 

Treatments. Minnesota Center for Energy and Environment. 

http://www.mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/Reports-andTechnical-Documents/Reduction-of-Environmental-TobaccoSmoke-Transfer-/

NAHB Research Center: ToolBase Resources. Search “whole 

house ventilation” and “HRV” for additional resources.

http://www.toolbase.org/

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in Existing or New 

Buildings with Central Roof Exhaust. 2009. National Center for 

Healthy Housing.

http://www.nchh.org/Portals/0/Contents/Green_ventilation2.pdf

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in Multi-Family

Buildings That Do Not Have Fan-Powered Ventilation Systems. 

2009. National Center for Healthy Housing. National Center for 

Healthy Housing.

http://www.nchh.org/Portals/0/Contents/Factsheet_

Ventilation%201.pdf

NCHH Fact Sheet: Improving Ventilation in New and Existing 

Multi-Family Buildings with Individual Unit Ventilation Systems. 

2009. National Center for Healthy Housing.

http://www.nchh.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=g%2f9%2fqIHz1w

A%3d&tabid=370

NCHH Fact Sheet: Reasons to Explore Smoke-Free Housing. 

2009. National Center for Healthy Housing.

http://www.nchh.org//Portals/0/Contents/Green%20Factsheet_

Smokefree.pdf

NCHH Fact Sheet: Testing for Lead-Contaminated Dust. 2001. 

National Center for Healthy Housing.

http://www.nchh.org/Portals/0/Contents/factsheet_lead_dust.pdf
31

NCHH IPM: Integrated Pest Management in Affordable Housing, 

2010. National Center for Healthy Housing.

http://www.healthyhomestraining.org/ipm

NIST/NVLAP: Accredited Laboratories for the Polarized Light 

Microscopy (PLM) Test Method. National Institute of Standards 

and Technology/National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation 

Program.

http://ts.nist.gov/Standards/scopes/plmtm.htm

NIST/NVLAP: Accredited Laboratories for the Transmission 

Electron Microscopy (TEM) Test Method. 2011. National Institute 

of Standards and Technology/National Voluntary Laboratory 

Accreditation Program.

http://ts.nist.gov/Standards/scopes/temtm.htm

New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: 

How to Control Pests Safely. 2008. New York City Department of 

Health and Mental Hygiene.

http://www.healthyhomestraining.org/IPM/IPM_MFH_Ref_4_

NYC_Pest_Control_9-11-08.pdf

Additional Resources

CDC, NIOSH: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh

DOL, OSHA: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/

EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality, Formaldehyde. 

2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/formalde.html

EPA IAQ: Care for Your Air: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. 2008. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/careforyourair.pdf

White House, Recovery Through Retrofit: Recovery

Through Retrofit by Middle Class Task Force and Council on 

Environmental Quality. 2009. White House.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Recovery_Through_

Retrofit_Final_Report.pdf
32

Engaging in energy-focused retrofits, home weatherization projects, renovation or remodeling efforts can present 

risks to occupants, and workers’ health and safety may also be compromised if risks are not appropriately assessed 

and corrective actions are not taken. This appendix was developed to call attention to issues that are of concern to 

workers’ health and safety. Information on assessing the risks to workers, recommended actions to minimize risks to 

workers’ health and safety, and additional resources are provided below.

By law, employers and supervisors are required to ensure that:

1) Work site operations are conducted in compliance with OSHA regulatory requirements.

2) Workers are trained in the hazards of their job and the methods to protect themselves.

3) Workers are provided the protective equipment needed to reduce site exposures. 

OSHA regulatory requirements identify the following construction hazards to be addressed: 

Chemical Hazards 29 CFR 1926.59

Confined Space 29 CFR 1926.21 (b)(6)(i)

Electrical 29 CFR 1926 Subpart K

Falls 29 CFR 1926.501

Ladders 29 CFR 1926.1053

•	Site plans should address safety and health and should include precautions to address multiple construction 

issues, including the issues outlined below in Table 2. Measures an employer needs to take to evaluate existing and 

potential health concerns, as well as recommended actions to ensure worker safety, are also included in Table 2. 

Free help with developing these plans is often available from state or federal training (consulting) programs.

•	When known pollutants are being produced or disturbed during retrofit activities, follow appropriate standards 

(including OSHA, NIOSH, EPA lead safe, and BPI) to minimize worker and occupant exposure.

•	When possible, choose construction products whose manufacturers disclose all ingredients and verify that they are 

free of formaldehyde, mercury and other known toxic substances.

APPENDIX A

WORKER PROTECTION 
33

Table 2: Recommended Assessments and Actions for Priority Worker Safety Concerns

Asbestos

Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to asbestos-containing material (ACM).

Actions:

y Retrofitting/renovation activities may expose workers to ACM (e.g., if the home was built before 1990) and require compliance with 

the OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.1101, which provides the required protection measures.

y See OSHA’s website on asbestos for additional information and resources. 

Chemical Hazards

Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to chemical hazards.

Actions:

y If renovation or retrofitting activities will require the handling of chemical substances, compliance with the OSHA rule at 29 CFR 

1926.59 is necessary. It requires that chemical safety information be made available for all chemicals in use, that containers be properly 

labeled and that workers handling them be properly trained.

y See OSHA’s website on chemical hazards communication for additional information and resources. 

Confined Space

Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to confined-space hazards.

Actions:

y Ensure work space has breathable air (i.e., ventilate the work space if necessary). Section 5(a)(1) of OSH ACT requires employers to 

protect workers from serious workplace hazards. Under the OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.21 (b)(6)(i), all employees required to enter 

confined or enclosed spaces must be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken and the 

use of required protective and emergency equipment.

y See OSHA’s website on confined spaces and OSHA’s Confined Spaces E-Tool for additional resources on confined space hazards in 

general industry.

y See OSHA’s Protecting Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card for additional information on sources of CO and 

recommended actions for preventing CO exposure.

y See EPA’s website on the Design for the Environment Program for more information on selecting less toxic products and materials for 

use in confined spaces. 

Dust

Assessment: Determine if the work will create dust.

Actions:

y Workers should know about dust containment procedures and be able to control dust and debris created by equipment used in 

construction activities.

y Use work methods to minimize dust and prevent dust from spreading to other areas of the home.

y The rooms or areas where work is being done may need to be isolated (e.g., sealed with plastic sheeting) to contain any dust that is 

generated.

y Turn off forced-air, central heating and air-conditioning systems (including local, window air conditioning units) while work that 

creates dust is being completed.

y Collect and remove all construction debris.

y Conduct a careful cleanup.

y See OSHA’s websites on wood dust, combustible dust, and permissible exposure limits (PELs) for additional information and 

resources.

y See EPA’s Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule (40 CFR Part 745) for recommended actions to prevent, contain and 

clean up dust.
34

Electrical

Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to electrical hazards.

Actions:

y The OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926 Subpart K contains requirements for protecting workers from electrical hazards. Employers must 

make sure that all non-double-insulated electric equipment is equipped with a grounding conductor (three-wire type). Worn or frayed 

electric cords must not be used. Employers must provide either ground-fault circuit interrupters or an assured equipment grounding 

conductor program (which includes the regular testing of all equipment grounding conductors) to protect employees from ground 

faults.

y See OSHA’s Electrical Incidents E-Tool for additional information on electrical safety. 

Falls

Assessment: Determine whether workers will be required to work at heights of six feet or more.

Actions:

y If work is required at heights of six feet or more, then the workers must be protected with guard rails or tied off to prevent falling. (See 

OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.501 for additional information on requirements.)

y See OSHA’s website on fall protection and OSHA’s Falls E-Tool for additional information on protecting workers from fall hazards. 

Ladders

Assessment: Determine whether workers will be using ladders.

Actions:

y If ladders are used, portable ladders must be able to support at least four times the maximum intended load. Ladders that must lean 

against a wall are to be positioned at a 4:1 angle. Ladders are to be kept free of oil, grease, wet paint and other slipping hazards. The 

area around the top and bottom of the ladder must be kept clear. Ladders must not be tied or fastened together to provide longer 

sections. Metal ladders must not be used while working on electrical equipment and electrical wiring. See the OSHA rule at 29 CFR 

1926.1053 for additional information on requirements.

y See OSHA’s publication, Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules, for additional resources on ladder safety.

Lead

Assessment: Determine whether retrofitting or renovation activities will expose workers to lead dust (paint) (e.g., pre-1978 buildings) 

according to the Assessment Protocols outlined in the Lead section (page 9).

Actions:

y If the facility was built before 1978, the existing paint is assumed to contain lead and retrofitting or renovation activities must comply 

with EPA’s Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule (40 CFR 745) and the OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.62.

y See OSHA’s publication Lead in Construction for information on OSHA requirements to protect workers from lead hazards in the 

construction industry.

Mold

Assessment: Determine whether workers will be exposed to mold.

Actions:

y All suspected moldy areas should be remediated by properly trained individuals. Moisture problems need to be identified and fixed 

or mold will return. If mold is expected to be disturbed during activities, refer to OSHA’s A Brief Guide to Mold in the Workplace,

NIOSH’s Interim Recommendations for Cleaning and Remediation of Flood-Contaminated HVAC Systems: A Guide for Building 

Owners and Managers, EPA’s Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, ACGIH’s Bioaerosols Assessment and 

Control, AIHA’s Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of Indoor Mold or IICRC’s S500 Standard and Reference Guide for 

Professional Water Damage Restoration.

y See EPA’s website on mold and moisture for additional information on mold and mold remediation. 
35

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Assessment: Determine whether workers may be handling PCB-containing or PCB-contaminated building materials, including 

fluorescent light ballasts and caulk.

Actions:

y See EPA’s website on PCB-Containing Light Ballasts for information on proper maintenance, removal and disposal of PCB-containing 

fluorescent light ballasts. If leaking ballasts are discovered, wear protective clothing including chemical-resistant (nitrile) gloves, boots 

and disposable overalls.

y See EPA’s website on PCBs in Caulk – Steps to Safe Renovation and Repair Activities for additional information on the safe renovation 

and abatement of buildings that have PCB-containing caulk. Work practices to help ensure worker and occupant safety include 

employing protective measures (both interior and exterior), complying with occupational protective regulations, communicating with 

building occupants/third parties, setting up the work area to prevent the spread of dust, using appropriate tools that minimize the 

generation of dust/heat, and leaving the work area clean. See OSHA rule at 29 CFR 1926.28(a) for information on suitable personal 

protective equipment (PPE) for dust-generating work methods.

Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF)

Assessment: Determine whether workers will be using SPF, which may contain chemicals such as isocyanates (e.g., methylene diphenyl 

diisocyanate [MDI]), amines, flame retardants and other additives. There are three main types of SPF products (two-component high 

pressure, two-component low pressure, and one-component foam), each of which has different applications. Determine which of the 

three main types of SPF products will be used.

Actions:

y Applicators, helpers and building occupants in the work area are required to use protective equipment to prevent exposure to 

isocyanates and other SPF chemicals. Protective equipment requirements vary depending on SPF product.

y Review label and product information for ingredients, hazards, directions, safe work practices and precautions.

y Ensure health and safety training is completed and safe work practices are followed to prevent eye, skin and inhalation exposures 

during and after SPF installation.

y Exercise caution when determining a safe re-entry time for unprotected occupants and workers based on the manufacturer’s 

recommendation. If you experience breathing problems or other adverse health effects from weatherizing with SPF, seek immediate 

medical attention.

y See OSHA’s Green Job Hazards website for additional information on the hazards associated with SPF.

y See EPA’s website on SPF for additional information.

y See American Chemistry Council’s Spray Polyurethane Foam Health and Safety website for additional information.

Worker Protection Resources

General

CDC, NIOSH, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh

CDC, NIOSH, Protective Clothing and Ensembles, Safety and Health Topics. 2010. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/protclothing

CDC, NIOSH, Respirators, Safety and Health Topics. 2011. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health.

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/respirators

DOL, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov

Asbestos

DOL, OSHA, Asbestos: Asbestos. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/

DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.1101, subpart Z: Asbestos. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Toxic and Hazardous 

Substances; Sampling and Analysis: Non-mandatory. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10862&p_table=STANDARDS

Chemical Hazards

DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.59, subpart D: Hazard Communication. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Occupational 

Health and Environmental Controls: Hazard Communication. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10633&p_table=STANDARDS
36

DOL, OSHA, Hazard Communication: Hazard Communication. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health

Administration. 

http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/index.html

Confined Space

DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.21 (b)(6)(i), subpart C: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: General Safety and Health 

Provisions: Safety Training and Education. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10607&p_table=STANDARDS

DOL, OSHA, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card: Protecting Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Quick Card. U.S. 

Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/3282-10N-05-English-07-18-2007.html

DOL, OSHA, Confined Spaces E-Tool: Confined Spaces E-Tool. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/oshasoft/index.html

DOL, OSHA, Confined Spaces: Confined Spaces. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/confinedspaces/index.html

DOL, OSHA, OSH ACT: Section 5 (a)(1). U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=OSHACT&p_id=3359

EPA Design for the Environment: Safer Product Labeling Program. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/formpart.htm

Dust

DOL, OSHA, Combustible Dust: Combustible Dust. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/dsg/combustibledust/index.html

DOL, OSHA, Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs): Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/pel/

DOL, OSHA, Wood Dust: Wood Dust. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/wooddust/index.html

EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule: 40 CFR Part 745: Lead; Clearance and Clearance Testing Requirements 

for the Renovation, Repair and Painting Program, Proposed Rule, FR Vol. 75, No. 87, pages 25038-25073. 2010. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/pdf/2010-10102.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovation.htm

Electrical

DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926, subpart K: Electrical Standards for Construction. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and 

Health Administration 

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=16956

DOL, OSHA, Electrical Incidents E-Tool: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/electrical_incidents/mainpage.html

Falls

DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.501, subpart M: Fall Protection. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. U.S. Department of 

Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10757&p_table=STANDARDS

DOL, OSHA, Falls: Falls. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/fallprotection/index.html

DOL, OSHA, Falls E-Tool: Falls E-Tool. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/falls/mainpage.html

Ladders

DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.1053, subpart X: Ladders. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. U.S. Department of Labor, 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10839

DOL, OSHA, Stairways and Ladders: Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.pdf
37

Lead

DOL, OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.62, subpart D: Lead. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Occupational Health and 

Environmental Controls. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10641

DOL, OSHA, Lead - Construction: Lead - Construction. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/construction.html

EPA Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) Program Rule: 40 CFR Part 745: Lead; Clearance and Clearance Testing Requirements 

for the Renovation, Repair and Painting Program, Proposed Rule, FR Vol. 75, No. 87, pages 25038-25073. 2010. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/pdf/2010-10102.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovation.htm

Mold

ACGIH: Bioaerosols Assessment and Control. 1999. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 

http://www.acgih.org/store/productdetail.cfm?id=349

AIHA: Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of Indoor Mold. 2008. American Industrial Hygiene Association. 

https://webportal.aiha.org/Purchase/ProductDetail.aspx?Product_code=3f9e0a5a-4778-de11-96b0-0050568361fd

CDC Mold Cleanup: Mold Cleanup. 2010. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

http://www.cdc.gov/mold/cleanup.htm

CDC Mold Prevention Strategies: Mold Prevention Strategies and Possible Health Effects in the Aftermath of Hurricanes and Major 

Floods. 2006. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5508a1.htm

CDC, NIOSH, Cleaning and Remediation of HVAC Systems: NIOSH Interim Recommendations for the Cleaning and Remediation 

of Flood Contaminated HVAC Systems: A Guide for Building Owners and Managers. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nas/rdrp/appendices/chapter10/a10-14.pdf

DOL, OSHA, Mold in Workplace: A Brief Guide to Mold in the Workplace. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib101003.html

EPA Mold: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/iedmold1/mold_remediation.html

EPA Mold: Mold and Moisture. 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/mold/

IICRC: S500 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Water Damage Restoration. 2006. Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and 

Restoration Certification.

http://www.iicrc.org/pdf/buydocs.pdf

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

EPA PCB-Containing Light Ballasts: Proper Maintenance, Removal, and Disposal of PCB-Containing Fluorescent Light Ballasts. 2011. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/ballasts.htm

EPA PCBs in Caulk – Steps to Safe Renovation and Repair Activities: 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk/guide/guide-sect2.htm

DOL OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1926.28(a), subpart C: Personal Protective Equipment. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: 

Occupational Health and Environmental Controls. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10614

Spray Polyurethane Foam

American Chemistry Council: Spray Polyurethane Foam Health and Safety. American Chemistry Council.

http://www.spraypolyurethane.org

DOL, OSHA, Green Jobs Hazards: Green Jobs Hazards, Weather Insulating/Sealing. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and 

Health Administration.

http://www.osha.gov/dep/greenjobs/weather_spf.html

EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/spray_polyurethane_foam.html

EPA SPF: Spray Polyurethane Foam, Building Occupants and Other Workers Should Vacate During SPF Installation. 2011. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/spray_polyurethane_foam.html#building

tml. 
38

Why Provide Client Education

Home energy upgrades, when completed in accordance with EPA’s Healthy Indoor Environment Protocols for 

Home Energy Upgrades, can help improve the indoor air quality and safety in homes. Energy upgrade work also 

presents a valuable chance to interact with occupants, giving the contractor an opportunity to provide helpful 

education on indoor air quality and safety to further ensure the positive impact of a more energy efficient, healthier 

home. With effective education, occupants are better prepared to maintain healthy home improvements and less 

likely to create new health hazards in their homes.

Key Issues

Programs, crews and contractors are encouraged to incorporate into their client education strategies a set of messages 

related to 12 topics identified in the protocols for occupant education (presented here alphabetically):

1. Asbestos.

2. Asthma triggers.

3. Carbon monoxide (CO) and other combustion pollutants.

4. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). 

5. Lead.

6. Mold and moisture.

7. Pests.

8. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

9. Radon.

10. Safety.

11. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in household products and materials.

12. Wood smoke and solid fuel emissions.

These issues and health messages are described in Table 3, which summarizes how these priority indoor 

environmental concerns affect occupants and provides suggested occupant education health messages. Occupant 

health messages can be used to communicate key points regarding these 12 important topics for healthy indoor 

environments.

EPA has many publications suitable for occupant education on indoor air quality in homes, including Care for 

Your Air: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality, which can be found on EPA’s Indoor Air Quality home page, 

www.epa.gov/iaq. 

Appendix B

Client Education 
39

Table 3: Priority Health Concerns and Recommended Occupant Health Messages

Priority Health Concerns Recommended Occupant Health Messages

Asbestos – Asbestos-containing materials (ACM) 

in homes may include pipe and furnace insulation, 

vermiculite insulation installed before 1990, floor 

tiles, exterior shingles and roofing. Exposure can 

cause lung cancer, mesothelioma (cancer of the 

lining of the chest and abdominal cavity) and 

asbestosis, in which the lungs become scarred with 

fibrous tissue.

•	Do not disturb materials that may contain asbestos including pipe insulation, 

attic vermiculite insulation, exterior shingles and floor tiles (particularly 9-inch 

by 9-inch tiles).

•	Consult state requirements for asbestos testing and mitigation.

Asthma Triggers – Asthma triggers are commonly 

found in homes, schools and offices and include 

moisture, mold, dust mites, pests such as 

cockroaches or mice, secondhand smoke and pet 

dander. A home may have mold growing on a 

shower curtain, dust mites in pillows, blankets or 

stuffed animals, secondhand smoke in the air and 

cat and dog hairs on the carpet or floors. 

Asthma triggers cause symptoms including 

coughing, chest tightness, wheezing and breathing 

problems. An asthma attack occurs when 

symptoms keep getting worse or are suddenly very 

severe. Asthma attacks can be life threatening. 

•	Asthma can be controlled with the right medicines and by reducing asthma 

triggers.

•	For dust mites, wash bedding in hot water once a week and dry completely. Use 

dust-proof (allergen-impermeable) mattress and pillow covers. Choose washable 

stuffed toys; wash them often in hot water, and dry thoroughly. 

•	Keep pets out of bedrooms and off furniture. Consider keeping pets outside, if 

possible.

•	See sections of this table on Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Mold and Moisture, 

and Pests for recommendations regarding these asthma triggers.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other 

Combustion Pollutants – Combustion pollutants 

are gases or particles that come from burning 

materials. Common combustion pollutants 

include carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen 

dioxide (NO2

).

Exposure to CO can cause headaches, impaired 

vision and coordination, flu symptoms, dizziness, 

and at high concentrations, confusion, nausea and 

death. CO sources include combustion equipment 

(e.g., furnaces and wood stoves), unvented 

combustion appliances (e.g., vent-free fireplaces), 

portable generators, and other combustion 

equipment and automobiles operated in attached 

garages. 

NO2 is a colorless, odorless gas that causes eye, 

nose and throat irritation, shortness of breath and 

an increased risk of respiratory infection.

•	CO alarms should be installed in all homes.

•	Annually test CO alarms. Replace every five to seven years. It is recommended 

that CO alarms have a digital display and provide peak level readings. Note: Some 

CO alarms can detect and store low level peak CO levels (less than 30 ppm).

•	Never operate a portable generator or any gasoline engine-powered tool in or 

near an enclosed space such as a garage, house or other building. Even with open 

doors and windows, these spaces can trap CO and allow it to quickly build to 

lethal levels.

•	Never warm up cars in attached garages, even if the garage door to the outside is 

open.

•	For gas vent-free heaters and fireplaces, inform occupant of identified operation 

or installation issues and suggested actions.

•	Consult manufacturer installation and operating instructions for proper 

operation and maintenance of gas appliances. If manufacturer instructions 

are not available, contact manufacturer to obtain replacement instructions or 

contact the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) for 

information on obtaining these instructions for gas appliances.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) – 

Exposure to ETS, also known as “secondhand 

smoke,” can occur if someone smokes in a home 

or apartment building. Exposure to secondhand 

smoke increases the risk of lung cancer in adults. 

Children are at increased risk of ear infections, 

bronchitis and pneumonia, Sudden Infant 

Death Syndrome (SIDS) and asthma symptoms. 

Secondhand smoke triggers symptoms in 

people who have asthma or chronic obstructive 

pulmonary disease (COPD).

•	Secondhand smoke poses health risks to non-smokers (e.g., cancer in adults, 

SIDS, breathing problems in children).

•	Do not allow smoking in the home. Smoke outside to reduce the risk to others 

in the home.

•	Provide access to information on local smoking cessation programs for those who 

want to quit.

•	Explore smoke-free housing policies for multi-family properties. Explain financial 

and reduced liability benefits to owners. See the National Center for Healthy 

Housing’s fact sheet Reasons to Explore Smoke Free Housing for additional 

information.
40

Priority Health Concerns Recommended Occupant Health Messages

Lead – Housing-related lead sources include 

flaking or peeling lead-based paint, leaded dust, 

lead in soil and lead in drinking water. Exposure 

can cause learning difficulties, behavior problems, 

hearing damage and in extreme cases seizures 

or death. Children under six years of age and 

pregnant women are at greatest risk.

•	Pregnant women and children under six years are at greatest risk.

•	In homes built before 1978: 1) If repainting, remodeling or disturbing paint, use 

lead safe-work practices; 2) Repair peeling paint using lead safe work practices in 

homes where young children or pregnant women live.

•	Consider testing blood lead levels in children younger than six years of age, if 

living in a pre-1978 home.

•	For pre-1978 homes with chipping exterior paint: Test soil for lead content and 

remove or cover lead-contaminated soil.

Mold and Moisture – Mold can grow almost 

anywhere there is moisture in a house. Asthma 

symptoms, allergic reactions, and other respiratory 

symptoms can be triggered by damp indoor 

environments and mold. Inhaling mold spores can 

trigger asthma attacks in people sensitive to molds. 

•	If you see mold on hard surfaces, clean it up with soap and water. Let the area 

dry completely.

•	Repair moisture problems to avoid dampness or mold.

•	Dry water-damaged areas and items within 24-48 hours after a leak or spill to 

prevent mold growth.

•	Avoid installing carpet in areas prone to wetting or moisture problems.

•	Run bathroom and kitchen fans when showering, cooking, etc., and run wholehouse ventilation system according to manufacturer’s instructions to help 

minimize moisture and contaminant buildup.

Pests – Rodents, cockroaches, termites, birds, bats

and other pests can be found in homes. Exposure

to some pest droppings and body parts (e.g., from 

mice and cockroaches) can trigger asthma attacks. 

Rodents can also carry diseases such as hantavirus, 

which can result in a deadly condition called 

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Misusing 

pesticides to address pest problems can sometimes 

result in harmful exposures to carcinogens or 

chemicals that result in respiratory problems or 

allergic reactions.

•	Follow integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to reduce pest infestations 

and to avoid the overuse of pesticides: 1) Reduce pest access to water and food by 

properly storing food and trash and by using effective housekeeping techniques; 

2) Limit pest entry by sealing holes and cracks; 3) Use targeted and least toxic 

pesticides.

•	Clean up pest droppings and body parts to reduce allergens.

•	Safely store pesticides out of reach of children.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) – PCBs 

were manufactured domestically from 1929 until 

their manufacture was banned in 1979. PCBs 

have been shown to cause a variety of adverse 

health effects, including effects on the immune 

system, reproductive system, nervous system and 

endocrine system in animals. PCBs have also 

been shown to cause cancer in animals. Studies in 

humans provide supportive evidence for potential 

carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of 

PCBs. 

•	Although no longer commercially produced in the U.S., PCBs may be present 

in products and materials produced before the 1979 PCB ban (e.g., transformers 

and capacitors, cable insulation, oil-based paint, caulk, plastics, floor finish). 

• Materials suspected of PCB contamination should be sampled, tested and safely 

abated by a professional. 

Radon – Radon is the #1 cause of lung cancer 

for non-smokers. It is the 2nd leading cause of 

lung cancer overall (after smoking), accounting 

for 21,000 deaths annually. A radioactive gas 

that comes from the natural decay of uranium in 

soil and water, radon can enter homes through 

openings in walls and floors where they come into 

contact with the ground. An estimated one in 

every 15 U.S. homes has radon levels at or above 

EPA’s action level of 4 pCi/L.

•	The only way to know the radon level in your home is to test for it.

•	EPA and the Surgeon General recommend testing all homes below the third floor 

for radon.

•	Mitigate radon in homes if levels are greater than or equal to 4 pCi/L. Strongly 

consider mitigating homes with levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L. 

o Radon levels below 4 pCi/L still pose a health risk and in many cases may be 

reduced. See EPA’s A Citizen’s Guide to Radon.

•	Make sure any existing radon mitigation system is functioning properly. If a vent 

fan is installed, check its condition first.
41

Priority Health Concerns Recommended Occupant Health Messages

Safety – Trips and falls, poisoning and burns are 

significant injury risks in homes. Poor lighting, 

lack of handrails, unstable stairs and other housing 

hazards increase the risk of falls. Improperly stored 

chemicals increase the risk of poisoning.

•	Smoke alarms and CO alarms should be installed in all homes and tested 

regularly. Replace batteries annually. Replace smoke alarms every 10 years and 

CO alarms every five to seven years. 

•	Set hot water heater thermostats to 120 degrees Fahrenheit to reduce burns and 

scalds.

•	In homes where elderly persons live, reduce trip hazards, provide sufficient 

lighting on stairs, ensure handrails and grab bars are in key locations, and follow 

CDC’s guide Check for Safety: A Home Fall Prevention Checklist for Older 

Adults.

•	In homes with young children, install gates at the tops of stairs and securely store 

chemicals and pesticides.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in

Household Products and Materials – VOCs are 

found in many household products and materials 

including paints, carpets and pads, pressed wood, 

composite wood, cleaning supplies, air fresheners 

and furniture. Exposures can cause eye, nose and 

throat irritation, liver damage and cancer. 

•	Select low-VOC products when possible (e.g., paint, carpet, furniture, cabinets, 

adhesives and cleaning products). Green testing and rating programs that assess 

products for VOCs and other health hazards include:

o California Department of Public Health, Emission Testing Method for 

California Specification 01350.

o Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label or Green Label Plus program 

criteria or equivalent standards for carpet.

o Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) High Performance 

Products Database.

o Green Seal Standard GS-11.

o Greenguard Children and Schools Certification Program.

o Master Painters Institute (MPI) Green Performance Standards GPS-1 or GPS2.

o Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) Standard EC-10.2-2007 (Indoor 

Advantage Gold).

•	If using pressed or composite wood products, avoid products containing urea 

formaldehyde. Select products compliant with California Title 17.

•	Local ventilation can be used when strong sources of VOCs or other airborne 

contaminants are isolated to a specific room or area. Whole-house ventilation 

will also help reduce VOCs and other airborne contaminants in most homes.

•	Safely store chemicals out of reach of children.

Wood Smoke and Solid Fuel Emissions –

Wood stoves and fireplaces can create emissions, 

and exposures can cause breathing problems.

•	Ensure fireplace chimney or wood stove flue is working properly (i.e., there is no 

wood smoke in the home).

•	Clean chimney once a year.

•	Follow EPA’s Guide for Best Burn Practices for Wood Stoves.

•	If purchasing a new stove, ensure it is EPA-certified.

Client Education Resources:

Asbestos

EPA Asbestos: Asbestos in Your Home. 1990. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/ashome.html

http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/

Asthma Triggers

EPA Asthma: Indoor Environmental Asthma Triggers. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/asthma/triggers.html

Carbon Monoxide

AHRI: Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute.

http://www.ahrinet.org/default.aspx

CPSC Document #466: Carbon Monoxide Questions and Answers. 2008. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/466.html

EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Carbon Monoxide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html
42

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

EPA Smoke-free Homes and Cars Program: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010.

http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/

NCHH Fact Sheet: Reasons to Explore Smoke-Free Housing. 2009. National Center for Healthy Housing.

http://www.nchh.org//Portals/0/Contents/Green%20Factsheet_Smokefree.pdf

Lead

EPA Lead-Based Paint Renovation, Repair, and Painting Program: Lead Safe Certified Guide to Renovate Right Brochure. 2010. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovaterightbrochure.pdf

Mold and Moisture

EPA Mold: A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home. 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/iedmold1/moldguide.html

Pests

EPA Pests: Controlling Pests. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. 

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/controlling/index.htm

New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: How to Control Pests Safely. 2008. New York City Department of Health 

and Mental Hygiene.

http://www.healthyhomestraining.org/IPM/IPM_MFH_Ref_4_NYC_Pest_Control_9-11-08.pdf

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

EPA PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyls. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/index.htm

Radon

EPA Radon Guidance: Citizen’s Guide to Radon. 2009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html

Safety

CDC Fall Prevention Checklist: Check for Safety: A Home Fall Prevention Checklist for Older Adults. 2009. U.S. Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention.

http://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Falls/CheckListForSafety.html

Volatile Organic Compounds in Household Products and Materials

California Department of Public Health CAL-IAQ Program Standard: Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile 

Organic Chemical Emissions from Indoor Sources Using Environmental Chambers, Version 1.1. 2010. California Department of Public 

Health.

http://www.cal-iaq.org/vocs/standard-method-for-voc-emissions-testing-and-evaluation

California Title 17: California Code of Regulations, Title 17, sections 93120 - 93120.12. 2008. State of California.

CRI: Green Label, Green Label Plus. The Carpet and Rug Institute.

http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/

EPA IAQ: An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html

Greenguard Children and Schools Certification Program: Greenguard Environmental Institute.

http://www.greenguard.org/en/QuickSearch.aspx

Green Seal Standard GS-11: GS-11: Green Seal Environmental Standard for Paints and Coatings. 2008. Green Seal, Inc.

http://www.greenseal.org/GreenBusiness/Standards.aspx?vid=ViewStandardDetail&cid=0&sid=6

MPI GPS-1 and GPS-2: Master Painters Institute (MPI) Green Performance Standards for Paints and Coatings [GPS-1 and GPS-2]. 

2008. Master Painters Institute, Inc.

http://www.specifygreen.com/EvrPerf/EnvironmentalPerformance.html

SCS Standard EC-10.2-2007: Standard EC-10.2-2007, Indoor Air Quality Performance. 2007. Scientific Certification Systems.

http://www.scscertified.com/docs/SCS-EC10.2-2007.pdf

Wood Smoke and Solid Fuel Emissions

CSIA: Top-Down Method of Stove Loading. Chimney Safety Institute of America.

http://www.csia.org/HomeownerResources/ChimneySafetyInfo/HOWTOBuildaTopDownBurn/tabid/229/Default.aspx

EPA Burn Wise Guides: Burn Wise Guide for Best Burn Practices for Wood Stoves. 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/bestburn.html
AC – Air Conditioning

ACCA – Air Conditioning Contractors of America

ACM – Asbestos-Containing Material

AFHH – Alliance for Healthy Homes

AHRI – Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration 

Institute

ANSI – American National Standards Institute

ASHI – American Society of Home Inspectors

ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and 

Air-Conditioning Engineers

ASPE – American Society of Plumbing Engineers

ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials

BPI – Building Performance Institute

CA – California

CAZ – Combustion Appliance Zone

CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CEQ – White House Council on Environmental Quality

cfm – Cubic feet per minute

CFR – Code of Federal Regulations

CHPS – Collaborative for High Performance Schools

CO – Carbon Monoxide

CO2 – Carbon Dioxide

COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

CPSC – Consumer Product Safety Commission

CRI – Carpet and Rug Institute

CSA – Canadian Standards Association

CSIA – Chimney Safety Institute of America

DOE – U.S. Department of Energy

DOL – U.S. Department of Labor

EPA – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPA OSWER – U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency Office of Solid Waste and 

Emergency Response

ETS – Environmental Tobacco Smoke

ft2 – Square feet

GS – Green Seal

HPS – Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

HRV – Heat Recovery Ventilator

HUD – U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development

HVAC – Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

APPENDIX C

ABBREVIATIONS

IAQ – Indoor Air Quality

IPM – Integrated Pest Management

LED – Light-Emitting Diode

MDI – Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate

MERV – Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value

MNCEE – Minnesota Center for Energy and Environment

MPI – Master Painters Institute

MPI GPS – Master Painters Institute Green Performance 

Standard

N/A – Not Applicable

NAHB – National Association of Home Builders

NCHH – National Center for Healthy Housing

NEHA – National Environmental Health Association

NESCAUM – The Clean Air Association of the Northeast 

States

NFI – National Fireplace Institute

NFPA – National Fire Protection Association

NIOSH – National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health

NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology

NRSB – National Radon Safety Board

NVLAP – National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation 

Program

ODS – Oxygen Depletion Sensor

OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PCBs – Polychlorinated Biphenyls

pCi/L – picocuries per liter

PELs – Permissible Exposure Limits

PLM – Polarized Light Microscopy

ppm – Parts per million

RRP – Renovation, Repair and Painting

SCS – Scientific Certification Systems

SIDS – Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

SPF – Spray Polyurethane Foam

TEM – Transmission Electron Microscopy

U.S. – United States

VOCs – Volatile Organic Compounds

W.C. – Water Column

XRF – X-Ray Fluorescence 

43
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/retrofits.html

Office of Air and Radiation (6609J)

EPA 402/K-11/003 | October 2011