science for a changing world

Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water 

used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern 

Missouri Phase II, April-July, 1998

Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4260

 I.

Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 

Division of Environmental Quality, 

Public Drinking Water Program

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey
Cover Photograph: Water tower at the city of Crane's well number 1, Christiana Avenue and Main Street
U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey

Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water 

used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern 

Missouri Phase II, April-July, 1998

By Suzanne R. Femmer

Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4260

Prepared in cooperation with the 

Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 

Division of Environmental Quality, 

Public Drinking Water Program

Rolla, Missouri 

2000
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Charles G. Groat, Director

The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute 

endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

For additional information write to:

District Chief

U.S. Geological Survey, WRD

1400 Independence Road

Mail Stop 100

Rolla, Missouri 65401

Copies of this report can be purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey 

Branch of Information Services 

Box 25286 

Denver, CO 80225-0286
CONTENTS

Abstract.............................................................................................................._^ 1

Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Description of Study Area................................................................................................................................................. 3

Geology................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Geohydrology.......................................................................................................................................................... 5

Land Use and Population......................................................................................................................................... 8

Climate............................................................................................................._^ 12

Soils......................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Sampling Design and Methods.......................................................................................................................................... 12

Well Selection.......................................................................................................................................................... 12

Sampling and Analysis Methods............................................................................................................................. 15

RNA Hybridization Microprobe Techniques .......................................................................................................... 17

Physical and Chemical Quality.......................................................................................................................................... 18

Microbiological Quality .................................................................................................................................................... 19

Optical Brightener Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 25

Ground-Water Vulnerability Assessment.......................................................................................................................... 26

Summary and Conclusions................................................................................................................................................ 26

References ...........................................................................................................^^ 28

FIGURES

1. -8. Maps showing:

1. Location of study area and physiographic provinces .......................................................................... 4

2. Location of hydrogeologic units and sampled public-water-supply wells.......................................... 6

3. Location of sampled wells relative to karst and non-karst areas......................................................... 7

4. Land use and sites sampled in Missouri.............................................................................................. 9

5. Location of confined animal feedlot operations and sampled wells ................................................... 10

6. Estimated county population in 1998, and the change in population from 1980 to 1990................... 11

7. Percentage of normal precipitation during sampling period, 1998 ..................................................... 13

8. General soil groupings in Missouri..................................................................................................... 14

9. Virus filter apparatus with optical brightener attachment................................................................................. 16

10. Map showing dissolved oxygen concentrations in relation to karst and non-karst areas................................. 20

11. Graph showing distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration data within the Ozark unconfined

and the Ozark confined geohydrologic units.................................................................................................... 21

12. Map showing nitrogen, as ammonia, concentrations in relation to the geohydrologic units ........................... 22

13. Graph showing distribution of ammonia and phosphorus data within each soil type...................................... 23

14. Graph showing distribution of alkalinity and dissolved oxygen concentration data within each landuse type............................................................................................................................................................. 24

Contents
TABLES

1. Identification and drill date for the sampled wells................................................................................................. 33

2. Selected characteristics for the public-water-supply systems sampled.................................................................. 38

3. Statistical summary of the physical and chemical constituents sampled............................................................... 43

4. Results of chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area ......................................................................... 44

5. Microbiological data for the wells sampled........................................................................................................... 56

6. Total vulnerability ranking according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ground Water

	Disinfection Rule-Vulnerability Assessment Plan................................................................................................. 62

iv Contents
Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water 

used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern 

Missouri Phase II, April-July, 1998

BySuzanne R. Femmer

ABSTRACT

The protection of public health through quality public ground-water systems is the responsibility of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 

and the State of Missouri, through the Missouri 

Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Program. Approximately 95 percent of 

the public-water supplies in Missouri use ground 

water as their source of drinking water through 

more than 3,700 public wells. Karst terrain, intensive agricultural operations, extensive numbers of 

on-site sewage systems, and poor well construction can lead to chemical and microbiological contamination of the contributing aquifers. Sitespecific studies and routine regulatory monitoring 

have produced information on the overall quality 

and potability of the State's public-drinking-water 

supplies, but little is known about the presence of 

viruses.

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation 

with the Missouri Department of Natural 

Resources, sampled 109 public-water supplies to 

characterize the physical, chemical, bacterial, and 

viral conditions in southern Missouri. During 

April to July 1998, these wells were sampled for 

nutrients, total organic carbon, optical brighteners, 

indicator bacteria, enteric viruses, and ribonucleic 

acid and somatic coliphages. These constituents 

indicate possible surface contamination of the 

sampled aquifer. Selection of the wells to be sampled depended on the age of the well (pre-1970), 

land use, geohydrology, and well construction.

None of the physical or chemical constituents measured or analyzed exceeded Missouri's 

Drinking Water Standards set by the Public Drinking Water Program of the Missouri Department of 

Natural Resources. The majority of ammonia plus 

organic nitrogen, nitrite, and phosphorus concentrations were below the laboratory's minimum 

reporting levels. There were a greater number of 

detects above the minimum reporting level with 

respect to the nitrite plus nitrate, ammonia, orthophosphate, and total organic carbon concentrations. Analyses included comparing and 

contrasting the data by grouping according to well 

age and construction, karst type, geohydrology, 

soil type, and land use. There was little variation in 

well construction between selected wells. The 

results indicated several groupings of similar and 

dissimilar concentrations, most expected because 

of hydrological, physical, or land use differences. 

Dissolved oxygen values indicated distinct variation in the different groupings. There were significant differences in dissolved oxygen values 

between the secondary and non-karst areas, the 

Ozark confined and Ozark unconfined geohydrologic groups, and between agricultural and other 

land uses. In groupings by soil and geohydrology, 

the Missouri bootheel region differed with respect 

to ammonia, total organic carbon, and phosphorus 

when compared with the other groups.

Less than 10 percent of the wells sampled 

tested positive for bacterial contamination. E. coli 

was the most frequently detected bacterium. The 

public wells at Monett and West Plains, Missouri,

Abstract 1
had plates with colonies too numerous to count for 

all three indicator bacteria. Further analyses by 

rRNA (ribosomal RiboNucleic Acid) hybridization techniques determined that much of the bacteria present were from ruminant and human 

sources. No enteric viruses were detected in the 

109 samples. Both ribonucleic acid and somatic 

coliphage were detected at two wells. One additional well had ribonucleic acid coliphage and 

another had somatic coliphage for a total of four 

wells with coliphage selects.

INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(USEPA) and the Missouri Department of Natural 

Resources, Public Drinking Water Program (MDNRPDWP) have the responsibility to address public 

ground-water systems to assure the protection of public 

health. Section 1412(b)(l)(A) of the Safe Drinking 

Water Act requires that National Primary Drinking 

Water Regulations be established for contaminants that 

may have detrimental effects on public health. This 

requirement, along with an additional requirement 

under Section 1412(b)(8) that specifies that the USEPA 

develop regulations for the use of disinfectants for 

ground-water systems as needed, has prompted the 

development of a Ground Water Rule (GWR). The 

GWR is a method to prioritize drinking-water supplies 

by their vulnerability to be contaminated by pathogenic 

microorganisms. In Missouri, residents and commercial operations are greatly dependent on ground water 

as a clean source of drinking water. Approximately 95 

percent of the public-water supplies in Missouri use 

ground water as their source of drinking water through 

more than 3,700 public wells. Karst terrain, intensive 

agricultural operations, extensive numbers of on-site 

sewage systems, and poor well construction can lead to 

chemical and microbiological contamination of the 

contributing aquifers. State resource managers are concerned about the impact of these conditions on the 

microbiological and chemical quality of the ground 

water in the State. Currently (1999), much is known 

about the status of bacterial contamination of the public-water supplies through studies and monitoring 

efforts, but little is known about viral contamination or 

the effects of leaking septic systems on the contributing

aquifers. Virus populations fluctuate with the natural 

conditions of aquifers, which tend to make their detection a hit-or-miss opportunity.

Since the early 1900's, drinking water disinfection has been used to decrease the risks of waterborne 

pathogens. Widespread outbreaks of typhoid fever, 

cholera, and other bacterial diseases prompted the need 

to disinfect drinking-water supplies. Enteric viruses 

have caused epidemics, even when the drinking water 

has met all of the water-quality standards for coliform 

bacteria, turbidity, and chlorine residuals. Results from 

a recent study of gastroenteritis suggested that drinking 

water was responsible for one-quarter to one-third of 

all such illnesses reported, even though the drinking 

water met all required standards (Sobsey, 1995). Animal or human sewage or pasture runoff can contain detrimental microorganisms such as E. Co//, Salmonella, 

and enteric viruses, and can cause gastroenteritis.

Enteric viruses are indicators of materials associated with the digestive tract such as sewage. Viruses are 

composed of genetic material that survive and reproduce by attacking or invading other living cells. As 

they take over another cell, they destroy the original 

cell's genetic material and replace it with its own. This 

ability enables the viruses to survive and flourish. 

Coliphages are viruses that infect coliform bacteria 

specifically. Two types of coliphages are RNA (ribonucleic acid) coliphage (also know as Male Specific), and 

somatic coliphage. These coliphages differ in how they 

infect the host bacteria. The RNA coliphage infects the 

bacteria cells by entering through the sex pili; the 

somatic coliphage enters the cells through the cell wall.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the MDNR-PDWP, has completed two 

phases of a study to characterize the bacterial and viral 

conditions in the ground water of southern Missouri. 

The first phase (Phase I) of the study is documented in 

Davis and Witt (1999). The data from the two sampling 

periods of the Phase I study indicate that microbiological contamination of public-water-supply wells drilled 

after 1970 is not widespread in the Ozark Plateaus. A 

small percentage (10 to 14) of the wells sampled in 

Phase I are contaminated by potentially pathogenic 

viruses or other pathogen indicator organisms. Also, 

results from the two periods of sampling varied considerably. More than a single sampling opportunity is 

needed to definitively address the presence or lack of 

viruses in the drinking-water-supply aquifers.

Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
The objectives of the Phase II study were to 

determine if the chemical and microbiological quality 

of the ground water is affected by land use, soil, geohydrology, karst type, well construction or well age; to 

use optical brighteners as an indicator of onsite sewage 

migration to the sampled aquifer; the effectiveness of 

the USEPA Ground Water Disinfection Rule (GWDR) 

Vulnerability Assessment Plan (VAP) (U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1998) to 

categorize wells into vulnerability classes; and the type 

of microbiological contamination in affected wells.

The purpose of this report is to describe the study 

and to present the data, analyses, and conclusions 

derived from the data collected for this study. This 

report includes a description of the study area and sampling network, design, and methods. Also included are 

discussions of the chemical and physical data, the use 

of optical brighteners as a detection method, microbiological data, and the usefulness of the VAP in southern 

Missouri.

During this second phase (Phase II) of the study, 

109 public-water-supply wells were sampled to characterize the physical, chemical, bacterial, and viral conditions in southern Missouri (table 1, at the back of this 

report). These wells were sampled from April to July 

1998 for nutrients, total organic carbon, optical brighteners, indicator bacteria, enteric viruses, and RNA and 

somatic coliphages. The presence of these constituents 

indicate possible surface contamination of the sampled 

aquifer. Selection of the wells to be sampled depended 

on well age, land use, geohydrology, and well construction. Phase II studied older wells, drilled before 1970, 

to determine if age and construction would contribute 

to susceptibility to surface contamination.

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

The study area is located in the southern one-half 

of Missouri and consists of parts of three major physiographic provinces (fig. 1). The Ozark Plateaus is the 

dominant physiographic province in southern Missouri. The Mississippi Alluvial Plain physiographic 

section of the Coastal Plain Province is located in the 

southeastern part of the State (Missouri "bootheel"). 

The Osage Plains physiographic section of the Central 

Lowland province is located in the western part of the 

State. These three provinces encompass diverse topography, geology, and hydrology.

The Ozark Plateaus province is the largest in the 

study area and consists of three distinct physiographic 

sections the Springfield Plateau, the Salem Plateau, 

and the St. Francois Mountains. Topography in the 

province ranges from nearly level to steeply rugged 

hills. The stream drainage patterns are radial and tend 

to follow geologic features such as faults and joints in 

the rocks. The Ozark Plateaus province is riddled with 

karst features such as cave systems, sinkholes, and natural tunnels. These features are formed by the dissolution of carbonate rocks along faults and fractures. The 

karst features allow effective interconnection between 

the land surface and ground water.

The Mississippi Alluvial Plain physiographic 

section lies in the southeastern part of the study area. 

This section has a flat to gently rolling terrain of unconsolidated sediments. The stream drainages mostly are a 

complex network of channelized streams and ditches 

that drain swampy areas. The rich unconsolidated sediments and drained swampland lend this region to 

large-scale agricultural activities.

The Osage Plains physiographic section lies in 

the western and northwestern part of the study area. 

The topography of this section is mostly gently rolling 

hills and broad, shallow valleys.

Geology

The Ozark Plateaus province is an area of diverse 

geology. The province is in an area of geologic uplift 

that rises above surrounding lowlands (Imes and 

Emmett, 1994). Lithologies include igneous and sedimentary rocks with secondary mineralization, fracturing, and faulting of the rock units. Layers of mostly 

dolomite and limestone sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic 

age overlie the basement crystalline rocks of Precambrian age. Some areas have sandstones and shales as 

the uppermost strata (Adamski and others, 1994).

The Salem Plateau is an area where Ordovician 

and Upper Cambrian rocks are exposed. These units 

are composed predominantly of dolomites, cherty 

dolomites, sandstones, and limestones (Caplan, 1960). 

The geologic units of Cambrian and Ordovician age 

range in thickness from less than 50 feet (ft) to greater 

than 4,000 ft thick, and average about 2,000 ft thick 

(Adamski and others, 1994).

The Springfield Plateau generally coincides with 

the area where Mississippian-aged rocks are exposed. 

The predominant rocks of Mississippian age are fine to 

coarse-grained limestones and cherty limestones

Description of Study Area
94° 93« 92°

50

Physiographic boundaries modified 

from Fenneman (1938)

EXPLANATION

OZARK PLATEAUS PROVINCE 

| | Salem Plateau 

| | St. Francois Mountains 

| j Springfield Plateau

CENTRAL LOWLAND PROVINCE 

| j Osage Plains

COASTAL PLAIN PROVINCE 

| | Mississippi Alluvial Plain

90 

 SAMPLED WELL AND REFERENCE NUMBER

Figure 1. Location of study area, physiographic divisions, and sampled wells.

4 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
(Adamski and others, 1994). These rocks also are 

extensively mineralized. Lead and zinc sulfide, pyrite, 

lead and zinc carbonates, and zinc silicate deposits are 

present in the rocks of southwestern Missouri (Kiilsgaard and others, 1967). The Mississippian unit ranges 

from 200 to 500 ft thick (McFarland and others, 1979).

The St. Francois Mountains are a geologic remnant of resistant Precambrian igneous rocks. These 

peaks were left when the Cambrian sediments eroded 

away (Imes and Emmett, 1994). These igneous rocks 

underlie the Ozark Plateaus and outcrop in the eastern 

part. Although these rocks outcrop in the St. Francois 

Mountains, they can be overlain by as much as 5,000 ft 

of sedimentary rock elsewhere in the Ozark Plateaus. 

The igneous rocks in this area mainly are silica-rich 

granite and rhyolite with silica-poor intrusions. These 

igneous rocks contain commercially viable quantities 

of certain trace elements such as lead, iron, manganese, 

and silver (Kisvarsanyi, 1981).

Unconsolidated sediments of Cretaceous 

through Quaternary age underlie the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. This plain was formed by both structural and 

erosional activity. Faults form the boundary between 

the unconsolidated sediments and the sedimentary 

rocks of Paleozoic age. Faulting has allowed a thick 

deposit of unconsolidated sediments to lie on older sedimentary rocks that have subsided. These sediments 

consist mostly of unconsolidated sands, gravels, and 

clays (Fenneman, 1938).

The Osage Plains is underlain by soft shales, 

limestones, and sandstones of late Mississippian to 

Pennsylvanian age (Adamski and others, 1994). There 

are some resistant beds of sandstone and limestone that 

form rare east-facing escarpments (Fenneman, 1938). 

The rocks of Pennsylvanian age range from 40 to 700 

ft thick. Uranium-bearing shales and bituminous coal 

beds are present in this section (Coveney and others, 

1987; Robertson and Smith, 1981). In some areas, 

these units produce oil and gas (Anderson and Wells, 

1967).

Geohydrology

The study area consists of the following eight 

geohydrologic units (extents of exposed parts shown in 

figure 2) from lowest to highest: Basement confining 

unit, St. Francois aquifer, St. Francois confining unit, 

Ozark aquifer, Ozark confining unit, Springfield Plateau aquifer, Western Interior Plains confining system, 

and the Mississippi Embayment (the unconsolidated

unit in southeastern Missouri). The Western Interior 

Plains confining system is located in the western part of 

the study area; the Mississippi Embayment and its 

associated aquifers are located in the southeastern part 

of the study area. The Ozark Plateaus aquifer system 

consists of the St. Francois aquifer, St. Francois confining unit, Ozark aquifer, Ozark confining unit, and the 

Springfield Plateau aquifer. Geohydrologic units of the 

Ozark Plateaus are classified based on two characteristics; the general hydraulic properties of the rock unit, 

and the hydraulic relation of that unit to the adjacent 

units (Imes and Emmett, 1994). The aquifers in this 

study area can be described as being confined or 

unconfined. An aquifer is confined where a confining 

unit overlies it and is unconfined where a confining 

unit does not overlie it. In this area, it is estimated that 

about 25 percent of the precipitation is directly 

recharged into the ground-water system. The system of 

faults, fractures, and dissolved carbonate-rock conduits, in combination with thin soils and subsoils of the 

Ozarks, contribute to rapid recharge of the groundwater system. Most of the information included in this 

section is from Imes and Emmett, 1994.

 The study area is underlain mostly by the Ozark 

Plateaus aquifer system, which is predominately a 

freshwater system surrounded by neighboring saline 

ground-water flow systems. The Ozark Plateaus aquifer system is mainly composed of carbonate rocks that 

are developed into extensive karst areas. There are 

three types of karst located in the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system, the primary, secondary, and the low density 

or nonkarst (fig. 3). Primary karst type generally is 

defined as an area with greater than 10 sinkholes per 

100 square miles (mi ), secondary karst as an area with 

less than 10 sinkholes per 100 mi 2 , and the low density

*y

or nonkarst area as less than one sinkhole per 100 mi 

(Harvey, 1980; Imes and Emmett, 1994). These karst 

areas cause the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system to be 

susceptible to ground-water contamination because 

surface pollutants can be quickly transported into the 

aquifer system through a series of faults, fractures, and 

dissolved-carbonate-rock conduits. Recharge into the 

Ozark Plateaus aquifer system is almost entirely from 

direct infiltration of precipitation. The flow pattern of 

this system is mostly topographically controlled with 

local exceptions near major faults and associated fractures.

Description of Study Area
EXPLANATION

MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENTUNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS

WESTERN INTERIOR PLAINS 

CONFINING SYSTEM

OZARK PLATEAUS AQUIFER SYSTEM

Springfield Plateau aquifer

Ozark confining unit

Ozark aquifer

St. Francois confining unit

St. Francois aquifer 

BASEMENT CONFINING UNIT

SAMPLED WELL AND REFERENCE 

NUMBER

0 20 40 60 KILOMETERS

Modified from Imes and Emmett (1994)

Figure 2. Location of geohydrologic units and sampled wells.

The Basement confining unit forms the base of 

the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system. There are no known 

aquifers below this confining unit. The Basement confining unit is primarily igneous rocks that are nearly 

impermeable and yield no significant amount of water.

The St. Francois aquifer is the lowermost waterbearing unit in the study area. This aquifer is waterbearing dolomite, sandstone, and siltstone overlaying

the Basement confining unit. The St. Francois aquifer 

is exposed and used as a domestic and public supply of 

water in the St. Francois Mountains in southeast Missouri and is rarely used outside of this outcrop area. 

Beyond the outcrop area, the aquifer dips steeply into 

the subsurface and is buried beneath younger wateryielding rocks.

Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
Modified from Harvey (1980)

EXPLANATION

0| PRIMARY KARST Greater than 10 sinkholes per 100 square miles

| | SECONDARY KARST Less than 10 sinkholes per 100 square miles

I I LOW-DENSITY KARST OR NONKARST Less than one sinkhole per 100 square miles

-62 SAMPLED WELL AND REFERENCE NUMBER

Figure 3. Location of sampled wells relative to karst and nonkarst areas.

Description of Study Area 7
The St. Francois confining unit retards the flow 

of ground water between the St. Francois aquifer and 

the overlying Ozark aquifer. This semipermeable unit 

is composed of dolomite, limestone, shale, and siltstone. The unit is missing in the St. Francois Mountains, but is nearly continuous in the subsurface from 

the outcrop area throughout the rest of the study area.

The Ozark aquifer is the thickest unit and is used 

the most as a source of domestic and public-water supply of all the aquifers in the study area. The Ozark aquifer is a sequence of water-bearing dolomite, limestone, 

sandstone, chert, and shale and is broken by numerous 

faults, bedding planes, and fracture systems. Dolomite 

is the predominate rock present. Dissolution of the carbonate rocks and karst development are the main processes that result in the varying permeability of the 

aquifer. The outcrop area of the Ozark aquifer is 

approximately the same as the Salem Plateau physiographic section and is broken by numerous faults, bedding planes, and fracture systems.

The Ozark confining unit restricts ground-water 

flow between the Ozark and Springfield Plateau aquifers. This confining unit is not present in the Salem Plateau physiographic section. This unit is slightly 

permeable, is composed of shale and limestone, and is 

the upper-most confining unit in the Ozark Plateaus 

aquifer system. The effectiveness of the Ozark confining unit as a barrier between the Ozark and the Springfield Plateau aquifers differs greatly from one location 

to another.

The Springfield Plateau aquifer forms the uppermost geohydrologic unit in the Ozark Plateaus aquifer 

system and is used mostly for private, rural wells. The 

Springfield Plateau aquifer rarely is used for publicwater supply because of small yields. The Springfield 

Plateau aquifer is composed mostly of limestone with 

some chert intermixed. The Springfield Plateau aquifer 

outcrops in the Springfield Plateau physiographic section.

The Western Interior Plains confining system is 

a thick as much as 20,000 ft and expansive geohydrologic unit that extends from western Missouri to the 

Rocky Mountains. This system generally prevents vertical and lateral movement of water. Although the 

Western Interior Plain confining system actually is an 

aggregation of confining units and aquifers, wells 

located in this system are of limited use because of 

small yields, and are employed mostly for domestic or 

stock use.

The Mississippi Embayment is located in the 

southeastern part of the study area. This unit consists of 

unconsolidated deposits that form several layers 

including the alluvium, Wilcox Group, and McNairy 

Formations. The alluvium can be as much as 250 ft 

thick and supplies both domestic- and public-watersupply uses. Wells producing from the alluvium have 

very high yields. The thickness of the Wilcox Group 

can be up to 1,400 ft of unconsolidated or loosely consolidated sand and clay. The Wilcox Group is mostly 

used for public water supply. The McNairy Formation 

is made up of sand, sandy clay, and clay. The McNairy 

Formation is characterized by high artesian pressure 

and low hardness, and is used mostly for public water 

supply (Luckey and Fuller, 1980).

Land Use and Population

Land use in the study area is mostly forest, pasture, cropland, and livestock production (fig. 4). St. 

Louis, Springfield, Cape Girardeau, Joplin, and Poplar 

Bluff are the largest urban areas located in the study 

area. Historical and present-day mining is found in the 

Old Lead Belt, the Viburnum Trend, and the Tri-State 

mining areas.

Woodlands of oak and hickory deciduous trees, 

interspersed with pines, are located in the Ozark Plateaus province. These forests generally occupy the hilltops and steep valley walls, and the river valleys mostly 

are used for pasture and hay crops. Forest product 

industries in the Ozark Plateaus include lumber, flooring, staves, furniture, firewood, and chips for paper 

production. Row crops are grown in the Osage Plain 

and in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The major crops 

grown in the Osage Plain are soybeans, sorghum, corn, 

and wheat. The major crop in the Mississippi Alluvial 

Plain is rice.

Livestock production is located mostly in the 

Ozark Plateaus province. Poultry, dairy and beef cattle, 

and swine are the dominant livestock raised in this area. 

The 1997 Agricultural Census lists Missouri as one of 

the top three states for beef cattle and feeder pig production and one of the top six states for cattle and 

calves, hogs and pigs, and horses and ponies inventory, 

and number of turkeys sold (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1997). Southwest Missouri and the northwestern part of the study area also have a large number of 

poultry operations. Recently, numerous confined animal-feeding operations (CAFOs) have begun in southern Missouri (fig. 5). CAFOs, if not managed properly,

8 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
95°

EXPLANATION

| | AGRICULTURAL LAND 

FOREST LAND 

URBAN LAND 

WATER

73 SAMPLED WELL AND 

REFERENCE NUMBER

 -28 y

Viburnum »ao 953 0 

 99 Trend -7

Land use from U.S. Geological Survey (1990)

Figure 4. Land use and sampled wells.

have the capability of affecting the water resources and 

the public health of the surrounding area by contributing excess amounts of nutrients and bacteria to the 

receiving system. As illustrated in figure 4, CAFOs are 

a major land use in the study area.

The region studied is predominately rural with 

urban centers interspersed throughout. The largest city, 

St. Louis, is located in the extreme northeastern part of 

the study area (metropolitan area population is approximately 2.5 million). Other large urban centers are 

Springfield (population 140,494) and Joplin (population 40,961) in the southwest, and Cape Girardeau 

(population 34,438) and Poplar Bluff (population 

16,996) in the southeast part of the study area (U.S. 

Census Bureau, 1999). Most of the municipalities and 

rural water-supply districts in the study area obtain 

drinking water from ground-water sources. Counties 

near recreational areas in the southwestern part of the 

State show the greatest growth in population from 1980 

to 1990 (fig. 6). These areas also coincide with large 

concentrations of CAFOs.

Land Use and Population
 

 ^T-/--  --,Tgr«J

Ww-'Vlf

_ «"->© {

" ? 4k*-j^ «£

t» » i ^_L o- D;O M» l^

« A* Vcft v^ "-i/T ^-^^^y -\

'o'^J.V 4 VV o)

50 100 MILES S T ^A)

»-- -- ^-___±__if_~]^m o

ftqjssp J :. > i

EXPLANATION

O SWINE OPERATION

 POULTRY OPERATION

 CATTLE OPERATION

 SAMPLED PUBLIC-WATER-SUPPLY WELL

Figure 5. Location of confined animal-feeding operations and sampled wells.

Data from Missouri Department 

of Natural Resources

10 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
i r n i r

0 20 40 60 80 100 KILOMETERS

Data from Missouri State Census Data Center's web page: 

www.oseda.missouri.edu/mscdc/rnoa/popests

EXPLANATION

___ ESTIMATED POPULATION 

I [ Less than 10,000 

I j 10,000 to 24,999 

r I 25,0001049,999

50,000 to 100,000 

H Greater than 100,000 

1.9 PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION 

FROM 1980 TO 1990

Figure 6. Estimated county population in 1998, and the change in population from 1980 to 1990.

Land Use and Population 11
Climate

The study area is located in a temperate climate. 

The mean annual air temperature ranges from 56 °F 

(degrees Fahrenheit) in the northeastern part of the 

study area to 60 °F in the southwestern part. The mean 

monthly temperature usually is lowest in January and 

highest in July. The mean annual precipitation is about 

38 in/yr (inches per year) in the northern part of the 

study area and about 48 in/yr near the southern part. 

Precipitation generally is greatest from April to June, 

and least during December, January, and February 

(Dugan and Peckenpaugh, 1985).

During the sampling period, precipitation 

ranged from 50 to 300 percent of normal in the study 

area (fig. 7). Most of the samples collected in April and 

May were collected during periods of normal precipitation. During June, however, 11 samples were collected when precipitation ranged from 200 to 300 

percent or more above normal for the month. The 

southwestern part of the state received only 50 percent 

of normal precipitation during this time. One sample 

collected in July was collected in an area that received 

200 percent of normal precipitation. It is possible for 

greater than normal precipitation to affect the character 

of the sampled aquifer. Increased precipitation may 

flush greater quantities of surface contaminants into 

the aquifer than would occur during normal precipitation.

Soils

In Missouri, the mantle has been covered in the 

past by less than 2 to 20 ft of loess material. In the 

Ozark Plateaus province of Missouri, the deposits of 

loess material are thin and have eroded in many areas. 

Loess is a silty, mineralogically rich, fertile parent 

material deposited by wind mostly during the time of 

glaciation. The loess materials are now dominant in 

only small areas of the Ozarks Plateaus province. The 

thin loess material and the climatic conditions of the 

Ozark Plateaus province have resulted in highly weathered soils of poor fertility in most places. The wells 

sampled for this study are situated in different soil associations and physiographies. The major soil areas of the 

study area are the Northern Missouri Loess and LoessTill Landscape, Southern Missouri Residual and LoessResidual Landscape, and the Alluvial Valley Landscape (fig. 8). This soil information is gathered from 

Scrivner and others, 1966, and Allgood and others, 

1979.

The Northern Missouri Loess and Loess-Till 

Landscape is divided into two categories: the Prairie 

and Prairie-Forest Transition Natural Vegetation and 

the Forest Natural Vegetation. The Prairie and PrairieForest Transition Natural Vegetation category is found 

north of the Missouri River and is not found in this 

study area. The Forest Natural Vegetation category is 

found only along the river hills of the Missouri River in 

the study area. Five of the wells sampled were completed below the Menfro-Winfield-Weldon soil association. The Menfro-Winfield-Weldon soils are a deep, 

moderately permeable loess material.

The Southern Missouri Residual and LoessResidual Landscapes are divided into two categories: 

the Prairie and Prairie-Forest Transition Natural Vegetation, and the Forest Natural Vegetation. Most of the 

wells (98) sampled for this study fall into these soil 

landscapes. These are the soils of the Ozark Plateaus 

province and the Osage Plains section of southern Missouri. The Gerald-Craig-Eldon and Newtonia-Baxter 

Lebanon-Nixa-Clarksville and Hobson-Clarksville and 

the Clarksville-Fullerton-Talbott are the most common 

soils found at the sampled wells.

The Alluvial Valley Landscapes are divided into 

two categories: the Missouri and Upper Mississippi 

Rivers, and the Southeastern Missouri. Six of the wells 

sampled for this study were completed below the 

Southeastern Missouri category. Bosket, Calhoun, 

Dubbs, Dundee, Forrestdale, and Sharkey are the main 

soil types that characterize the Southeastern Missouri 

category.

SAMPLING DESIGN AND METHODS

The sampling design of the study was to randomly choose public supply wells that met selection 

criteria for the study. These wells were sampled in the 

spring of 1998 for viruses, bacteria, nutrients, carbon, 

and optical brighteners. Select bacterial samples were 

further analyzed for possible sources of the bacteria.

Well Selection

The USGS and MDNR-PDWP selected 109 

public-supply wells to be sampled for this study. Criteria for selecting these wells were the availability of

12 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
?

 .«(*» v,->r

April 1998 May 1998

Maps modified from National Oceanic and 

Atomospheric Administration climatological 

data (April-July, 1998)

EXPLANATION

50 PERCENT OF NORMAL PRECIPITATION 

.64 SAMPLED WELL AND REFERENCE NUMBER

Figure 7. Percentage of normal precipitation during sampling period, 1998.

Sampling Design and Methods 13
95°

EXPLANATION

NORTHERN MISSOURI LOESS-TILL LANDSCAPES 

Prairie and Prairie-Forest Transition Natural Vegetation

BB Marshall-Knox Adair-Shelby-Grundy-Logonda

Sharpsburg-Grundy-Adair-Shelby | Adair-Shelby-Seymour-Edina and 

F I Sharpsburg-Grundy-Ladoga-Pershing Armstrong-Gara-Pershing 

BB Grundy-Pershing gH Putnam-Mexico

Forest Natural Vegetation

BB Menfro-Winfield-Weldon BB LJndley-Keswick-Hatton 

SOUTHERN MISSOURI RESIDUAL AND LOESS-RESIDUAL LANDSCAPES 

Prairie and Prairie-Forest Transition Natural Vegetation

I I Summit-Newtonia-Parson-Dennis I Gerald-Craig-Eldon and Newtonia-Baxter 

I I Parsons-Dennis-Bates

Soil groupings modified from 

Scrivner and others (1966)

ALLUVIAL VALLEY LANDSCAPES

Missouri and Upper Mississippi Rivers 

BB Sarpy-Haynie-Onawa-Wabash 

Southeastern Missouri

BB Commerce-Hayti-Caruthersville

BB Dubbs-Dundee-Boskett

|. . I Sharkey-Forrestdale

I I Waverly-Calhoun

8 SAMPLED WELL AND REFERENCE 

* NUMBER

Forest Natural Vegetation

BB Boliver-Mandeville 

BB Baxter-Bodine 

HHI Gasconade-Bodine-Clarksville 

I I Lebanon-Nixa-Clarksville and 

Hobson-Clarksville

| Clarksville-Fullerton-Talbott 

| Ashe-Tilsit-Hagerstown 

j Hagerstown-Tilsit 

| Union-Fullerton-McGirk 

| Memphis-Loring

Figure 8. General soil groupings in Missouri.

14 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
well-construction, well-maintenance, usage, and geologic records. These wells were selected to represent 

possible effects of well age, well construction, land use, 

and geohydrology (table 2, at the back of this report) on 

the quality of the water, and to uniformly extend coverage over the study area.

Wells that were drilled during or before 1970 

were targeted for this study. Although there was great 

variability in age (29 to 99 years old), well construction 

(casing material, depth, and sealing) did not vary substantially. Most of the wells were cased with steel, and 

a few were cased with iron pipe or concrete. The land 

uses of concern included areas with dense populations 

of CAFOs, on-site sewage systems, urban, agricultural, 

and forested areas. Most of the wells sampled were 

located in or on the outskirts of cities and towns and 

few were exclusively located in a rural setting. Of the 

109 wells, 33 were located in forested areas, 41 in agricultural areas, 2 in urban areas, 14 in mixed agricultural 

and forested areas, 1 in mixed urban, agricultural and 

forest, 9 in mixed urban and forested areas, and 9 in 

mixed urban and agricultural land use areas.

Wells also were selected to represent the five 

major sources of ground water located in the study 

area. These aquifers are the alluvial aquifer (3 wells), 

McNairy and (or) Wilcox aquifer (4 wells), confined 

Ozark aquifer (32 wells), unconfmed Ozark aquifer (60 

wells), and the St. Francois aquifer (5 wells). There 

were five additional wells sampled that draw from multiple aquifers. Of the wells sampled, the shallowest 

wells were located in the alluvial and McNairy and (or) 

Wilcox aquifers, and the deepest wells were located in 

the unconfmed Ozark aquifer. Well depths ranged from 

21 to 2,217 ft. Wells also were selected to represent the 

three karst types - primary, secondary, and low density 

or non karst - present in the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system (fig. 8). For this study, 25 wells were sampled in 

the primary karst area, 20 wells in the secondary karst 

area, and 64 wells in the low density or nonkarst area.

Sampling and Analysis Method

The 109 selected wells were each sampled once 

from April through July 1998. These wells were sampled during the wet weather season to increase the possibility of capturing any viruses, bacteria, optical 

brighteners, or other sampled constituents moving 

through the aquifer system. There is greater interaction 

between the land surface and the ground water during 

the wet weather season.

The wells were sampled from the tap at the wellhead or the tap nearest to the wellhead before in-line 

chlorination or other treatment was performed. 

Although being an active well was one of the well 

selection criteria, if a well had been temporarily shut 

down, the sample was not collected until the well had 

pumped long enough to have stable specific conductance and temperature readings (usually about 10 to 15 

minutes). Before sampling, the tap was sterilized by 

spraying with an 0.1-percent chlorine solution, and 

rinsing with deionized water. A pre-sterilized virus filter apparatus with an optical brightener attachment 

(fig. 9), without the virus filter inserted, was connected 

to the well tap. The well was then pumped for 10 to 15 

minutes with flow diverted through the apparatus into 

a 5-gal (gallon) bucket that emptied into a nearby drain. 

Specific conductance and temperature measurements 

were made with an Orion model 122 meter from flowing water in the bucket until each stabilized. Once the 

specific conductance and temperature stabilized, specific conductance, temperature, pH, alkalinity, color, 

and dissolved oxygen were measured and recorded on 

the field notes. Measurements were conducted according to procedures described by Wilde and Radtke 

(1998). Dissolved oxygen values were determined by 

the use of a Chemetrics direct reading vacuum vial at 

the tap. Sample water also was collected at the tap for 

immediate field processing and bacterial analysis. 

Samples for chemical analysis were collected from the 

tap in two 125-mL (milliliter) brown high density polyethylene bottles and a 125-mL amber glass bottle, then 

packaged, chilled, and sent to the USGS National 

Water-Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Denver, Colorado. A pre-sterilized 1-L (liter) polyethylene bottle 

was used to collect water for RNA hybridization analysis. The sample water for RNA hybridization was 

kept chilled until the presence or absence of indicator 

bacteria was determined. If any of the indicator bacteria had readings greater than 10 col/100 mL (10 colonies per 100 milliliters) of sample, the 1-L bottle was 

shipped overnight to the USGS laboratory in Nashville, 

Tennessee for further analysis. A Hach color test kit 

was used to determine the color of the sample collected 

at the tap. If the reading was five or more color units, a 

sample was collected to send to NWQL. A polyethersulfone (PES) filter was then inserted into the optical 

brightener filter holder and flow was diverted through 

it to another 5-gal bucket. After 3 to 5 gal of well water 

had passed through the filter (about 40 minutes), it was 

removed, wrapped in aluminum foil, and chilled until

Sampling Design and Methods 15
Sample water source

o'S{75'o to o' 

SL0) 3 aOa

O

2.o o3 Q.cU) <D

a0)

Pressure gauge

 o a

73 o Optical brightener filter Flow meter

Filter housing and cartridge

Figure 9. Virus filter apparatus with optical brightener attachment.
analyzed with a scanning spectroflourophotometer to 

determine the presence of optical brighteners (procedure modified from Fay and others, 1995).

After flushing the virus filter holder apparatus 

with about 20 gal of well water, a 1-MDS filter was 

inserted into the filter holder to sample for enteric 

viruses. About 60 to 80 gal of well water were processed through the 1-MDS filter at a rate of approximately 1.5 gal/min (gallons per minute). After 

disconnecting the virus filter holder apparatus from the 

well system, the filter holder was drained and the filter 

was double bagged and stored on ice until shipped to 

the analyzing laboratory. The virus samples were collected following the procedures described in the 

USEPA Information Collection Requirements (ICR) 

rule for the collection of samples for protozoa and 

enteric viruses (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 1995a). All samples represented untreated, 

natural water from the sampled aquifer.

Water samples were collected and analyzed for 

nitrate plus nitrite, nitrite, ammonia, ammonia plus 

organic nitrogen, phosphorus, orthophosphate, total 

organic carbon, and color. These constituents may 

serve as an indication of land surface contamination 

present in the aquifers. The NWQL, in accordance 

with procedures described in Fishman and Friedman 

(1989) and Fishman (1993) performed all chemical 

analyses. Ten quality control samples were collected at 

10 wells during the sampling period. Four blank and 

six replicate quality-control samples were collected to 

monitor for contamination of the sample. Blank samples were collected to monitor for contamination by 

field procedures, equipment, and conditions. Replicate 

samples were collected to monitor analytical accuracy. 

Nutrients and TOC were analyzed in the field blanks 

and replicate samples. Most constituent concentrations were below the method reporting level (MRL) in 

the 4 field blanks with the following exceptions: (1) 

total ammonia detected in 2 field blanks [MRL 0.05 

milligrams per liter (mg/L); detect concentrations 

ranged from 0.059 to 0.065 mg/L]; (2) total nitrite 

detected in one field blank [MRL 0.01 mg/L; detected 

0.012 mg/L]; (3) total phosphorus detected in one field 

blank [MRL 0.01 mg/L; detected 0.014 mg/L]; and (4) 

total orthophosphorus detected in one field blank 

[MRL 0.01 mg/L; detected concentration 0.011 mg/L]. 

Nutrient and total organic carbon concentrations in the 

replicate samples were comparable and well within 

laboratory analytical error.

The USGS field crew, according to procedures 

described in Myers and Wilde (1997), analyzed the 

sample water collected in the 500-mL polyethylene 

bottle for fecal indicator bacteria. Fecal indicator bacteria are cultured because they typically are not disease-causing organisms, though they can indicate the 

presence of several disease- causing waterborne pathogens from the wastes of warm-blooded animals. 

Escherichia Coli (E. coli) bacteria detected in water is 

direct evidence of fecal contamination from warmblooded animals and indicates the possible presence of 

pathogens (Dufour, 1977). The presence of these indicator bacteria indicates a potential public health risk. 

Fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, and E. coli were the 

fecal indicator bacteria cultured. Each type of bacteria 

was cultured using a 100-mL sample. Blank plates 

were run with each set of samples to check for contamination of the equipment and reagents used in the process.

RNA Hybridization Microprobe 

Techniques

RNA hybridization techniques were used to 

identify specific bacterial sources, such as cattle, poultry, or humans. If 10 or more colonies per 100 mL of 

sample developed from the fecal indicator bacteria culture, a 1-L bottle of well water was sent to the laboratory for a 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) 

oligonucleotide hybridization probe. RNA hybridization probes can identify fecal bacteria unique to a host 

species, which identifies the source of the bacteria. 

This RNA probe uses the sequences of unique nucleic 

acid on the ribosomal RNA present in particular bacteria species to identify the host animal (Amann and others, 1995). The oligonucleotide probes used in this 

study include the Universal sequence, E. coli, Entercoccus faecalis, Salmonella sp., Bacteroides vulgatus, 

Fibrobacter succinogenes, and a negative control. The 

Universal sequence attaches to a rRNA sequence common to all bacteria. The E. coli attaches to E. coli 

sequences and confirms the traditional plate method. 

The Entercoccus faecalis attaches to the fecal streptococcus sequence and confirms the traditional plate 

method. Additionally, higher numbers of Entercoccus 

faecalis are found in non-human wastes, although this 

is not a conclusive test for other warm-blooded animals. Salmonella sp. attaches to several different Salmonella species, and could indicate poultry or nonhealthy-human wastes. Bacteroides vulgatus attaches

Sampling Design and Methods 17
to anaerobic bacteria associated with humans and is 

indicative of human wastes being present. Fibrobacter 

succinogenes commonly are detected in cattle. The 

negative controls were not probed with any oligonucleotide and are viewed as a negative control (T. Byl, 

USGS, written commun., 1997). On arrival at the laboratory, the water sample containing the unknown bacteria was treated to extract a cleaned bacteria pellet. 

The bacteria pellet was then resuspended in phosphate 

buffer and an ethanol solution and stored at 4 °C 

(degrees Celsius) until testing. For testing, the bacterial pellet was centrifuged at a 5,740 g-force to repelletize the bacteria, and then resuspended in a phosphate buffer to remove the ethanol. A 5-(0,g/L (microgram per liter) aliquot of the resuspended bacteria was 

air-dried, heat-fixed, and gram-stained onto a microscope slide. Observations of staining and bacterial 

shapes were noted, when possible, to add strength to 

interpretations. Then the sample was incubated at 90 

°C to relax the ribosomes and to make the nucleic acids 

more accessible to the probes. After relaxing the RNA, 

the bacteria were incubated in a broth containing the 

fluorescent-tagged oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotide probes enter the bacterial cells and bind to their 

complementary sequence. The slides were then viewed 

using an epiflourescent microscope that illuminates the 

flourescing cells. The flourescing cells can be counted 

to provide a bacterial quantity per known amount of 

sample water. If a complementary sequence is not 

present in the bacterial cell, the unbound oligonucleotide will be flushed out of the cell during a series of 

rinses (T. Byl, USGS, written commun., 1997).

The enteric virus and coliphage sample was collected by running 50 to 80 gal of untreated well water 

at 1 to 1.5 gal/min through the 1-MDS filter. The filter 

was then double bagged, iced, and sent by overnight 

mail to the analyzing laboratory. The University of 

New England (UNE) at Biddeford, Maine analyzed the 

samples for enteric virus and coliphages using procedures outlined in the USEPA ICR rule (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995b, 1996). At the UNE 

laboratory, viruses were extracted from the filter in a 

beef broth, concentrated, and prepared for inoculation. 

Part of the extract was used to determine the presence 

of enteric viruses; another part was used to determine 

the presence of coliphage. The part retained for enteric 

virus analysis was inoculated on an African Buffalo 

Green monkey kidney cell media. Buffalo Green monkey kidney cells are a continuous cell line and are 

highly susceptible to many enteric viruses (Dahling

and Wright, 1986; Dahling and others, 1984). After 

incubation, each culture was examined microscopically for the appearance of cytopathic effects or 

changes in cell morphology. Then the most probable 

number (MPN) of infectious total culturable viruses 

per liter with a 95 percent confidence level was determined. The presence of somatic coliphage and RNA 

(male specific) coliphage were detected by plaque 

assay. These coliphage assays use tryptone agar and 

incubation to develop the cultures. After incubation, 

the number of plaques are counted and recorded. Each 

of these procedures- enteric virus, somatic coliphage, 

and RNA coliphage use a positive and a negative control for quality assurance. The positive control ensures 

that the viruses can be recovered by using the intended 

method, and the negative control is used to verify sterile procedure, equipment, and reagents.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY

The physical properties and chemical constituents analyzed at the sampled wells demonstrated variable differences when compared by karst areas, 

geohydrology, soils, and land use. A statistical summary of the data is presented in table 3, which lists the 

minimum, maximum, and median concentrations along 

with the 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentiles. As presented in table 4, at the back of this report, the majority 

of some constituent concentrations, such as ammonia 

plus organic nitrogen, nitrite, and phosphorus were 

below MRL's. There were a greater number of detections above MRL's with respect to the nitrite plus 

nitrate, ammonia, orthophosphate, and total organic 

carbon concentrations. No physical or chemical concentrations were greater than the Missouri drinking 

water standards (Missouri Department of Natural 

Resources, 1996).

Further analysis on the data was done by classifying the wells by type; karst, geohydrology, soil, well 

age, or land use. Once the wells were classified, the 

data groups were tested for significant differences in 

distribution by using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis 

analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Helsel and Hirsch, 

1992, p. 163) test. The data groups are significantly different if the probability (p-value) is less than 0.05 percent. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicates that there is 

a less than five percent chance that the observed difference is by chance. If a statistically significant difference was detected, these differences were further 

analyzed by applying Tukey's multiple comparison test

18 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
(Helsel and Hirsch, 1992, p. 196) to the rank transformed data. Then, if warranted, the data were graphically displayed using boxplots. Some data groupings 

resulted in sets of less than 10 wells. Data sets of 10 or 

less values are a nonideal for confident statistical testing.

Analyzing the data by well age and construction 

characterization did not indicate any significant differences in the physical and chemical constituents. Well 

construction did not differ substantially from well to 

well. Most all wells were constructed in a similar manner and were cased with steel. Also, many wells had 

incomplete well construction records that made analysis difficult. Drill dates for the wells sampled ranged 

from 1900 to 1970, with a median year at 1951. Five 

wells were of undetermined age. The data was grouped 

by the years; 1900 to 1919,1920 to 1939,1940 to 1959, 

and 1960 to 1970. All groups consisted of 11 or more 

wells. The p-value for all constituents tested were 

greater than 0.12, indicating that there is no significant 

differences detected.

The data analyzed by karst-type groups demonstrated that there were no significant differences 

between karst-type groups in regard to the nitrite plus 

nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphorus, orthophosphate, 

and pH values. Graphical representation of the dissolved oxygen concentrations by karst type illustrate 

that higher concentrations appear to occur in the primary and secondary karst areas (fig. 10). Dissolved 

oxygen concentrations tended to be highest in the secondary karst areas. Tukey's multiple comparison test 

indicated that the dissolved oxygen concentrations in 

the secondary and non-karst areas were significantly 

different from each other (p=0.007), but that neither 

was significantly different from the primary karst area 

concentrations.

Grouping by aquifer type resulted in less than 10 

wells in most groups, which is nonideal for confident 

statistical comparison. The confined Ozark and the 

unconfmed Ozark aquifer type each have an adequate 

number of samples for statistical testing. Analyses of 

the data group by aquifer type showed no significant 

difference in the nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, ammonia, 

orthophosphate, and phosphate concentrations between 

the two groups.

Significant differences in dissolved oxygen concentrations were detected between the confined Ozark 

and the unconfined Ozark aquifer types (fig. 11). The 

unconfined Ozark aquifer had mean dissolved oxygen 

concentrations three times that of the confined Ozark

group. Displaying nitrogen as ammonia concentrations 

graphically illustrates the occurrence of larger concentrations near the perimeter of the exposed part of the 

Ozark aquifer (fig. 12). Two alluvial wells in the Mississippi Embayment, reference numbers 93 and 8, also 

have larger concentrations.

Grouping sampled wells by soil landscapes 

resulted in two soils landscapes with less than 10 wells. 

The Alluvial Valley and the Northern Missouri Loess 

and Loess-Tilled Forest Natural Vegetation had six and 

five wells respectively. Comparing the data by soil 

landscape revealed that the constituent concentrations 

were similar for most constituents. Soil landscapes did 

not exhibit detectable effects on the nitrite plus nitrate, 

nitrite, orthophosphate, total organic carbon, pH, and 

dissolved oxygen concentrations. Phosphorus and 

ammonia concentrations were similar for all soil landscapes with the exception of the Alluvial Valley Landscape, which had six sampled wells and is not adequate 

for conclusive statistical interpretation (fig. 13).

Of the seven land use groupings, four had less 

than 10 wells and were inadequate for accurate statistical analysis. Although some groups had few wells, 

analysis of the data indicated that the concentrations 

were similar among groups for the nitrite plus nitrate, 

ammonia, phosphorus, and orthophosphorous constituents, and pH values, but there were substantial differences for a few parameters. Dissolved oxygen and 

alkalinity were statistically different when grouped by 

land-use type. Further analysis by Tukey's method 

indicated that dissolved oxygen concentrations were 

significantly different between the forest and urban/ 

agricultural land uses; and the forest and agricultural 

land uses; the forest land use had greater mean value 

(fig. 14). The alkalinity values were notably different 

between the urban/forest and agricultural, urban/forested and urban/agricultural, and agricultural and forested land-use types; the urban/forest had a greater 

mean value (fig. 14).

MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY

Microbiological samples were collected at all 

wells in the study. Less than 10 percent of the sampled 

wells had bacterial contamination, 3.7 percent of the 

wells tested positive for coliphages, and none of the 

wells tested positive for enteric viruses (table 5, at the 

back of this report). Of the wells sampled, 38 percent 

(41) were chlorinated and 62 percent (68) were not 

chlorinated before distribution to the customers.

Microbiological Quality 19
EXPLANATION

36°-'- 

Modified from Harvey (1980)

m PRIMARY KARST Greater than 10 sinkholes per 100 square miles

^H SECONDARY KARST Less than 10 sinkholes per 100 square miles

| | LOW-DENSITY KARST OR NONKARST Less than one sinkhole per 100 square miles

SAMPLED WELL AND REFERENCE NUMBER AND DISSOLVED 

OXYGEN CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

O62 Less than 0.1

95 0.1 to 1.0

 29 1.1 to 2.0

68 Greater than 2.0

Figure 10. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in relation to karst and nonkarst areas.

20 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
z uj

O Qo w

Z 2

UJ <

O ft II

(60)

(32)

(60)

EXPLANATION

NUMBER IN PARENTHESES Number of 

samples included In the computation of 

percentiles

OUTLIER

90TH PERCENTILE 

75TH PERCENTILE 

50TH PERCENTILE 

25TH PERCENTILE

10TH PERCENTILE

Unconfined Confined

Ozark Ozark

aquifer aquifer

Figure 11 . Distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration data within the unconfined Ozark and the 

confined Ozark aquifers.

E. coli was detected at nine wells and was the 

most detected bacterium sampled. The public-watersupply wells at Monett (reference number 2) and West 

Plains (reference number 40), had plate counts too 

numerous to count. Fecal streptococci was detected at 

seven wells, and also had plate counts too numerous to 

count at the Monett (reference number 2) and West 

Plains (reference number 40) wells. Fecal coliform was 

detected at eight wells, including too-numerous-tocount plates at the Monett and West Plains wells. There 

are no statistically significant correlations between the 

physical characteristics studied and the location of the 

bacteria detected. Bacteria were detected at all karst 

types; in the confined Ozark, unconfined Ozark, St. 

Francois, and alluvial aquifers, and in areas of agricultural, forested, urban, and mixed land use. Most of the 

E. coli (6 of 9), fecal streptococci (5 of 7), and fecal 

coliform (6 of 8) detections were in samples from the 

unconfined Ozark aquifer. Although 55 percent of the 

wells sampled were located in the unconfined Ozark 

aquifer, the frequency of bacteria detections in this 

aquifer, compared to the other aquifers sampled, 

appears to be large.

Samples from five wells that had bacteria counts 

greater than 10 colonies per 100 mL of sample were 

sent to the laboratory for 16S rRNA oligonucleotide 

hybridization probe tests. Water samples from Marquand (reference number 53), Cape Girardeau Public 

Water Supply District No. 2 (reference number 12), 

Lebanon (reference number 50), Monett (reference 

number 2), and West Plains (reference number 40) 

were analyzed for specific human- or livestock-related 

bacteria.

The RNA hybridization probe tests conducted on 

the sample from the city of Marquand's well number 1 

(reference number 53) indicated that fecal bacteria (E. 

coli, E. faecalis, and Salmonella) were present. Tests 

for human and ruminant contamination were inconclusive. The lack of a positive Bacteroides detection indicates that the source of bacteria probably was from 

animals rather than humans.

The RNA hybridization probe tests conducted on 

the sample from the Cape Girardeau Public Water Supply District No. 2, well number 1 (reference number 

12), indicated that fecal bacteria (E. coli and SalmoMicrobiological Quality 21
20 40 60 KILOMETERS 

EXPLANATION

36° w 

Modified from Imes and Emmett (1994)

SAMPLED WELL AND REFERENCE NUMBER 

AND AMMONIA CONCENTRATION, IN 

MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 

O86 Less than 0.02

I I MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT1 I UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSIT

I I WESTERN INTERIOR PLAINS 

1 ! CONFINING SYSTEM

	OZARK PLATEAUS AQUIFER SYSTEM 

| | Springfield Plateau aquifer 

m Ozark confining unit 

H|y Ozark aquifer 

^| St. Francois confining unit 

| | St. Francois aquifer 

 I BASEMENT CONFINING UNIT

Figure 12. Nitrogen, as ammonia, concentrations in relation to the geohydrologic unit.

,15

.83

.93

0.02 to 0.05

0.5 to 0.10 

Greater than 0.10

22 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
(6)

pIs

(5)

0

0.12

0.10

0.08

i

03 (0

Ji 0.04 

O

X 

Q. 

(0

O 

QL

0.02

(22) (76)

(6)

(76)

(5)

(22)

SOIL LANDSCAPE 

A Alluvial Valley

B C 

SOIL LANDSCAPE

EXPLANATION

(22)

B Northern Missouri Loess and Loess-Till 

(Forest Natural Vegetation)

C Southern Missouri Residual and Loess-Residual 

(Prairie and Prairie-Forest Transition Vegetation)

D Southern Missouri Residual and Loess-Residual 

(Forest Natural Vegetation)

NUMBER IN PARENTHESES 

Number of samples included in 

the computation of percentiles

 OUTLIER

 90TH PERCENTILE

75TH PERCENTILE 

50TH PERCENTILE 

25TH PERCENTILE

 10TH PERCENTILE

Figure 13. Distribution of ammonia and phosphorus data within each soil landscape.

Microbiological Quality 23
O oO to

Z S

iu <

o

400

350

DC

b 300

250

2

q 200

| 150 

<

100

50

(41)

(41)

(14)

(33)

0)

0)

0)

(2)

(14) (33)

(9)

(9) 0)

(2)

Agriculture Agriculture/ Forest 

Forest

Urban

LANDUSE

Urban/ Urban/ Urban/ 

Agriculture Agriculture/ Forest 

Forest

(33)

EXPLANATION

NUMBER IN PARENTHESES Number of 

samples included in the computation of 

percentiles

OUTLIER

90TH PERCENTILE

75TH PERCENTILE 

50TH PERCENTILE 

25TH PERCENTILE 

10TH PERCENTILE

Figure 14. Distribution of alkalinity and dissolved oxygen concentration data within each 

land-use type.

24 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
mild) were present. Ruminant bacteria also were 

present but the tests were inconclusive for human 

effects.

RNA hybridization probe tests on the sample 

from the city of Lebanon's North well (reference number 50) indicate that fecal bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, 

Bacteroides, and ruminants) were present. The Lebanon sample was positive for ruminant and human bacteria indicating several sources of contamination were 

possible. The sources of this contamination were not 

investigated for this study..

There were too many bacteria to count in the 

sample from the city of Monett's West County well 

(reference number 2). The laboratory observed naturally or pre-stained bacteria fluoresce in the negativecontrol samples, making it difficult to interpret the 

other positive tests. The fluorescing bacteria could be a 

natural fluorescence by a cellular component such as 

phosphorus minerals in the cell, or chlorophyll molecules. Another possible explanation is that the bacteria 

could have been pre-stained in the aquifer by a dye 

study or some other fluorescing molecule (optical 

brighteners), although tests conducted by this study did 

not detect fluorescing molecules in the aquifer. The 

tests conducted indicated that fecal bacteria (E. coli, 

Bacteroides, and ruminants) were present and were 

positive for ruminant and human bacteria.

RNA hybridization probe tests conducted on the 

sample from the city of West Plain's Cherry Street well 

(reference number 40) indicated that fecal bacteria (E. 

coli, Salmonella, Bacteroides, and ruminants) were 

present. These tests indicated that the sources of bacteria may include animals and humans. The sample from 

West Plains also had fluorescing cells, possibly chlorophyll, and a large, multicellular round ball, like the 

green algae Volvox, present (T. Byl, USGS, written 

commun., 1998).

Samples from each well were processed and 

analyzed for the presence of RNA (male specific) and 

somatic coliphages. Coliphages were detected at four 

public-supply wells (table 4). The public-supply wells 

sampled at Monett (fig. 1, reference number 2) and 

West Plains (fig. 1, reference number 40) had large 

counts of both types of coliphage. The well at Monett 

had counts of 4,754 RNA and 8,897 somatic coliphages 

per 100 L. The well at West Plains had counts of 613 

RNA and 8,862 somatic coliphages per 100 L. These 

counts are considerably larger than what typically is 

developed from samples analyzed by the UNE laboratory (J.M. Vaughn, University of New England, oral

commun., 1998). RNA coliphage was detected in the 

city of Chamois well (fig. 1, reference number 67), 

although no bacteria colonies were detected at this 

well. The city of Lebanon's North well (fig. 1, reference number 50) had detection of somatic coliphages.

OPTICAL BRIGHTENER ANALYSIS

Private water and sewage systems can contribute 

to the microbiological contamination of public water 

supplies in karst aquifers. Poorly constructed wells and 

septic systems can allow surface contaminants to reach 

ground-water supplies and can create public health 

hazards by introducing potentially harmful microorganisms. Because septic sewage systems rely on the 

percolation of wastewaters in the soil horizons, thin 

soils and karst topography can be an avenue for these 

wastes to impact ground-water supplies. Many households use laundry detergents with optical brighteners 

such as cyanuric chloride/diaminostilbene disulfonic 

acid, a whitener for cotton and other cellulosic material. As households do laundry, optical brighteners are 

added to their septic system as gray water. A detection 

of optical brighteners in the sampled water is an indication of septic system impacts on ground-water supplies. 

The detection of optical brighteners could be an inexpensive method of evaluating this aspect of groundwater quality.

The presence of optical brighteners was determined by methods outlined by Fay and others (1995). 

The Kirkwood Ranney well number 3 (reference number 90) was the only well out of the 109 sampled that 

indicated the presence of optical brighteners. The Kirkwood well is relatively close to a wastewater treatment 

facility, and is located in the floodplain of the Meramec 

River. The river stage was close to bankfull at the time 

of sampling. The wellhead also is located in a pit-type 

situation. The possibility exists that the optical brightener detected was residual from ground-water studies 

in the area. Upstream (west) from the Ranney well is a 

ground-water contamination situation involving 

trichloroethylene (TCE), which is the subject of many 

studies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990). 

The lack of bacteria in the well-water sample indicates 

that the optical brightener may be from ground-water 

studies rather than from waste water effects. The results 

from this optical brightener study were inconclusive a 

to the effectiveness of this method. No optical brighteners were detected at sites where bacteria were

Optical Brightener Analysis 25
detected. The low number of bacteria detects and low 

volume of water sampled may have contributed to the 

lack of detections.

GROUND-WATER VULNERABILITY 

ASSESSMENT

The USEPA has developed a plan designed to 

provide State public-water-supply agencies a method 

for identifying wells within their network that are vulnerable to possible microbiological contamination 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, written commun., 1998). This plan is called the Ground Water Disinfection Rule (GWDR) Vulnerability Assessment 

Plan (VAP). This plan is designed to provide a tool to 

predict the likelihood of contaminants migrating from 

their source to the withdrawal point of a well by taking 

into account a variety of geohydrologic conditions, the 

presence of microbes in the past, and well construction 

that affect a well's vulnerability to microbiological 

contaminants. The vulnerability of a well is determined 

through a series of decision diagrams which incorporate the findings from three categories; the results of 

previous microbe monitoring, ground-water sensitivity 

to potential contamination, and well construction. The 

first category, results of previous microbe monitoring, 

reasons that if microbe contamination has been found 

in the past 5 years, the well is vulnerable to contamination regardless of the findings in the other two categories. Ground-water sensitivity is defined as the ability 

of the natural geohydrologic system to prevent the 

migration of microbe contamination to the ground 

water supply. In the presence of contamination, a well 

in a highly sensitive aquifer would be vulnerable to 

contamination regardless of the well construction. The 

third category, well construction, assumes that a poorly 

constructed well can provide a conduit for contaminant 

to reach the ground water regardless of the groundwater sensitivity. After the assessment, a well is judged 

to have low vulnerability to contamination, high vulnerability to contamination, or unknown vulnerability 

(because of the lack of data). This study has applied the 

VAP to selected wells to determine if vulnerability can 

be accurately predicted using this plan in the Ozark 

Plateaus.

Questionnaires requesting the information 

needed for the assessment were sent to all publicwater-suppliers chosen for this study. Of the 109 questionnaires sent, 34 were returned. The information 

needed to assess the vulnerability includes results of

past microbe monitoring, conditions relating to 

ground-water sensitivity, and well construction. Gaps 

in required information gathered from the public water 

supplies were filled, if possible, by the USGS. When 

microbes were detected by this study, and no questionnaire was returned by the public water supplier, an 

attempt was made by the USGS to fill in the three data 

categories.

A summary of the data gathered for the application of the VAP is listed in table 6, at the back of this 

report. Of the 41 wells assessed, 26 were rated "high 

vulnerability", 11 were rated "unknown vulnerability", 

and 4 were rated "low vulnerability". The reason that 

many of the wells were of unknown vulnerability is 

that the information concerning the casing and grout 

conditions was not known. Many of the public-watersuppliers had a paucity of well data on record and were 

unable to completely fill out the questionnaire. This 

may be because of the fact that the wells were older and 

were less likely to have sufficient information on construction.

Ninety percent of the wells assessed using the 

VAP were rated as high or unknown in terms of vulnerability to contamination. On the basis of these results, 

along with consideration of land use (such as a large 

number of CAFOs (fig. 4)), bacterial contamination 

might be expected to be extensive in ground water of 

the Ozark Plateaus. Bacteria were detected at less than 

10 percent of the wells sampled. Although contamination currently appears localized (for example, at Monett and West Plains), the vulnerability that is indicated 

by an assessment such as VAP indicates the importance 

of water-quality monitoring.

Comparing microbe detects from this study to 

the vulnerability ratings of table 6 indicates that six of 

the microbe detects correspond with high vulnerability, 

five with unknown vulnerability rating. Although the 

VAP was useful in predicting which wells were of low 

vulnerability and was collaborated by no microbe 

detect from this study, the overwhelming percentage of 

high or unknown vulnerability ratings of the wells sampled obfuscated areas of likely microbe contamination.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Karst terrain, intensive agricultural operations, 

large numbers of on-site sewage systems, and poor well 

construction can lead to microbiological contamination 

of the aquifer systems that are used to supply drinking 

water from the more than 3,700 public wells in Mis26 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
souri. State resource managers are concerned about the 

impact of these conditions on the microbiological and 

chemical quality of the ground water in the State. Sitespecific studies and routine regulatory monitoring have 

produced information on the overall quality and potability of the State's public-drinking-water supplies, but 

little is known about the presence of viruses. To 

address these concerns, the U. S. Geological Survey, in 

cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural 

Resources, Public Drinking Water Program, selected 

and sampled 109 public-water-supply wells from April 

through July 1998. These wells were sampled during 

the wet-weather season to increase the possibility of 

detecting the sampled constituents. The wells sampled 

for this study were selected to represent older wells 

(pre-1970), various land uses, geohydrology, and construction to determine their effects on the chemical and 

microbiological quality of the ground water. A survey 

of optical brighteners was conducted to determine their 

effectiveness as an indicator of contaminant migration 

from onsite sewage systems to the sampled aquifer. An 

rRNA hybridization analysis was included in this study 

to identify the type of organisms that are involved in 

the microbiological contamination of affected wells. 

The effectiveness of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Ground Water Disinfection Rule Vulnerability Assessment Plan was determined for public wells 

used for this study.

Of the 109 wells sampled, approximately 55 percent (60 wells) were located in the unconfined Ozark 

aquifer, 29 percent (32 wells) in the confined Ozark 

aquifer, 5 percent (5 wells) in the St. Francois aquifer, 

5 percent (5 wells) in the mixed St. Francois and unconfined Ozark aquifer, 4 percent (4 wells) in the McNairy/ 

Wilcox aquifer, and 3 percent (3 wells) in an alluvial 

aquifer. Twenty-three percent (25 wells) of the wells 

sampled are in the primary karst area, 18 percent (20 

wells) in the secondary karst, and 59 percent (64 wells) 

in the non-karst area. More than one-half of the wells 

sampled are located in soils of the Southern Missouri 

Residual and Loess-Residual landscape. Of the publicwater supplies sampled, 62 percent (68 wells) were not 

chlorinated; 38 percent (41 wells) did chlorinate. There 

was great variability of well age, ranging from 29 to 99 

years old. The well depths ranged from 21 (City of 

Marquand, reference number 53) to 2,217 (City of 

Jackson, reference number 11) ft deep. Altitude at the 

wellhead ranged from 240 (KK Water Supply Co., reference number 10) to 1,642 (City of Seymour, reference number 107) ft. Wells were fitted with either

submersible or vertical turbine pumps. The majority of 

the wells were located in or on the outskirts of cities 

and towns; few were located in a strictly rural setting. 

Of the 109 wells, 38 percent (41 wells) were located in 

agricultural areas, 30 percent (33 wells) were in forested areas, 14 percent (15 wells) in mixed agricultural 

and forested areas, 8 percent (9 wells) in mixed urban 

and forested areas, 9 in mixed urban and agricultural 

land-use areas, and 2 percent (2 wells) in urban areas.

Samples from each well were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological factors. All samples represented untreated, natural water from the sampled 

aquifer. The physical properties included pH, specific 

conductance, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. The 

chemical constituents included nutrients, alkalinity, 

total organic carbon, and color. Biological parameters 

consisted of E. coli, fecal streptococci, fecal coliform, 

enteric viruses, RNA and somatic coliphages, and 

rRNA hybridization. Quality-control samples were 

collected for all types of samples collected.

The physical properties and chemical constituents analyzed demonstrated differences when compared by karst areas, geohydrology, soils, and land use. 

The majority of ammonia plus organic nitrogen, nitrite, 

and phosphorus concentrations were below laboratory 

detection levels. There was a larger number of samples 

with values greater than detection limits with respect to 

the nitrite plus nitrate, ammonia, orthophosphate, and 

total organic carbon concentrations.

The data were analyzed by applying the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test and 

Tukey's multiple comparison test. These analyses of 

the physical and chemical data indicated grouping of 

similar and dissimilar concentrations, though no concentrations were determined to be above the Missouri 

Drinking Water Standards. The hydrologic, physical, 

and land-use differences between regions would lend 

itself naturally to some differences in the physical and 

chemical constituent concentrations measured for this 

study. Analyzing the data grouped by karst type demonstrated that there were no significant differences 

except for dissolved oxygen, which showed appreciable differences in values between the secondary and 

non-karst area, although both were similar to the primary karst type. The Mississippi Embayment generally 

had larger constituent concentrations than the other 

geohydrologic groups, with significant differences pertaining to ammonia and total organic carbon concentrations. Comparing the data by soil type revealed that the 

constituent concentrations were statistically similar

Summary and Conclusions 27
among all soil types except for the Alluvial Valley 

Landscape, which was different in regards to phosphorus and ammonia concentrations. Analyzing the data 

grouped by land-use type indicated that the concentrations were statistically similar for most constituents, 

though dissolved oxygen and alkalinity values were 

statistically different in a variety of land-use combinations.

Analysis of microbiological samples demonstrated that less than 10 percent of the wells had bacterial contamination, 3.7 percent of the wells tested 

positive for coliphages, and none of the wells tested 

positive for enteric viruses. The public wells sampled 

at Monett and West Plains had high levels of both bacteria and coliphages.

Bacteria was detected at all karst types, in the 

confined Ozark, unconfined Ozark, St. Francois, and 

alluvial aquifers, and in areas of agricultural, forested, 

urban, and mixed land use. Most E. coli were detected 

in the unconfined Ozark. Five wells that had bacteria 

counts greater than 10 col/100 mL of sample were analyzed by rRNA hybridization techniques. These five 

wells had bacteria contributed from a variety of 

sources, predominately by ruminant and human 

sources. Two wells, Monett and West Plains, had indications of the presence of chlorophyll.

None of the wells sampled were determined to 

have enteric viruses, although four wells were determined to have RNA and/or somatic coliphages present. 

The wells at Monett and West Plains had large values 

of both coliphage types. Virus populations fluctuate 

with the natural conditions of aquifers, which tend to 

make their detection a hit-or-miss opportunity. More 

than a single sampling opportunity is needed to definitively address the presence or lack of viruses in the 

drinking-water-supply aquifers. The two sampling 

rounds of Phase I (Davis, 1999) and the single sampling of Phase II studies give three opportunities for 

viral detection, and the results seem to indicate that the 

presence of enteric viruses in public-drinking-water 

supplies are not a major health concern in the Ozark 

region of Missouri.

A comparison of the USEPA Ground-Water Disinfection Program -Vulnerability Assessment Plan 

with the results from this study was made to determine 

the effectiveness of the Vulnerability Assessment Plan 

for predicting possible well contamination in the Ozark 

region. Because of unknown and high vulnerability ratings of the wells by the Vulnerability Assessment Plan, 

97 percent of the 39 wells assessed would fall into the

high category for microbial contamination. Though 

this area had a high vulnerability rating, less than 10 

percent of the wells sampled had bacterial contamination. This would indicate that although the Ozark 

region is at high risk for contamination, currently 

(1999), contamination problems are of a localized 

nature.

The overall health of the ground water used for 

public-water supplies in the study has been determined 

to meet or exceed State regulations. With the exception 

of localized problems, the physical, chemical, bacterial, and viral constituent values are not at a level of 

concern at this time. The character of the geology, 

hydrology, soils, and land use in the Ozark region does, 

however, indicate that a constant vigilance is needed to 

assure that surface contamination does not become a 

problem.

REFERENCES

Adamski, J.C., Petersen, J.C., Freiwald, D.A., and 

Davis, J.V., 1994, Environmental and hydrological 

setting of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, 

Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

94-4022, 69 p.

Allgood, P.P., Persinger, I.D., and Soil Scientists, 1979, 

Missouri general soil map and soil association 

descriptions: Columbia, Missouri, United States 

Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 74 p.

Amann, R.I., Ludwig, W., and Schleifer, K.H., 1995, 

Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of 

individual microbial cells without cultivation: 

American Society for Microbiology, Microbiological Reviews, March 1995, vol. 59, no. 1, p. 143- 

169.

Anderson, R.K., and Wells, J.S., 1967, Oil and gas, in 

Mineral and water resources of Missouri: Rolla, 

Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey, v. 

43, p. 243-252.

Caplan, W.M., 1960, Subsurface geology of pre-Everton rocks in northern Arkansas: Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission Information 

Circular 21, 17 p.

Coveney, R.M., Hilpman, P.L., Alien, A.V., and Glascock, M.D., 1987, Radionuclides in Pennsylvanian 

black shales of the Midwestern United States, in 

Marikos, M.A., and Hansman, R.H., Geologic 

causes of natural radionuclide anomalies: Rolla,

28 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey 

Special Publication 4, p. 25-42.

Dahling, D^.R., and Wright, B.A., 1986, Optimization 

of the BGM cell line culture and viral assay procedures for monitoring viruses in the environment: 

Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 51, p. 

790-812.

Dahling, D.R., Safferman, R.S., and Wright, B.A., 

1984, Results of a survey of BGM cell culture 

practices. Environmental International, Oxford, 

New York, v. 10 p. 309-313.

Davis, J.V., and Witt, E.G., 1999, Microbiological and 

chemical quality of ground water used as a source 

of public supply in southern Missouri Phase I, 

May 1997 - March 1998: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4038, 

77 p.

Dufour, A.P., 1977, Escherichia coli - the fecal 

coliform, in Hoadley, A., and Dutka, B.J., eds., 

Bacterial indicators/health hazards associated with 

water, 1977: American Society for Testing and 

Materials, ASTM STP 635, p. 48-58.

Dugan, J.T., and Peckenpaugh, J.M., 1985, Effects of 

climate, vegetation, and soils on consumptive 

water use and ground-water recharge to the Central Midwest regional aquifer system, Mid-continent United States: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 85-4236, 77 p.

Fay, S.R., Spong, R.C., Alexander, S.C., and Alexander, E.G., 1995, Optical brighteners: Sorption 

behavior, detection, septic system tracer applications: Proceedings of the International Association 

of Hydrogeologists XXVI International Congress, 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 17 p.

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United States: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 

Inc., 714 p.

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U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality 

Laboratory - Determination of inorganic and 

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93-125, 217 p.

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Harvey, E.J., 1980, Ground water in the SpringfieldSalem Plateaus of southern Missouri and northern

Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 80-101, 66 p.

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field manual for the collection of water-quality 

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of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 66, 49 p.

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of Missouri: A guide to their identification and 

interpretation: Columbia, Missouri, Extension 

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References 29
and enteric virus sample collection procedures: 

Washington D.C., Office of Ground Water and 

Drinking Water, EPA/814-B-95-001, 63 p.

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accessed 09, 06, 2000 at URL http:// 

www.oseda.missouri.edu/mscdc/moa/popests

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___1995b, Virus monitoring protocol for the Information Collection Requirements rule: Washington, D.C., Office of Ground Water and Drinking 

Water, EPA/814-B-95-002, 25 p. and appendices.

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Remedial Response, Office of Program Management, EPA/540/4-90/026, 86 p.

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digital data from 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 scale 

maps: U.S. Geodata Users Guide 4, 33 p.

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30 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
CD

LU

CO 

Table 1. Identification and drill date for the sampled wells

[PWS-ID, Public Water Supply Identification Number]

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1) County Public-water-supply system Local name PWS-ID

USGS identif

numbe

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

H 20

Q) o-

(D

21 -

Barry

Barry

Barton

Benton

Benton

Benton

Bollinger

Butler

Camden

Camden

Cape Girardeau

Cape Girardeau

Carter

Carter

Carter

Cedar

Christian

Christian

Christian

Cole 

Cooper

Purdy

Monett

Barton County Consolidated Public

Water Supply District No. 1

Lincoln

Cole Camp

Ionia

Marble Hill - South

Qulin

Camdenton

KK Water Supply

Jackson

Cape Girardeau County Public Water

Supply District No. 2

Grandin

Ellsinore

Carter County Public Water Supply

District No. 1

El Dorado Springs

Sparta

Ozark

Billings

Cole County Public Water Supply 

District No. 5 

Pilot Grove

Well No. 2

West County

East Well

Under water tower

City Park Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Ward Well

Well No. 1

Rodeo Grounds

Well No. 1

Well No. 2

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Old Well

Well No. 1

Well No. 3

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

New Well

St. Thomas 

Well No. 1

5010667

5010537

5024023

3010469

3010180

3010400

4010483

4010670

3010130

3036050

4010404

4024097

4010322

4010246

4024108

5010241

5010752

5010619

5010071

3024164 

3010642

3648540935

3655340935

3729290941

3823230931

3827260931

3830230931

3718080895

3635440901

38001009244

3808020924

3723070893

3727290894

3649500904

3655590904

3659170910

3751520940

3659530930

3701140931

3703520933

3822030921

3852220925
Table 1. Identification and drill date for the sampled wells-Continued

icrobiological

0)

3

a

03"

(D

3o'

SL 

Oc 

2L

f

O

O

3

a.

0)

^

C 

(D

a

0)

0)

o 

o

(D

C

o'

c 

 o

 o.

5'

o

c

(0

3

3 55'

(0

0

c

TJ 31

0)

(0 

(0

[rwo-iu, ri

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

IDIIC waier ouppr

County

Crawford

Crawford

Dade

Dade

Dallas

Dallas

Dent

Douglas

Dunklin

Franklin

Franklin

Gasconade

Gasconade

Greene

Greene

Greene

Hickory

Hickory

Howell

Howell

Howell

Howell

Iron

Jasper

y lucnuiitaiiuii ixuuiucij

Public-water-supply system

Steelville

Cuba

Lockwood

Greenfield

Buffalo

Urbana

Salem

Ava

Clarkton

St. Clair

Washington

Owensville

Rosebud

Springfield

Strafford

Ash Grove

Weaubleau

Wheatland

West Plains

Howell County Public Water Supply

District No. 1

Willow Springs

Mountain View

Belleview Elem. School

Sarcoxie

Local name

Well No. 1

North of RR tracks

Well No. 2

Old Well No. 2

Well No. 3

Well No. 1

Well No. 2

EDA Well No. 3

Well No. 2

Crest Lane

Well No. 2

2nd and Monroe

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Cherry St.

Well No. 1

10th Street

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 2

PWS-ID

6010759

6010200

5010475

5010331

5010114

5010807

4010721

5010040

4010170

6010708

6010838

6010618

6010702

5010754

5010768

5010032

5010843

5010855

4010853

4024264

4010862

4010551

4171180

5010723

USGS identific

number

375759091211

380348091242

372312093572

372451093502

373844093052

375034093103

373842091323

36570209239

362708089580

382047090583

383334091003

382029091300

38231609124

371606093183

37161809306

371858093350

37533909332

37563309324

36433309151

36523709154

36593009158

36595309142

37424109044

37040109407
Table 1. Identification and drill date for the sampled wells-Continued

[PWS-ID, Public Water Supply Identification Number]

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

H 67

Q>

ff 68

W

County

Jasper

Jasper

Jefferson

Laclede

Laclede

Lawrence

Lawrence

Madison

Maries

Maries

McDonald

McDonald

Miller

Moniteau

Moniteau

Morgan

Newton

Newton

Oregon

Oregon

Osage

Osage 

Ozark

Public-water-supply system

Carl Junction

Oronogo

Herculaneum

Laclede County Public Water Supply 

District No. 3

Lebanon

Marionville

Miller

Marquand

Vienna

Belle

Noel

Pineville

Eldon

California

Jamestown

Stover

Neosho

Granby

Thayer

Alton

Linn

Chamois 

Gainesville

Local name

Well No. 1

West Well No. 2

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

North

Well No. 1

Well No. 2

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

City Hall

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

W Grand & N Newton

At old tower

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Dewey & Finney

Well No. 2

Well No. 3

Well No. 1

City Hall -

1 st Street 

Well No. 1

PWS-ID

5010138

5010606

6010359

5024319

5010458

5010499

5010525

4010501

3010822

3010054

5010577

5010645

3010240

3010124

3010407

3010767

5010560

5010321

4010788

4010012

3010470

3010155 

5010297

USGS identific

number

3710400.94335

371121094274

381623090230

373955092360

374115092403

370013093383

371255093500

372546090101

381118091564

381713091431

363239094285

363530094224

382112092351

383746092340

384556092284

382628092594

365138094221

365437094155

363126091325

364137091234

382917091511

384031091460

363610092254
Table 1. Identification and drill date for the sampled wells-Continued

icrobiological

Q)

CL

O

3T

9

o'

9J. 

O

9L 1'

0

0

3

O.

0) 

9

C

(A

0)

O. 

0)

(A

O

C

o

9

 o

C

2o'

c

15'

wo

c

9

3

5. 55'

(A 

O

C

TJ

0>

(A 

(D

[rwd-iu, ri

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

69

70

71

12

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

lone waier ouppr

County

Perry

Pettis

Pettis

Phelps

Phelps

Phelps

Polk

Polk

Pulaski

Pulaski

Pulaski

Reynolds

Reynolds

Ripley

Ripley

Scott

Scott

Shannon

St Clair

St Francois

St Louis

St Louis

y lueniiiicaiiun rNumucij

Public-water-supply system

Frohna

Sedalia

Hughesville

Phelps County Public Water Supply

District No. 1

Newburg

St. James

Pleasant Hope

Morrisville

Waynesville

Richland

Dixon

Ellington

Centerville

Naylor

Ripley County Public Water Supply

District No. 1 - West

Sikeston

Benton

Winona

Lowry City

Bonne Terre

Eureka

Kirk wood

Local name

Well No. 1

South of No. 6

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Park Well

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 2

Downtown

Park Well

Well No. 2

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

. West Well No. 1

Well No. 6-Plant No. 2

Well No. 1

Well No. 4

Well No. 2

Well No. 1

Allenton Rd.

Ranney Well

PWS-ID

4010293

3010728

3010386

3024465

3010887

3010712

5010650

5010545

3010841

3010684

3010219

4010243

4010151

4010557

4024522

4010743

4010062

4010867

5010480

4010087

6010258

6010430

USGS identific

number

373822089371

384004093134

385018093174

374210091514

375451091540

375955091362

372719093161

372858093253

374939092123

375120092234

375939092055

371440090581

372609090573

363435090363

363645090505

365245089350

370549089335

370050091192

380824093434

375451090324

383009090391

383325090270
Table 1. Identification and drill date for the sampled wells Continued

[PWS-ID, Public Water Supply Identification Number]

Reference 

number 

(fig- 1)

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

County

Ste Genevieve

Ste Genevieve

Stoddard

Stone

Stone

Taney

Taney

Texas

Texas

Texas

Texas

Washington

Washington

Wayne

Wayne

Webster

Webster

Wright

Wright

Public- water-supply system

Bloomsdale

Ste. Genevieve County Public Water

Supply District No. 1 - North

Essex

Reed Springs

Crane

Hollister

Forsyth

Summersville

Raymondville

Texas County Public Water Supply

District No. 1

Licking

Irondale

Potosi

Williamsville

Wayne County Public Water Supply

District No. 1

Rogersville

Seymour

Norwood

Mountain Grove

Local name

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 001

Well No. 2

Well No. 1

Esplanade

Well No. 2

Well No. 2

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 2

Well No. 1

Well No. 5

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 1

Well No. 3

PWS-ID

4010079

4024544

4010255

5010679

5010192

5010374

5010285

4010777

4010674

4024606

4010467

6010401

6010659

4010861

4024637

5010699

5010734

5010585

5010550

USGS identifi

number

38013009014

38023409017

36485008951

36445109322

36543309334

36371609313

36411109307

37105009139

37201209149

37264709205

37293909151

37502809040

37553809046

36581309032

37073709026

37064609303

37084509246

37063109225

37081209215
Microbiological and(

\t

(0

3o'

2L

O

c

tu_

^

0

0

c

3

a

01

to

C

0)

a

w

0)

o

c

o

2.

TJ 

C

cr

o'

c O

 o.

 <

3'

w0

n

Table 2. Selected characteristics for the public water supply systems sampled

[PWSD, public water supply district SMRALRL-F, Southern Missouri Residual and Loess-Residual Landscape - forest; GC, Ger

ter; PD, Parsons-Dennis-Bates; WC, Waverly-Calhoun; CF, Clarksville-Fullerton-Talbott; UF, Union-Fullerton-McGirk; LC, Leb

Clarksville, AVL-SM, Alluvial Valley Landscape - Southeastern Missouri; MW, Menfro-Winfield-Weldon; DD, Dubbs-Dundee-B

Memphis-Loring; af, agriculture and forest; u, urban; ua, urban and agriculture; a, agriculture; uaf, urban, agriculture, and forest; f, 

available]

Reference

number

(fig- 1)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

County

Barry

Barry

Barton

Benton

Benton

Benton

Bollinger

Butler

Camden

Camden

Cape

Girardeau

Cape

Girardeau

Carter

Carter

Carter

Cedar

Christian

Christian

Christian

Cole

Cooper

Public-water-supply system

Purdy

Monett

Barton County Consolidated PWSD

No. 1

Lincoln ,

Cole Camp

Ionia

Marble Hill - South

Qulin

Camdenton

KK Water Supply

Jackson

Cape Girardeau County PWSD

No. 2

Grandin

Ellsinore

Carter County PWSD No. 1

El Dorado Springs

Sparta

Ozark

Billings

Cole County PWSD No. 5

Pilot Grove

Soils

SMRALRL-F

GC

PD

GC

GC

GC

SMRALRL-F

WC

CF

CF

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

PD

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

GC

UF

UF

Karst type

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Secondary

Nonkarst

Primary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Secondary

Nonkarst

Primary

Primary

Primary

Nonkarst

Primary

Geohydrology

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

McNairy

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Land use

a

a

a

a

a

a

f

a

uf

uf

ua

a

f

f

f

a

a

ua

ua

af

a
Table 2. Selected characteristics for the public water supply systems sampled Continued

[PWSD, public water supply district SMRALRL-F, Southern Missouri Residual and Loess-Residual Landscape - forest; GC, Ger

ter; PD, Parsons-Dennis-Bates; WC, Waverly-Calhoun; CF, Clarksville-Fullerton-Talbott; UF, Union-Fullerton-McGirk; LC, Leb

Clarksville, AVL-SM, Alluvial Valley Landscape - Southeastern Missouri; MW, Menfro-Winfield-Weldon; DD, Dubbs-Dundee-B

Memphis-Loring; af, agriculture and forest; u, urban; ua, urban and agriculture; a, agriculture; uaf, urban, agriculture, and forest; f, 

available]

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

County

Crawford

Crawford

Dade

Dade

Dallas

Dallas

Dent

Douglas

Dunklin

Franklin

Franklin

Gasconade

Gasconade

Greene

Greene

Greene

Hickory

Hickory

Howell

Howell

Howell

Public-water-supply system

Steelville

Cuba

Lockwood

Greenfield

Buffalo

Urbana

Salem

Ava

Clarkton

St. Clair

Washington

Owensville

Rosebud

Springfield

Strafford

Ash Grove

Weaubleau

Wheatland

West Plains

Howell County PWSD No. 1

Willow Springs

Soils

CF

LC

GC

GC

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

AVL-SM

CF

MW

LC

LC

GC

SMRALRL-F

GC

GC

LC

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

Karst type

Nonkarst

Secondary

Nonkarst

Primary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Secondary

Secondary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Nonkarst

Primary

Primary

Primary

Secondary

Geohydrology

Unconfined Ozark , St.

Francois

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark, St.

Francois

Unconfined Ozark

McNairy

Unconfined Ozark, St.

Francois

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Land use

f

f

a

a

a

a

f

af

a

f

uf

af

af

u

ua

a

a

a

uaf

af

ua
Microbiological an

Q.

O

(0

3- 

o'

21

O

c

et_

0

O

o

Q.

0)

 -»

C

0)w

0)

(0 

0

c 

o

0

TJ

2o'

c 

 o

i^-

5'

W

o

(D

3

55'

(0

o

c

 b

u

(0 

(D

Table 1. Selected characteristics for the public water supply systems sampled Continued

[PWSD, public water supply district SMRALRL-F, Southern Missouri Residual and Loess-Residual Landscape - forest; GC, Gera

ter; PD, Parsons-Dennis-Bates; WC, Waverly-Calhoun; CF, Clarksville-Fullerton-Talbott; UF, Union-Fullerton-McGirk; LC, Leba

Clarksville, AVL-SM, Alluvial Valley Landscape - Southeastern Missouri; MW, Menfro- Winfield-Weldon; DD, Dubbs-Dundee-B

Memphis-Loring; af, agriculture and forest; u, urban; ua, urban and agriculture; a, agriculture; uaf, urban, agriculture, and forest; f, f

available]

Reference

number

(fig. 1)

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

County

Howell

Iron

Jasper

Jasper

Jasper

Jefferson

Laclede

Laclede

Lawrence

Lawrence

Madison

Maries

Maries

McDonald

McDonald

Miller

Moniteau

Moniteau

Morgan

Newton

Newton

Oregon

Oregon

Public-water-supply system

Mountain View

Belleview Elem. School

Sarcoxie

Carl Junction

Oronogo

Herculaneum

Laclede County PWSD No. 3

Lebanon

Marionville

Miller

Marquand

Vienna

Belle

Noel

Pineville

Eldon

California

Jamestown

Stover

Neosho

Granby

Thayer

Alton

Soils

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

GC

GC

GC

MW

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

GC

SMRALRL-F

CF

LC

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

GC

UF

MW

GC

SMRALRL-F

GC

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

Karst type

Primary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Primary

Primary

Primary

Primary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Primary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Primary

Secondary

Geohydrology

Unconfined Ozark

St. Francois

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Alluvial

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark, St.

Francois

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Land use

af

f

a

ua

ua

uf

af

uf

a

a

af

f

af

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

f

f
Table 2. Selected characteristics for the public water supply systems sampled Continued

[PWSD, public water supply district SMRALRL-F, Southern Missouri Residual and Loess-Residual Landscape - forest; GC, Gera

ter; PD, Parsons-Dennis-Bates; WC, Waverly-Calhoun; CF, Clarksville-Fullerton-Talbott; UF, Union-Fullerton-McGirk; LC, Leba

Clarksville, AVL-SM, Alluvial Valley Landscape - Southeastern Missouri; MW, Menfro-Winfield-Weldon; DD, Dubbs-Dundee-B

Memphis-Loring; af, agriculture and forest; u, urban; ua, urban and agriculture; a, agriculture; uaf, urban, agriculture, and forest; f, f

available]

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

County

Osage

Osage

Ozark

Perry

Pettis

Pettis

Phelps

Phelps

Phelps

Polk

Polk

Pulaski

Pulaski

Pulaski

Reynolds

Reynolds

Ripley

Ripley

Scott

Scott .

Shannon

St Clair

St Francois

St Louis

Public-water-supply system

Linn

Chamois

Gainesville

Frohna

Sedalia

Hughesville

Phelps County PWSD No. 1

Newburg

St. James

Pleasant Hope

Morrisville

Waynesville

Richland

Dixon

Ellington

Centerville

Naylor

Ripley County PWSD No. 1 -

West

Sikeston

Benton

Winona

Lowry City

Bonne Terre

Eureka

Soils

UF

MW

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

GC

UF

SMRALRL-F

CF

LC

SMRALRL-F

GC

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

CF

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

AVL-SM

SMRALRL-F

DD

DD

SMRALRL-F

PD

HT

UF

Karst type

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Secondary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Primary

Primary

Nonkarst

Secondary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Secondary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Primary

Nonkarst

Primary

Nonkarst

4

Geohydrology

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark, St.

Francois

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Ozark Unconfined

Ozark Unconfined

Ozark Unconfined

Ozark Confined

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Alluvial

Unconfined Ozark

Wilcox

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

St. Francois

Unconfined Ozark

Land use

af

a

f

a

a

a

f

f

f

a

a

uf

f

f

f

f

a

f

ua

a

f

a

f

uf
Microbiological ar

^

a. 

O3"

a>

3 o'

2L

O

2L

f

O

o

3

a.

u

 ^

C 

<A

0)

V>

D>

O

C

o

(D

^> 

TJ

C

g; o'

c 

 o

"%

5'

o

1

a>

3

s

v>

(A

O

Table 2. Selected characteristics for the public water supply systems sampled Continued

[PWSD, public water supply district SMRALRL-F, Southern Missouri Residual and Loess-Residual Landscape - forest; GC, Geral

ter; PD, Parsons-Dennis-Bates; WC, Waverly-Calhoun; CF, Clarksville-Fullerton-Talbott; UF, Union-Fullerton-McGirk; LC, Leban

Clarksville, AVL-SM, Alluvial Valley Landscape - Southeastern Missouri; MW, Menfro-Winfield-Weldon; DD, Dubbs-Dundee-Bo

Memphis-Loring; af, agriculture and forest; u, urban; ua, urban and agriculture; a, agriculture; uaf, urban, agriculture, and forest; f, f

available]

Reference 

number

(fig. 1)

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

County

St Louis

Ste Genevieve

Ste Genevieve

Stoddard

Stone

Stone

Taney

Taney

Texas

Texas

Texas

Texas

Washington

Washington

Wayne

Wayne

Webster

Webster

Wright

Wright

Public-water-supply system

Kirkwood

Bloomsdale

Ste. Genevieve County PWSD

No. 1 - North

Essex

Reed Springs

Crane

Hollister

Forsyth

Summersville

Raymondville

Texas County PWSD No. 1

Licking

Irondale

Potosi

Williamsville

Wayne County PWSD No. 1

Rogersville

Seymour

Norwood

Mountain Grove

Soils

MW

ML

ML

AVL-SM

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

CF

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

SMRALRL-F

Karst type

Secondary

Secondary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Secondary

Secondary

Secondary

Secondary

Secondary

Primary

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Nonkarst

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Geohydrology

Alluvial

Unconfined Ozark

St. Francois

McNairy

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

St. Francois

St. Francois

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Confined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Unconfined Ozark

Land use

u

f

f

a

f

af

uf

uf

f

f

af

f

f

f

a

f

ua

af

af

f
Table 3. Statistical summary of values of physical properties and concentrations of chemical constituents

[°C, degree Celsius; uS/cm, microseimen per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/1, milligrams per liter; CaCO3 , calcium carbonate; N, nitrogen; P

Physical property or Number of 

constituent samples

Water temperature (°C)

Specific conductance ((aS/cm)

pH (standard units)

Dissolved oxygen (mg/1)

Alkalinity (mg/1 as CaCO3 )

Nitrate plus nitrite (mg/1 as N)

Nitrite (mg/1 as N)

Ammonia (mg/1 as N)

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen

(mg/1 as N)

Phosphorus (mg/1 as P)

Orthophosphorus (mg/1 as P)

Total organic carbon (mg/1)

109

109

109

109

109

109

109

109

109

109

109

109

Percentiles

50 

Minimum 10 25 (median)

12.0 14.5 15.5 16.0

157 307 354 444

6.9 7.2 7.5 7.6

0.0 0.0 0.2 0.8

77 136 165 212

<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

<0.02 <0.02 0.022 0.036

<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3

75 90

17.0 18.5

522 680

7.7 7.8

2.5 4.0

252 289

0.246 1.1

<0.01 0.012

0.061 0.099

<0.1 <0.1

<0.01 0.014

0.014 0.017

0.8 1.6

Ma

24

1,460

8

7

344

3

0

6

0

0

0

5

CT 

(D 

W
Ulicrobiological andChemi

0

SL 

O

o

0

o

3 

Q.

D)

3

W 

(D

Q.

0) 

(0

fi)

o 

c

0

(D

a D 

C

o'

C o 

 o.

5' 

W

o

c

(D 

3

2w' 

w

0

TJ 31 

Q)

Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; jaS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams per lite

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference Water 

number temperature 

(fig. 1) Date (°C)

1

2

3

4

5 

6

7

8 

9

10

11 

12

13

14

15 

16

17 

18

19

20

6/10/98 

6/11/98

6/8/98

4/8/98

4/8/98 

4/9/98

4/23/98

5/20/98

5/7/98

5/7/98

4/21/98 

4/21/98

6/24/98

6/25/98

6/25/98 

4/13/98

6/17/98 

6/8/98

6/8/98

5/5/98

17.5 

16.0

19.0

15.0

13.5 

14.5

15.0

16.5 

15.5

15.5

19.5 

14.0

16.0

17.0

16.5 

19.0

16.5 

17.0

17.5

15.0

Color 

(Pt-Co 

units)

<5 

<5

<5

<5

<5 

<5

<5

<5 

<5

<5

<5 

<5

<5

<5

<5 

<5

<5 

<5

<5

<5

Specific 

conductance

(uS/cm)

350 

350

293

582

460 

461

529

894

541

646

669 

291

406

371

397 

788

364 

307

319

639

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

0.3 

4.0

.2

.5

.2 

0

4.0

.2 

.5

1.0

.1 

1.0

3.0

4.0

6.0 

0

.6 

0

.1

< 1.0

pH 

(standard 

units)

7.7 

7.2

7.9

7.1

7.1

7.2

7.7

8.2

7.5

7.4

7.6

7.5

7.7

7.6

7.5 

7.5

7.7 

7.9

7.9

7.5

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

172 

154

138

258

215 

217

268

184 

282

328

218 

136

212

195

207 

160

180

144

164

321

To

car
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area-Continued

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; }iS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams per lite

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference Water 

number temperature 

(fig. 1) Date (°C)

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

4/8/98

4/27/98

4/27/98

6/16/98

6/11/98

5/14/98

5/13/98

6/3/98

5/27/98

5/19/98

4/28/98

4/13/98

4/30/98

4/30/98

6/16/98

6/18/98

6/18/98

5/18/98

5/12/98

6/18/98

6/18/98

15.0

15.0

16.0

19.0

19.0

16.5

15.5

15.5

17.0

24.5

15.3

15.5

16.0

15.0

17.5

16.5

16.0

18.0

16.5

15.5

15.5

Color 

(Pt-Co 

units)

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

8

<5

Specific 

conductance

(uS/cm)

569

390

436

241

283

415

564

403

484

600

421

483

487

377

391

319

312

443

467

471

383

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

0.5

4.0

.5

0

.2

0

0

3.0

2.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.1

.5

.4

.2

0

0

0

5.0

7.0

pH 

(standard 

units)

7.5

8.1

7.8

7.8

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.7

7.6

8.2

7.8

7.7

7.6

7.8

7.8

7.5

7.5

7.7

7.7

7.3

7.8

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

289

213

218

115

135

210

282

205

234

233

175

241

234

172

185

151

147

214

243

214

193

To

car
T3

0>

"S

O

U1

«J

u

>>

2

«

 M

^c

.£

T3

J£i "a

S

</)

1

.£

>> "c3

c

«

w

1

u

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e

1'35

a

1

OS

.

JJ

f2

c

o

0

£

3

"rt

O

rn

O

u03

U

ur

<u

^r

<u

a.

1

03 

.00

1

_J

1? u"

o

<N

3

S

.1"c

Q.

S

_a>

o

.0^ 's

c £

t- "^J ^J

zL C.

15 <^

O J£

V >

| ~

.£ o

^ '"5

o" -a

U b

£ |

c/r o

3 -D

 55 ^2

u J

« to

bb J

 a

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.a j

? -»^ * (jjQ

c &JD C 

Ui ^^^

0 c

2-i

L® «

^B «

1 J ^

^£ p CQ

< ^ U

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X « Q

°" « c

^

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4> fi .^

> 4> I 

1 "If ^ ^ £

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CL»

c i 1"

'o o u

dll

o

u

U O s^

o QJ -*2 "o -i *5

U ^ 3

u

<s « ^

C8 4> o

i"

"«

Q

CJ 1"

s ^ ^

 S | c°

£ B ~

o^^ vo fNmr- Tt m oo 

(N ' <*

A z

 (N (N CN (N fNfN(N(N

ONt-vOOfNTt.nt-t-VOOOOvOOOt-TtvoON<NVO

r^r-r-oor-r-r-r-r-r-t^r-i^t^r-t^r-Nor-r-

(N ro (N O O fN (N O (N ' O O O '' ' V V

*3'(Nr<"ir'"> l/~> lrfvoO vOOOTfr'">r<">»/~>oO' ' O (N CN

^^^^Pi^Sf^f^^PlfNvoPiJn^^r^^^

V^\? <v <v <vv> \?\? <vv) 'v lvv>lv lvv v v v

«^oo«^inoooo«nooinoo«ooom>n

»nNOvor-r-om»^^or-^(Nmvoooo\o'o>oT3-

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCXDOOOOOOOOOO

^^s ^^\ ^\ O^ O*^ O1^ ^^ O^ ^^ O^ ^^ ON O^ O1^ ON ON O*^ ^^ O^ ^^

^^^^^^^^^'n^wn^'o^n^^^SS

46 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area-Continued

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; fiS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams per lite

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference Water 

number temperature 

(fig. 1) Date (°C)

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

4/14/98

4/14/98

6/16/98

6/17/98

4/29/98

4/29/98

5/27/98

4/20/98

4/6/98

4/8/98

6/3/98

6/2/98

6/2/98

5/19/98

5/11/98

5/6/98

5/5/98

5/20/98

7/16/98

5/18/98

19.0

18.0

15.5

16.5

16.5

14.5

15.0

16.0

16.0

16.0

15.0

15.7

16.5

16.0

17.0

16.0

1.07

18.0

17.5

16.1

Color 

(Pt-Co 

units)

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

Specific 

conductance

(|iS/cm)

327

300

609

509

457

500

495

688

451

930

341

462

753

314

290

475

490

690

264

360

Dissolved 

oxygen

(mg/L)

0

0

3.5

3

.1

.1

4

.3

.5

.2

4

.6

.7

.1

1

.6

0

.1

4.5

.3

pH 

(standard 

units)

7.2

7.7

7.4

7.6

7.5

7.6

7.5

7.4

7.1

7.0

7.5

7.6

7.4

7.8

8.1

7.8

7.6

7.5

7.3

7.6

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

158

132

312

256

220

253

259

306

228

331

222

234

260

173

143

236

252

280

131

144

To

carb
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area Continued

3C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; fiS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams per lite

 obiological andCt

»

3 o'

9J.

Oc

2L

a

o

0

c

Q.

0)

(D

C

(0 

(0

Q.

D) 

0)

Q)

O

C

o

(D

2.

 o 

c 

2o'

c 

 o

 o.

 <

5'

o

c

0>

3

55'

o

c

TJ 3-

0)

(0 

(0

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference Water 

number temperature 

(fig. 1) Date (°C)

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

5/20/98

6/16/98

4/22/98

4/22/98

6/24/98

4/13/98

4/16/98

4/13/98

4/14/98

4/16/98

5/19/98

6/10/98

6/17/98

6/9/98

6/9/98

5/14/98

5/13/98

5/13/98

5/12/98

6/24/98

16.5

17.0

16.0

16.5

16.5

17.0

15.5

15.0

14.5

12.0

18.5

17.0

18.0

16.9

18.5

16.0

15.5

17.5

14.5

14.5

Color 

(Pt-Co 

units)

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

Specific 

conductance

(jaS/cm)

522

508

354

622

347

451

737

1,460

611

486

1,070

361

315

482

476

374

385

464

411

680

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

1

2

0.2

1

6

0

0

1

.2

4

.8

.4

1

.5

1

3

3

.8

3

3

pH 

(standard 

units)

6.9

7.6

7.4

7.6

7.7

7.4

7.5

7.5

7.3

7.6

7.6

7.5

7.8

7.5

7.5

7.7

7.8

7.7

7.7

7.3

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

108

255

148

279

202

189

290

282

181

263

214

182

156

240

230

186

185

282

217

342

To

carb
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area Continued

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; |iS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams per lite

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference Water 

number temperature 

(fig. 1) Date (°C)

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

6/4/98

5/21/98

5/18/98

6/15/98

6/15/98

5/26/98

5/26/98

16.0

15.0

16.5

14.5

15.5

16.0

14.5

Color 

(Pt-Co 

units)

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

Specific 

conductance 

(US/cm)

444

157

339

421

346

409

444

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

0.2

4

4.5

2.5

1.0

2.0

1.0

pH 

(standard 

units)

7.6

7.3

7.8

7.5

7.8

7.7

7.8

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

200

77

162

193

172

344

215

To

car
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area Continued

Microbiological

u

3 

Q.

O

(D

o'

2L

O

a

0

o

Q.

0)

^ 

C

(A

<A

fi)

§

3 

(D

0

 D

o'

C

1.

5'

0

3

55'

(A

o

c

TJ

0> 

(A 

(D

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; jaS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams pe 

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference

number 

(fig. 1)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 

8

9

10

11

12 

13

14

15

16

17

18

19 

20

Date

6/10/98

6/11/98

6/8/98

4/8/98

4/8/98

4/9/98

4/23/98 

5/20/98

5/7/98

5/7/98

4/21/98

4/21/98 

6/24/98

6/25/98

6/25/98

4/13/98

6/17/98

6/8/98

6/8/98

5/5/98

Nitrogen,

ammonia 

(mg/L)

<0 .020

.034

<.020

<.020

.023

.022

.05 

.721

.041

.041

.042

.026 

.027

.036

.022

.171

.065

<.020

<.020 

.037

Nitrogen,

nitrite, 

(mg/L)

O.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010 

.0017

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010 

<.010

<.010

<.010

.010

<.010

<.010

<.010 

<.010

Nitrogen, 

ammonia

and organic 

(mg/L)

0.10

<.10

<.10

.10

<.10

<.10

.10 

.64

.10

<.10

.10

.10

.10

<.10

<.14

<.10

<.10

.10

Nitrogen, 

nitrite plus

nitrate 

(mg/L)

2.540

<.050

<.050

<.057

<.050

<.050

< 3.580 

.066

<.537

<.050

<.680

<.050 

<.096

<.061

<.050

.050

<.050

<.050

<.172 

<.050

Phosphorus 

(mg/L)

O.014

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010 

.043

<.010

<.010

.010

<.010 

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

.010

.010 

<.010

Phosphorus, 

ortho (mg/L)

0.010

<.016

.012

.014

.013

.016

.027 

.042

.010

.010

.015

<.010 

.010

<.010

.010

.010

.010

.015

.014 

.010
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area Continued

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; jiS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams per liter

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

Date

4/8/98

4/27/98

4/27/98

6/16/98

6/11/98

5/14/98

5/13/98

6/3/98

5/27/98

5/19/98

4/28/98

4/13/98

4/30/98

4/30/98

6/16/98

6/18/98

6/18/98

5/18/98

5/12/98

6/18/98

Nitrogen, 

ammonia 

(mg/L)

0.075

.024

.024

.050

<.020

.039

.021

<.020

.073

.530

.100

.020

.022

.025

.072

.066

.060

.053

.087

.038

Nitrogen, 

nitrite, 

(mg/L)

O.010

<.010

<.010

.011

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

.012

.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

.011

.012

<.010

<.010

.012

Nitrogen, 

ammonia 

and organic 

(mg/L)

<0.10

<.10

< .10

<.10

<.10

<.10

<.10

.10

.10

<.56

<.10

<.10

<.10

<.10

<.10

.10

<.10

<.10

<.10

.10

Nitrogen, 

nitrite plus 

nitrate 

(mg/L)

<0.050

.135

.283

<.050

<.050

<.050

<.050

< 1.27

< 1.19

.05

<.05

.05

<.050

.106

<.050

<.076

<.050

<.050

<.050

<.311

Phosphorus 

(mg/L)

0.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

.026

<.010

<.013

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

Phosphorus, 

ortho (mg/L)

0.017

.016

.013

.010

.014

.010

.010

.010

.010

.044

.014

.010

.014

.018

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area Continued

icrobiological andChe

3o'

2L

O

c 

9J.

a

o

5

c

3

a

|

w

8Q.

0)w

01

o

c

o

(D

TJ

o'

(0

 o.

5'

o

c

3

S 

to"

(0

O

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; |iS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/ 

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

Date

6/18/98

6/17/98

6/15/98

6/30/98

4/16/98

6/9/98

6/9/98

4/15/98

5/6/98

5/14/98

6/10/98

6/9/98

4/23/98

5/7/98

5/5/98

4/15/98

4/15/98

5/6/98

4/7/98

4/7/98

Nitrogen, 

ammonia 

(mg/L)

0.071

.099

.065

.026

.065

.023

<.020

.070

.031

<.020

<.020

<.020

.032

.032

.042

.060

.058

.037

.023

.041

Nitrogen, 

nitrite, 

(mg/L)

<0.013

<.010

<.012

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

Nitrogen, 

ammonia 

and organic 

(mg/L)

0.10

.10

< .10

.10

< .10

< .10

<.10

.10

.10

.10

<.10

.10

<.10

.10

.10

<.10

<.10

.10

<.10

<.10

Nitrogen, 

nitrite plus 

nitrate 

(mg/L)

<0 .447

1.100

<.050

< 1.180

.050

<.050

<.050

.061

<.123

<.398

<.050

<.508

.451

<.451

< 2.000

.050

.050

<.059

<.050

<.050

Phosphorus 

(mg/L)

0.010

<.011

<.010

<.010

<.010

.010

.010

.015

<.010

<.010

.010

.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.011

<.011

<.010

.010

.010

L, milligams pe

Phosphorus, 

ortho (mg/L)

0.010

.010

.010

.010

<.010

.015

.016

.011

.010

.010

.015

<.013

<.010

.010

.010

<.010

.010

.010

.013

.019
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area Continued

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; (iS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams per lite

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

Date

5/6/98

4/14/98

4/14/98

6/16/98

6/17/98

4/29/98

4/29/98

5/27/98

4/20/98

4/6/98

4/8/98

6/3/98

6/2/98

6/2/98

5/19/98

5/11/98

5/6/98

5/5/98

5/20/98

7/16/98

Nitrogen, 

ammonia 

(mg/L)

0.041

<.020

<.020

.068

.066

.027

.026

.069

.032

.356

.045

<.020

<.020

<.020

.035

.041

.027

.035

.044

<.020

Nitrogen, 

nitrite, 

(mg/L)

O.010

<.010

<.010

<.013

<.013

<.010

<.010

<.012

<.010

.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

NA

<.010

<.010

.010

Nitrogen, 

ammonia 

and organic 

(mg/L)

0.10

<.10

.10

.10

.10

<.10

<.10

.10

<.10

<.32

<.10

<.10

.10

<.10

<.10

<.10

<.10

<.10

.10

<.10

Nitrogen, 

nitrite plus 

nitrate 

(mg/L)

<1.160

.050

.155

<.246

< 1 .490

<.050

<.050

1.070

<.050

<.050

<.050

<.050

< 1.630

<.050

<.050

<.050

<.050

<.050

<.117

<.050

Phosphorus 

(mg/L)

<0.010

<.015

<.011

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.035

.010

.010

.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

Phosphorus, 

ortho (mg/L)

0.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.013

.016

.010

.013

.015

.015

<.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.019
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area-Continued

2 o'

8

a 5'

£

o

EL

D)

3

a.

O3"

n>

3.

2

0

Si.

.i?

a

0

o

3

Q.

D>

5

c

w

0)

to

fi)

(/>

O

1

c

cr 

o'

(/>

 o

 o.

5'

o1

c

n>

3 55'

I

 b

0)

(0 

(D

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; jaS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams pe 

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; MA, no data]

Reference

number

(fig. 1)

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

Date

5/18/98

5/20/98

6/16/98

4/22/98

4/22/98

6/24/98

4/13/98

4/16/98

4/13/98

4/14/98

4/16/98

4/15/98

5/19/98

6/10/98

6/17/98

6/9/98

6/9/98

5/14/98

5/13/98

5/13/98

Nitrogen,

ammonia

(mg/L)

0.059

6.540

.065

.034

.144

<.020

.103

.078

.028

.201

.021

.029

.598

<.020

.036

<.020

<.020

.039

.039

.023

Nitrogen,

nitrite,

(mg/L)

O.010

<.010

<.012

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

.010

<.010

<.010

.016

<.010

<.012

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

Nitrogen,

ammonia

and organic

(mg/L)

<0.10

<.10

.10

.10

<.10

.10

<.10

.10

.10

.17

.10

.10

.56

.10

<.10

<.10

< .10

.10

.10

.10

Nitrogen,

nitrite plus

nitrate

(mg/L)

0.050

.050

<.109

<.960

.050

<.127

.050

.082

.747

.128

.075

.188

.065

<.106

<.050

<.050

<.050

<.254

<.355

<.181

Phosphorus

(mg/L)

0.014

.014

<.010

<.010

.099

<.010

<.010

.022

.020

.030

< .011

.013

< .011

.010

<.010

.010

.010

<.010

<.010

<.010

Phosphorus,

ortho (mg/L)

0.011

.011

<.010

.010

.022

.010

.010

.013

.016

.024

<.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.016

.010

.010

.010

.010
Table 4. Results of physical and chemical analysis for sampled wells in the study area Continued

[°C, degrees Celsius; Pt - Co, Platinum-Cobalt; u,S/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C; mg/L, milligams per lite

ate; <, less than laboratory detection levels; NA, no data]

Reference 

number 

(fig- 1)

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

Date

5/12/98

6/24/98

6/4/98

5/21/98

5/18/98

6/15/98

6/15/98

5/26/98

5/26/98

Nitrogen, 

ammonia 

(mg/L)

0.027

<.020

.030

.061

.043

.047

.044

.023

.082

Nitrogen, 

nitrite, 

(mg/L)

< 0.011

<.010

<.010

<.011

<.OH

<.011

<.011

<.010

<.010

Nitrogen, 

ammonia 

and organic 

(mg/L)

0.10

.10

<.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

<.10

Nitrogen, 

nitrite plus 

nitrate 

(mg/L)

< 0.066

<.589

<.050

<.187

<.182

< 1 .790

<.170

< 1 .020

.050

Phosphorus 

(mg/L)

0.010

<.010

<.010

.010

.010

<.010

<.010

.010

<.018

Phosphorus, 

ortho (mg/L)

0.019

.010

.010

.012

.014

.010

.010

.020

.010
icrobioloc

o'

9J.

3 '

a 

0

(D

3 o'

2L 

Oc 

SL

 2

0

o

c

a.

Q>

(D

C

(0

0)

(0

0)

o

o

 o

2o'

c 

 o 

 o

5' 

(/>

o

c

5

(D

3

3w' 

<0

o

c

TJ

0)

(D

lauic -J. ivuciuuiuiugii.*!! uui<a lui nit rrciia aaiupitu

[RNA, ribonucleic acid; PFU/IOOL, plaque forming units per 100 liters; MPN/IOOL, most probable number per 100 liters; <, less th

PWSD, public water supply district]

Colonies per 100 milliliters of sample

Reference

number

(fig- 1)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

County

Barry

Barry

Barton

Benton

Benton

Benton

Bollinger

Butler

Camden

Cam den

Cape

Girardeau

Cape

Girardeau

Carter

Carter

Carter

Public water

supply system

Purdy

Monett

Barton Co.

Cons. PWSD

#1

Lincoln

Cole Camp

Ionia

Marble Hill -

South

Qulin

Camdenton

KK Water

Supply

Jackson

Cape

Girardeau Co.

PWSD #2

Grandin

Ellsinore

Carter Co.

PWSD#1

Facility

type

City

City

Water

District

City

City

City

City

City

City

Subdivision

City

Water

District

City

City

Water

District

Sampling

date

6/10/98

6/11/98

6/8/98

4/8/98

4/8/98

4/9/98

4/23/98

5/20/98

5/7/98

5/7/98

4/21/98

4/21/98

6/24/98

6/25/98

6/25/98

E. coli

0

TNTC

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

15

0

0

0

Fecal

streptococci

0

TNTC

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

39

0

0

0

Fecal

coliform

0

TNTC

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

RNA coliphage

(PFU/IOOL)

0

4,754

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S

c

(P
Table 5. Microbiological data for the wells sampled-Continued

[RNA, ribonucleic acid; PFU/IOOL, plaque forming units per 100 liters; MPN/100L, most probable number per 100 liters; <, less th

PWSD, public water supply district]

Colonies per 100 milliliters of sample

Reference 

number 

(fig- 1)

16

17

18

19

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

H 37

01* 38

County

Cedar

Christian

Christian

Christian

Cooper

Crawford

Crawford

Dade

Dade

Dallas

Dallas

Dent

Douglas

Dunklin

Franklin

Franklin

Gasconade

Gasconade

Greene

Greene

Greene 

Hickory

Public water 

supply system

El Dorado 

Springs

Sparta

Ozark

Billings

Pilot Grove

Steelville

Cuba

Lockwood

Greenfield

Buffalo

Urbana

Salem

Ava

Clarkton

St. Clair

Washington

Owensville

Rosebud

Springfield

Strafford

Ash Grove 

Weaubleau

Facility 

type

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City 

City

Sampling 

date

4/13/98

6/17/98

6/8/98

6/8/98

4/8/98

4/27/98

4/27/98

6/16/98

6/11/98

5/14/98

5/13/98

6/3/98

5/27/98

5/19/98

4/28/98

4/13/98

4/30/98

4/30/98

6/16/98

6/18/98

6/18/98 

5/18/98

E. coli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 

0

Fecal 

streptococci

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 

0

Fecal 

coliform

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 

0

RNA coliphage 

(PFU/IOOL)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 

0

S

c

(P
Table 5. Microbiological data for the wells sampled Continued

q

0O1 o'

o

(Oo'

SL

D)

3

Q.

03- 

(D

Bo'

SL

O

c 

SL

 |

0

o

3 

Q.

0)

(0

C

(0 

(D

Q.

Q) 

(0

u

o

c

o

0>

 o

c 

cr

o'

c 

5'

o

1

<J>

3

S55'

(A

o

D)

(0 

(D

[rvi>(/-\, i IUUIIU^ICIL- aisiu, i i ^/ i\_/wi_,, piaijuw iui iiiiug unna pwi i wv/ 111^10, i>ii ii/ i V/V/L., inwoi pi wuauiv^ nuiiiuwi pwi i \jvj ni^ia, -^, icss m

PWSD, public water supply district]

Colonies per 100 milliliters of sample

Reference

number

(fig- 1)

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

County

Hickory

Howell

Howell

Howell

Howell

Iron

Jasper

Jasper

Jefferson

Laclede

Laclede

Lawrence

Lawrence

Madison

Maries

Maries

McDonald

McDonald

Miller

Public water

supply system

Wheatland

West Plains

Howell Co.

PWSD#1

Willow

Springs

Mountain

View

Belleview

Elem. School

Sarcoxie

Oronogo

Herculaneurn

Laclede Co.

PWSD #3

Lebanon

Marionville

Miller

Marquand

Vienna

Belle

Noel

Pineville

Eldon

Facility

type

City

City

Water

District

City

City

School

City

City

City

Water

District

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

Sampling

date

5/12/98

6/18/98

6/18/98

6/17/98

6/15/98

6/30/98

4/16/98

6/9/98

4/15/98

5/6/98

5/14/98

6/10/98

6/9/98

4/23/98

5/7/98

. 5/5/98

4/15/98

4/15/98

5/6/98

E. coli

0

TNTC

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5

0

0

21

0

4

0

0

0

Fecal

streptococci

0

TNTC

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

3

0

1

0

0

0

Fecal

coliform

0

TNTC

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

13

0

0

0

0

15

0

0

0

RNA coliphage

(PFU/100L)

0

613

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S

co

(PF
Table 5. Microbiological data for the wells sampled Continued

[RNA, ribonucleic acid; PFU/IOOL, plaque forming units per 100 liters; MPN/100L, most probable number per 100 liters; <, less th

PWSD, public water supply district]

Colonies per 100 milliliters of sample

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

County

Moniteau

Moniteau

Morgan

Newton

Newton

Oregon

Oregon

Osage

Osage

Ozark

Perry

Pettis

Pettis

Phelps

Phelps

Polk

Polk

Pulaski

Pulaski

Pulaski

Reynolds

Reynolds

Public water 

supply system

California

Jamestown

Stover

Neosho

Granby

Thayer

Alton

Linn

Chamois

Gainesville

Frohna

Sedalia

Hughesville

Phelps Co.

PWSD#1

Newburg

Pleasant Hope

Morrisville

Waynesville

Richland

Dixon

Ellington

Centerville

Facility 

type

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

Water

District

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

Sampling 

date

4/7/98

4/7/98

5/6/98

4/14/98

4/14/98

6/16/98

6/17/98

4/29/98

4/29/98

5/27/98

4/20/98

4/6/98

4/8/98

6/3/98

6/2/98

5/19/98

5/11/98

5/6/98

5/5/98

5/20/98

7/16/98

5/18/98

E. coli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Fecal 

streptococci

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Fecal 

coliform

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

RNA coliphage 

(PFU/IOOL)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

329

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S

co

(P
Table 5. Microbiological data for the wells sampled Continued

Microbio

0

<£>o'

0)3 '

a 

o

(6

o'

9L

O

c

<

2.

o

o

3

a

Q> 

5T

C

w

(D

a.

a> 

to

D)

0) 

0

c

3a>

^

c

a;

o°

c -

 a

5'

o

c

(D

3

2

to

O

 b

3"

Q>

to

a

[RNA, ribonucleic acid; PFU/IOOL, plaque forming units per 100 liters; MPN/100L, most probable number per 100 liters; <, less tha

PWSD, public water supply district]

Colonies per 100 milliliters of sample

Reference

number

(fig- 1)

S2

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

County

Ripley

Ripley

Scott

Scott

Shannon

St Clair

St Francois

St Louis

St Louis

Ste Genevieve

Ste Genevieve

Stoddard

Stone

Stone

Taney

Texas

Texas

Public water

supply system

Naylor

Ripley Co.

PWSD#1 -

West

Sikeston

Benton

Winona

Lowry City

Bonne Terre

Eureka

Kirkwood

Bloomsdale

Ste. Genevieve Co.

PWSD#1 -

North

Essex

Reed Springs

Crane

Hollister

Forsyth

Summersville

Raymondville

Facility

type

City

Water

District

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

Water

District

City

City

City

City

City

City

City

Sampling

date

5/20/98

6/16/98

4/22/98

4/22/98

6/24/98

4/13/98

4/16/98

4/13/98

4/14/98

4/16/98

4/15/98

5/19/98

6/10/98

6/17/98

6/9/98

6/9/98

5/14/98

5/13/98

E. coli

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Fecal

streptococci

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

0

Fecal

coliform

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

RNA coliphage

(PFU/IOOL)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S

co

(PF
Table 5. Microbiological data for the wells sampled Continued

[RNA, ribonucleic acid; PFU/IOOL, plaque forming units per 100 liters; MPN/100L, most probable number per 100 liters; <, less th

PWSD, public water supply district]

Colonies per 100 milliliters of sample

Reference

number

(fig. 1)

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

County

Texas

Texas

Washington

Washington

Wayne

Wayne

Webster

Webster

Wright

Wright

Public water

supply system

Texas Co.

PWSD#1

Licking

Irondale

Potosi

Williamsville

Wayne Co.

PWSD#1

Rogersville

Seymour

Norwood

Mountain Grove

Facility

type

Water

District

City

City

City

City

Water

District

City

City

City

City

Sampling

date

5/13/98

5/12/98

6/24/98

6/4/98

5/21/98

5/18/98

6/15/98

6/15/98

5/26/98

5/26/98

E. coli

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Fecal

streptococci

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Fecal

coliform

0

0

1

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

RNA coliphage

(PFU/IOOL)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

c

(P
Table 6 - Total vulnerability ranking according to the USEPA Ground Water Disinfection Rule"- 

Vulnerability Assessment Plan

[PWSD, Public Water Supply District]

Reference 

number 

(fig. 1)

1

2

6

8

12

17

21

22

27

28

32

34

39

40

41

42

44

45

46

48

50

52

53

55

56

60

67

68

69

79

80

81

85

88

90

97

98

101

102

104

109

Public water 

supply name

Purdy

Monett

Ionia

Qulin

Cape Girardeau

PWSD #2

Sparta

Pilot Grove

Steelville

Urbana

Salem

Washington

Rosebud

Wheatland

West Plains

Howell Co.

Willow Springs

Belleview

Sarcoxie

Carl Junction

Herculaneum

Lebanon

Miller

Marquand

Belle

Noel

Jamestown

Chamois

Gainesville

Frohna

Dixon

Ellington

Centerville

Benton

Bonne Terre

Kirkwood

Forsyth

Summersville

Licking

Irondale

Williamsville

Mountain Grove

Microbes 

previously 

detected

yes

unknown

unknown

no

unknown

unknown

yes

unknown

no

yes

no

no

unknown

yes

yes

no

yes

yes

no

yes

unknown

no

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

yes

yes

yes

no

no

yes

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

no

no

yes

unknown

unknown

Vulnerability

Ground water 

Sensitivity

low

low

low

low

unknown

low

low

low

low

high

unknown

unknown

low

high

high

high

unknown

low

low

unknown

high

high

high

unknown

low

high

high

high

low

low

high

unknown

low

high

high

high

high

high

low

unknown

high

Well 

construction

acceptable

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

acceptable

acceptable

acceptable

unknown

unacceptable

unknown

unknown

unknown

unacceptable

acceptable

acceptable

acceptable

unacceptable

unacceptable

unknown

acceptable

unknown

unknown

acceptable

unknown

acceptable

unacceptable

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

acceptable

acceptable

acceptable

unknown

unknown

Total 

Vulnerability

high

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

high

unknown

low

high

unknown

unknown

high

high

high

high

high

high

low

high

high

high

high

unknown

low

high

high

high

high

low

high

high

unknown

high

high

high

high

high

high

unknown

high

Microbes 

detected in 

this study

no

yes

no

no

yes

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

yes

no

no

no

no

no

no

yes

no

yes

yes

no

no

yes

no

no

no

no

no

yes

no

no

no

yes

no

yes

yes

no

62 Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water Used as a Source of Public Supply in Southern Missouri-Phase II

# U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000-655-185/20002
© c

j