_USGS science for a changing world

In cooperation with the University of Connecticut

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Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the 

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the University of Connecticut 

Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut 2000 to 2001

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Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4125

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey
Cover. Optical-televiewer image and the corresponding interpretation and display of planar data in structural, tadpole, and 

stereographic-projection plots.
Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic 

Investigation of the Fractured-Rock Aquifer 

near the University of Connecticut Landfill, 

Storrs, Connecticut, 2000 to 2001

By Carole D. Johnson, Peter K. Joesten, and Remo A. Mondazzi

In cooperation with the University of Connecticut

Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4125

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2005

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services 

Box 25286, Denver Federal Center 

Denver, CO 80225

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Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

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Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.
Contents

Abstract.........................................................................................................................1

Introduction......................................................................................................................2

Background...............................................................................................................3

Purpose and scope........................................................................................................3

Description of the study area...............................................................................................4

Previous geophysical investigations........................................................................................4

Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................6

Borehole-geophysical and hydraulic methods....................................................................................6

Conventional borehole-geophysical methods..............................................................................6

Caliper logging.......................................................................................................6

Deviation logging.....................................................................................................7

Electromagnetic-induction logging...................................................................................7

Natural-gamma logging..............................................................................................7

Specific-conductance (fluid-resistivity) logging.......................................................................7

Fluid-temperature logging............................................................................................7

Advanced borehole-geophysical methods.................................................................................7

Optical-televiewer logging............................................................................................8

Acoustic-televiewer logging..........................................................................................8

Borehole-radar reflection logging....................................................................................8

Hydraulic methods.........................................................................................................9

Temporary borehole liners............................................................................................9

Heat-pulse flowmeter logging...................................................................................... 10

Estimates of transmissiv'rty.......................................................................................... 10

Analysis of hydraulic data.................................................................................................11

Estimation of specific capacity and transmissivity of open boreholes................................................ 12

Estimation of transmissivity and hydraulic head of fractures with heat-pulse flowmeterdata........................ 12

Estimation of transmissivity and differential hydraulic head of isolated zones in the borehole

with BAT3.................................................................................................. 13

Discrete-zone head monitoring..................................................................................... 15

Differential-head tests with BAT3.............................................................................. 15

Installation of discrete-zone monitoring systems.............................................................. 15

Borehole-geophysical and hydraulic data collected at the UConn landfill study area: 2000 to 2001............................... 16

Conventional borehole-geophysical logs................................................................................. 16

Advanced borehole-geophysical logs.................................................................................... 16

Optical-televiewer logs............................................................................................. 19

Acoustic-televiewer logs........................................................................................... 19

Heat-pulse flowmeter logs......................................................................................... 19

Borehole-radar reflection logs...................................................................................... 19

Hydraulic test data................................................................................................. 22

Results of the borehole-geophysical and hydraulic investigation atthe UConn landfill study area................................ 22

BoreholeMW201R...................................................................................................... 22

BoreholeMW202R...................................................................................................... 26

BoreholeMW203R....................................................................................................... 28

BoreholeMW204R...................................................................................................... 31

CONTENTS iii
Borehole MW302R....................................................................................................... 34

Domestic well W202-NE................................................................................................. 36

Results of Ihhologic and fracture characterization............................................................................... 39

Results of hydraulic analyses................................................................................................... 42

Summary and conclusions..................................................................................................... 45

References cited............................................................................................................... 47

Appendixes 1-6. Borehole-geophysical logs from boreholes in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

A. Plot of borehole deviation log

B. Plots of natural gamma, electromagnetic conductivity, fluid-temperature, specific-conductance, and 

heat-pulse flow/meter logs

C. Plots of caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and interpreted structures

D. Plot of processed borehole-radar logs

E. Table showing interpretation of optical-televiewer logs

F. Table showing interpretation of acoustic-televiewer logs

G. Table showing location, orientation, and length of interpreted radar reflectors

H. Table of heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and interpretations

I. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in optical-televiewer images

J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in acoustic-televiewer images 

Appendix 1. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut .......... 49

Appendix 2. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut........... 63

Appendix 3. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut........... 77

Appendix 4. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut........... 89

Appendix 5. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.......... 103

Appendix 6. Borehole-geophysical logs from domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut..... 117

Appendix 7. Table of specific capacity, open-hole transmissivity, and discrete-interval transmissiv'rty........................... 131

Figures

1. Map showing location of boreholes in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.............................. 5

2. Schematic diagram and photograph of the multifunction bedrock-aquifer transportable testing tool (BAT3)........... 14

3. Diagram showing the symbols used in this investigation to representthe planarfeatures identified

in image logs......................................................................................................... 18

4. Schematic diagram showing (A) optical-televiewer image and the corresponding interpretation of

planar data in (B) structural, (C) tadpole, and (D) stereographic-projection plots....................................... 18

5. Plot of heat-pulse flowmeter data, interpretation, and predicted flow models for borehole MW302R,

UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut........................................................................ 20

6. Plot of heat-pulse flowmeter data, interpretation, and predicted flow models for domestic well

W202-NE, UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut............................................................. 21

7. Map showing orientation of foliation in bedrock boreholes, UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut............ 40

8. Map showing orientation of transmissive fractures in bedrock boreholes, UConn landfill study area,

Storrs, Connecticut................................................................................................... 41

9. Stereoplots of transmissive fractures observed in 16 boreholes atthe UConn landfill study area,

Storrs, Connecticut, (A) uncorrected for sampling bias and (B) corrected for sampling bias........................... 43

10. Plot showing comparison of open-hole transmissivity estimates from various methods in selected

boreholes, UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut............................................................. 44

11. Plot showing comparison of open-hole transmissivity estimates from boreholes in the UConn landfill

study area, Storrs, Connecticut....................................................................................... 45

iv Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Tables

1. Transmissivity testing of boreholes in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.............................. 11

2. Construction of boreholes atthe UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut....................................... 16

3. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.................... 23

4. Differential heads from BAT3 testing in borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut....... 24

5. Discrete-zone monitoring system installed in borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area,

Storrs, Connecticut.................................................................................................. 25

6. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.................... 27

7. Differential heads from BAT3 testing in borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut....... 28

8. Discrete-zone monitoring system installed in borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area,

Storrs, Connecticut.................................................................................................. 28

9. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.................... 29

10. Differential heads from BAT3 testing in borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut....... 30

11. Discrete-zone monitoring system installed in borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area,

Storrs, Connecticut.................................................................................................. 30

12. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.................... 32

13. Differential heads from BAT3 testing in borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut....... 33

14. Discrete-zone monitoring system installed in borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area,

Storrs, Connecticut.................................................................................................. 33

15. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.................... 34

16. Transmissivity and head of fractures determined from modeling heat-pulse flowmeter results in

borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.............................................. 35

17. Transmissive fractures in domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut............... 36

18. Transmissive fractures in domestic well W202-NE identified in flowmeter logs collected on June 14,2001,

in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.................................................................. 37

19. Transmissivity and head of fractures determined from modeling heat-pulse flowmeter data collected on

April 24,2001, in domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut........................ 37

20. Differential heads from BAT3 testing in domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area,

Storrs, Connecticut.................................................................................................. 38

21. Weighting factor used to correctfor sampling bias of planar features observed in near-vertical boreholes for

selected dip angles.................................................................................................. 39

CONTENTS
Conversion Factors, Vertical Datum, and Abbreviations

Multiply

inch (in)

foot (ft)

foot squared (ft2)

gallon (gal)

By

25.4

0.3048

0.09290

0.003785

To obtain

millimeter

meter

meter squared

cubic meter

Electrical conductivity in millisiemens per meter (mS/m) may be converted to millimhos per meter (mmho/m) as follows: 

1 mmho/m = 1 mS/m.

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (° F) can be converted to degrees Celsius (° C) as follows: 

0 C = 5/9 (° F - 32).

Transmissivity: Transmissivity is a measure of the ability of the aquifer to transmit water. The units of measurement are 

[(ftVdJ/ft^ft, which represents a volumetric flow rate over a given area for a known thickness of aquifer. These terms simplify 

to units of ft2/d, which will be used in this report.

Vertical datum: Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). 

For the UConn landfill study area, the change from NGVD29 to NGVD88 is 0.830 ± 0.003 foot.

Other abbreviations used in this report:

°, degree

ft/^is, feet per microsecond

ft2/d, foot (feet) squared per day

ft2/s, feet squared per second

gal/min, gallons per minute

gal/min/ft, gallons per minute per foot

h, hour

MHz, megahertz

min, minute

mS/m, millisiemens per meter

psi, pounds of force per square inch

s, second

jis, microsecond

jiS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter

Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the 

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation 

of the Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the 

University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 

2000 to 2001

ByCarole D. Johnson, Peter K. Joesten, anc/Remo A. Mondazzi

ABSTRACT

An integrated borehole-geophysical and 

hydraulic investigation was conducted at the 

former landfill area near the University of 

Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut, where solvents 

and landfill leachate have contaminated a fractured-bedrock aquifer. Borehole-geophysical techniques and hydraulic methods were used to 

characterize the site bedrock lithology and structure, fractures, and hydraulic properties. The 

geophysical and hydraulic methods included 

conventional logs, borehole imaging, borehole 

radar, flowmeter under ambient- and stressedhydraulic conditions, and discrete-zone hydraulic 

testing, sampling, and monitoring.

The conventional geophysical-logging 

methods included caliper, deviation, electromagnetic induction, gamma, specific conductance, and 

fluid temperature. The advanced methods included 

optical and acoustic imaging of the borehole wall, 

heat-pulse flowmeter, and directional radar reflection.

Borehole-geophysical methods were used to 

further define conductive features identified with 

surface-geophysical methods in the first phase of 

the investigation. The results of the surface- and 

borehole-geophysical logging were evaluated in 

an iterative and integrated manner to develop a 

conceptual model of ground-water flow at the site.

The rock type, foliation, and fractures at the 

site were characterized from high-resolution 

optical televiewer (OTV) images of rocks penetrated by the boreholes and were compared to 

drilling logs and conventional geophysical logs.

The rocks are interpreted as fine- to mediumgrained quartz-feldspar-biotite-garnet gneiss and 

schist with local intrusions of quartz diorite and 

pegmatite and minor concentrations of sulfide 

mineralization similar to rocks described as the 

Bigelow Brook Formation on regional geologic 

maps. Layers containing high concentrations of 

sulfide minerals appear as high electrical conductivity zones on electromagnetic-induction and 

borehole-radar logs. Foliation in the rocks generally strikes to the southwest and northeast, and 

dips to the northwest and southeast consistent with 

previous investigations in this area. The orientation of foliation, however, varies locally and with 

depth in some of the boreholes. These results are 

consistent with geologic mapping that has identified small-scale folding.

The orientations of the transmissive fractures identified in the six boreholes logged for this 

investigation are similar to the fracture orientations mapped in a previous investigation. Many of 

these fractures are oriented with a north-northwest 

strike and have a shallow dip to the west. Other 

transmissive fractures have a southwest strike and 

dip at shallow angles to the northwest, and some 

strike roughly east-west and dip to the north and 

south.

Flowmeter logging was used to identify 

transmissive fractures and to estimate the 

hydraulic properties in the boreholes. Ambient 

down flow was measured in one borehole, and 

ambient up flow and down flow were measured in 

another borehole. The other four bedrock boreholes did not have measurable vertical flow. Under 

low-rate pumping conditions (0.25 to 0.5 gallons

ABSTRACT
per minute), one to three inflow zones were identified in each well. Commonly, fractures that are 

active under ambient conditions contribute to the 

well under pumping conditions. The ambient 

conditions were incorporated into the determination of the relative proportions of transmissivity.

Specific capacity and transmissivity were 

determined for these open-hole low-rate pumping 

tests. Quasi-steady-state water levels were reached 

in four of the boreholes, including MW201R, 

MW204R, MW302R, and W202-NE. When 

pumped at low-rate conditions for 0.5 to 4 hours, 

the specific capacity ranged from 0.03 to 0.18 

gallons per minute per foot. The open-hole transmissivity estimates ranged from 4.9 to 30 feet 

squared per day (ft2/d).

Open-hole transmissivity was determined 

for boreholes that did not reach quasi-steady-state 

conditions under low-rate pumping conditions. 

Transmissivity was estimated for MW201R, 

MW202R, and MW203R using non-equilibrium 

methods, pumping rate, and the transient drawdown data to estimate the open-hole transmissivity. Transmissivity in these boreholes ranged 

from 0.98 to 3.2 ft2/d.

The transmissivity and head of individual 

fractures or zones of fractures were estimated from 

heat-pulse flowmeter data acquired under ambient 

and stressed conditions. In the absence of ambient 

flow, data from two profiles of heat-pulse flowmeter data under two different stressed conditions 

were used to estimate the transmissivity and head 

of individual fracture zones. Only two boreholes, 

MW302R and W202-NE, had sufficient data for 

these analyses. The estimated transmissivity of 

individual transmissive zones ranged from 1.2 to 

9.2 ft2/d. The transmissivity values determined by 

this numerical simulation method were less than 

the open-hole estimations, which were 15 and 

30 ft2/d.

Transmissivity also was measured directly 

over discrete intervals of the borehole using a 

straddle-packer apparatus and constant-rate 

pumping tests. Pumping rates were less than or 

equal to 0.25 gallons per minute. These discretezone single-hole pumping tests were conducted 

over a short period of time, usually about

30 minutes to 1 hour in duration. Pumping 

continued until the test zone reached a steady-state 

water level or until it was determined that the zone 

could not yield water at the pumped rate. The estimated transmissivity of individual transmissive 

zones ranged from about 0.21 to 11 ft2/d. The zone 

at a depth of 197 feet in W202-NE was the only 

zone that had discrete-interval testing with a 

straddle packer and sufficient heat-pulse flowmeter data for modeling the flow and estimating 

transmissivity and head. The two methods 

produced similar results. The straddle-packer 

method estimated a transmissivity of 4.7 ft2/d, and 

the heat-pulse flowmeter modeling results estimated a transmissivity of 6.9 ft2/d.

A comparison of the transmissivity estimates indicate estimates typically are within an 

order of magnitude. The heat-pulse flowmeter 

methods used in this investigation to determine 

transmissivity of the boreholes and the individual 

fractures measure only the upper two or three 

orders of magnitude of transmissivity. Hence, 

other fractures in these boreholes permit the movement of water; their transmissivities, however, are 

lower than the detection limits of the methods that 

were used for this investigation and very small 

compared to the transmissive fractures that were 

studied.

The data collected in this investigation were 

used to design discrete-zone monitoring systems 

for four of the boreholes used for monitoring. The 

results of the investigation are useful for refining 

the conceptual site model of ground-water flow, 

and for providing critical information for interpreting the results of water-quality sampling.

INTRODUCTION

A borehole-geophysical investigation was 

conducted to help characterize the hydrogeology of the 

fractured-rock aquifer near the former landfill and 

chemical-waste disposal pits at the University of 

Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut. Five bedrock boreholes near the landfill and one abandoned domestic 

well about 1,700 ft from the landfill were logged from 

August 2000 to October 2001 using conventional and 

advanced borehole-geophysical methods.

Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the 

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Geophysical data collected as part of an initial 

investigation of the University of Connecticut landfill 

were used to characterize the hydrogeology of the fractured-bedrock aquifer, identify contamination or potential pathways for contaminant migration (primarily 

landfill leachate), and form a site conceptual model of 

ground-water flow (Powers and others, 1999; Johnson 

and others, 2002a, 2002b). Previous investigations 

have shown the complexity of fractured-rock aquifers 

and have highlighted the importance of using multiple 

methods of investigation to characterize bedrock 

hydrogeologic properties and the interaction of fractured rock and surficial aquifers. In 2000, the U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the 

University of Connecticut, began a supplemental 

hydrogeologic investigation of the former landfill and 

vicinity to (1) further characterize the hydrogeology of 

the fractured-bedrock aquifer near the landfill and 

former chemical-waste disposal pits; (2) test new 

equipment for a discrete-zone monitoring (DZM) 

system and design a DZM system and sampling 

network that could be used to characterize flow potentials and to monitor remediation measures; and (3) 

refine the conceptual site model of ground-water flow 

and solute transport.

Background

The University of Connecticut (UConn) in 

Storrs, Connecticut, operated a landfill and chemicalwaste disposal pits from about 1966 to 1989. In the 

early 1970's, the landfill was estimated to receive 

18,000 cubic yards of waste annually, including the 

sand and gravel for waste-cell construction and cover. 

The contents of the landfill were estimated to be 

85 percent paper (Izraeli, 1985). The chemical-waste 

disposal pits, which were located approximately 130 to 

180 ft west of the landfill, were operated from 1966 to 

1978. No official documentation of the wastes that 

were deposited in the chemical-waste disposal pits is 

available; however, Bienko and others (1980) indicated 

that pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, solvents, and 

ammonium hydroxide may have been deposited. A 

detailed review by Haley and Aldrich, Inc. and others 

(2000) indicates acids, ethers, peroxides, heavy metals, 

cyanide, arsenic, toluene, acetone, benzene, pesticides, 

and herbicides also were disposed of in the chemicalwaste disposal pits. In 1987, the soils in and 

surrounding two of the pits were removed (Connecticut 

Department of Environmental Protection, 1993). In

August 2000, eight trenches were excavated in the area 

of the former chemical-waste disposal pits to assess 

whether the chemical pits were completely removed, 

and to further assess the materials in the area of the 

former chemical-waste disposal pits (Haley and 

Aldrich Inc. and others, 2002). Based on the results of 

these excavations, approximately 165 tons of material 

were removed.

In 1998, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection issued a consent order to UConn 

requiring an investigation of the potential effect of the 

UConn landfill on human health and the environment. 

An initial hydrogeologic investigation included a 

preliminary assessment of the amount of soil, surfacewater, and ground-water contamination near the landfill (Haley and Aldrich, Inc., 1999). The methods of 

investigation used at this site included surface 

geophysics, exploratory drilling and monitoring-well 

installation, borehole geophysics, and surface-water, 

ground-water, sediment, leachate, soil, and soil-gas 

sampling.

Purpose and Scope

This report describes the borehole-geophysical 

logging methods used in the UConn landfill study; 

presents the interpretation of the geophysical measurements; and compares the data with previously collected 

borehole-geophysical data (Johnson and others, 2002a) 

and surface-geophysical data (Powers and others, 

1999; Johnson and others 2002b) and with the local 

fracture patterns mapped in nearby outcrops (Fahey 

and Pease, 1977). An integrated suite of boreholegeophysical methods was used to determine the location, extent, and nature of fractures in the bedrock 

aquifer near the landfill. Geophysical logs were 

collected from six boreholes completed in bedrock 

(fig. 1). The borehole methods used in this investigation include conventional and advanced geophysical 

logs and hydraulic testing. Conventional geophysical 

logs were used to delineate fractures and provide information on lithology and borehole construction. 

Advanced geophysical logs were used in the bedrock 

boreholes to obtain information on the locations, orientations, and lateral continuity of fractures identified in 

the boreholes and to quantify the hydraulic properties 

of the transmissive fractures. The results were used for 

developing a conceptual model of ground-water flow at 

the site.

INTRODUCTION
Fractures that were identified as transmissive 

were targeted for water-quality sampling and hydraulic 

testing using a straddle-packer apparatus and constantrate pumping. The purpose of the hydraulic test was to 

measure the hydraulic response to pumping and to 

quantify the ability of a fracture (or closely spaced fractures) to transmit water and solutes.

Description of the Study Area

The UConn campus is in Storrs, Connecticut, in 

the northeastern part of the State. The study area occupies a north-northwest trending valley with highlands 

to the northeast and southwest. The UConn landfill is in 

the northwestern corner of the campus and covers 

about 15 acres (fig. 1). The landfill is located over a 

minor ground-water divide that drains to the north and 

south along the axis of the valley (Haley and Aldrich, 

Inc., 1999). The surface runoff flows north through a 

wetland towards Cedar Swamp Brook and south 

towards Eagleville Brook through seasonal drainage. 

The study area is bounded on the east by a steep hill and 

on the west by local minor topographic relief and 

Hunting Lodge Road. Regional ground-water flow is 

inferred to follow the topography; however, the local 

flow and transport in bedrock follows fractures that 

may be oriented differently than the regional gradient. 

In this report, the term "UConn landfill study area" is 

used to describe the area shown in figure 1 that includes 

the landfill, the former chemical-waste disposal pits, 

and the area southwest of the landfill near the intersection of Hunting Lodge Road and North Eagleville 

Road.

The bedrock underlying the UConn landfill 

study area is a medium-grained sillimanite gneiss that 

is folded, faulted, and fractured metasedimentary rocks 

mapped as Bigelow Brook Formation (Fahey and 

Pease, 1977). Regional bedrock maps show that 

bedrock foliation and fractures strike approximately 

north-south and dip 30 to 40° west (Fahey and Pease, 

1977). Foliation in the area surrounding the landfill 

strikes from 15° west of north to 15° east of north and 

dips 20 to 60° to the west. The fabric of the bedrock in 

the area around the landfill generally strikes southsoutheast and dips to the west (Fahey and Pease, 1977). 

Joints and faults are reported to trend north-northeast 

and dip 30 to 40° to the west. The bedrock aquifer is 

overlain by glacial till and other unconsolidated 

deposits, which range in thickness from 0 to about 20 ft 

and locally up to 50 ft.

Previous Geophysical Investigations

In 1998 and 1999, the USGS, in cooperation with 

UConn, used a suite of surface- and borehole-geophysical methods as part of the preliminary hydrogeologic 

investigation (Haley and Aldrich, Inc. and others, 

2000) to characterize the fractured-bedrock aquifer 

near the UConn landfill. (Powers and others, 1999; 

Johnson and others, 2001,2002a, 2002b). Collectively, 

surface- and borehole-geophysical methods and 

hydraulic techniques were used to (1) identify landfill 

structure, including the extent and location of trash 

disposal trenches that received trash and were 

surrounded by sand and gravel deposits; identify 

subsurface structures in the area of the former chemical-waste disposal pits; and verify excavation of the 

former chemical-waste disposal pits; (2) identify 

anisotropy caused by fractures and fabric in the rock; 

(3) identify electrically conductive features, such as 

transmissive fractures, conductive sulfide-rich layers in 

bedrock, and landfill leachates; (4) identify contamination or potential pathways for contaminant migration 

from the landfill and former chemical-waste disposal 

pits; (5) design a DZM program in the boreholes 

completed in bedrock; (6) identify and characterize 

transmissive fractures in the boreholes; and (7) develop 

and refine a conceptual ground-water flow model for 

the site.

Surface-geophysical methods including 

azimuthal square-array de-resistivity surveys, twodimensional de-resistivity profiles, inductive-terrain 

conductivity surveys, and ground-penetrating radar 

surveys were used as screening tools to identify potential contamination pathways and to locate potential 

leachate plumes (Powers and others, 1999). The 

surface-geophysical methods were used to identify 

electrically conductive anomalies that were targeted for 

further evaluation by surface geophysics, exploratory 

drilling, and borehole-geophysical methods.

As part of the preliminary assessment, a total of 

11 boreholes were logged with borehole-geophysical 

methods to characterize the hydrogeology of the 

bedrock underlying the landfill and vicinity and to 

further evaluate the anomalies identified in the surfacegeophysical surveys (Johnson and others, 2002b). Two 

of the boreholes that were drilled for the UConn landfill 

investigation (Johnson and others, 2001) were sited to 

further explore the two sheet-like surface-geophysical 

anomalies identified by Powers and others (1999). 

Results of water-quality analyses were reported by

Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the 

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
INTRODUCTION
Haley and Aldrich, Inc., and others (2002). Discreteinterval sampling indicates that one of the conductive 

anomalies identified with surface-geophysical methods 

was in part caused by increased conductivity associated 

with landfill leachate.

DZM systems (Johnson and others, 2001) were 

installed in boreholes MW201R, MW202R, MW203R, 

and MW204R during the spring of 2001. The DZM 

completions used in each borehole and the results of 

the long-term monitoring are described in Johnson and 

others (2005). Hydrographs were constructed for the 

DZM systems. In addition, the discrete-interval water 

levels are compared to the water levels in adjacent 

zones, to seasonal fluctuations, precipitation, and 

cross-hole connections during pumping.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the homeowner who permitted access to his private well for 

geophysical logging, hydraulic testing, and waterquality sampling. The authors appreciate the guidance 

of Dr. Alien Shapiro, John H. Williams, and F. Peter 

Haeni of the USGS. Special thanks are extended to Dr. 

Susan Soloyanis of Mitretek Systems, and John 

Kastrinos, Elida Danaher, and Steve Russo of Haley 

and Aldrich, Inc., who provided supporting information and technical assistance. We appreciate and 

acknowledge the many USGS personnel who provided 

.assistance with geophysical logging and analysis: 

Alton Anderson, Marcel Belaval, C.B. Dawson, Ellen 

Douglas, and Christopher Kochiss.

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND 

HYDRAULIC METHODS

Multiple logs that measure a range of earth properties at different scales of resolution were collected in 

each of the bedrock boreholes. The geophysical data 

from each borehole were analyzed together to provide 

an integrated interpretation, thereby reducing the ambiguity that can occur by interpreting each geophysical 

log individually. Descriptions of the borehole-geophysical methods used for this investigation are provided in 

this section.

Conventional and advanced borehole-geophysical methods were used in this study to provide information about the physical, electrical, and chemical 

properties of the bedrock and fluids in the subsurface 

and to provide important information on subsurface

structures including the lithology, bedrock fabric, and 

location, orientation, and hydraulic properties of fractures. The conventional methods include caliper, deviation, electromagnetic induction, gamma, specific 

conductance, and fluid temperature. The advanced 

methods include optical- and acoustic-televiewer 

imaging, flowmeter (under ambient and pumping 

conditions), and single-hole directional radar reflection. Optical- and acoustic-borehole-imaging methods 

provide high-resolution images of lithology, structure, 

and fractures of the borehole walls, whereas singlehole directional radar reflection logs image electromagnetic reflectors in the bedrock that surrounds the 

boreholes.

Hydraulic characterization included fluid 

temperature and resistivity (whose inverse is specific 

conductance), heat-pulse flowmeter along with 

discrete-interval testing with the multifunction 

bedrock-aquifer transportable testing tool (BAT3 ), and 

DZM with a semi-permanent packer system. The 

hydrogeologic interpretation included determination of 

the magnitude and direction of vertical flow within 

boreholes and the specific capacity and transmissivity 

of the open holes and selected fractures or fracture 

zones in the boreholes. Borehole liners were used to 

isolate transmissive zones and prevent vertical flow and 

the potential for cross contamination in five boreholes.

Conventional Borehole-Geophysical 

Methods

Conventional geophysical logging methods are 

used to provide preliminary information on borehole 

construction and conditions, lithology, fracture locations, and infer locations where water enters or exits 

boreholes (Keys, 1990). Conventional logs collected in 

all six boreholes include caliper, deviation, electromagnetic induction, natural gamma, specific conductance, 

and fluid temperature.

Caliper Logging

Caliper logging generates a continuous profile of 

the borehole diameter with depth. The caliper tool is 

pulled up the borehole allowing three spring-loaded 

arms to open as they pass borehole enlargements (Keys, 

1990). Changes in the borehole diameter generally are 

related to fractures, but also can be caused by changes 

in the lithology or borehole construction.

Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the 

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Deviation Logging

The borehole deviation log is important to determine the true location and orientation of planar features 

intersected by the borehole. Deviation logging records 

the three-dimensional location of the borehole (Keys, 

1990). The deviation log records the azimuthal direction (0 to 360°) and the inclination (0 to 90°) of the 

borehole over the depth of the borehole. Borehole deviation tools generally indicate direction to within d2° 

and inclination to within dD.5°. The results of this log 

are used to correct the orientation of planar features 

determined from the optical- and acoustic-imaging 

tools.

Electromagnetic-Induction Logging

Electromagnetic (EM)-induction logging 

records the electrical conductivity of the rocks and the 

fluids contained in the rocks surrounding the borehole 

(Williams and others, 1993). Changes in electrical 

conductivity are caused by variations in porosity, borehole diameter, concentration of total dissolved solids in 

the water in the rocks, and metallic minerals. The EMinduction probe is designed to maximize vertical resolution and radial penetration, and to minimize the 

effects of the borehole fluid. The peak tool response to 

the bedrock and pore water is approximately 1 ft away 

from the probe, and the tool has a vertical resolution of 

approximately 2 ft. In boreholes with diameters of 6 in. 

or less, the conductance of the borehole fluids has a 

negligible effect on the induction log response (Keys, 

1990). The EM-induction log is used to delineate 

changes in rock type or in electrical properties of water 

contained in the rock formation.

Natural-Gamma Logging

Gamma logging measures the natural gamma 

radioactivity of the formation surrounding the borehole 

(Keys, 1990). The most common naturally occurring 

sources of gamma radiation are potassium-40 and 

daughter products of uranium- and thorium-decay 

series. Gamma emissions can commonly be correlated 

with rock type or with fracture infilling. Potassium-40 

is abundant in some feldspar and mica, and uranium 

and thorium can be concentrated by geochemical 

processes. Gamma logs are recorded in counts per 

second.

Deviations in the gamma log indicate changes in 

lithology or the presence of altered zones or mineralized fractures. The vertical resolution of the gamma

probe is 1 to 2 ft, and the probe is able to detect gamma 

radiation through plastic and steel casings. Because the 

gamma log does not have a unique lithologic response, 

interpretation must be correlated with other information such as drilling logs and other geophysical logs.

Specific-Conductance (Fluid-Resistivity) Logging

The electrical resistivity of the borehole fluid is 

measured, and its inverse, the specific conductance, is 

calculated. Changes in the specific conductance indicate differences in the concentration of the total 

dissolved solids in the fluid within the borehole (Williams and Conger, 1990). These differences typically 

indicate sources of water that have contrasting chemistries and are from different transmissive zones.

Fluid resistivity and temperature usually are 

measured simultaneously with a single borehole tool. 

These logs are typically run first in order to measure an 

undisturbed water column that represents ambient 

conditions. The logs can be collected after pumping has 

stopped, and a comparison between ambient and 

pumping conditions can help identify the location of 

the contributing inflow zones.

Fluid-Temperature Logging

Fluid temperature is one of several logs used to 

identify where water enters or exits the borehole (Williams and Conger, 1990). In the absence of fluid flow in 

the borehole, the temperature gradually increases with 

the geothermal gradient, about 1° Fahrenheit per 100 ft 

of depth (Keys, 1990). Deviations from the expected 

geothermal gradient indicate transmissive zones in the 

borehole. Changes in the fluid temperature may indicate water-producing and (or) water-receiving zones. 

Intervals of vertical flow are characterized by little or 

no temperature gradient. Temperature logs are used 

with specific conductance and flowmeter logs to identify flow under ambient and stressed conditions.

Advanced Borehole-Geophysical Methods

Advanced borehole-geophysical logs are used to 

aid in identifying the lithology of the boreholes and in 

determining the location and orientation of foliation 

and laminations in the bedrock and the fractures intersected by the boreholes.

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC METHODS
Optical-Televiewer Logging

Optical-televiewer (OTV) logging records a 

high-resolution, continuous, magnetically oriented (to 

the earth's magnetic field) and digitized 360° color 

image of the borehole wall (Williams and Johnson, 

2000). The images permit direct inspection of the borehole, which can be examined for fractures, changes in 

lithology, water level, bottom of casing, and borehole 

enlargements. The high-resolution images can be used 

to characterize fracture orientation, relative aperture, 

and presence of infilling, alteration and oxidation.

Optical images can be collected above or below 

the water surface, provided the water is sufficiently 

clear for viewing the borehole wall. The vertical resolution of the OTV is 0.01 ft. Because the resolution of 

this tool is higher than the resolution of the acoustic and 

electromagnetic imaging tools, OTV is able to view 

features that the other tools cannot resolve.

The digital image of a borehole can be viewed as 

an unrolled, flattened image that is split vertically along 

the north side of the borehole image. This is called the 

projected image, because it is projected onto a flattened 

plane. The image shows the depth in feet along the 

vertical axis (y) and the magnetic direction along the 

horizontal (x) axis. The x-axis represents a 360° scan of 

the borehole wall from north through east, south, west 

and north again. The sinusoidal curves on the flattened 

image represent planar surfaces. Thus, planar features 

such as fractures, foliation, lithologic contacts, and the 

water level can be identified directly on the images. 

Because the image is oriented to magnetic north, the 

strike and dip can be determined.

Because the OTV is an optical system, low 

contrast features, such as small fractures in dark rocks, 

can be difficult to delineate. Also, sediment, oxidation 

products, and biological activity that obscure the borehole wall can degrade the quality of the OTV image. 

The OTV logs were analyzed to identify lithology and 

to determine the physical characteristics and orientation of foliation and fractures.

Acoustic-Televiewer Logging

The acoustic televiewer (ATV) produces a highresolution, magnetically oriented, digital image that is 

used to map the location and orientation of fractures 

that intersect the borehole (Williams and Johnson, 

2000). The ATV tool emits a narrow acoustic beam that 

rotates 360° and is focused at the borehole wall. The

acoustic wave moves through the fluid in the borehole, 

is reflected off of the borehole wall, and is received by 

the tool. The log records the amplitude and traveltime 

of the reflected signal, which can be displayed as a flattened 360° view of the borehole wall. The vertical 

sampling interval of the ATV tool is 0.02 ft.

A fracture that intersects the borehole causes 

scattering of the acoustic wave and appears as a high 

contrast, low amplitude line (dark feature) on the 

acoustic amplitude log. On the acoustic travel-time log, 

a fracture is indicated by an increase in the one-way 

traveltime of the wave, due to an increase in borehole 

diameter. The "acoustic caliper" log is used to confirm 

whether a feature observed in any of the other logs 

corresponds to an enlarged borehole diameter.

Because the OTV and ATV tools measure 

different properties, not all features are seen by both 

imaging tools. Characteristics such as oxidation, chemical or mineral precipitation, or fracture infilling, may 

be seen only by the OTV, helping to identify a fracture. 

The ATV image may show an increase in borehole 

diameter where a fracture cannot visually be confirmed 

in the OTV image. A side-by-side comparison of the 

images provides for an integrated interpretation of the 

results. The relative sizes of the fracture apertures 

observed in the OTV and ATV images were described 

in terms of "fracture" or "minor fracture." The term 

"possible fracture" was used to describe a planar 

feature where the interpretation was unclear from the 

image and from the integrated interpretation with other 

logs. In general, both the OTV and ATV detected the 

transmissive fractures.

Borehole-Radar Reflection Logging

Borehole-radar reflection logging records the 

transmitted and reflected wave amplitude and transit 

time of high-frequency EM waves using a pair of 

downhole transmitting and receiving antennas. The EM 

waves emitted by the borehole-radar tool penetrate into 

the formation surrounding the borehole. The waves are 

reflected by water-filled fractures, faults, bedding, and 

changes in rock type or water quality, and are detected 

by the receiving antenna. EM waves cannot penetrate 

through steel casing, but can penetrate PVC- cased 

boreholes, such as in MW302R. The total radial penetration of EM waves into the formation depends on the 

electrical and magnetic properties of the rock and water 

surrounding the borehole, and on antenna frequency, 

power, and separation. In previous surveys at this site,

Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the 

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
radar reflections have been detected up to 80 ft into the 

rock (from the borehole) (Johnson and others, 2002b). 

In electrically conductive rocks, such as sulfide layers, 

the EM waves are rapidly attenuated, severely reducing 

or eliminating penetration. Borehole-radar reflection 

data are interpreted to determine the location and orientation of reflections from fracture zones, voids, and 

lithologic changes, and to estimate the radial extent of 

planar reflectors.

Based on methods described in Lane and others 

(1994), single-hole directional-radar reflection surveys 

were conducted in the six bedrock boreholes. A directional antenna was used to determine the orientation 

and location of discrete fractures or fracture zones 

surrounding the borehole. For this investigation, the 

radar tool was configured with a broadband electricdipole transmitting antenna and a magnetically 

oriented, perpendicular electric-loop directionalreceiving antenna with center frequencies in air of 60 

MHz. The center points of the antennas were separated 

by a distance of 20.7 ft. Radar measurements were 

made every 0.65 ft along the open portion of each 

logged borehole. A total of 64 complete scans were 

stacked (averaged) at each measurement location to 

enhance the signal quality.

Data processing of directional-radar reflection 

surveys included removal of direct-current offsets, 

application of linear and exponential gains, and bandpass filtering to remove random and coherent noise. 

Interpretation included the determination of the strike, 

dip, and projected borehole intersection depth of planar 

reflectors as well as determination of the distance and 

azimuthal direction to point-like reflectors. Methods of 

interpretation are described by Olsson and others 

(1992). An estimate of radar-wave velocity is needed 

for the interpretation of the dip of radar reflectors and 

estimates of the lengths of reflectors. For this investigation, a uniform radar-wave velocity of 372.4 ft/jo,s was 

used for the processing and interpretation of the radar 

reflection surveys. This velocity was determined from 

a vertical-radar-profile analysis conducted in a borehole near the landfill (Johnson and others, 2002b).

The length of individual radar reflectors was estimated using measurements of the maximum radial 

extent over which a given reflector could be observed 

in the radar record and applying a correction factor that 

accounts for the dip of the reflector. Because this estimate is affected by the maximum radial radar penetration distance, the actual length of a reflector may be 

greater than that estimated from the radar images.

Hydraulic Methods

Flow in fractured rock is a function of the 

hydraulic head gradient and the physical properties of 

the bedrock such as location, orientation, openness, and 

connectivity of fractures. Water flows from higher 

hydraulic head to lower hydraulic head through a series 

of interconnected fractures in the bedrock. Although a 

small amount of water moves through the primary 

pores that constitute the matrix of the bedrock, most of 

the water is channeled through interconnected fractures 

and is driven by the hydraulic gradient. Thus, to characterize the flow and transport of solutes through fractured crystalline rock, the physical and hydraulic 

properties of the rock have to be defined and understood. It is necessary to identify the fractures in the 

network, determine which fractures in the network are 

transmissive, and estimate the transmissivity and 

connectivity of these fractures. Heat-pulse flowmeter 

logs were used in conjunction with fluid-resistivity and 

temperature logs to identify the transmissive fractures 

and their relative heads and flow contributions.

Temporary Borehole Liners

Open boreholes can connect fractures with 

different hydraulic heads and permit vertical flow 

through the borehole. The vertical flow within an open 

borehole may cause cross contamination and dilution 

by providing a conduit between fractures containing 

different chemical constituents and concentrations. 

Vertical flow in open boreholes in the bedrock was 

minimized with the use of removable borehole liners 

designed by Flexible Liner Technology, Inc. A borehole liner is a long flexible plastic sleeve that is 

attached to the top of the borehole casing, inverted, and 

filled with water until it is lowered to the bottom of the 

borehole. In low transmissivity boreholes, the water 

can be pumped from the bottom of a tube that extends 

to the bottom of the borehole outside the liner. The 

installation of the liner is facilitated by removing water 

from below the liner, while simultaneously adding 

water to the inside of the liner. The temporary liners 

provided a means for minimizing flow prior to 

geophysical logging and before the DZM systems were 

designed, built, and installed. Borehole liners were 

installed in MW201R, MW202R, MW203R, and 

MW204R following the completion of the borehole,

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC METHODS
and were removed for geophysical logging. If vertical 

flow had been measured with the heat-pulse flowmeter, 

the liners would have been reinstalled. Because vertical 

flow was not measured in any of these boreholes, the 

liners were not reinstalled.

This process was reversed to remove the liners 

for geophysical and hydraulic logging. In order to facilitate the removal of liners, water was injected into the 

bottom of the borehole while simultaneously pumping 

water from inside the liner and hoisting the liner out of 

the borehole. The lower the transmissivity of the borehole, the more water that had to be added to the bottom 

of the borehole to remove the liner.

Heat-Pulse Flowmeter Logging

Heat-pulse flowmeter logging measures the 

direction and rate of vertical flow in a borehole. Used 

in conjunction with other geophysical logs, individual 

fractures or fracture zones where water enters or exits 

the borehole can be identified. Under ambient conditions, differences in hydraulic head between two sufficiently transmissive fractures produce vertical flow in 

the borehole. Water enters the borehole at the fracture 

zone with the higher head and flows towards and out of 

the borehole at the fracture with the lower head. In the 

presence of a differential head, the rate of flow will be 

limited by the fracture with the lower transmissivity. If 

the heads in transmissive zones are the same, then no 

vertical flow will occur in the borehole. Therefore, 

flowmeter logging was conducted under low-rate 

(0.25 to 0.5 gal/min) pumping conditions to identify 

transmissive zones with similar ambient heads that 

would not be identified without stressing the aquifer. 

The flow under pumped conditions was proportioned 

and attributed to specific fracture zones in the borehole. 

The ambient flow regimes were incorporated into the 

determination of proportions using methods described 

by F.L. Paillet and P.A. Stamile (U.S. Geological 

Survey, written commun., 1999).

The flowmeter used in this investigation uses a 

heat-pulse tracer that moves upward or downward in 

the presence of vertical flow. The flowmeter was 

outfitted with a diverter that is designed to channel all 

of the vertical flow within the borehole through a 

measurement channel where the movement of the heat 

pulse is measured. Flowmeter measurements were 

collected at discrete locations in the borehole, usually 

above and below fractures identified in the other 

geophysical logs. The heat-pulse flowmeter can

measure flows as small as 0.01 ± 0.005 gal/min (Hess 

and Paillet, 1990), which corresponds to a transmissivity of about 10"5 ft2/s (Paillet, 1999). Flowmeter 

logging conducted at the USGS Mirror Lake FracturedRock Research Site, Grafton County, New Hampshire, 

by Paillet (1998) consistently identified only those 

zones with transmissivities within 1.5 to 2.0 orders of 

magnitude of the most transmissive zone of each borehole. Therefore, the flowmeter technique used in this 

investigation is sufficient to identify the most transmissive fracture in the borehole and other fractures with 

transmissivities within an order or two of magnitude. In 

general, the flow rates measured within these boreholes 

were low, and there were no problems with low transmissivity fractures being masked by high transmissivity fractures.

Estimates of Transmissivity

Flowmeter profiles were collected under ambient 

and pumped conditions. In the absence of measurable 

ambient flow, two steady-state heat-pulse flowmeter 

profiles were collected under two different pumping 

conditions. Some of the boreholes were unable to 

achieve steady state under low-rate pumping conditions 

and the water levels continued to decline gradually. In 

these boreholes, heat-pulse flowmeter data were 

collected only under ambient conditions and under one 

pumping rate. The open-hole water levels were 

recorded during pumping and heat-pulse flowmeter 

measurements were made after the borehole reached a 

quasi-steady state in which the amount of water coming 

out of storage was less than the measurement resolution 

of the tool. In this study, a second pumping rate was 

used to confirm the results of the first test.

Transmissivity is a measure of the ability of the 

aquifer to transmit water. The units of measurement 

are cubic foot per day per square foot times foot of 

aquifer thickness "[(ft3/d)/ft2]ft," which represents a 

volumetric flow rate over a given area for a known 

thickness of aquifer. These terms simplify to units of 

foot squared per day "ft2/d," which will be used in this 

report.

Transmissivity was determined using three 

methods. (1) The transmissivity of the entire borehole 

was calculated using open-hole hydraulic data 

collected during pumping associated with heat-pulse 

flowmeter logging. The transmissivity results for the 

open-hole measurements were proportioned using the 

results of heat-pulse flowmeter testing to estimate the

10 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
transmissivity of individual fractures or fracture zones 

in the borehole. (2) Estimates of transmissivity and 

head were made for individual hydraulically active 

fracture zones using a numerical modeling technique 

that uses ambient open-hole water levels, the water 

level under pumping conditions, and heat-pulse flowmeter results under two different flow conditions - 

under ambient flow and a pumping condition, or, in the 

absence of ambient flow, under two different pumping 

conditions. (3) Transmissivity also was measured 

directly in discrete intervals of the borehole using a 

straddle-packer apparatus and single-hole hydraulic 

discharge tests. All transmissivity values in this report 

should be considered estimates that are within an order 

of magnitude of the true borehole transmissivity. The

transmissivity tests that were conducted in each borehole are shown in table 1.

Analysis of Hydraulic Data

For the boreholes that reached a steady water 

level under pumping conditions, the transmissivity of 

the entire borehole was calculated using specific 

capacity, which was determined using open-hole 

hydraulic data collected during pumping associated 

with heat-pulse flowmeter logging. For the boreholes 

that did not reach steady state conditions while 

pumping, the Cooper-Jacob time-drawdown straightline solution was used to estimate the transmissivity.

Table 1. Transmissivity testing of boreholes in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

IDZM, discrete-zone monitoring system for long-term monitoring of head and water quality. Tss transmissivity determined with an analytical model for 

drawdown that reached steady-state conditions. Tt , transmissivity determined with a Cooper-Jacob non-equilibrium method using drawdown data under 

transient conditions. HPFM, heat-pulse flowmeter. X indicates test was conducted. - indicates test was not conducted. ND, No data indicates that although 

water was produced from the pumping zone, the transducer was beyond its operating range. NW, no water indicates that the zone was unable to produce 

water for sampling even at rates less than 0.25 gallons per minute]

Open-hole testing

Borehole Transmissivity Specific '

capacity jss Tt

MW201R XXX

.

.

.

.

MW202R - - X

.

-

MW203R - - X

.

.

MW204R X X

.

.

.

Transmissivity Depth of 

modeled with fracture, 

HPFM data in feet

-

39

60

76

97

-

31

107

-

32

65

-

21-22

45

76

Discrete interval testing using a 

straddle-packer apparatus

Test 

interval, 

in feet

-

37.1-43.5

56.1-62.5

74.6-81.0

95.6-102.0

-

27.3-33.7

104-110.7

-

28.3-35.7

61.8-69.3

-

13.1-29.7

41.3-47.7

74.3-80.7

Differential 

head

-

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

Withdrawal 

test

-

ND

X

-

-

-

ND

X

-

X

-

-

X

NW

.

Sample 

collected

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

X

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

Date of

DZM 

installation

3/29/01

-

-

-

-

3/29/01

-

-

3/20/01

-

-

3/23/01

-

-

.

MW302R X X 

W202-NE X X

105 

197

104.4- 

115.2

195.4- 

206.2

X - - - 

XXX

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC METHODS 11
Estimation of Specific Capacity and Transmissivity 

of Open Boreholes

The transmissivity was estimated in open boreholes from specific-capacity data collected concurrently with the heat-pulse flowmeter logging under 

pumped conditions. The water-level drawdown and 

elapsed time of pumping was recorded in response to 

low-rate pumping. The duration of the single-hole 

pumping test was typically 1 h, but ranged from 0.6 to 

1.2 h. The pumping rates for these tests were 0.25 to 

1 gal/min. Specific capacity, which is the yield of the 

borehole per unit length of drawdown, was calculated 

and recorded in gallons per minute per foot. In addition, an open-hole transmissivity was calculated using 

a program described by Bradbury and Rothschild 

(1985) with an assumed storage coefficient of 0.0005 

(Freeze and Cherry, 1979). Well-loss coefficient is a 

parameter that quantifies the effects of turbulent flow, 

which causes drawdown in the borehole relative to the 

formation. The well-loss coefficient was not determined explicitly for these boreholes; thus, the value 

was set equal to 1.0 (Bradbury and Rothschild, 1985).

For selected boreholes that did not reach steady 

state, the Cooper-Jacob straight-line solution was used 

to estimate the transmissivity of the open borehole 

(Lohman, 1979). By this method, the drawdown was 

plotted against logarithmic time, and a straight line was 

fitted through late-time data. The change in water level 

over 1 log cycle was used in the formula below to estimate transmissivity:

Tk = (2.307(47^) (1)

where Tk is the transmissivity of zone k, in length

squared per time, 

Q is the constant pumping rate, in length

cubed per time, and 

A51/ is the drawdown over 1 log cycle, in

length.

For this method to be valid, the dimensionless 

parameter, u, should be less than or equal to about 0.01, 

where u = (r2 S)/(4 Tt); r is the borehole radius, S is the 

storativity, T is the transmissivity, and t is the elapsed 

time of pumping. This method works best under 

confined conditions and when distance is small. When 

this method is used in a single-hole test, distance is set 

equal to 1. For comparative purposes, the pumping tests 

with the straight-line approximation also were

analyzed with a Theis curve-matching solution 

(Lohman, 1979).

Estimation of Transmissivity and Hydraulic Head 

of Fractures with Heat-Pulse Flowmeter Data

In boreholes with no measurable ambient flow, 

the open-hole transmissivity was apportioned 

according to heat-pulse flowmeter results under 

pumping conditions. The total transmissivity determined for the entire open borehole was distributed 

among the hydraulically active zones in proportion to 

the relative contribution of each transmissive zone as 

measured by the heat-pulse flowmeter. Proportioning 

the transmissivity to the individual fracture zones was 

used to estimate fracture-zone transmissivity; however, 

the transmissivity values determined by this method 

should be viewed qualitatively.

In boreholes with measurable ambient flow 

(MW302R and W202-NE), numerical flow modeling 

was used to estimate transmissivity and the hydraulic 

head of each transmissive zone using methods 

described by Paillet (1998). The difference between 

steady flows for each transmissive zone in a borehole 

under ambient and pumping conditions is related to the 

transmissivity and water levels by

Qsk -QPk = (2)

where is the flow into borehole from zone k 

under ambient conditions, in length 

cubed per time,

^k is the flow into borehole from zone k 

under pumping conditions, in length 

cubed per time, 

Tk is the transmissivity of zone k, in length

squared per time. 

wp is the water level in the borehole under

pumping conditions, in length, 

ws is the water level in the borehole under

ambient conditions, in length, 

r0 is the zone radius, distance to the

recharge boundary of the producing 

zone, in length, and 

r is the borehole radius, in length. 

The difference in flow between two fractures is 

directly proportional to zone transmissivity, because 

the ratio between the zone and borehole radius can be 

treated as a constant. Because the open-hole head is a 

transmissivity- weighted average of all the heads in the

12 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
borehole, the solution is further constrained by the 

open-hole heads under pumping and ambient conditions.

Using the computer program of Paillet (1998, 

2000), the transmissivity and hydraulic-head were 

determined for each hydraulically active zone. The 

method requires two flow regimes including either 

flow data for ambient and for one pumping condition or 

flow data for two different pumping conditions and the 

difference in water level between the two regimes. The 

program simulates two flow regimes as a function of 

transmissivity and hydraulic head from all hydraulically active zones intersecting the borehole. Model 

input requires information on the location of the transmissive fractures, ambient open-hole water level, 

quasi-steady state water level under pumping conditions, heat-pulse flowmeter data under two flow 

regimes, and estimates of transmissivity and head for 

each zone. The simulated regimes were compared to 

measured flow profiles, and the head and transmissivity 

parameters were iteratively varied until a unique solution was obtained for the transmissivity and head of 

each fracture. The model produces ambient and 

pumped profiles that are qualitatively matched to the 

observed flow profiles. The model also provides the 

sum of squared (SS) errors to assess the fit of the 

predicted flow profile to the measured profile, and 

hence the validity of the solution.

Estimation of Transmissivity and Differential 

Hydraulic Head of Isolated Zones in the Borehole 

with BAT3

Transmissivity also was measured directly using 

constant-rate pumping tests conducted in discretely 

isolated zones (Shapiro and Hsieh, 1998). Not all zones 

could be tested with this method because a sufficiently 

transmissive fracture is required to sustain discharge at 

a minimal pumping rate, which was about 0.1 gal/min. 

Using injection-test methods at the USGS FracturedRock Research Site in central New Hampshire, Shapiro 

and Hsieh (1998) measured transmissivities as low as 

10"9 ft2/s; which is orders of magnitude lower than the 

transmissivity that can be measured by the constantrate pumping methods used in this investigation.

A total of eight constant-rate pumping tests were 

attempted. One of the tests was aborted because the 

zone could not produce enough water to sustain the 

test. Two other tests produced enough water to obtain 

samples, but the water level declined below the height

of the transducer, and transmissivity values could not 

be determined. Table 1 shows the locations of the withdrawal tests.

Hydraulic tests were conducted and waterquality samples were collected concurrently from 

discretely isolated zones in five bedrock monitoring 

wells MW201R, MW202R, MW203R, MW204R, 

and abandoned domestic well W202-NE. The purpose 

of the hydraulic test is to measure the hydraulic 

response to pumping and to quantify the ability of a 

fracture (or closely spaced fractures) to transmit water 

and solutes. A straddle-packer apparatus, called the 

BAT3 (Bedrock-Aquifer Transportable Testing Tool), 

was used to obtain the samples and monitor the heads 

during pumping (Shapiro, 2001). The BAT3 is shown in 

figure 2. Two inflatable packers separated by 6.5 ft 

were used to isolate the test zone from the zones above 

and below the test interval. A submersible, variablerate pump located between the two packers was used to 

directly sample the fractures in the test zone. Pumping 

rates ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 gal/min. An inline flowmeter, which was capable of measuring flows between 

0.00088 and 2.0 gal/min, measured the discharge rate 

while sampling, and the results were recorded on a data 

logger. Data acquisition was linked to a computer for 

real-time monitoring and data storage. Manual 

discharge and water-level measurements were made to 

verify the rate of pumping and the water level in the 

upper zone.

In boreholes MW201R-MW204R, pressure 

transducers were used to continuously monitor the 

water levels in, above, and below the test zone to (1) 

ensure the hydraulic isolation of the test zone, (2) identify possible cross connections between the zones, and 

(3) determine the transmissivity of the test zone. The 

pressure transducers were vented to the atmosphere. 

The upper zone was monitored with a 10-psi transducer 

that had a resolution of ±0.06 percent of the full scale 

of the transducer, which is equivalent to ±0.014 ft. The 

middle zone was monitored with a 100-psi transducer, 

with a resolution of ±0.139 ft, and the lower zone used 

a 200-psi transducer, with a resolution of ±0.277 ft. 

The transducers used to monitor the middle and lower 

zones were designed to accommodate and measure 

deep water. The upper transducer was lowered into the 

water to a depth approximately 10 ft below the water 

surface. Small differences in differential head cannot 

accurately be measured with the BAT3 equipment 

because of the resolution of the transducer. Differences 

in head less than the combined resolution of the two

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC METHODS 13
transducers are within the measurement error of the 

transducers.

A different type of transducer was used in the 

abandoned domestic well, W202-NE. The transducers 

used for those tests were absolute pressure transducers 

that were sealed relative to a vacuum. Unlike the other 

vented transducers used in this investigation, the sealed 

transducers measure the total pressure including the 

atmospheric pressure. The upper-most monitoring zone 

was outfitted with a 50-psi transducer that had a resolution of ±0.069 ft. The middle and lower zones were 

monitored with 200-psi transducers that had a resolution of ±0.277 ft. An additional 15-psi transducer, 

which had a resolution of ±0.021 ft, was used to 

monitor the atmospheric pressure during the test, and to 

remove the atmospheric pressure component from the 

other transducer measurements.

Test zones were selected based on the interpretation of the geophysical logs (table 1). Fractures and 

fracture zones that were identified as hydraulically 

active by use of heat-pulse flowmeter, fluid resistivity, 

and temperature logs were targeted for sampling. 

Packers were placed in smooth, unfractured sections of 

the borehole straddling the hydraulically active fractures. The general procedure at each test zone was as 

follows:

1. Packers were lowered to the test zones and the 

transducers were calibrated during installation.

2. At the targeted zone, the packers were inflated 

with compressed gas to about 80 psi over ambient 

pressure.

3. Water levels were allowed to reach an equilibrium.

Transducer shrouds

Top inflatable packer

Pump shroud

Fluid-injection shroud

Bottom inflatable packer

Figure 2. The multifunction bedrock-aquifer transportable testing tool (BAT3

14 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
4. Pumping was initiated, and a steady pumping rate 

was achieved. Fluid properties (temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, 

salinity, and oxidation-reduction potential) were 

monitored, and water-quality samples were collected when field properties reached steady-state 

conditions.

5. Pumping continued until the water levels in the 

test zone reached steady state or until it was determined that the zone could not sustain the low-rate 

pumping stress.

6. After the water-quality samples were collected and 

steady-state conditions were achieved, the pump 

was turned off, and water-level recovery was monitored.

7. Water levels were monitored until the test zone 

reached the pre-test water level.

8. The results were analyzed using the methods 

described by Shapiro and Hsieh (1998).

Transmissivity of the test zone was determined 

using the Thiem equation:

T = Q/2n(ha -hs)\n(R/r), (3)

where Q is the measured discharge rate, in

length cubed per time, 

ha is the head under ambient conditions, in

length, 

hs is the head under steady-state pumping

conditions, in length,

R is the radius of influence beyond which 

there is no drawdown caused by 

pumping, which was assumed to be a 

fixed length of 10 ft, and 

r is the radius of the borehole, in length. 

This method assumes steady-state conditions, 

radial flow, in an isotropic homogeneous confined 

formation. Although these conditions are rarely met 

and difficult to prove, the method provides a reasonable 

approximation for the transmissivity (Shapiro and 

Hsieh, 1998).

Discrete-Zone Head Monitoring

The hydraulic head in fractures can be determined by isolating the individual fracture zones. 

Several methods were used to determine the hydraulic 

head of individual fractures and the vertical hydraulic 

potentials between fractures. As borehole conditions 

permitted, two sets of flowmeter data were collected to

identify transmissive fractures or fracture zones and to 

solve for individual heads and transmissivities of each 

zone.

Integrated analysis of borehole-geophysical data 

collected under ambient and pumped conditions 

provided information on locations of individual transmissive fracture zones. This information was used to 

design DZM systems to isolate transmissive zones and 

develop sampling strategies. By isolating these zones 

for long-term monitoring and measuring the hydraulic 

head in these zones, meaningful vertical and horizontal 

hydraulic gradients were obtained. A separate report 

summarizes the DZM system design and the monitoring results (Johnson and others, 2005).

Differential-Head Tests with BAT3

The BAT3 system also was used to determine the 

ambient head differential between the isolated zone and 

the zones above and below the test interval prior to 

pumping. The equipment was installed in the well and 

the packers were inflated. The water levels were 

allowed to equilibrate, which required several minutes 

to several hours. In the other zones, which were not 

sufficiently transmissive to produce a water sample, the 

fractures were isolated and either left for hours or overnight to equilibrate for a differential head test. Differential head tests were collected at a total of 13 zones in 

5 boreholes.

Installation of Discrete-Zone Monitoring Systems

Using the information from the hydraulic tests 

and geophysical logging, DZM systems were designed 

and installed in the boreholes. Semi-permanent DZM 

systems were constructed using a continuous multichannel tubing and inflatable packer system commercially available from Solinst Canada, Ltd. The DZM 

system consists of a 1.7-in.-diameter plastic tube, 

which is divided into seven discrete channels, and one 

or more packers that slide over the tubing are placed at 

predetermined locations to isolate specific zones in the 

borehole. The tube extends from the top of the borehole 

to the lowermost zone isolated by packers. Individual 

channels are punctured at a specific depth to provide a 

sample port that is open to the isolated zone. Once the 

tubing and packers are lowered into the borehole, the 

packers are inflated with water to about 20 psi above 

ambient pressure. The inflated packers create a seal 

with the borehole wall, thereby isolating the packed-off 

zones. With this design, the water level in each channel

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC METHODS 15
equilibrates to the hydraulic head in the isolated zone, 

and water levels and water-quality samples can be 

obtained from the top of the borehole.

Detailed information on the DZM designs and 

data collected from the long-term monitoring in the 

DZM systems are reported in supplementary reports 

(Johnson and others, 2001; Johnson and others, 2005). 

Water-quality data are reported by Haley and Aldrich, 

Inc. and others (2002).

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND 

HYDRAULIC DATA COLLECTED AT THE 

UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA: 2000 TO 

2001

For this investigation, borehole-geophysical 

logging was conducted in six bedrock boreholes from 

July 2000 to October 2001. Five of the bedrock boreholes were drilled as part of a hydrogeologic investigation of the area surrounding the UConn landfill (Haley 

and Aldrich, Inc. and others, 2000). Four of the boreholes (MW201R, MW202R, MW203R, and 

MW204R) are approximately 6-in. in diameter and 

completed to depths of about 125 ft below land surface 

(fig. 1). Borehole MW302R was completed to a depth 

of about 301 ft below land surface and was cased to a 

depth of 125 ft below land surface. Additionally, an 

abandoned domestic-supply well (W202NE) on private 

property southwest of the landfill was logged. Information on borehole construction and location is provided 

in table 2.

Conventional Borehole-Geophysical Logs

The complete suite of conventional boreholegeophysical logs was collected and examined for the 

six bedrock boreholes. The logs for each individual 

borehole are presented in appendixes 1 through 6.

Displaying the data side-by-side facilitates direct interpretation. The following section describes each type of 

log, the method of interpretation, and the general 

results. The results of the conventional logs are not 

discussed in detail; however, results that support or 

conflict with the results of advanced logs are noted in 

the discussion below.

The borehole deviation is shown in a radial plot 

for each well. The center of the plot represents the borehole location at the top of casing. The borehole location 

is plotted as a function of depth with respect to true 

north. Plots of the deviation for each borehole are 

provided in appendixes 1A-6A. The boreholes installed 

as part of the hydrogeologic investigation are nearly 

vertical, with less than 4 ft of offset even for the entire 

302.7-ft length of borehole MW302R. Although the 

magnitude of the deviation for the boreholes was 

generally small, the data were used to correct the orientations of the features observed in the boreholes to 

account for the borehole inclination. The boreholes 

typically deviate normal to the fabric of the rock. For 

example, abandoned domestic well W202-NE deviates 

about 14 ft towards the south-southeast (N153°E), 

whereas the foliation dips gently towards the northwest 

(appendix 6A).

Advanced Borehole-Geophysical Logs

The advanced logs provide information on the 

location, orientation, and hydraulic properties of fractures that intersect a borehole. The logs of all boreholes 

are presented in the appendixes. Not all fractures are 

observed by each of the optical- and acoustic-imaging 

methods and borehole-radar methods. The individual 

interpretations have been provided and the integrated 

interpretations are discussed in the results section of 

this report.

Table 2. Construction of boreholes at the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Height is in feet; all depths are in feet below the top of casing; pvc, polyvinyl chloride]

Well name

MW201R

MW202R

MW203R

MW204R

MW302R

W202-NE

Date drilled

06/22/2000

06/20/2000

06/21/2000

06/21/2000

12/20/2000

05/05/1995

Elevation of top 

of casing

554.22

582.33

576.90

575.34

577.2

549.2

Height of casing above 

land surface

1.6

2.1

1.9

2.0

1.5

2.1

Casing 

material

steel

steel

steel

steel

pvc

steel

Depth of 

casing

15.2

13.5

14.5

13.1

127

81

Total depth below 

top of casing

125.7

126.6

127.9

127.8

302.7

325

16 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
The orientations of planar features interpreted 

from the OTV, ATV, and borehole-radar data have been 

plotted in two forms stereoplots and tadpole plots, 

which provide graphical methods for assessing the 

pattern of planar features. By convention, the strikes of 

planar features are reported in tables in the right-hand 

rule, which specifies that the dip is always in a direction 

90° to the right of the strike, and the strike is 0 to 360° 

east of true north.

In this report, a consistent set of symbols were 

used to identify the type of planar features identified in 

the boreholes (fig. 3). The same color codes were used 

to show the trace of the feature on the projected, 

tadpole, and stereoplots. For example, a transmissive 

fracture is shown as a dark blue trace on the projection 

plot and as blue points on the stereoplots and tadpole 

plots.

Oriented, planar data interpreted from the borehole imaging logs can be shown in three forms: 

(a) projected plot, (b) stereoplot, and (c) tadpole plot. 

The example in figure 4 shows the original projected 

image and interpretations of five planar features. The 

type of feature is indicated by the color of the symbol 

(fig. 3). In the representation in figure 4, the borehole 

depth is on the y-axis and the oriented image is split 

vertically along the north and projected onto a flat 

surface (fig. 4A). The upper two features at midpoint 

depths of 62.0 and 62.5 ft below top of casing dip to the 

north (shown as red and pink in fig. 4B to 4D). The 

feature at a midpoint depth of 63.5 ft below the top of 

casing is steeply dipping to the north-northeast. A 

feature at a depth of 64.3 ft dips to the west at an angle 

of about 30° from horizontal. The deepest fracture at 

64.7 ft (shown as yellow in fig. 4B to 4D) has a 

moderate to steep dip towards the northeast.

The structural projection plot shows the trace of 

the planar feature superimposed on the projected image 

of the borehole (fig. 4B). One advantage of representing the data in this form is that it overlays directly 

on or next to the original borehole images. In this 

projection, the interpretation of the feature can be 

compared directly to the borehole image. In addition, 

the trace of projected features can be determined and 

plotted for one type of image data (such as for the OTV 

image), and then can be overlain on the ATV image for 

direct comparison.

Tadpole plots (fig. 4C) show the orientation of 

planar features with respect to depth within a borehole. 

The tadpole plot in figure 4C shows the depth of each

feature along the y-axis; the magnitude of dip from 0 to 

90° along the x-axis; and the direction of dip (dip 

azimuth), which is represented by the direction of the 

tadpole's tail. The tail of the tadpole points in a direction of dip azimuth relative to an imaginary compass 

with north at the top of the plot. The steeply dipping 

minor fracture at a depth of 63.5 ft plots toward the 

right hand side of the plot indicating a steep dip, and the 

tail points toward the northeast. Conversely, the 

shallow dipping feature at 64.5 ft plots toward the left 

side of the plot at about 30° dip and points to the southwest. The tadpole plot can be used to help identify 

discontinuities, folds, or distinct changes in orientation 

over the depth of the borehole.

A stereoplot, also called a stereogram, reduces 

each planar feature to a point that represents the intersection of a pole that is perpendicular to the plane with 

a lower hemisphere; the point is projected onto the 

equatorial plane of the hemisphere (fig. 4D). Hence, the 

points on the circle (which represents the equatorial 

plane of the hemisphere) are called "poles to planes." In 

this type of a plot, a nearly horizontal fracture would 

have a pole that projects to the center of the stereoplot. 

The pole of a steeply dipping fracture would project to 

the outside of the stereoplot and would be located on 

the side of the circle opposite from the direction of dip.

The stereoplots provide a graphical method for 

assessing the clustering or variability of the poles to 

planes. Figure 4D shows the features in figure 4A in an 

equal-area, lower hemisphere stereoplot. In the stereoplot, the steeply dipping feature at 63.5 ft (light blue 

point) plots towards the outer rim of the projection, and 

shallow feature at 64.5 ft (dark blue point) plots 

towards the middle of the circle. In this example, the 

poles to the planes form a cluster that indicates a northwest strike and a moderate dip to the northeast. The 

feature at 64.5 ft (dark blue point), which strikes in the 

opposite direction, plots on the opposite side of the 

stereoplot.

Depth is not represented in the stereoplot; 

however, this plot is helpful in assessing the degree to 

which planar features are clustered or scattered and 

may help identify sets of planar features. A stereoplot 

can be constructed for the entire length of a borehole, 

for selected depths of a single borehole, or for multiple 

boreholes. Oriented data presented in this form 

provides the opportunity to effectively compare the 

results from a number of boreholes.

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC DATA COLLECTED AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA: 2000 to 2001 17
Foliation

Transmissive fracture

Fracture

Crack or minor fracture

Sealed fracture

Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

Parting along foliation 

Fracture along contact 

Felsic layers 

Lithologic contact 

Borehole construction feature

Figure 3. Symbols used in this report to represent the planar features identified in image logs.

(A) Optical Televiewer 

N E S W N N

(B) Structure 

E S W

(C) Tadpole 

Dip, in degrees

(D) Stereoplot

90

O 

CO

< 

o

LJ. 

O 

Q_ 

O

I 

LLJ m

HI 

LL

LU 

Q

Figure 4. (A) Optical-televiewer image and the corresponding interpretation of planar data in (B) structural, (C) tadpole, 

and (D) stereographic-projection plots. The trace of the features on the structural projection (B) directly overlays on the 

image (A). In the tadpole plot (C), depth is plotted along the y-axis and the magnitude of dip is plotted on the x-axis. The 

tail of the tadpole points in the direction of dip relative to true north, which is at the top of the page. The poles to the 

planar features are shown in a lower-hemisphere equal-area stereonet (D), which reduces the plane to a point.

18 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Because it is difficult to determine the direction 

of strike and dip on shallow features (with dips less 

than 30°), there is more uncertainty and variability in 

the strike of the poles that plot in the center of the stereoplots. In addition, a nearly vertical borehole is more 

likely to intersect the shallow dipping fractures and less 

likely to intersect a steeply dipping feature.

Optical-Televiewer Logs

In general, the quality of the OTV images is 

good. The water in the boreholes was fairly clear 

permitting the fracture location and rock type to be 

determined. The OTV images are provided in appendixes 1C-6C. The midpoint depths of interpreted 

features and their orientations are listed in tables in 

appendixes 1E-6E. The interpretations of fractures and 

foliation are provided in stereoplots and tadpole plots 

for each borehole in appendixes 11-61.

Acoustic-Televiewer Logs

ATV data are provided in appendixes 1C-6C in 

amplitude and acoustic caliper plots. The amplitude 

plots represent a continuous 360° view of the borehole 

wall. The image is shown as a projected image, split 

along north. A planar feature that intersects the borehole is seen as a sinusoid on the projected image. The 

acoustic caliper displays the traveltime converted to 

distance across the borehole in two directions, northsouth and east-west. The scale of the north-south 

caliper has been reversed and decreases from 20 to 

0 in., whereas the scale of the east-west caliper extends 

from 0 to 20 in. (for example, appendix 1C, left side). 

Plotted this way, the two adjacent traces give the 

appearance of a cross section of the borehole diameter.

Interpretation of features in the ATV data is 

presented in tables and in stereoplots and tadpole plots 

in appendixes 1F-6F and 1J-6J, respectively. The ATV 

data were used to determine the location and orientation of fractures and to determine the roughness of the 

borehole wall. Although foliation can sometimes be 

easily imaged with the ATV data, the foliation was not 

easy to detect in these boreholes. Thus, the interpretation of oriented features of the rock and foliation was 

based exclusively on the OTV data.

Heat-Pulse Flowmeter Logs

The heat-pulse flowmeter data are shown in plots 

and tables in appendixes 1B-6B and 1H-6H, respectively. The rate of flow that was measured in each borehole is reported in gallons per minute. By convention, 

upflow in a borehole is designated with a positive value 

and downflow with a negative value. A change in the 

measured rate of vertical flow in the borehole indicates 

an addition or removal of water between the two 

measurement locations. The flowmeter measurements 

were made from August through November 2001. 

Because vertical flow in a borehole is controlled by the 

hydraulic heads of the fractures that intersect the borehole, and those heads vary with time, the magnitude 

and direction of ambient flow may vary temporally. 

The date of data collection is noted on each flowmeter 

profile provided in the appendixes.

The plots of heat-pulse flowmeter data show the 

measured vertical flow rates on the x-axis and the depth 

on the y-axis (appendixes 1B-6B). Blue points indicate 

flow conditions measured under ambient conditions, 

and red points indicate measurements under pumping 

conditions. Solid lines indicate the interpretation of 

ambient flow and flow under pumping conditions. In 

some cases where only a fraction of the total vertical 

flow was measured under pumping conditions, the flow 

profiles were normalized to the pumping rate. This was 

only done after several attempts were made to obtain 

better results and only when the drawdown was under 

steady-state conditions.

For borehole MW302R and domestic well 

W202-NE, the ambient and pumping profiles were 

simulated using Paillet's numerical analysis (1998 and 

2000) along with measured flow rates and fitted values 

of transmissivity and head. The modeled profiles are 

shown in figures 5 and 6 with hatched lines, next to the 

observed flowmeter profiles.

Borehole-Radar Reflection Logs

The processed borehole-radar data are shown in 

appendixes 1D-6D for each borehole. The radar plots 

show radar direct-wave and reflection amplitudes 

plotted as a function of depth. The horizontal axis 

represents the two-way traveltime, in microseconds, as 

well as the radial distance from the borehole, in feet. 

The location, orientation, and estimated length of 

reflectors are presented in tables in appendixes 1G-6G.

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC DATA COLLECTED AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA: 2000 to 2001 19
INTERPRIOFEASUREDAMBIENTmJW

INTERPRETATION OF MEASURED PUMPING

TRANSMISSIVITY

PROPORTION OF TRANSMISSIVITY

GALLONS PER MINUTE 

0 0.1

O 

CO

<

o

LL 

O 

Q.

R

o

UJm

UJ

u_

2

t 

UJ 

Q

100-

120-

140-

160-

180-

200

220-

240-

260

280-

300-

INFLOW

DOWNFLOW

OUTFLOW

I 

4

<

4 

(

INFLOW

EUPFLOW

INFLOW

4

INFLOV

<

 

I

» 

(

 

/

\

:

!

:

6.8 FEET SQUARED PER DAY

85 PERCENT 

552.49 FEET

1.2 FEET SQUARED PER DAY 

15 PERCENT

550.39 FEET

Figure 5. Heat-pulse flowmeter data, interpretation, and predicted flow models for borehole MW302R, UConn landfill study 

area, Storrs, Connecticut. Actual measurement locations are shown as filled circles on the plots.

20 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
INTERPRETATION OF MEASURED AMBIENT FLOW

OBSERVED AMBIENT FLOW AT 3 GALLQN pER M|NUT6

INTERPRETATION OF MEASURED PUMPING

tmvfniwm? 

-0.04 GALLONS PER MINUTE 0.04 -0.3 GALLONS PER MINUTE 0.3 -0.3 GALLONS PER MINUTE 0.3

TRANSMISSIVITY

PROPORTION OF 

TRANSMISSIVITY

HEAD

60

80

100

120

140

(5

~^ 160 

en 

<

o

LL 

0

Q.

£ 180

O_i

LJJ

m 

LU 200

LU 

U_

z

I 

ui 220

Q

240

260

280

300

320

4 

Ol

<

o

INFLC

^

DOWNF

»

JTFLOW 

(

TFLOW 41

4

UPFLOW

w 

>

»

ow

INFLOW

INFLOW

9.2 FEET SQUARED PER DAY

40 PERCENT 

528.62 FEET

6.9 FEET SQUARED PER DAY

 m

30 PERCENT

528.62 FEET

6.9 FEET SQUARED PER DAY

30 PERCENT 

528.62 FEET

Figure 6. Heat-pulse flowmeter data, interpretation, and predicted flow models for domestic well W202-NE, UConn landfill 

study area, Storrs, Connecticut. Actual measurement locations are shown as filled circles on the plots.

BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC DATA COLLECTED AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA: 2000 to 2001 21
Hydraulic Test Data

Open-hole hydraulic test data, including the 

specific capacity, pumping rate, and duration of test, 

are provided in appendix 7. Open-hole transmissivity 

estimates are reported in foot squared per day (ft2/d). 

Results of all transmissivity testing are discussed and 

reported in the text. A comparison of the transmissivity 

values determined with the various methods is 

provided in the text.

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLEGEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC 

INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN 

LANDFILL STUDY AREA

A detailed explanation of data and interpretation 

is provided for each of the boreholes, including a 

summary of the location and construction; lithologic, 

fracture, and hydraulic characterization; features 

observed in borehole-radar images; and means used to 

prevent cross contamination. The data for all boreholes 

are provided in appendixes 1-7.

In this report, the term "fracture" refers to planar 

discontinuities in the rock. No attempt was made to 

determine the genesis or mode of fracturing. The term 

"transmissive fracture" indicates a single fracture that 

was identified with the heat-pulse flowmeter as transmitting water to or from the borehole under ambient or 

low-rate pumping conditions. The term "transmissive 

zone" refers to a zone of the borehole where two or 

more closely spaced fractures were identified with the 

ATV and (or) OTV and where water flowed in or out of 

the borehole under ambient or pumping conditions. 

Because the heat-pulse flowmeter could not be placed 

between the fractures, the measured inflow was attributed to all fractures in the zone.

Borehole MW201R

Location and construction. Borehole 

MW201R was drilled on June 22, 2000, south of the 

landfill, adjacent to the intermittent tributary to 

Eagleville Brook, and near piezometer 13, which is 

completed about 10 ft into the shallow bedrock (fig. 1). 

MW201R was drilled using air-hammer rotary 

methods (Haley and Aldrich, Inc. and others, 2000). 

The steel casing was grouted to prevent flow between 

the unconsolidated sediments and the bedrock. 

MW201R is a 6-in.-diameter borehole, cased to 15.2 ft

and open to a total depth of 126 ft below the top of the 

casing. The borehole location was selected to evaluate 

subsurface structures and (or) the possible southern 

migration of contaminants from the landfill and or the 

former chemical-waste disposal pits.

MW201R deviates about 2 ft towards the east 

(appendix 1 A). The open-hole ambient water level was 

0.8 ft below the top of casing on June 24, 2000, which 

was 0.7 ft above the land surface. All measurements are 

referenced to the top of casing, which was 1.6 ft above 

land surface.

On June 26, 2000, a temporary borehole liner 

was installed over the entire length of the borehole to 

prevent any vertical flow in the borehole and to minimize the potential for cross contamination. During the 

liner installation, a total of 220 gal of water was 

removed from the borehole. On August 7, 2000, the 

borehole liner was removed from MW201R so that 

geophysical logging could be conducted and the borehole could be developed. During the removal process, 

approximately 70 gal of water from a nearby fire 

hydrant was injected into the bottom of the borehole. 

Because no ambient flow was measured with the heatpulse flowmeter in MW201R, the borehole liner was 

not reinstalled in the borehole.

On August 21, 2000, a total of 485 gal of water 

was removed from MW201R in an effort to clear 

cuttings and drilling debris from the borehole. The well 

reportedly was pumped dry (John Kastrinos, Haley and 

Aldrich, Inc., written commun., 2000).

Lithologic characterization. MW201R intersects laminated biotite-garnet schist and gneiss with 

felsic augens and quartzo-felspathic layers. The EM 

conductivity log showed a conductive spike centered at 

a depth of 38 ft below the top of casing. The OTV 

showed no apparent change in the lithology, but drilling 

records may indicate this conductive zone corresponds 

to a change in rock type (John Kastrinos, Haley and 

Aldrich, Inc., written commun., 2000). A fracture at a 

depth of 39 ft may be associated with this conductivity 

spike in the EM log (appendix IB).

The gamma, caliper, electromagnetic, and OTV 

logs indicate a change in bedrock at a depth of about 

82 ft below the top of casing. The logs showed a reduction in natural gamma emissions and a small increase in 

conductivity below a depth of 82 ft. In the top of the 

borehole, the caliper log indicated a slightly enlarged 

and rough borehole wall relative to the smooth and 

slightly smaller borehole diameter below a depth of

22 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
82 ft. Collectively, these logs indicate a possible 

change in rock type. This interpretation is consistent 

with the observations of the OTV images, which show 

a yellowish-greenish color of the gneiss above 82 ft and 

a darker gneiss below a depth of 82 ft.

Stereoplots (appendixes II and U) indicate the 

foliation in MW201R shows some clustering of the 

poles. The foliation generally strikes southwest and 

dips from 10 to 50° to the northwest. The tadpole plot 

(appendixes II and 1J) indicates minor variations in the 

foliation with depth. From a depth of 15 to 45 ft, the 

foliation strikes east-southeast (N103-152°E) and dips 

14 to 21° to the south-southwest and also strikes southsouthwest (N165-2I9°E) and dips 17 to 45° to the 

west-northwest. From a depth of 45 to 70 ft, the foliation strikes southwest to northwest (N200-330°E) and 

dips 21 to 54° to the northwest, north, and northeast. 

Below depths of about 70 ft, the foliation strikes southwest and dips at 15 to 50° to the northwest.

Fracture characterization. The orientation of 

all fractures observed on the OTV and ATV logs are 

provided in appendixes IE and IF, respectively. The 

fractures in MW201R have a wide variation in strike 

and dip at shallow to steep angles. Most of the fractures 

in MW201R cross cut the foliation.

The most transmissive fracture at a depth of 

about 60 ft is nearly parallel to foliation. Another fracture extends on the southwest side of the borehole from 

57 to 60 ft, but it cannot be traced across the borehole. 

The other transmissive fracture, at about 39 ft, was 

identified in the ATV log but is difficult to identify in 

the OTV log. The strike of fractures identified near 39 

ft was different for the OTV and ATV logs. Because the 

fractures were better imaged in the ATV log, their 

orientations were used in table 3. The orientations for

the other fractures compare fairly well. The orientations of all the transmissive fractures in MW201R are 

listed in table 3.

Hydraulic characterization. Heat-pulse flowmeter logs were collected on August 29, 2000. No 

ambient flow was measured in MW201R with the heatpulse flowmeter; however, the specific conductance 

logs indicated some potential inflow zones (appendix 

IB). On August 16, 2000, a specific-conductance log 

was collected under ambient conditions. The log 

showed minor variations in the specific conductance in 

the open borehole, with minor variations at depths of 

28 and 70 ft below the top of casing. Below a depth of 

70 ft, the specific conductance decreased from 

300 |iS/cm to 200 |iS/cm. This decrease in specific 

conductance is attributed to the 70 gal of water injected 

into the bottom of the well as the borehole liner was 

removed on August 7, 2000.

An additional specific conductance log, 

collected after the borehole was developed by pumping 

on August 29, 2000, showed a fairly uniform specific 

conductance of 335 uS/cm. This specific conductance 

log indicates the water that recharged the borehole after 

well development was likely from a single source or 

from sources with similar specific conductance.

On September 5, 2000, under pumping rates of 

0.25 gal/min, the heat-pulse flowmeter indicated that 

the majority of water came from the fractures at a depth 

of about 39 ft below the top of casing (table 3). The 

remainder of the water was produced from a fracture at 

a depth of 60.3 ft and possibly a minor amount from the 

fracture at 76 ft below the top of casing.

Table 3. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, 

Connecticut

[Strike is reported in right-hand-rule in degrees east of true north. The dip is degrees from horizontal. The compass descriptor (N-E-S-W) of 

the direction of dip is provided for convenience and clarity]

Depth, 

in feet below 

top of casing

39.2

39.3

60.3

76.0

Transmissive 

fracture zone

I

I

2

3

Strike

N48°E

N76°E

N26l°E

N65°E

Dip, 

in degrees

43

14

14

76

Direction of 

dip

SE

S

N

SE

Proportion of 

transmissivity, 

in percent

56

32

12

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA 23
At a pumping rate of 0.25 gal/min on August 29, 

2000, the specific capacity was 0.06 gal/min/ft after 

2 h. The open-hole transmissivity, estimated by the 

methods of Bradbury and Rothschild (1985), was 

9.7 ft2/d (appendix 7A). Heat-pulse flowmeter logs 

were collected under a second flow rate of 0.5 gal/min 

on September 7, 2000. After 2.25 h of pumping, the 

water level never reached a quasi-steady state. At a 

pumping rate of 0.5 gal/min, the open-hole transmissivity was 3.2 ft2/d (appendix 7B). Flowmeter logs and 

measurements are provided in appendix IB and 1H, 

respectively.

Discrete-interval hydraulic testing was 

conducted with the BAT3 equipment on September 28 

and 29,2000. Differential head tests were conducted in 

four zones that isolate the fractures at depths of 39, 60, 

76, and 97 ft below the top of casing.

The fracture at a depth of 39 ft was straddled 

with packers isolating the zone from 37.1 to 43.5 ft 

below the top of casing. Prior to pumping, the transducers indicated a downward potential from the upper 

most zone above 34.8 ft towards the test interval, and an 

upward potential from below the bottom of the lower 

packer towards the test interval (table 4). The fracture 

at a depth of 39 ft was pumped to obtain a water-quality 

sample and to determine the transmissivity. A constant 

pumping rate of 0.15 gal/min was used to collect the 

sample while simultaneously stressing the aquifer for 

the transmissivity test. Although there was sufficient 

water flow to produce a sample, the water level 

dropped below the operating range of the transducer, 

preventing the determination of transmissivity.

The fracture at 60 ft below the top of casing was 

straddled with packers isolating the zone from 56.1 to 

62.5 ft below the top of casing. The test zone was

pumped to obtain a water-quality sample and to determine the transmissivity. Prior to pumping, the transducers indicated similar head in the test zone and the 

upper zone, and an upward head potential from below 

64.8 ft towards the test interval (table 4). A constant 

pumping rate of 0.25 gal/min was used to collect the 

sample while simultaneously stressing the aquifer for 

the transmissivity test. The transmissivity for this zone, 

determined with the Thiem equation, was 0.57 ft2/d (or 

6.5 x 1Q-6 ft2/s) (appendix 7C).

A differential head test was conducted for the 

fracture at a depth of 76 ft below the top of casing. 

Because this zone was not thought to be transmissive, 

it was not sampled for water quality or pumped to estimate transmissivity. The packers were placed at center 

depths of 73.4 and 81.0 ft, so that the fracture at 76 ft 

was hydraulically isolated from the zones above and 

below the test zone. The packers were left overnight to 

allow the water levels to equilibrate. Results could not 

be obtained from the test zone because of a data logger 

error; however, the heads were measured in the upper 

and lower zones. Results indicate the head in the upper 

zone was higher than the head in the lower zone.

A differential head test was conducted for the 

fracture at 97 ft below the top of casing. Because this 

zone was not thought to be transmissive, it was not 

sampled for water quality or pumped to estimate transmissivity; however, the packers were placed to isolate 

the zone at 95.6 to 102.0 ft. The packers were left overnight to allow the water levels to equilibrate. Results 

indicate the water levels were similar in the test zone 

and the zone above, and there was downward head 

potential from 97 ft to the bottom zone (table 4).

Borehole-radar reflectors. Eleven reflectors 

were interpreted from the borehole-radar reflection

Table 4. Differential heads from BAT3 testing in borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[TOC, top of casing, in feet above NAVD88. *, no data. no value could be computed]

Well Dfe °f 

test

MW201R 9/28/2000

9/29/2000

9/28/2000

9/29/2000

Depth of 

fracture, TOC 

in feet

39 554.22

60

76

97

Hydraulic head, in feet above NAVD88

Upper

551.34

551.87

551.59

551.57

Middle

550.97

551.64

*

551.55

Lower

551.59

552.12

546.23

549.24

Head differential 1 ,

UpperMid

0.37

0.23

--

0.02

MidLower

-0.62

-0.48

--

2.31

in feet

UpperLower

-0.25

-0.25

5.36

2.33

'Head differential positive number denotes downward potential; negative number denotes upward potential.

24 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
data collected in MW201R (appendix 1G). Seven of 

these reflectors correlate to interpreted features from 

the OTV logs, at depths of 39.7,76.4,79.7, 84.3,112.9, 

116.1, and 117.8 ft below the top of casing. Four of the 

reflectors imaged by the OTV are also imaged by the 

ATV. The other four reflectors that do not correlate 

with the OTV or ATV are projected to intercept below 

the bottom of the borehole at depths of 130.9, 156.2, 

207.0, and 228.4 ft. The reflector that is projected to 

intercept the borehole at a depth of 130.9 ft, which is 

5 ft below the bottom of the borehole, is significantly 

stronger than the other radar reflectors, and may indicate a major fracture or conductive lithologic layer. 

None of the interpreted radar reflectors correlate with 

the transmissive zones at depths of 39.2 and 60.3 ft.

A high-attenuation zone at the top of the log 

extends to a depth of about 49 ft below the top of casing

(appendix ID). Below a depth of about 90 ft below top 

of casing, the signal penetration increased substantially 

from about 25 to 60 ft radially away from the borehole. 

This zone also coincides with the change in rock type 

identified in the gamma, caliper, and OTV logs.

Discrete-interval packer system. A discreteinterval packer system was installed on March 24,2001 

(table 5). Three packers were installed at center depths 

of about 50, 70, and 90 ft below the top of casing, 

creating four discrete monitoring zones in the borehole. 

In general, the hydrographs for MW201R indicate an 

upward gradient between the upper three zones 

(Johnson and others, 2005). During the springs of 2001 

and 2002, the upward gradient caused water to flow 

from the top of the borehole.

Table 5. Discrete-zone monitoring system installed in borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[MP, measuring point on steel casing. BOC, bottom of casing. BOH, bottom of borehole. indicates no data. P, packer. DZM, discrete-zone monitoring. 

Height of measuring point relative to land surface. Altitude is based on NAVD88. All depth and elevation measurements are in feet]

Elevation _ 

. ,,_ Depth to _ 

_ . . of MP on __^ . Zone Borehole . , BOC and stee' n/-nj number BOH casing

MW20IR 554.22 15.2 

1 r^ 

2

P

3

P

4 

125.7

Depth to 

top of 

packer

49

69

89

Depth to 

bottom of 

packer

51

71

91

Elevation 

of top of 

zone and 

packer

539.02

505.22

503.22

485.22

483.22

465.22

463.22

Elevation 

of 

bottom of 

zone and 

packer

505.22

503.22

485.22

483.22

465.22

463.22

428.56

WaterDZM quality 

channels sampling 

channels1

0, I 0 or I

2,3 3

4,5

6,7

The channel number indicates which of the seven channels in the multi-channel tubing was sampled. Channel 0 indicates the sample was collected 

outside the multi-channel tubing.

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA 25
Borehole MW202R

Location and construction. Borehole 

MW202R was installed on June 20, 2000, approximately 400 ft southwest of the former chemical-waste 

disposal pits and is approximately 200 ft east of 

MW302R (fig. 1). The borehole location was sited to 

assess hydraulic conditions and water quality west of 

the landfill and former chemical-waste disposal pits. 

MW202R was drilled to a depth of 126.6 ft below the 

top of casing, using air-hammer rotary methods (Haley 

and Aldrich, Inc. and others, 2000). A total of 13.5 ft of 

6-in.-diameter steel casing was set and grouted to 

prevent flow between the unconsolidated sediments 

and the bedrock. MW202R deviates less than 1 ft over 

the entire length of the borehole. All measurements 

provided in appendix 2 were referenced to the top of 

casing, which is 2.1 ft above the land surface.

A borehole liner was installed on June 28, 2000. 

During installation, 120 gal of water were removed 

from the well. The borehole liner was removed on 

August 2, 2000, so that geophysical logging could be 

conducted and the borehole could be developed. The 

open-hole water level on August 4, 2000, was 14.29 ft 

below the top of casing. During the removal of the 

borehole liner, 53 gal of water were injected into the 

bottom of the borehole. On August 22, 2000, borehole 

MW202R was developed by pumping. A total of 

187 gal of water was removed from the borehole (John 

Kastrinos, Haley and Aldrich, Inc., written commun., 

2000).

A specific-conductance log collected on August 

3, 2000, was fairly uniform at about 150 (iS/cm, but 

showed some minor changes at depths of 32 and 44 ft 

(appendix 2B). A specific-conductance log collected 

on August 31, 2000, after the borehole was developed 

by overpumping, showed a uniform response of about 

340 jiS/cm over the entire length of the borehole, indicating the borehole was recharged by a single source of 

water that was more conductive than the water 

remaining in the borehole after drilling.

Lithologic characterization. MW202R intersects laminated biotite-garnet schist and gneiss with 

some augen-gneiss zones. Narrow igneous intrusions 

or quartzo-felspathic layers are parallel to foliation. 

The stereoplots show the poles to lithologic features in 

yellow (appendix 21). These felsic layers cluster in two 

sets one set is parallel to foliation and strikes southwest and dips northwest. The other set occurs below a 

depth of 70 ft and strikes northwest and dips northeast.

Both sets of felsic layers have shallow to moderate 

dips. A felsic zone at depths of 19 to 22 ft below the top 

of casing is visible on the OTV, ATV, and gamma logs. 

The upper and lower contacts are parallel to the foliation and layering in the bedrock.

The orientation of the foliation is similar to the 

felsic layering. In general, the foliation in MW202R 

strikes southwest and dips to the northwest. The foliation changes abruptly at a depth of 30 ft from southwest 

dipping to northwest dipping and changes at a depth of 

about 106 ft from northwest dipping to northeast 

dipping. The tadpole plot for MW202R shows foliation 

from depths of 98 to 110 ft below top of casing strikes 

northwest and dips northeast.

A conductivity spike at a center depth of 31.5 ft 

in the EM log peaks at 1,265 mS/m. A fracture also was 

identified at 31 ft below the top of casing. The OTV log 

indicated a small amount of iron-oxide staining at 

about 31 ft below the top of casing, which suggests it is 

a hydraulically active fracture. Another conductivity 

spike at 40.8 ft below the top of casing peaks at 10,000 

mS/m, and does not appear to be related to a fracture.

Fracture characterization. The orientations of 

all fractures observed on the OTV and ATV logs are 

provided in appendixes 2E and 2F, respectively. 

Initially the ATV log was poorly oriented to magnetic 

north and drifted over the depth of the borehole. The 

depth and the magnitude of dip of the planar features 

were not affected by the problem. Duplicate OTV logs 

collected on August 3 and August 28, 2000, showed 

reproducible results, and these logs were used to reorient the ATV logs collected in MW202R relative to 

true north. The images and the interpreted data have 

been rotated to correct for the problem.

The stereoplots and tadpole plots indicate the 

fractures observed in the ATV and OTV logs (appendixes 21 and 2J, respectively) are southwest striking 

and northwest dipping, and northeast striking and 

southeast dipping. Possible transmissive fractures were 

identified at depths of 31.0, 105.6, and 107.2 ft (table 

6). The fractures at depths of about 31 and 107.2 ft are 

nearly parallel to foliation.

Hydraulic characterization. Flowmeter logs 

collected under ambient conditions on August 4 and 

September 9, 2000, indicated no measurable ambient 

flow. Flowmeter logs under pumped conditions were 

collected on August 11, August 16, and September 6, 

2000. A pumping rate of 0.25 gal/min was used to

26 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Table 6. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Strike is reported in right-hand-rule in degrees east of true north. The dip is degrees from horizontal. The compass descriptor (N-E-S-W) of 

the direction of dip is provided, for convenience and clarity]

Depth, 

in feet below 

top of casing

30.9

105.6

107.2

Transmissive 

fracture zone

1

2

2

Strike

N193°E

N245°E

N290°E

Dip, 

in degrees

44

47

35

Direction of 

dip

W

NW

NE

Proportion of 

transmissivity, 

in percent

5

95

stress the borehole each time. On September 6, 2000, 

after 4 h of pumping in MW202R, the water level continued to decline at a rate of 0.05 ft/min and did not 

reach a steady state. After 2.5 h of pumping the borehole at 0.25 gal/min, flowmeter logs were collected 

despite the fact the borehole did not reach a quasisteady state. Hence, a small amount (approximately 

0.07 gal/min) of water that was going to the pump was 

derived from well-bore storage rather than from the formation. All three heat-pulse flowmeter profiles indicate 

that the majority of the inflow comes from the fractures 

at 105 to 107 feet below top of casing. The log collected 

on August 11, 2000, along with the specific- conductance logs, shows a possible inflow zone at 30 ft below 

top of casing (appendix 2B).

The water levels were monitored during openhole pumping tests. After pumping the borehole at a 

rate of 0.25 gal/min, the water level in MW202R did 

not reach a steady state. The water level in the borehole 

continued to decline at a rate of 0.05 ft/min. Because 

the water level could not achieve steady state, the openhole transmissivity was estimated using a non-equilibrium method. The transmissivity was estimated at 

1 ft2/d (appendix 7B).

Discrete-zone hydraulic tests were conducted on 

fractures at 30.9 ft and from 105 to 107 ft with the BAT3 

equipment. The BAT3 indicated a downward potential 

with heads of 567.2 to 558.6 ft in the fracture at 30.9 ft 

and the fracture zone from 105 to 107 ft, respectively 

(table 7).

Hydraulic tests were conducted in the test zone 

from 27.3 to 33.7 ft below the top of casing. The zone 

was pumped at 0.15 gal/min, and a sample was 

collected; however, the water level declined below the 

operating range of the transducer. Consequently, the 

head and the transmissivity could not be determined. A 

hydraulic test was conducted from the deeper zone at a 

depth of 104.3 to 110.7 ft below the top of casing, and 

a sample was collected. The zone was pumped at 0.15 ,

gal/min for 1.1 h and the transmissivity estimated from 

this zone was 0.2 ft2/d (appendix 7C).

Borehole-radar reflectors. The borehole-radar 

log showed a high-attenuation zone from a depth of 

about 25 to 50 ft below the top of casing (appendix 2D). 

The high-attenuation zone coincides with the location 

of the high conductivity spikes in the EM induction 

logs. Low-velocity zones were identified at depths of 

48 and 85 ft below the top of casing. The low-velocity 

zone at 49 ft coincides with a feature observed in the 

OTV logs.

Eight reflectors were interpreted from the borehole-radar reflection data collected in MW202R. Three 

of the reflectors, at depths of 30.8, 49.9, and 98.8 ft, 

correspond to features interpreted from the OTV log. 

The reflector at a depth of 30.8 ft also correlates the 

results of the ATV interpretation with a known transmissive zone. None of the reflectors correlate with the 

transmissive zones at 105.6 or 107.2 ft. Two of the 

reflectors are projected outside of the interval of the 

borehole, at 38.1 ft above the top of casing and at 

143.7 ft below the top of casing.

A high-attenuation zone extends from the top of 

the log to a depth of about 54 ft below the top of casing 

(appendix 2D). Below the high-attenuation zone, the 

radar signal penetrates about 70 ft radially from the 

borehole. A low-velocity zone centered at about 85 ft 

does not correlate with any of the interpreted radar 

reflectors, but does correlate with fractures identified 

by the OTV. A table of results is provided in appendix 

2G.

Discrete-interval packer system. A discreteinterval packer system was installed on March 20,2001 

(table 8). Two packers were installed at center depths of 

about 38 and 100 ft below the top of casing, creating 

three discrete monitoring zones in the borehole. In 

general, the hydrographs for MW202R indicate a 

downward hydraulic potential between the three zones 

(Johnson and others, 2005).

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA 27
Table 7. Differential heads from BAT3 testing in borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[TOC, top of casing, in feet above NAVD88]

Well

MW202R

Date of 

test

10/4/2000 

10/5/2000

Depth of 

fracture, 

in feet

30.9 

105-107

Hydraulic head, in feet

above NAVD88 -rr»r*

Upper

582.33 566.43 

567.21

Middle

567.21 

558.57

Lower

564.56 

564.17

Head differential 1 ,

UpperMid

-0.78 

8.64

MidLower

2.65 

-5.60

in feet

UpperLower

1.87 

3.04

Head differential positive number denotes downward potential; negative number denotes upward potential.

Table 8. Discrete-zone monitoring system installed in borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[MP, measuring point on steel casing. BOC, bottom of casing. BOH, bottom of borehole. indicates no data. P, packer. DZM, discrete-zone monitoring. 

Height of measuring point relative to land surface. Altitude is based on NAVD88. All depth and elevation measurements are in feet]

Borehole

Elevation 

of MP on 

steel 

casing

Depth to 

BOC and 

BOH

Zone 

number

Depth to 

top of 

packer

Depth to 

bottom of 

packer

Elevation 

of top of 

zone and 

packer

Elevation 

of 

bottom of 

zone and

DZM 

channels

Waterquality 

sampling 

channels1

MW202R 582.33 13.5

568.83 545.33 0, 1, 2 Oorl

481.33 455.36 5, 6, 7 5 or 6

127.0

'The channel number indicates which of the seven channels in the multi-channel tubing was sampled. Channel 0 indicates the sample was collected 

outside the multi-channel tubing.

Borehole MW203R

Location and construction. Borehole MW203R 

was drilled on June 21, 2000, in the area of the former 

chemical-waste disposal pits, west of the landfill 

(fig. 1). MW203R was drilled using air-hammer rotary 

methods (Haley and Aldrich, Inc. and others, 2000). 

The steel casing was set approximately 5 ft into 

bedrock and grouted to prevent flow between the 

unconsolidated sediments and the bedrock. MW203R 

is a 6-in.-diameter borehole cased to 14.5 ft and 

completed to a depth of 127.9 ft below the top of casing. 

The borehole location was selected to assess the geohydrology in the area of the former chemical-waste 

disposal pits. MW203R deviates less than 1 ft from 

vertical over the length of the borehole (appendix 3 A).

The ambient water level in the open borehole was 

10.56 ft below the top of casing on June 22, 2000. All 

measurements are referenced to the top of casing, 

which was 1.9 ft above land surface.

A borehole liner was installed on June 22, 2000. 

During installation, 165 gal of water were removed 

from the borehole. The liner was extracted from the 

borehole on August 14, 2000, during which 60 gal of 

water were injected below the borehole liner for 

removal. On August 23, 2000, borehole MW203R was 

developed by overpumping (Haley and Aldrich, Inc., 

and others, 2002). A total of 350 gal of water was 

removed, and MW203R was reportedly pumped dry. 

Water-level records obtained during the development 

indicate a recharge rate of approximately 0.5 gal/min 

(John Kastrinos, Haley and Aldrich, Inc., written 

commun., 2000).

The specific-conductance log collected on 

August 16, 2000, shows two zones of interest one at 

the top of the borehole and the other at the bottom 

(appendix 3B). This specific-conductance log indicates 

a possible source of inflow at 32 ft below the top of 

casing. The low specific conductance of the water at the

28 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
bottom of the log is attributed to the 60 gal of water 

injected into the bottom of the borehole during the 

removal of the borehole liner.

The specific-conductance log collected on 

September 12, 2000 indicates a change in specific 

conductance at a depth of approximately 32 to 34 ft and 

at about 50 ft below the top of casing. Below 50 ft, the 

specific-conductance log is fairly uniform at about 

330 (iS/cm and is more conductive than the water that 

was in the borehole on August 16, 2000, which was 

about 130 (oS/cm. These results suggest that after borehole development on August 23, 2000, the borehole 

was recharged with water from a single source and the 

water was more conductive than the water that 

remained in the borehole after drilling.

Lithologic characterization. Borehole 

MW203R intersects biotite-garnet schist and gneiss 

with quartzo-felspathic layers. The texture of the 

bedrock varies from laminated schist to banded gneiss 

with fairly uniform orientation in foliation and layering 

(appendix 3C).

The stereoplot of foliation indicates the foliation 

strikes in a uniform direction to the southwest and dips 

to northwest over various dip magnitudes (from 4 to 

59°) (appendixes 31 and 3J). The tadpole plot for 

MW203R shows that the magnitude of dip changes 

gradually over the depth of the borehole and may indicate the presence of large-scale folding (appendixes 31 

and 3J).

Fracture characterization. The orientation of 

all fractures observed on the OTV and ATV logs are 

provided in appendixes 3E and 3F, respectively. Most 

of the fractures observed in MW203R are southwest 

striking and northwest dipping. The only transmissive 

fracture in the borehole is at a depth of 32.2 ft below the 

top of casing and is nearly parallel to foliation (table 9). 

A tightly clustered set of very steeply dipping, sealed 

fractures was observed in the OTV logs of MW203R. 

The tadpole plots (appendixes 31 and 3J) indicate these 

fractures were observed from depths of 60 to 127 ft 

below the top of casing. The stereoplot indicates the

sealed fractures cross cut the foliation of the schist. The 

poles to the planes of the sealed fractures cluster, indicating this fracture set strikes northeast and dips steeply 

to the southeast.

Hydraulic characterization. No ambient flow 

was measured with the heat-pulse flowmeter on 

September 12, 2000. Heat-pulse flowmeter logs 

collected under pumping conditions of 0.25 gal/min on 

September 12, 2000, indicate possible inflow into the 

borehole at 32 ft below the top of casing. This was the 

only transmissive zone identified in the borehole. At 

this pumping rate, steady-state conditions were not 

achieved, which indicates some of the water that was 

going to the pump was derived from well-bore storage. 

Although quasi-steady state was not reached, the heatpulse flowmeter data were collected after about 2 h of 

pumping. The water level continued to decline at a rate 

of 0.06 ft/min, which is equivalent to 0.08 gal/min. 

During the heat-pulse flowmeter logging, the water 

level declined below the productive fracture at a depth 

of 32 ft below the top of casing. Hence, the inflow from 

the fracture could not be measured with the heat-pulse 

flowmeter. By injecting water into the top of the borehole, the outflow could have been measured with the 

heat-pulse flowmeter; however this may have affected 

the water chemistry of the zone. The water levels were 

monitored during the open-hole pumping test. After 

pumping the borehole at a rate of 0.25 gal/min, 

MW203R did not reach a steady water level. The openhole transmissivity was estimated using a non-equilibrium method. The transmissivity was estimated at 

1.0ft2/d (appendix 7B).

On October 13, 2000, BAT3 equipment was used 

to sample and hydraulically test the fracture at a depth 

of 32 ft and the interval above. The zone was pumped 

for 0.7 h at 0.22 gal/min. The estimate of transmissivity 

from the constant-rate pumping test was 3.2 ft2/d 

(appendix 7C), which is similar to the open-hole transmissivity results. The differential-head tests indicated 

downward head potentials from the upper zone toward 

the test zone and from the test zone to the lower zone.

Table 9. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Strike is reported in right-hand-rule in degrees east of true north. The dip is degrees from horizontal. The compass descriptor (N-E-S-W) of the 

direction of dip is provided, for convenience and clarity]

Depth, 

in feet below top 

of casing

32.2

Transmissive 

fracture zone

1

Strike

N185°E

Dip, 

in degrees

15

Direction of dip

W

Proportion of 

transmissivity, 

in percent

100

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA 29
Another constant-rate pumping test was 

attempted in the interval from 61.8 to 69.3 ft below the 

top of casing, which isolated the most prominent fracture below 32 ft. The fracture at a depth of 63 ft did not 

produce water. A differential-head test conducted for 

the same zone produced a downward potential from the 

upper zone towards the test zone and a downward 

potential from the test zone to the lower portion of the 

borehole. Results are summarized in table 10.

Borehole-radar reflectors. Eleven reflectors 

were interpreted from the borehole-radar reflection 

data collected in MW203R (appendix 3G). Five of the 

reflectors, at depths of 16.7, 17.7, 34.5, 83.3, and 

111.2 ft, correlate with the features identified in the 

OTV logs, and a sixth, a near-horizontal feature at a 

depth of 69.9 ft, is interpreted to have an azimuth of 

180° from the OTV feature. Determining the strike of a 

near-horizontal feature is difficult and subject to error 

for both methods. The reflector at a depth of 83.3 ft is

the only feature that correlates with the ATV logs. 

None of the reflectors correlate with the transmissive 

zone at a depth of 32.3 ft. Three of the reflectors project 

below the bottom of the casing, at depths of 128.9, 

149.3, and 181.8 ft below the top of casing.

The radar penetration increases gradually with 

depth, from about 30 ft radially at the top of the borehole to about 60 ft near the bottom (appendix 3D). The 

bedrock surrounding MW203R has a generally 

uniform velocity.

Discrete-interval packer system. A discreteinterval packer system was installed on March 29,2001 

(table 11). Two packers were installed at center depths 

of about 44 and 89 ft below the top of casing, creating 

three discrete monitoring zones in the borehole. The 

hydrographs for MW203R consistently indicate downward potentials between the zones over most of the 

period of record (Johnson and others, 2005).

Table 10. Differential heads from BA r testing in borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[TOC, top of casing in feet]

Date of DePthof

Well Ufe °T fracture, TOC

test . . in feet

MW203R 10/13/2000 32 576.9

63

Hydraulic head, in feet 

above NAVD88

Upper

564.71

562.16

Middle

561.04

560.50

Lower

561.06

554.50

Head differential 1 , in feet

UpperMid

3.67

1.66

MidLower

-0.022

6.00

UpperLower

3.65

7.66

Head differential positive number denotes downward potential; negative number denotes upward potential. 

Indicates the differential head is less than the resolution of the transducers.

Table 11. Discrete-zone monitoring system installed in borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, 

Connecticut

[MP, measuring point on steel casing. BOC, bottom of casing. BOH, bottom of borehole. indicates no data. P, packer. DZM, discrete-zone monitoring. 

Height of measuring point relative to land surface. Altitude is based on NAVD88. All depth and elevation measurements are in feet]

Borehole

Elevation 

of MP on 

steel 

casing

Depth to 

BOC and 

BOH

Zone 

number

Depth to 

top of 

packer

Depth to 

bottom of 

packer

Elevation 

of top of 

zone and 

packer

Elevation 

of 

bottom of 

zone and 

packer

DZM 

channels

Waterquality 

sampling 

channels1

MW203R 576.90 14.4

562.50

531.90

533.90 0,1,2

488.90 3, 4, 5

Oorl

125.0

486.90 451.90 6,7

'The channel number indicates which of the seven channels in the multi-channel tubing was sampled. Channel 0 indicates the sample was collected 

outside the multi-channel tubing.

30 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Borehole MW204R

Location and construction. Borehole 

MW204R was drilled on June 21, 2000. The borehole 

is located west of the landfill, north of the former chemical-waste disposal pits, and north of the ground-water 

divide. The borehole location was selected to assess the 

ground-water levels near the ground-water divide and 

possible contaminant migration from the landfill and 

former chemical-waste disposal pits. MW204R was 

drilled using air-hammer rotary methods (Haley and 

Aldrich, Inc. and others, 2000). A total of 13 ft of 6-in.- 

diameter steel casing was set in the borehole. The steel 

casing was grouted to prevent flow between the unconsolidated sediments and the bedrock. The borehole is 

open below the casing to a depth of 127.8 ft below the 

top of casing. MW204R deviates a total of 2.5 ft to the 

east (appendix 4A). The ambient water level was 6.96 

ft below the top of casing on August 9, 2000. All 

measurements were referenced to the top of casing, 

which was 2.0 ft above the land surface.

A borehole liner was installed on June 23, 2000. 

During the installation, a total of 158 gal of water was 

removed from the borehole. On August 8, 2000, the 

borehole liner was removed. During the liner extraction, a total of 147 gal was injected into the bottom of 

the borehole. On August 18, 2000, MW204R was 

developed by over pumping. A total of 209 gal was 

removed and the borehole was reportedly pumped dry 

(John Kastrinos, Haley and Aldrich, Inc., written 

commun., 2002).

Specific-conductance logs collected on August 

9, 2000, showed an abrupt change at 45 ft (appendix 

4B). The specific conductance at the top of the borehole ranged from 230 to 240 (iS/cm and gradually 

declined to about 140 juS/cm below a depth of 45 ft. 

The decreased specific conductance of water in the 

lower 80 ft of the borehole is interpreted as water 

injected into the bottom of the borehole while the borehole liner was being removed. The 147 gal of injected 

water is equivalent to 95 ft of water in the borehole. 

These results suggest the bottom of the borehole is not 

transmissive.

The specific-conductance logs collected on 

August 22, 2000, have a uniform specific conductance 

of 240 to 260 |oS/cm. The log indicates water that 

recharged the borehole after well development was 

likely from a single source of water or sources having 

the same specific conductance.

The temperature logs collected on August 22, 

2000, after pumping for the heat-pulse flowmeter indicate an abrupt change of 2°F at 30 to 32 ft. The profile 

indicates all of the water entering the borehole occurred 

at 30 to 32 ft below top of casing.

Lithologic characterization. Images from the 

OTV logs indicate MW204R intersects laminated 

biotite-garnet schist that has a fairly uniform texture 

over the length of the borehole. From the bottom of the 

casing to a depth of about 25 ft, the schist appears to be 

lighter in color and possibly altered. Below 25 ft, the 

schist is biotite-rich with some quartzo-felspathic 

layers. The foliation generally dips towards the northwest and towards the east at fairly shallow to moderate 

dip angles. The tadpole and stereoplots (appendixes 41 

and 4J) indicate that above a depth of 54 ft, the foliation 

dips west-northwest at 20 to 40°, which relates to a 

south-southwest strike. From a depth of 54 to 90 ft 

below the top of casing, the foliation strikes north and 

dips from less than 10° to about 50° to the east. Below 

a depth of 90 ft, most of the foliation strikes southsouthwest and dips less than 40° towards the westnorthwest.

Stereoplots were constructed for three depth 

zones in the borehole (appendixes 41 and 4J). Above a 

depth of 52 ft, the poles to the foliation cluster tightly 

in the southeast quadrant of the stereoplot, indicating 

the foliation strikes southwest and dips from 10 to 40° 

to the northwest. From a depth of 52 to 90 ft below the 

top of casing, the foliation is fairly uniform and strikes 

north and dips east. The foliation below a depth of 90 ft 

is similar to the foliation observed at the top of the 

borehole, where it strikes southwest and dips northwest.

Fracture characterization. The orientation of 

all fractures observed on the OTV and ATV logs are 

provided in appendixes 4E and 4F, respectively. The 

fractures observed on the OTV and ATV logs from this 

borehole are oriented over a variety of strikes. Many 

strike northeast and dip steeply to south-southeast 

while another group strikes south and dips at a shallower to moderate angle to the west-northwest. The 

poles to planes of sealed fractures cluster tightly in the 

northwest quadrant of the stereoplot (appendixes 41 

and 4J). These sealed fractures generally strike northeast and dip very steeply to the south and southeast. 

The orientations of transmissive fractures are listed in 

table 12. These transmissive fractures were identified 

near the top of the borehole at 21.3 and 22.4 ft. The 

fracture at 22.4 ft is nearly parallel to foliation.

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA 31
Table 12. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

[Strike is reported in right-hand-rule in degrees east of true north. The dip is degrees from horizontal. The compass descriptor (N-E-S-W) 

of the direction of dip is provided, for convenience and clarity]

Depth, 

in feet below 

top of casing

21.3 

22.4

Transmissive 

fracture zone

1 

1

Strike

N68°E 

N192°E

Dip, 

in degrees

55 

30

Direction of 

dip

S 

W

Proportion of 

transmissivity, 

in percent

50 

50

Hydraulic characterization. Heat-pulse flowmeter measurements were collected under ambient 

conditions on August 10, 2000. No ambient flow was 

measured with the heat-pulse flowmeter in MW204R. 

Flowmeter measurements under pumping conditions 

were collected on August 21, August 30, and 

September 11, 2000. All measurements were taken 

with pumping rates of about 0.25 gal/min. Flow profiles 

for each of these testing events identified inflow 

between depths of about 18 and 25 ft below the top of 

casing. The flow profile on August 21, 2002, further 

determined that inflow entered the borehole between 

depths of 21.0 and 25.4 ft below the top of casing. The 

flow was attributed to the fractures at depths of 21.3 and 

22.4 ft below the top of casing, although the inflow may 

come from either one or both of the fractures. No other 

transmissive fractures were identified in MW204R with 

the heat-pulse flowmeter.

Good periods of quasi-steady-state conditions 

were achieved in the open-hole pumping tests collected 

on August 22, August 30, and September 11, 2000. 

Based on these pumping events, the specific capacity 

for this borehole ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 gal/min/ft. 

The open-hole transmissivity, which was attributed to 

the fractures at depths of 21.3 and 22.4 ft below the top 

of casing, ranged from 4.9 to 10 ft2/d (appendix 7A).

Although the heat-pulse flowmeter only identified hydraulically active fractures near 21 ft, the BAT3 

equipment also was used to test the fractures at 45 and 

75 ft. The fracture at 75 ft, which is prominent on the 

OTV and ATV logs, was isolated for a differential head 

test. Packers were set on October 10, 2000, at center 

depths of 74.3 and 80.7 ft and were left overnight to 

allow the heads to equilibrate. The differential heads 

indicated downward potentials between the upper zone 

and the test zone, and between the lower zone and the 

test zone (table 13).

The BAT3 equipment also was used to isolate the 

zone from 41.3 to 47.7 ft to test the hydraulic properties

and head of the fracture at 45 ft relative to the zones 

above and below the test interval. The test zone at 45 ft 

was pumped at 0.15 gal/min; however, the zone was 

unable to produce water. Hydraulic heads collected at 

these zones indicate an upward potential between the 

middle and upper zone and a downward potential 

between the lower zone and the test zone. The heads of 

the isolated zones for fractures at 76, 45, and above 

29 ft had heads of 563.9,566.0, and 565.6, respectively 

(table 13). The tests indicate the heads in the upper two 

fractures are nearly equal, but there was an upward 

potential between the fracture at 45 ft and the fractures 

at the top of the borehole. There was a downward 

potential between the upper fractures (in the zone from 

13 to 29 ft and near 45 ft) and the lowermost fracture at 

76 ft below the top of casing (table 13).

The uppermost fractures at 21.3 and 22.4 ft 

below the top of casing were isolated using the BAT3 

equipment. The top of the lower packer was set at a 

depth of 29.7 ft and the upper packer was not inflated. 

Hence, the test zone extended from the base of casing 

at a depth of 13.1 ft to 29.7 ft below the top of casing. 

Two pumping tests were conducted at rates of 0.2 and 

0.5 gal/min, which yielded transmissivity values of 8.2 

and 11 ft2/d, respectively (appendix 7C).

Borehole-radar reflectors. Ten reflectors were 

interpreted from the borehole-radar reflection survey 

conducted in MW204R (appendix 4G). Five of the 

reflectors, at depths of 22.3, 50.9, 56.1, 61.4, and 

63.7 ft, correlate with features interpreted in the OTV 

logs, and only the reflector at 22.3 ft correlates with the 

results of the ATV. This reflector correlates with the 

known transmissive zone at 22.3 ft, but none of the 

reflectors correlate with the fracture at 21.3 ft. Three of 

the interpreted reflectors project outside of the borehole 

interval, and are projected to the line of the borehole at 

54.1 ft above the top of casing, 143.7 ft below the top of 

casing, and at 266.7 ft below the top of casing.

32 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Radar signal penetration in this reflection profile 

is generally poorer than the other profiles collected at 

this site (appendix 4D). The maximum radial penetration is about 30 ft. There are two high-attenuation, lowvelocity zones in the field data. The first extends from 

about 52 to 75 ft, and the second from 90 to 105 ft. 

These zones coincide with sections of the borehole 

where northeast-southwest striking, southeast-northwest steeply dipping, sealed fractures were identified.

Discrete-interval packer system. Two packers 

were installed at center depths of about 31 and 69 ft 

below top of casing (table 14). A downward potential 

was recorded for most of the period of the water-level 

record. The potentials were greater during hydraulic 

periods of recharge in winter and spring than in 

summer and fall.

Table 13. Differential heads from BAT3 testing in borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[TOC, top of casing, in feet above NAVD88]

Well Dfe °f test

MW204R I O/ 1 1/2000

10/11/2000

10/10/2000

Depth of 

fracture, TOC 

in feet

13-302 575.34

45

76

Hydraulic head, in feet 

above NAVD88

Upper

S65.632

565.75

565.62

Middle

565.63

566.03

563.91

Lower

563.98

563.87

556.10

Head differential 1 ,

UpperMid

o.oo2

-0.28

l.7l

MidLower

1. 65

2.16

7.81

in feet

UpperLower

1.65

1.88

9.52

Head differential positive number denotes downward potential; negative number denotes upward potential. 

2 Upper and middle zone were the same in this test as the upper packer was not inflated

Table 14. Discrete-zone monitoring system installed in borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, 

Connecticut

[MP, measuring point on steel casing. BOC, bottom of casing. BOH, bottom of borehole. indicates no data. P, packer. DZM, discrete-zone monitoring. 

Height of measuring point relative to land surface. Altitude is based on NAVD88. All depth and elevation measurements are in feet]

Elevation

_ . , of MP on Borehole . , steel

casing

MW204R 575.34

Depth to 

BOC and 

BOH

13. 1 

127.8

Zone 

number

1

P

2

P

3

Depth to 

top of 

packer

30

68

Depth to 

bottom of 

packer

32

70

Elevation 

of top of 

zone and 

packer

562.24

545.34

543.34

507.34

505.34

Elevation 

of 

bottom of 

zone and 

packer

545.34

543.34

507.34

505.34

447.57

DZM 

channels

0, 1,2

3,4,5

6,7

Waterquality 

sampling 

channels1

Oor I

--

'The channel number indicates which of the seven channels in the multi-channel tubing was sampled. Channel 0 indicates the sample was collected 

outside the multi-channel tubing.

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA 33
Borehole MW302R

Location and construction. Borehole 

MW302R is located about 1,000 ft west of the landfill 

and about 200 ft west of MW202R (fig. 1). It was 

drilled during December 2000 to a depth of about 

300 ft below land surface using dual-rotary methods 

that advanced lO-in.-diameter spin casing through the 

overburden simultaneously with the advancement of an 

air-rotary hammer. A 10-in.-diameter steel casing was 

set through the overburden into about 5 ft of bedrock. 

Below the steel casing, a 10-in.-diameter hole was 

drilled to 125 ft below land surface, and an 8-in.-diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) casing was installed in 

the hole. PVC casing was used because radar waves can 

penetrate PVC. The annular space around the PVC 

casing was grouted with a low bentonite-to-cement 

ratio grout, in an effort to minimize the attenuation of 

the EM waves used in borehole-radar imaging. In addition, a 6-in.-diameter temporary steel casing was set to 

a depth of about 127 ft to protect the PVC casing during 

drilling. Below the PVC casing, a 6-in.-diameter borehole was drilled with air-hammer rotary methods to a 

depth of 303 ft below the top of the PVC casing. All 

measurements are referenced to 1.5 ft above land 

surface.

Lithologic characterization. Results of borehole-imaging logs and conventional logs indicate the 

rock type is coarse-grained biotite-garnet schist to 

gneiss with quartzo-felspathic layers and augens. 

Below a depth of 225 ft, the bedrock is a banded gneiss. 

The poles to planes of foliation and felsic veins in 

MW302R cluster in two sets (appendix 51). One set 

strikes southwest and dips northwest, and the other set 

strikes northwest and dips northeast. From the bottom 

of the casing at 127 ft to a depth of 180 ft, the foliation 

dips northwest; from 180 to 225 ft, the foliation dips 

northeast; and below 225 ft, the foliation dips northwest. Also, most of the felsic veins are present in the 

middle zone from 180 to 225 ft below the top of casing 

(appendix 5C). The EM induction log produced a large 

double-peak spike (of 800 mS/m) from about a depth of 

38 to 45.2 ft in the same area where oxidized rock 

cuttings were observed at the time of drilling (appendix 

5B).

Fracture characterization. The orientation of 

all fractures observed on the OTV and ATV logs are 

provided in appendixes 5E and 5F, respectively. The 

orientation of fractures in the borehole strike and dip in 

many directions and most are parallel to foliation, but 

many cross cut the foliation of the schist. The stereoplots do not show a clustering of fractures, which indicates wide variation in strike and dip. The 

characteristics of the transmissive factures are shown in 

table 15.

Hydraulic characterization. Specific-conductance logs collected on February 15, 2001, indicated 

the possibility of hydraulically active fractures at 

depths of 175, 220, and 301 ft, and leakage at the base 

of the casing.

On February 26, 2001, heat-pulse flowmeter 

logging indicated minor ambient inflow of 

0.012 gal/min, coming from the base of the casing and 

flowing downward in the borehole. Additional water 

entered the borehole under ambient conditions at a 

depth of 220 ft and flowed downward to a depth of 

301 ft, where it exited the borehole. Under pumping 

conditions of 0.25 gal/min, water entered the borehole 

at 127 ft (at the base of casing) and at the fracture at 

221 ft below the top of casing. The majority of water 

entered the borehole at a depth of 221 ft below the top 

of the casing. The open-hole specific capacity was 

0.08 gal/min/ft with a transmissivity of 15 ft2/d 

(appendix 7A).

Table 15. Transmissive fractures in borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

[Strike is reported in right-hand-rule in degrees east of true north. The dip is degrees from horizontal. The compass descriptor (N-E-S-W) 

of the direction of dip is provided, for convenience and clarity]

Depth, 

in feet below 

top of casing

221 

301.5

Transmissive 

fracture zone

1

2

Strike

N340°E 

N358°E

Dip, 

in degrees

41 

76

Direction of 

dip

S

w

Proportion of 

transmissivity, 

in percent

85 

15

34 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
On March 15, 2001, a single packer was placed 

at 132 to 134 ft below the top of casing to stop the 

vertical flow coming from the base of casing. Water 

levels were measured on March 20, 2001, after the 

placement of the packer matched the heads that were 

predicted with the modeled flowmeter data. The head 

in the upper zone was 18.73 ft below the top of casing 

and the head below the packer was 19.36 ft below the 

top of casing.

On April 5, 2001, when the zone above the 

packer was pumped, the water level dropped from 

about 18 ft to 88.6 ft and did not recover, indicating the 

leakage from the base of the casing had diminished or 

ended. The water level below the packer remained at 

about a depth of 18 ft below the top of casing. On April 

6, 2001, the water level above the packer was still at 

about 80 ft below the top of casing. On June 1, 2001, 

the packer was deflated with the intent of removing the 

packer from the borehole. However, the differential 

water level across the packer remained at about 40 ft 

with an upward potential, indicating a hydraulic seal 

remained between zones above and below the packer. 

In addition, the packer could not be moved vertically in 

the borehole. Water pumped from just above the packer 

contained small pieces of rock fragments and finegrained particles that looked like grout. Collectively, 

this suggests the grout leaked from behind the casing 

and produced a seal on top of the packer. On August 6, 

2001, the packer was removed forcibly from the borehole.

Heat-pulse flowmeter tests collected on October 

18, 2001 (appendix 5B), showed there was no longer 

measurable leakage from the base of the casing; 

however, there continued to be minor downflow 

(0.02 gal/min) from depths of 221 to 301 ft below the 

top of casing. The fractures at depths of 221 and 301 ft 

produced water under pumping conditions. Approximately 85 percent of the inflow was attributed to the 

fracture at a depth of 221 ft and 15 percent of the inflow 

was produced from the fracture at 301 ft below the top

of casing. During the pumping test, which lasted about 

4 h, the open-hole water level reached a quasi-steadystate condition. When pumped at 0.30 gal/min, the 

specific capacity of MW302R was 0.09 gal/min/ft and 

the related open-hole transmissivity was 15 ft2/d.

When the open-hole transmissivity is proportioned by the amounts of relative inflow from flowmeter tests, the fracture at the depth of 221 ft has an 

estimated transmissivity of 12.4 ft2/d, while the fracture at 301 ft has an estimated transmissivity of 

2.2 ft2/d (table 15).

Using the observed heat-pulse flowmeter 

profiles, open-hole heads, and Paillet's (2000) 

program, the transmissivity and heads were determined 

for the fractures at depths of 221 and 301 ft below top 

of casing (appendix 5B). The simulated fractures were 

compared to the measured profiles (fig. 5). The SS 

error between the observed and simulated values was 

less than 0.0001. The estimated transmissivity and 

heads are shown in table 16. The transmissivity values 

are slightly lower, but consistent with the proportioned 

transmissivities based on the open-hole pumping and 

specific-capacity tests. No DZM system was installed 

and no BAT3 testing was conducted in this borehole, so 

the estimated heads could not be compared to any 

measured heads.

On March 4, 2002, the bottom 20 ft of the borehole was grouted to stop the outflow of water from the 

fracture at the depth of 301 ft below the top of casing. 

The total depth of the borehole is now about 275 ft 

below the top of casing.

Borehole-radar reflectors. Fourteen reflectors 

were interpreted from the borehole-radar reflection 

surveys conducted in MW302R (appendix 5G). Four 

reflectors correlate with features identified using the 

OTV logs at depths of 138.8,186.7,197.5, and 229.0 ft. 

The reflector at 197.5 ft is the only reflector that correlates with features identified on the ATV logs.

Table 16. Transmissivity and head of fractures determined from modeling heat-pulse flowmeter results in 

borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

Depth, 

in feet below top of casing

221 

301

Transmissivity, 

in feet squared per day

6.8 

1.2

Depth to water, 

in feet below top of casing

24.71 

26.81

Elevation of head, 

in feet

552.49 

554.39

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA 35
None of the reflectors correlate with the transmissive 

zones at about 221 and 301 ft. Two of the reflectors 

project into the PVC-cased interval of the borehole, at 

depths of 18.0 and 70.9 ft. Another reflector projects 

below the drilled depth of the borehole and intersects 

the line of the borehole at 357.0 ft.

The image of the radar data shows a wide range 

of electromagnetic properties over the length of the 

borehole (appendix 5D). There are three high-attenuation, low-velocity zones extending from 31 to 53 ft, 

95 to 112 ft, and 215 to 230 ft below land surface. The 

deepest high-attenuation, low-velocity zone coincides 

with the most transmissive fracture in the borehole. The 

maximum signal penetration is in the depth interval 

from 112 to 215 ft, where the radar signal was reflected 

from up to 65 ft away from the borehole.

Domestic Well W202-NE

Location and construction. Well W202-NE is a 

domestic bedrock well located about 1,700 ft south and 

west of the landfill and about 2,000 ft south of the 

former chemical-waste disposal pits. The borehole was 

drilled May 5, 1995, to a depth of 325 ft below land 

surface for a domestic supply. A total of 81 ft of 6-in.- 

diameter steel casing was set through the overburden 

and into the bedrock. A submersible pump was set at 

approximately 280 ft below the top of casing. The 

water pumped from the well was used for domestic 

supply until December 2000, when the well was abandoned because of the presence of benzene (1.7 parts per 

billion, John Kastrinos, Haley and Aldrich, Inc., oral 

commun., December 2000). On February 26,2001, the

pump was removed from the borehole so that geophysical logs and hydraulic tests could be collected.

The borehole deviates a total of 14 ft towards the 

southeast. The water level on February 27, 2001, was 

about 19.77 ft below the top of casing, which extends 

2 ft above land surface. All depth measurements were 

referenced to the top of casing.

Lithologic characterization. Borehole-imaging 

logs and conventional logs indicate the rock type is 

coarse-grained biotite-garnet schist to gneiss with 

quartzo-felspathic layers and augens. The stereoplots 

in appendix 61 indicate the poles to foliation and felsic 

layers cluster tightly near the center of the stereoplot, 

indicating a shallow dip. In general, the foliation strikes 

southwest and dips at a shallow angle to the northwest.

Fracture characterization. The orientation of 

all fractures observed on the OTV and ATV logs are 

provided in appendixes 6E and 6F, respectively. Fractures identified in the OTV and ATV logs are parallel to 

sub-parallel to the foliation and fabric of the bedrock. 

The transmissive fractures were identified with the 

heat-pulse flowmeter at depths of 97 to 105 ft, 197 ft, 

and 249 ft below the top of casing. The orientations of 

these transmissive fractures are presented in table 17. 

The stereoplot and tadpole plots for W202-NE indicate 

the transmissive fractures at depths of 97.4, 100.3, 

197.1, and 248.5 ft below the top of casing had shallow 

dips (less than 30°) and a wide variation in strike. The 

fracture at 105.4 ft strikes west-northwest at N249°E 

and dips steeply north.

Table 17. Transmissive fractures in domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

[Strike is reported in right-hand-rule in degrees east of true north. The dip is degrees from horizontal. The compass descriptor (N-E-S-W) 

of the direction of dip is provided, for convenience and clarity.]

Depth, 

in feet below 

top of casing

97.4

100.3

105.4

197.1

248.5

Transmissive 

fracture zone

1

1

1

2

3

Strike

N118°E

N339°E

N249°E

N208 °E

N347°E

Dip, 

in degrees

10

29

85

20

13

Direction of 

dip

SW

E

N

NW

E

Proportion of 

transmissivity, 

in percent

50

25

25

36 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Hydraulic characterization. Heat-pulse flowmeter logs collected on April 24, 2001 indicate the 

borehole had ambient flow (fig. 6). Water entered the 

borehole at a depth of 197 ft below the top of casing. 

Some of the water flowed upward in the borehole and 

exited the borehole through one or all of the fractures 

between 97 to 105 ft below the top of casing. The rest 

of the water flowed downward and exited the borehole 

at the fracture at a depth of 249 ft below the top of 

casing. These heat-pulse flowmeter measurements 

indicate a divergent flow regime at the fracture at 

197 ft. On April 26, 2001, under a pumping rate of 

0.3 gal/min, water entered the borehole from depths of 

about 97 to 105 ft, 197 ft, and 249 ft. Table 18 shows 

the magnitude of the water flowing from each of the 

boreholes and their relative proportions.

On April 26,2001, when pumped at 0.30 gal/min 

for 4 h, the water levels reached steady-state conditions 

after 30 min of pumping. The specific capacity of the 

open borehole was 0.18 gal/min/ft of drawdown. Using 

the methods of Bradbury and Rothschild (1985), the 

open-hole transmissivity was estimated at 30 ft2/d. The 

open-hole transmissivity was proportioned by the 

amounts of relative inflow identified with the heatpulse flowmeter (table 19). The uppermost zone from 

depths of 97 to 105 ft had an estimated transmissivity 

of 15 ft2/d while the lower two zones were apportioned 

at 7.5 ft2/d.

The ambient and pumped heat-pulse flowmeter 

were simulated using fitted parameters of transmissivity and head in Paillet's program (2000). The simulated results produced a solution that had an SS error 

that was less than 0.0001. The ambient measurements 

and the simulated flow regimes are shown in figure 6. 

The head and transmissivity of each fracture zone is 

listed in table 19. The fractures from depths of 97 to 

105 ft below the top of casing were treated as a single 

fracture zone. In this model, the transmissivity was 

proportioned differently than the interpretation based 

only on the heat-pulse flowmeter. In this model, the 

uppermost zone accounted for 40 percent of the transmissivity while the lower two fractures each accounted 

for 30 percent of the transmissivity. The transmissivity 

estimates calculated by this method are slightly less, 

but still consistent with the results obtained with the 

open-hole transmissivity estimates based on the 

specific capacity.

Table 18. Transmissive fractures in domestic well W202-NE identified in flowmeter logs collected 

on June 14, 2001, in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

Ambient condition and depth

Receiving fracture at 105 feet

Inflowing fracture at 197 feet

Receiving fracture at 249 feet

Inflow rate under 

pumping, 

in gallon per 

minute

0.10

0.12

0.04

Flow rate under 

ambient 

conditions

-0.03

0.054

-0.024

Difference in 

flow rates

0.13

0.066

0.064

Proportion of 

measured 

discharge

0.50

0.25

0.25

Table 19. Transmissivity and head of fractures determined from modeling heat-pulse 

flowmeter data collected on April 24, 2001, in domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill 

study area, Storrs, Connecticut

Depth1 , 

in feet

1 05

197

247

Transmissivity, 

in feet squared 

per day

9.2

6.9

6.9

Proportion of 

transmissivity, 

in percent

40

30

30

Depth to water, 

in feet

20.58

18.78

20.68

Water-level 

elevation, 

in feet

528.62

530.42

528.52

Depth below top of casing.

RESULTS OF THE BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION AT THE UCONN LANDFILL STUDY AREA 37
The integrated head measurement of this borehole is a transmissivity-weighted average of the head 

from individual fractures. On April 24, 2001, the head 

was at an elevation of 529.13 ft above NAVD88. The 

heat-pulse flowmeter measurements (table 19) indicate 

the head in the inflowing fracture at a depth of 197 ft 

had a higher head than the heads in both of the fractures 

that received flow under ambient conditions. The transmissivity-weighted average of the heads shown in table 

19 is 529.13 ft above NAVD88.

Discrete-interval testing was conducted on May 

14, 2001, with the BAT3 equipment. Only the fracture 

at 197 ft was sampled for water-quality testing, because 

the borehole had been left open prior to testing and the 

upper and lower fractures were receiving water from 

the inflowing fracture at 197 ft. On May 18, 2001, 

packers were set to isolate the zone from 195.4 to 

206.2 ft below top of casing. A constant-rate pumping 

test was conducted to determine the transmissivity and 

the differential head between the upper and lower test 

zones. The borehole was pumped at 0.2 gal/min and the 

water level declined 4.8 ft. The results of the discrete 

interval test, which were interpreted using the Thiem 

equation, indicated the transmissivity was 4.7 ft2/d. 

This estimate of transmissivity compares fairly well 

with the modeled profiles of the heat-pulse flowmeter 

data. The differential-head tests collected at this zone 

did not correlate with the water levels estimated with 

the heat-pulse flowmeter data collected on April 24, 

2001. The BAT3 results indicated a downward potential 

from the upper zone towards the test zone. The potential between the lower zone and the test zone were

essentially equal and within measurement error of the 

tool, so the results are inconclusive.

An additional differential-head test was 

conducted in the zone at 105 ft. Packers isolated the 

borehole from 104.4 to 115.2 ft below the top of casing. 

The results indicated a downward potential (0.69 ft 

difference) between the upper zone and the test zone. 

The differential heads of the lower zone were within 

the measurement error of the transducers. The results 

are reported in table 20.

Borehole-radar reflectors. Twelve reflectors 

were interpreted from the borehole-radar reflection 

survey conducted in W202-NE (appendix 6G). Eight of 

the reflectors correlated with features identified by the 

OTV at depths of 120.4, 121.7, 135.5, 156.2, 178.2, 

239.2, 248.4, and 302.5 ft. Two of these reflectors, at 

depths of 120.4 and 156.2 ft, also correlate with the 

results of the ATV data. The reflector at 248.4 ft correlates with an interpreted transmissive zone. None of the 

reflectors correlate with the transmissive zone at 

197.1 ft or with the fractures in the upper transmissive 

zone at depths of 97.4, 100.3, or 105.4 ft below the top 

of casing. One reflector is projected to intercept below 

the bottom of the borehole, at a depth of 329.4 ft.

There was strong signal penetration throughout 

most of the radar log (appendix 6D). Radial signal 

penetration extends up to 85 ft from the borehole. 

There is a small zone of high attenuation from 118 to 

125 ft below the top of casing, which coincides with the 

fracture identified at a depth of about 120 ft below the 

top of casing.

Table 20. Differential heads from BAr testing in domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

[TOC, top of casing in feet]

Well Date of uaus vi

We" test

W202-NE 5/14/2001

Depth of

fracture, TOC

in feet

105 549.2

197

Hydraulic head, in feet 

above NAVD88

Upper

528.87

528.08

Middle

528.18

524.94

Lower

528.36

524.93

Head differential 1 , in feet

UpperMid

0.69

3.14

MidLower

-0.1 82

0.01 2

UpperLower

0.51

3.15

Head differential positive number denotes downward potential; negative number denotes upward potential. 

Indicates the differential head is less than the resolution of the tool.

38 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
RESULTS OF LITHOLOGIC AND 

FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION

The distribution of lithology and orientation of 

foliation that were observed in the six boreholes logged 

in this investigation were compared to the results of 

previous investigations. The comparison indicates that 

the bedrock beneath the study area is fairly uniform 

with minor variations in the texture and layering of the 

schist and gneiss. Iron-sulfide layers were observed in 

image logs and were seen in borehole EM induction 

and radar logs and in surface EM and resistivity 

methods (Powers and others, 1999; Johnson and others, 

2002a). Igneous intrusions were more commonly 

observed in MW109R, which is consistent with their 

presence in upland settings.

The orientation of foliation was determined by 

integrated interpretation of borehole-geophysical logs 

from the six boreholes. Stereoplots constructed for the 

individual boreholes show the poles to the foliation 

planes form two clusters. One cluster indicates the foliation strikes northeast-southwest and dips at shallow to 

moderate angles to the southeast and northwest. The 

other cluster indicates foliation strikes northwest and 

dips at shallow to moderate angles to the northeast. 

Tadpole plots of the foliation show some variation in 

the rock fabric with depth, but no consistent pattern was 

observed with depth. These results were consistent 

with borehole-geophysical logs previously collected at 

the site (Johnson and others, 2002b). The general orientation of the foliation and layering identified in 

16 boreholes in the study area and 4 domestic wells is 

shown in figure 7. The strike of the foliation mapped in 

the boreholes also is consistent with the bulk fabric 

identified in the square-array resistivity soundings 

collected around the landfill (Powers and others, 1999).

The fracture orientations observed in boreholeimaging surveys vary in both strike and dip, and collectively appear to be scattered. The transmissive fractures 

identified in the six boreholes logged in this investigation were compared to previously logged boreholes 

(Johnson and others, 2002b). The transmissive fractures identified in the 16 boreholes had a wide variation 

in orientations. Stereoplots of transmissive fractures 

constructed for each borehole indicate the fractures 

generally have one of three different orientations: 

(1) striking north-northwest and dipping at a shallow 

angle to the east-northeast; (2) striking southwest and 

dipping at shallow angles to the northwest; or 

(3) striking east-west and dipping to the north and

south. The generalized direction of the strike of transmissive features in the 16 boreholes at the site is shown 

in figure 8.

The chances of intersecting a steeply dipping 

planar feature in a near-vertical borehole are low; thus 

the fracture information from borehole data is inherently biased. The Terzaghi correction (Terzaghi, 1965) 

was used to estimate the probable abundance of the 

transmissive fractures. The underlying assumption in 

this correction is that if the borehole had been drilled 

perpendicular to the dip of a specific fracture, then the 

borehole would have penetrated additional fractures at 

the same dip angle. The total number of these fractures 

is proportional to the inverse of the cosine of the dip, 

and the fractures would be uniformly spaced over the 

length of the borehole.

For each transmissive fracture, a weighting 

factor/= l/cos0, where 0 is the dip angle, was 

computed, and additional fractures were added to the 

data set representing the unbiased fracture population 

(Terzaghi, 1965). The value of/was rounded to a whole 

number, and the frequency of the fractures dipping at 

that specific angle was increased by the weighting 

factor. At dip angles less than 49°, the frequency of the 

fracture count does not change. At steep dips, the 

correction factor has a significant impact on the relative 

abundance of the fractures (table 21). Terzaghi (1965) 

indicated that the smaller the angle between the dip of 

the fracture and the orientation of the borehole, the 

larger the uncertainty in the predicted bias correction.

Table 21. Weighting factor used to correct for 

sampling bias of planar features observed in 

near-vertical boreholes for selected dip angles

[< indicates less than]

Dip9, 

in degrees

Count (1)

f=1/COS0

<49 

49 

67 

74 

78 

80

82

83

84

85

86

RESULTS OF LITHOLOGIC AND FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION 39
72"1630" 72"16

c o

s

(D Q)(D 0)c £ r01 a; 

3 CO Q. U

. 5"

O

o3

v Approximate

N Landfill Boundary

Celeron Square 

Apartment Complex

Water Pollution Control Facility

EXPLANATION 

BOREHOLE IN BEDROCK

ORIENTATION OF 

FOLIATIONMULTIPLE ORIENTATION 

OF FOLIATION

400 800 1200 1600

100 200 300 400 500 METERS

I

Base from Haley and Aldrich, Inc. and others, 2000, 1:2,400 scale 

Figure 7. Orientation of foliation in bedrock boreholes, UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.
72°16

30mo>o n33

m30

3

mI

O

41°49 

41°4830' 

\ Approximate 

N Landfill Boundary

Celeron Square 

Apartment Complex

Water PollutionControl Facility M {

EXPLANATION 

BOREHOLE IN BEDROCK

ORIENTATION OF TRANSMISSIVE 

FRACTURE(S)MULTIPLE ORIENTATION OF 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURE(S)

100 200 300 400 500 METERS

Base from Haley and Aldrich, Inc. and others, 2000, 1:2,400 scale

Figure 8. Orientation of transmissive fractures in bedrock boreholes, UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut.
Composite stereoplots were constructed for all 

of the transmissive fractures identified with the heatpulse flowmeter in the 16 boreholes in the study area. 

The stereoplot in figure 9A, shows the unconnected 

population of transmissive fractures, and figure 9B 

shows the probable distribution of transmissive fractures determined with the Terzaghi correction. The 

total number of fractures in the bias-corrected data set 

(126) is nearly double the number of transmissive fractures that were observed in the boreholes (66 fractures). 

The bias-corrected data set shows a decrease in the 

relative abundance of the shallow fractures and an 

increase in the relative abundance of the steeply 

dipping fractures. Because the original data set had 

three steeply dipping fractures (two at 81° and one at 

84°), the correction for these three fractures alone 

added 23 fractures to the corrected data set. The population generated by the Terzaghi correction is only a 

probable distribution, and may overestimate the steep 

fractures because the analysis does not account for the 

length and the variation in fracture spacing (Terzaghi, 

1965). Because sampling in a near-vertical borehole 

undersamples vertical features, in reality there are more 

vertical fractures than what is observed in the boreholes. The actual distribution of transmissive fractures 

is most likely between the observed distribution (fig. 

9A) and the prediction of the distribution from the 

Terzaghi correction (fig. 9B).

RESULTS OF HYDRAULIC ANALYSES

A comparison of the techniques used in this 

investigation for estimating hydraulic properties of the 

fractured-rock aquifer indicates that the BAT3 provides 

the most hydraulic information including transmissivity, head, differential head, and a discrete-interval 

water-quality sample. The field effort to collect the 

BAT3 data, however, is the most time consuming and 

complicated of the three methods. The heat-pulse flowmeter logging and modeling provides information on 

the transmissive fractures, including the location, transmissivity, and head. The results obtained by this 

method appear to provide results that are consistent 

with the open-hole tests and the BAT3 .

Heat-pulse flowmeter analyses were limited in 

this investigation by the low transmissivity conditions 

found in most of the boreholes. In MW202R and 

MW203R, water levels declined in the borehole, 

preventing measurements of the fractures at the top of 

the borehole. In both cases, injection tests, rather than

pumping tests, would have permitted the characterization of these fractures; however, injection was not 

feasible at this site. In MW203R and MW204R, all of 

the inflow to the borehole came from fractures near the 

top of the borehole below the base of the casing.

Specific-capacity and open-hole transmissivity 

values were determined in four boreholes where water 

levels achieved quasi steady-state conditions, including 

MW201R, MW204R, MW302R, and W202-NE. 

When pumped at 0.25 to 1 gal/min for 0.7 to 4 h, the 

specific capacity ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 gal/min/ft. 

An iterative process described by Bradbury and Rothschild (1985) was used to solve for the transmissivity of 

the open boreholes where water levels achieved steadystate conditions during pumping. These estimates of 

open-hole transmissivity ranged from 4.9 to 30 ft2/d.

For pumping tests where water levels did not 

achieve quasi steady-state conditions, the CooperJacob straight-line solution was used to interpret the 

water-level data. These analyses were made for 

pumping tests in MW201R, MW202R, and MW203R, 

and the transmissivity ranged from 0.53 to 3.2 ft2/d. 

Transmissivity values were plotted to compare the 

results of the various methods that were used in this 

investigation (fig. 10). For some boreholes, there were 

multiple pumping events that permitted multiple estimates of transmissivity. For example, in MW201R, 

pumping tests were conducted on five occasions. Four 

times the results could be interpreted with the steadystate solutions (Bradbury and Rothschild, 1985). In the 

fifth test, the water level in MW201R did not achieve 

steady-state conditions, and the transmissivity was estimated using the Copper-Jacob straight-line solution 

and Theis curve-matching techniques.

In figure 10, the transmissivity estimates of the 

discrete-interval BAP testing were combined so that 

they could be compared with open-hole transmissivity 

tests. The BAT3 results in W202-NE were not included 

in the comparison, because transmissivity was only 

determined for one of the three transmissive fractures 

in the borehole. Figure 10 shows the transmissivity 

estimates for the various methods are fairly well correlated. In general, the results were reproducible when 

multiple tests were conducted in the same borehole.

The estimates of open-hole transmissivity may 

not provide depth-dependent detail; however, they 

provide valuable information that can be used to

42 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Uncorrected for sampling bias 

Number of fractures in population = 66

Corrected for sampling bias

Number of fractures in population = 126

Explanation

Contour intervals for number of fractures

123456789

Figure 9. Stereoplots of transmissive fractures observed in 16 boreholes at the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, 

Connecticut. The plots show contoured pole-to-planes in equal-area, lower-hemisphere projections.

A. Uncorrected for sampling bias.

B. Corrected for sampling bias and represents a probabilistic distribution of transmissive fractures.

RESULTS OF HYDRAULIC ANALYSES 43
.

>Q 

(/) 111 

w oc

100.0

10.0

D Bradbury and Rothschild

 Cooper-Jacob Straight line

 Theis curve matching 

E3BAT 3 *

 Heat-pulse flowmeter data and 

modeling*

 Results of the discrete interval 

tests were added for 

comparison to open-hole 

values.

Figure 10. Comparison of open-hole transmissivity estimates from various methods in selected boreholes, 

UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut. BAT3 is the Bedrock Aquifer Transportable Testing Tool.

compare the results of multiple boreholes across the 

study area. A comparison of all open-hole transmissivity tests, including previously reported values (Johnson 

and others, 2002b), shows the highest transmissivity 

estimates were from tests conducted in domestic wells 

and in MW109R (fig. 11). The boreholes with the lowest measured transmissivity tended to be near the 

ground-water divide in the area of the former chemicalwaste disposal pits. Figure 11 shows that the measured 

open-hole transmissivities ranged over 2.5 orders of 

magnitude. The transmissivity in fractured crystallinerock aquifers typically spans several orders of magnitude. The actual range of transmissivity at the UConn 

landfill site is much greater than the 2.5 orders of magnitude, but the lower transmissivity fractures were 

beyond the resolution of the methods used in this investigation.

In boreholes with measurable ambient flow, 

MW302R and W202-NE, the flow-modeling method 

described by Paillet (2000) was used to estimate transmissivity and the hydraulic head of each transmissive 

zone. In MW302R, downflow was detected under 

ambient conditions, and inflow was identified at two 

fractures under pumping conditions. The transmissivity 

was estimated at 15 ft2/d from an open-hole specific 

capacity test and at 8.0 ft2/d from Paillet's method. In 

abandoned domestic well W202-NE, ambient flow was 

measured with the heat-pulse flowmeter in April 2001. 

The results indicated a divergent flow field at a depth of

197 ft where water flowed both upward and downward 

under ambient conditions. The transmissivity and head 

of the individual fractures were iteratively varied until 

an adequate match between the simulated and observed 

flow profiles was obtained. Transmissivity estimates 

for individual fracture zones ranged from less than 6.9 

to 9.2 ft2/d in this borehole. The total of these individual 

zone transmissivities was 23 ft2/d, which compares 

fairly well with the open-hole transmissivity measurement of 30 ft2/d using Bradbury and Rothschild's 

method (1985).

The identification of the location and proportion 

of transmissive zones is important for sampling strategies to obtain representative samples or to understand 

open-hole samples. The results in W202-NE indicate 

that transmissivity values obtained from open-hole 

flowmeter testing provide results that are consistent 

with the results obtained with discrete-interval packer 

testing. These tests identified three transmissive fractures. Discrete samples were not collected from each of 

the fractures because the hydraulically active fractures 

were not isolated prior to sampling. Only the fracture 

that was producing water under ambient conditions was 

sampled and the receiving fractures were not sampled. 

Because the fractures in W202-NE have different transmissivities, the water chemistry of the individual fractures may be different from the water-quality samples 

collected from the open borehole.

44 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
> 1,000

<

Q 

DC

£

o

111

cc

§ 100 8

111 111

E

>

%

b 10

>

OT

Figure 11. Comparison of open-hole transmissivity estimates from boreholes in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, 

Connecticut. To estimate the transmissivity, the Bradbury and Rothschild method was used for boreholes that reached 

equilibrium, and the Cooper-Jacob method was used for transient responses.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In 2000 and 2001, the USGS, in cooperation with 

the University of Connecticut, conducted a boreholegeophysical investigation of the fractured-bedrock 

aquifer near the UConn landfill. Borehole-geophysical 

methods were used to further characterize the hydrogeology of the fractured-bedrock aquifer as part of an 

ongoing investigation of the UConn landfill and former 

chemical-waste disposal pits. The data were collected 

from August 2000 through October 2001. Six boreholes ranging in depth from 125 to 350 ft were logged 

to characterize the hydrogeology of the bedrock underlying the landfill and vicinity. Conventional geophysical-logging methods included caliper, deviation, 

electromagnetic induction, gamma, fluid temperature, 

and fluid resistivity; and advanced geophysical-logging 

methods included optical- and acoustic-borehole 

imaging, heat-pulse flowmeter logging under ambient 

and pumped conditions, and single-hole directional 

radar. Open-hole transmissivity estimates were made 

from pumping-test data. Where conditions permitted, 

the transmissivity and head were estimated for discrete 

intervals in the borehole with heat-pulse flowmeter 

data and with BAT3 straddle-packer equipment.

The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the site lithology and structure and to identify the 

orientation, distribution, and hydraulic characteristics 

of fractures and transmissive zones in the fracturedrock aquifer. This work supported ongoing efforts to 

develop and refine a conceptual site model of groundwater flow and contaminant distribution and to apply 

and test the design of a DZM system for long-term 

water-level monitoring and water sampling. The results 

of the geophysical and hydraulic investigations 

conducted at this site and the information obtained 

from the DZM system will be useful in designing and 

evaluating remediation alternatives.

Fracture and foliation orientations and distributions were determined by integrated interpretation of 

borehole-geophysical logs. Stereoplots constructed for 

the six boreholes logged for this investigation are 

consistent with the results of previous investigations. 

Results from all of the boreholes logged in the study 

area indicate there are two general orientations of foliation. In general, foliation strikes to the northeastsouthwest and dips to the southeast and northwest, or 

strikes to the northwest and dips to the northeast. These 

results are consistent with geologic maps of the area 

and with the bulk fabric identified in square-array resisSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 45
tivity soundings collected previously around the landfill.

Numerous fractures were identified in the borehole-imaging surveys. Most of the fractures were identified by optical and acoustic imaging methods; 

however, some of the fractures were observed by only 

one of the methods, which underscores the need to 

collect both types of imaging logs. The orientations of 

all fractures observed in the boreholes vary in both 

strike and dip, and collectively appear to be scattered. 

The transmissive fractures identified in the boreholes 

logged in this investigation were similar to transmissive 

fractures previously identified in the study area. The 

transmissive fractures that were identified in the 

16 boreholes at the site showed a wide variation in 

orientations; however, stereoplots indicate that transmissive fractures generally are oriented in one of three 

different orientations: (1) striking north-northwest and 

dipping at a shallow angle to the east-northeast; (2) 

striking southwest and dipping at shallow angles to the 

northwest; or (3) striking east-west and dipping to the 

north and south.

Because near-vertical boreholes undersample 

steeply dipping fractures, a correction was used to 

correct for the bias in the population of transmissive 

fractures. A total of 66 transmissive fractures were 

identified in 16 boreholes near the landfill. The total 

number of transmissive fractures resulting from the 

bias correction was 126. Although the bias correction 

was intended to increase the relative abundance of 

steeply dipping fractures, the correction used in this 

investigation may have disproportionately overestimated the number of steeply dipping fractures. The 

actual distribution of transmissive fractures is most 

likely between the observed distribution and the 

predicted distribution. The analysis highlights the 

concept that the total population of fractures in the 

aquifer includes more steeply dipping fractures than 

were observed in the boreholes.

For this study, heat-pulse flowmeter logging was 

conducted under ambient and pumping conditions in 

six boreholes. The specific capacity and transmissivity 

of the open boreholes were estimated from the 

discharge and water-level data collected during flowmeter logging. Open-hole transmissivity estimates 

were made using both steady-state solutions and nonequilibrium solutions. The range of open-hole transmissivity was from less than 1 to 30 ft2/d. A comparison of the open-hole transmissivity estimates

determined for this investigation to estimates from 

other boreholes in the study area indicates that 

MW201R, MW202R, MW203R, and MW204R are not 

very transmissive relative to the other boreholes.

Discrete-zone isolation tests (with the BAT3) 

were used in five boreholes (MW201R to MW204R 

and W202-NE) to obtain water-quality samples from 

discrete zones while collecting the information to 

calculate the transmissivity. Thirteen differential-head 

tests that compared the water levels in the test zones 

with those above and below the test zone were 

conducted in the boreholes. Transmissivity was estimated from the discharge and water-level data 

collected from pumping tests conducted in the isolated 

portions of the borehole. Depth-specific transmissivity 

was determined from these tests using the Thiem equation. The transmissivity results ranged from about 0.2 

to about 11 ft2/d.

The heat-pulse flowmeter was used to identify 

ambient flow in the boreholes MW302R and W202- 

NE. The data from the ambient flow conditions and the 

pumping conditions were used along with a numerical 

method for modeling transmissivity and head of 

discrete intervals. The transmissivity and head of the 

individual fractures were iteratively varied in the model 

until an adequate match between the simulated and 

observed flow profiles was obtained. The values determined by this method ranged from 1.2 to 9.2 ft2/d. 

These depth-specific transmissivity estimates were 

similar to the results from the BAT3 testing.

Collectively, the transmissivity tests conducted 

in the 16 boreholes at the site indicate that transmissivity ranges over 2.5 orders of magnitude. The actual 

range of the transmissivity is much larger, but lower 

transmissivity values were beyond the resolution of the 

methods used in this investigation. The lowest openhole transmissivity values were observed near the 

north-south ground-water divide in the area near the 

former chemical-waste disposal pits. The highest openhole transmissivity values were observed in the 

domestic wells and in the background well, MW109R 

located east of the landfill.

The transmissivity values determined by the 

three different methods used in this investigation are 

fairly similar, within an order of magnitude. The openhole specific capacity and transmissivity tests provided 

estimates of the transmissive properties of the boreholes, which were used to compare the results across 

the site. Although the heat-pulse flowmeter data can be

46 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
used to proportion the open-hole transmissivity estimates to specific depths of the borehole, the results of 

the depth-specific measurements were more reliable.

The flowmeter measurements along with numerical modeling provided depth-specific estimates of 

transmissivity and head; however, the method can be 

used only in boreholes that have ambient flow and can 

sustain pumping. Because of this limitation, this 

method could only be used in two boreholes in this 

investigation. The depth-specific transmissivity results 

that were obtained in MW302R and W202-NE were 

similar to the proportioned open-hole transmissivity 

results. In W202-NE, where a discrete-interval transmissivity test was conducted, the results were similar. 

This suggests that where the heat-pulse flowmeter 

measures ambient flow and low-rate pumping can be 

sustained, this method can be used to determine the 

depth-specific transmissivity and head of fractures in 

the borehole.

The discrete-interval tests that were collected 

with the straddle packer apparatus (BAT3 ) provided the 

most direct discrete-interval measurement of transmissivity. This method had the additional advantage of 

obtaining a discrete-interval water-quality sample, the 

head of the test zone, and the relative head of the zones 

above and below the test zone. Although this method 

provided the most depth-specific hydraulic information, the method was the most cost- and labor-intensive 

and the most complicated of the three methods used to 

determine transmissivity.

REFERENCES CITED

Bienko, C., Collins, C., Glass, E., McNamara, B., and Welling, T.G., 1980, History of waste disposal at the chemical dump, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 

Connecticut, in Black, R.F., ed., University of Connecticut Geology 344 project: Storrs, Conn., Department of 

Geology and Geophysics, 7 p.

Bradbury, K.R., and Rothschild, E.R., 1985, A computerized 

technique for estimating hydraulic conductivity of aquifers from specific capacity data: Ground Water, v. 23, 

no. 2, p. 240-245.

Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 1993, 

Final site inspection, University of Connecticut Landfill/Waste Pits, Mansfield, Connecticut, CERCLIS no. 

CTD981894280: Hartford, Conn., 22 p.

Fahey, R.J. and Pease, M.H., Jr., 1977, Preliminary bedrock 

geologic map of the South Coventry quadrangle, Tolland County, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 77-587, 30 p., 3 plates, scale 

1:24,000.

Freeze, R.A. and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Ground water: Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall, Inc., 603 p.

Haley and Aldrich, Inc., 1999, Scope of study for the hydrogeologic investigation, UConn landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, File 91221-400: Storrs, Conn., University of 

Connecticut, 50 p.

Haley and Aldrich, Inc., Environmental Research Institute; 

Epona Associates, LLC; Regina Villa Associates, Inc.; 

and Earth Tech, Inc., 2000, Final preliminary hydrogeologic investigation draft report, UConn landfill, Storrs, 

Connecticut: Glastonbury, Conn., 267 p. plus attachments and appendixes.

Haley and Aldrich, Inc.; Environmental Research Institute; 

Epona Associates, LLC; P.P. Haeni, LLC; and Regina 

Villa Associates, Inc.;with technical oversight by 

Mitretek Systems, Inc., 2002, Draft comprehensive 

hydrogeologic investigation and remedial action plan, 

University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut: Glastonbury, Conn., File No. 91221-513.

Hess, A.E., and Paillet, F.L., 1990, Applications of the thermal-pulse flowmeter in the hydraulic characterization 

of fractured rocks: West Conshohocken, Penn., American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Technical Publications 1101, p. 99-112.

Izraeli, R.L., 1985, Water quality and hydrogeological investigations at the University of Connecticut waste disposal area: Storrs, Conn., University of Connecticut, 

Master's thesis, 108 p.

Johnson, C.D., Dawson, C.B., Belaval, Marcel, and Lane, 

J.W., Jr., 2002a, An integrated surface-geophysical 

investigation of the University of Connecticut landfill 

2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4008, 39 p.

Johnson, C.D., Haeni, PP., and Lane, J.W., Jr., 2001, Importance of discrete-zone monitoring systems in fracturedbedrock wells A case study for the University of Connecticut landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, in Fractured Rock 

2001 Conference, Proceedings: Toronto, Ontario, 

March 26-28, 2001, CD-ROM.

Johnson, C.D., Haeni, P.P., Lane, J.W., and White, E.A., 

2002b, Borehole-geophysical investigation of the University of Connecticut landfill, Storrs, Connecticut: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4033, 187 p.

Johnson, C.D., Kochiss, C.S., and Dawson, C.B., 2005, Use 

of discrete-zone monitoring systems for hydraulic characterization of a fractured-rock aquifer at the University 

of Connecticut landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 1999 to 

2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4338, 104 p.

REFERENCES CITED 47
Keys, W.S., 1990, Borehole geophysics applied to groundwater investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 2, 

chap. E-2, 149 p.

Lane, J.W., Jr., Haeni, P.P., and Williams, J.H., 1994, Detection of bedrock fractures and lithologic changes using 

borehole radar at selected sites, in Fifth International 

Conference on Ground-Penetrating Radar, Kitchner, 

Ontario, Canada, June 12-16, 1993, Proceedings: 

Kitchner, Ontario, Waterloo Center for Groundwater 

Research, p. 577-591.

Lohman, S.W., 1979, Ground-water hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708, 70 p.

Olsson, Olle; Falk, Lars; Forslund, Olof; Lundmark, Lars; 

and Sandberg, Eric, 1992, Borehole radar applied to the 

characterization of hydraulically conductive fracture 

zones in crystalline rock: Geophysical Prospecting, 

v. 40, p. 109-142.

Paillet, F.L., 1998, Flow modeling and permeability estimation using borehole flow logs in heterogeneous fractured formations: Water Resources Research, v. 34, 

no. 5, p. 997-1010.

Paillet, F.L., 1999, Geophysical reconnaissance in bedrock 

boreholes Finding and characterizing the hydraulically active fractures, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substance 

Hydrology Program, Proceedings of the Technical 

Meeting, Charleston, S.C., March 8-12, 1999: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 99-4018C, v. 3, p. 725-733.

Paillet, F.L., 2000, A field technique for estimating aquifer 

parameters using flow log data: Ground Water, v. 38, 

no. 4, p. 510-521.

Powers, C.J., Wilson, Joanna, Haeni, P.P., and Johnson, 

C.D., 1999, Surface-geophysical investigation of the 

University of Connecticut landfill, Storrs, Connecticut: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4211, 34 p.

Shapiro, A.M., 2001, Characterizing ground-water chemistry and hydraulic properties of fractured rock aquifers 

using the multifunction bedrock aquifer transportable

testing tool (BAT3 ): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 

FS-075-01,4p.

Shapiro, A.M., and Hsieh, P.A., 1998, How good are estimates of transmissivity from slug tests in fractured 

rock?: Ground Water, v. 36, no. 1, p. 37-48.

Terzaghi, R.D., 1965, Sources of error in joint surveys: 

Geotechnique, v. 15, p. 287-304.

Williams, J.H., and Conger, R.W., 1990, Preliminary delineation of contaminated water-bearing fractures intersected by open-hole bedrock wells: Ground Water 

Monitoring, v. 10, no. 3, p. 118-126.

Williams, J.H., and Johnson, C.D., 2000, Borehole-wall 

imaging with acoustic and optical televiewers for fractured-bedrock aquifer investigations, in Proceedings of 

the 7th Minerals and Geotechnical Logging Symposium, Golden, Colo., October 24-26, 2000: Minerals 

and Geotechnical Logging Society, 

p. 43-53, CD ROM.

Williams, J.H., Lapham, W.W., and Barringer, T.H., 1993, 

Application of electromagnetic logging to contamination investigations in glacial sand and gravel aquifers: 

Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation Review, 

v. 13, no. 3, p. 129-138.

48 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 1. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole 

MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

A. Plot of borehole deviation log ...........................................................................................50

B. Plots of natural gamma, electromagnetic conductivity, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs ...................................................................51

C. Plots of caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images

and interpreted structures.................................................................................................52

D. Plot of processed borehole-radar reflection logs...............................................................54

E. Table showing interpretation of optical-televiewer logs...................................................55

F. Table showing interpretation of acoustic-televiewer logs.................................................58

G. Table showing location, orientation, and length of interpreted radar reflectors ...............59

H. Table of heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and interpretations.................................... 60

I. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

optical-televiewer images................................................................................................61

J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

acoustic-televiewer images..............................................................................................62

APPENDIX 1 49
Appendix 1 A. Deviation log of borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ft, feet]

MW201R True 

North Magnetic 

North °°2.0ft3301 30°

300° 60°

270°

240° 120°

210° 150°

180°

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

w Projection along N90°E

3

HI 

CO

HI 

HI 

H 0

z z

f'l 

gs_J 0-

< O O hOC HI

HI

D 

QC

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1 2 

DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

50 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 1B. Composite log of natural-gamma, electromagnetic induction, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut TEMPERATURE 

Ambient-8/16/00

(3

Z 

CO

<

o

LL

O

D.

o

I

111 

co

tnLJJ

Q_ 

LU 

Q

NATURAL GAMMA 

Counts per second

ELECTROMAGNETIC 

CONDUCTIVITY _ 

Millisiemens per meter

10 100 1000 48

Ambient - 8/29/00

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE

Ambient-8/16/00 HEAT-PULSE FLOWMETER

Ambient - 8/29/00 Interpreted flow under pumping

 ^ ~ at 0.25 gallons per minute on

Post pumping - 8/29/00 Post pumping - 8/29/00 08/29/00

Degrees Fahrenheit Microsiemens per centimeter Gallons per minute

52 200 ___ 400 -0.3 0 0.3

20

40

60

80

100

120

\

APPENDIX 1 51
Appendix 1C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Interpreted features indicated by color: black - foliation; dark blue - transmissive fracture; red - fracture; light blue - crack 

or minor fracture; gray - sealed fracture; pink - fracture with modifier, such as "partial" or "oxidized"; blue-gray - parting 

along foliation; green - fracture along contact; yellow - felsic layer]

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

CALIPER, IN INCHES 

 N-S E-W ,

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

AMPLITUDE

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

INTERPRETED FEATURES

N N E S W N N

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES 

N N E S W N

60 -

52 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 1C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, ConnecticutContinued

65

70

75

80

O

z

CO 85 

<

o

LL

O

CL

O 90

gLU 

CO

tDLU

95

: 100

CL 

LLJ 

Q

105

110

115

120

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

CALIPER, IN INCHES

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

AMPLITUDE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

E___SWNNESWN N

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES 

W N N E S W N

APPENDIX 1 53
Appendix 1D. Processed borehole-radar reflection logs from borehole MW201R in the 

UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

o.o

TWO-WAY TRAVELTIME, IN MICROSECONDS 

0.1 0.2

AMPLITUDE, IN 

MICROVOLTS

100 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

RADIAL DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM BOREHOLE

54 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 1E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

15.2

15.4

15.8

16.5

16.7

17.8

18.2

18.6

19.3

19.6

19.7

20.5

24.9

26.6

27.4

28.4

29.5

30.5

31.8

32.7

34.5

34.8

35.3

38.5

38.7

39.1

39.3

39.8

39.8

40.3

40.4

41.2

41.9

43.3

44.4

45.7

48.1

49.3

49.8

49.8

50.8

52.0

52.4

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

261

203

193

87

235

212

231

242

236

311

254

290

123

304

289

292

309

291

134

60

73

280

175

237

246

229

129

227

211

133

123

292

58

161

154

348

55

251

62

47

45

47

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

171

113

103

357

145

122

141

152

146

221

164

200

33

214

199

202

219

201

44

330

343

190

85

147

156

139

39

137

121

43

33

202

328

71

64

258

325

161

332

317

315

317

Dip, in 

degrees

0

38

21

21

48

58

21

14

18

66

50

17

21

76

33

37

45

31

15

47

6

4

67

4

9

28

11

72

24

66

13

24

48

10

32

83

84

32

43

27

32

36

34

Dip direction

-

W

sw

s

E

SW

SW

SW

SW

SW

NW

W

W

SE

NW

W

W

NW

W

SE

NE

E

W

S

SW

SW

SW

SE

SW

SW

SE

SE

W

NE

S

SE

N

NE

W

NE

NE

NE

NE

Description

bottom of casing

fracture

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

fracture

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture, possible transmissive fracture

minor fracture, possible transmissive fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

APPENDIX 1 55
Appendix 1E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

53.0

53.7

54.3

54.3

56.3

56.8

57.5

59.0

59.9

60.2

60.5

63.4

64.1

64.8

64.8

65.6

65.9

66.0

66.9

68.2

68.3

69.2

70.4

73.1

74.3

75.1

75.4

76.0

76.3

76.8

77.2

79.2

79.7

79.9

81.6

83.7

84.5

85.2

85.4

85.9

86.3

87.9

89.6

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

225

30

224

40

234

280

291

49

20

11

2

352

327

341

347

357

339

338

14

48

274

9

334

280

300

295

179

295

288

135

290

35

345

317

26

327

7

322

319

319

17

43

43

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

135

300

134

310

144

190

201

319

290

281

272

262

237

251

257

267

249

248

284

318

184

279

244

190

210

205

89

205

198

45

200

305

255

227

296

237

211

232

229

229

287

313

313

Dip, in 

degrees

19

31

87

21

72

49

28

24

18

16

19

36

42

38

34

33

34

33

22

29

63

24

28

65

57

51

74

54

46

54

43

25

26

29

30

20

19

17

15

17

38

21

24

Dip direction

SW

NE

SW

NE

SW

w

w

NE

N

N

N

N

NW

N

N

N

N

N

N

NE

W

N

NW

W

NW

NW

S

NW

W

SE

W

NE

N

NW

NE

NW

N

NW

NW

NW

N

NE

NE

Description

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

vertical fracture from 54-60 ft

foliation

minor fracture

lithologic feature

sealed fracture

foliation

transmissive fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

foliation

fracture

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

sealed fracture

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

56 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 1E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

90.9

9 1. 4

93.2

96.6

96.7

97.5

98.6

99.6

101.4

105.5

106.7

107.1

108.4

108.7

110.6

111.0

112.8

113.2

114.3

114.9

115.1

115.7

116.1

117.2

117.4

117.8

118.1

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

304

297

30

26

320

307

316

327

315

308

322

180

293

301

304

299

312

307

307

297

306

308

307

306

307

310

305

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

214

207

300

296

230

217

226

237

225

218

232

90

203

211

214

209

222

217

217

207

216

218

217

216

217

220

215

Dip, in 

degrees

30

32

46

45

38

38

27

28

37

32

28

66

53

47

44

43

39

41

41

38

41

41

39

39

38

37

34

Dip direction

NW

NW

NE

_NE

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

S

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

Description

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

APPENDIX 1 57
Appendix 1F. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in acoustic-televiewer logs 

from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

15.2

15.4

17.9

18.7

19.8

21.7

22.0

25.8

26.6

27.5

28.9

30.4

32.0

32.9

34.1

34.6

39.2

39.3

39.6

41.1

43.5

48.5

48.9

49.4

51.2

52.6

56.4

59.1

59.7

60.3

61.4

63.2

63.7

64.9

65.2

65.8

65.9

68.4

68.6

70.1

73.2

74.7

75.9

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

321

300

265

333

79

327

273

77

257

223

257

249

87

52

285

138

166

157

147

56

330

152

147

15

34

208

32

0

351

310

315

305

304

310

42

337

60

243

279

291

268

155

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

231

210

175

243

349

237

183

347

167

133

167

159

357

322

195

48

76

67

57

326

240

62

57

285

304

118

302

270

261

220

225

215

214

220

312

247

330

153

189

201

178

65

Dip, in 

degrees

0

36

59

16

52

44

69

83

79

51

35

30

6

55

9

4

43

14

70

79

12

83

80

49

40

38

72

21

19

14

34

34

41

43

41

83

37

28

58

42

60

54

76

Dip direction

-

NW

NW

W

NW

E

NW

W

E

W

sw

W

W

E

NE

W

SE

S

SE

SE

NE

NW

SE

SE

N

NE

SW

NE

N

N

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NE

NW

NE

SW

W

W

W

SE

Description

bottom of casing

minor fracture

fracture

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

fracture

fracture

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

transmissive fracture

minor fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

lithologic feature

fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

transmissive fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

fracture

fracture

58 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 1F. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in acoustic-televiewer logs 

from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

77.4

79.7

81.5

81.8

84.4

85.3

85.6

107.8

109.7

112.5

113.2

116.1

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

120

317

292

301

307

319

293

135

253

276

295

278

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

30

227

202

211

217

229

203

45

163

186

205

188

Dip, in 

degrees

35

23

22

25

20

19

8

70

31

40

60

43

Dip direction

SE

NW

W

NW

NW

NW

NW

SE

W

W

NW

W

Description

fracture

fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

Appendix 1G. Location, orientation, and length of reflectors interpreted from boreholeradar data from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

Reflector continuity is on a scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor)]

Midpoint 

depth, 

in feet

39.7

76.4

79.7

84.3

112.9

116.1

117.8

130.9

156.2

207.0

228.4

Dipazimuth, 

in degrees

227

252

317

5

312

307

310

125

115

335

115

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

137

162

227

275

222

217

220

35

25

245

25

Dip, in 

degrees

24

46

29

24

39

39

37

26

71

70

61

Dip 

direction

SW

W

NW

N

NW

NW

NW

SE

SE

NW

SE

Estimated 

reflector 

length, 

in feet

9.5

8.5

16.4

12.5

8.5

9.2

15.4

28.2

13.5

21.0

14.8

Reflector 

continuity

5

4

4

4

4

4

3

2

4

3

4

APPENDIX 1 59
Appendix 1H. Heat-pulse flowmeter measurements in MW201R at the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

{ indicates no flow; for interpretation, if nothing is listed, there is no change in inflow or outflow]

Depth of 

measurement, 

in feet below 

top of casing

_. Average rate, Flow . ,, 

.. .. in gallons direction M . t 

per minute

Normalized 

average rate, 

in gallons 

per minute

August 29, 2000 Ambient conditions

Interpretation

No measurable flow

August 29, 2000 Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute

14.0

19.0

30.0

37.0

46.0

58.0

63.0

69.0

78.5

107.0

111.0

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

-

--

--

0.115

0.120

0.100

0.108

0.053

0.039

0.020

0.009

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.240

0.250

0.208

0.225

0.110

0.081

0.042

0.019

0.000

0.000

0.000

Inflow at 38 to 39 feet

Inflow at 60 feet

Possible inflow at 66 feet

September 7, 2000 Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute

22.5

23.0

37.0

58.0

74.0

95.0

105.0

122.5

up

up

up

up

-

-

--

--

0.102

0.180

0.159

0.068

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.142

0.250

0.221

0.094

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Inflow at 38 to 39 feet

Inflow at 60 feet

60 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 11. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in optical-televiewer 

images from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[OTV, optical televiewer]

OTV TADPOLE PLOTS OF OTV 

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

0____DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

20-

30-

40-

50-

o

CO

o

LL 60-

o

0-

o

,70-

LU

m

LU 

LU

^ 80-

0.

LU 

Q

90-

100-

110-

120-

A

\

-c

T

EXPLANATION

 , Foliation

 ^ Transmissive fracture

^ Fracture

C\ Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

CX Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

®_ Parting along foliation

 ^ Fracture along contact

CX Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

Q. Borehole construction feature

Colors on the OTV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

APPENDIX 1 61
Appendix 1J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in acoustic-televiewer 

images from borehole MW201R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ATV, acoustic televiewer]

ATV TADPOLE PLOTS OF ATV 

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

0 DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

20-

30-

40-

50-

.60-

O

Z

CO

< 

o

U- I

o

0_

O

9/oH

LU 

CO

LU 

LU 

LL

 80-

CL 

LU 

Q

90-

100-

110-

120-

\f

A

\7

 IK\

V

>

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

EXPLANATION

 ^ Foliation

0^ Transmissive fracture

 ^ Fracture

C\ Cracker minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

CX. Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

G^ Parting along foliation

^ Fracture along contact

CX. Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

CX Borehole construction feature

Colors on the ATV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

62 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 2. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole 

MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

A. Plot of borehole deviation log ...........................................................................................64

B. Plots of natural gamma, electromagnetic conductivity, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs ...................................................................65

C. Plots of caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-tele viewer images

and interpreted structures.................................................................................................66

D. Plot of processed borehole-radar reflection logs...............................................................68

E. Table showing interpretation of optical-televiewer logs...................................................69

F. Table showing interpretation of acoustic-televiewer logs.................................................72

G. Table showing location, orientation, and length of interpreted radar reflectors............... 73

H. Table of heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and interpretations.................................... 74

I. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

optical-televiewer images ................................................................................................75

J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

acoustic-televiewer images..............................................................................................76

APPENDIX 2 63
Appendix 2A. Deviation log of borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ft, feet]

MW202R True

.- North Magnetic

North °3.0 ft.

330° 30°

300° 60°

270°

240° 120°

210

150°

180°

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

N Projection along N180°E s Projection along N90°E

IN FEETBELOW TRUE VERTICAL DEPTH, 

CASING TOP OF

-t^ rotenoo 

_oooooocL_

X

N

N

^

V

X"s

^

x N

^

s

X

) 1 1.

TRUE VERTICAL FEET BELOW DEPTH, IN 

OF CASING TOP _ 

rv> cr-pi.i\> ooco 

)

S

\

X^

\

\

^~

\

\

\

IDISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

0 1 2

DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL 

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

64 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 2B. Composite log of natural-gamma, electromagnetic induction, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs from borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

ELECTROMAGNETIC

NATURAL GAMMA CONDUCTIVITY 

Counts per second Millisiemens per meter 

Q_____________500 10 100 1000 10000 46

20

40

CD

o

LL

°

CL

o

g

HI

m

HI 

HI

Q. 

HI 

Q

60

80

100

120

TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE

Ambient - 8/03/00 Ambient - 8/03/00 HEAT-PULSE FLOWMETER

Ambient-8/1B/QO Ambient - 8/18/00 Interpreted flow under pumping

 - ^ ^ at 0.25 gallons per minute on

Post pumping - 8/31/00 Post pumping - 8/31/00 08/11/00

Degrees Fahrenheit Microsiemens per centimeter Gallons per minute

	0 ____________400 -O3______0______0.3

APPENDIX 2 65
Appendix 2C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Interpreted features indicated by color: black - foliation; dark blue - transmissive fracture; red - fracture; light blue - crack 

or minor fracture; gray - sealed fracture; pink - fracture with modifier, such as "partial" or "oxidized"; blue-gray - parting 

along foliation; green - fracture along contact; yellow - felsic layer]

20

25

O

? 30 

CO

0

LL 

O

I*

3

m 40

tD

LU

LL

Z

O. 

LU 

Q

50

55

60

fiR

CALIPER ACOUSTIC TELEV EWER 

CAL PER, IN INCHES 

5 ' NCHES 7 20 N'S 0 E'W 20

-

-

-

-

-

1

>

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

AMPLITUDE

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

INTERPRETED FEATURES

N E S W N

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES 

N N E S W N

66 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 2C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, ConnecticutContinued

70

75

80

(D

Z 85

c7)

O

LL 

O

CL 90 

O

g

UJ QC

00

LU 

LLJ 

LL

~JOO

CL

UJ 

Q

105

110

115

120

125

CALIPER

INCHES

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

,

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

CALIPER, IN INCHES 

20 N'S 0 E'W 20

,

,

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

AMPLITUDE

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES

E S W N N

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES 

N N E S W N

APPENDIX 2 67
Appendix 2D. Processed borehole-radar reflection logs from borehole MW202R in the 

UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

o.o

TWO-WAY TRAVELTIME, IN MICROSECONDS

0.1 0.2 0.3

30

AMPLITUDE, IN 

MICROVOLTS

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

RADIAL DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM BOREHOLE

80

68 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 2E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. -, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

13.2

14.4

14.4

15.1

15.5

16.1

16.6

16.7

17.9

18.2

18.9

19.4

19.4

22.6

22.8

24.3

26.2

27.1

28.1

28.1

29.2

29.6

30.1

30.4

30.9

31.5

32.4

32.8

33.4

33.7

37.1

38.5

39.3

39.9

40.6

41.7

42.7

43.0

43.4

43.7

44.8

45.0

45.5

45.9

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

219

47

211

-

286

220

229

230

129

211

237

108

266

238

164

249

165

300

298

151

297

288

61

304

329

315

317

299

298

326

318

317

308

299

295

321

325

303

311

321

316

312

315

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

129

317

121

-

196

130

139

140

39

121

147

18

176

148

74

159

75

210

208

61

207

198

331

214

239

225

227

209

208

236

228

227

218

209

205

231

235

213

221

231

226

222

225

Dip, in 

degrees

0

38

37

20

0

14

16

18

25

73

12

15

23

20

56

72

17

63

17

13

56

17

12

12

44

19

29

31

39

48

31

28

29

32

21

18

27

32

31

12

24

30

32

30

Dip direction

-

SW

NE

SW

-

w

SW

SW

SW

SE

SW

SW

E

W

SW

s

w

s

NW

NW

SE

NW

W

NE

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

Description

bottom of casing

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

water level

foliation

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

minor fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

fracture

lithologic feature

minor fracture

fracture

foliation

other

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

fracture

minor fracture

fracture

transmissive fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

fracture

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

fracture

foliation

APPENDIX 2 69
Appendix 2E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. -, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

47.2

49.9

50.4

51.4

51.9

54.0

54.6

55.1

57.0

58.1

58.2

60.1

64.1

64.2

64.5

64.9

66.3

67.8

69.9

70.2

70.8

73.6

73.9

74.3

74.7

75.8

76.5

77.9

78.5

79.7

80.4

82.6

82.9

83.3

85.1

90.2

91.4

93.5

94.5

95.8

95.9

97.2

99.0

99.3

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

321

300

308

296

301

315

321

323

328

319

308

126

295

295

286

291

307

300

302

302

299

318

96

316

86

317

305

68

145

328

290

308

317

303

310

307

323

171

341

333

325

329

51

29

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

231

210

218

206

211

225

231

233

238

229

218

36

205

205

196

201

217

210

212

212

209

228

6

226

356

227

215

338

55

238

200

218

227

213

220

217

233

81

251

243

235

239

321

299

Dip, in 

degrees

34

35

32

34

33

25

29

29

28

32

28

26

34

41

26

32

28

34

34

33

38

21

58

19

43

26

35

45

28

23

31

29

28

19

26

20

23

74

26

24

23

27

50

24

Dip direction

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

SE

NW

NW

W

w

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

E

NW

E

NW

NW

E

SE

NW

W

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

S

N

NW

NW

NW

NE

NE

Description

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

minor fracture

70 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 2E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. -, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

99.5

100.0

100.8

103.3

104.1

104.8

105.6

106.1

106.5

107.1

107.5

108.0

108.3

109.6

110.0

110.5

112.0

114.5

115.8

116.5

117.1

117.8

118.5

120.0

121.8

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

202

21

16

43

65

34

335

36

305

20

12

29

14

346

354

170

328

19

179

10

11

36

24

16

8

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

112

291

286

313

335

304

245

306

215

290

282

299

284

256

264

80

238

289

89

280

281

306

294

286

278

Dip, in 

degrees

34

31

30

44

23

51

47

53

34

35

33

33

27

19

20

68

17

28

73

33

38

54

40

32

22

Dip direction

S

N

N

NE

NE

NE

NW

NE

NW

N

N

NE

N

N

N

S

NW

N

S

N

N

NE

NE

N

N

Description

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

transmissive fracture

lithologic feature

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

minor fracture

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

APPENDIX 2 71
Appendix 2F. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in acoustic-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

15.6

17.7

18.1

18.7

19.4

19.4

24.4

26.3

29.8

30.1

31.1

31.6

32.6

37.2

38.9

42.9

45.7

53.9

58.4

60.4

61.9

68.3

82.8

83.1

97.1

101.4

105.6

105.7

106.3

107.1

109.7

111.2

112.1

112.7

115.0

119.3

121.0

121.3

122.1

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

263

276

114

191

61

156

245

294

297

318

325

307

297

293

312

330

235

175

156

152

205

292

291

327

16

45

35

292

298

346

323

306

315

7

23

20

19

15

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

173

186

24

101

331

66

155

204

207

228

235

217

207

203

222

240

145

85

66

62

115

202

201

237

286

315

305

202

208

256

233

216

225

277

293

290

289

285

Dip, in 

degrees

0

29

23

60

10

30

74

26

15

12

43

22

33

32

24

28

27

25

26

28

31

17

29

29

26

33

57

43

23

31

30

21

26

18

29

36

32

32

26

Dip direction

-

W

W

SE

S

NE

SE

SW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

SW

S

SE

SE

SW

W

W

NW

N

NE

NE

W

NW

N

NW

NW

NW

N

NE

N

N

N

Description

water level

lithologic feature

minor fracture

minor fracture

lithologic feature

minor fracture

fracture

foliation

fracture

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

minor fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

fracture

lithologic feature

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

fracture

fracture

fracture

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

transmissive fracture

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

72 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 2G. Location, orientation, and length of reflectors interpreted from borehole-radar 

data from borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

Reflector continuity is on a scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor); , cannot be determined]

Midpoint 

depth, 

in feet

-38.1

30.8

39.0

39.7

49.9 

'76.4

98.8

143.7

Dipazimuth, 

in degrees

75

283

75

265

300

202

265

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

345

193

345

175

210

112

175

Dip, in 

degrees

61

44

17

42

35 

0

38

18

Dip 

direction

E

W

E

W

NW

S

W

Estimated 

reflector 

length, 

in feet

28.0

22.2

25.1

41.2

14.4

24.7

22.5

Reflector 

continuity

3

4

3

4

5 

4

4

4

Horizontal fracture Reflector dip azimuth, strike, dip direction, and length cannot be determined.

APPENDIX 2 73
Appendix 2H. Heat-pulse flowmeter measurements in MW202R at the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

[-- indicates no flow; for interpretation, if nothing is listed, there is no change in inflow or outflow]

Depth of 

_ measurement, 

in feet below 

top of casing

Flow Average rate, 

direction '"gallons 

per minute

Normalized 

average rate, 

in gallons per 

minute

August 4, 2000 Ambient conditions 

September 9, 2000 Ambient conditions

Interpretation

No measurable flow 

No measurable flow

August 11, 2000 Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute

29.3

35.0

44.9

64.6

80.9

95.0

115.0

117.0

126.1

up

up

up

up

up

up

--

--

0.035

0.022

0.069

0.020

0.164

0.164

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.054

0.034

0.106

0.031

0.250

0.250

0.000

0.000

0.000

Possible inflow at 30 feet

Inflow between 105 and 

107 feet

August 16, 2000 l Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute

44.9

64.9

80.9

95.0

115.1

117.0

125.0

up

up

up

up

--

-

0.021

0.021

0.020

0.020

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.250

0.250

0.238

0.238

0.000

0.000

0.000

Inflow at 97 or 105 feet

September 6, 20001 Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute

50.0

56.0

80.0

94.0

103.0

117.0

120.0

up

up

up

up

up

-

--

0.030

0.024

0.031

0.031

0.026

0.000

0.000

0.242

0.194

0.250

0.250

0.210

0.000

0.000

Possible inflow at 97 feet

Inflow at 105- 107 feet

'Log was rerun because of poor tool response relative to the total pumping.

74 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 21. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in optical-televiewer 

images from borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[OTV, optical televiewer]

OTV TADPOLE PLOTS OF OTV

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES

0 DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

20-

30-

40-

50-

o

z

C/3 

<

o

LL. Oeo0.

O

LU 

LJJ

80-

LU

Q

90

100-

110-

120-

\7

EXPLANATION

 ^ Foliation

^ Transmissive fracture

 ^ Fracture

CX Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

Q, Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

®^ Parting along foliation

 ^ Fracture along contact

Q. Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

CX Borehole construction feature

Colors on the OTV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

APPENDIX 2 75
Appendix 2J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in acoustic-televiewer 

images from borehole MW202R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ATV, acoustic televiewer]

ATV TADPOLE PLOTS OF ATV 

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

0_____DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

20-

30-

40-

50-

C3 

z

CO

o

LL.

O 60 

0. 

O

LLJ 70 

CD

LU 

LU 

LL

-" 80-

CL 

LU 

Q

90-

100-

110-

120-

\

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

EXPLANATION

 t. Foliation

 ^ Transmissive fracture

^ Fracture

CX Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

CX Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

®L, Parting along foliation

 ^ Fracture along contact

CX Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

CX Borehole construction feature

Colors on the ATV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

76 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 3. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole 

MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

A. Plot of borehole deviation log ...........................................................................................78

B. Plots of natural gamma, electromagnetic conductivity, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs ...................................................................79

C. Plots of caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images

and interpreted structures.................................................................................................80

D. Plot of processed borehole-radar reflection logs...............................................................82

E. Table showing interpretation of optical-televiewer logs...................................................83

F. Table showing interpretation of acoustic-televiewer logs.................................................85

G. Table showing location, orientation, and length of interpreted radar reflectors............... 86

H. Table of heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and interpretations.................................... 86

I. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

optical-televiewer images ................................................................................................87

J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

acoustic-televiewer images..............................................................................................88

APPENDIX 3 77
Appendix 3A. Deviation log of borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ft, feet]

MW203R True

. North Magnetic

North

330^ 30°

300° 60°

270°

240° 120°

210° 150°

180°

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

w

Projection along N90°E

VERTICAL IN FEET TRUE DEPTH, 

CASING TOP OFBELOW 

1 8§(

/

\

x\

^^^

"^

DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL 

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

78 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 3B. Composite log of natural-gamma, electromagnetic induction, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs from borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

(5

\ 

o

LL

O

Q.

1

LLJ m

t]

UJ 

LL

Q. 

LJJ 

Q

20

40

60

80

100

120

ELECTROMAGNETIC

NATURAL GAMMA CONDUCTIVITY 

Counts per second Millisiemens per meter 

300 0_______50

TEMPERATURE 

Ambient-8/16/00 

Ambient-9/12/00

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE

Ambient-8/16/00 HEAT-PULSE FLOWMETER 

Ambient-9/12/00 Interpreted flow under pumping

" "' " at 0.25 gallons per minute on 

Post pumping - 9/12/00 J^ost pumping - 9/12/00 Qg/-| 2/00

Degrees Fahrenheit Microsiemens per centimeter Gallons per minute 

100 48 ___________54 50_____________400 -0.3______Q______0.3

APPENDIX 3 79
Appendix 3C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Interpreted features indicated by color: black - foliation; dark blue - transmissive fracture; red - fracture; light blue - crack 

or minor fracture; gray - sealed fracture; pink - fracture with modifier, such as "partial" or "oxidized"; blue-gray - parting 

along foliation; green - fracture along contact; yellow - felsic layer]

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

CALIPER, IN INCHES 

N-S E-W 

15

20

25 

O

z

CO

<

0 30

u_ 

O

0.

R

§ 35

LLJ 

CQ

LLJ 

LJJ 40

LLJ 

Q

45

50

55

60

65

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

AMPLITUDE 

E S W

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

INTERPRETED FEATURES

N E S W N

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER

INTERPRETED FEATURES

I N E S W N

80 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 3C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut-- 

Continued

CALIPER ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER

CALIPER, IN INCHES AMPLITUDE INTERPRETED FEATURES INTERPRETED FEATURES

N E S W N N ESWNNESWN

70

75

80

O

Z

CO 

< 85

LL 

O

CL

1"

LLJ

m

LLJ 95

LLJ 

LJ_

z 

I

CL 100 

111 

Q

105

110

115

120 

19R

i 5 " " 6.5

"

-

-

-

_

-

-

I

0 "" 0 ""20

APPENDIX 3 81
Appendix 3D. Processed borehole-radar reflection logs from borehole MW203R in the 

UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

o.o

TWO-WAY TRAVELTIME, IN MICROSECONDS

0.1 0.2

AMPLITUDE, IN 

MICROVOLTS

-50 -

-100 -

-250 -

-500 - 

1000 -

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

RADIAL DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM BOREHOLE

82 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 3E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

14.5

15.6

16.1

16.7

17.3

17.6

18.1

20.2

21.3

22.1

22.7

23.1

27.3

27.9

29.9

31.2

31.5

32.3

33.4

34.1

34.6

36.0

36.9

39.7

44.2

44.8

44.8

45.7

46.0

46.7

50.0

50.9

55.1

55.3

56.3

60.3

61.5

61.9

62.7

62.9

63.6

65.3

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

359

346

278

226

198

263

284

289

289

296

296

293

295

297

121

291

275

318

302

309

301

296

296

307

313

313

311

288

150

303

297

316

310

310

307

310

308

313

145

306

303

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

269

256

188

136

108

173

194

199

199

206

206

203

205

207

31

201

185

228

212

219

211

206

206

217

223

223

221

198

60

213

207

226

220

220

217

220

218

223

55

216

213

Dip, in 

degrees

0

43

31

27

24

20

24

32

34

39

42

44

45

42

48

45

28

15

15

39

43

52

48

59

54

52

54

52

39

60

53

57

59

58

56

54

51

45

44

56

43

38

Dip direction

-

N

NW

W

sw

s

W

W

W

W

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

SE

W

W

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

W

SE

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

SE

NW

NW

Description

bottom of casing

fracture

fracture

fracture

minor fracture

fracture

fracture

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

transmissive fracture

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

fracture

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

APPENDIX 3 83
Appendix 3E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

65.8

66.9

67.1

67.7

68.0

68.5

69.8

72.3

72.8

75.9

76.3

77.1

77.2

77.6

78.1

79.5

79.9

80.5

83.3

84.4

85.6

87.9

90.1

91.4

91.4

92.2

95.5

97.4

99.7

100.4

104.1

104.7

104.7

106.0

107.1

107.1

108.2

108.4

109.0

111.2

111.3

114.4

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

289

126

307

300

311

151

18

348

338

183

162

164

178

337

179

157

261

144

141

176

344

14

44

128

156

58

28

156

340

337

317

310

157

313

135

321

324

326

316

142

318

322

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

199

36

217

210

221

61

288

258

248

93

72

74

88

247

89

67

171

54

51

86

254

284

314

38

66

328

298

66

250

247

227

220

67

223

45

231

234

236

226

52

228

232

Dip, in 

degrees

27

49

26

21

19

53

6

12

11

59

58

55

71

12

14

57

73

65

73

60

10

10

11

34

67

16

16

70

33

27

40

39

62

32

61

43

32

32

27

52

17

21

Dip direction

w

SE

NW

NW

NW

SE

N

N

N

S

s

S

s

NW

S

SE

W

SE

SE

S

N

N

NE

SE

SE

NE

NE

SE

N

NW

NW

NW

SE

NW

SE

NW

NW

NW

NW

SE

NW

NW

Description

parting parallel to foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

minor fracture

sealed fracture

minor fracture

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

sealed fracture

foliation

fracture

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

84 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 3E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

1 14.6

114.9

116.5

1 16.8

118.9

120.0

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

159

319

143

318

147

308

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

69

229

53

228

57

218

Dip, in 

degrees

84

4

70

15

18

28

Dip direction

S

NW

SE

NW

SE

NW

Description

sealed fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

Appendix 3F. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in acoustic-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

14.5

15.6

15.9

17.3

18.1

18.3

22.8

23.2

25.2

27.4

30.1

31.3

32.4

36.2

63.0

67.1

68.0

68.4

80.3

83.9

126.1

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

270

269

244

254

252

286

278

273

280

275

273

273

275

225

106

114

122

228

112

136

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

180

179

154

164

162

196

188

183

190

185

183

183

185

135

16

24

32

138

22

46

Dip, in 

degrees

0

31

32

28

32

22

49

44

47

42

50

47

13

56

40

57

55

58

72

68

35

Dip direction

-

w

w

sw

w

w

w

w

w

w

w

w

w

w

sw

E

SE

SE

SW

E

SE

Description

bottom of casing

fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

foliation

fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

possible fracture

possible fracture

possible fracture

possible fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

APPENDIX 3 85
Appendix 3G. Location, orientation, and length of reflectors interpreted from borehole-radar 

data from borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

Reflector continuity is on a scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor)]

Midpoint 

depth, 

in feet

16.7

17.7

34.5

69.9

83.3

93.8

111.2

117.1

128.9

149.3

181.8

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

278

198

309

183

141

145

318

195

295

5

5

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

188

108

219

93

51

55

228

105

205

275

275

Dip, in 

degrees

27

20

43

51

73

50

17

0

0

74

46

Dip 

direction

W

S

NW

S

SE

SE

NW

S

NW

N

N

Estimated 

reflector 

length, 

in feet

24.6

24.6

40.6

12.2

7.6

7.9

13.5

0.0

0.0

59.7

23.3

Reflector 

continuity

5

5

5

4

5

3

4

4

4

2

3

Appendix 3H. Heat-pulse flowmeter measurements in MW203R at the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

{ indicates no flow; for interpretation, if nothing is listed, there is no change in inflow or outflow]

Date

September 12, 2000

September 12, 2000

Depth of A 

. _. Average rate, measurement, Flow . ,. 

. . * . , j. m gallons in feet below direction 9 . . 

. . per minute top of casing r

Ambient conditions

Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute

35.0

40.0

55.0

79.9

90.0

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Normalized 

average rate, 

in gallons 

per minute

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Interpretation

No measurable flow

Inflow above 35.0 feet

86 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 31. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in optical-televiewer 

images from borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[OTV, optical televiewer]

OTV TADPOLE PLOTS OF OTV 

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

0_____DEGREES 90

20-

30-

40-

50-

o

z

U) 

<

o

LL

O 60-

Q.

O

LU 70- 

CO

LU 

LU 

LL

80-

Q. 

LU 

Q

90-

100-

110-

120

<K

o

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

EXPLANATION

 ^ Foliation

^ Transmissive fracture

 ^ Fracture

CX Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

Q, Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

 , Parting along foliation

 , Fracture along contact

CX Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

CX Borehole construction feature

Colors on the OTV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

APPENDIX 3 87
Appendix 3J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in acoustic-televiewer 

images from borehole MW203R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ATV, acoustic televiewer]

ATV TADPOLE PLOTS OF ATV 

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

0 DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

20-

30-

40-

50-

O 

oi

O60-

LL

O

CL

O

O 70 '

LU 

CO

LU 

LU 

LL 80-

Q_ 

LU 

Q

90-

100-

110-

120-

I/ 3 

C

EXPLANATION

^ Foliation

 , Transmissive fracture

 ^ Fracture

CX Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

CX Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

 , Parting along foliation

^ Fracture along contact

CX Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

CX Borehole construction feature

Colors on the ATV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

88 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 4. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole 

MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

A. Plot of borehole deviation log ...........................................................................................90

B. Plots of natural gamma, electromagnetic conductivity, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs ...................................................................91

C. Plots of caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images

and interpreted structures.................................................................................................92

D. Plot of processed borehole-radar reflection logs...............................................................94

E. Table showing interpretation of optical-televiewer logs...................................................95

F. Table showing interpretation of acoustic-televiewer logs.................................................98

G. Table showing location, orientation, and length of interpreted radar reflectors............... 99

H. Table of heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and interpretations.................................. 100

I. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

optical-televiewer images..............................................................................................101

J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

acoustic-televiewer images............................................................................................102

APPENDIX 4 89
Appendix 4A. Deviation log of borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ft, feet]

MW204R True

.- North Magnetic

North 0°,3.0 ft_

30°

270°

240° 120°

210° 150°

180°

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

w

Projection along N90°E

FEET VERTICAL TRUEDEPTH, IN 

BELOW TOPOFCASING

*. ooa> N> o

o 

" 1

-

-

-

-

-

-

\

^.

\s

N

X^

\

\

\

\

\

0123

DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL 

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

90 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 4B. Composite log of natural-gamma, electromagnetic induction, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

o

1LL

O 

£L

ID

UI

Q_ 

til 

Q

ELECTROMAGNETIC

NATURAL GAMMA CONDUCTIVITY 

Counts per second Millisiemens per meter 

0 400 0 20049

TEMPERATURE 

Ambient - 8/09/00 

Ambient - 8/22/00

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE

Ambient-8/16/00 HEAT-PULSE FLOWMETER 

Ambient - 9/12/00 Interpreted flow under pumping 

at 0.25 gallons per minute on

Post pumping - 8/22/00 Post pumping - 9/12/00 08/21/00

Degrees Fahrenheit Microsiemens per centimeter Gallons per minute

20

40

60

80

100

120

APPENDIX 4 91
Appendix 4C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Interpreted features indicated by color: black - foliation; dark blue - transmissive fracture; red - fracture; light blue - crack 

or minor fracture; gray - sealed fracture; pink - fracturewith modifier, such as "partial" or "oxidized"; blue-gray - parting 

along foliation; green - fracture along contact; yellow - felsic layer]

CD

15

20

25

o

u_

O 30 

CL 

O

I 

LU 

CD

LU 

LJJ

35

40

Q_ 

LU 

Q 45

50

55

60

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

CALIPER, IN INCHES

N-S E-W

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

AMPLITUDE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

20 N E S W NN E S W N N

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER

 \

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES 

N N E S W N

=x= -^±

92 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 4C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, ConnecticutContinued

65

70

75

CD

o

LL 

O 

CL

O R ,

85

LLI 

CD

LLI 

LLI

90

95

Q. 

LLI 

Q

100

105

110

115

CALIPEH 

INCHES

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

CALIPER, IN INCHES

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

AMPLITUDE

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER

INTERPRETED FEATURES

N E S W N

APPENDIX 4 93
Appendix 4D. Processed borehole-radar reflection logs from borehole MW204R in the 

UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

o.o

TWO-WAY TRAVELTIME, IN MICROSECONDS

0.1 0.2

30 

AMPLITUDE, IN 

MICROVOLTS

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

RADIAL DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM BOREHOLE

94 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 4E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

13.2

13.5

14.1

14.7

15.2

17.0

18.6

19.2

20.6

21.0

21.3

21.4

22.4

23.0

23.3

23.6

24.5

25.5

27.5

27.5

29.0

31.2

31.4

32.9

32.9

34.2

35.4

38.3

40.0

41.7

42.1

43.3

44.5

45.3

46.3

47.4

49.8

50.8

52.6

53.3

54.4

56.2

56.8

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

252

165

98

293

140

51

279

346

157

158

266

282

284

286

294

356

298

294

304

297

291

295

164

284

280

267

152

298

284

128

142

151

154

296

301

306

314

135

153

94

95

139

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

162

75

8

203

50

321

189

256

67

68

176

192

194

196

204

266

208

204

214

207

201

205

74

194

190

177

62

208

194

38

52

61

64

206

211

216

224

45

63

4

5

49

Dip, in 

degrees

0

39

50

30

33

56

68

25

22

78

55

17

30

21

21

24

71

21

22

21

25

39

40

82

42

38

43

86

35

43

74

72

68

78

37

36

38

27

72

31

20

29

81

Dip direction

-

W

s

E

NW

SE

NE

W

N

SE

S

W

W

W

W

NW

N

NW

NW

NW

NW

W

NW

S

W

W

W

SE

NW ' W

SE

SE

SE

SE

NW

NW

NW

NW

SE

SE

E

E

SE

Description

bottom of casing

fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

parting parallel to foliation

transmissive fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

minor fracture

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

partial fracture trace, the bottom of

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

partial fracture trace, the bottom of

foliation

minor fracture

fracture

partial fracture trace, the bottom of

fracture

fracture

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

fracture

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

APPENDIX 4 95
Appendix 4E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

59.2

59.3

60.9

60.9

61.5

61.7

63.8

64.8

65.2

65.4

66.9

68.1

69.3

71.1

71.7

72.2

72.7

73.7

74.8

75.7

75.8

77.0

78.2

78.5

78.8

79.1

79.5

80.2

82.5

85.1

86.9

87.4

89.0

90.2

90.6

91.0

91.2

93.0

93.8

95.7

96.0

97.2

97.4

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

85

145

78

73

327

351

56

61

158

43

52

167

320

88

81

324

84

93

87

90

302

148

84

74

73

100

143

86

78

149

158

139

151

128

205

226

350

140

193

285

147

302

302

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

355

55

348

343

237

261

326

331

68

313

322

77

230

358

351

234

354

3

357

360

212

58

354

344

343

10

53

356

348

59

68

49

61

38

115

136

260

50

103

195

57

212

212

Dip, in 

degrees

27

79

36

39

45

32

26

16

78

16

6

77

38

27

21

80

21

21

21

13

68

72

21

17

18

22

65

15

12

83

54

64

68

68

60

65

11

68

73

27

66

28

33

Dip direction

E

SE

E

E

NW

N

NE

NE

S

NE

NE

S

NW

E

E

NW

E

E

E

E

NW

SE

E

E

E

E

SE

E

E

SE

S

SE

SE

SE

SW

SW

N

SE

S

W

SE

NW

NW

Description

minor fracture

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

minor fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

sealed fracture

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

fracture

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

fracture

sealed fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

96 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 4E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

Dip, in 

degrees Dip direction Description

98.1

99.2

101.1

102.1

103.9

104.6

106.8

107.4

108.7

108.9

109.2

109.8

110.9

111.2

111.5

112.3

112.9

113.5

113.7

114.3

64

38

56

55

34

19

11

72

58

4

4

3

14

17

62

29

13

21

14

17

NW 

NW 

NW 

NW 

NW 

W

sw

SE

SE

E

SW

NW 

NW 

NW

SE 

NW 

NW

W 

NW 

NW

sealed fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

APPENDIX 4 97
Appendix 4F. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in acoustic-televiewer logs 

from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

13.1

13.6

14.1

14.7

15.2

15.7

18.6

19.2

20.7

21.2

21.3

22.4

23.2

23.3

24.6

25.5

27.5

33.1

40.2

41.7

42.4

43.4

44.6

45.5

50.0

52.8

57.5

58.9

69.6

71.6

76.3

77.3

80.0

87.3

87.9

89.0

90.9

93.3

101.0

101.5

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

234

171

96

307

126

94

267

229

123

142

251

138

260

315

263

281

129

133

129

135

112

124

116

269

112

111

354

270

93

279

113

118

125

112

128

190

165

282

283

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

144

81

6

217

36

4 ,

177

139

33

52

161

48

170

225

173

191

39

43

39

45

22

34

26

179

22

21

264

180

3

189

23

28

35

22

38

100

75

192

193

Dip, in 

degrees

0

37

53

32

46

16

68

30

13

77

54

39

81

26

70

26

18

82

82

68

66

73

70

77

38

70

78

21

45

63

66

74

61

59

62

77

68

74

58

49

Dip direction

-

SW

s

E

NW

SE

E

W

SW

SE

SE

W

SE

W

NW

W

W

SE

SE

SE

SE

E

SE

SE

W

E

E

N

W

E

W

SE

SE

SE

E

SE

S

S

W

W

Description

bottom of casing

fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

fracture

sealed fracture

fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

transmissive fracture

partial fracture trace (bottom of fracture)

minor fracture

fracture

minor fracture

fracture

partial fracture trace (bottom of fracture)

minor fracture

fracture

fracture

partial fracture trace (bottom of fracture)

fracture

fracture

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

minor fracture

fracture

minor fracture

sealed fracture

fracture

partial fracture trace (bottom of fracture)

minor fracture

fracture

fracture

partial fracture trace (bottom of fracture)

fracture

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

98 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 4F. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in acoustic-televiewer logs 

from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

108.0

110.9

1 1 1 .9

112.1

113.5

114.1

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

118

283

246

93

278

269

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

28

193

156

3

188

179

Dip, in 

degrees

72

5

19

63

11

12

Dip direction

SE

W

SW

E

W

W

Description

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

sealed fracture

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

Appendix 4G. Location, orientation, and length of reflectors interpreted from 

borehole-radar data from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of 

the strike. Reflector continuity is on a scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor)]

Midpoint 

depth, 

in feet

-54.1

22.4

50.9

56.1

61.4

63.7

99.1

104.0

143.7

266.7

Dipazimuth, 

in degrees

275

288

314

95

327

56

5

195

5

185

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

185

198

224

5

237

326

275

105

275

95

Dip, in 

degrees

77

33

27

29

45

26

17

60

59

82

Dip 

direction

W

W

NW

E

NW

NE

N

S

N

S

Estimated 

reflector 

length, 

in feet

19.4

12.5

10.8

12.8

11.3

33.1

35.0

25.9

10.6

18.0

Reflector 

continuity

3

4

5

5

5

4

4

4

5

4

APPENDIX 4 99
Appendix 4H. Heat-pulse flowmeter measurements in MW204R at the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

{--indicates no flow; for interpretation, if nothing is listed, there is no change in inflow or outflow]

Date

August 10,2000

August 2 1,2000

August 30, 2000

September 11,2000

Depth of , 

r . _. Average rate, measurement, Flow . 

 ** _ -. m gallons in feet below direction . . 

. . per minute top of casing

Ambient conditions

Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute 

21.3 up

25.5

35.0

45.0

53.0

70.0

82.0

102.0

1 1 1 .0

120.0

Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute 

18.0 up

24.0 . --

29.0

39.0

49.0

60.0

74.0

105.0

Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute 

24.0 up

39.0

50.0

74.0

90.0

105.0

0.036

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.056

0.000 .

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.008

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Normalized

average rate, . . ... 

,. Interpretation in gallons

per minute

No measurable flow

Inflow between 21.3 and 

0.250 25 ' 5 feet

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Inflow between 21.3 and 

0.250 25 - 5 feet

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Inflow between 21.3 and 

0.250 25 - 5 feet

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

100 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 41. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in optical-televiewer 

images from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[OTV, optical televiewer]

OTV TADPOLE PLOTS OF OTV

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES

0 DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

20-

30-

;50-

60-

90-

100-

110-

120

7\

EXPLANATION

 l. Foliation

 ^ Transmissive fracture

 ^ Fracture

CX Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

CX Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

®^ Parting along foliation

^ Fracture along contact

Q, Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

Q, Borehole construction feature

Colors on the OTV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

APPENDIX 4 101
Appendix 4J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in acoustic-televiewer 

images from borehole MW204R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ATV, acoustic televiewer]

ATV TADPOLE PLOTS OF ATV 

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

0 DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

20-

30-

40-

o

CO

o

LLO 60

Q.

g

LU 70 

CD

UU 

LU 

LL

£80 H

CL 

LU 

Q

90-

100-

110-

Os

-o

c.

<X

N

a

EXPLANATION

 , Foliation

 ^ Transmissive fracture

 ^ Fracture

CX Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

Q, Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

®, Parting along foliation

 l. Fracture along contact

(X Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

Q. Borehole construction feature

Colors on the ATV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

102 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 5. Borehole-geophysical logs from borehole 

MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

A. Plot of borehole deviation log......................................................................................... 104

B. Plots of natural gamma, electromagnetic conductivity, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs................................................................. 105

C. Plots of caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-tele viewer images

and interpreted structures...............................................................................................106

D. Plot of processed borehole-radar reflection logs.............................................................108

E. Table showing interpretation of optical-televiewer logs................................................. 109

F. Table showing interpretation of acoustic-televiewer logs............................................... Ill

G. Table showing location, orientation, and length of interpreted radar reflectors .............112

H. Table of heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and interpretations ..................................112

I. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

optical-televiewer images..............................................................................................114

J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

acoustic-televiewer images............................................................................................115

APPENDIX 5 103
Appendix 5A. Deviation log of borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ft, feet]

MW302R True

North

N

40

111 

LU

"- CU 80

z z

-C/3

£ <

t o 120

160

O

LU 9 200

> UJ 

LJJ CD

cc 240

280

Magnetic 

North 0.6.0

30°

300; 60°

270°

240

120°

210

150°

180°

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

Projection along N180°E Projection along N90°E 

w E

LJJ 

LJJ 

U. 0

z z

-co

<

UJ 

Q

LJJ CD

D 

DCI40

80

120

160

200

240

280

-101 2345

DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL 

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

-2 -1 0 1

DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL 

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

104 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 5B. Composite log of natural-gamma, electromagnetic induction, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs from borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

ELECTROMAGNETIC

NATURAL GAMMA CONDUCTIVITY 

Counts per second Millisiemens per meter 

0_____________600 0 1 10 100 1000 48

TEMPERATURE 

Ambient-10/17/01

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE 

Ambient-10/17/01

Post pumping-10/17/01 Post pumping -10/17/01

Degrees Fahrenheit Microsiemens per centimeter

54 110____________140 -0.02

HEAT-PULSE FLOWMETER HEAT-PULSE FLOWMETER 

Interpreted flow under Interpreted flow under 

ambient conditions on pumping at 0.25 gallons per 

10/17/01 minute on 10/18/01 

Gallons per minute Gallons per minute

0 0.02 -0.3 0 __0.3

300 -

APPENDIX 5 105
Appendix 5C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Interpreted features indicated by color: black - foliation; dark blue - transmissive fracture; red - fracture; light blue - crack 

or minor fracture; gray - sealed fracture; pink - fracture with modifier, such as "partial" or "oxidized"; blue-gray - parting 

along foliation; green - fracture along contact; yellow - felsic layer]

CALIPER 

INCHES

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

CALIPER, IN INCHES 

, N-S E-W ,

140

o

z

(S)

o

Li.

O

0.

g

LJJ 

CO

UJ 

LJJ 

LL

a.

LLJ 180 

Q

200

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

AMPLITUDE 

E S W N N

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

INTERPRETED FEATURES

E S W

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES

N N E S W N

106 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 5C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, ConnecticutContinued

CALIPER 

INCHES

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

CALIPER, IN INCHES

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

AMPLITUDE

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER

220

240

O

z

(S)

<

O

UL

O

Q_

g

LU 

CD

LU 

LU

260

CL 

LU 

Q

280

300

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES 

_N N E S W t»

APPENDIX 5 107
Appendix 5D. Processed borehole-radar reflection logs from borehole MW302R in the 

UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

TWO-WAY TRAVELTIME, IN MICROSECONDS 

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

40

60

AMPLITUDE, IN 

MICROVOLTS

LLJ

260

280

10 20 30 40 50 60 

RADIAL DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM BOREHOLE

108 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 5E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

126.9

127.2

129.0

130.8

133.7

134.3

137.9

138.6

139.7

143.1

146.7

148.3

149.5

150.2

152.0

155.7

157.2

161.3

163.4

166.5

168.7

169.8

170.7

170.7

171.2

172.9

175.5

177.8

178.1

178.8

180.9

181.4

183.5

186.6

188.0

190.5

191.0

192.4

193.2

195.8

197.6

200.3

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

197

314

313

315

123

105

310

311

324

329

329

344

328

5

327

317

317

319

309

314

313

314

277

336

334

307

320

318

349

41

45

40

33

219

43

42

358

31

301

39

324

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

107

224

223

225

33

15

220

221

234

239

239

254

238

275

237

227

227

229

219

224

223

224

187

246

244

217

230

228

259

311

315

310

303

129

313

312

268

301

211

309

234

Dip, in 

degrees

0

1

38

39

43

57

49

47

44

33

37

31

34

28

21

31

32

35

33

40

40

40

34

85

50

40

38

39

37

30

40

52

71

58

18

54

48

36

50

19

38

15

Dip direction

-

S

NW

NW

NW

SE

E

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

N

NW

N

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

W

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

N

NE

NE

NE

NE

SW

NE

NE

N

NE

NW

NE

NW

Description

bottom of plastic casing

bottom of 8-inch diameter

fracture

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

minor fracture

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

possible fracture parallel to foliation

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

partial trace of fracture

sealed fracture

foliation

fracture

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

minor fracture

minor fracture

lithologic feature

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

minor fracture

lithologic feature

APPENDIX 5 109
Appendix 5E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

202.2

204.9

208.2

212.3

214.9

216.0

216.7

218.5

221.3

223.2

224.9

225.9

229.1

230.7

232.9

234.0

235.8

239.5

244.9

246.0

248.4

252.6

258.2

259.3

261.3

263.4

263.9

264.4

266.7

269.8

270.4

277.8

278.5

278.7

282.5

286.3

288.6

293.6

298.0

301.5

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

9

258

59

64

53

54

62

64

70

70

26

38

79

341

340

337

318

342

49

333

321

313

291

312

110

308

204

146

115

325

340

72

55

75

290

316

305

306

285

358

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

279

168

329

334

323

324

332

334

340

340

296

308

349

251

250

247

228

252

319

243

231

223

201

222

20

218

114

56

25

235

250

342

325

345

200

226

215

216

195

268

Dip, in 

degrees

20

7

44

75

70

55

51

41

41

56

26

22

57

31

28

26

28

23

19

17

20

72

79

19

72

27

67

72

75

15

66

45

19

42

26

24

26

26

20

76

Dip direction

N

W

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

E

E

NE

NE

E

N

N

NW

NW

N

NE

NW

NW

NW

W

NW

E

NW

sw

SE

SE

NW

N

E

NE

E

W

NW

NW

NW

W

N

Description

foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

minor fracture

fracture

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

transmissive fracture

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

partial trace of fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

fracture

minor fracture

foliation

minor fracture

foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

sealed fracture

minor fracture

fracture

lithologic feature

foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

minor fracture

foliation

transmissive fracture

110 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 5F. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in acoustic-televiewer logs from 

borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

126.8

127.1

130.3

139.3

146.7

150.3

157.3

171.0

175.8

186.9

188.4

196.2

200.7

214.7

222.1

226.8

229.0

230.1

233.5

253.7

265.5

269.3

271.5

271.7

294.8

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

-

154

190

209

218

247

260

290

14

237

252

280

18

48

8

332

46

299

285

171

301

309

313

290

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

-

64

100

119

128

157

170

200

284

147

162

190

288

318

278

242

316

209

195

81

211

219

223

200

Dip, in 

degrees

0

0

42

49

33

23

31

83

37

68

19

17

8

38

41

25

31

56

30

70

74

59

47

62

27

Dip direction

-

-

SE

S

sw

sw

sw

w

w

N

SW

w

w

N

NE

N

NW

NE

NW

W

S

NW

NW

NW

W

Description

bottom of casing

bottom of 8-inch diameter

lithologic feature

foliation

minor fracture

foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

fracture

foliation

minor fracture

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

foliation

foliation

partial trace of fracture

minor fracture

fracture

fracture

minor fracture

fracture

fracture

minor fracture

APPENDIX 5 111
Appendix 5G. Location, orientation, and length of reflectors interpreted from 

borehole-radar data from borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, 

Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of 

the strike. Reflector continuity is on a scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor)]

Midpoint 

depth, 

in feet

18.0

70.9

138.8

140.8

184.4

186.7

197.5

203.1

217.2

217.9

229.0

250.3

293.0

357.0

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

335

345

305

305

305

33

40

325

165

175

77

275

285

65

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

245

255

215

215

215

303

310

235

75

85

347

185

195

335

Dip, 

in degrees

60

65

47

61

29

58

37

66

53

12

56

56

60

63

Dip 

direction

NW

N

NW

NW

NW

NE

NE

NW

S

s

E

W

w

NE

Estimated 

reflector 

length, 

in feet

32.2

69.7

18.1

39.0

115.1

48.8

30.0

38.5

27.3

22.1

14.3

28.9

21.5

52.1

Reflector 

continuity

3

3

4

4

2

5

3

4

2

3

4

4

3

4 

Appendix 5H. Heat-pulse flowmeter measurements in MW302R at the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

{ indicates no flow; for interpretation, if nothing is listed, there is no change in inflow or outflow]

Date

February 26, 2001

Depth of 

measurement, 

in feet below 

top of casing

Ambient conditions

135.2

162.0

181.0

199.0

206.9

207.0

241.4

276.9

290.0

291.0

Flow 

direction

--

--

-

--

--

down

down

down

down

down

Average rate, 

in gallons 

per minute

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

-0.060

-0.014

-0.080

-0.012

-0.013

Normalized

average rate, . . ... 

,. Interpretation in gallons

per minute

-

--

--

--

--

Inflow at 221 feet

-

-

-

Outflow at 301 feet

Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the 

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 5H. Heat-pulse flowmeter measurements in MW302R at the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut Continued

{ indicates no flow; for interpretation, if nothing is listed, there is no change in inflow or outflow]

Depth of

_ . measurement, Flow Date . . ^ . . .. in feet below direction

top of casing

Average rate, 

in gallons 

per minute

Normalized 

average rate, 

in gallons 

per minute

February 26, 2001 Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute

130.01

172.05

180.81

180.81

198.94

242.01

259.81

275.98

October 17, 2001 Ambient conditions

135.19

162.00

181.02

199.03

206.92

206.99

207.00

241.39

241.42

241.42

276.91

289.95

290.97

up

up

up

up

up

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

down

down

down

down

down

down

0.090

0.097

0.088

0.090

0.081

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

-0.013

-0.018

-0.013

-0.012

-0.012

-0.013

0.250

0.270

0.245

0.250

0.224

0.000

0.000

0.000

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

October 1 8, 2001 Pumping at 0.25 gallon per minute

100.0

133.0

137.0

162.0

190.9

199.0

207.0

241.5

270.5

280.5

290.0

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

0.126

0.144

0.155

0.149

0.141

0.138

0.144

0.007

0.008

0.008

0.010

0.203

0.232

0.250

0.240

0.227

0.223

0.232

0.01 1

0.013

0.013

0.016

Interpretation

Poor seal in 6-inch casing

Inflow at base of casing

Inflow at 221 feet

Inflow at 22 1 feet

Outflow at 301 feet

Poor seal in 8-inch casing

Inflow at 221 feet

Inflow at 301 feet

APPENDIX 5 113
Appendix 51. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in optical-televiewer 

images from borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[OTV, optical televiewer]

OTV TADPOLE PLOTS OF OTV 

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES

0______DEGREES 90

130-

140-

150-

160-

170-

180-

O

Z 190-

co 

o

^r 200- 

Q.

R> 210-

111 

CO

LU 

LU

220-

±: 230-

D. 

LU 240-

250-

260-

270-

280-

290-

300-

1

^

\

b

4

O

<

^

\

b

~-^

\ 

\

N

i

\ \

\

i

i

i *

^

o

*

V

\

:

s

IO 

4

i

C

, ;

.

1

^

 

c

/

r

>

9

o

*- 

,

^

c

f

&

o

\

-

/(

{^

>

-

f 

.

/

a

»

X

X

i

i

o

-

-

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

EXPLANATION

^ Foliation

^ Transmissive fracture

 ^ Fracture

Q, Crack or minor fracture

Q, Sealed fracture

Q, Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

8^ Parting along foliation

8^ Fracture along contact

CX Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

Ct. Borehole construction feature

Colors on the OTV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

114 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 5J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in acoustic-televiewer 

images from borehole MW302R in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ATV, acoustic televiewer]

130-

140-

150-

160-

170- 

180-

o

Z 190-

co

o

o 200 -

CL

O

H 

> 210-

3

LU 

^ 220-

LJJ 

LU 

U-

? 230-

I

0.

£240-

250-

260-

270-

280-

290-

300-

ATV 

STRUCTURE

 

- 

'~X^ 

p__^<_i

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

TADPOLE PLOTS OF ATV . . . ff- .-,. FOLIATION FRACTURES AND 

INTERPRETED FEATURES ni-i-rcniunco AND FABRIC TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES 

0 DEGREES 90

**

<

/

**

*

-O

.

^

\

^

-o

D

)

 «

d

« 

)

\j

,

(

/

:

^8

i

^

4

/

~i

i>

i>

'

D

/^&^\

/ o \

( fttyy

\s^» i ^/

/o*\

I $ } 

\ I

\*^^/

/^~~^\

1 ° A I 00 Q

v° y

EXPLANATION

0^ Foliation

 t, Transmissive fracture

^ Fracture

Q. Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

CX Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

^ Parting along foliation

^ Fracture along contact 

CX Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

CX Borehole construction feature

Colors on the ATV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

APPENDIX 5 115
116 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 6. Borehole-geophysical logs from domestic well 

W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

A. Plot of borehole deviation log.........................................................................................118

B. Plots of natural gamma, electromagnetic conductivity, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs................................................................. 119

C. Plots of caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images

and interpreted structures...............................................................................................120

D. Plot of processed borehole-radar reflection logs.............................................................122

E. Table showing interpretation of optical-televiewer logs................................................. 123

F. Table showing interpretation of acoustic-televiewer logs............................................... 126

G. Table showing location, orientation, and length of interpreted radar reflectors............. 127

H. Table of heat-pulse flowmeter measurements and interpretations ..................................128

I. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

optical-televiewer images ..............................................................................................129

J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliation interpreted in

acoustic-televiewer images............................................................................................130

APPENDIX 6 117
Appendix 6A. Deviation log of domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ft, feet]

W202-NE True

* North Magnetic

North

330: 30°

300° 60°

270°

240° 120°

210° 150°

180°

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles ( )

Projection along N170°E

N

Projection along N90°E 

,w E

100

LU 

LU 

LL Q

z z

i"S

t°

LULL 

Q O 

_l CL 

< O O hi= => 200

>UJ 

LU CD

=) 

DC h300

0 4 8 12

DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL 

Depth along borehole in 20-foot increments between circles («

024 

DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM VERTICAL

Depth along borehole in 20-foot 

increments between circles ( )

118 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 6B. Composite log of natural-gamma, electromagnetic induction, fluid-temperature, specificconductance, and heat-pulse flowmeter logs from domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study

HEAT-PULSE FLOWMETER HEAT-PULSE FLOWMETER

Interpreted flow under Interpreted flow under pumping 

ELECTROMAGNETIC ambient conditions on at 0.30 gallons per minute on 

NATURAL GAMMA CONDUCTIVITY TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE 04/24/01 04/26/01 

Counts per second Millisiemens per meter Degrees Fahrenheit Microsiemens per centimeter Gallons per minute Gallons per minute 

0 6000 30050 53105 115 -0.04 0 0.04-0.3 0 0.3

40

60

80

100

O

Z

CO 120

<

O

LL

O

o 14°

m 160

LU 

LJJ

- 180

HI 

Q

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

CFF SCALE

CFF SCALE

APPENDIX 6 119
Appendix 6C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Interpreted features indicated by color: black - foliation; dark blue - transmissive fracture; red - fracture; light blue - crack 

or minor fracture; gray - sealed fracture; pink - fracture with modifier, such as "partial" or "oxidized"; blue-gray - parting 

along foliation; green - fracture along contact; yellow - felsic layer]

80

100

O

z

£120

o 

u_ 

O

Q.

O

o

LU

m

LU 

LLJ

140

160

180

200

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

CALIPER, IN INCHES

N-S E-W

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

AMPLITUDE INTERPRETED FEATURES

20 N E S W N N E S W N N

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER OPTICAL TELEVIEWER 

INTERPRETED FEATURES 

N N E S W N

120 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 6C. Caliper, acoustic-caliper, acoustic-televiewer, and optical-televiewer images and 

interpreted structures from domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, ConnecticutContinued

CALIPER 

INCHES

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER

CALIPER, IN INCHES

N-S . E-W

200

220

240

c/5 

< 

o

LL 

O 

CL

O 260

LU 

CO

LU 

LU

LU 280 

D

300

320

ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER ACOUSTIC TELEVIEWER 

AMPLITUDE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

2Q N E S W N N E S W N

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER

"f-^n

OPTICAL TELEVIEWER

INTERPRETED FEATURES

 IN E S W N

APPENDIX 6 121
Appendix 6D. Processed borehole-radar reflection logs from domestic well W202-NE in the 

UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

o.o

TWO-WAY TRAVELTIME, IN MICROSECONDS 

0.1 0.2 0.3

100 

AMPLITUDE, IN 

MICROVOLTS

300 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

RADIAL DISTANCE, IN FEET FROM BOREHOLE

80

122 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 6E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

81.8

89.3

89.7

90.6

92.8

93.3

97.4

98.2

98.5

100.3

105.4

107.9

108.9

112.8

114.6

116.2

120.4

121.0

121.7

123.6

124.3

129.8

131.0

133.3

134.4

135.6

136.7

138.6

139.3

140.5

146.0

148.4

149.1

151.1

154.5

155.0

155.5

156.0

158.2

161.5

162.2

162.8

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

-

84

311

308

323

307

208

192

317

69

339

118

326

344

349

319

322

25

222

10

340

278

326

312

322

300

289

114

302

313

321

313

334

304

7

309

322

342

309

298

304

310

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

-

354

221

218

233

217

118

102

227

339

249

28

236

254

259

229

232

295

132

280

250

188

236

222

232

210

199

24

212

223

231

223

244

214

211

219

232

252

219

208

214

220

Dip, in 

degrees

0

7

34

22

13

21

10

9

12

29

85

18

37

28

21

15

30

33

11

15

76

14

20

19

19

11

15

10

16

19

18

24

16

15

19

42

12

19

17

24

15

16

Dip direction

-

E

NW

NW

NW

NW

sw

s

NW

E

N

SE

NW

N

N

NW

NW

NE

SW

N

N

W

NW

NW

NW

NW

W

SE

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

N

NW

NW

N

NW

NW

NW

NW

Description

bottom of casing

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

possible transmissive fracture

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

possible transmissive fracture

possible transmissive fracture

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

foliation

fracture

minor fracture

fracture

foliation

sealed fracture

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

minor fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

APPENDIX 6 123
Appendix 6E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

164.4

166.9

171.5

172.8

176.2

178.0

179.8

183.9 

187.5

187.6

188.6

190.6

191.1

192.0

192.5

194.1

197.1

199.9

200.3

202.2

202.4

204.9

206.0

208.1

209.5

209.8

210.6

213.9

216.4

219.4

221.2

221.9

224.1

224.7

224.9

225.4

228.5

232.0

233.0

233.3

233.5

235.4

237.9

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

335

317

345

348

348

325

206

319

291

282

299

298

342

315

310

258

298

151

300

306

303

326

324

330

328

316

317

71

339

8

317

121

344

309

308

323

334

334

326

341

348

322

227

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

245

227

255

258

258

235

116

229

201

192

209

208

252

225

220

168

208

61

210

216

213

236

234

240

238

226

227

341

249

278

227

31

254

219

218

233

244

244

236

251

258 .

232

137

Dip, in 

degrees

10

10

12

12

14

21

20

11

12

66

9

21

21

15

31

18

20

7

17

15

24

13

16

14

16

16

10

10

13

23

19

3

28

19

10

13

11

12

18

13

14

9

3

Dip direction

NW

NW

N

N

N

NW

sw

NW

w

w

NW

NW

N

NW

NW

W

NW

SE

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

E

N

N

NW

SE

N

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

N

N

NW

SW

Description

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

fracture

lithologic feature

foliation

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

transmissive fracture

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

lithologic feature

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

fracture

124 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 6E. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in optical-televiewer logs from 

domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut Continued

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

238.6

238.9

238.9

239.4

241.4

243.8

247.0

247.1

247.4

248.5

251.5

251.7

252.2

252.5

252.9

253.9

256.1

257.0

257.8

259.8

264.9

265.8

265.9

267.5

269.0

271.3

273.0

274.1

276.1

280.6

281.1

283.2

286.4

286.7

287.2

291.3

296.6

296.8

297.8

301.4

302.4

303.6

307.1

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

317

322

324

292

144

53

57

71

83

77

47

51

292

321

321

342

48

37

282

1

335

39

349

346

349

341

338

340

324

317

164

135

183

170

314

312

311

319

348

48

119

291

319

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

227

232

234

202

54

323

327

341

353

347

317

321

202

231

231

252

318

307

192

271

245

309

259

256

259

251

248

250

234

227

74

45

93

80

224

222

221

229

258

318

29

201

229

Dip, in 

degrees

28

24

24

17

5

3

11

16

15

13

14

10

18

17

21

17

9

12

48

14

14

8

14

13

19

23

34

47

56

7

83

11

9

11

68

35

. 72

57

29

10

18

18

17

Dip direction

NW

NW

NW

W

SE

NE

NE

E

E

E

NE

NE

W

NW

NW

N

NE

NE

W

N

NW

NE

N

N

N

N

N

N

NW

NW

S

SE

S

S

NW

NW

NW

NW

N

NE

SE

W

NW

Description

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

lithologic feature

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

sealed fracture

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

lithologic feature

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

foliation

partial trace of a fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

sealed fracture

fracture

foliation

lithologic feature

minor fracture

lithologic feature

foliation

APPENDIX 6 125
Appendix 6F. Midpoint depth, strike, and dip of features identified in acoustic-televiewer 

logs from domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of the strike. 

-, no measurement]

Midpoint 

depth, in feet

104.0

120.2

120.6

121.7

124.2

134.1

134.8

146.6

152.4

156.5

182.1

183.8

188.1

197.2

232.7

233.3

237.6

238.3

240.1

247.6

249.0

279.2

283.8

287.2

287.4

289.8

297.6

320.2

320.4

320.8

321.1

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

330

358

28

290

91

334

328

324

325

327

331

332

303

342

334

344

326

249

337

74

36

6

191

219

201

186

346

338

332

347

355

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

240

268

298

200

1

244

238

234

235

237

241

242

213

252

244

254

236

159

247

344

306

276

101

129

111

96

256

248

242

257

265

Dip, in 

degrees

85

29

30

49

15

17

19

18

20

28

15

12

9

13

12

18

14

1

14

14

19

79

21

7

14

87

55

13

12

15

15

Dip direction

NW

N

NE

W

E

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

NW

N

NW

N

NW

W

NW

E

NE

N

S

sw

S

S

N

N

NW

N

N

Description

transmissive fracture

minor fracture

fracture

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

minor fracture

foliation

foliation

minor fracture

transmissive fracture

foliation

foliation

parting parallel to foliation

fracture

foliation

foliation

transmissive fracture

partial fracture trace

minor fracture

minor fracture

minor fracture

partial fracture trace

fracture

foliation

foliation

foliation

foliation

126 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 6G. Location, orientation, and length of reflectors interpreted from 

borehole-radar data from domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, 

Storrs, Connecticut

[Depth in feet below top of casing. Strike is reported in "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the direction of dip is to the right of 

the strike. Reflector continuity is on a scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor)]

Midpoint 

depth, 

in feet

120.4

121.7

135.5

147.3

156.2

178.2

230.3

239.2

248.4

281.2

302.5

329.4

Dip azimuth, 

in degrees

321

219

293

255

342

325

5

275

88

135

133

105

Strike, RHR 

in degrees

231

129

203

165

252

235

275

185

358

45

43

15

Dip, in 

degrees

30

12

10

53

16

17

47

25

13

48

21

35

Dip 

direction

NW

sw

NW

w

N

NW

N

W

E

SE

SE

E

Estimated 

reflector 

length, 

in feet

25.6

36.9

15.6

20.9

4.3

21.4

39.5

16.5

23.0

28.7

9.8

9.9

Reflector 

continuity

3

2

3

2

5

2

3

3

4

3

5

4

APPENDIX 6 127
Appendix 6H. Heat-pulse flowmeter measurements in domestic well W202-NE at the UConn landfill 

study area, Storrs, Connecticut

{ indicates no flow; for interpretation, if nothing is listed, there is no change in inflow or outflow]

Depth of 

measurement, Flow 

in feet below direction 

top of casing

April 24, 2001 Ambient conditions 

100.0

1 1 1 .5

112.6

149.0

150.0

185.0

195.0

199.0

201.0

205.0

210.0

235.0

240.0

243.0

255.0

April 26, 2001 Pumping at 0.30 gallon

40.0

53.8

54.5

75.5

90.0

114.0

115.0

149.0

149.5

185.0

210.0

240.0

255.0

up

up

up

up

up

up

down

down

down

down

down

down

down

-

per minute

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

--

Average rate, 

in gallons 

per minute

0.000

0.028

0.031

0.031

0.029

0.027

0.027

-0.020

-0.023

-0.022

-0.021

-0.026

-0.025

-0.023

0.000

0.210

0.209

0.193

0.201

0.218

0.168

0.148

0.136

0.148

0.163

0.037

0.039

0.000

Normalized 

average rate, 

in gallons 

per minute

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

' -

-

-

-

-

-

0.289

0.288

0.266

0.277

0.300

0.231

0.204

0.187

0.204

0.224

0.051

0.054

0.000

Interpretation

Outflow at 108 feet

Inflow at 197 feet

Outflow at 249 feet

Inflow at 1 08 feet

Inflow at 197 feet

Inflow at 249 feet

128 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
 T, ^iS^^rVT

Appendix 61. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in optical-televiewer 

images from domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[OTV, optical televiewer]

OTV TADPOLE PLOTS OF OTV 

STRUCTURE INTERPRETED FEATURES 

0 DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

100

120-

A

140-

160-

C5

z

CO

< 

o

LL. 

O 

QL 

O

180-

O 200- 

_l 

LU 

CO

LU 

LJJ

220-

CL 

LLJ 

Q 240-

260-

280-

300-

320-

\

-o

b

\>

EXPLANATION

 t. Foliation

^ Transmissive fracture

0^ Fracture

CX Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

CX Fracture with modifier, such as 

"partial" or "oxidized" specified 

in the table

©^ Parting along foliation

 ^ Fracture along contact

C^ Felsic layers

Q Lithologic contact

CX Borehole construction feature

Colors on the OTV structural projection 

plot correspond to those of the tadpole 

plot explanations.

APPENDIX 6 129
Appendix 6J. Tadpole plots and stereoplots of fractures and foliations interpreted in acoustic-televiewer 

images from domestic well W202-NE in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

[ATV, acoustic televiewer]

ATV 

STRUCTURE

TADPOLE PLOTS OF ATV 

INTERPRETED FEATURES 

0 DEGREES 90

ALL FEATURES FOLIATION 

AND FABRIC

FRACTURES AND 

TRANSMISSIVE FRACTURES

100-

120 -

140 -

160 -

CD

Z

O

LL 180 -

O

Q.

^

O 200 -

LU

m

UJ

LU

LL

z 220 -

I

LU

Q

240-

260 -

280 -

300 -

320-

/\

==

 _

§ 

-

-

-

-

_

-

-

-

-

\

\

^c

>

\

\

''

£

1

,

f

L

s

t

*

(

p

I

<

1

)

'

r

>

d X1

I

\

c

.

f

®

-

.

EXPLANATION

 ^ Foliation

^ Transmissive fracture

^ Fracture

CX Crack or minor fracture

CX Sealed fracture

CX Fracture with modifier, such as

"partial" or "ox dized" specified

in the table

®^ Parting along foliation

 _ Fracture along contact 

CX Felsic layers 

Q Lithologic contact

CX Borehole construction feature

Colors on the ATV structural projection

plot correspond to those of the tadpole

plot explanations.

130 Borehole-Geophysical and Hydraulic Investigation of the

Fractured-Rock Aquifer near the UConn Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut
Appendix 7. Specific capacity, open-hole transmissivity, and

discrete-interval transmissivity for boreholes in the UConn

landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

APPENDIX? 131

Appendix 7. Specific capacity, open-hole transmissivity, and discrete-interval transmissivity for 

boreholes in the UConn landfill study area, Storrs, Connecticut

A. Open-hole specific-capacity tests conducted August to September 2000. Estimates of transmissivity based on an 

algorithm of Bradbury and Rothschild (1985)

Borehole

MW201R 

MW20IR 

MW201R 

MW201R

MW204R 

MW204R 

MW204R

MW302R

W202-NE

Date 

tested

08/29/00 

08/29/00 

08/29/00 

08/31/00

08/22/00 

08/30/00 

09/1 1/00

10/18/01

05/16/01

Pumping 

rate, 

in gallons 

per minute

0.25 

0.25 

0.25 

0.25

0.33 

0.25 

0.25

0.30

0.3

Elapsed time, 

in hours

1.42 

2.67 

3.52 

1.98

2.42 

3.02 

3.35

1.5

0.5

Specific 

capacity, 

in gallons 

per minute 

per foot

0.060 

0.056 

0.051 

0.092

0.038 

0.059 

0.030

0.090

0.180

Transmissivity

in feet squared 

per day

9.7 

9.8 

9.0 

16

6.3 

10 

4.9

15

30

in feet squared 

per second

1.1 x 10'4 

1.1 x 10'4 

1.0 x 10'4 

1.9 xlO'4

7.3 x 10'5 

1.2 xlO'4 

5.7 x 10'5

1.7x KT4

3.5 xlO'4

B. Open-hole estimates of transmissivity from Cooper-Jacob straight-line solutions

Borehole

MW201R

MW202R 

MW202R

MW203R

Date 

tested

09/07/00

08/16/00 

09/06/00

09/12/00

Pumping 

rate, 1 

in gallons 

per minute

0.5

0.25 

0.25

0.25

Transmissivity 

Elapsed time,

in nours jn feet squared 

per day

2.25 3.2

2.43 1.8 

4.08 0.98

2.00 1.0

in feet squared 

per second

3.7 x 10'5

2.0 x 10'5 

1.1 x 10'5

1.2x 10'5

C. Estimates of transmissivity using data from BAT3 tests

[TOC, top of casing]

Borehole

MW201R 

MW201R

MW202R

MW203R

MW204R

MW204R

W202-NE

Date

tested

09/28/00 

09/29/00

10/05/00

10/13/00

10/11/00

10/12/00

05/18/01

Depth of

fracture,

in feet 

below TOC

38 

60

105-107

32

21-22

21-22

197

Top of test

interval,

in feet 

below TOC

37.1 

56.1

104

28.3

13.1

13.1

195.4

Bottom of

test interval,

in feet 

below TOC

43.5 

62.5

110.7

35.7

29.7

29.7

206.2

Pumping

rate,

in gallons 

per minute

0.15 

0.25

0.15

0.22

0.20

0.50

0.20

Transmissivity

in feet squared 

per day

0.61 

0.57

0.21

3.2

8.2

11

4.7

in feet squared 

per second

7.0 x IO'6 

6.5 x 10'6

2.5 xlO'6

3.7 x 10'5

9.4 x 10'5

1.3x 10'4

5.5 x 10'5

APPENDIX? 133