FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC U IT JANUARY 12, 2007 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 06- 13076 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C . D ocketN o. 05 -001 89 -C R -01-C A P -1 U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s F A R O N L E E S T E W A R T , a .k .a . K e n n e th L e e B a n k s , a .k .a . F a r o n S te w a rt, D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e N o rth e rn D is tr ic t o f G e o r g ia

_________________________ ( Jan u ar y 12, 2007) B efo re D U B IN A , C A RN E S an d B A R K E T T , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

F aro n L ee S t ew artap p eal s h i s co n v i ct i o n fo r p o ssessi o n o f a fi rearm b y a conv i ct ed fe l on , i n v i ol at i on of 18 U . S . C §§ 92 2(g) and 9 24 (e ). P ol i ce offi ce rs w e n t to S te w a rt’s h o m e to s e rv e h im w ith a n a rr e s t w a rr a n t f o rv io la tio n o f

h is pa r ol e . A f

t e rS t e w a rtr e f

us e d t o a ns w e rthe door , a nd w a s f ound hi di ng unde rthe c ove r s of hi s f a the r ’ s be d, the of

f i c e r s s e a r c he d S t e w a rt ’ s be dr oom a nd f ound a gun. S t e w a rta r gue s tha tthe e vi de nc e c ol l e c t e d dur i ng the w a rr a nt l e s s s e a r c h of h is h o m e s h o u ld h a v e b e e n s u p p r e s s e d b e c au s e th e s e a r c h v io la te d h is F o u rth A m endm entri gh t s. H e argues that , al tho ug h h i s par ol e c on di t i on s autho ri ze d w a rr a n tle s s s e ar c h e s , th e F o u rth A m e n d m e n t r e q u ir e s a n o f f ic e rto h a v e r e a s o n ab le suspi ci on of cr i m i nal ac t i vi ty i n o rdert o searc h a parol ee . H e f urther a rgues that the of f i c e r s w ho s e a r c he d hi s be dr oom di d notha ve r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on of c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty t o w a rr a ntthe s e a r c h.

“ R ul i ng s on m ot i on s t o sup pres s e vi dence const i tut e m i xed q uest i on s of l aw a nd f a c t . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. L e C r oy , 441 F . 3d 914, 925 ( 11th C i r . 2006) pe t . f or ce rt. fil ed , N o . 0 6 -7 8 7 7 (U .S . N o v . 1 6 , 2 0 0 6 ). W e a cc ep t th e d istrict co u rt’s f i ndi ngs of

f a c tunl e s s the y a r e c l e a r l y e rr one ous butw e r e vi e w que s t i ons of l a w de no vo . Id. W e c on strue the fa ct s i n the l i gh tm ostfa vo rabl e t o the party that prevai l ed bel ow . U ni t ed S t at es v. N un ez , 45 5 F . 3d 12 23 , 12 25 (11th C i r. 20 06 ). R ec ent l y, the S up re m e C ou rtup hel d a w arrant l es s, suspi ci on l es s s earc h that3

w a s c o n d u c te d p u r s u a n t to aC a lif o rn ias ta tu te r e q u ir in g p a r o le e s to a g r e e , in w ri t i ng , “ ‘ t o b e s ubj ec tt o searc h o r s ei zure by a par ol e off i ce r or other peac e of f i c e ra ta ny t i m e of

the da y orni ghtw i th orw i thoutas e a r c h w a rr a nta nd w i th or w i thoutc aus e . ’ ” S a m s on v. C a l i f orni a , ___ U . S . ___, 126 S . C t . 2193, 2196, 165 L . E d. 2d 25 0 (20 06 ) ( qu ot i ng C al . P enal C od e § 30 67 (a ) ( W es t20 00 )) . T he C ou rt h el d th at , w h i l e i n d i v i du al i zed su sp i ci o n u su al l y i s a p rereq u i si t e t o a w arran t l ess s e a r c h, i ti s nota l w a y s r e qui r e d. I d. a t2201 n. 4. T he C ourtthe n ba l a nc e d the pr i va c y i nt e r e s t s of

the pa r ol e e a ga i ns tthe de gr e e t o w hi c h the s e a r c h s e rve d the needs of the st at e. Id. at21 98 -220 0. O n the on e hand, the C ou rthel d, “ parol ee s h a v e f e w e re x p e c ta tio n s o f

p r iv a c y th a n p r o b a tio n e r s , b e c au s e p a r o le is m o r e a k in to im p r is o n m e n t th a n p r o b a tio n is a k in to im p r is o n m e n t.” I d . a t 2 1 9 8 . F u rth e rm o r e , g iv e n “th e p la in te rm s o f th e p a r o le s e a r c h c o n d itio n ,” th e p a r o le e d id notha ve a n e xpe c t a t i on of pr i va c y . I d. a t2199. O n the othe rha nd, the C ourthe l d, the s e a r c h r e qui r e m e nts e rve d the s t a t e ’ s “ s ubs t a nt i a l ” i nt e r e s ti n s upe rvi s i ng parol ee s i n o rdert o reduce re ci di vi sm and p rom ot e r ei nt egra t i on . Id. , 12 6 S . C t . at 2200. A c c or di ngl y , the C ourtc onc l ude d tha t“ the F ourth A m e ndm e ntdoe s not p r o h ib it ap o lic e o f

f ic e rf r o m c o n d u c tin g as u s p ic io n le s s s e a r c h o f ap a r o le e .” I d . a t2202. B ec ause S t ew art ’ s par ol e c ert i fi ca t e r equi re d h i m t o sub m i tt o a se ar ch “ at4

an y tim e” w ith o u t a w ar ra n t, th e s ea rc h w as au th o rize d b y th e ter m s o f S tew ar t’ s p ar o le co n d it io n s. A cc o rd in g ly, w e a ff irm th e d istrict co u rt’s d en ial o f S tew ar t’ s m ot i on t o sup pres s e vi dence. A FFI R M ED