Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series ONMS-08-08

U.S. Department of Commerce 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Ocean Service 

Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 

Office of National Marine Sanctuaries December 2008 

Davidson Seamount Taxonomic Guide 

 
About the Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series 

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Office of National Marine 

Sanctuaries (ONMS) administers the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Its mission is 

to identify, designate, protect and manage the ecological, recreational, research, 

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Because of considerable differences in settings, resources, and threats, each marine 

sanctuary has a tailored management plan. Conservation, education, research, 

monitoring and enforcement programs vary accordingly. The integration of these 

programs is fundamental to marine protected area management. The Marine 

Sanctuaries Conservation Series reflects and supports this integration by providing a 

forum for publication and discussion of the complex issues currently facing the National 

Marine Sanctuary Program. Topics of published reports vary substantially and may 

include descriptions of educational programs, discussions on resource management 

issues, and results of scientific research and monitoring projects. The series facilitates 

integration of natural sciences, socioeconomic and cultural sciences, education, and 

policy development to accomplish the diverse needs of NOAA’s resource protection 

mandate. 
Davidson Seamount Taxonomic Guide 

Erica J. Burton1 and Lonny Lundsten2

1 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary 

299 Foam Street, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA 

2 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute 

7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA 

Silver Spring, Maryland 

December 2008 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Dr. Bill Brennan, Acting Administrator 

Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere 

 National Ocean Service 

Charlie Challstom, Acting Assistant Administrator 

Office of National Marine Sanctuaries 

Daniel J. Basta, Director 
 

DISCLAIMER 

Report content does not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Office of 

National Marine Sanctuaries or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or 

recommendation for use. 

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Electronic copies of this report may be downloaded from the National Marine Sanctuaries 

Program web site at www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov. Hard copies may be available from 

the following address: 

 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

 Office of National Marine Sanctuaries

 SSMC4, N/ORM62 

 1305 East-West Highway 

 Silver Spring, MD 20910 

COVER 

Top left: Unidentified yellow ruffled sponge (PORIFERA sp. 8). 

Top right: Gorgonian coral (Paragorgia arborea). 

Lower Left: Crinoids and corals, including feather star (Florometra serratissima), black 

coral (Trissopathes pseudotristicha), and primnoid coral (Narella sp.). 

Lower Right: Deep sea toad (Bathychaunax (Chaunax) coloratus). 

Image Credits: Top left and lower right (NOAA/MBARI 2002); top right and lower left 

(NOAA/MBARI 2006). 

SUGGESTED CITATION

Burton, E.J. and L. Lundsten. 2008. Davidson Seamount Taxonomic Guide. Marine 

Sanctuaries Conservation Series ONMS-08-08. U.S. Department of Commerce, National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver 

Spring, MD. 145 pp. 

CONTACT 

Erica J. Burton 

Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary 

299 Foam Street 

Monterey, CA 93940 

831-647-4246 

Erica.Burton@noaa.gov 
 

ABSTRACT 

Davidson Seamount is one of the largest seamounts in U.S. waters and the first to be 

characterized as a “seamount.” In 2002 and 2006, the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary 

(MBNMS) led two multi-institutional expeditions to characterize the geology and natural history 

of Davidson Seamount. Results from these expeditions to Davidson Seamount are adding to the 

scientific knowledge of seamounts, including the discovery of new species. In November 2008, 

the MBNMS boundary was expanded to include the Davidson Seamount. In addition, a 

management plan for Davidson Seamount was created to develop resource protection, education, 

and research strategies for the area. The purpose of this taxonomic guide is to create an 

inventory of benthic and mid-water organisms observed at the Davidson Seamount to provide a 

baseline taxonomic characterization. At least 237 taxa were observed and are presented in this 

guide; including 15 new or undescribed species (8 sponges, 3 corals, 1 ctenophore, 1 nudibranch, 

1 polychaete, 1 tunicate) recently or currently being described by taxonomic experts. This is the 

first taxonomic guide to Davidson Seamount, and is intended to be revised in the future as we 

learn more about the seamount and the organisms that live there. 

KEY WORDS 

Davidson Seamount, taxonomy, corals, sponges, invertebrates, fishes, marine protected area, 

MPA, deep sea, guide, images, exploration, ROV, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. 

 i
 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Topic Page

ABSTRACT AND KEY WORDS.................................................................................................... i 

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................... ii

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................... viii

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1

METHODS..................................................................................................................................... 2

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE........................................................................................................ 3

TAXONOMIC GUIDE .................................................................................................................. 8

1. Phylum: FORAMINIFERA ................................................................................................... 8

1.1. Class: Xenophyophorea ...............................................................................................................8

2. Phylum: RADIOZOA.............................................................................................................. 9

2.1. Subphylum: Radiolaria................................................................................................................9

3. Phylum: PHAEOPHYTA – brown algae (drift) .................................................................. 10

3.1. Class: Phaeophyceae ..................................................................................................................10

3.1.1. Order: Laminariales_______________________________________________________________10

4. Phylum: ANTHOPHYTA – flowering plants (drift)............................................................ 11

4.1. Class: Monocotyledones.............................................................................................................11

4.1.1. Order: Najadales _________________________________________________________________11

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges........................................................................................... 12

5.1. Class: Demospongiae..................................................................................................................15

5.1.1. Order: Astrophorida ______________________________________________________________15

5.1.2. Order: Poecilosclerida _____________________________________________________________16

5.2. Class: Hexactinellida..................................................................................................................17

5.2.1. Order: Hexactinosida______________________________________________________________17

5.2.2. Order: Lyssacinosida______________________________________________________________19

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA............................................................................................................. 22

6.1. Class: Scyphozoa – jellyfish.......................................................................................................22

6.1.1. Order: Coronatae .............................................................................................................................22

6.1.2. Order: Semaeostomeae ....................................................................................................................23

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa – hydrozoa......................................................................................................24

6.2.1. Order: Anthoathecatae.....................................................................................................................25

6.2.2. Order: Narcomedusae ......................................................................................................................26

6.2.3. Order: Trachymedusae ....................................................................................................................28

6.2.2. Subclass: Siphonophorae – siphonophores _____________________________________________30

6.2.2.1. Order: Physonectae.......................................................................................................................30

6.2.2.2. Order: Calycophorae.....................................................................................................................32

6.3. Class: Anthozoa..........................................................................................................................33

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6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) __________________________________________________33

6.3.1.1. Order: Antipatharia – black corals................................................................................................33

6.3.1.1.1. Family: Cladopathidae..........................................................................................................33

6.3.1.1.2. Family: Schizopathidae.........................................................................................................34

6.3.1.2. Order: Ceriantharia – tube-dwelling anemones ............................................................................35

6.3.1.2.1. Family: Cerianthidae.............................................................................................................35

6.3.1.3. Order: Actiniaria – anemones.......................................................................................................36

6.3.1.4. Order: Zoanthidea.........................................................................................................................39

6.3.1.5. Order: Corallimorpharia ...............................................................................................................40

6.3.1.6. Order: Scleractinia – stony corals.................................................................................................41

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) __________________________________________________42

6.3.2.1. Order: Alcyonacea – soft corals....................................................................................................42

6.3.2.1.1. Suborder: Alcyoniina............................................................................................................42

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips................................................................................44

6.3.2.2.1. Suborder: Scleraxonia...........................................................................................................44

6.3.2.2.2. Suborder: Holaxonia .............................................................................................................46

6.3.2.2.3. Suborder: Calcaxonia............................................................................................................47

7. Phylum: CTENOPHORA – comb jellies or sea walnuts..................................................... 52

7.1. Class: Tentaculata......................................................................................................................52

7.1.1. Order: Cydippida_________________________________________________________________52

7.1.2. Order: Platyctenida _______________________________________________________________53

7.1.3. Order: Lobata ___________________________________________________________________54

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses ...................................... 56

8.1. Class: Gastropoda – sea slugs ...................................................................................................56

8.1.1. Subclass: Opisthobranchia__________________________________________________________57

8.1.1.1. Order: Nudibranchia.....................................................................................................................57

8.2. Class: Polyplacophora – chitons ...............................................................................................58

8.2.1. Order: Neoloricata________________________________________________________________58

8.3. Class: Bivalvia – bivalves...........................................................................................................59

8.3.1. Subclass: Pteriomorphia ___________________________________________________________59

8.4. Class: Cephalopoda – cephalopods...........................................................................................60

8.4.1. Subclass: Coleoidea_______________________________________________________________60

8.4.1.1. Superorder: Decabrachia ..............................................................................................................60

8.4.1.1.1. Order: Teuthida.....................................................................................................................60

8.4.1.1.1.1. Suborder: Myopsina......................................................................................................60

8.4.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Oegopsina.....................................................................................................61

8.4.1.2. Superorder: Octobrachia...............................................................................................................62

8.4.1.2.1. Order: Octopoda ...................................................................................................................62

8.4.1.2.1.1. Suborder: Cirrina...........................................................................................................62

8.4.1.2.1.2. Suborder: Incirrina ........................................................................................................63

9. Phylum: ANNELIDA – segmented worms .......................................................................... 64

9.1. Class: Polychaeta – polychaete worms .....................................................................................64

9.1.1. Subclass: Palpata _________________________________________________________________64

9.1.1.1 Order: Aciculata ............................................................................................................................64

9.1.1.1.1. Suborder: Phyllodocida.........................................................................................................64

9.1.1.2 Order: Canalipalpata......................................................................................................................65

9.1.1.2.1. Suborder: Sabellida...............................................................................................................65

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA – sea spiders, barnacles, shrimps, crabs ................................. 67

10.1. Subphylum: Chelicerata ..........................................................................................................67

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10.1.1. Class: Pycnogonida – sea spiders ____________________________________________________67

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans.....................................................................................68

10.2.1. Class: Maxillopoda _______________________________________________________________68

10.2.1.1. Subclass: Thecostraca.................................................................................................................68

10.2.1.1.1. Infraclass: Cirripedia – barnacles........................................................................................68

10.2.1.1.1.1. Superorder: Thoracica.................................................................................................68

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca_______________________________________________________________69

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca...........................................................................................................69

10.2.2.1.1. Superorder: Eucarida ..........................................................................................................69

10.2.2.1.1.1. Order: Decapoda – shrimp, lobsters, crabs..................................................................69

10.2.2.1.1.1.1. Suborder: Dendrobrachiata.....................................................................................69

10.2.2.1.1.1.1.1. Family: Sergestidae - shrimps......................................................................69

10.2.2.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Pleocyemata...........................................................................................70

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.1. Infraorder: Caridea.......................................................................................70

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2. Infraorder: Anomura....................................................................................71

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2.1. Family: Lithodidae – king crabs ..........................................................71

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2.2. Family: Galatheidae – squat lobsters ...................................................74

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.3. Infraorder: Brachyura ..................................................................................75

10.2.2.1.2. Superorder: Peracarida........................................................................................................76

10.2.2.1.2.1. Order: Mysida - mysids...............................................................................................76

10.2.2.1.2.2. Order: Amphipoda - amphipods..................................................................................77

10.2.2.1.2.3. Order: Isopoda - isopods .............................................................................................78

11. Phylum: ECTOPROCTA – bryozoans ............................................................................... 79

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA........................................................................................... 80

12.1. Class: Crinoidea - crinoids, feather stars...............................................................................80

12.1.1. Subclass: Articulata_______________________________________________________________80

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars....................................................................................................82

12.2.1. Order: Notomyotida ______________________________________________________________82

12.2.1.1. Family: Benthopectinidae...........................................................................................................82

12.2.2. Order: Valvatida _________________________________________________________________83

12.2.2.1. Family: Goniasteridae.................................................................................................................83

12.2.3. Order: Velatida __________________________________________________________________85

12.2.3.1. Family: Pterasteridae ..................................................................................................................85

12.2.3.2. Family: Solasteridae ...................................................................................................................87

12.2.4. Order: Spinulosida________________________________________________________________88

12.2.4.1. Family: Echinasteridae ...............................................................................................................88

12.2.5. Order: Forcipulatida ______________________________________________________________89

12.2.6. Order: Brisingida_________________________________________________________________90

12.3. Class: Ophiuroidea – brittle stars, basket stars.....................................................................91

12.3.1. Order: Phrynophiurida_____________________________________________________________92

12.3.1.1. Family: Gorgonocephalidae........................................................................................................92

12.3.2. Order: Ophiurida _________________________________________________________________93

12.3.2.1. Family: Ophiacanthidae..............................................................................................................93

12.4. Class Echinoidea – urchins......................................................................................................94

12.4.1. Order: Cidaroida _________________________________________________________________95

12.4.2. Order: Echinothuroida_____________________________________________________________96

12.4.3. Order: Holasteroida _______________________________________________________________97

12.5. Class: Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers ...................................................................................99

12.5.1. Order: Dendrochirotida ____________________________________________________________99

12.5.2. Order: Aspidochirotida ___________________________________________________________100

12.5.3. Order: Elasipodida_______________________________________________________________101

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13. Phylum: CHAETOGNATHA - chaetognaths.................................................................. 104

14. Phylum: HEMICHORDATA ........................................................................................... 105

14.1. Class: Enteropneusta - acorn worms....................................................................................105

15. Phylum: CHORDATA ...................................................................................................... 106

15.1. Subphylum: Tunicata ............................................................................................................106

15.1.1. Class: Ascidiacea – sea squirts _____________________________________________________106

15.1.2. Class: Thaliacea - salps ___________________________________________________________107

15.1.3. Class: Appendicularia - larvaceans __________________________________________________108

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata.........................................................................................................109

15.2.1. Class: Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes___________________________________________109

15.2.1.1. Subclass: Elasmobranchii .........................................................................................................109

15.2.1.1.1. Order: Rajiformes – rays, skate.........................................................................................109

15.2.1.1.1.1. Suborder: Rajoidei ....................................................................................................109

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes _______________________________________________110

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes .................................................................................110

15.2.2.1.1. Order: Notacanthiformes ..................................................................................................110

15.2.2.1.1.1. Family: Halosauridae – halosaurs .............................................................................110

15.2.2.1.2. Order: Anguilliformes – true eels .....................................................................................111

15.2.2.1.2.1. Family: Synaphobranchidae – cutthroat eels.............................................................111

15.2.2.1.2.2. Family: Nettastomatidae – duckbill eels ...................................................................112

15.2.2.1.2.3. Family: Serrivomeridae – sawtooth eels ...................................................................113

15.2.2.1.3. Order: Saccopharyngiformes ............................................................................................114

15.2.2.1.3.1. Family: Cyematidae – bobtail eels ............................................................................114

15.2.2.1.4. Order: Osmeriformes (Argentiniformes) ..........................................................................115

15.2.2.1.4.1. Family: Bathylagidae – deep-sea smelts ...................................................................115

15.2.2.1.4.2. Family: Alepocephalidae – slickheads ......................................................................116

15.2.2.1.5. Order: Stomiiformes .........................................................................................................117

15.2.2.1.5.1. Family: Gonostomatidae – bristlemouths..................................................................117

15.2.2.1.6. Order: Aulopiformes.........................................................................................................118

15.2.2.1.6.1. Family: Synodontidae – lizardfishes .........................................................................118

15.2.2.1.7. Order: Myctophiformes ....................................................................................................119

15.2.2.1.7.1. Family: Myctophidae – lanternfishes ........................................................................119

15.2.2.1.8. Order: Ophidiiformes........................................................................................................120

15.2.2.1.8.1. Family: Ophidiidae – cusk-eels and brotulas ............................................................120

15.2.2.1.9. Order: Gadiformes ............................................................................................................121

15.2.2.1.9.1. Family: Macrouridae – grenadiers, rattails................................................................121

15.2.2.1.9.2. Family: Moridae – codlings ......................................................................................123

15.2.2.1.10. Order: Lophiiformes .......................................................................................................124

15.2.2.1.10.1. Family: Chaunacidae – sea toads ............................................................................124

15.2.2.1.11. Order: Scorpaeniformes ..................................................................................................125

15.2.2.1.11.1. Family: Scorpaenidae – rockfishes..........................................................................125

15.2.2.1.11.2. Family: Psychrolutidae – fathead sculpins..............................................................126

15.2.2.1.11.3. Family: Liparidae – snailfishes ...............................................................................127

15.2.2.1.12. Order: Perciformes..........................................................................................................128

15.2.2.1.12.1. Family: Zoarcidae – eelpouts ..................................................................................128

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 130

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 133

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS ......................................................................................... 134

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................ 135

 v
 

 vi

IMAGE CREDITS ..................................................................................................................... 136

SPECIMENS.............................................................................................................................. 136

EXPEDITION PARTICIPANTS .............................................................................................. 137

TAXONOMIC CHECKLIST..................................................................................................... 138
 

LIST OF TABLES

Table Number and Title ______________________________________________Page

Table 1 – Example of guide format .................................................................................. 5 

vii
 

viii

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure Number and Title Page

Figure 1 – Map of Davidson Seamount ...............................................................................6 

Figure 2 – Map of the Davidson Seamount Management Zone as part of the Monterey 

Bay National Marine Sanctuary...........................................................................................7 
 

INTRODUCTION 

Numerous seamounts of volcanic origin, diverse in size and shape, occur off the coast of 

California (Davis et al. 2002). Davidson Seamount is one of the largest seamounts in U.S. 

waters. It is located off central California, 120 km southwest of Monterey and 150 km west of 

Cambria (Fig. 1). It was the first to be characterized as a “seamount” in 1938 by the United 

States Board on Geographic Names, and was named in honor of the United States Coast and 

Geodectic Survey scientist George Davidson (Davidson Seamount 1990). The seamount is an 

inactive volcano, last erupting approximately 9.8 million years ago (David Clague pers comm). 

It has an atypical seamount shape, having northeast-trending ridges created by a type of 

volcanism only recently described by geologists (Davis et al. 2002). The seamount is 2,280 m 

tall, 42 km long, and 13 km wide, yet the summit is far below the ocean surface (1,250 m). 

In 2002 and 2006, the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) led two multiinstitutional expeditions to characterize the geology and natural history of the Davidson 

Seamount. Partners included the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 

Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA), Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML), National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries, and the British Broadcasting 

Corporation (BBC). Results from these recent expeditions to Davidson Seamount are adding to 

the scientific knowledge of seamounts, including the discovery of new species. 

As part of a Joint Management Plan Review process, the National Marine Sanctuary Program 

(NMSP) determined that, “the Davidson Seamount requires protection from the take of or other 

injury to benthic organisms or those organisms living near the seafloor because of the 

seamount’s special ecological and fragile qualities and potential future threats that could 

adversely affect these qualities” (NOAA 2008a). In November 2008, the MBNMS boundary 

was expanded to include the Davidson Seamount (Department of Commerce 2008; Fig. 2). In 

addition, a management plan for Davidson Seamount was created to develop resource protection, 

education, and research strategies for the area (NOAA 2008b, c). 

With the new sanctuary designation of Davidson Seamount, it is considered an area of special 

national significance. Until now, no seamounts were protected by the Monterey Bay National 

Marine Sanctuary or any other National Marine Sanctuary. Recent research suggests that this 

pristine area, with ancient and fragile species like deep-sea corals, may be an oasis necessary for 

maintaining healthy coastal populations in the MBNMS (McClain et al. In Press). The National 

Marine Sanctuary Program is the only group in NOAA with a mandate to conduct marine 

education, and it can now conduct public education on seamounts. Proximity of Davidson 

Seamount to the MBA and MBARI will greatly enhance education and research opportunities on 

what is already one of the best-studied seamounts in the world. 

The purpose of this taxonomic guide is to create an inventory of benthic and mid-water 

organisms observed at the Davidson Seamount to provide a baseline taxonomic characterization. 

At least 237 taxa were observed and are presented in this guide; including 15 new or undescribed 

species (8 sponges, 3 corals, 1 ctenophore, 1 nudibranch, 1 polychaete, 1 tunicate) recently or 

currently being described by taxonomic experts. This is the first taxonomic guide for Davidson 

1
 

Seamount, and is intended to be revised in the future as we learn more about the seamount and 

the organisms that live there. 

METHODS

The goals of the expedition in 2002 were to explore and characterize the geology and natural 

history of the seamount (see DeVogelaere et al. 2005), and to determine the age and growth of 

several deep-sea corals (see Andrews et al. 2005). Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dive 

surveys were selected to include a subset of depths and habitats (base, flank, and crest) of the 

seamount (Fig. 1). Six full-day ROV dives were completed: two dives were conducted from 

base to crest on either side of the seamount (to include all depths and representative habitats); 

and four dives were conducted at the seamount crest, along ridges, or at deeper cones (to focus 

on the most diverse and interesting habitats relative to corals). Meanwhile, at the sea surface, a 

science team identified seabirds and marine mammals (but information on these taxa are not 

included in the guide). 

In 2006, a model was developed and tested to predict suitable habitat for corals on the seamount. 

In addition, corals were collected for further age and growth investigations. Specific regions of 

the seamount were targeted for coral investigations during eight dives (Fig. 1). The BBC 

completed three dives using high-definition video for inclusion in the television series Planet 

Earth. 

For both expeditions, we used MBARI’s state-of-the-art research vessel Western Flyer and its 

deep-diving ROV Tiburon. The ROV was equipped with cameras, lights, manipulator arms, 

accurate positioning systems, and in situ pressure, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and 

conductivity sensors. To document habitat and species occurrence at the seamount, digital video 

(Panasonic E-550 Digital BetacamTM and Ikegami HDL-40 HDTM) was continuously recorded, 

supplemented by intermittent high-quality digital still images (Nikon® Coolpix® 990). Video 

frame grabs were collected and annotated using MBARI’s computer video annotation programs, 

VICKI (Video Information Capture with Knowledge Inferencing; 2002) and VARS (Video 

Annotation and Reference System; 2006). During both expeditions, collection of video and still 

footage was primarily directed at or near the seafloor. Midwater footage however, was 

opportunistically collected. 

Organisms were identified by expedition participants and other taxonomic experts. Most 

identifications were made using video or still images. Where either method did not suffice, 

specimens were collected and sent to taxonomic experts for further identification. A subset of 

specimens has been archived at MBARI, and may be available for further study (see 

“Specimens” section for contact information). 

After each cruise, preliminary video annotations were edited at MBARI’s Video Lab. Species 

were identified to the lowest possible taxon. In many instances, species names were not known 

and common names were assigned to animals. As a result, this taxonomic guide was created to 

identify known and unknown species. Video and still images of unknown species were reviewed 

2
 

with taxonomic experts to assign species names, if available. In addition, biological tissues from 

select species collected during dives aided in species identification. 

This taxonomic guide summarizes biological observations made during 6 ROV dives completed 

during May 17-24, 2002, and 11 ROV dives completed during January 26- February 4, 2006, 

aboard the R/V Western Flyer using the ROV Tiburon. Biological observations are described 

from ~140 hours of ROV video and sample collections (primarily on the seafloor). 

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE 

Format

Organisms in this guide are presented in taxonomic order, starting with Phylum Foraminifera 

(xenophyophores) and ending with Subphylum Vertebrata (fishes). Organisms are identified to 

the lowest possible taxon. The header of each page lists a portion of the classification scheme, 

and continues below in table form with image and identification information. An example of the 

guide format is provided in Table 1. 

Classification

The classification schemes for several taxonomic groups (e.g., sponges, corals) are currently 

undergoing, or in need of, revision by the larger research community. This guide is not intended 

as a new classification system, but instead presents the organisms observed at Davidson 

Seamount using recent classification schemes, and cites the respective reference(s). 

Identification information is provided on the right side of the table including, taxonomic 

classification continued from the header, scientific name (or lowest taxonomic identification), 

common name, taxonomic classification reference, identifier reference, video identifiability, and 

depth range observed at Davidson Seamount. If an organism could not be identified to at least 

the genus level, the lowest possible taxonomic name was assigned (in capital letters), labeled 

“sp.”, numbered if more than one taxa was observed and could be differentiated (e.g., 

PORIFERA sp. 1, PORIFERA sp. 2), or labeled “spp.” if more than one taxon was observed and 

could not be differentiated (e.g., RADIOLARIA spp.; ZOARCIDAE spp.). In the latter case, a 

representative image was used for the “spp.” group, if available. 

Common Name

Some common names are well established, and are used where available. Where common names 

are not available (e.g., unidentified organisms, no accepted common name), descriptive common 

names are assigned until further identification is possible. 

Taxonomic Classification Reference

The reference used to classify an organism is cited, and the full reference is located in the 

References section of the guide. 

Identifier Reference

The person(s) who helped identify an organism is cited (in alphabetical order), and listed in the 

Personal Communications section of the guide. 

3
 

Video Identifiability

Descriptions of the video identifiably scheme are as follows: 

Confirmed: This organism has been collected and/or has been definitively identified by a 

taxonomic expert for MBARI or MBNMS. 

Provisional: This organism is very likely to be this taxon based on an investigation by 

MBARI or MBNMS staff (literature search, consultation with outside taxonomic experts, 

etc.). 

Unconfirmed: The status of this organism is pending field collection and further 

taxonomic investigation, or the description and naming of a new species. 

Observed Depth

The depth range where the organism was observed during the 2002 and 2006 Davidson 

Seamount expeditions is provided in meters. This guide is also intended as an inventory of 

organisms, so taxonomic information is provided whether an image was available or not. The 

latter occurred when an organism could be identified with moving video but not with a still 

image or video framegrab. 

Images

An image is located on the left side of the table (including image credit). Occasionally, red 

lasers (as many as four) are visible in images. The bottom two horizontal lasers are 

approximately 29 cm apart. 

4
 

Table 1. An example of the guide format and brief explanation of notation. 

Phylum 

 Class 

Order 

Image 

Further classification (e.g., Family name) 

Scientific name 

Common name 

Taxonomic classification reference 

Person(s) who identified organism 

Video Identifiability 

Observed depth range in meters (m)

Image Credit 

5
 

Figure 1. Davidson Seamount and tracklines of 2002 and 2006 remotely operated vehicle (ROV) 

dives. Credit: Chad King, SIMoN/MBNMS. 

6
 

Figure 2. Davidson Seamount Management Zone as part of the Monterey Bay National Marine 

Sanctuary. Credit: Chad King, SIMoN/MBNMS. 

7
 

TAXONOMIC GUIDE 

1. Phylum: FORAMINIFERA 

1.1. Class: Xenophyophorea 

XENOPHYOPHOREA sp. 1 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional

Observed Depth: 3,055 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

XENOPHYOPHOREA sp. 2 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Barry; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional

Observed Depth: 2,048 – 2,847 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

8
 

2. Phylum: RADIOZOA 

2.1. Subphylum: Radiolaria 

RADIOLARIA spp. 

radiolarians 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 313 – 3,315 m 

9
 

3. Phylum: PHAEOPHYTA – brown algae (drift) 

3.1. Class: Phaeophyceae 

3.1.1. Order: Laminariales 

Family: Alariaceae 

Alaria marginata (and Alaria sp.) 

kelp (drift), ribbon 

Classification: Mondragon & Mondragon 

2003

Identified by: DeVogelaere; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,803 – 2,864 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Lessoniaceae 

Macrocystis sp.

kelp (drift), giant 

Classification: Mondragon & Mondragon 

2003

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,666 – 3,035 m 

Family: Lessoniaceae 

Nereocystis luetkeana 

kelp (drift), bull 

Classification: Mondragon & Mondragon 

2003

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,788 m 

10
 

4. Phylum: ANTHOPHYTA – flowering plants (drift) 

4.1. Class: Monocotyledones 

4.1.1. Order: Najadales 

Family: Potomogetonaceae 

Phyllospadix sp.

surfgrass (drift) 

Classification: Mondragon & Mondragon 

2003

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,207 – 3,253 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

11
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

PORIFERA sp. 1 

sponge 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: ~2,420 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

PORIFERA sp. 2 

sponge 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,254 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

PORIFERA sp. 3 

sponge 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,827 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

12
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

PORIFERA sp. 4 

sponge, striated 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,391 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

PORIFERA sp. 5 

sponge, stalked (white) 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,870 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

PORIFERA sp. 6 

sponge 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,257 – 1,670 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

13
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

PORIFERA sp. 7 

sponge, stalked ruffled (white) 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Lundsten; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,563 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

PORIFERA sp. 8 

sponge, ruffled (yellow) 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,309 – 1,938 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

PORIFERA sp. 9 

sponge, encrusting gray 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,400 – 1,988 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

14
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

5.1. Class: Demospongiae 

5.1.1. Order: Astrophorida 

Family: Pachastrellidae 

Thenea muricata

sponge 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,254 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

15
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

5.1. Class: Demospongiae 

5.1.2. Order: Poecilosclerida 

POECILOSCLERIDA sp. 

sponge, stalked flute 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,665 – 3,275 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Cladorhizidae 

Asbestopluma sp. nov.

sponge, branched (white) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Lee; Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,274 – 1,935 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Cladorhizidae 

Asbestopluma sp. 1 

sponge, single (white) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Lee 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,284 – 1,922 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

16
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

5.2. Class: Hexactinellida 

5.2.1. Order: Hexactinosida 

Family: Aphrocallistidae 

Heterochone calyx

sponge, goiter (yellow/orange) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,257 – 3,286 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Euretidae 

Chonelasma sp. nov. 

sponge, trumpet (white) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,250 – 3,255 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Chonelasma sp. nov. 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

17
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

5.2. Class: Hexactinellida 

5.2.1. Order: Hexactinosida 

Family: Farreidae 

Farrea occa

sponge, ruffle (white) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,247 – 2,494 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Tretodictyidae 

Sclerothamnopsis compressa 

sponge 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,307 – 2,071 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

18
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

5.2. Class: Hexactinellida 

5.2.2. Order: Lyssacinosida 

Family: Euplectellidae 

Subfamily: Bolosominae 

Saccocalyx pedunculata

sponge, stalked goiter (white) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,295 – 3,169 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Euplectellidae 

Subfamily: Corbitellinae 

Atlantisella sp. nov. 

sponge, creeping (white) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,603 – 3,102 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Euplectellidae 

Subfamily: Corbitellinae 

Regadrella sp. nov. 

sponge, vase (white) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,329 – 2,681 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

19
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

5.2. Class: Hexactinellida 

5.2.2. Order: Lyssacinosida 

Family: Rossellidae 

Caulophacus sp. nov. 

sponge, mushroom (white) 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,471 – 2,880 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Rossellidae 

Crateromorpha sp. nov. 

sponge 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,348 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Crateromorpha sp. nov. 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

20
 

5. Phylum: PORIFERA – sponges 

5.2. Class: Hexactinellida 

5.2.2. Order: Lyssacinosida 

Family: Rossellidae 

Hyalascus sp. nov. 

sponge 

Classification: van Soest et al. 2005 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,726 m 

Credit: H.M. Reiswig © 2002

Family: Rossellidae 

Staurocalyptus sp. nov. 

sponge 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Reiswig 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,246 – 1,698 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

21
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.1. Class: Scyphozoa – jellyfish 

6.1.1. Order: Coronatae 

Family: Atollidae 

Atolla sp.

jellyfish, crown 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 889 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2000

Family: Periphyllidae 

Periphylla periphylla 

jellyfish, crown 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 311 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2005

22
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.1. Class: Scyphozoa – jellyfish 

6.1.2. Order: Semaeostomeae 

Family: Ulmaridae 

Poralia rufescens 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Schlining; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 816 – 3,211 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2007

Family: Ulmaridae 

Subfamily: Tiburoniinae 

Tiburonia granrojo 

Classification: Matsumoto et al. 2003 

Identified by: Matsumoto 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,363 – 1,371 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

23
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa – hydrozoa 

HYDROZOA sp. 1 

hydroid 

Classification: ITIS; Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,340 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

HYDROZOA sp. 2 

hydroid 

Classification: ITIS; Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed

Observed Depth: 1,429 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

HYDROZOA sp. 3 

hydroid 

Classification: ITIS; Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,483 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

24
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa 

6.2.1. Order: Anthoathecatae 

Suborder: Filifera 

Family: Hydractiniidae 

HYDRACTINIIDAE sp. nov. 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Miglietta 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,663 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Suborder: Filifera 

Family: Bougainvilliidae 

Chiarella sp. 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,281 – 1,289 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2003

Suborder: Capitata 

Family: Myriothelidae (=Candelabridae) 

MYRIOTHELIDAE sp. 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002; ITIS 

Identified by: Williams 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,706 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

25
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa 

6.2.2. Order: Narcomedusae 

Family: Aeginidae 

Aegina citrea 

narcomedusa, golf tee 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,236 – 1,278 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

Family: Aeginidae 

Aegina sp. 

narcomedusa 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 200 – 3,273 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2001

Family: Aeginidae 

Aeginura sp. 

narcomedusa 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 491 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2003

26
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa 

6.2.2. Order: Narcomedusae 

Family: Cuninidae 

Cunina sp.

narcomedusa, mesopelagic 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,658 – 3,314 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

Family: Cuninidae 

Solmissus sp. 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 222 – 1,645 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

27
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa 

6.2.3. Order: Trachymedusae 

Family: Halicreatidae 

Halicreas minimum

jelly 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 740 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2001

Family: Rhopalonematidae 

Benthocodon sp. 

jelly 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,170 – 3,314 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2005

Family: Rhopalonematidae 

Colobonema sericeum 

medusa, silky 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 526 – 558 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2007

28
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa 

6.2.3. Order: Trachymedusae 

Family: Rhopalonematidae 

Crossota millsae 

jelly 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Matsumoto 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 3,314 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

29
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa 

6.2.2. Subclass: Siphonophorae – siphonophores 

6.2.2.1. Order: Physonectae 

Family: Agalmatidae 

Nanomia bijuga

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 61 – 2,267 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

Family: Agalmatidae 

Stephanomia amphytridis 

siphonophore 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Pugh 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,304 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Apolemiidae

Apolemia spp. 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 439 – 1,159 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

30
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa 

6.2.2. Subclass: Siphonophorae – siphonophores 

6.2.2.1. Order: Physonectae 

Family: Physophoridae 

Physophora hydrostatica 

siphonophore 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,131 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2003

Family: Rhodaliidae 

Stephalia dilata 

siphonophore, benthic 

Classification: van der Land 2006 

Identified by: Pugh 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,702 – 2,805 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Rhodaliidae 

Thermopalia taraxaca 

siphonophore 

Classification: van der Land 2006 

Identified by: Pugh 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,741 – 2,938 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2006

31
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.2. Class: Hydrozoa 

6.2.2. Subclass: Siphonophorae – siphonophores 

6.2.2.2. Order: Calycophorae 

Family: Prayidae 

Gymnopraia lapislazula 

siphonophore

Classification: Haddock et al. 2005 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 407 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2005

32
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.1. Order: Antipatharia – black corals 

6.3.1.1.1. Family: Cladopathidae 

Trissopathes pseudotristicha 

black coral 

Classification: Opresko 2003 

Identified by: Opresko 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,566 – 2,972 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Trissopathes sp. (cf. T. tetracrada)

black coral 

Classification: Opresko 2003 

Identified by: Opresko 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,318 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

33
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.1. Order: Antipatharia – black corals 

6.3.1.1.2. Family: Schizopathidae 

Bathypathes sp. 

black coral 

Classification: Opresko 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,268 – 3,283 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Lillipathes sp. 

black coral 

Classification: Opresko 2002 

Identified by: Opresko 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,304 – 2,056 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Umbellapathes sp. 

black coral 

Classification: Opresko 2005 

Identified by: Opresko 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,505 – 3,207 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

34
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.2. Order: Ceriantharia – tube-dwelling anemones 

6.3.1.2.1. Family: Cerianthidae 

CERIANTHIDAE sp. 1 

tube-dwelling anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,854 – 3,250 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

CERIANTHIDAE sp. 2

tube-dwelling anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,502 – 3,250 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

CERIANTHIDAE sp. 3 

tube-dwelling anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,254 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

35
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.3. Order: Actiniaria – anemones 

ACTINIARIA sp. 1 

(possibly Bathyphellia sp.) 

anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,360 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

ACTINIARIA sp. 2 

anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,846 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

ACTINIARIA sp. 3 

anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,254 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

36
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.3. Order: Actiniaria – anemones 

6.3.1.3.1. Suborder: Nyantheae 

Family: Actinostolidae 

ACTINOSTOLIDAE spp. 

anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,325 – 3,237 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Actinostolidae 

Stomphia sp. (probably S. didemon) 

anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,365 – 1,900 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Hormathiidae 

HORMATHIIDAE sp.

anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: 

Observed Depth: 1,265 – 3,270 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

37
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.3. Order: Actiniaria – anemones 

6.3.1.3.1. Suborder: Nyantheae 

Family: Liponematidae 

Liponema brevicornis 

anemone, pom-pom 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,726 – 3,271 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

38
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.4. Order: Zoanthidea 

ZOANTHIDEA sp. 1 

zoanthid (upon Calyptrophora sp.) 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,710 – 1,764 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

ZOANTHIDEA sp. 2 

zoanthid (upon dead coral) 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,728 – 2,199 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

39
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.5. Order: Corallimorpharia 

CORALLIMORPHARIA spp. 

anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,868 – 3,261 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Corallimorphidae 

Corallimorphus sp. 

anemone 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,858 – 3,251 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

40
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.1. Subclass: Hexacorallia (Zoantharia) 

6.3.1.6. Order: Scleractinia – stony corals 

6.3.1.6.1. Suborder: Caryophylliina 

CARYOPHYLLIINA sp. 

stony coral (cup coral) 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth 1,480 – 3,254 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Flabellidae 

Javania cailleti 

stony coral 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Cairns; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,914 – 2,689 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

41
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.1. Order: Alcyonacea – soft corals 

6.3.2.1.1. Suborder: Alcyoniina 

Family: Alcyoniidae 

Anthomastus ritteri 

coral, mushroom soft 

Classification: Williams and Cairns 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,246 – 3,277 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Anthomastus ritteri (closed polyps) 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Alcyoniidae 

Anthomastus robustus 

Classification: Williams and Cairns 2004 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 3,214 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

42
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.1. Order: Alcyonacea – soft corals 

6.3.2.1.1. Suborder: Alcyoniina 

Family: Alcyoniidae 

Anthomastus sp. 1 

coral, soft 

Classification: Williams and Cairns 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,077 – 2,314 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

43
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips 

6.3.2.2.1. Suborder: Scleraxonia 

Family: Paragorgiidae 

Paragorgia arborea 

coral, bubble gum 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Sanchez; Williams; Wing 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,245 – 1,779 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Paragorgiidae 

Paragorgia sp. 1 

coral, bubble gum 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Burton; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,250 – 3,043 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Paragorgia sp. 1

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

44
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips 

6.3.2.2.1. Suborder: Scleraxonia 

Family: Paragorgiidae 

Paragorgia sp. 2 (white morph)

coral, bubble gum (white morph) 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,493 – 3,005 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Coralliidae 

Corallium sp.

coral, precious 

Classification: Williams and Cairns 2004 

Identified by: Cairns 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,252 – 2,447 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Corallium sp.

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

45
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips 

6.3.2.2.2. Suborder: Holaxonia 

Family: Acanthogorgiidae 

Acanthogorgia sp. 

coral 

Classification: Williams and Cairns 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,266 – 1,958 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Plexauridae 

Swiftia kofoidi 

coral, red sea fan 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten; Williams 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,294 – 1,352 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

46
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips 

6.3.2.2.3. Suborder: Calcaxonia 

Family: Chrysogorgiidae 

Chrysogorgia monticola 

coral, golden gorgonian 

Classification: Cairns 2007 

Identified by: Cairns (HOLOTYPE) 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,283 – 3,015 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Chrysogorgiidae 

Chrysogorgia pinnata 

coral, golden gorgonian 

Classification: Cairns 2007 

Identified by: Cairns (HOLOTYPE) 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,466 – 3,246 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

47
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips 

6.3.2.2.3. Suborder: Calcaxonia 

Family: Primnoidae 

Calyptrophora bayeri 

coral 

Classification: Cairns 2007 

Identified by: Cairns (HOLOTYPE) 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,683 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Primnoidae 

Calyptrophora sp. (cf. C. antilla) 

coral 

Classification: Cairns 2007 

Identified by: Cairns 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Note: Partially covered with zooanthids 

Observed Depth: 1,763 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Calyptrophora sp. (cf. C. antilla) 

(as above) 

Note: 

 red circle: Calyptrophora sp. 

 blue circle: Zooanthids covering 

Calyptrophora sp. 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

48
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips 

6.3.2.2.3. Suborder: Calcaxonia 

Family: Primnoidae 

Calyptrophora sp. 

coral 

Classification: Cairns 2007 

Identified by: Cairns 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,573 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Calyptrophora sp. 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Primnoidae 

Narella sp.

coral 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Cairns; Lunsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,610 – 3,079 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

49
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips 

6.3.2.2.3. Suborder: Calcaxonia 

Family: Primnoidae 

Parastenella ramosa

coral 

Classification: Cairns 2007 

Identified by: Cairns 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,310 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Primnoidae 

Parastenella sp. 

coral 

Classification: Williams and Cairns 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,771 – 3,051 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

50
 

6. Phylum: CNIDARIA 

6.3. Class: Anthozoa 

6.3.2. Subclass: Octocorallia (Alcyonaria) 

6.3.2.2. Order: Gorgonacea – sea fans and sea whips 

6.3.2.2.3. Suborder: Calcaxonia 

Family: Isididae 

Acanella sp.

coral, bamboo 

Classification: Williams and Cairns 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,675 – 1,682 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Isididae 

Keratoisis sp.

coral, bamboo 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten; Williams; Wing 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,451 – 2,846 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Isididae 

Lepidisis sp. 

coral, bamboo 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Williams; Wing 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,286 – 3,288 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

51
 

7. Phylum: CTENOPHORA – comb jellies or sea walnuts 

7.1. Class: Tentaculata 

7.1.1. Order: Cydippida 

Family: Haeckeliidae 

Aulacoctena sp. 

ctenophore 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,284 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2001

Family: Pleurobrachiidae 

Hormiphora sp. 

ctenophore 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 39 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

52
 

7. Phylum: CTENOPHORA – comb jellies or sea walnuts 

7.1. Class: Tentaculata 

7.1.2. Order: Platyctenida 

Family: Tjalfiellidae 

Tjalfiella tristoma

ctenophore 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,221 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

53
 

7. Phylum: CTENOPHORA – comb jellies or sea walnuts 

7.1. Class: Tentaculata 

7.1.3. Order: Lobata 

LOBATA sp. nov. 

ctenophore, lobate 

Classification: Matsumoto (pers comm) 

Identified by: Matsumoto 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,377 – 3,315 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2005

Family: Bathocyroidae 

Bathocyroe spp. 

ctenophore, lobate 

Classification: Cairns et al. 2002 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,242 – 2,987 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2005

Family: Lampoctenidae 

Lampocteis cruentiventer 

ctenophore, lobate 

Classification: Harbison et al. 2001 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,233 – 3,238 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

54
 

7. Phylum: CTENOPHORA – comb jellies or sea walnuts 

7.1. Class: Tentaculata 

7.1.3. Order: Lobata 

Family: Lampoctenidae 

Lampocteis sp.

ctenophore, lobate 

Classification: Harbison et al. 2001 

Identified by: Matsumoto 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,102 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

55
 

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses 

8.1. Class: Gastropoda – sea slugs 

Order: Vetigastropoda 

Superfamily: Patelloidea 

PATELLOIDEA sp. 

limpet 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,288 – 1,748 m 

Order: Caenogastropoda 

Suborder: Neogastropod 

Family: Turridae 

TURRIDAE sp. 

turrid 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Geiger; Lonhart; McLean 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,080 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

56
 

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses 

8.1. Class: Gastropoda – sea slugs 

8.1.1. Subclass: Opisthobranchia 

8.1.1.1. Order: Nudibranchia 

NUDIBRANCHIA sp. nov. 

mystery mollusk (midwater) 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,497 – 2,342 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Tritoniidae 

Tritonia sp. (cf. T. diomedea or sp. nov.) 

nudibranch 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten; McClain 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,247 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Bathydoridae 

BATHYDORIDIDAE sp. 

nudibranch 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 3,254 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

57
 

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses 

8.2. Class: Polyplacophora – chitons 

8.2.1. Order: Neoloricata 

NEOLORICATA sp. 

chiton 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,559 – 2,926 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

58
 

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses 

8.3. Class: Bivalvia – bivalves 

8.3.1. Subclass: Pteriomorphia 

Order: Limoida 

Family: Limidae 

Acesta mori 

clam 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Barry 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,266 – 1,996 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Order: Ostreoida 

Family: Pectinidae 

?PECTINIDAE sp. 

scallop 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,772 m 

59
 

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses 

8.4. Class: Cephalopoda – cephalopods 

8.4.1. Subclass: Coleoidea 

8.4.1.1. Superorder: Decabrachia 

8.4.1.1.1. Order: Teuthida 

8.4.1.1.1.1. Suborder: Myopsina 

Family: Loliginidae 

Loligo (=Doryteuthis) opalescens 

squid, California market 

Classification: Anderson 2000; Vecchione 

et al. 2005 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 427 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2001

60
 

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses 

8.4. Class: Cephalopoda – cephalopods 

8.4.1. Subclass: Coleoidea 

8.4.1.1. Superorder: Decabrachia 

8.4.1.1.1. Order: Teuthida 

8.4.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Oegopsina 

Family: Cranchiidae 

Galiteuthis sp. 

squid, glass 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 959 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

Family: Gonatidae 

Gonatus onyx 

squid, clawed armhook 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,337 – 1,345 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Ommastrephidae 

Dosidicus gigas 

squid, Humboldt 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 283 – 614 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

61
 

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses 

8.4. Class: Cephalopoda – cephalopods 

8.4.1. Subclass: Coleoidea 

8.4.1.2. Superorder: Octobrachia 

8.4.1.2.1. Order: Octopoda 

8.4.1.2.1.1. Suborder: Cirrina 

Family: Opisthoteuthidae 

Opisthoteuthis sp.

devilfish, flapjack 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 3,220 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

62
 

8. Phylum: MOLLUSCA – slugs, chitons, clams, squids, octopuses 

8.4. Class: Cephalopoda – cephalopods 

8.4.1. Subclass: Coleoidea 

8.4.1.2. Superorder: Octobrachia 

8.4.1.2.1. Order: Octopoda 

8.4.1.2.1.2. Suborder: Incirrina 

Family: Bolitaenidae 

Japetella sp.

octopus, pelagic 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; Matsumoto 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 945 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Octopodidae 

Benthoctopus sp. 

octopus, benthic 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,461 – 2,770 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Octopodidae 

Graneledone boreopacifica (pacifica) 

octopus 

Classification: ITIS/Sweeney et al. 1998 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,458 – 1,974 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

63
 

9. Phylum: ANNELIDA – segmented worms 

9.1. Class: Polychaeta – polychaete worms 

9.1.1. Subclass: Palpata 

9.1.1.1 Order: Aciculata 

9.1.1.1.1. Suborder: Phyllodocida 

Family: Tomopteridae 

Tomopteris sp. 

polychaete, tomopterid 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 297 – 494 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Aphroditidae 

Laetmonice sp. 

polychaete, sea mouse 

Classification: ITIS; Lundsten (pers comm) 

Identified by: Harris; Lundsten; Schlining 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,969 – 2,644 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Polynoidae 

POLYNOIDAE sp. 

scale worm, blue 

(upon Paragorgia arborea) 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Baco-Taylor; Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,257 – 3,044 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

64
 

9. Phylum: ANNELIDA – segmented worms 

9.1. Class: Polychaeta - polychaete worms 

9.1.1. Subclass: Palpata 

9.1.1.2 Order: Canalipalpata 

9.1.1.2.1. Suborder: Sabellida 

Family: Sabellidae 

Euchone sp. nov. 

polychaete, sabellid 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten; Rouse 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,722 – 3,252 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Serpulidae 

SERPULIDAE spp. 

polychaete, serpulid 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,495 – 3,287 m 

65
 

9. Phylum: ANNELIDA – segmented worms 

9.1. Class: Polychaeta - polychaete worms 

9.1.1. Subclass: Palpata 

9.1.1.2. Order: Canalipalpata 

9.1.1.2.2 Suborder: Terebellida 

Family: Poeobiidae 

Poeobius meseres 

polychaete, holopelagic 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 781 – 1,723 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Fauveliopsidae 

Flota sp. 

polychaete 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,564 – 2,678 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

66
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA – sea spiders, barnacles, shrimps, crabs 

10.1. Subphylum: Chelicerata 

10.1.1. Class: Pycnogonida – sea spiders 

PYCNOGONIDA sp. 

sea spider 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,440 – 3,288 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

67
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.1. Class: Maxillopoda 

10.2.1.1. Subclass: Thecostraca 

10.2.1.1.1. Infraclass: Cirripedia – barnacles 

10.2.1.1.1.1. Superorder: Thoracica 

Order: Pedunculata 

Suborder: Scalpellomorpha 

SCALPELLOMORPHA sp. 

barnacle, stalked 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; Van Syoc 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,547 – 3,082 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Order: Sessilia 

Suborder: Verrucomorpha 

VERRUCOMORPHA sp. 

barnacle 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,654 – 2,907 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

68
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.1. Superorder: Eucarida 

10.2.2.1.1.1. Order: Decapoda – shrimp, lobsters, crabs 

10.2.2.1.1.1.1. Suborder: Dendrobrachiata 

10.2.2.1.1.1.1.1. Family: Sergestidae - shrimps 

Sergestes similis 

shrimp, midwater 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 301 – 3,256 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

69
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.1. Superorder: Eucarida 

10.2.2.1.1.1. Order: Decapoda – shrimp, lobsters, crabs 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Pleocyemata 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.1. Infraorder: Caridea 

CARIDEA spp. 

shrimp 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,347 – 3,101 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Pandalidae 

Pandalopsis ampla 

shrimp, deepwater bigeye 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,280 – 1,747 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

70
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.1. Superorder: Eucarida 

10.2.2.1.1.1. Order: Decapoda – shrimp, lobsters, crabs 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Pleocyemata 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2. Infraorder: Anomura 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2.1. Family: Lithodidae – king crabs 

LITHODIDAE sp. 

crab (probably juvenile) 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,284 – 2,535 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

71
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1 Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.1. Superorder: Eucarida 

10.2.2.1.1.1. Order: Decapoda – shrimp, lobsters, crabs 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Pleocyemata 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2. Infraorder: Anomura 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2.1. Family: Lithodidae – king crabs 

Neolithodes diomedeae

crab 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,431 – 1,560 m

Credit: MBARI © 2004

Neolithodes sp. 

crab, spiny 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Unconfirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,247 – 1,526 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

72
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.1. Superorder: Eucarida 

10.2.2.1.1.1. Order: Decapoda – shrimp, lobsters, crabs 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Pleocyemata 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2. Infraorder: Anomura 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2.1. Family: Lithodidae – king crabs 

Paralomis multispina 

crab 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,661 – 2,306 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Paralomis verrilli 

crab, vermillion 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,349 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

73
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1 Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.1. Superorder: Eucarida 

10.2.2.1.1.1. Order: Decapoda – shrimp, lobsters, crabs 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Pleocyemata 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2. Infraorder: Anomura 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.2.2. Family: Galatheidae – squat lobsters 

Munida sp.

lobster, squat 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,306 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Munidopsis spp. 

lobster, squat 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,512 – 3,290 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

74
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.1. Superorder: Eucarida 

10.2.2.1.1.1. Order: Decapoda – shrimp, lobsters, crabs 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2. Suborder: Pleocyemata 

10.2.2.1.1.1.2.3. Infraorder: Brachyura 

BRACHYURA sp. 

crab 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,319 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Pisidae 

Chorilia longipes 

crab, longhorn decorator 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,585 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

75
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.2. Superorder: Peracarida 

10.2.2.1.2.1. Order: Mysida - mysids 

MYSIDA spp. 

shrimp, opossum 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 413 – 3,307 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

76
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.2. Superorder: Peracarida 

10.2.2.1.2.2. Order: Amphipoda - amphipods 

AMPHIPODA spp. 

amphipod 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,289 – 1,616 m 

Suborder: Caprellidea 

Infraorder: Caprellida 

Family: Caprellidae 

CAPRELLIDAE spp. 

caprellid 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,257 – 1,728 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

77
 

10. Phylum: ARTHROPODA 

10.2. Subphylum: Crustacea – crustaceans 

10.2.2. Class: Malacostraca 

10.2.2.1. Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

10.2.2.1.2. Superorder: Peracarida 

10.2.2.1.2.3. Order: Isopoda - isopods 

ISOPODA spp. 

isopod 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,319 – 2,789 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Munnopsidae 

MUNNOPSIDAE spp. 

isopod 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 217 – 3,312 m 

78
 

11. Phylum: ECTOPROCTA – bryozoans 

ECTOPROCTA sp. 1 

bryozoan 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 3,004 – 3,114 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

ECTOPROCTA sp. 2 

bryozoan 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 3,005 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

79
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.1. Class: Crinoidea - crinoids, feather stars 

12.1.1. Subclass: Articulata 

Order: Millericrinida 

Family: Hyocrinidae 

Hyocrinus sp.

crinoid, 5-arm 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,476 – 3,273 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Order: Bourgueticrinida 

Family: Bathycrinidae 

BATHYCRINIDAE sp. 

crinoid, 10-arm 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten; Messing 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,950 – 3,274 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

BATHYCRINIDAE sp. 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

80
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.1. Class: Crinoidea - crinoids, feather stars 

12.1.1. Subclass: Articulata 

Order: Comatulida 

Family: Antedonidae 

Florometra serratissima 

crinoid (feather star) 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,261 – 3,210 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Florometra serratissima 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

81
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.1. Order: Notomyotida 

12.2.1.1. Family: Benthopectinidae 

Benthopecten sp. (possibly B. claviger)

sea star, prickly 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Mah 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,460 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

82
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.2. Order: Valvatida 

12.2.2.1. Family: Goniasteridae 

Ceramaster patagonicus

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,663 – 2,605 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

Ceramaster sp.

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,279 – 3,209 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Evoplosoma sp. nov. 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Mah 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 3,034 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

83
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.2. Order: Valvatida 

12.2.2.1. Family: Goniasteridae 

Hippasteria californica 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten; Mah 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,277 – 2,664 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Hippasteria spinosa 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,495 – 1,682 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2005

Mediaster spp.

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004; ITIS 

Identified by: Mah 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,500 – 2,932 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

84
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.3. Order: Velatida 

12.2.3.1. Family: Pterasteridae 

Hymenaster koehleri 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004; ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,917 – 3,257 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

?Pteraster sp. 1 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Mah 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,850 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Pteraster sp. 2 (possibly Hymenaster sp.) 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Mah 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,887 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

85
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.3. Order: Velatida 

12.2.3.1. Family: Pterasteridae 

Pteraster sp. 3 (possibly Hymenaster sp.) 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Mah 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 3,100 – 3,180 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Pteraster sp. 4 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten; Mah 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 3,100 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Pteraster sp. 5 

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten; Mah 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,302 – 1,317 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

86
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.3. Order: Velatida 

12.2.3.2. Family: Solasteridae 

Lophaster furcilliger

sea star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten; Mah 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,662 – 1,718 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

Solaster spp. 

sun star (upon Pannychia moseleyi) 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,318 – 2,937 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

87
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.4. Order: Spinulosida 

12.2.4.1. Family: Echinasteridae 

Henricia sp. 

sea star 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,278 – 3,288 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

88
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.5. Order: Forcipulatida 

Family: Asteriidae 

?Anteliaster sp. 

sea star 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,498 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Zoroasteridae 

Myxoderma sacculatum

sea star 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten; Mah 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,668 – 2,728 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2003

Family: Zoroasteridae 

ZOROASTERIDAE sp. 

sea star, pink 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Mah 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,574 – 2,921 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

89
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.2. Class: Asteroidea – sea stars 

12.2.6. Order: Brisingida 

BRISINGIDA spp. 

sea star, brisingid

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,304 – 3,287 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

90
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.3. Class: Ophiuroidea – brittle stars, basket stars 

OPHIUROIDEA spp. 

brittle star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,801 – 3,007 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

OPHIUROIDEA spp. 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

91
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.3. Class: Ophiuroidea – brittle stars, basket stars 

12.3.1. Order: Phrynophiurida 

12.3.1.1. Family: Gorgonocephalidae 

Gorgonocephalus sp.

basket star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten; Mah; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,254 – 1,780 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

92
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.3. Class: Ophiuroidea – brittle stars, basket stars 

12.3.2. Order: Ophiurida 

12.3.2.1. Family: Ophiacanthidae 

OPHIACANTHIDAE sp. 

brittle star 

Classification: Cal Acad 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,571 – 3,287 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

93
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.4. Class Echinoidea – urchins 

ECHINOIDEA sp. 

urchin 

Classification: Smith 2005 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,850 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

94
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.4. Class: Echinoidea – urchins 

12.4.1. Order: Cidaroida 

Family: Cidaridae 

Aporocidaris milleri 

urchin, pencil 

Classification: Smith 2005 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 3,270 – 3,288 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2006

95
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.4. Class: Echinoidea – urchins 

12.4.2. Order: Echinothuroida 

Family: Echinothuriidae 

Tromikosoma panamense

urchin 

Classification: Smith 2005 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,666 – 3,250 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Echinothuriidae 

Tromikosoma sp. 

urchin 

Classification: Smith 2005 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,024 – 2,932 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

96
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.4. Class Echinoidea – urchins 

12.4.3. Order: Holasteroida 

Family: Pourtalesiidae 

Cystocrepis setigera

urchin 

Classification: Smith 2005 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,950 – 2,064 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

97
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.5. Class: Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers 

HOLOTHUROIDEA sp. 1 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,912 – 2,926 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

HOLOTHUROIDEA sp. 2 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,788 – 2,854 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

98
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.5. Class: Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers 

12.5.1. Order: Dendrochirotida 

Family: Cucumariidae 

Abyssocucumis abyssorum 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 3,250 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Psolidae 

Psolus squamatus 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,280 – 1,679 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

99
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.5. Class: Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers 

12.5.2. Order: Aspidochirotida 

Family: Synallactidae 

Paelopatides confundus 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,286 – 3,166 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Synallactidae 

SYNALLACTIDAE sp. 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,676 – 3,260 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

100
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.5. Class: Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers 

12.5.3. Order: Elasipodida 

Family: Deimatidae 

Oneirophanta mutabilis 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,621 – 3,254 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Elpidiidae 

Peniagone sp. 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,352 – 3,253 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Family: Elpidiidae 

Scotoplanes globosa 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 3,264 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2005

101
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.5. Class: Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers 

12.5.3. Order: Elasipodida 

Family: Laetmogonidae 

Pannychia moseleyi 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,718 – 3,008 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

102
 

12. Phylum: ECHINODERMATA 

12.5. Class: Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers 

12.5.3. Order: Elasipodida 

Family: Psychropotidae 

Benthodytes sp. 1 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,516 – 2,789 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Benthodytes sp. 1 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Psychropotidae 

Benthodytes sp. 2 

sea cucumber 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,860 – 3,276 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

103
 

13. Phylum: CHAETOGNATHA - chaetognaths 

CHAETOGNATHA spp. 

chaetognath 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; vonThun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 206 – 2,100 m 

104
 

14. Phylum: HEMICHORDATA 

14.1. Class: Enteropneusta - acorn worms 

ENTEROPNEUSTA sp. 

acorn worm 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,566 – 3,301 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

105
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.1. Subphylum: Tunicata 

15.1.1. Class: Ascidiacea – sea squirts 

Order: Pleurogona 

Family: Pyuridae 

Culeolus sp.

tunicate, stalked 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,654 – 2,733 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

106
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.1. Subphylum: Tunicata 

15.1.2. Class: Thaliacea - salps 

Order: Salpida 

SALPIDA spp. 

salp 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 268 – 555 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2005

Order: Doliolida 

Doliolenetta sp. nov. 

(and other DOLIOLIDA spp.)

salp 

Classification: Taxonomicon 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 435 – 1,211 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2004

107
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.1. Subphylum: Tunicata 

15.1.3. Class: Appendicularia - larvaceans 

Order: Copelata 

Family: Oikopleuridae 

Bathochordaeus sp. 

(and other APPENDICULARIA spp.)

larvacean, giant 

Classification: Brands 1989-2007 

Identified by: Lundsten; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 256 – 3,280 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

108
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.1. Class: Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes 

15.2.1.1. Subclass: Elasmobranchii 

15.2.1.1.1. Order: Rajiformes – rays, skate 

15.2.1.1.1.1. Suborder: Rajoidei 

RAJOIDEI spp. 

egg cases 

Classification: Ebert and Davis 2007 

Identified by: Davis; Ebert 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,310 – 1,319 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Arhynchobatidae 

Bathyraja abyssicola 

skate, deepsea 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Ebert; Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,018 – 2,371 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Family: Rajidae 

Amblyraja badia 

skate, broad 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Ebert; Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,642 m (female) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

109
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.1. Order: Notacanthiformes 

15.2.2.1.1.1. Family: Halosauridae – halosaurs 

Aldrovandia sp.

lizardfish, salty (or halosaur) 

Classification: Eschmeyer et al. 2005; 

Froese and Pauly 2005 

Identified by: Cailliet; Rosenblatt 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,736 – 1,918 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Aldrovandia sp.

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Aldrovandia sp.

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

110
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.2. Order: Anguilliformes – true eels 

15.2.2.1.2.1. Family: Synaphobranchidae – cutthroat eels 

SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE sp. 

eel, cutthroat 

Classification: Froese and Pauly 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Lea; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,498 – 2,500 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

111
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.2. Order: Anguilliformes – true eels 

15.2.2.1.2.2. Family: Nettastomatidae – duckbill eels 

Venefica tentaculata

eel, witch 

Classification: Eschmeyer et al. 2005; 

Froese and Pauly 2005 

Identified by: Cailliet; Lea; Rosenblatt 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,856 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

112
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.2. Order: Anguilliformes – true eels 

15.2.2.1.2.3. Family: Serrivomeridae – sawtooth eels 

Serrivomer sp. (possibly S. sector) 

eel, sawtooth 

Classification: Eschmeyer et al. 2005; 

Froese and Pauly 2005 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 631 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

113
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.3. Order: Saccopharyngiformes 

15.2.2.1.3.1. Family: Cyematidae – bobtail eels 

Cyema atrum 

eel, bobtail 

Classification: Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,320 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

114
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.4. Order: Osmeriformes (Argentiniformes) 

15.2.2.1.4.1. Family: Bathylagidae – deep-sea smelts 

BATHYLAGIDAE spp. 

smelt, deep-sea 

Classification: Nelson et al. 2004 

Identified by: von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 305 – 787 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2000

115
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.4. Order: Osmeriformes (Argentiniformes) 

15.2.2.1.4.2. Family: Alepocephalidae – slickheads 

ALEPOCEPHALIDAE sp. 

(possibly Conocara salmoneum) 

slickhead 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Lea; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,276 – 2,920 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

116
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.5. Order: Stomiiformes 

15.2.2.1.5.1. Family: Gonostomatidae – bristlemouths 

Cyclothone sp. 

bristlemouth 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 389 – 502 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2003

117
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.6. Order: Aulopiformes 

15.2.2.1.6.1. Family: Synodontidae – lizardfishes 

Bathysaurus mollis 

lizardfish, highfin 

Classification: Nelson 1994, Nelson et al. 

2004, Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Cailliet 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,012 – 2,401 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

118
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.7. Order: Myctophiformes 

15.2.2.1.7.1. Family: Myctophidae – lanternfishes 

MYCTOPHIDAE spp. 

lanternfish 

Classification: Nelson et al. 2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 676 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2003

119
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.8. Order: Ophidiiformes 

15.2.2.1.8.1. Family: Ophidiidae – cusk-eels and brotulas 

Luciobrotula sp. 

brotulid 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,306 – 1,929 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Luciobrotula sp. 

(as above) 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Spectrunculus grandis 

cusk-eel, giant 

Classification: ITIS; Nelson et al. 2004 

Identified by: Burton; Cailliet; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,254 – 3,287 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

120
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.9. Order: Gadiformes 

15.2.2.1.9.1. Family: Macrouridae – grenadiers, rattails 

Albatrossia pectoralis

grenadier, giant 

Classification: ITIS; Froese and Pauly 

2005; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Iwamoto 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,764 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Coryphaenoides acrolepis 

grenadier, Pacific 

Classification: ITIS; Froese and Pauly 

2005; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,311 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2006

Coryphaenoides armatus/yaquinae 

grenadier, abyssal/rough abyssal 

Classification: ITIS; Froese and Pauly 

2005; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 3,125 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

121
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.9. Order: Gadiformes 

15.2.2.1.9.1. Family: Macrouridae – grenadiers, rattails 

Coryphaenoides filifer 

grenadier, filamented 

Classification: ITIS; Froese and Pauly 

2005; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; von Thun 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 3,000 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Coryphaenoides leptolepis 

grenadier, ghostly 

Classification: ITIS; Froese and Pauly 

2005; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,666 – 2,942 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

122
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.9. Order: Gadiformes 

15.2.2.1.9.2. Family: Moridae – codlings 

Antimora microlepis 

codling, finescale (or Pacific flatnose) 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,259 – 2,800 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

MORIDAE sp. (Lepidion sp. or possibly 

Laemonema sp.) 

codling 

Classification: ITIS 

Identified by: Burton; Kuhnz; Lea; 

Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,771 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

123
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.10. Order: Lophiiformes 

15.2.2.1.10.1. Family: Chaunacidae – sea toads 

Bathychaunax (Chaunax) coloratus 

sea toad, deep 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Cailliet; Lea; Rosenblatt 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,461 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

124
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.11. Order: Scorpaeniformes 

15.2.2.1.11.1. Family: Scorpaenidae – rockfishes 

Sebastolobus alascanus 

thornyhead, shortspine 

Classification: ITIS; Nelson et al. 2004 

Identified by: Burton; Cailliet; Trejo 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,255 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

125
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.11. Order: Scorpaeniformes 

15.2.2.1.11.2. Family: Psychrolutidae – fathead sculpins 

Psychrolutes phrictus 

sculpin, blob (or no-name sculpin) 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Cailliet; Lunsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,279 – 1,537 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

126
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.11. Order: Scorpaeniformes 

15.2.2.1.11.3. Family: Liparidae – snailfishes 

Careproctus ovigerus (juvenile)

snailfish, abyssal 

Classification: Nelson 1994; Nelson et al. 

2004 

Identified by: Stein et al. 2006 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,324 – 1,356 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

LIPARIDAE sp. 

snailfish, unidentified (blackhead) 

Classification: Nelson 1994; Nelson et al. 

2004 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 1,556 – 2,739 m 

127
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.12. Order: Perciformes 

15.2.2.1.12.1. Family: Zoarcidae – eelpouts 

Bothrocara brunneum 

eelpout, twoline 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Burton; Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,453 – 3,229 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Lycenchelys spp. 

(and other ZOARCIDAE spp.)

eelpout 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Kuhnz; Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 448 – 3,244 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2006

128
 

15. Phylum: CHORDATA 

15.2. Subphylum: Vertebrata 

15.2.2. Superclass: Osteichthyes - bony fishes 

15.2.2.1. Class: Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes 

15.2.2.1.12. Order: Perciformes 

15.2.2.1.12.1. Family: Zoarcidae – eelpouts 

Lycodapus fierasfer 

eelpout, blackmouth 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Kuhnz 

Video Identifiability: Provisional 

Observed Depth: 2,788 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

Lycodapus mandibularis 

eelpout, pallid 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 1,576 – 2,665 m 

Credit: MBARI © 2002

Pachycara bulbiceps 

eelpout, snubnose 

Classification: ITIS; Eschmeyer et al. 2005 

Identified by: Lundsten 

Video Identifiability: Confirmed 

Observed Depth: 2,607 – 2,926 m 

Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002

129
 

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McClain, C.R., L. Lundsten, M. Ream, J. Barry, and A. DeVogelaere. In Press. Endemicity, 

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133
 

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 

Baco-Taylor, Amy. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543. 

Barry, James. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Cailliet, Gregor. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Cairns, Stephen. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013. 

Clague, David. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Davis, Chante. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

DeVogelare, Andrew. Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Monterey, CA, 93940. 

Ebert, David. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Etnoyer, Peter. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, CA, 90007. 

Geiger, Daniel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA. 93105. 

Haddock, Steve. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Harris, Leslie. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, CA, 90007. 

Iwamoto, Tomio. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118. 

Kuhnz, Linda. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Lea, Robert. California Academy of Sciences (affiliate), Monterey, CA, 93940. 

Lee, Welton. California Academy of Sciences (retired), Oakland, CA, 94605. 

Lonhart, Steve. Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Monterey, CA, 93940. 

Mah, Christopher. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801. 

Matsumoto, George. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

McClain, Craig. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

McLean, James. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA. 90007 

Messing, Charles. Nova Southeastern University, Dania, FL. 33004 

134
 

Miglietta, Maria Pia. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. 

Opresko, Dennis. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830. 

Pawson, David. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013. 

Pugh, Phil. National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, U.K. 

Reiswig, Henry. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, B.C., Canada 

Rosenblatt, Richard. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92093. 

Rouse, Greg. The University of Adelaide, Australia. 

Sanchez, Juan Armando. Universidad de los Andes. Santafé de Bogotá D.C., Columbia. 

Schlining, Kyra. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Trejo, Tonatiuh. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Van Syoc, Robert. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118. 

von Thun, Susan. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Vrijenhoek, Robert. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039. 

Williams, Gary. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118. 

Wing, Bruce. Auke Bay Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, AK, 99801. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

We thank Susan von Thun, Linda Kuhnz, Kyra Schlining, Kris Walz, Nancy Jacobsen Stout, and 

Judith Connor for MBARI video lab support; the collaborative and cooperative taxonomic 

experts listed in the Personal Communications section; the 2002 and 2006 Expedition Science 

Teams; the ROV Tiburon pilots; the R/V Western Flyer crew; Chad King for maps; and Gregor 

Cailliet, Stephen Cairns, Andrew DeVogelaere, Robert Lea, David Pawson, Henry Reiswig, 

Kyra Schlining, Tonatiuh Trejo, and Susan von Thun for constructive comments on various 

versions of this guide. We especially thank Linda Kuhnz for her valuable suggestions that 

improved the guide. The 2002 and 2006 expeditions were funded by NOAA’s Office of Ocean 

Exploration, MBARI, and the BBC. 

135
 

IMAGE CREDITS 

MBARI © 2000 

MBARI © 2001 

MBARI © 2002 

MBARI © 2003 

MBARI © 2004 

MBARI © 2005 

MBARI © 2006 

MBARI © 2007 

NOAA/MBARI 2002 

NOAA/MBARI 2006 

H.M. Reiswig © 2002 

Images credited “NOAA/MBARI 2002” and “NOAA/MBARI 2006” were collected during 

expeditions outlined in this guide. To view and download high-resolution images from these 

expeditions, see the Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network (SIMoN) Photo Library at: 

http://www.sanctuarysimon.org/photos/. Or contact Erica.Burton@noaa.gov. 

SPECIMENS 

A subset of specimens from Davidson Seamount are archived at the Monterey Bay Aquarium 

Research Institute, and may be available for further study. Contact the authors for further 

information on availability (lonny@mbari.org or erica.burton@noaa.gov). 

136
 

137

EXPEDITION PARTICIPANTS 

2002 Expedition Participants 2006 Expedition Participants 

Science Team

Andrew DeVogelaere, MBNMS 

(Chief Scientist) 

Scott Benson, NOAA Fisheries 

Erica Burton, MBNMS 

Gregor Cailliet, MLML 

David Clague, MBARI 

William Douros, MBNMS 

Randall Kochevar, MBA 

Kelly Newton, MBNMS 

Ed Seidel, MBA 

Mario Tamburri, MBNMS 

Tonatiuh Trejo, MLML 

ROV Tiburon Pilots (MBARI)

Dave French 

Dale Graves 

Robert “Buck” Reynolds 

Campbell “Buzz” Scott 

Paul Tucker 

R/V Western Flyer Crew (MBARI)

Science Team

Andrew DeVogelaere, MBNMS 

(Chief Scientist) 

Penny Allen, BBC 

Allen Andrews, MLML 

James Barry, MBARI 

Lisa Borok, MBARI 

Erica Burton, MBNMS 

Chad King, MBNMS 

Lonny Lundsten, MBARI 

Huff McGonigal, MBNMS 

Warwick Sloss, BBC 

ROV Tiburon Pilots (MBARI)

Dave French 

Randy Prickett 

Robert “Buck” Reynolds 

Brian Schaefer 

Campbell “Buzz” Scott 

R/V Western Flyer Crew (MBARI)

BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation, UK. 

MBA – Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA. 

MBARI – Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA. 

MBNMS – Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Monterey, CA. 

MLML – Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA. 

NOAA Fisheries, Moss Landing, CA. 
 

TAXONOMIC CHECKLIST 

Classification of the Organisms Observed at Davidson Seamount off Central California, U.S.A. 

Phylum: Foraminifera 

Class: Xenophyophorea 

XENOPHYOPHOREA sp. 1 

XENOPHYOPHOREA sp. 2 

Phylum: Radiozoa 

Subphylum: Radiolaria 

RADIOLARIA spp. 

Phylum: Phaeophyta (drift) 

Class: Phaeophyceae 

Order: Laminariales 

Family: Alariaceae 

Alaria marginata 

Alaria sp.

Family: Lessoniaceae 

Macrocystis sp.

Nereocystis luetkeana 

Phylum: Anthophyta (drift) 

Class: Monocotyledones 

Order: Najadales 

Family: Potomogetonaceae 

Phyllospadix sp.

Phylum: Porifera 

PORIFERA sp. 1 

PORIFERA sp. 2 

PORIFERA sp. 3 

PORIFERA sp. 4 

PORIFERA sp. 5 

PORIFERA sp. 6 

PORIFERA sp. 7 

PORIFERA sp. 8 

PORIFERA sp. 9 

Class: Demospongiae 

Order: Astrophorida 

Family: Pachastrellidae 

Thenea muricata 

Order: Poecilosclerida 

POECILOSCLERIDA sp. 

Family: Cladorhizidae 

Asbestopluma sp. nov.

Asbestopluma sp. 1 

Class: Hexactinellida 

Subclass: Hexasterophora 

Order: Hexactinosida 

Family: Aphrocallistidae 

Heterochone calyx 

Family: Euretidae 

Chonelasma sp. nov.

Family: Farreidae 

Farrea occa 

Family: Tretodictyidae 

Sclerothamnopsis compressa 

Order: Lyssacinosida 

Family: Euplectellidae 

Subfamily: Bolosominae 

Saccocalyx pedunculata 

Subfamily: Corbitellinae 

Atlantisella sp. nov.

Regadrella sp. nov.

Family: Rossellidae 

Caulophacus sp. nov.

Crateromorpha sp. nov.

Hyalascus sp. nov.

Staurocalyptus sp. nov.

Phylum: Cnidaria 

Class: Scyphozoa 

Order: Coronatae 

Family: Atollidae 

Atolla sp.

Family: Periphyllidae 

Periphylla periphylla 

138
 

Order: Semaeostomeae 

Family: Ulmaridae 

Poralia rufescens 

Tiburonia granrojo 

Class: Hydrozoa 

HYDROZOA sp. 1 

HYDROZOA sp. 2 

HYDROZOA sp. 3 

Order: Anthoathecatae 

Family: Hydractiniidae 

HYDRACTINIIDAE sp. 

Family: Bougainvilliidae 

Chiarella sp.

Family: Myriothelidae (=Candelabridae) 

MYRIOTHELIDAE sp. 

Order: Narcomedusae 

Family: Aeginidae 

Aegina citrea 

Aegina sp.

Aeginura sp.

Family: Cuninidae 

Cunina sp.

Solmissus sp.

Order: Trachymedusae 

Family: Halicreatidae 

Halicreas minimum 

Family: Rhopalonematidae 

Benthocodon sp.

Colobonema sericeum 

Crossota millsae 

Subclass: Siphonophorae 

Order: Physonectae 

Family: Agalmatidae 

Nanomia bijuga 

Stephanomia amphytridis 

Family: Apolemiidae 

Apolemia spp. 

Family: Physophoridae 

Physophora hydrostatica 

Family: Rhodaliidae 

Stephalia dilata 

Thermopalia taraxaca 

Order: Calycophorae 

Family: Prayidae 

Gymnopraia lapislazula 

Class: Anthozoa 

Subclass: Hexacorallia (=Zoantharia) 

Order: Antipatharia 

Family: Cladopathidae 

Subfamily: Cladopathinae 

Trissopathes pseudotristicha 

Trissopathes sp. (cf. T. tetracrada)

Family: Schizopathidae 

Bathypathes sp. 

Lillipathes sp.

Umbellapathes sp.

Order: Ceriantharia 

Family: Cerianthidae 

CERIANTHIDAE sp. 1 

CERIANTHIDAE sp. 2 

CERIANTHIDAE sp. 3 

Order: Actiniaria 

ACTINIARIA sp. 1 (possibly Bathyphellia sp.) 

ACTINIARIA sp. 2 

ACTINIARIA sp. 3 

Suborder: Nyantheae 

Infraorder: Thenaria 

Family: Actinostolidae 

ACTINOSTOLIDAE spp. 

Stomphia sp. (probably S. didemon)

Family: Hormathiidae 

HORMATHIIDAE sp. 

Family: Liponematidae 

Liponema brevicornis 

139
 

Order: Zoanthidea 

ZOANTHIDEA sp. 1 

ZOANTHIDEA sp. 2 

Order: Corallimorpharia 

CORALLIMORPHARIA spp. 

Family: Corallimorphidae 

Corallimorphus sp.

Order: Scleractinia 

Suborder: Caryophylliina 

CARYOPHYLLIINA sp. 

Family: Flabellidae 

Javania cailleti 

Subclass: Octocorallia (=Alcyonaria) 

Order: Alcyonacea 

Suborder: Alcyoniina 

Anthomastus ritteri 

Anthomastus robustus 

Anthomastus sp. 1

Order: Gorgonacea 

Suborder: Scleraxonia 

Family: Paragorgiidae 

Paragorgia arborea 

Paragorgia sp. 1

Paragorgia sp. 2 

Family: Coralliidae 

Corallium sp.

Suborder: Holaxonia 

Family: Acanthogorgiidae 

Acanthogorgia sp. 

Family: Plexauridae 

Swiftia kofoidi 

Suborder: Calcaxonia 

Family: Chrysogorgiidae 

Chrysogorgia monticola (HOLOTYPE) 

Chrysogorgia pinnata (HOLOTYPE) 

Family: Primnoidae 

Calyptrophora bayeri (HOLOTYPE) 

Calyptrophora sp. (cf. C. antilla)

Calyptrophora sp.

Narella sp.

Parastenella ramosa 

Parastenella sp.

Family: Isididae 

Acanella sp.

Keratoisis sp. 

Lepidisis sp.

Phylum: Ctenophora 

Class: Tentaculata 

Order: Cydippida 

Family: Haeckeliidae 

Aulacoctena sp.

Family: Pleurobrachiidae 

Hormiphora sp.

Order: Platyctenida 

Family: Tjalfiellidae 

Tjalfiella tristoma 

Order: Lobata 

LOBATA sp. nov. 

Family: Bathocyroidae 

Bathocyroe spp.

Family: Lampoctenidae 

Lampocteis cruentiventer 

Lampocteis sp. 

Phylum: Mollusca 

Class: Gastropoda 

Order: Vetifastropoda 

Superfamily: Patelloidea 

PATELLOIDEA sp. 

Order: Caenogastropoda 

Suborder: Neogastropoda 

Superfamily: Conoidea 

Family: Turridae 

TURRIDAE sp. 

140
 

Subclass: Opisthobranchia 

Order: Nudibranchia 

NUDIBRANCHIA sp. nov. 

Family: Tritoniidae 

Tritonia diomedea (cf. T. diomedea or sp. nov.) 

Family: Bathydoridae 

BATHYDORIDIDAE sp. 

Class: Polyplacophora 

Order: Neoloricata 

NEOLORICATA sp. 

Class: Bivalvia 

Subclass: Pteriomorphia 

Order: Limoida 

Family: Limidae 

Acesta mori 

Order: Ostreoida 

Superfamily: Pecinoidea 

Family: Pectinidae 

?PECTINIDAE sp. 

Class: Cephalopoda 

Subclass: Coleoidea 

Superorder: Decabrachia 

Order: Teuthida 

Suborder: Myopsina 

Family: Loliginidae 

Loligo (=Doryteuthis) opalescens 

Suborder: Oegopsina 

Family: Cranchiidae 

Subfamily: Taoniinae 

Galiteuthis sp.

Family: Gonatidae 

Gonatus onyx 

Family: Ommastrephidae 

Subfamily: Ommastrephinae 

Dosidicus gigas 

Superorder: Octobrachia 

Order: Octopoda 

Suborder: Cirrina 

Family: Opisthoteuthidae 

Opisthoteuthis sp.

Suborder: Incirrina 

Family: Bolitaenidae 

Japetella sp.

Family: Octopodidae 

Subfamily: Bathypolypodinae 

Benthoctopus spp.

Subfamily: Graneledoninae 

Graneledone boreopacifica (pacifica) 

Phylum: Annelida 

Class: Polychaeta 

Subclass: Palpata 

Order: Aciculata 

Suborder: Phyllodocida 

Family: Tomopteridae 

Tomopteris sp.

Family: Aphroditidae 

Laetmonice sp.

Family: Polynoidae 

POLYNOIDAE sp. 

Order: Canalipalpata 

Suborder: Sabellida 

Family: Sabellidae 

Euchone sp. nov. 

Family: Serpulidae 

SERPULIDAE spp. 

Suborder: Terebellida 

Family: Poeobiidae 

Poeobius meseres 

Family: Fauveliopsidae 

Flota sp.

141
 

Phylum: Arthropoda 

Subphylum: Chelicerata 

Class: Pycnogonida 

PYCNOGONIDA sp. 

Subphylum: Crustacea 

Class: Maxillopoda 

Subclass: Thecostraca 

Infraclass: Cirripedia 

Superorder: Thoracica 

Order: Pedunculata 

Suborder: Scalpellomorpha 

SCALPELLOMORPHA sp. 

Order: Sessilia 

Suborder: Verrucomorpha 

VERRUCOMORPHA sp. 

Class: Malacostraca 

Subclass: Eumalacostraca 

Superorder: Eucarida 

Order: Decapoda 

Suborder: Dendrobrachiata 

Superfamily: Sergestoidea 

Family: Sergestidae 

Sergestes similis 

Suborder: Pleocyemata 

Infraorder: Caridea 

CARIDEA spp. 

Superfamily: Pandaloidea 

Family: Pandalidae 

Pandalopsis ampla 

Infraorder: Anomura 

Superfamily: Paguroidea 

Family: Lithodidae 

LITHODIDAE sp. 

Neolithodes diomedeae 

Neolithodes sp.

Paralomis multispina

Paralomis verrilli

Superfamily: Galatheoidea 

Family: Galatheidae 

Munida sp.

Munidopsis spp.

Infraorder: Brachyura 

BRACHYURA sp. 

Family: Pisidae 

Chorilia longipes 

Superorder: Peracarida 

Order: Mysida 

MYSIDA spp. 

Order: Amphipoda 

AMPHIPODA spp. 

Suborder: Caprellidea 

Infraorder: Caprellida 

Superfamily: Caprelloidea 

Family: Caprellidae 

CAPRELLIDAE spp. 

Order: Isopoda 

ISOPODA spp. 

Suborder: Asellota 

Superfamily: Janiroidea 

Family: Munnopsidae 

MUNNOPSIDAE spp. 

Phylum: Ectoprocta 

ECTOPROCTA sp. 1 

ECTOPROCTA sp. 2 

Phylum: Echinodermata 

Class: Crinoidea 

Subclass: Articulata 

Order: Millericrinida 

Family: Hyocrinidae 

Hyocrinus sp.

Order: Bourgueticrinida 

Family: Bathycrinidae 

BATHYCRINIDAE sp. 

142
 

Order: Comatulida 

Suborder: Macrophreata 

Family: Antedonidae 

Florometra serratissima 

Class: Asteroidea 

Order: Paxillosida 

Suborder: Notomyotina 

Family: Benthopectinidae 

Benthopecten sp. (possibly B. claviger)

Order: Valvatida 

Suborder: Granulosina 

Family: Goniasteridae 

Ceramaster patagonicus 

Ceramaster sp.

Evoplosoma sp.

Hippasteria californica 

Hippasteria spinosa 

Mediaster spp.

Order: Velatida 

Suborder: Eugnathina 

Family: Pterasteridae 

Hymenaster koehleri 

?Pteraster sp. 1

Pteraster sp. 2 (possibly Hymenaster sp.)

Pteraster sp. 3 (possibly Hymenaster sp.)

Pteraster sp. 4

Pteraster sp. 5

Family: Solasteridae 

Lophaster furcilliger 

Solaster spp.

Order: Spinulosida 

Suborder: Leptognathina 

Family: Echinasteridae 

Henricia sp.

Order: Forcipulatida 

Family: Asteriidae 

?Anteliaster sp.

Family: Zoroasteridae 

Myxoderma sacculatum 

ZOROASTERIDAE sp. 

Order: Brisingida 

BRISINGIDA spp. 

Class: Ophiuroidea 

OPHIUROIDEA spp. 

Order: Phrynophiurida 

Suborder: Euralina 

Family: Gorgonocephalidae 

Gorgonocephalus sp.

Order: Ophiurida 

Suborder: Laemophiurina 

Family: Ophiacanthidae 

OPHIACANTHIDAE sp. 

Class: Echinoidea - urchins 

ECHINOIDEA sp. 

Subclass: Perischoechinoidea 

Order: Cidaroida 

Family: Cidaridae 

Aporocidaris milleri

Subclass: Euechinoidea 

Superorder: Diadematacea 

Order: Echinothurioida 

Family: Echinothuriidae 

Subfamily: Sperosomatinae 

Tromikosoma panamense 

Tromikosoma sp.

Superorder: Atelostomata 

Order: Holasteroida 

Suborder: Meridosternata 

Infraorder: Urechinina 

Family: Pourtalesiidae 

Cystocrepis setigera 

Class: Holothuroidea 

HOLOTHUROIDEA sp. 1 

143
 

HOLOTHUROIDEA sp. 2 

Order: Dendrochirotida 

Family: Cucumariidae 

Abyssocucumis abyssorum 

Family: Psolidae 

Psolus sp.

Order: Aspidochirotida 

Family: Synallactidae 

Paelopatides confundus 

SYNALLACTIDAE sp. 

Order: Elasipodida 

Family: Deimatidae 

Oneirophanta mutabilis 

Family: Elpidiidae 

Peniagone sp.

Scotoplanes globosa 

Family: Laetmogonidae 

Pannychia moseleyi 

Family: Psychropotidae 

Benthodytes sp. 1

Benthodytes sp. 2

Phylum: Chaetognatha 

CHAETOGNATHA spp. 

Phylum: Hemichordata 

Class: Enteropneusta 

ENTEROPNEUSTA sp. 

Phylum: Chordata 

Subphylum: Tunicata 

Class: Ascidiacea 

Order: Pleurogona 

Suborder: Stolidobranchia 

Family: Pyuridae 

Culeolus sp.

Class: Thaliacea 

Order: Salpida 

SALPIDA spp. 

Order: Doliolida 

Doliolenetta sp. nov. 

DOLIOLIDA spp. 

Class: Appendicularia 

APPENDICULARIA spp. 

Order: Copelata 

Family: Oikopleuridae 

Subfamily: Bathochordaeinae 

Bathochordaeus sp.

Subphylum: Vertebrata 

Class: Chondrichthyes 

Subclass: Elasmobranchii 

Superorder: Euselachii 

Order: Rajiformes 

Suborder: Rajoidei 

RAJOIDEI spp. (egg cases) 

Superfamily: Rajoidea 

Family: Arhynchobatidae 

Subfamily: Arhynchobatinae 

Bathyraja abyssicola 

Family: Rajidae 

Amblyraja badia 

Superclass: Osteichthyes 

Class: Actinopterygii 

Subclass: Neopterygii 

Infraclass: Teleostei 

Superorder: Elopomorpha 

Order: Notacanthiformes 

Suborder: Notacanthoidei 

Family: Halosauridae 

Aldrovandia sp.

Order: Anguilliformes 

Suborder: Congroidei 

Family: Synaphobranchidae 

SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE sp. 

Family: Nettastomatidae 

Venefica tentaculata 

144
 

145

Family: Serrivomeridae 

Serrivomer sp. (possibly S. sector)

Order: Saccopharyngiformes 

Suborder: Cyematoidei 

Family: Cyematidae 

Cyema atrum 

Superorder: Protacanthopterygii 

Order: Osmeriformes (Argentiniformes) 

Family: Bathylagidae 

BATHYLAGIDAE spp. 

Order: Osmeriformes 

Suborder: Argentinoidei 

Superfamily: Alepocephaloidea 

Family: Alepocephalidae 

ALEPOCEPHALIDAE sp. 

(possibly Conocara salmoneum)

Superorder: Stenopterygii 

Order: Stomiiformes 

Suborder: Gonostomatoidei 

Family: Gonostomatidae 

Cyclothone sp.

Superorder: Scopelomorpha 

Order: Aulopiformes 

Family: Synodontidae 

Subfamily: Synodontinae 

Bathysaurus mollis 

Order: Myctophiformes 

Family: Myctophidae 

MYCTOPHIDAE spp. 

Superorder: Paracanthopterygii 

Order: Ophidiiformes 

Suborder: Ophidioidei 

Family: Ophidiidae 

Subfamily: Neobythitinae 

Luciobrotula sp. 

Spectrunculus grandis 

Order: Gadiformes 

Family: Macrouridae 

Subfamily: Macrourinae 

Albatrossia pectoralis

Coryphaenoides acrolepis 

Coryphaenoides armatus/yaquinae 

Coryphaenoides filifer 

Coryphaenoides leptolepis 

Family: Moridae 

Antimora microlepis 

MORIDAE sp. (Lepidion sp. or possibly Laemonema sp.) 

Order: Lophiiformes 

Suborder: Ogcocephalioidei 

Superfamily: Chaunacioidea 

Family: Chaunacidae 

Bathychaunax (Chaunax) coloratus 

Superorder: Acanthopterygii 

Order: Scorpaeniformes 

Suborder: Scorpaenoidei 

Family: Scorpaenidae 

Sebastolobus alascanus 

Suborder: Cottoidei 

Family: Psychrolutidae 

Psychrolutes phrictus 

Family: Liparidae 

Careproctus ovigerus (juvenile)

LIPARIDAE sp. 

Order: Perciformes 

Suborder: Zoarcoidei 

Family: Zoarcidae 

Bothrocara brunneum 

Lycenchelys spp.

Lycodapus fierasfer 

Lycodapus mandibularis 

Pachycara bulbiceps 

ZOARCIDAE spp. 
ONMS CONSERVATION SERIES PUBLICATIONS 

To date, the following reports have been published in the Marine Sanctuaries Conservation 

Series. All publications are available on the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries website 

(http://www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov/). 

Caribbean Connectivity: Implications for Marine Protected Area Management (ONMS-08-07) 

Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Management Strategies and Regulations of FKNMS by 

Commercial Fishers, Dive Operators, and Environmental Group Members: A Baseline 

Characterization and 10-year Comparison (ONMS-08-06) 

First Biennial Ocean Climate Summit: Finding Solutions for San Francisco Bay Area's Coast and 

Ocean (ONMS-08-05) 

A Scientific Forum on the Gulf of Mexico: The Islands in the Stream Concept (NMSP-08-04) 

M/V ELPIS Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report Monitoring Events 2004-2007 Florida Keys 

National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida (NMSP-08-03) 

CONNECTIVITY Science, People and Policy in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 

(NMSP-08-02) 

M/V ALEC OWEN MAITLAND Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report Monitoring Events 

2004-2007 Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida (NMSP-08-01) 

Automated, objective texture segmentation of multibeam echosounder data - Seafloor survey and 

substrate maps from James Island to Ozette Lake, Washington Outer Coast. (NMSP-07-05) 

Observations of Deep Coral and Sponge Assemblages in Olympic Coast National Marine 

Sanctuary, Washington (NMSP-07-04) 

A Bioregional Classification of the Continental Shelf of Northeastern North America for 

Conservation Analysis and Planning Based on Representation (NMSP-07-03) 

M/V WELLWOOD Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report Monitoring Events 2004-2006 

Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida (NMSP-07-02) 

Survey report of NOAA Ship McArthur II cruises AR-04-04, AR-05-05 and AR-06-03: Habitat 

classification of side scan sonar imagery in support of deep-sea coral/sponge explorations at the 

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (NMSP-07-01) 

2002 - 03 Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Science Report: An Ecosystem Report Card 

After Five Years of Marine Zoning (NMSP-06-12) 

Habitat Mapping Effort at the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary - Current Status and 

Future Needs (NMSP-06-11) 
M/V CONNECTED Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report Monitoring Events 2004-2005 

Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida (NMSP-06-010) 

M/V JACQUELYN L Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report Monitoring Events 2004-2005 

Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida (NMSP-06-09) 

 

M/V WAVE WALKER Coral Reef Restoration Baseline Monitoring Report - 2004 Florida Keys 

National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida (NMSP-06-08) 

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Habitat Mapping: Survey report and classification of 

side scan sonar data from surveys HMPR-114-2004-02 and HMPR-116-2005-01 (NMSP-06-07) 

A Pilot Study of Hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus Walbaum 1792) Movement in the Conch Reef 

Research Only Area (Northern Florida Keys) (NMSP-06-06) 

Comments on Hydrographic and Topographic LIDAR Acquisition and Merging with Multibeam 

Sounding Data Acquired in the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (ONMS-06-05) 

Conservation Science in NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries: Description and Recent 

Accomplishments (ONMS-06-04) 

Normalization and characterization of multibeam backscatter: Koitlah Point to Point of the Arches, 

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary - Survey HMPR-115-2004-03 (ONMS-06-03) 

Developing Alternatives for Optimal Representation of Seafloor Habitats and Associated 

Communities in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (ONMS-06-02) 

Benthic Habitat Mapping in the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (ONMS-06-01) 

Channel Islands Deep Water Monitoring Plan Development Workshop Report (ONMS-05-05) 

Movement of yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus Block 1790) and black grouper (Mycteroperca 

bonaci Poey 1860) in the northern Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary as determined by 

acoustic telemetry (MSD-05-4) 

The Impacts of Coastal Protection Structures in California's Monterey Bay National Marine 

Sanctuary (MSD-05-3) 

An annotated bibliography of diet studies of fish of the southeast United States and Gray's Reef 

National Marine Sanctuary (MSD-05-2) 

Noise Levels and Sources in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and the St. Lawrence 

River Estuary (MSD-05-1) 

Biogeographic Analysis of the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (MSD-04-1) 

A Review of the Ecological Effectiveness of Subtidal Marine Reserves in Central California (MSD04-2, MSD-04-3) 

Pre-Construction Coral Survey of the M/V Wellwood Grounding Site (MSD-03-1) 
Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Proceedings of the 1998 Research Workshop, Seattle, 

Washington (MSD-01-04) 

Workshop on Marine Mammal Research & Monitoring in the National Marine Sanctuaries (MSD01-03) 

A Review of Marine Zones in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MSD-01-2) 

Distribution and Sighting Frequency of Reef Fishes in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 

(MSD-01-1) 

Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary: A Rapid Assessment of Coral, Fish, and Algae 

Using the AGRRA Protocol (MSD-00-3) 

The Economic Contribution of Whalewatching to Regional Economies: Perspectives From Two 

National Marine Sanctuaries (MSD-00-2) 

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Area to be Avoided Education and Monitoring Program 

(MSD-00-1) 

Multi-species and Multi-interest Management: an Ecosystem Approach to Market Squid (Loligo 

opalescens) Harvest in California (MSD-99-1)