Geohydrology, Ground-Water Availability, and Ground-Water Quality 

of Berkeley County, West Virginia, with Emphasis on the 

Carbonate-Rock Area

U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4073

Prepared in cooperation with the

EASTERN PANHANDLE REGIONAL PLANNING 

AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL, REGION 9
CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

Multiply By To obtain

inch (in.)

inch per year (in/yr) 

foot (ft)

foot per day (ft/d)

foot squared per day^fi^/d)

mile (mi)

square mile (mi2)

cubic foot per second (ft3/s)

gallon (gal)

gallon per cubic foot (gal/ft3 ) 

gallon per minute (gal/min)

gallon per minute per foot 

[(gal/min)/ft)J

gallon per minute per square mile

l(gal/min)/mi2 ]

billion gallons per year (Ggal/yr)

25.4

25.4

0.3048

0.3048

0.0929

1.609

2.590

0.02832

3.785

133.6

0.06309

0.2070

1.461

0.1200

millimeter

millimeter per year

meter

meter per day

meter squared per day

kilometer

square kilometer

cubic meter per second

liter

liter per cubic meter

liter per second

liters per second per meter

liter per minute per square

kilometer

cubic meter per second

1 The standard unit for transmissivity (T) is cubic foot per day per square foot times foot of aquifer thickness 

[(ft /d)/ft ]ft. This mathematical expression reduces to foot squared per day (fr/d).

Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 a geodetic datum derived from a 

general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.

Water temperature, specific conductance, and chemical concentration are given in metric units.

Water temperature given in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by using the following equation:

°F - 1.8 (°C) + 32

Specific conductance of water is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (uS/cm). This unit is equivalent 

to micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (umho/cm), formerly used by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Chemical concentration in water is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and micrograms per liter (ug/L).
Geohydrology, Ground-Water Availability, and Ground-Water Quality 

of Berkeley County, West Virginia, with Emphasis on the 

Carbonate-Rock Area

By R. A. Shultz, W. A. Hobba, Jr., and M. D. Kozar 

U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4073

Prepared in cooperation with the

EASTERN PANHANDLE REGIONAL PLANNING 

AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL, REGION 9

Charleston, West Virginia 

1995
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Gordon P. Eaton, Director

For additional information Copies of this report can be 

write to: purchased from:

District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 

U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Cente* 

11 Dunbar Street Open-File Reports Section 

Charleston, WV 25301 Box 25286, MS 517

Denver Federal Center 

Denver, CO 80225
CONTENTS

Abstract....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction..........................................................................................._^

Purpose and scope............................................................................................................................................ 2

Description of study area..................................................................................................................................2

Methods of study..............................................................................................................................................2

Previous studies................................................................................................................................................4

Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................4

Geohydrology..............................................................................................................................................................4

Geologic setting................................................................................................................................................4

Ground-water flow...........................................................................................................................................?

Ground-water levels.........................................................................................................................................7

Hydrologic characteristics of the carbonate rocks ...........................................................................................9

Recharge and discharge................................................................................................................ 10

Specific yield and transmissivity.................................................................................................. 15

Flow velocity................................................................................................................................ 16

Ground-water availability...........................................................................................^^

Well yield.......................................................................................................................................................24

Springflow................................................^

Ground-water quality................................................................................................................................................ 32

Collection and analytical methods................................................................................................................. 3*

Water-quality constituents and properties......................................................................................................38

Bacteria.........................................................................................................................................42

Physical properties.......................................................................................................................42

pH..............................................._

Specific conductance.....................................................................................................42

Temperature...................................................................................................................43

Alkalinity .......................................................................................................................43

Water hardness...............................................................................................................43

Total dissolved solids.....................................................................................................44

Inorganic constituents..................................................................................................................44

Chloride .........................................................................................................................44

Iron and manganese.......................................................................................................44

Nitrate............................................................................................................................45

Radon.............................................................................................................................45

Organic compounds......................................................................................................................45

Pesticides .......................................................................................................................45

Volatile organic compounds..........................................................................................46

Geohydrology of Berkeley County III
Changes in water quality ............................................................................................................................46

Seasonal changes..........................................................................................................................47

Long-term changes.......................................................................................................................48

Summary.............................................................................._

Selected references..................................................^

Glossary..........................................................................................................................................................^

Appendixes..........................................................................................._^

A: Records of inventoried wells and springs in Berkeley County,

West Virginia, 1989-90 .......................................................................................................................58

A-l: Records of wells...................................................................................................................59

A-2: Records of springs................................................................................................................ 61

B: Ground-water-quality data for selected wells and springs

in Berkeley County, West Virginia, 1989-90......................................................................................66

B-l: Water-quality data values..................................................................................................... 67

B-2: Chemical analyses for pesticides .........................................................................................79

C: Ground-water-level measurements from selected wells in Berkeley County,

West Virginia, March 1989 to May 1990............................................................................................ 87

FIGURES

1-2. Maps showing:

1. location of study area.............................................................................................................................3

2. Geology of Berkeley County, West Virginia.......................................................................................... 6

3-4. Diagrams showing:

3. The components of ground-water flow in a cavernous carbonate aquifer.............................................. 8

4. Generalized ground-water-flow patterns in noncarbonate rocks............................................................. 9

5. Hydrograph showing water levels in well 70 in the Beekmantown Group

at Martinsburg, West Virginia...................................................................................................................... 10

6. Map showing location of wells inventoried during 1989-90 in Berkeley

County, West Virginia.................................................................................................................................. 11

7. Hydrograph and graph showing discharge from artesian well 58 near 

Shanghai, West Virginia, and monthly precipitation at Martinsburg, 

West Virginia.............................................................................................................................................. J

8-12. Maps showing:

8. Location of streamflow-discharge measurement sites and location

where estimates of aquifer charactristics were made............................................................................ 13

9. Location of dye-tracer tests and water-table contours........................................................................... 19

10. Location of sites for dye-tracer test A near Files Crossroads, 

WestVirginia.....................................................................^

11. Location of sites for dye-tracer test B near Jones Spring, West Virginia .............................................22

12. Location of sites for dye-tracer test C near Inwood, West Virginia...................................................... 23

IV Geohydrology of Berkeley County
FIGURES - Continued

13-19. Graphs showing well-yield frequencies for wells in the:

13. Beekmantown Group in Berkeley County, West Virginia.....................................................................24

14. Martinsburg Formation in Berkeley County, West Virginia................................................................. 25

15. Chambersburg Limestone in Berkeley County, West Virginia.............................................................25

16. Elbrook Formation in Berkeley County, West Virginia........................................................................25

17. Conococheague Formation in Berkeley County, West Virginia...........................................................25

18. Hampshire Formation in Berkeley County, West Virginia...................................................................25

19. Mahantango Formation in Berkeley County, West Virginia.................................................................25

20-21. Maps showing location of:

20. Springs in Berkeley County, West Virginia..........................................................................................31

21. Springs with mean discharge greater than 500 gallons per minute, faults,

and limestone contacts in Berkeley County, West Virginia.................................................................. 33

22-26. Hydrographs and graphs showing discharge from:

22. Spring 205 and daily precipitation at Martinsburg, West Virginia....................................................... 34

23. Spring 213 and daily precipitation at Martinsburg, West Virginia .......................................................35

24. Spring 231 and daily precipitation at Martinsburg, West Virginia....................................................... 35

25. Spring 234 and daily precipitation at Martinsburg, West Virginia....................................................... 36

26. Spring 268 and daily precipitation at Martinsburg, West Virginia....................................................... 36

27-29. Trilinear diagrams showing ground-water-quality data from:

27. Springs in carbonate rocks.....................................................................................................................39

28. Wells in carbonate rocks .......................................................................................................................39

29. Wells and springs in noncarbonate rocks ..............................................................................................40

30-36. Box plots showing distribution of concentrations for selected constituents in water samples from the:

30. Beekmantown Group.............................................................................................................................40

31. Chambersburg Limestone......................................................................................................................40

32. Conococheague Formation....................................................................................................................41

33. Elbrook Formation.................................................................................................................................41

34. Hampshire Formation............................................................................................................................41

35. Mahantango Formation .........................................................................................................................41

36. Martinsburg Formation..........................................................................................................................42

Geohydrology of Berkeley County V
TABLES

1. Discharge measurements and drainage areas for sites in the carbonate aquifer systems in the 

Mill Creek, Middle Creek, Evans Run, and Tuscarora Creek basins for June 26-27,1990, 

Berkeley County, West Virginia.................................................................................................................. 14

2. Hydrograph-separation results for three streamflow-gaging stations in Berkeley

County, West Virginia..................................................................................................................................16

3. Estimates of annual recharge and transmissivity for carbonate rocks in the Middle Creek

and Tuscarora Creek basins in Berkeley County, West Virginia................................................................. 17

4. Results of dye-tracer tests and estimated flow velocities in Berkeley County, West Virginia.................... 20

5. Relation of well diameter to well yield ........................................................................................................26

6. Well yield in carbonate rocks at various distances from a fault in Berkeley County,

West Virginia...............................................................................................................................................27

7. Specific capacity of wells drilled in carbonate rocks at various distances from a fault in

Berkeley County, West Virginia..................................................................................................................28

8. Well yield for various well depth ranges in Berkeley County, West Virginia............................................. 29

9. Well depth by geologic unit in Berkeley County, West Virginia................................................................ 30

10. Number of carbonate and noncarbonate springs in given discharge ranges in Berkeley

County, West Virginia..................................................................................................................................32

11. Estimated recharge areas for selected springs in Berkeley County, West Virginia..................................... 37

12. Statistical summary of bacteria data from wells and springs in Berkeley County,

West Virginia...............................................................................................................................................43

13. Minimum and maximum values for ground-water quality for seven springs 

sampled on a quarterly basis between March 1989 and March 1990, 

Berkeley County, West Virginia..................................................................................................................47

14. Median values for ground-water quality for August 21-24,1989, and March 5-9,1990,

in Berkeley County, West Virginia..............................................................................................................48

VI Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Geohydrology, Ground-Water Availability, and 

Ground-Water Quality of Berkeley County, West 

Virginia, With Emphasis on the Carbonate-Rock 

Area

By R.A. Shultz, W.A. Hobba, Jr., and M.D. Kozar

ABSTRACT

Berkeley County is underlain by carbonate 

rocks, upon which karst topography has developed, 

and by noncarbonate rocks. Ground-water levels 

tend to follow seasonal trends and fluctuate more in 

carbonate areas than in noncarbonate areas. Well 

yields of greater than 100 gallons per minute are 

possible from the carbonate rocks but such yields 

are unlikely from the noncarbonate rocks. The largest springs, which discharge more than 2,000 

gallons per minute, are located in the carbonate 

rocks and are typically on or near faults or the limestone-shale contacts. Ground-water-flow velocities 

in the carbonate rocks ranged from 32 to 1,879 feet 

per day. Recharge was estimated to be about 10 

inches per year for a 60-square-mile area of carbonate rocks. Specific yield for carbonate rocks ranged 

from 0.044 to 0.049. Estimated transmissivity values for carbonate rocks ranged from 730 to 9,140 

feet squared per day.

Concentrations of the following constituents 

exceeded the maximum and secondary maximum 

contaminant levels set by the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency in ground water from at least 

one site: iron, manganese, nitrate, fecal coliform 

and fecal streptococcal bacteria, pH, total dissolved 

solids, and chloride. Analyses of the ground water 

indicated that the following organochlorine and 

organophosphate insecticides were present in 

detectable concentrations: chlordane, DDE, DOT, 

diazinon, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, 

heptachlor epoxide, and malathion. Triazine herbicides that were present in detectable concentrations 

were atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine. Radon 

concentrations ranged from 92 to 1,600 picocuries 

per liter. Ground water from four springs in the carbonate rocks was analyzed for 36 volatile organic 

compounds. None of the compounds were present 

in detectable concentrations.

INTRODUCTION

Berkeley County is located in eastern West 

Virginia, about 65 mi northwest of Washington 

D.C. Many people who work in the Washington, 

D.C. area are relocating to this area, and the county 

is experiencing rapid population growth. The population in the county increased 26.7 percent from 

1980-90 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1991). 

The primary source of water for most domestic and 

community water-supply systems in Berkeley 

County is ground water. 1 State and local officials 

are concerned about the effects that the escalating 

demands for water and land-use changes are having 

on the ground-water resources of the county.

The western half of the county is underlain by 

shale, sandstone, and some limestone; the eastcii 

half of the county is underlain by limestone and 

some shale. Karst topography has developed in 

some areas. Ground-water recharge in karst areas 

is rapid and occurs indirectly by infiltration of precipitation, and directly through sinkholes and 

streams. Ground-water velocities are highly variable. Chemical contaminants entering the groundwater-flow system can spread quickly or slowly; 

they can be quickly flushed out of the system, or 

remain for a long time.

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation 

with the Eastern Panhandle Regional Planning and 

Development Council, Region 9, conducted a countywide investigation of the ground-water resources

1 Words in boldface type are defined in the Glossary.

Geohydrology of Berkeley Count" 1
because of the increasing demand for potable water 

and the vulnerability of the ground-water supplies 

to contamination.

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to describe the 

geohydrology, the ground-water availability, and 

the ground-water quality for Berkeley County, 

West Virginia. Areas of Berkeley County are identified where changes in water quality have 

occurred. Because most of the populated areas, 

farms, orchards, and industrial areas are underlain 

by carbonate rocks, most of the data-collection 

activities were concentrated in the carbonate areas. 

The water-quality data collected during this study 

were compared with previously published waterquality data.

Description of Study Area

Berkeley County encompasses a land area of 

325 mi2 and is located in the eastern panhandle of 

West Virginia (fig. 1). The county is bounded by 

Opequon Creek and Jefferson County, West Virginia, to the east; Morgan County, West Virginia, to 

the west; the State of Virginia to the south; and the 

Potomac River to the north.

The eastern half of Berkeley County is in the 

Shenandoah Valley. This area is characterized by 

gently rolling topography, with elevations ranging 

from about 310 to 800 ft above sea level. The westera half of the county is characterized by 

northeastward-trending parallel ridges and valleys. 

The major ridges and valleys are, from east to west, 

North Mountain, Back Creek Valley, Third Hill 

Mountain, and Sleepy Creek Mountain. The top of 

Sleepy Creek Mountain forms the border between 

Berkeley and Morgan Counties. Elevatioas range 

from about 310 ft above sea level where the Potomac River leaves the county, to almost 2,200 ft 

above sea level on Third Hill Mountain west of 

Shanghai.

The Potomac River drains all of Berkeley 

County. The principal tributaries of the Potomac 

River are Meadow Branch, Cherry Run, Back

Creek, Harlan Run, Opequon Creek, and Rockymarsh Run. All are subsequent streams flowing in 

the general direction of bedrock strike. A trellis 

drainage pattern has developed to the west of 

North Mountain. A dendritic drainage pattern 

has developed in the Shenandoah Valley. Four 

other streams are of significant size Tuscarora 

Creek, Evans Run, Middle Creek, and Mill Creek. 

All four are tributaries to Opequon Creek, and flow 

generally across the strike of bedrock.

In 1973,46.5 percent of Berkeley Courty was 

composed of forest, 31.4 percent pasture, 12.9 percent cropland, 4.7 percent urban or commercial and 

industrial land, 3.6 percent orchard, 0.7 percent barren land, and 0.2 percent water (McColloch and 

Lessing, 1980; West Virginia Department of Agriculture, 1975). Barren land includes quarries strip 

mines, gravel pits, and transitional areas. Recent 

land-use surveys include only cropland statistics. 

Crops covered about 13.4 percent of the county in 

1989 (West Virginia Department of Agriculture, 

1990). These crops are, in order from greatest to 

least acreage, hay, corn, wheat, and oats.

Methods of Study

Data collection began in February 1989 and 

ended in September 1990. Wells and spring? were 

inventoried, from which sites were chosen to study 

the ground-water-flow system and the geohydrologic characteristics of the aquifers. Ground1 -waterlevel changes were measured in a network of 31 

observation wells. Four wells were equipped with 

water-level recorders, and measurements were 

made monthly with a steel tape at the remaining 27 

wells. Seventeen wells with three recorders were 

located in the carbonate areas and 14 wells with one 

recorder were located in the noncarbonate areas. 

Well-yield data were gathered from 390 inventoried sites, previous reports, and drillers' reports. A 

springflow-observation network was established. 

Springflow (stage) was measured hourly at five 

springs by using a continuous recorder, and then 

was converted to discharge by use of a stage-discharge relation for each spring. Springflow was 

measured monthly at four springs. The flow of one 

artesian well was measured monthly. Groundwater-flow direction and velocity were stud: ^d by

2 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
MARYLAND 77 '52'3o"

39 30

,<^77%?'30'f 

^/G°'

Shepherdstown

O1 2345 Miles

| h-^-r-l 

O 1 2345 Kilometers

OHIO 4°;

EXPLANATION

Shenandoah Valley 

Valley and Ridge Province

Base from U.S. Geological Survey 1:250,000

Figure 1 . Location of study area.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 3
use of dye-tracer tests made in three locations. 

Recharge, specific yield, and transmissivity were 

estimated for a 60-mi2 area of carbonate rock.

The ground-water quality was determined by 

analyzing water samples from wells and springs 

throughout the county. Ground-water-quality samples were collected from a network of 46 wells and 

14 springs August 21 -24, 1989. Ground-waterquality samples were collected from a second network of 54 wells and 6 springs March 5-9, 1990. 

Additional water samples were collected quarterly 

at seven springs. All of the water samples were 

analyzed for fecal coliform and fecal streptococci 

bacteria, major ions, and nutrients. Some of the 

water samples also were analyzed for pesticides, 

volatile organic compounds, and radon-222.

Previous Studies

The geology of Berkeley County was 

described by Grimsley (1916) in a study on Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan Counties, and by 

Cardwell and others (1986) as part of a West Virginia Statewide geologic map. Dean and others 

(1987) mapped the geology of the Hedgesville, 

Martinsburg, Shepherdstown, and Williamsport 

7 1/2-minute topographic quadrangles within Berkeley County. Taylor( 1974) studied folds, faults, 

joints, cleavage, tectonics, lineaments, and fracture 

traces of the rocks in the Hedgesville and Williamsport 7 1/2-minute topographic quadrangles within 

Berkeley County. Taylor also studied the influence 

of lithology, topography, and structure on the 

ground-water resources of that area. Jeffords 

(1945) discussed the relation of geology to water 

supply and the ground-water quality at Martinsburg. Graeff (1953) studied ground-water supply 

in relation to the geology near Inwood. Beiber 

(1961) studied the ground-water features of Berkeley and Jefferson Counties. Beiber's report 

included discussions on water levels, lithologic 

effects on ground water, ground-water use, the 

water-bearing properties of various stratigraphic 

units, and ground-water quality. Hobba and others 

(1972) included Berkeley County in a study of the 

water resources of the Potomac River Basin in West 

Virginia. The data in that study were presented in 

a later report by Friel and others (1975). Trainer

and Watkins (1975) described the hydrologic characteristics of the rocks in the Upper Potomac River 

Basin and included Berkeley County as part of their 

study. Hobba (1976) studied the ground-water 

hydrology of Berkeley County, and included discussions on ground-water levels, underground dye 

tracing, and water quality in his report. McColloch 

(1986) gave locations and descriptions for 53 

springs in Berkeley County in a report on the 

springs of West Virginia.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank James Barnhart, Kathleen 

Dilley, Carl Franklin, and Kevin Lilly of the West 

Virginia Department of Natural Resources, and 

Charles Bennett of Knouse Foods Corporation for 

their help in collecting data for the dye-tracer tests. 

Thanks to William Isherwood, Douglas Dining, 

Kenneth Lowe, James Miller, Vernon Hiett, B & W 

Watercress, Knouse Foods Corporation, the Woods 

Homeowners Association, and the Bunker Hill 

Public Service District for allowing access to their 

properties for installation of water-level and springflow-monitoring equipment. Appreciation also is 

given to the residents of Berkeley County who 

granted access to sample their wells and springs, 

and for providing information about their wells and 

springs.

GEOHYDROLOGY

Ground water is stored in and flows through 

fractures in rock. These fractures include joints, 

faults, and bedding-plane partings, and constitute 

secondary porosity of the rocks. Primary porosity is not an important consideration of groundwater storage and flow in Berkeley County because 

most intergranular spaces are filled with cementing 

material. The size and directional orientation of the 

fractures is controlled by the geologic setting.

Geologic Setting

The rocks of Berkeley County are of Cambrian, 

Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Mississippian 

ages (Cardwell and others, 1986). The rocks crop

4 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
out in beds of differing width, and the strike of the 

beds is oriented northeast-southwest (fig. 2). The 

rocks were folded and faulted during the formation 

of the Appalachian Mountains; fold axes generally 

trend northeast. Taylor (1974) states that the average trend of fold hinges on the Hedgesville and 

Williamsport 7 1/2-minute quadrangles is N. 20° E. 

The major folds are the Meadow Branch syncline, 

the Ferrel Ridge anticline, and the large Massanutten syncline underlying the Shenandoah Valley. 

The center of the large synclinal structure underlies 

Opequon Creek, which forms much of the boundary 

with Jefferson County.

Cambrian and Ordovician rocks crop out in the 

Shenandoah Valley to the east of North Mountain. 

They are, in order of oldest to youngest: the 

Elbrook and Conococheague Formations of Cambrian age; and the Beekmantown, St. Paul, Black 

River, and Trenton Groups, and the Martinsburg 

Formation of Ordovician age. The Black River and 

Trenton Groups are referred to as the "Chambersburg Limestone" in this report. These rocks are 

mostly limestone and dolomite, with the exception 

of the shales of the Martinsburg Formation. The 

Martinsburg Formation is at the center of the Massanutten syncline. All Cambrian and Ordovician 

rocks mentioned above crop out on the eastern and 

western sides of the Martinsburg Formation, with 

the exception of the Elbrook Formation, which 

crops out only on the western side.

The Silurian, Devonian, and Mississippian 

rocks crop out from the eastern slope of North 

Mountain to the western border with Morgan 

County. These rocks decrease in age from east to 

west, except where faults have brought older rocks 

to the surface. Silurian rocks include the Tuscarora 

Sandstone, Clinton Group, McKenzie Formation, 

and the Williamsport, Wills Creek, and Tonoloway 

Formations. Devonian rocks include the Helderberg Group, Oriskany Sandstone, Needmore Shale, 

the Marcellus and Mahantango Formations, Harrell 

Shale, Brallier Formation, Chemung Group, and the 

Hampshire Formation. Mississippian rocks include 

only the Pocono Group. All of these geologic units 

consist of shale and sandstone, except for the 

Helderberg Group and the Tonoloway and Wills 

Creek Formations, which contain limestone. These 

limestones form a band about 1/4 to 1 1/4 mi in

width in the Back Creek Valley, beginning about 2 

mi south of Jones Spring and striking northeastward 

for about 7 1/2 mi.

The carbonate areas are characterized by sinkholes, caves, and dry-surface streams that indicate 

underground drainage, often referred to as "karst 

topography." The carbonate areas include a large 

part of the Shenandoah Valley and a part of Back 

Creek Valley. Carbonate rocks of Berkeley County 

include the Elbrook Formation, Conococheague 

Formation, Beekmantown Group, Chambersburg 

Limestone, Helderberg Group, Tonoloway Formation, and Wills Creek Formation. Noncarbonate 

rocks include the Martinsburg Formation, Tuscarora Sandstone, Clinton Group, McKenzie 

Formation, Williamsport Formation, Oriskany 

Sandstone, Needmore Shale, Marcellus Formation, 

Mahantango Formation, Harrell Shale, Brallier Formation, Chemung Group, Hampshire Formation, 

and Pocono Group.

Quaternary deposits of unconsolidated alluvial 

material are present along the Potomac River, Opequon Creek, Back Creek, and Meadow Branch. 

This material consists of clay, silt, sand, and gravel, 

and the thickness of the bed material is no greater 

than 35 ft (Beiber, 1961, p. 55). There are no 

ground-water data on these deposits, and they are 

not discussed elsewhere in this report.

Fractures including faults, joints, and beddingplane separations are present in the bedrock. Faults 

were formed by compression during the formation 

of the Appalachian Mountains. The carbonate areas 

contain more faults than the noncarbonate areas. 

Longitudinal faults are present throughout the carbonate area. Cross faults are more common in the 

carbonate area to the north of Martinsburg than in 

the carbonate area to the south of Martinsburg, as 

observed from a map prepared by Hobba (1976). 

Taylor (1974) gives dominant trends of N. 15° E. 

to N. 20° E. and N. 80° E. to N. 90° E. for longitudinal and cross faults, respectively. These values 

are for the area north of Martinsburg within the 

Hedgesville and Williamsport 7 1/2-minute quadrangles. Taylor also states that the cross faults are 

not well developed, and that some of the longitudinal faults dip steeply to the east and others dip 

steeply to the west.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 5
78°07'30

MARYLAND

r\ ^c-^Txf6 x- \ * vA

.§

39° 30'

012345 Kilometers

LITHOLOGY (generalized)

Quaternary alluvium

Limestone

Shale, sandstone

EXPLANATION 

Map

Geologic Unit 

Quaternary Alluvium (K) 

Pocono Group (N) 

Hampshire Formation (N) 

Chemung Group (N) 

Brallier Formation (N), 

Harrell Shale (N) 

Mahantango Formation (N) 

Marcellus Formation (N), 

Needmore Shale (N) 

Oriskany Sandstone (N), 

Helderberg Group (C) 

Tonoloway Formation (C), 

Wills Creek Formation (C), 

Williamsport Formation (N) 

Mckenzie Formation (N), 

Clinton Group (N), 

Tuscarora Sandstone (N) 

Martinsburg Formation (K) 

Chambersburg Limestone (C), 

St. Paul Group (C) 

Beekmantown Group (C)

Elbrook Formation (C)

Anticline

Sync 1 ine

Figure 2. Geology of Berkeley County, West Virginia.

6 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
The dominant joint trend in the carbonate rocks 

north of Martinsburg is about N. 60° W. to 

N. 70° W., and is perpendicular to the strike of bedrock (Taylor, 1974). This dominant trend was 

present in both dolomite and limestone, but the 

range of orientations of the dolomite was wider than 

that of the limestone. Field observations by Taylor 

(1974) indicate that dolomite is more densely fractured than limestone, owing to the more brittle 

nature of dolomite. Graeff (1953) also reported a 

dominant joint trend perpendicular to the strike of 

bedrock in the southern part of the county near 

Inwood. The dominant joint trend for carbonate 

rock was N. 42° W. Graeff did not separate his data 

into dolomite and limestone trends.

Bedding planes are important ground-waterflow paths in the direction of the strike and dip of 

the beds. Fractures in the rocks create features 

called lineaments on land surface if the fractures 

extend great distances. Lineaments can include 

faults, dry-stream channels, aligned stream-meander bends, and aligned sinkholes. Lineaments have 

been mapped in Berkeley County by Hobba (1976), 

Taylor (1974), andZewe (1991).

Ground-Water Flow

Ground water flows from a higher hydraulic 

head toward a lower hydraulic head. The main 

direction of flow is the path of highest horizontal 

hydraulic conductivity, usually along an open 

fracture or parting. Regionally, the hydraulic gradient is toward lower hydraulic heads along 

Opequon Creek and the Potomac River on the east 

side of North Mountain, and toward Back Creek on 

the west side of North Mountain. Locally, the 

hydraulic gradient is typically in the direction of the 

nearest pumping well, spring, or stream.

Horizontal hydraulic conductivity is highest in 

areas with many, interconnected, wide fractures, 

and lowest in areas of few, poorly connected, narrow fractures. Fault zones could be the main 

avenues of flow wherever they are present, because 

they are typically areas of increased fracturing. 

Faults act as drains, collecting water from tributary 

faults, bedding-plane separations, joints, and cavernous zones in the surrounding rock. Ground

water entering a fault flows along the fault toward 

a lower hydraulic head. Faults, however, also can 

close or act as barriers to flow if they are filled with 

sediment.

Carbonate rocks have diffuse and conduit flow 

(fig. 3). Diffuse flow occurs where fractures are 

small and the flow is slow and laminar. ConcMit 

flow usually occurs in faults, beneath losing 

streams, in cavernous areas, and where fractures 

have been enlarged by dissolution. Mill Creek and 

Tuscarora Creek have losing sections based on flow 

measurements made during June 26-27, 1990. 

Tory town Run, Sylvan Run, Dry Run, Evans R un, 

and Harlan Run also have losing sections based on 

a ground-water-level map by Hobba (1976). There 

could be other streams that have losing sections 

Conduits can range from less than one inch to tens 

of feet in width and height, and are generally tH 

main flow paths for water wherever they are 

present. Ground water in conduits can move rapidly and is sometimes turbulent.

Generalized ground-water-flow patterns in the 

noncarbonate areas are shown in figure 4. The 

water table is a subdued replica of the topography. 

Ground water flows downhill, from hilltops to valleys, in response to gravity. Ground-water divides, 

which separate one recharge area from another, are 

usually ridgetops. Discharge points are springs and 

seeps along the flow path, on hillsides and in valley 

bottoms. Fractures in noncarbonate rocks are not 

enlarged by dissolution, and ground-water flow is 

diffuse.

Ground-Water Levels

Ground-water levels are affected by recharge 

from precipitation and infiltration from streams, 

and discharge to springs, streams, wells, quarries, 

and mines. Water levels in wells usually show a 

seasonal trend, as shown by the hydrograph for well 

70 in figure 5. Water levels peak between Apnl 

and mid-June and decline to the lowest levels 

between mid-October and November. This decline 

occurs even though June, July, and August are normally the third, fourth, and second wettest morths, 

respectively (based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather records for

Geohydrology of Berkeley Count 7
SINKHOLES

WATER TABLE

	EXPLANATION

1. Diffuse flow through soil, residuum, or unconsolidated surficial material

2. Flow through enlarged vertical conduits

3. Diffuse flow through joints, fractures, faults, and bedding planes

4. Surface streams draining into sinkholes

5. Horizontal and vertical flow to master conduit

6. Water-filled master conduit

7. Air-filled conduit

8. Flow lines of diffuse ground-water flow

Modified by D S Mull and others, 1988

Figure 3. The components of ground-water flow in a cavernous carbonate aquifer.

Martinsburg from 1891 to 1990). Much of the precipitation during this time is not available for 

recharge because of evapotranspiration.

Precipitation most effectively recharges the 

ground-water system after the leaves drop in the fall 

and temperatures decrease. Even though November 

through February are typically the driest months, 

ground-water levels usually rise slowly from 

December through February. Precipitation 

amounts increase from March through May, which 

is normally the wettest month. Evapotranspiration does not reach its maximum until summer, 

and, consequently, ground-water levels usually 

peak in April through mid-June. These trends are 

averages, and variations from the average occur 

during extreme wet and dry periods. The effect that 

a drought had on water levels in 1969 can be seen in 

figure 5. The lowest water level on record at well

70 in Martinsburg occurred on December 7, 1969. 

Precipitation was 10.62 in. below normal from 

December 1968 through June 1969, the time of year 

when water levels are normally recovering. Abovenormal precipitation fell during July and August 

1969, but this rainfall was mostly removed by 

evapotranspiration, and resulted in only a sl: ght rise 

in water levels. Precipitation was below normal 

during September through November 1969, causing 

a continuing decline in water levels. Precipitation 

was 4.17 in. above normal during December 1969 

through June 1970, causing the water level to 

recover.

Ground-water levels were studied usin<j depthto-water measurements for 342 wells in Berkeley 

County. These measurements were made over a 

number of years 290 measurements in 1973 

(Hobba, 1976), 46 measurements in 1989-90 during

8 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
OVERBURDEN

NOT TO SCALE modified from Wright (199O, p. 15) 

EXPLANATION

Generalized ground-water flow path 

Fractures in the rock

Figure 4. Generalized ground-water-flow patterns in noncarbonate rocks.

data collection for this study, and 2 measurements 

each in 1957, 1970, and 1985 (unpublished data in 

the files of the Charleston, W. Va., District office). 

No reported values were used. To minimize variances caused by extreme wet or dry conditions, 

measurements were used only when the water level 

at well 70 was between 39.77 and 45.50 ft below 

land surface. The locations of all wells inventoried 

during 1989-90 are shown in figure 6.

The configuration of the water table is a subdued reflection of the topography; the water table is 

shallow in valleys and deep under the surrounding 

hilltops.

Mean depth to water in wells tapping the carbonate rocks in the Shenandoah Valley was 41.47 ft 

below land surface. Ground-water levels in the 

noncarbonate Martinsburg Formation (east of 

North Mountain) averaged 23.40 ft below land surface significantly shallower than the surrounding 

limestone. Mean depth to water in hilltop wells in 

the Martinsburg Formation was 30.61 ft, and mean 

depth to water in wells on hillsides and valleys was 

14.43 ft. Mean depth to water in wells on and west 

of North Mountain was 33.81 ft. Mean depths to 

water in hilltop, hillside, and valley wells on or west 

of North Mountain were 37.34,36.61, and 21.04 ft, 

respectively.

Some wells are artesian. Well 58 is a flowing 

artesian well. This well is 714 ft deep and is 

located in the valley near Back Creek at Shanghai. 

The discharge was measured about once a month 

between February 28, 1989, and May 3, 1990 (fig. 

7). The discharge exhibits the same seasonal trends 

that ground-water levels exhibit.

Ground-water-level fluctuations were studied 

from measurements from 4 wells that were 

equipped with continuous recorders that measured 

water levels every hour, and from 27 other wells in 

which water levels were measured on a monthly 

basis (app. C). Ground-water levels fluctuated 

more in carbonate areas than in noncarbonate areas. 

The mean ground-water-level fluctuation was 19,37 

ft for 17 wells in carbonate rocks and 8.07 ft for 14 

wells in noncarbonate rocks. The minimum and 

maximum fluctuations in carbonate areas were 1.20 

and 45.94 ft, respectively. The minimum and traximum fluctuations in the noncarbonate areas wcre 

2.76 and 12.67 ft, respectively.

Ground-water-level fluctuation in a well 

depends on the location of the well within the 

ground-water system. A ground-water system on or 

near a ground-water divide generally receives water 

only from infiltration of precipitation. Farther from 

the divide, particularly near streams, the groundwater level is less responsive because the well 

responds to flows from a larger area. Declines in 

water level near discharge areas (streams and 

springs) are less during the summer and early fall 

months than declines near ground-water divider 

because of the sustaining inflow from surrounding 

areas. Consequently, ground-water levels generally 

fluctuate less in discharge areas than in recharge 

areas. Wells 21 and 73 (fig.6) are drilled in carbonate rocks and are located along streams. Groundwater-level fluctuations at these wells were 7.07 

and 1.20 ft, respectively. The ground-water-le^el 

fluctuations at well 73 were less than those at any of 

the other wells.

Hydrologic Characteristics of the 

Carbonate Rocks

Recharge, specific yield, and transmissivity 

were estimated in a 60-mi2 area that includes the

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 9
I I I I I I I I

1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

III I I ! I I I I I I 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Figure 5. Water levels in well 70 in the Beekmantown Group at Martinsburg, West Virginia. (Well 70 is also numbered 

20-5-7 in the U.S. Geological Survey computer data base. The hydrograph is plotted from end-of-month values).

parts of Mill Creek, Middle Creek, Evans Run, and 

Tuscarora Creek basins underlain by carbonate rock 

(fig. 8). The western and eastern hydrologic boundaries of this carbonate ground-water-flow system 

are delineated at the contact with the noncarbonate 

Martinsburg Formation. Little water flows from 

the shale into the carbonate aquifer from the west, 

and little water flows out of the carbonate aquifer 

and into the shale to the east The easternmost shale 

acts as a barrier to ground water flowing to the east, 

causing springs to emanate from the carbonate 

rocks near the contact. The northern and southern 

hydrologic boundaries are less definite, and were 

estimated on the basis of the area topography and on 

a ground-water-level map by Hobba (1976). 

Recharge was estimated for Tuscarora Creek near 

Martinsburg, Opequon Creek near Martinsburg,

and Back Creek near Jones Spring using hydrograph-separation techniques.

Recharge and Discharge

Recharge of the carbonate ground-water systems occurs by infiltration of precipitation, by 

seepage from losing streams, and by overhnd runoff into sinkholes. Natural discharge occurs at 

gaining streams, springs, and seeps. Ground water 

is also pumped from wells, springs, quarries, or 

mines.

Recharge for the 60-mi2 area was estimated by 

calculating the discharge from the area. T^ discharge was calculated by adding the discharge of 

streams to the amount of water withdrawn from

10 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
MARYLAND

39°22'30"'

EXPLANATION 

26* Well and number

012345 Kilometers

Figure 6. Location of wells inventoried during 1989-90 in Berkeley County, West Virginia.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 11
z

H UJ

Si DC ~

5.00

4.75

4.50

4.25

4.00

3.75

3.50

3.25

3.00

2.75

2.50

2.25

2.00

1.75

1.50

9.00

6.00

3.00

0.00 FEE I MAR I APR ' MAY ' JUNE ' JULY ' AUG ' SEPT ' OCT ' NOV ' DEC I JAN ' FEE ' MAR ' APR ' MAY

1989 1990

Figure 7. Discharge from artesian well 58 near Shanghai, West Virginia, and monthly precipitation at Martinsburg, West 

Virginia.

public supply wells and springs at a time when 

water levels were near their mean annual level. 

This discharge represents the mean discharge, 

assuming that the annual recharge equaled the 

annual discharge, and that the hydrologic boundaries of the area were accurately delineated. The 

discharge was 19,800 gal/min (table 1), which is 

equivalent to 330 (gal/min)/mi2 for the 60-mi2 area, 

or about 10 in. of recharge per year.

Discharges of the Mill Creek, Middle Creek, 

Evans Run, and Tuscarora Creek basins, located 

in the 60-mi2 area, were estimated to check for 

differences within the area. The discharge from 

each basin then was divided by the drainage area 

of each basin. The discharges are as follows: 

Mill Creek, 405 (gal/min)/mi2; Middle Creek, 

260 (gal/min)/mi2; Evans Run, 165 (gal/min)/mi2; 

and Tuscarora Creek, 395 (gal/min)/mi2 . The differences in discharge are significant, assuming that 

recharge is equally spread over all four basins. The 

discharge of Middle Creek and Evans Run is 

extremely low when compared to Mill Creek and 

Tuscarora Creek. This probably indicates that part 

of the water entering the ground as recharge within 

the Middle Creek and Evans Run topographic 

basins is captured underground and discharged to 

springs in the Mill Creek or Tuscarora Creek basins. 

Dye-tracer test C (see subsection Flow Velocity) 

from near Darkesville to Dove Spring indicates that 

this occurred in at least one place in Middle Creek 

Basin.

Hydrograph separation was applied at three 

streamflow-gaging stations: Tuscarora Creek at 

Martinsburg (1949-62, 1968-76), Opequon Creek 

near Martinsburg (1949-89), and Back Creek near 

Jones Spring (1929-30,1939-75). With hydrograph

12 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
23 Stream measurement site

27 Spring

Q19 Well

Location of aquifer 

characteristics

Regional direction of 

ground-water flow

2 Miles

2 Kilometers

Figure 8. Location of streamflow-discharge measurement sites and location where estimates of aquifer characteristics 

were made.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 13
Table 1.-- Discharge measurements and drainage areas for sites in the carbonate aquifer systems in the Mill

Creek, Middle Creek, Evans Run, and Tuscarora Creek basins for June 26-27, 1990, Berkeley County, 

West Virginia

2

[gal/min, gallon per minute; mi, square mile]

Site 

No.

1

2

3 

4

5

6

7

8

9 

10

11

12

Name

Mill Creek 1 ,

Mill Creek Z ^

Unnamed tributary to Mill Creek 

Mill Creek,

Mill Creek,

Mill Creek,

Mill Creek ,

Torytown Run 3

Lefevre Spring 

Mill Creek,

Mill Creek^

Sylvan Run

Subtotal*

Discharge 

(gal/min)

Mill Creek basin

0

240

0 

150

835

2,100

2,100

270

2,200 

5,340

6,060

900

9,160

Drainage Area 

(mi*)

22.6

Middle Creek basin

13 

14 

15 

16 

17

18 

19

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27

Unnamed tributary to Middle Creek 

Middle Creek, 

Middle Creek, 

Middle Creek, 

Middle Creek

Subtotal

Big Spring 6 -. 

City and quarry wells

Subtotal8

Tuscarora Creek,, 

Tuscarora Creek, 

Tuscarora Creek, 

Tuscarora Creek,, 

Tuscarora Creek, 

Tuscarora Creek_ 

Tuscarora Creek _ 

Martinsburg Water Supply Spring

Subtotal9

Total yield from all four basins 10

<1 

850 

1,490 

2,445 

2.670

2,670

Evans Run basin

1,000 

1.500

2,500

Tuscarora Creek basin

0 

810 

1,265 

1,680 

1,430 

1,550 

2,900 

1.000

5,450

19,800

10.3

15.2

13.8

61.9

The discharge measurements made at sites 1, 3, and 20 are exact because these sites were dry.

2

The discharge measurements made at sites 2, 4-8, 10-17, and 21-25 are accurate to within plus or minus 

5 percent.

3

Pumping rate reported by Berkeley County Public Service District at the time discharge measurements 

were made.

4

The yield from Mill Creek basin is the sum of the discharge at the carbonate/noncarbonate

rock contact (site 11), plus the discharge from Sylvan Run attributable to the carbonate rock (site

12), plus pumpage removed from the basin at Lefevre Spring (site 9).

The yield from Middle Creek basin is the discharge at the carbonate/noncarbonate rock contact (site 17). 

Discharge estimated from measurements reported by Erskine (1948) and McColloch (1986).

Discharge estimated from pumpage reported by Hobba and others (1972, p.75) and reported by the 

Martinsburg Public Service District.

O

The yield from Evans Run basin is the sum of the discharge at Big Spring (site 18) and the city and quarry 

wells (site 19).

Q

The yield from Tuscarora Creek basin is the sum of the discharge at the carbonate/noncarbonate rock 

contact (site 25), plus the discharge of Kilmer Spring (site 26), and the discharge of the Martinsburg 

Water Supply Spring (site 27).

10 2

These four basins compose the 60~mi carbonate area, so that the total yield can be converted to about 

475,000 (gal/d)/mi 

14 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
separation, streamflow is divided into overland runoff and ground-water-discharge components. 

Hydrograph separation was applied using the 

HYSEP2 computer prdgram developed by Sloto 

(1988).

The median values of ground-water recharge 

for each method and an average of the three methods for each streamflow-gaging station are 

presented in table 2. The ground-water-recharge 

values are equal to discharge values, assuming that 

interbasin transfer and changes in storage are negligible. Recharge values differ significantly among 

the three drainage areas, although the amount of 

precipitation received by each basin is approximately the same. A greater percentage of 

precipitation enters the ground as recharge in drainage areas that have developed karst terrain than in 

drainage areas that have not developed karst terrain. 

Although the percentage of rock types for the three 

drainage areas was not determined, geologic maps 

indicate that Tuscarora Creek at Martinsburg drains 

only carbonate rocks, Opequon Creek near Martinsburg drains carbonate and noncarbonate rocks, and 

Back Creek near Jones Spring drains mostly noncarbonate rocks, but does include a small section of 

carbonate rocks. Correspondingly, the highest 

recharge values were for Tuscarora Creek, followed 

by Opequon Creek, and Back Creek.

Ground-water flow comprises a larger percentage of the streamflow in carbonate-rock areas than 

in noncarbonate-rock areas. At Tuscarora Creek, 

ground water averaged 86.5 percent of the streamflow. At Opequon Creek and Back Creek, ground 

water averaged 63.9 percent and 50.6 percent of the 

streamflow, respectively. Nutter (1973, p. 13) 

obtained similar results in nearby Hagerstown Valley, Md., which is underlain by carbonate rocks. 

Nutter used hydrograph separation, and estimated 

that ground-water discharge is 80 to 90 percent of 

the total discharge in the valley.

Specific Yield and Transmissivity

Specific yield was estimated for the 60-mi2 

area of carbonate rock from base-flow measurements and from changes in water levels. The 

annual discharge from the area is about 19,800 

gal/min, or about 10.41 Ggal/yr as estimated from

table 1. The annual fluctuation in ground-wate" levels represents the volume of rock dewatered in 

yielding this flow. The mean and median annual 

fluctuations in ground-water levels for carbonate 

rocks are 19 ft and 17.5 ft, respectively. The roecific yield is 0.044 using the mean annual 

fluctuation, or 0.049 using the median annual fluctuation. These values agree with those of Trainer 

and Watkins (1975, p. 40), who did not calculate 

specific yield for carbonate rocks, but indicated that 

reasonable average storage coefficients (equivalent to specific yield in water-table aquifers) are 3 to 

4 percent for carbonate rocks in the Potomac F iver 

Basin.

Transmissivity was estimated for three reaches 

in the Middle Creek drainage area and for two 

reaches in the Tuscarora Creek drainage area. The 

estimate was calculated by use of measurements of 

streams during a base-flow recession and the gradient of the water table. Transmissivity was 

estimated by the following formula (Trainer and 

Watkins, 1975, p. 30):

T = 2.29(10-4)W f^-i-),

^ k o 2h,,'

where:

T = transmissivity, in feet squared per day;

W = constant rate of recharge, in inches per 

year;

a = distance from stream to ground-water 

divide, in feet;

x = distance from stream to observation well, 

in feet; and

h0 = altitude of water table at observation well 

with respect to mean stream level at the 

lower end of the profile.

In this calculation, it is assumed that (1) tr<? 

aquifer is bounded on two sides by streams of infinite length that fully penetrate the aquifer, (2) the 

aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic, and (?) 

recharge is at a constant rate of accretion with 

respect to time and space (Ferris and others, 1962, 

p. 130-132). Although the carbonate rocks of Berkeley County are not isotropic, the aquifer can be 

considered isotropic if only the directional flowparGeohydrology of Berkeley County 15
Table 2.--Hydrograph-separation results

for three streamflow-gaging stations 

in Berkeley County, West Virginia

[median values for the period of record; 

percent, percentage of streamflow composed 

of ground water]

Streamflowgaging 

station Inches

Recharge values 

Gallon per

minute per Percent 

square mile_______

Tuscarora Creek 

at Martinsburg

Opequon Creek 

near Martinsburg

Back Creek near 

Jones Spring___

11.8

7.02

5.53

389

232

183

86.5

63.9

50.6

allel or perpendicular to strike is considered. If a 

large enough segment of the aquifer is considered, 

the aquifer can be considered homogeneous (Basmaci and Sendlein, 1977, p. 205). Trainer and 

Watkins (1975, p. 31) also used this technique and 

concluded that, "The transmissivity values estimated in this manner....compare fairly well with 

those determined from pumping-test data. This 

agreement leads us to believe that use of the gradient method is justified in the Appalachian Valley, 

despite the strong directional properties of the 

rock."

Ground-water levels that were measured during 

June 26-27,1990, were used to determine values of 

ho. These levels corresponded with the mean 

annual water level in nearby observation well 70. A 

map showing ground-water levels prepared by 

Hobba (1976) was used wherever measurement 

sites were unavailable.

Two estimates of transmissivity were calculated one based on the estimated recharge in the 

reach and one based on the annual recharge of 10 

in., as estimated from the area of carbonate rock 

(table 3). The recharge of each reach was estimated

by dividing the base flow of each reach (calculated 

from the discharge measurements in table 1) by the 

drainage area of the reach. The values of recharge 

seem low for the reaches in Middle Creek anl the 

E-E' section of Tuscarora Creek (fig. 8). The drainage areas supplying water to the streams in tHse 

reaches could be losing water to other drainage 

areas. Transmissivity values would be too low if 

estimated from recharge values that are too low. 

Therefore, transmissivity values also were estimated based on the annual recharge rate of 10 in. 

that was calculated earlier in this report. The estimates of transmissivity range from 730 to 9,140 

fi^/d, based on the annual recharge of 10 in. This 

wide range in transmissivity values demonstrates 

that there are variations in the degree of fracnring 

of the carbonate rock.

Flow Velocity

Qualitative dye-tracer tests can be used to 

determine point-to-point connections between 

injection and recovery points, to estimate traveltimes under existing hydrologic and meteorologic 

conditions, and to study the boundaries of the 

recharge area. During a qualitative dye-tracer test,

16 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Table 3.--Estimates of annual recharge and transmissivity for carbonate rocks in the Middle Cre^k 

and Tuscarora Creek basins in Berkeley County, West Virginia

ty O

[gal/min, gallon per minute; in., inches; ft /d, feet squared per day; mi , square miles]

Recharge Transmissivity Approximate

Stream section

Previous

Flow Calculated estimate 

(gal/min) (in.) (in.)

- Previous,, contributing

Calculated estimate a^ea Geologic i. 2 / (ft^/d) (ft^/d) (mi*) formation

A-A' (Upper part of Middle Creek) 850

B-B' (Middle part of Middle Creek) 640

C-C' (Lower part of Middle Creek) 955

D-D' (Upper part of Tuscarora Creek) 455

E-E' (Upper part of Tuscarora Creek) 810

Parallel to the strike of rocks

6.0 10 440 730 4.29

7.5 10 6,860 9,140 2.58

6.5 10 665 1,020 4.41

10.8 10 1,570 1,450 1.27

Perpendicular to the strike of rocks

7.8 10 620 800 1.58

Elbrook 

Conococheague

BeekmantownChambersburg 

Elbrook

BeekmantownElbrook

2 The calculated transmissivity was calculated using the calculated annual recharge.

The previous estimate of transmissivity was calculated from the previously estimated annual recharge of 10 in.

a discrete sample of water is "tagged" with an 

appropriate fluorescent dye tracer (for example, 

Rhodamine WT dye). Expected resurgence points 

are then monitored for traces of the dye by analyzing water samples or activated charcoal-dye traps 

(Mull and others, 1988). For more information on 

dye-tracing techniques, refer to Mull and others 

(1988).

Passive detectors were used to determine the 

presence or absence of dye in expected resurgence 

points of springs and streams. The detectors were 

5- by 3-in. fiberglass-screen pouches filled with No. 

10-mesh activated coconut charcoal and placed in 

selected springs and streams near the injection sinkholes. Fluorometric dye that reached the monitored 

resurgence points was adsorbed onto the charcoal. 

Detectors were installed before the dye was injected 

to determine levels of natural background fluorescence. Springs and streams were preferred 

monitoring points because they flow continuously, 

whereas flow from a well depends on pumping. 

Three wells were used as monitoring points in one 

area lacking springs or streams. These wells were 

used for domestic water supply and were pumped 

daily. Water samples were collected by letting the 

water run for a few minutes and then filling a bottle 

with 30 mL (milliliters) of water.

The dye-injection sinkhole sites were believed 

to be hydraulically connected to the ground-waterflow system. The sinkhole was flushed with 

approximately 1,000 gal of water before dye was 

injected to test the suitability of the sinkhole as an 

injection site, and to wash away any debris or sediment in the hole. The dye was then poured into the 

sinkhole, and an additional 1,000 gal of water was 

used to flush the dye into the ground-water-flow 

system.

The dye detectors were collected and replaced 

with a new set about once a week. All detectors 

were checked for dye. An eluant was used to 

remove the dye that was adsorbed onto the charcoal. The eluant's chemical composition was 50 

percent 1-propanol, 25 percent ammonia hydroxide, and 25 percent distilled water. The charcoal 

was soaked for 30 minutes, and then the eluate was 

poured into a 6-mL cuvette. The cuvette was placed 

in a Turner Model-111 2 fluorometer equipped with 

a 546-nanometer (nm) primary filter and a 560-nm 

secondary filter. A photomultiplier inside the f MOrometer measured the fluorescence of the eluate.

2 Use of brand names in this report is for identification 

purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. 

Geological Survey.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 17
read as a dimensionless number on the fluorometer 

dial. Raw well-water samples were poured into a 

cuvette and were analyzed directly for the presence 

of dye.

Determination of the presence of dye is somewhat arbitrary. A site through which the dye passed 

(positive) typically had a low range of natural background fluorescence, followed by a sharp increase 

in fluorescence with time during the sampling 

period, and a gradual return to the background fluorescence. Rainfall occasionally caused an 

additional resurgence of the dye. The sharp rise 

was caused by the passage of dye through the area. 

A site where no dye was present (negative) typically had no increases in fluorescence throughout 

the sampling period. At some sites (indeterminate), 

it was impossible to determine the presence or 

absence of dye because of high ranges of natural 

background fluorescence that could have masked 

low concentrations of dye resurgence.

Three fluorometric tracer tests were completed 

for this investigation (fig 9). Rhodamine WT dye 

was used in all three tests. The results of the tracer 

tests and the estimated ground-water-flow velocities are presented in table 4. The first tracer test (A) 

began on December 20, 1989. One gallon of 20- 

percent solution rhodamine WT dye was injected 

into a sinkhole in the Beekmantown Group near 

Files Crossroad in eastern Berkeley County (fig. 

10). Eight sites were monitored for dye resurgence three springs (sites A1, A2, and A3), two on 

Rocky Marsh Run (sites A4, A5), and three wells 

(sites A6, A7, and A8). Wells were used as monitoring points to the north of the injection point 

because of the lack of flowing springs and streams. 

All of the sites that were monitored were in carbonate rocks except for site A8, which was a well 

drilled in the Martinsburg shale and was about 700 

ft from the shale-carbonate contact. Well sites A6 

and A7 tested positive; sites Al, A2, A5, and A8 

tested negative; and sites A3 and A4 tested indeterminate. The dye flowed to site A6 at a velocity of 

53 to 55 ft/d, and to site A7 at a velocity of 32 to 33 

ft/d. These velocities infer diffuse-flow conditions. 

These velocities are also probably underestimated 

under the given hydro logic conditions, because a 

straight-line distance was used to calculate the 

velocities, although flow is usually not in one

direction. The result is given as a range and it is 

unknown where and when the dye entered tH 

stream.

The second tracer test (B) also began on 

December 20,1989. One gallon of 20-percent solution rhodamine WT was injected into a sinkhole 1.2 

mi northeast of Jones Spring in the western part of 

Berkeley County. The sinkhole is on the boundary 

between the Tonoloway and Wills Creek FoTnations. Three springs (sites B1, B5, and B6) and four 

streams (sites B2, B3, B4, and B7) were monitored 

for dye resurgence (fig. 11). Sites B1, B4, E 5, and 

B6 were located in carbonate rocks and the remaining sites were in noncarbonate rocks. Sites F1, B5, 

and B6 tested positive, site B7 tested negative, and 

sites B2, B3, and B4 had indeterminate resultr. The 

dye moved in opposite directions, probably through 

a fault that parallels the bedrock strike and pisses 

near the injection point and sites B6 and B1. Site 

Bl is in the opposite direction from the injection 

point, as is site B6. The dye was injected on a hilltop, probably on a ground-water divide, whi".h 

made it possible for the dye to move in opposite 

directions. Flow velocity at site B6 ranged from 

703 ft/d to a possible maximum of 1,507 ft/d. The 

flow velocity at site Bl ranged from 131 to 

155 ft/d, which was much slower than the flow at 

site B6. The slower velocity could be causeH by a 

lower hydraulic head or by a fault pinching shut in 

the direction of site B1. Flow velocities at site B5 

ranged from 877 ft/d to a possible maximum of 

1,879 ft/d.

The third tracer test (C) began on April 27, 

1990. One-half gallon of 20-percent solution 

rhodamine WT was injected in a sinkhole 0.75 mi 

north of Inwood in the southeastern part of Perkeley County. Four springs (sites C2, C5, C6, and 

C7) and four streams (sites Cl, C3, C4, and C8) 

were monitored for dye resurgence (fig. 12). Sites 

C1 and C5 tested positive; sites C2, C6, and C7 

tested negative; and sites C3, C4, and C8 were indeterminate. Flow velocity at site C1 ranged from 32 

to 77 ft/d. There are no known faults between site 

Cl and the injection point. Flow velocity to site C5 

ranged from 714 to 1,154 ft/d. This site is located 

along a fault, and the dye was probably in conduitflow conditions.

18 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
MARYLAND

78°07'30

^--L, &

01234 5 Miles

EXPLANATION

. WATER-TABLE CONTOUR - 

600 > Shows altitude of water table. 

Contour interval 200 feet. 

Datum is sea level (Contours 

modified from Hobba, 1976.)

GENERAL DIRECTION OF 

DYE MOVEMENT

DYE-INJECTION POINT 

AND DESIGNATION

012345 Kilometers A2

A5A 

A8°

DYE-RECOVERY POINT 

AND DESIGNATION

Spring site 

Stream site 

Well site

Figure 9. Location of dye-tracer tests and water-table contours.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 19
Table 4. Results of dye-tracer tests and estimated flow velocities in Berkeley County, West Virginia

[A and B refer to the first and second dye-tracer tests, respectively, which began on 

December 20, 1989; C refers to the third dye-tracer test, which began on April 27, 1990; 

ft, feet; ft/d, feet per day]

Site

Al

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

Bl

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

Type 

of 

site

Spring

Spring

Spring

Stream

Stream

Well

Well

Well

Spring

Stream

Stream

Stream

Spring

Spring

Stream

Straight-line 

distance 

from 

injection 

to recovery 

(ft)

6,050

9,075

9,850

9,900

10,075

7,875

4,050

8,100

5,750

3,950

2,700

9,475

13,150

10,550

11,000

Results 

of tracer 

tests

Negative

Negative

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Negative

Positive

Positive

Negative

Positive

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Positive

Positive

Negative

Dye traveltime from 

injection 

point to 

recovery 

point (d)

___

 

 

___

___

142-149

121-128

---

37-44

___

---

7-15

7-15

___

Estimated 

groundwater-flow 

velocity, 

(ft/d)

___

 

 

53-55

32-33

___

131-155

---

 

 

877-1,879

703-1,507

---

Orientation 

of recovery 

point with 

respect to 

strike of 

bedrock

Not parallel

Not parallel

Not parallel

Not parallel

Not parallel

Not parallel

Parallel

Not parallel

Parallel

Parallel

Not parallel

Not parallel

Parallel

Parallel

Not parallel

Geologic 

unit of 

tracer test

Chambersburg Limestone

Beekmantown Group

Beekmantown Group

Beekmantown Group

Beekmantown Group

Beekmantown Group

Beekmantown Group

Martinsburg Shale

Tonoloway, Wills Creek

and Williamsport

Formations,

Helderberg Group

Mahantango and

Marcellus Formations

Mahantango Formation

Tonoloway, Wills Creek

and Williamsport

Formations ,

Helderberg Group

Oriskany sandstone

Tonoloway, Wills Creek

and Williamsport

Formations ,

Helderberg Group

Oriskany sandstone

Tonoloway, Wills Creek

and Williamsport

Formations,

Helderberg Group

Brallier, Mahantango,

and Marcellus

Formations

Cl Stream 2,000-4,260 Positive 55-63 32-77 Not parallel Elbrook and Conococheague Formations 

Beekmantown Group

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

Spring

Stream

Stream

Spring

Spring

Spring

Stream

6,450

2,600

9,375

15,000

14,450

10,350

10,150

Negative

Indeterminate 

Indeterminate ---

Positive 13-21

Negative 

Negative 

Indeterminate

 Not parallel

 Parallel

--- Not parallel

714-1,154 Not parallel

Parallel

 Not parallel

 Not parallel

Beekmantown Group

Elbrook and Conococheague Formations

Beekmantown Group

Beekmantown Group

Elbrook Formation

Elbrook and Conococheague Formations

This is the distance to the spring where the dye emerged. Site B6 was about 900 ft downstream from the spring.

The results of the ground-water-tracer tests in 

Berkeley County were similar to those in Jefferson 

County (Kozar, Hobba, and Macy, 1991) in that 

ground-water flow is generally controlled by geologic structure within the aquifer. Ground-water 

velocities in Berkeley County ranged from 32 ft/d 

to a possible maximum of 1,879 ft/d. The slower 

velocities, attributed to diffuse flow, ranged from 

32 to 155 ft/d, and had a mean velocity of 71 ft/d. 

The faster velocities, attributed to conduit flow, 

ranged from 703 to 1,879 ft/d, and had a mean 

velocity of 1,139 ft/d. The maximum ground-water

velocity estimated for Berkeley County was almost 

twice the value determined for Jefferson County. 

This could have been due to steeper hydraulic gradients at the test sites in Berkeley County, or 

possibly higher hyraulic conductivity.

GROUND-WATER AVAILABILITY

About 9.7 Mgal/d of ground water was withdrawn in Berkeley County in 1990. The 

distribution of the withdrawals by types of use is as

20 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
77°52'30'

BASE MAP FROM U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1:24.000 

Martinsburg , Shepherdstown Quadrangles

1 MILE 

J

I

1 KILOMETER

400

EXPLANATION

WATER-TABLE CONTOUR Shows altitude of water 

table. Contour interval 50 feet. Datum is sea level. 

( Modified from Hobba, 1976 )

FAULT (Hobba, 1976; and Dean, 

Kulander, and Lessing,1987 )

X DYE-INJECTION POINT AND DESIGNATION

DYE-RECOVERY POINT AND DESIGNATION

A8 A7 

WELL SITE - Dye undetected Q Dye detected 

SPRING SITE - Dye undetected Q'

STREAM SITE- Dye undetected A

A5

Figure 10. Location of sites for dye-tracer test A near Files Crossroads, West Virginia.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 21
78°07'30" 78°05' 78°02'30

39" 

32' 

30"

39° 

30'

BASE MAP FROM U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1:24,000 

Big Pool, Tablets Station Quadrangles

1 MILE

1 

1 KILOMETER

800

EXPLANATION

WATER-TABLE CONTOUR Shows altitude of water 

table. Contour interval 100 feet. Datum is sea level. 

( Modified from Hobba, 1976 )

FAULT (Hobba, 1976)

X B DYE-INJECTION POINT DESIGNATION

DYE-RECOVEY POINT AND DESIGNATION

SPRING SITE- Dye detected ^ B1 

STREAM SITE-Dye undetected AB/

Figure 11. Location of sites for dye-tracer test B near Jones Spring, West Virginia.

22 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
78°05' 78°02'30"

BASE MAP FROM U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1:24,000 

Inwood, Tablers Station Quadrangles

1 MILE 

J

1 KILOMETER

EXPLANATION

WATER-TABLE CONTOUR Shows altitude of water 

table. Contour interval 100 feet. Datum is sea level. 

( Modified from Hobba, 1976 )

FAULT (Hobba, 1976)

DYE-RECOVERY POINT AND DESIGNATION 

C5 X DYE-INJECTION POINT AND DESIGNATION SPRING SITE - Dye detected i) C6 Dye undetected £>

STREAM SITE - Dye detected A 1 Dye undetected A

Figure 12. Location of sites for dye-tracer test C near Inwood, West Virginia.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 23
follows: public water supply, 3.89 Mgal/d; mine or 

quarry dewatering, 2.98 Mgal/d; domestic, 1.49 

Mgal/d; industrial, 1.24 Mgal/d; livestock, 0.07 

Mgal/d; and commercial supply, 0.03 Mgal/d.

Well Yield

Well yield is a measurement of the rate of flow 

that a well produces. Well-yield data used in this 

report were obtained from Beiber (1961), Friel and 

others (1975), drillers' reports from the West Virginia State Department of Health, and from well 

inventories made during this project. Well-yield 

data from 445 wells were reported by well owners 

or by drillers. The locations of 121 wells inventoried by U.S. Geological Survey personnel during 

the project (1989-90) are shown in figure 6. 

Ground-water-site records from these wells are presented in appendix A-1. Records obtained from the 

West Virginia State Department of Health were 

used in the data analysis only if the well site could 

be plotted on a map based on the description of the 

location given in the driller's report. The locations 

of these wells are not shown in figure 6, and the 

records are not included in appendix A-l.

Well yield is affected by the size and number of 

water-bearing fractures intersected during drilling. 

Well yields become greater as the size and number 

of fractures intersected during drilling increases. 

Well yield is highly variable in Berkeley County. 

Reported yields ranged from 0.25 to 567 gal/min. 

Wells that were drilled as dry holes were not 

included in the data base. The frequency of dry 

holes is not known.

About 5 percent of the well-yield data were 

from wells other than 6-in. in diameter. The yields 

of wells with borehole diameters other than 6 in. 

were adjusted to that of a 6-in.-diameter borehole 

(water-table conditions) so that the data could be 

more accurately compared. The adjustments were 

made according to a table by Johnson Division 

(1975, p. 107) (table 5). For example, if a 6-in.- 

diameter well yields 15 gal/min, a 12-in.-diameter 

well under the same hydrologic conditions could 

likely yield 10 percent more water than the 6 in. 

well, or 16.5 gal/min. The percentage of increase in 

well yield resulting from increasing the well diameter is less for artesian conditions than for watertable conditions.

Well yields differ by geologic formation. The 

highest mean well yield (48 gal/min) was in the 

Beekmantown Group. Well yields higher than 100 

gal/min were present in no other geologic unit, 

except at one well in the Chambersburg Limestone. 

Twelve such wells are present in the Beekmantown 

Group. The highest median well yield was in the 

Martinsburg Formation. The percentage of wells 

that equal or exceed a given yield value for each 

geologic unit are shown in figures 13 to 19, For 

example, 50 percent of the well yield in each geologic unit equaled or exceeded the following: 

Beekmantown Group, 15 gal/min; Martinsburg 

Formation, 20 gal/min; Chambersburg Limestone, 

13 gal/min; Elbrook Formation, 15 gal/min; Conococheague Formation, 12 gal/min; Hampshire 

Formation, 18 gal/min; and Mahantango Formation, 10 gal/min.

The distance to a fault zone is an important consideration when wells are drilled. Fractures 

typically increase in number and size close to faults, 

increasing well yields. The distances to faults that 

were mapped by Dean and others (1987) and by 

Hobba (1976) were calculated by plotting the well 

locations on the maps and measuring the distance to 

the fault trace. The well-yield statistics for carbonate rocks in table 6 indicate that the mean, median, 

and maximum well yields decrease as the distance

PERCENTAGE OF WELLS

Figure 13. Well-yield frequencies for wells in the Beekmantown Group in Berkeley County, West Virginia.

24 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
80 90 100

t 100 -

70 80 90 100

PERCENTAGE OF WELLS PERCENTAGE OF WELLS

Figure 14. Martinsburg Formation Figure 17. Conococheague Formation

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 

PERCENTAGE OF WELLS

Figure 15. Chambersburg Limestone

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 

PERCENTAGE OF WELLS

Figure 18. Hampshire Formation

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 

PERCENTAGE OF WELLS

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 

PERCENTAGE OF WELLS

Figure 16. Elbrook Formation Figure 19. Mahantango Formation

Figures 14-19. Well-yield frequencies for wells in the: (Fig. 14) Martinsburg Formation, (Fig. 15) Chambersburc Limestone, ( Fig. 16) Elbrook Formation, (Fig. 17) Conococheague Formation, (Fig. 18) Hampshire Formation, and (Fig. 19) 

Mahantango Formation in Berkeley County, West Virginia.

Geohydrology of Berkeley Coun1>« 25
Table 5.--Relation of well diameter to well yield

[Modified from Johnson Division, 1975, p. 107. 

This table shows the theoretical percentage 

increase in yield that results from enlarging 

the well diameter. in., inches]

Well yield increase, in percent

Original 

well 

diameter 

(in.)

Enlarged well diameter.

6 12 18 24

in

30

inches

36 48

Water-table conditions

6

12

18

24

30

36

6

12

18

24

30

36

1 10 17 23

1 6 12

1 5

1

--- --- --- ---

... __. ._. ._.

Artesian conditions

1 8 12 16

---158

1 3

1

..- ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

28

16

9

4

1

--

19

11

6

3

1

--

32

20

12

7

3

1

32

20

8

5

2

1

39

26

18

13

9

5

39

26

12

9

6

4

26 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
from a fault increases. All wells in carbonate formations with yields greater than 67 gal/min were 

800 ft or closer to a fault. Specific capacity data 

also indicate a trend toward greater values closer to 

a fault Median specific capacity is greater for wells 

closer than 700 ft to a fault than for wells more than 

700 ft from a fault (table 7).

The area that a fault influences depends on the 

dip and width of the fault. lay lor (1974, p. 51) 

states that low-dip faults have a much greater area 

of fractured rock in the upper few hundred feet of 

bedrock than do vertical or near-vertical faults. 

Taylor (p. 51) also notes that:

"The width of the fault zones in the area is quite 

variable. The North Mountain fault has several 

mapped splays and appears to exert influence over 

a fairly large area, whereas many of the strike-slip 

faults have widths less than 50 feet in which effects 

on the bedrock can be observed. Traverses across a

number of these strike-slip faults showed very little 

topographic expression and little evidence of faultinduced fracturing, indicating very narrow fault 

zones."

Rauch and Plitnik (1984) studied the effects of 

lineaments in the same geologic units in the 

Hagerstown Valley, Md. They stated (p. 8),

"Optimum well locations are within about 100 

feet of a photolineament center line for carbonate 

rocks having predominantly diffuse-flow aqu'fer 

characteristics. Such wells produce about 5 times 

the rate of more distant wells, on average... 

Conduit-flow carbonate rocks, which are higHy 

cavernous, do not represent good photo lineaments 

for high well yields... Optimum well sites in the 

Martinsburg Formation are within 300 feet of the 

center line for a photolineament.'"

Table 6.--Well yield in carbonate rocks at various distances 

from a fault in Berkeley County, West Virginia

[<, less than; >, greater than or equal to]

Distance from Well yield, in

fault

(feet) Mean Median

<400 128 33

400- 799 59 24

800-1,299 32 21

1,300-1,999 15 12

>2 , 000 12 10

gallons per minute

Minimum

1.4

5.0

2.0

1.0

1.0

Maximum

567

323

142

65

35

Number

of wells

18

20

18

17

19

Geohydrology of Berkeley Count" 27
Table 7.--Specific capacity of wells drilled in carbonate rocks at various 

distances from a fault in Berkeley County, West Virginia

[<, less than; >, greater than or equal to]

Distance from 

fault 

(feet)

Specific capacity, in gallons per minute per foot 

Mean______Median __ Minimum_______Maximum

Number 

of wells

<700 

>700

4.70

5.00

3.60 

.26

0.24 

.06

20

41

13

11

In general, less additional water is available as 

a well is deepened because of a decrease in the 

degree of fracturing. Beiber (1961, p. 18) reported 

for carbonate rocks that "...Solutional activity has 

been most vigorous at shallow depths and the largest openings generally occur at depths of less than 

100 feet." Median well yields for various welldepth ranges decreased with increasing depth in 

carbonate rocks (table 8). Median well yields in the 

noncarbonate rocks also decreased with depth, with 

the exception of the 0- to 49-ft depth interval. It is 

possible that ground-water levels in this interval are 

not high enough to support high-yielding wells. 

Additionally, much of this interval commonly is 

cased.

Drilling a deeper hole does not necessarily 

mean that there would be less water. Deeper holes 

are drilled because the more productive shallow 

fracture zones are not always intersected, and it is 

sometimes necessary to drill deeper to find enough 

fractures to produce the desired amount of water.

Wells in carbonate rocks are usually drilled 

deeper than those in the noncarbonate rocks. The

median well depths for carbonate and noncarbonate 

rocks were 225 and 150 ft, respectively (table 9). 

The deepest median well depth was 250 ft ir the 

Conococheague Formation, and the shallowest 

median well depth was 125 ft in the Martinsburg 

Formation. The well-depth data used in this table 

are from drillers' reports that were completed from 

1986 through 1989 and are on file with the West 

Virginia State Department of Health.

Springflow

Springs are natural discharge points for water 

draining from the ground-water system. Springs 

provide much of the base flow to streams in Berkeley County. The locations of 70 springs are shown 

in figure 20, and the latitiude, longitude, altitude, 

geologic formation, topographic setting, and discharge data from these springs are presented in 

appendix A-2.

Discharge from springs ranges from near zero 

at some sites to greater than 2,000 gal/min yearround at other sites. The number of springs in Ber28 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Table 8.--Well yield for various well depth ranges 

in Berkeley County, West Virginia

[>, greater than or equal to]

Depth 

range 

(feet)

0- 49

50- 99

100-149

150-199

200-249

250-299

300-399

>400

Well yield, in gallons per minute

Mean

26

22

28

48

23

38

25

21

Median

Carbonate

30

20

20

15

12

10

7

4.5

Minimum

rocks

10

2

1

1

2

1

1

.5

Maximum

35

67

142

567

315

225

421

323

Number 

of sites

7

26

47

35

36

19

37

34

Noncarbonate rocks

0- 49

50- 99

100-149

150-199

200-299

300-399

>400

18

24

18

20

16

5.1

3.9

8.8

21

16

10

8

5

3.2

0.25

.25

2.5

4

2

1.5

1.5

100

100

50

100

80

10

10

10

46

64

39

23

14

8

Geohydrology of Berkeley Count)- 29
Table 9.--Well depth by geologic unit in 

Berkeley County, West Virginia

Well depth, in feet

Geologic unit

Mean Median Minimum Maximum

Number 

of wells

Carbonate rocks 264 225

Beekmantown Group 276 225

Chambersburg Limestone 274 208

Conococheague Formation 261 250

Elbrook Formation 226 227

65

65

125

85

75

875

875

600

600

350

104

38

18

33

15

Noncarbonate rocks

Martinsburg Shale

Mahantango Formation

178

153

207

150

125

172

70

70

75

545

350

545

96

51

40

keley County that are within given discharge ranges 

for carbonate and noncarbonate rocks is given in 

table 10.

The largest springs are in the carbonate rocks. 

The median discharge of 41 springs in carbonate 

rocks was 150 gal/min (calculated from the mean 

springflows of each site). The median discharge of 

14 springs in noncarbonate rocks was 8.3 gal/min. 

Eleven of thirteen springs in the carbonate rocks 

with mean discharge 500 gal/min or greater were 

within 500 ft of a fault or the limestone-shale contact (fig. 21). Hobba and others (1972, p. 64) 

reported that, of 25 springs in Berkeley and Jefferson Counties that yield more than 1,000 gal/min, 16 

are on or are near mapped faults. Faults are related 

to large springflows because they are often the main 

avenues of ground-water flow, provided they are 

not closed or filled with sediment. The limestoneshale contact is related to larger springflows 

because the shale is typically less permeable than

the limestone, and acts as a dam, causing ground 

water to collect in the limestone adjacent to the 

shale. Also, dissolution of the limestone alcng the 

limestone-shale contact can promote conduit development.

Springflow typically follows the same seasonal 

pattern as that of ground-water levels in wells: lowest springflow is from mid-October through 

November and highest springflow is from / oril 

through mid-June. Hydrographs for five springs in 

carbonate rocks are shown in figures 22 through 26. 

The hydrographs of springs 213,231,234, and 268 

indicate that springflow increases quickly in 

response to recharge from precipitation, and then 

decreases at a slower rate after the precipitation 

ends. This characteristic is not evident on the 

hydrograph of spring 205 because of the effects of 

pumping.

The size of recharge areas for springs can be 

estimated from the average spring discharge and the

30 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
MARYLAND

fA r~ ^

^ \ 78° ~ ^ \ /

77°52'30"

EXPLANATION

i Spring and number 

203

Figure 20. Location of springs in Berkeley County, West Virginia.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 31
Table 10.--Number of carbonate and noncarbonate springs in given discharge 

ranges in Berkeley County, West Virginia

[Discharge range is the range into which the mean springflow falls, 

gal/min, gallon per minute; <, less than; >, greater than or equal to]

Discharge 

range 

C gal/min)

<10

10- 49

50- 99

100- 199

200- 499

500- 999

1,000-1,999

>2 , 000

Number of 

carbonate - rock 

springs

2

2

11

8

5

5

3

5

Number of 

noncarbonate - rock 

springs

7

5

1

1

0

0

0

0

annual recharge rate according to the formula 

A = ~ ; where A = size of recharge area, in square 

miles; Q = average spring discharge, in gallons per 

minute; and R = annual recharge rate, in gallons per 

minute per square mile (Nutter, 1973). The annual 

recharge rate is about 10 in/yr, or 330 (gal/min)/mi2 

for the carbonate rocks. The estimated recharge 

areas for springs in the carbonate rocks are shown 

in table 11. The discharges used to calculate these 

recharge areas were the means of all available flow 

measurements for each spring.

The formula calculates the approximate size of 

the area that contributes to the flow of the spring; it 

does not define its shape or its boundaries. 

Recharge boundaries can often be estimated by outlining the topographic divides around a site. With

this formula, it is assumed that all recharge comes 

from precipitation within a given recharge area. 

The formula is less accurate where losing streams 

are present. Losing streams allow water from 

another recharge area to re-enter (recharge) the 

ground-water-flow system, and discharge at a 

downgradient spring. Therefore, the formula would 

give a value mat is higher than it should be because 

of the extra water added by the losing stream.

GROUND-WATER QUALITY

Ground-water quality in Berkeley County is 

affected by geology, topographic location, and land 

use. Geology affects ground-water quality because

32 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
EXPLANATION

Shale, sandstone 

Limestone (carbonate) 

Fault 

257m Spring and number

Figure 21 . Location of springs with mean discharge greater than 500 gallons per minute, faults, and limestone contacts 

in Berkeley County, West Virginia.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 33
is

8.0 

7.5 

7.0 

6.5 

6.0 

5.5 

5.0 

4.5 

4.0 

3.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0

0.5

0

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

J. I.

Discharge is affected by pumping from the spring. 

The pumping rate is included in the hydrograph 

to give an estimate of the total spring flow

.l.llllLl. ll I L .LL

MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

1989

OCT NOV DEC

il .. JL.

3,500

3,250

3,000

2,750

2,500

2,250

2,000

1,750

1,500

1,250

1,000

750

500

250

0

1990

Figure 22. Discharge from spring 205 and daily precipitation at Martinsburg, West Virginia.

of the different types of rock that are present. 

Ground water also becomes more mineralized 

(increasing the amount of total dissolved solids) as 

it travels from mountaintops to valleys. Land use 

can affect ground-water quality because chemicals 

on the land surface, such as pesticides and fertilizers, can infiltrate into the underlying aquifers. 

Human and animal wastes also can contaminate 

ground water. The carbonate rocks are particularly 

susceptible to contamination because sinkholes 

often provide a direct connection between the land 

surface and the ground-water system. Contamination within the carbonate rocks can spread quickly 

because of potential rapid flow of ground water 

through conduits.

Collection and Analytical Methods

Water samples were collected from wells and 

springs for chemical analyses. Most of the groundwater-quality data were obtained from the analyses 

of water samples collected during two time intervals. Ground-water-quality samples were 

collected from a network of 46 wells and 14 springs 

August 21-24,1989. These sites included 25 wells 

and 1 1 springs in the carbonate rocks and 21 wells 

and 3 springs in the noncarbonate rocks. Groundwater-quality samples were collected from a second 

network of 54 wells and 6 springs March 5-9, 1990. 

These sites included 33 wells and 5 springs in the 

carbonate rocks and 21 wells and 1 spring in the 

noncarbonate rocks. Water samples from seven

34 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
s a 1-60

DC CO ^ oc

ff £ & | a 1.00

Q ti 0.75 

O LU

Z"- 0.50

0. m 0.25 

CO D

o

Is 2 '°

- o 1 '° 

tr 0

i i i i i i i i i

- h/v I 

j V- v\ missing record

~ , [ ^ / -^ \ ~ ^^^^~*^ -*^-^^_j~^-^^^^-T i i i i i i i i i

i i. i i i i i i i

,_ III i

j.l. i III J Juki kill .1 IL , i jil , I L.LI L .1,1. iL d. J ..JL,Jl,Li]

ii i i T i i l

700 ~_ H 

LU ^

600 o Z

or ^

500 < ^ 

I DC

400 O W CO CL

300 Q W

200 z 3

100 £ <

rn CD 0 OT

Q. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV ' DEC ' JAN ' FEB ' MAR ' APR

1989 1990

Figure 23. Discharge from spring 213 and daily precipitation at Martinsburg, West Virginia.

~^-^y V^^^

: ' 'I

,1,1. H 1.11 ..iJulttL ll.J

i i i i i i i i i

i i i i i i i i 

L I.JILI i .ii , 1 lUu L. 1,1. L l tl 1 Ji.uLjil

LiJ

LLJ 3 

0 Z

400 < ^

300 O UJ CO 0. 

200 Q eo

100 ^O

(00

Z

< o « 5 ^ CO 0.50

O i) DC

W o ^ 0.25

(0 -

Eg 1-0

APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB ' MAR " APR

1989 1990

Figure 24. Discharge from spring 231 and daily precipitation at Martinsburg, West Virginia.

springs were collected quarterly (beginning in 

March 1989 and ending in March 1990) to document seasonal water-quality changes. Six of these 

springs discharge from carbonate rocks and one 

spring discharges from noncarbonate rock. Waterquality data for 91 wells and 26 springs are presented in appendix B-l. Chemical analyses for 

pesticides from 21 wells and 14 springs are presented in appendix B-2.

The wells that were sampled were domestic 

wells and were pumped daily by the homeowners. 

To ensure a representative ground-water sample, 

the wells were pumped until the water temperature 

and (or) specific conductance had stabilized. The 

springs were sampled at their point of emergence

from the ground. Water temperature; specific conductance; pH; concentrations of dissolved oxygen, 

carbonate alkalinity, bicarbonate alkalinity, and 

total alkalinity; fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcal bacteria counts (Wood, 1976) were measured in 

the field. The bacteria samples were collected, 

incubated, and analyzed according to standard 

microbiological sampling techniques (Britton and 

Greeson, 1988). The U.S. Geological Survey Central Laboratory in Denver, Colo., analyzed the 

samples for concentrations of nutrients (nitrogen 

and phosphorus species), dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, 

fluoride, silica, iron, manganese and total dissolved 

solids. Water samples collected from 35 sites were 

analyzed for pesticides. Analyses for volatile

Geohydrology of Berkeley Coun**' 35
oI

 <

Q. 3£

00o

3-

O O

 t

(Qc

(3

to o

IT 

0)

CQ 

CDO

3 

to -a

CQ 

to

05

00

a. 

a.

o' I 

13

0)

g.

to|

CQ 

CD

21 <

CQ

PRECIPITATION, 

IN INCHES

DISCHARGE, 

IN CUBIC FEET 

PER SECOND

O -1 -* [O ppOT1-1-1 

0,0010°^ g >i § jo cn

I I

CO 

00 

CO

1 =-

:--

-» OB 

CO - 

CO

o z

-1 IO CO ^ W 0» ^1

oooooooo 

o o o o o o o

SPRING DISCHARGE, IN 

GALLONS PER MINUTE

 n 

(5' c

(D

is) 

cn

CQ 

CDO

3 

to-a

5'

CQ

to

CO

*.

0)

13

a. 

a. w

T3 1 g 

g' 

o'

13

to C"

CQ

PRECIPITATION, 

IN INCHES

P -1 -* !° 

° en b cn b

DISCHARGE, IN C

pp-i _L _L -i ro 

cn >! b io cn "^ b 

ocno cnocnoc

OOOOOOOOO

SPRING DISCHARGE, 
Table 11. Estimated recharge areas for selected springs 

in Berkeley County, West Virginia

O

[mi , square mile; gal/min, gallon per minute; in., inch]

o

Estimated recharge areas (mi )

Spring 

no.

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

2^3

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

Mean Number of 

discharge measurements Recharge 

(gal/min) of 8 in.

1

2,350

525

90

2,140

61.5

80

80

.5

___

20

148

209

40

60

80

535

80

493

150

917

20

 

3

17.4

500

1,420

___

130

79.2

130

598

---

1,370

---

5.95

___

200

150

---

233

2,900

---

50

72.8

3

76

25

100

___

6.56

.63

.50

101

2,270

40

___

50

10

2,160

___

435

277

3

184

118

1,780

110

1

2

2

1

31

18

1

1

1

--

1

2

15

1

1

1

2

1

11

1

3

1

1

17

1

4

1

17

--

1

17

--

1

--

6

1

1

--

3

1

--

2

1

1

5

1

1

--

2

3

1

17

19

2

--

1

1

4

--

3

3

1

5

17

2

1

0.004

8.88

1.98

.34

8.09

.23

.30

.30

.002

 

.08

.56

.79

.15

.23

.30

2.02

.30

1.86

.57

3.47

.08

 

.01

.06

1.89

5.37

___

___

.49

.30

___

.49

2.26

___

5.18

___

.02

___

.76

.57

___

.88

10.96

___

.19

.28

.01

.29

.09

.38

___

.02

.002

.002

.38

8.58

.15

___

.19

.04

8.17

__-

1.64

1.05

.01

.70

.45

6.73

.42

Recharge 

of 10 in.

0.003

7.11

1.59

.27

6.47

.19

.24

.24

.002

 

.06

.45

.63

.12

.18

.24

1.62

.24

1.49

.45

2.77

.06

 

.009

.05

1.51

4.29

___

.39

.24

.39

1.81

___

4.14

---

.02

___

.60

.45

---

.70

8.77

---

.15

.22

.009

.23

.08

.30

___

.02

.002

.002

.30

6.86

.12

___

.15

.03

6.53

___

1.32

.84

.009

.56

.36

5.38

.33

Recharge 

of 12 in.

0.002

5.92

1.32

.23

5.39

.16

.20

.20

.001

---

.05

.37

.53

.10

.15

.20

1.35

.20

1.24

.38

2.31

.05

 

.008

.04

1.26

3.58

___

-__

.33

.20

.33

1.51

---

3.45

---

.01

___

.50

.38

---

.59

7.31

---

.13

.18

.008

.19

.06

.25

___

.02

.002

.001

.25

5.72

.10

.13

.02

5.44

___

1.10

.70

.008

.46

.30

4.49

.28

Geohydrology of Berkeley Cour*v 37
organic compounds were performed on groundwater samples collected from four springs in June 

1989. Analyses for radon-222 were performed on 

ground-water samples collected from 7 wells and 

11 springs.

Calcium bicarbonate is the most common type 

of water as shown in figures 27-29. Ground-water 

analyses from the carbonate rocks plot in tight clusters with only a few scattered points, and those from 

the noncarbonate rocks have a greater range of percentages of ions. Generally, ground water from the 

carbonate rocks is harder and more mineralized 

than ground water from noncarbonate rocks.

In ground water from wells drilled in carbonate 

rocks, median concentrations of the following dissolved constituents were higher than in ground 

water from wells drilled in noncarbonate rocks: 

total dissolved solids, calcium, sulfate, magnesium, 

chloride, nitrate, potassium, and fluoride. In ground 

water from wells drilled in noncarbonate rocks, 

median concentrations of dissolved silica, sodium, 

iron, and manganese were higher than in ground 

water from wells drilled in carbonate rocks.

The water-quality data for seven different geologic formations that were sampled in at least five 

different locations are shown in figures 30 through 

36. There are several important differences in the 

quality of water that is found in the various geologic 

formations. For example, within the carbonate 

rocks, the ratios of the median concentrations of 

magnesium to calcium increase with increasing 

geologic age as follows: Chambersburg Limestone 

of Middle Ordovician age, 0.09; Beekmantown 

Group of lower Ordovician age, 0.14; Conococheague Limestone of upper Cambrian age, 0.22; 

and Elbrook Formation of middle Cambrian age, 

0.31. This trend indicates that these formations are 

more dolomitic with increasing geologic age.

Ground water from springs in the carbonate 

rocks is typically more diluted than ground water 

from wells in the carbonate rocks. Trilinear diagrams indicated no differences between the 

percentages of the major chemical ions in ground 

water from springs and those in ground water from 

wells in carbonate rocks (figs. 27 and 28). There 

were not enough samples from springs to compare

the ground-water quality of wells and springs in the 

noncarbonate rocks.

Ground water discharged from near-mountaintop springs in noncarbonate rocks typically is 

chemically similar to precipitation, because the 

short residence time the water has is insufficient for 

the water to react with the rock. Ground watr^ discharged from springs in noncarbonate rocks near 

the base of the mountains or in the valleys is more 

mineralized than ground water discharged from 

near-mountaintop springs because of the greater 

residence time that the water has before flowing 

from the hilltops to the valleys. The chemical analyses from springs 238, 253, and 259 are exarrnles 

of the water quality from near-mountaintop springs. 

The maximum specific conductance in ground 

water from these springs was 65 jaS/cm and tH 

highest pH was 5.3. Chemical analyses from 

springs 225 and 258 are examples of the water quality from springs located closer to the base of the 

mountain or in the valley. The specific conductance 

from these two springs ranged from 335 to 610 

jiiS/cm and the pH ranged from 7.0 to 7.5.

Water-Quality Constituents and 

Properties

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(USEPA) (1990) has established maximum allowable concentrations and values for many wate"- 

quality constituents. The Maximum Contaminant 

Level (MCL) is the maximum permissible concentration of a contaminant in water that is delivered to 

any user of a public water system. The Secon dary 

Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) is a nonenforceable recommended standard for drinking 

water, based on aesthetic considerations such as 

taste, odor, and appearance. The Maximum Contaminant-Level Goal (MCLG) is a nonenforceable 

maximum concentration of a drinking-water contaminant, set at a level that would result in no 

adverse health effects over a lifetime of exposure. 

The following constituents and physical properties 

exceeded the MCL's or the SMCL's at least once 

during this study: iron, manganese, nitrate, fecal 

coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria, pH, total 

dissolved solids, and chloride.

38 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Cl + F + NO2 + NO 3 

PERCENTAGES IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Figure 27. Ground-watpr-quality data from springs in carbonate rocks.

Ca Cl + F + NO 2 + NO 3 

PERCENTAGES IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Figure 28. Ground-water-quality data from wells in carbonate rocks.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 39
Ca Cl + F + NO 2 + NO 3 

PERCENTAGES IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Figure 29. Ground-water-quality data from wells and springs in noncarbonate rocks.

P 0 1 =-

s

I

I 001 r

O ; 

0001 -

0 0005 ~- I I I I I I I I i l i i i

Number of sites 28 wells

5 springs 

33 total 

Number of samples 33 wells

9 springs 

42 total

for 5 wells which were sampled twice, 

and 1 spring which was sampled 5 tim

EXPLANATION 

PERCENTILE

i Maximui

75 percent quartile i-U 

50 percent quartile U Median 

25 percent quartile U

Median and 25 percent quartile are equal fl

75 percent quartile, median, 25 percent

quartile, and minimum are equal I

£ 100 -

t F

cc

£

<£ 10 = 

o

5 001 ^

0 0005 = i i i J i i i I i I I I 

S$M&>&ft$&*s

Number of sites 1 well

5 springs

6 total

Number of samples 2 wells

10 springs 

12 total

for the well, which was sampled twice, 

and 1 spring which was sampled 5 times

Figure 30. Beekmantown Group Figure 31. Chambersburg Limestone

Figures 30-31. Distribution of concentrations for selected constituents in water samples from the 

Beekmantown Group and Chambersburg Limestone.

40 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
:tt

ft 0.1

a

0001

0.0005

1; 0.001

00005

D fl

Number of sites 9 wells 

1 spring

10 total

Number of samples 10 wells 

1 spring

11 total

Each site was sampled once, 

except for 1 well which was 

sampled twice

Number of site 5 wells

Number of samples 5 wells 

Each well was sampled once

Figure 32. Conococheague Formation Figure 34. Hampshire Formation

0 001

00005

B

eg !0

O.O01 - 

00005

cT

Number of site 10 wells 

9 springs 

19 total

Number of samples 12 wells

Each site was sampled once, 

except for 2 wells which were 

sampled twice, and 3 springs 

which were sampled 5 times

EXPLANATION

PERCENTILE

i Maximum

75 percent quartile r^j 

50 percent quartile U Median 

25 percent quartile U

I Minimum

Median and 25 percent quartile are equal H

75 percent quartile. median, 25 percent . 

quartile. and minimum are equal _[_

Figure 33. Elbrook Formation

Number of sites 11 wells 

Number of samples 11 wells 

Each well was sampled once

Figure 35. Mahantango Formation

Figures 32-35. Distribution of concentrations for selected constituents in water samples from the (Fig. 32) 

Conococheague Formation, (Fig. 33) Elbrook Formation, (Fig. 34) Hampshire Formation, and (Fig. 35) 

Mahantango Formation.

Geohydroiogy of Berkeley County 41
0001

00005

D

i i i i i i

Number of site EXPLANATION 

PERCENTILE

I Maximal

75 percent quartile pL, 

50 percent quartile W Median 

25 percent quartile U

I Mimmun

Median and 25 percent quartile are equal

75 percent quartile, median, 25 percent . 

quartile, and minimum are equal I

Figure 36. Distribution of concentrations for selected 

constituents in water samples from the Martinsburg Formation.

Bacteria

rock terrain (53.8 percent) than in noncarbon^erock terrain (45.6 percent).

Fecal coliform bacteria were also present in a 

greater percentage of water samples from springs 

than water samples from wells, and they were more 

numerous during June, August, and October, than 

in December and March. Fecal coliform bacteria 

were present in 85.7 percent and 23.9 percent of the 

water samples from springs and wells, respectively, 

during June, August, and October. These bacteria 

were present in 61.5 percent and 7.4 percent cf the 

water samples from springs and wells, respectively, 

during December and March. Fecal coliform Hcteria were more commonly present in water fro'n 

wells in carbonate-rock terrain (41.4 percent) than 

in noncarbonate-rock terrain (10.6 percent).

Physical Properties

Physical properties of water include pH, specific conductance, temperature, alkalinity, 

hardness, and total dissolved solids. Physical properties were measured at all sites from which water 

samples were collected.

The USEPA MCLG for fecal streptococcal and 

fecal coliform bacteria is zero colonies per sample. 

Fecal streptococcal and fecal coliform bacteria are 

indicators of potential bacterial or viral contamination, because water that contains these bacteria also 

can contain pathogenic bacteria or viruses. A statistical summary of the bacteria data is presented in 

table 12.

Fecal streptococcal bacteria were present in all 

springs sampled during June, August, and October, 

but were present in only 69.2 percent of the springs 

sampled during December and March. These bacteria were less numerous in ground-water samples 

collected from wells but indicated the same seasonal decline in numbers. Fecal streptococcal 

bacteria were present in 54.3 percent of water samples from wells sampled during June, August, and 

October but in only 17 percent of water samples 

from wells sampled during December and March. 

Fecal streptococcal bacteria were only slightly 

more common in water from wells in carbonatePH

The USEPA SMCL indicates that pH should be 

between 6.5 to 8.5. A pH of 7.0 indicates a neutral 

solution. A pH higher than 7.0 is indicative of alkaline water, and pH lower than 7.0 is indicative of 

acidic water. The corrosiveness of water increases 

as pH decreases. Excessive alkalinity in water also 

can attack metals. The pH of water at 11 sites was 

lower than 6.5; 10 of the sites were in noncarbonate 

rocks. The pH of springs in the noncarbonate rocks 

near mountaintops typically was lower than 5.3. 

The maximum measured pH at all sites was 7.9.

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance is the ability of a substance to conduct an electric current, and is reported 

in units of microsiemens per centimeter at 25 

degrees Celsius ((iS/cm). Specific conductance of 

water increases as the concentrations of dissolved 

ions increases; therefore, the higher the specific

42 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Table 12. Statistical summary of bacteria data from wells and springs in 

Berkeley County, West Virginia

Wells Springs

Date of sample

Number of 

positive 

sites

Number 

of sites 

sampled

Percentage

of positive

sites

Number of

positive

sites

Number 

of sites 

sampled

Percertage 

of poritive 

sites

June, August, October 1989 

March, December 1989; March 1990

Fecal streptococcal bacteria

25 46 54.3 

9 53 17.0

Fecal coliform bacteria

21

9

21

13

A positive site contains at least 1 colony per 100 milliliters.

100

69.2

June, August, October 1989 

March, December 1989; March 1990

11 

4

46 

54

23.9 

7.4

18 

8

21 

13

85.7

61.5

conductance, the more mineralized the water. Specific conductance values were higher in water 

samples from carbonate rocks than in water samples 

from noncarbonate rocks. Specific-conductance 

values in water samples from carbonate rocks 

ranged from 220 to 2,500 nS/cm, with a median of 

645 jiS/cm. Specific-conductance values in water 

samples from noncarbonate rocks ranged from 28 to 

1,040 ^iS/cm, with a median of 268 nS/cm.

Temperature

The ground-water temperature of springs was 

measured five times at each of 7 springs, twice at 1 

spring, and once at 18 springs. Three measurements of 16.0°C or higher were not included in the 

data analysis because they were affected by heat 

from the sun. The median ground-water temperature was 12.0°C. Ground-water temperatures of 

springs fluctuated seasonally. The minimum and 

maximum temperatures were 6.5°C and 14.5°C, 

respectively. In four springs, temperatures were 

below 10°C when measurements were made in 

December or March. In nine springs, temperatures ranged from 13.0 to 14.5°C when 

measurements were made in August or early October.

Alkalinity

The alkalinity in all of the ground-water samples collected was produced by the dissolved form 

of carbon dioxide called bicarbonate. Alkalinity is 

commonly expressed in terms of equivalent CaCC>3 

(carbonate alkalinity), and does not include alkalinity produced by noncarbonate anions such as 

sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate. Carbonate neks, 

such as limestone, consist primarily of calcrun carbonate. Calcium carbonate is dissolved and forms 

calcium bicarbonate when acted upon by ground 

water containing carbon dioxide, which derves 

from the atmosphere and soil. The ground-water 

samples from the carbonate rocks contained higher 

concentrations of bicarbonate (median concentration of 354 mg/L) than the water samples from 

noncarbonate rocks (median concentration of 128 

mg/L).

Water Hardness

Water hardness is caused primarily by calcium 

and magnesium ions, and, therefore, the hardness 

values were calculated from the measured concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Hardness is 

commonly classified as follows: soft (0 to 60 

mg/L); moderately hard (61 to 120 mg/L); hard (121 

to 180 mg/L); and very hard (greater than 180 mg/L)

Geohydrology of Berkeley Comty 43
(Hem, 1985, p. 159). Hardness in all water samples 

from the carbonate rocks was equal to or greater 

than 147 mg/L; the median concentration was 358 

mg/L. Water from noncarbonate rocks was not as 

hard as water from carbonate rocks. Hardness in 25 

percent of the ground-water samples from noncarbonate rocks was equal to or less than 59 mg/L, and 

the minimum hardness value was 6 mg/L.

Total Dissolved Solids

The dissolved solids concentration is a measurement of the mineral content of the water. The 

USEPA SMCL for total dissolved solids is 500 

mg/L. Ground water from the carbonate rocks is 

more mineralized and has a higher dissolved solids 

concentration than ground water from noncarbonate rocks. The dissolved solids concentration in 

water from 12 wells drilled in carbonate rocks 

exceeded 500 mg/L (residue on evaporation at 

180°C), with a maximum of 705 mg/L at well 4 

(app. B-l). The maximum dissolved solids concentration from springs in the carbonate rocks was 472 

mg/L at spring 257. The median dissolved solids 

concentration for all samples from carbonate rocks 

was 367 mg/L. Median dissolved solids concentration in ground water from noncarbonate rocks 

was 158 mg/L; the maximum was 729 mg/L at 

well 5.

Inorganic Constituents

Inorganic constituents are those that do not contain carbon. The following inorganic constituents 

exceeded the USEPA MCL or SMCL in water in at 

least one site; selected constituents-chloride, iron, 

manganese, and nitrate-are discussed below. 

Radon also is discussed, because no definite limit 

has been set for this constituent.

Chloride

The USEPA SMCL for chloride is 250 mg/L. 

Sources of chloride in ground water include road 

salt, sewage, organic nitrogen fertilizers, industrial 

wastes, and naturally occurring brines. A dissolved 

chloride concentration higher than 250 mg/L can 

increase the corrosiveness of the water and can give

water a salty taste. Chloride concentration in water 

from well 89 was 420 mg/L (app. B-l). Well£° is 

the only site that contains water with a chloride concentration that exceeds the SMCL.

Chloride concentration was higher in water in 

carbonate rocks than in water in noncarbonate 

rocks. The median chloride concentrations for carbonate and noncarbonate rocks were 10 and 3.8 

mg/L, respectively. Chloride concentrations in 

water at 41 of the carbonate rock sites and 10 of the 

noncarbonate rock sites were at least 10 mg/L.

Iron and Manganese

The USEPA SMCL for iron is 300 ng/L. Dissolved iron concentrations that are higher than 300 

Hg/L typically precipitate on exposure to air. This 

causes problems such as turbidity, staining, and 

objectionable taste and color. Iron dissolves from 

most rocks and soils and can be corroded from 

pipes, pumps, and other equipment. Ground water 

with dissolved iron concentrations higher than 300 

jag/L is found only in the noncarbonate rocks. 

Twenty-two wells (52 percent) in the noncarbonate 

rocks contained water with dissolved iron concentrations of at least 300 ng/L (app. B-l), The 

maximum dissolved iron concentration in all 

ground- water samples was 4,700 fag/L. The maximum dissolved iron concentration in water from 

five springs in noncarbonate rocks was 45 |ig/L, 

indicating that the presence of iron may be 

restricted to wells. The lower dissolved iron concentrations in noncarbonate springs also could be 

caused by precipitation of iron at the spring emergence before sampling.

The USEPA SMCL for manganese is 

Dissolved manganese concentrations higher than 

50 ng/L typically have the same objectionable features as iron, but produce dark-brown or black 

stains. Manganese is dissolved from rocks an^ 

soils. Ground water that contained a dissolved iron 

concentration of 300 jag/L or higher typically contained a dissolved manganese concentration of 50 

Hg/L or higher. In water samp les from 21 of th e 22 

wells with dissolved iron concentrations higher 

than 300 ng/L, dissolved manganese concentrations exceeded 50 ng/L. Dissolved manganese 

concentrations were at least 50 ng/L in water from

44 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
37 (32 percent) of 117 sites, but only 4 (3 percent) 

of the sites were in carbonate rocks. Concentrations of dissolved manganese were lower in 

carbonate rocks than in noncarbonate rocks; the 

maximum concentration was 180 (ig/L.

Nitrate

The USEPA MCL for nitrate as nitrogen is 10 

mg/L. Sources of nitrate include decaying organic 

matter, sewage, and fertilizers. Nitrate concentrations above 10 mg/L encourage the growth of algae 

and other organisms, which produce an undesirable 

taste and odor, and can cause methemoglobinemia 

(blue-baby syndrome) in infants. Land use and 

geology can have a major effect on nitrate concentrations. Contaminants from land surface can enter 

the ground-water system quickly through carbonate 

rocks because of the secondary porosity typical of 

carbonate rocks, such as large sinkholes, and 

because of the presence of losing streams. Contaminants from land surface cannot enter the 

ground-water system as quickly through noncarbonate rocks as through carbonate rocks because 

sinkholes and losing streams are absent. Fractures 

in the noncarbonate rocks also are much tighter than 

in the carbonate rocks, so that contaminants in the 

noncarbonate rocks move more slowly than in the 

carbonate rocks.

Nitrate concentrations are usually calculated by 

subtracting the concentration of nitrite from the 

total concentration of nitrite plus nitrate. Because 

nitrate concentration in water at only one site was 

higher than the coefficient of variation (8-14 percent) for the determination of the nitrite plus nitrate 

concentration (Skougstad and others, 1979, p. 439), 

the concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate are considered equal to the concentrations of nitrate in this 

report. Nitrite concentrations of at least 0.01 mg/L 

were detectable in water at only eight sites. The 

maximum nitrite concentration was 0.06 mg/L.

Median nitrate concentrations in water from the 

carbonate and noncarbonate rocks were 4.0 and 

0.62 mg/L, respectively. Concentrations in water 

from three wells (sites 4, 38, and 62) exceeded 10 

mg/L. All three wells tap the carbonate rocks. The 

highest nitrate concentration that was detected was 

23 mg/L at well 38 on August 23,1989. In a second

water sample collected from this well on March 6, 

1990, nitrate concentration was 14 mg/L, indicating that the concentration is variable but still 

exceeds the USEPA MCL. Kozar and others 

(1991), in a study of neighboring Jefferson County, 

concluded that the nitrate concentration in ground 

water could differ in relation to recharge events and 

to the amount of fresh manure on the land surface.

Radon

An MCL of 300 pCi/L (picocuries per lifer) for 

radon-222 in ground water was proposed by the 

USEPA in July 1991 (Jeff Hass, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, oral cornmun., 1992). The 

concentration of radon was analyzed in water from 

7 wells and 11 springs. The minimum and riaximum concentrations were 92 and 1,600 pCi/L, 

respectively. The median concentration wa^ 505 

pCi/L. Differences in radon concentration between 

carbonate and noncarbonate ground-water samples, 

or between spring and well samples, were not significant.

Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are those that contain carbon. Sampling for organic compounds included 

pesticides and volatile organic compounds.

Pesticides

Organochlorine and organophosphate in^ecticide analyses were performed on ground-water 

samples collected at six springs during March, 

June, October, and December 1989 and March 

1990. Additional organochlorine and organophosphate insecticide analyses were performed on 

ground-water samples from 18 wells and 5 springs 

during August 21 -24, 1989. Analyses for triazine 

herbicides were performed on ground-water samples from four wells and five springs during this 

period. The analyses are shown in appendir B-2.

The USEPA and the U.S. Public Health S ervice 

(written commun., 1971) limit the allowable concentrations in drinking water of many of the 

pesticides that were sampled for during this study.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 45
No insecticides or herbicides in any ground-water 

samples collected throughout this study exceeded 

these limits. However, the following pesticides 

were present in detectable concentrations in at least 

one sample: atrazine, chlordane, cyanazine, DDE, 

DOT, diazinon, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, malathion, and 

simazine. Atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine are 

triazine herbicides. The remaining pesticides that 

were detected were organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides. The pesticides listed above 

were detected in ground water from wells and 

springs in or near orchards or crop fields. Groundwater samples were analyzed for the following 

organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides 

that were not present in detectable concentrations: 

Aldrin, DDD, disyston, ethion, lindane, methoxychlor, methylparathion, methyltrithion, mirex, 

parathion, perthane, phorate, trithion, and toxaphene. Triazine herbicides that were not present 

in detectable concentrations included: alachlor, 

ametryne, prometone, prometryne, propazine, simetryne, and trifluralin.

Volatile Organic Compounds

Ground-water samples were collected at 

springs 213, 232, 257, and 268 in June 1989 and 

were analyzed for volatile organic compounds. 

These springs were in carbonate rocks. The detection limit for each compound was 3.0 ^ig/L, with 

the exception of vinyl chloride, which had a detection limit of 1.0 fxg/L. None of the following 

compounds were present in detectable concentrations:

benzene

bromoform

carbon tetrachloride

chlorobenzene

chlorodibromomethane

chloroethane

2-chloroethyl vinyl ether

chloroform

1,2-dibromoethane

1.2-dichlorobenzene

1.3-dichlorobenzene

1.4-dichlorobenzene 

dichlorobromomethane

dichlorodifluoromethane

1.1-dichloroethane

1.2-dichloroethane

1.1-dichloroethylene

1.2-/ra«^--dichloroethene

1.2-dichloropropane

1.3-dichloropropene

cis- 1,3-dichloropropene

trans- 1,3-dichloropropene

ethyl benzene

methyl bromide

methyl chloride

methylene chloride

styrene

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

tetrachloroethylene

toluene

1,1,1 -trichloroethane

1,1,2-trichloroethane

trichloroethylene

trichlorofluoromethane

vinyl chloride

xylene

Changes in Water Quality

Changes in water quality can be caused by 

changes in the ground-water conditions and landuse practices. Recharge to the ground-water system 

can have a diluting effect on the ground-water quality. Forexample,Hobba(1985,p. 17) described an 

inverse relation between springflow and specific 

conductance. The specific conductance decreased 

with increasing flow, and increased with decreasing 

flow.

Land-use practices that change during the year 

can cause changes in water quality. For example, 

the concentration of dissolved nitrate in ground 

water is related to rainfall and the amount of fresh 

manure on the land surface (Kozar and others, 

1991). Recharge to the ground-water system can 

contain higher concentrations of dissolved nitrate 

when fresh manure is present than when it is nit 

present.

46 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Seasonal Changes

Seasonal changes were studied by collecting 

samples at various times of the year. Water samples were collected quarterly from seven springs, 

beginning March 28, 1989 and ending March 9, 

1990. Six of those springs (213, 231, 234, 257, 

267, and 268) discharged from carbonate rocks; one 

spring (238) discharged from noncarbonate rock. 

Springflow measurements were made at the same 

time the water samples were collected. The concentrations of most of the chemical constituents 

changed over the period of sample collection, but 

no trends were evident that could be related to discharge or time of year. Analysis of quarterly waterquality data provided some information, however, 

on the range of concentrations (minimum to maximum) that could be expected during the year. The 

minimum and maximum concentrations for these 

seven springs are summarized in table 13.

Changes in water quality also were stud^d by 

comparing the water samples collected August 21- 

24, 1989, with those collected March 5-9, 1^0. 

Ground-water levels during August 21-24, 1989, 

were similar to ground-water levels during March 

5-9, 1990. The mean ground-water level of four 

wells with hourly measurements was 47.78 ft be low 

land surface during August 21-24,1989, and 46.46 

ft below land surface during March 5-9, 1991. 

Springflow also was similar between the two sampling periods. The mean springflow from five 

springs was 570 gal/min during August 21-24, 

1989, and 574 gal/min during March 5-9, 19?0.

Table 13. Minimum and maximum values for ground-water quality for seven springs sampled on a 

quarterly basis between March 1989 and March 1990, Berkeley County, West Virginia

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; Mg/L, micrograms per liter; mL, milliliter; /iS/cm, microsiemens 

per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C, degrees Celsius; <, less than]

Site

213 

232 

234 

238 

257 

267 

268

Number 

of 

samples

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5

Specific 

conductance 

(MS/cm)

578-670 

645-750 

660-750 

37- 51 

745-930 

395-436 

460-570

6 

7. 

6, 

4, 

6, 

6. 

6.

t>H

.8-7.3 

.0-7.4 

.4-7.2 

.4-5.1 

.7-7.2 

.8-7.4 

.9-7.4

Temperature (°C)

11, 

9, 

11, 

8, 

11. 

11. 

11.

.5-12. 

.0-14. 

.0-13, 

.0-11, 

.0-12. 

.5-12, 

.5-12.

.5 

.5 

,0 

.5 

,5 

,5 

,5

Oxygen, 

dissolved Hardness 

(mg/L) (mg/L as CaC03)

7.2-8 

6.6-8, 

5.9-8, 

4.8-7, 

5.8-8, 

6.1-7. 

5.1-7.

.0 

.8 

.0 

.8 

.2 

.8 

.9

350-360 

310-360 

340-350 

7- 12 

360-370 

200-230 

230-270

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as CaC03)

290-314 

253-301 

270-316 

0-0 

300-312 

190-212 

207-230

Site

213

232

234

238

257

267

268

Calcium 

(mg/L as Ca)

91

81

120

1.

120

70

61

- 93

- 97

-120

.4- 3.0

-120

- 80

- 68

Magnesium 

(mg/L as Mg)

29

25

10

0.

15

5.

19

-31

-28

-13

.84- 1.1

-16

.8 - 6.2

-24

Sodium 

(mg/L as Na)

3.2- 4.0

9.3-12

4.8- 5.3

1.8- 3.2

21 -26

2.8- 3.1

4.7- 7.9

Potassium 

(mg/L as K)

2,

2.

1.

1.

1.

.1-2,

.1-3,

.4-2,

.8-1,

.4-2.

,2-1.

.6-3.

.4

,5

.4

.0

,1

.1

,5

Sulfate 

(mg/L as So4)

25

33

22

3.

31

<1,

22

-26

-40

-29

.9- 5.5

-37

.0-15

-31

Chloride 

(mg/L as Cl

6,

10

7.

3,

35

3,

8.

.3- 7.

-16

.0-12

.4- 6,

-44

.3- 4,

.1-13

.4

.7

,2

Site

213

232

234

238

257

267

268

Fluoride 

(mg/L as F)

0.3-0

.2-

.1- .

<. 1-

. 1-

.1- ,

.2-

.4

.3

.4

.4

.2

.3

.3

Dissolved solids 

Silica residue at 180 " 

(mg/L as Si02) (mg/L)

12

9.

10

4,

11

7,

9.

-12

.5-12

-11

.8- 5.9

-11

.4- 8.2

.7-11

344-392

336-408

364-410

11- 32

410-472

186-241

263-299

, Nitrite 

C nitrate 

(mg/L as

5,

5,

5,

2

2,

.7 -6.

.5 -9.

.4-7.

.55- ,

.7 -3,

.56- ,

.2 -4,

N)

.1

.3

.3

.70

.5

.81

.1

Iron 

(wg/L as Fe)

<3-12

<3- 8

<3-ll

12-45

<3- 6

<3-10

8-39

Manganese 

(Mg/L as Mn)

<1-

<1-

<1-

4

5

2

48-64

<!-«

<1-

1-

:1

3

4

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 47
The following ten sites were sampled during 

both periods: spring 256 and wells 21, 32, 38, 51, 

57, 82, 88, 96, and 98. The dissolved solids concentrations in ground water from 9 of the 10 sites 

were higher in March 1990 than in August 1989. 

The median values for ground-water quality from 

all sites sampled during August 21-24, 1989, and 

during March 5-9, 1990, are summarized in table 

14. The table is separated into wells and springs in 

carbonate rock, and wells and springs in noncarbonate rock, so that a comparison can be made. The 

median concentrations of hardness, magnesium, 

sodium, iron, and dissolved solids for sites sampled 

in March 1990 were higher than the median concentrations for the same sites sampled in August 1989. 

This trend was evident for carbonate rock wells,

carbonate rock springs, and noncarbonate wells 

sampled. Data for noncarbonate springs sampled 

did not exhibit this trend. It is uncertain at present 

what factors are responsible for this trend. The 

remaining constituents in table 14 did not indicate 

any networkwide upward or downward trend:1 ,

Long-Term Changes

Ground-water samples from wells and springs 

in Berkeley County were previously collected from 

July 30 through August 10,1973 by Hobba(1976), 

These samples were analyzed for hardness and for 

concentrations of iron, chloride, and nitrate. Water 

samples with iron concentrations of 300 ng/L or

Table 14.--Median values for ground-water quality for August 21-24, 1989, and March 5-9, 1990,

in Berkeley County, West Virginia

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; MS/L, micrograms per liter; mL, milliliter; 

jjS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C, degrees Celsius]

Site

Wells, carbonate rock, 25 sites 

Wells, carbonate rock, 33 sites

Springs, carbonate rock, 11 sites 

Springs, carbonate rock, 11 sites

Wells, noncarbonate rock, 21 sites 

Wells, noncarbonate rock, 21 sites

Springs, noncarbonate rock, 3 sites 

Springs, noncarbonate rock, 2 sites

Aug 

Mar

Aug 

Mar

Aug 

Mar

Aug 

Mar

Date

21-24, 

5- 9,

21-24, 

5- 9,

21-24, 

5- 9,

21-24, 

5- 9.

Specific 

conductance pH 

(wS/cm)

1989 

1990

1989 

1990

1989 

1990

1989 

1990

450 

730

605 

640

275 

270

335 

52

6. 

7.

7. 

7.

6. 

6.

7.

4.

.9 

,0

,0 

,0

,9 

,9

.2

,8

Oxygen, 

dissolved Hardness 

(mg/L) (mg/L as CaC03)

6. 

7.

7. 

7.

1. 

1.

4, 

7.

,5 

.1

,3 

,2

.0 

,0

,9 

.2

326

346

317

336

105 

150

169 

13

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as CaC03)

295

300

276 

270

101 

124

166 

0

Calcium 

Site (mg/L as Ca)

Wells, carbonate rock, 25 sites

Wells, carbonate rock, 33 sites

Springs, carbonate rock, 11 sites

Springs, carbonate rock, 11 sites

Wells, noncarbonate rock, 21 sites

Wells, noncarbonate rock, 21 sites

Springs, noncarbonate rock, 3 sites

Springs, noncarbonate rock, 2 sites

92

100

99

92

31

42

59

2.8

Magnesium 

(mg/L as Mg)

20

21

14

19

8.5

11

5.3

1.4

Sodium 

(mg/L as Na)

4,

7,

5.

5.

7.

8.

1.

1.

,8

.9

.2

,3

,6

,9

,8

,3

Potassium 

(mg/L as K)

2.

1.

1.

1.

,2

,6

,9

4

8

8

,7

,8

Sulfate 

(mg/L as S04)

28

25

22

27

14

31

5.0

8.4

Chloride 

(rag/*., as CD

9.

13

11

10

2,

4.

1.

2.

,7

,3

.3

.3

.9

Dissolved solids 

Fluoride Silica residue at 180°C 

Site (mg/L as F) (mg/L as Si02) (mg/L)

Wells, carbonate rock, 25 sites 

Wells, carbonate rock, 33 sites

Springs, carbonate rock, 11 sites 

Springs, carbonate rock, 11 sites

Wells, noncarbonate rock, 21 sites 

Wells, noncarbonate rock, 21 sites

Springs, noncarbonate rock, 3 sites 

Springs, noncarbonate rock, 2 sites

0.2 

.2

.2 

.3

.1 

.3

.1 

.2

10 

12

10 

10

20 

23

8.7 

5.5

356 

404

339 

392

156 

170

183 

30

Nitrite + 

nitrate 

(mg/L as N)

4, 

3,

4, 

5.

1,

.0 

,0

.0 

.2

.1 

,1

.2

,5

Iron 

(mg/L as Fe)

5. 

7.

4. 

5.

220 

590

3. 

34

,0 

,0

,0 

.0

,0

Manganese 

(mg/L as Mn)

1. 

1.

1. 

1.

230 

330

1. 

56

0 

0

0 

0

0

48 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
higher were present at 90 of 262 sites (34 percent). 

Iron concentrations of 300 ng/L or higher were also 

present in 52 percent of the ground-water samples 

collected from wells in noncarbonate rock during 

1989-90 (see Iron and Manganese section). Chloride concentrations of 250 mg/L or higher were 

found in water samples from 2 out of 335 sites, indicating that chloride concentrations that exceeded 

the USEPA SMCL were not common in 1973. 

Only one site sampled during 1989-90 contained 

ground water with a chloride concentration of 250 

mg/L or higher, indicating that high chloride concentrations are not yet common. In 1973, groundwater samples with a nitrate concentration of 45 

mg/L or higher (equal to the current USEPA MCL 

of 10 mg/L) were found at 8 of 339 sites. Nitrate 

concentrations in ground water from 3 of 117 sites 

sampled during 1989-90 were higher than 10 mg/L. 

Hobba also collected water samples for fecal 

coliform and fecal streptococci analysis samples 

during January 12-14, 1974. Fecal coliform colonies were present in the 3 springs that were sampled 

and in water from 8 of 12 wells. Fecal streptococci 

colonies were present in 3 springs that were sampled and in water from 7 of 12 wells. During 1989- 

90, fecal coliform colonies were present in ground 

water from 26 of 44 springs and in water from 15 of 

100 wells. Fecal streptococci bacteria were present 

in water from 30 of 44 springs and in water from 34 

of 99 wells.

SUMMARY

Aquifers of Berkeley County are comprised of 

both carbonate and noncarbonate rocks. Karst 

topography has developed in the carbonate areas. 

The carbonate and noncarbonate aquifers have different water quality and quantity concerns.

Ground-water levels tend to follow seasonal 

trends; the lowest levels typically occur from midOctober through November, and the highest levels 

occur from April through mid-June. In the carbonate rocks east of North Mountain, mean depth to 

water was 41.47 ft. In the noncarbonate rocks of 

the Martinsburg Formation, mean depth to water 

was 23.40 ft a shallower depth than in the surrounding limestone. In wells on and west of North

Mountain, mean depth to water was 33.81 f. 

Ground-water levels fluctuate more in carbonate 

areas than in noncarbonate areas. The mear 

ground-water-level fluctuation was 19.37 ft in 17 

wells in carbonate rock and 8.07 ft in 14 wells in 

noncarbonate rock.

Recharge was estimated to be about 10 in/yr for 

a 60-mi2 area of carbonate rocks. Specific y: ?ld for 

carbonate rocks ranged from 0.044 to 0.049 of rock 

by volume. Estimated transmissivity values ranged 

from 730 to 9,140 r^/d for four sections that are 

parallel to the strike of the rocks in Middle Creek 

and Tuscarora Creek. Estimated transmissivity 

was 800 ft^/d for one section perpendicular to the 

strike of rocks in Tuscarora Creek.

Ground-water flow in the carbonate rocvs is 

controlled by geologic structure within the aquifer. 

Ground-water velocities ranged from 32 to 1,879 

ft/d. Mean flow velocities ranged from 71 ft/d 

under diffuse-flow conditions to 1,139 ft/d under 

conduit-flow conditions. In general, ground water 

flows from beneath hilltops to beneath valleys in 

noncarbonate rocks.

The highest mean well yield (48 gal/min) was 

in the Beekmantown Group . Well yields higher 

than 100 gal/min were present in wells in nc other 

geologic unit, except in one well in the Chambersburg Limestone. Twelve such wells are present in 

the Beekmantown Group. The highest median well 

yield, 20 gal/min, however, was in the Martinsburg 

Formation.

The mean, median, and maximum well yields 

decrease with increasing distance from a fault. The 

median yield was 33 gal/min in wells less than 400 

ft from a fault. The median specific capacity was 

3.6 (gal/min)/ft in wells less than 700 ft from a fault 

and was 0.26 (gal/min)/ft in wells greater than or 

equal to 700 ft from a fault

Well yield decreased with increasing well 

depth. The highest median well yield (30 gd/min) 

for carbonate rocks was in wells that were lers than 

50 ft deep. The highest median well yield (21 

gal/min) for noncarbonate rocks was in well" that 

were 50 to 99 ft deep.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 49
The largest springs are in the carbonate rocks 

and are typically on or near faults or the limestoneshale contacts. Springflow typically follows the 

same seasonal pattern as that of ground-water levels 

in wells. Lowest springflow is from mid-October 

through November, and highest springflow is from 

April through mid-June.

In ground water from wells drilled in carbonate 

rocks, hardness values and median concentrations 

of the following dissolved constituents were typically higher than in water from wells drilled in 

noncarbonate rocks: total dissolved solids, calcium, sulfate, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, 

potassium, and fluoride. In ground water from noncarbonate rocks, dissolved concentrations of silica, 

sodium, iron, and manganese were higher than in 

water from wells drilled in carbonate rocks. Water 

from springs in the carbonate rocks is more diluted 

than water from wells in the carbonate rocks.

Ground water near the tops of the mountains 

has lower pH and specific conductance than ground 

water from other topographic settings. The maximum specific conductance in water from three nearmountaintop springs was 65 (aS/cm and the maximum pH was 5.3. In water from two noncarbonate 

springs near the base of the mountain or in the valley, specific conductance ranged from 335 to 610 

(iS/cm and pH ranged from 7.0 to 7.5.

Concentrations of the following constituents 

exceeded the MCL's or SMCL's promulgated by 

the USEPA (1990) in ground water from at least 

one site: iron, manganese, nitrate, fecal colifoTn 

and fecal streptococcal bacteria, pH, total dissolved 

solids, and chloride. The concentrations of the constituents in ground water from seven springs that 

were sampled quarterly differed, but no trends were 

evident that related to discharge or time of yerr.

Analyses of ground water for organochlorine 

and organophosphate insecticides and triazine herbicides, indicated that no concentrations exceeded 

USEPA MCL's and U.S. Public Health Service 

standards. The following organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides were present in detectable 

concentrations: chlordane, DDE, DDT, diazinon, 

dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor 

epoxide, and malathion. Triazine herbicides that 

were present in detectable concentrations were atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine.

Radon concentrations ranged from 92 to 1,600 

pCi/L. Water from four springs in the carbonate 

rocks was analyzed for 36 volatile organic compounds. None of the compounds were present in 

detectable concentrations.

50 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
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Geotechnical Problems in Karstic Limestone of 

the Northeastern United States: Frederick, Md.: 

Association of Engineering Geologists and the 

American Society of Civil Engineering, 18 p.

Skougstad, M.W., Fishman, M.J., Friedman, L.C.,

Erdmann, D.E., Duncan, S.S., 1979, Methods for 

determination of inorganic substances in water 

and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey 

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, 

book 5, chap. Al, 626 p.

Sloto, R.A., 1988, A computer method for estimating 

ground-water contribution to streamflow using 

hydrograph-separation techniques: U.S. 

Geological Survey National Computer 

Technology Meetings, Phoenix, Ariz., November 

14-18, 1988, p. 101-110.

Taylor, L.E., 1974, Bedrock geology and its influence on 

ground-water resources in the Hedgesville and 

Williamsport 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, Berkeley 

County, West Virginia: Toledo, Ohio, The 

University of Toledo, unpublished Master's 

thesis, 82 p.

Trainer, F.W., and Watkins, F.A., Jr., 1975,

Geohydrologic reconnaissance of the UppePotomac River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 2035, 68 p.

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1991, Comparison of 

1980 and 1990 population data West Virginia and 

Counties: U.S. Department of Commerce, 

Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C., 9 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Drhking 

water regulations and health advisories: U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office cf 

Drinking Water, Washington, D.C., [variously 

paged.]

Weedfall, R.O., Dickerson, W.H., Dwelle, H.C., and 

Stirm, W.L., 1967, The climate of Berkeley 

County, West Virginia including a Climatological 

summary of Martinsburg: West Virginia 

University Agricultural Experiment Station report 

49,24 p.

52 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
West Virginia Department of Agriculture, 1975, West 

Virginia Agricultural Statistics-1975: Office of 

West Virginia Agricultural Statistics Annual 

Bulletin.

. 1990, West Virginia Agricultural Statistics1990: Office of West Virginia Agricultural 

Statistics Annual Bulletin No. 21,46 p.

Wood, W.W., 1976, Guidelines for collection and field 

analysis of ground-water samples for selected 

unstable constituents: U.S. Geological Survey 

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 

book 1, chap. D2, 24 p.

Wright, W.G., 1990, Ground-water hydrology and

quality in the Valley and Ridge and Blue Fidge 

physiographic provinces of Clarke County, 

Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 90-4134, 61 p.

Zewe, B.T., 1991, The influence of lineaments and 

hydrogeologic setting on well yield in Berkeley 

and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia: 

Morgantown, W. Va., West Virginia University, 

Department of Geology, Master's thesis, 232 p.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 53
GLOSSARY

Hydrology, like most branches of science, has 

its own terminology. An understanding of certain 

terms is essential when reading this report. The definitions here have been simplified and shortened as 

much as possible. Further definitions can be found 

in reports by Heath (1983), Nutter (1973, p. 40-41), 

American Geological Institute (1984), and Lohman 

and others (1972).

Adsorb The adhesion of molecules in solution to the 

surface of solid bodies with which they are in 

contact.

Alkalinity-The capacity of a solution (generally water) 

to neutralize acid.

Anticline An upward fold in the rocks with

stratigraphically older rocks in the center.

Artesian well An artesian well is a well deriving its 

water from an artesian or confined water body. 

The water level in an artesian well stands above 

the top of the artesian water body it taps.

Aquifer A rock formation that contains sufficient

saturated permeable material to yield significant 

amounts of water to wells or springs.

Background fluorescence Existing fluorescence

measured in water samples before a dye tracer test 

is conducted.

Base flow The flow of a stream when all water in the 

channel is derived from ground water.

Bedding plane-The division plane that separates each 

successive layer or bed from the one above or 

below.

Carbonate rocks Rocks that are composed principally 

of calcium carbonate (limestone) or calciummagnesium carbonate (dolomite).

Cross fault~A fault that strikes diagonally or

perpendicularly to the strike of the associated 

strata or to the general structural trend.

Dendritic drainage pattern A surface drainage pattern 

in which streams branch at almost any angle, 

resembling the branching of trees.

Dip of rock strata-The angle between the horizcntal 

and the bedding plane; dip is measured in a 

vertical plane at right angles to the strike of the 

bedding. (See strike of rock strata,)

Dissolution-The act or process of dissolving rock.

Dye tracer test A test in which a fluorescent dye is 

injected into any aquifer and then springs aid 

streams downgradient from the injection point are 

monitored for dye with activated charcoal dye 

detectors. The dye detectors generally are 

exchanged weekly and analyzed for the presence 

of dye, using a fluorometer and/or visual te?ts.

Eluant A liquid used to extract one material from 

another.

Eluate-The solution that results from the eluatior 

process.

Evapotranspiration Evaporation from water surfaces 

plus transpiration from plants.

Fault A fracture in the Earth's crust accompanied by 

displacement of one side of the fracture with 

respect to the other.

Fecal coliform bacteria A bacteria found in human 

and other warm-blooded animal intestines.

Fecal streptococcal bacteria A bacteria found ir

human and other warm-blooded animal intestines.

Flow, conduit The flow of ground water along bedding 

planes, faults, and joints that have been enlarged 

into cavities or caverns by dissolution of the 

carbonate rocks.

Flow, diffuse The flow of ground water along beiding 

planes, faults, and joints that have not been 

significantly enlarged by dissolution.

Flow, laminar A flow of water in which the velocity at 

a given point is constant in magnitude and 

direction.

Fluorescence Emission of visible light by a substance 

exposed to ultraviolet light.

Fracture A break in rock that may be caused by 

compressional or tensional forces.

Gaining stream-A stream, or segment of a stream, that 

receives water from an aquifer. (See losing 

stream.)

54 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Ground water Water contained in the zone of 

saturation in the rock. (See surface water.)

Head-Pressure, expressed as the height of a column of 

water that can be supported by the pressure.

Herbicide A type of pesticide used to control unwanted 

plants.

Homogenous An aquifer with identical properties 

throughout.

Hydraulic conductivity The capacity of a rock to 

transmit water.

Hydraulic gradient The change of pressure head per 

unit distance from one point to another in an 

aquifer.

Insecticide A type of pesticide used to control insects.

Isotropic-An aquifer that exhibits the same properties 

with the same values when measured along axes 

in all directions.

Joints System of fractures in rocks along which there 

has been no movement parallel to the fracture 

surface. In coal, joints and fractures may be 

termed "cleats."

Karst A geologic area having topographic features that 

develop as a result of underground solution of the 

carbonate rocks and diversion of surface water 

underground.

Laminar flow (See flow, laminar.)

Lineaments Linear features observed on aerial

photographs or imagery (formed by the alignment 

of stream channels or tonal features in soil, 

vegetation, or topography) that can represent 

subsurface fracture zones.

Losing stream A stream, or segment of a stream, that 

contributes water to an underlying aquifer. (See 

gaining stream.)

MCL (Maximum contaminant IeveI)-An enforceable 

maximum permissible concentration of a 

contaminant in water that is delivered to any user 

of a public water system.

MCLG (Maximum contaminant level goal)-/ nonenforceable maximum permissible concer'ration 

of a contaminant in drinking water. It is set at the 

level that would result in no adverse health effects 

over a lifetime of exposure.

Microsiemens The unit used in reporting specific 

conductance of water per centimeter at 25° 

Celsius.

Noncarbonate rocks~In this report, rocks that are

composed principally of shales and sandstones (in 

Berkeley County, West Virginia).

Pesticide A chemical used to destroy pests such as 

insects and weeds.

pH~The negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion 

concentration in the water.

Precipitation Water that falls to the Earth's surface in 

the form of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow.

Primary porosity Openings in the rock, such a? pores, 

that were created at the time the rocks were 

formed.

Recharge-That part of precipitation or surface vater 

that penetrates the Earth's surface and eventually 

reaches the water table.

Secondary porosity Openings in the rock, such as

fractures or solution channels, which formed after 

the rock was deposited.

Sinkhole~An undrained closed depression formed by 

the collapse of soil into a solution cavity in the 

underlying carbonate rocks.

SMCL (Secondary maximum contaminant leveI)-A

non-enforceable recommended standard set by 

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for 

drinking water, based on aesthetic conside-ations 

such as taste, odor, and appearance.

Specific capacity The rate of discharge of a weM

divided by the drawdown of the water leve' in the 

well.

Specific conductance The measured electrical

conductance of a unit length and cross section of 

water, reported in microsiemens per centimeter 

(uS/cm) at 25° Celsius. Often referred to as 

"conductivity."

Geohydrology of Berkeley Cour*v 55
Specific yield The ratio of (1) the volume of water that 

the rock or soil, after saturation, will yield by 

gravity to (2) the volume of the rock or soil. The 

definition implies that gravity drainage is 

complete. In the natural environment, specific 

yield is generally observed as the change that 

occurs in the amount of water in storage per unit 

area of unconfined aquifer as the result of a unit 

change in head.

Storage coefficient-The volume of water an aquifer 

releases or takes into storage per unit surface area 

of the aquifer, per unit change in head.

Strike of rock strata The direction of a line formed by 

the intersection of the bedding and a horizontal 

plane. (See dip of rock strata.)

Subsequent stream A tributary that has developed its 

valley along a belt of underlying weak rock and is 

therefore adjusted to the regional structure.

SyncIine--A downward fold in the rocks with

stratigraphically younger rocks in the center.

Transmissivity The rate at which water of a preva iling 

viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of 

aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient.

Trellis drainage pattern An arrangement of surface 

drainage characterized by parallel main streams 

with right-angle tributaries, which in turn are fed 

by elongated secondary tributaries parallel to the 

main streams.

Water table The surface in an unconfined water body 

at which pressure is atmospheric; generally the 

top of the saturated zone.

56 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
APPENDIXES

Geohydrology of Berkeley CouiW 57
Appendix A: Records of inventoried wells and springs in Berkeley County,

West Virginia, 1989-90

Topographic setting

C- stream channel 

F- flood plain 

H- hilltop 

S- hillside 

U- undulating 

V- valley

Explanation

Aquifer code

337POCN- Pocono Group

341HMPR- Hampshire Formation

341CMNG- Chemung Group

341MRCL- Marcellus Formation

344MNNG- Mahantango Formation

344MNMR- Mahantango and

	Marcellus Formations 

3470RSK- Oriskany Sandstone 

351TNWL- Tonoloway Formation 

361MRBG- Martinsburg Formation 

364CBBG- Chambersburg Limestone 

364STPL- St. Paul Group 

367BKMN- Beekmantown Group 

371CCCG- Conococheague Formation 

374ELBK- Elbrook Formation

(noncarbonate) 

(noncarbonate) 

(noncarbonate) 

(noncarbonate) 

(noncarbonate)

(noncarbonate)

(noncarbonate)

(carbonate)

(noncarbonate)

(carbonate)

(carbonate)

(carbonate)

(carbonate)

(carbonate)

Other abbreviations used in the appendix

ft - feet

in. - inches

gal/min- gallon per minute

0 - degrees of latitude or longitude

' - minutes of latitude or longitude

11 - seconds of latitude or longitude

NOTE: Site numbers less than 200 pertain to wells.

Site numbers greater than 200 pertain to springs.

58 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix A-l: Records of wells

Site 

number Site identification

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

391720078025901

391720078025902

391757078010601

391809078044301(20-6-081)

391822078023701(20-6-094)

391903078050401

391919077592401

391940078024701

392002078041101

392028078080701

392028078080702

392037078064701

392041078041801

392052078034301

392054078044401

392101077594101

392107078060901(20-4-072)

392122078024001

392129078061701

392143078044801

392144078042401

392151078020401

392152078013801

392202078004501

392203077582201

392204078110501

392225078042201

392227078020001

392242078023001

392254078063901

392259078085801

392306078042401

392323078115701

392336077583401

392353078030601

392406078090301

392407077545201

392412078005401(20-5-116)

392416078041501

392423078051401

392430078025101

392436078015301(20-5-071)

392437077545201

392444078105301

392505077573101

392514078002701

392526078082601

392527078021801

392529078041901

392531078024701

392539077534601

392601078094201

392602078035401

392603078020201

392605078030601

392612078042201

392617077551301

392621078074900(20-4-079)

392624078034301

392630078000601

392642077514501

392704077530701

392713078012901

392713078091801

392714077595001

392717078002601

392721078013901

392721078013902

392725077524701

Latitude (° ' ")

391720

391720

391757

391809

391822

391903

391919

391940

392002

392028

392028

392037

392041

392052

392054

392101

392107

392122

392129

392143

392144

392151

392152

392202

392203

392204

392225

392227

392242

392254

392259

392306

392323

392336

392353

392406

392407

392412

392416

392423

392430

392436

392437

392444

392505

392514

392526

392527

392529

392531

392539

392601

392602

392603

392605

392612

392617

392626

392624

392630

392642

392704

392713

392713

392714

392717

392721

392721

392725

Longitudf (° ' ")

0780259

0780259

0780106

0780443

0780237

0780504

0775924

0780247

0780411

0780807

0780807

0780647

0780418

0780343

0780444

0775941

0780609

0780240

0780617

0780448

0780424

0780204

0780138

0780045

0775822

0781105

0780422

0780200

0780230

0780639

0780858

0780424

0781157

0775834

0780306

0780903

0775452

0780054

0780415

0780514

0780251

0780153

0775452

0781053

0775731

0780027

0780826

0780218

0780419

0780247

0775346

0780942

0780354

0780202

0780306

0780422

0775513

0780746

0780343

0780006

0775145

0775307

0780129

0780918

0775950

0780026

0780139

0780139

0775247

Well 

3 depth 

(ft)

100

340

80

300

70

187

90

110

330

37

186

478

165

84

323

120

118

-

190

320

55

>250

206

80

228

160

405

80

160

52.5

125

380

305

80

80

107

-

300

100

85

101

185

127

160

110

140

164

500

300

150

136

125

60

200

480

-

125

714

140

136

110

425

115

140

144

176

450

550

320

Length 

of Year of 

casing con- 

(ft) struction

27

34

40

-

20

25

8.5

75

118

_

-

20

-

-

21

21

-

-

40

_

-

-

8

20

45

-

20

20

30

11

-

42

20.5

20

21

42

-

-

20

35

30

-

-

16

5

-

20

16.5

20

100

-

40

10

20

60

24

-

-

-

25

-

17

-

80

-

70

20

20

-

1983

1983

1979

-

1965

1973

1972

1988

1985

_

1987

1981

1973

-

1979

1970

1935

1954

1986

1980

-

1970

1969

1986

1971

1979

1974

1986

1974

_

1957

1986

1987

1970

1969

1977

-

1966

1972

1977

1980

-

1960

1983

-

1976

1962

1982

1980

1988

1974

1981

-

1976

1974

1976

1960

1899

1977

1973

1953

1989

-

1978

1989

1988

1988

1988

1968

Altitude 

above Mater 

sea level level 

(ft) (ft)

590

590

560

630

585

635

460

530

685

780

780

505

655

630

715

560

720

570

680

680

615

575

570

555

540

640

700

565

560

800

540

700

960

545

620

560

490

560

730

800

660

660

500

835

500

570

580

675

735

730

500

800

700

660

800

870

445

500

700

544

480

470

600

800

560

620

600

600

500

A3. 08

39.99

44.02

-

18.41

-

30.99

44.65

105.81

_

-

53.47

35.55

55.73

117.95

25.46

15

34.55

11.21

49.55

25.70

120

18.81

12.83

77.80

46.44

105.50

15.49

-

10.93

28.36

-

48.13

-

10

32.98

37.54

-

39.41

8.17

58.93

86.67

-

28.61

47.18

73.95

33.49

42.87

-

84.40

42.89

54.73

13.90

28.01

176.61

32.01

29.25

FLOWS

21.70

_

-

19.32

60.11

45.75

80.42

121.80

51.74

31.74

-

Date water 

level 

measured

01-18-1990

01-18-1990

07-10-1989

-

02-15-1990

-

02-01-1990

05-24-1990

05-31-1990

-

-

05-31-1990

02-01-1990

05-31-1990

06-20-1990

03-22-1989

-

05-09-1989

02-15-1990

05-31-1990

03-21-1989

- -1985

06-20-1990

03-29-1990

02-15-1990

07-26-1989

05-31-1990

06-20-1990

-

03-21-1989

02-15-1990

-

01-17-1990

-

- -1969

03-22-1989

04-25-1989

-

06-18-1990

02-14-1990

06-20-1990

02-14-1990

-

03-22-1989

07-11-1989

02-13-1990

01-18-1990

04-25-1989

-

04-20-1989

04-19-1989

01-18-1990

04-20-1989

04-20-1989

04-20-1989

04-20-1989

03-22-1989

02-28-1989

04-20-1989

_

-

02-21-1990

02-13-1990

07-26-1989

02-14-1990

06-18-1990

06-18-1990

06-18-1990

-

TopoAquifer graphic 

code setting

361MRBG

361MRBG

361MRBG

367BKMN

361MRBG

367BKMN

361MRBG

367BKMN

371CC~G

361MRBG

361MRBG

374ELBK

371CC':G

3 71CC~G

371CC~G

361MRBG

374ELBK

367BKMN

367BKMN

371CC~G

371CC~G

367BKMN

367BKMN

361MRBG

361MRBG

344MNNG

371CC"G

367BKMN

367BKMN

361MRBG

344MNNG

374ELBK

341HMPR

361MRBG

371CC~G

344MNNG

364CBBG

367BKMN

374ELBK

361MRBG

374ELBK

371CC~G

367BKMN

341HMPR

361MRBG

367BKMN

344MNNG

374ELBK

367BKMN

374ELBK

367BKMN

341HMPR

367BKMN

371CC~G

374ELBK

361MRBG

364CBBG

341MR-U

367BKMN

37 ICC "G

367BKMN

367BKMN

371CC~G

341HMPR

371CC"G

371CC~G

374ELBK

374ELBK

367BKMN

U

U

H

U

U

U

V

U

U

V

V

s

U

U

H

H

S

U

V

U

U

U

U

U

H

S

U

U

U

s

V

U

s

U

U

s

U

U

U

s

U

U

U

s

H

U

s

U

V

U

U

s

V

U

H

H

S

V

U

s

U

U

U

s

U

U

U

U

U

Yield 

(gal/ 

min)

30

6

46

-

40

19

9

40

30

5

35

-

-

12

-

-

-

90

25

-

-

50

-

4

1

-

45

-

6

3

10

-

-

15

-

-

-

_

54

30

-

30

-

-

5

-

11

42

-

25

-

_

-

-

-

4.

-

_

-

10

5

40

10

80

8

1

.5

.5

.3

1

Geohydrology of Berkeley Courrt" 59
Appendix A~l: Records of wells Continued

Site 

number Site identification

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

392725077582AOK20-5-007)

392726078025001

392728077562501

3927A8078003201

3927A8078065101

392753078000201

392806077505501(20-3-076)

392812077593101

39281A078020001

392823077553601

392827078022201

392837077520A01

3928A8077530601

392902077595901

392906078013101

392911078060101

392911078071801

39292A077504401

3929A2077584301

393004077505601

393021077551201

39303A077520301

3930A00780A2601

393055078000601

393111077500101

393113078062501

393116077502401

393123077562201

393125077583401

3932010775AA701

393213077594801

3932A2078023201

393250078053301

393315077555601

3933580775AA801

393405078024901(20-1-024)

393A13078062301

393A19077553601

393A2A077572801

39343A0780A3A01

393440078011601

393443078062101

3934480775A3301

393450077510801

393505077571201

393507077593201(20-1-140)

393531077525201(20-2-105)

3935420775A5401

393546078032A01

393621077502A01

393626078015101

393649077525201

Latitude

392725

392726

392728

3927A8

3927A8

392753

392806

392812

39281A

392823

392827

392837

3928A8

392902

392906

392911

392911

39292A

3929A2

39300A

393021

39303A

3930AO

393055

393111

393113

393116

393123

393125

393201

393213

393242

393250

393315

393358

393A05

393A13

393A19

393A2A

393A3A

393AAO

3934A3

393448

393450

393505

393507

393531

393542

393546

393621

393626

393649

Length 

Well of 

Longitude depth casing 

(° ' ") (ft) (ft)

077582A

0780250

0775625

0780032

0780651

0780002

0775055

0775931

0780200

0775536

0780222

0775204

0775306

0775959

0780131

0780601

0780718

07750AA

07758A3

0775056

0775512

0775201

0780A26

0780006

0775001

0780625

0775024

0775622

077583A

0775A47

0775948

0780232

0780533

0775556

0775448

0780249

0780623

0775536

0775728

0780A3A

0780116

0780621

0775A33

0775108

0775712

0775932

0775252

0775A54

0780324

0775024

0780151

0775252

154

140

100

30

90

-

-

125

35

110

86

78

170

400

60

130

153

-

120

230

60

-

320

75

300

165

A10

450

485

85

80

200

220

123

130

90

406

162

84

71

140

-

85

120

150

83

50

254

160

105

157

605

10

25

-

23

16

42

21

-

-

-

21

-

15

12

6

42

20

-

12

19

_

-

-

30

35

21

30

100

150

21

-

80

-

40

-

-

122

-

50

41

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

40

40

-

_

Year of 

construction

1920

1977

1988

1965

1981

-

-

1951

1935

1962

1979

-

-

1976

1955

1984

1983

-

1987

1973

1967

1961

-

1934

1961

1975

1986

1988

1976

1972

1974

1978

1977

1970

1973

1957

1987

1981

1976

1974

1972

-

1965

1979

1964

1970

-

1973

1982

1950

_

1988

Altitude 

above Water 

sea level level 

(ft) (ft)

465

640

490

520

540

520

420

520

580

480

680

480

450

540

620

585

730

410

585

400

465

425

690

610

460

780

450

490

525

460

585

565

690

490

440

520

885

500

430

590

550

880

460

510

410

455

510

470

590

375

580

380

49.47

31.64

11.04

3.00

26.50

37.02

35.80

39.25

5.28

-

7.38

-

35.35

80.09

30.43

21.81

72.55

49.93

-

79.43

12.41

-

60.51

-

96.07

70.31

-

-

77.54

18.30

5.57

95.47

47.27

55.81

41.54

83.62

56.95

-

51.50

12.59

64.53

-

53.63

32.43

54.57

21.39

20.61

84.27

68.12

30

54.18

59.52

Date water 

level 

measured

04-19-1989

01-18-1990

02-23-1990

03-22-1989

01-17-1990

06-20-1990

04-19-1989

02-14-1990

02-13-1990

-

03-22-1989

-

04-20-1989

07-11-1989

02-13-1990

03-22-1989

04-20-1989

07-11-1989

-

02-21-1990

04-19-1989

-

01-17-1990

-

07-25-1989

01-17-1990

-

-

03-23-1989

02-23-1990

02-21-1990

03-23-1989

07-26-1989

03-23-1989

02-20-1990

07-25-1989

03-23-1989

-

02-21-1990

01-17-1990

02-22-1990

-

03-08-1990

04-20-1989

07-13-1989

03-23-1989

02-21-1990

03-23-1989

02-22-1990

- -1978

03-23-1989

07-13-1989

TopoAquifer graphic 

code setting

367BFMN

367BFWN

361MT.BG

374EI.BK

344MTNG

371CCCG

367B!"MN

371CCCG

374EI.BK

361MFBG

361MPBG

367BITVIN

367BFMN

374EI.BK

374EI.BK

344MTNG

341CFNG

367BFMN

367BFMN

367BFMN

361MFBG

367BFMN

351TrWL

374EI.BK

367BKMN

341Q*NG

367BKMN

367BKMN

374EI.BK

361MFBG

374EI.BK

341MFCL

341CMNG

367BFMN

367BFMN

344MPCL

341HFPR

367BKMN

374EI.BK

344MTNG

344MTNG

341HFPR

367BFMN

SeiMF^G

374EI.BK

344MFNG

361MF3G

371CCCG

344MFNG

seiMnG

344MFNG

367BKMN

S

V

U

V

V

U

U

U

V

H

S

U

U

U

U

V

S

U

U

H

S

U

S

U

U

S

H

U

U

U

U

S

H

U

U

S

S

U

U

S

H

S

U

H

S

S

U

H

H

V

H

V

Yield 

(gal/ 

min)

_

10

-

-

20

7

-

-

-

-

11.6

-

-

7

25

10

6

-

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

10

>15

-

-

4

-

15

35

-

10

-

10

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

30

2.5

_

10.5

60 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix A-2: Records of springs

Site 

number

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

Site identification

391903078024901(20-6-057)

391940078023400(20-6-056)

391945078054000(20-6-051)

391947078023900(20-6-055)

391950078032900(20-6-052)

391956078062600(20-4-077)

391958078025300(20-6-054)

392001078031100(20-6-053)

392017078011200(20-6-026)

392054078041301

392059078042300(20-6-025)

392118078050300(20-4-073)

Altitude 

above TopoLatitude Longitude sea level Aquifer graphic Discharge 

(° ' ") (° ' ") (ft) code setting (gal/min)

391903 0780249 490 364CBBG S 1

391940 0780234 470 364CBBG C 1,660

3,040

391945 0780550 690 371CCCG U 400

650

391947 0780238 485 364STPL U 90

391953 0780331 555 367BKMN U 500

2,680

2,940

2,967

3,133

3,115

2,801

2,554

2,877

2,361

1,495

1,252

1,436

992

1,580

696

2,069

2,204

2,715

2,997

2,895

2,708

2,532

2,283

1,797

1,638

1,505

1,681

1,703

2,073

2,101

391954 0780622 740 371CCCG U 60

99

114

79.5

55.6

121

190

123

51.2

26.3

12.7

10.1

5.51

8.44

21.8

55.9

41.2

31.7

391958 0780253 530 367BKMN C 80

392001 0780311 560 367BKMN C 80

392017 0780112 520 361MRBG C .50

392054 0780413 600 374ELBK C

392112 0780420 610 374ELBK U 20

392118 0780503 635 374ELBK U 220

75

Date 

discharge 

measured

07-01-1969

07-14-1945

10-07-1945

07-13-1945

10-07-1945

07-14-1945

12-17-1935

07-13-1945

10-07-1945

03-21-1968

04-11-1968

05-28-1968

06-03-1968

06-18-1968

06-27-1968

08-08-1968

09-24-1968

11-15-1968

12-17-1968

01-29-1969

03-11-1969

10-15-1969

01-13-1974

04-24-1989

05-08-1989

05-11-1989

05-24-1989

06-12-1989

07-10-1989

08-07-1989

09-14-1989

10-20-1989

11-16-1989

12-13-1989

01-16-1990

03-21-1990

05-02-1990

08-23-1956

03-15-1989

03-24-1989

04-13-1989

04-25-1989

05-09-1989

05-25-1989

06-13-1989

07-12-1989

08-08-1989

09-13-1989

10-18-1989

11-15-1989

12-14-1989

01-11-1990

02-22-1990

03-22-1990

05-03-1990

07-14-1945

07-14-1945

07-26-1956

-

08-23-1956

07-13-1945

08-23-1956

Geohydrology of Berkeley Count' 61
Appendix A-2: Records of springs Continued

Site 

number

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

Site identification

392124078050501

392151078054000(20-4-084)

392156078050000(20-4-086)

392157078052300(20-4-085)

392203078050000(20-4-082)

392205078054300(20-4-083)

392241078011901(20-5-058)

392301078031801

392333077550500(20-5-060)

392346077553000(20-5-059)

392351078031301

392359077584200(20-5-057)

392359078063901

392431078035101

392531077590900(20-5-056)

Latitude (* ' ")

392124

392151

392202

392201

392218

392205

392241

392301

392336

392346

392351

392359

392359

392431

392535

Longitude C ' ")

0780505

0780540

0780504

0780523

0780510

0780543

0780119

0780318

0775506

0775530

0780313

0775842

0780639

0780351

0775913

Altitude 

above 

sea level Aquifer 

(ft) code

635 374ELBK

680 374ELBK

640 374ELBK

640 374ELBK

695 374ELBK

680 367BKMN

520 367BKMN

595 371CCCG

420 364CBBG

400 361MRBG

600 374ELBK

520 361MRBG

820 344MRCL

650 374ELBK

480 367BKMN

Topographic Discharge 

setting (sal/min)

U 234

136

278

371

507

302

273

199

128

78.1

115

70.0

100

174

167

C 40

C 60

C 80

U 350

720

U 80

U 500

1,870

1,284

1,180

6.73

0

11.7

476

94.2

1.35

0

U 150

U 350

320

2,080

U 20

C

S 3

S 28.3

22.0

19.4

19.8

27.2

31.1

18.1

16.5

12.3

8.91

11.3

11.4

10.2

14.1

15.2

16.9

12.9

U 500

U 1,000

1,000

980

2,700

Date 

discharge 

measured

03-29-1989

04-24-1989

05-08-1989

05-11-1989

05-24-1989

06-12-1989

06-20-1989

07-25-1989

09-13-1989

10-17-1989

11-16-1989

12-19-1989

01-16-1990

03-21-1990

05-02-1990

07-13-1945

07-13-1945

07-13-1945

07-13-1945

10-07-1945

07-13-1945

07-13-1945

10-07-1945

04-25-1968

05-28-1968

05-28-1969

06-25-1969

07-23-1969

08-20-1969

09-17-1969

10-28-1969

12-09-1969

06-20-1990

12-17-1935

07-22-1945

10-06-1945

07-22-1945

-

07-14-1945

03-15-1989

03-22-1989

04-13-1989

04-25-1989

05-09-1989

05-25-1989

06-13-1989

07-12-1989

08-08-1989

09-13-1989

10-18-1989

11-15-1989

12-14-1989

01-11-1990

02-22-1990

03-22-1990

05-03-1990

- -1961

05-21-1935

09-13-1935

07-14-1945

10-06-1945

62 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix A-2: Records of springs Continued

Site 

number

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

Site identification

392534077591401

392536077591301

392547077530000(20-3-052)

392550078021300(20-4-081)

392550078043301(20-4-092)

392554077520000(20-3-053)

392619077541200(20-3-051)

392650077551800(20-3-050)

392704077573900(20-5-055)

392717077540901

392723078103900

392729078024601(20-4-091)

392746078003301

392748078003202

392800078001901(20-5-134)

392806078024700(20-4-080)

392812077585900(20-1-085)

392812078020201

Latitude

392534

392536

392547

392553

392550

392554

392625

392650

392704

392717

392723

392729

392746

392748

392800

392811

392814

392812

Longitude

0775914

0775913

0775300

0780213

0780433

0775200

0775417

0775518

0775739

0775409

0781039

0780246

0780033

0780032

0780019

0780156

0775901

0780202

Altitude 

above 

sea level 

(ft)

480

480

480

640

-

480

445

380

400

410

1590

-

520

520

-

570

480

580

Aquifer 

code

367BKMN

367BKMN

367BKMN

374ELBK

361MRBG

367BKMN

364CBBG

364CBBG

364CBBG

364CBBG

337POCN

367BKMN

374ELBK

374ELBK

374ELBK

367BKMN

367BKMN

367BKMN

Topographic Discharge 

setting (sal/min)

U

U

U 130

U 60

193

77

152

268

237

66

53

38

3

1

3

12

19

75

61

25

S

U 130

U 280

1,130

925

548

1,095

1,328

1,441

803

637

425

194

190

154

84

205

360

376

U

U 1,370

U

S 2

10

3

4

12

2

U

C 200

C 150

C

U 100

280

320

C 2,900

U

.0

.0

.4

.1

.59

.06

.49

.1

.7

.8

.5

.6

.8

.5

.1

.14

.49

.6

.88

Date 

discharge 

measured

-

-

07-21-1945

07-13-1945

03-28-1989

04-21-1989

05-08-1989

05-11-1989

05-24-1989

06-12-1989

06-21-1989

07-25-1989

09-14-1989

10-17-1989

11-14-1989

12-19-1989

01-10-1990

02-15-1990

03-05-1990

05-02-1990

-

07-21-1945

07-22-1945

10-06-1945

03-30-1989

04-21-1989

05-09-1989

05-12-1989

05-24-1989

06-12-1989

07-10-1989

08-07-1989

09-12-1989

10-17-1989

11-14-1989

12-18-1989

01-10-1990

03-05-1990

05-01-1990

-

10-06-1945

-

02-28-1989

03-29-1989

06-21-1989

10-03-1989

12-19-1989

03-07-1990

-

03-21-1989

03-21-1989

-

12-17-1935

07-13-1945

10-07-1945

10-06-1945

-

Geohydrology of Berkeley Count < 63
Appendix A-2: Records of springs Continued

Site 

number

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

Site identification

392815077524000(20-3-054)

392907078013501

392920078055001

392935078054200(20-4-005)

392935078054501

392950078004601

393011077510701(20-3-081)

393038078081601

393112077535501(20-2-049)

393112077535801(20-2-050)

393116077535201

393128077554700(20-2-048)

393138078031600(20-1-091)

393143078083101(20-1-149)

393145078033700(20-1-047)

393234077583900(20-1-090)

Latitude r ")

392810

392907

392920

392932

392935

392950

393011

393038

393112

393112

393116

393126

393145

393143

393146

393229

Longitude

0775238

0780135

0780550

0780544

0780545

0780046

0775107

0780816

0775355

0775358

0775352

0775544

0780258

0780831

0780347

0775842

Altitude 

above 

sea level 

(ft)

460

610

560

570

580

580

-

1450

340

340

340

400

460

1180

530

500

Aquifer 

code

367BKMN

374ELBK

344MNNG

3470RSK

344MNNG

374ELBK

367BKMN

337POCN

361MRBG

364CBBG

364CBBG

367BKMN

3470RSK

337POCN

351TNWL

374ELBK

Topographic Discharge 

setting (gal/min)

U

U

C

C

C

U

-

S

C

C

U

U 1

1

3

2

2

2

2

3

2

2

3

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

V

S

S

C

100

0

72

3

70

40

100

40

130

25

100

-

9

3

1

0

99

132

102

92

206

161

99

75

40

24

28

89

86

150

129

100

94

,000

,960

,020

,796

,379

,379

,831

,064

,827

,842

,355

,858

,181

,814

,535

,418

,315

,970

,599

40

40

-

50

10

.8

.26

.85

.90

.50

.5

.5

.9

.6

.3

.3

.6

.1

.3

Date 

discharge 

measured

07-21-1945

12-13-1989

03-07-1990

12-18-1935

05-21-1935

07-20-1945

10-15-1969

- -1975

05-27-1983

12-18-1935

02-21-1990

-

01-18-1990

03-06-1990

05-21-1935

10-15-1969

03-01-1989

05-21-1935

03-01-1989

03-16-1989

04-19-1989

04-25-1989

05-09-1989

05-25-1989

06-13-1989

07-12-1989

08-08-1989

09-13-1989

10-18-1989

11-15-1989

12-14-1989

01-11-1990

02-22-1990

03-22-1990

05-03-1990

12-18-1935

07-21-1945

10-06-1945

03-30-1989

04-21-1989

04-26-1989

05-08-1989

05-11-1989

05-24-1989

06-12-1989

06-22-1989

07-24-1989

09-12-1989

10-16-1989

11-14-1989

12-19-1989

01-10-1990

03-05-1990

05-01-1990

06-15-1933

07-20-1945

-

08-28-1956

07-20-1945

64 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix A-2: Records of springs Continued

Altitude 

above TopoSite Latitude Longitude sea level Aquifer graphic Discharge 

number Site identification (" ' ") (° ' ") (ft) code setting (gal/min)

262 393252077572000(20-2-OA6) 393258 0775718 A35 37AELBK U 400

1,170

3,200

3,867

Date 

discharge 

measured

12-18-1935

07-14-1945

10-06-1945

01-13-1974

263 393300077571800(20-2-03A) 393300 0775718 A30 371CCCG C

26A 393302077582900(20-1-089) 393258 0775838 A70 37AELBK U 330

560

A15

265 393325077571300(20-2-OA5) 39333A 0775716 A15 37AELBK C 200

270

360

266 393326077593500(20-1-087) 393316 07759AA 630 3AAMNNG S 3

267 39333A078031800 393334 0780318 490 351TNWL C 224

250

1A8

130

168

268 393335077582200(20-1-088) 393331 0775826 470 37AELBK U 30

100

154

88

192

359

392

138

171

97.4

4A.O

22.4

26.0

31.9

28.3

82.1

A4.4

269 393337077532900(20-2-OA7) 393337 0775332 370 364CBBG V 1,010

2,550

270 393428078022900(20-1-086) 393428 0780229 440 3470RSK C 110

07-20-1945

10-06-1945

07-25-1989

06-15-1933

07-20-1945

10-06-1945

12-18-1935

03-29-1989

06-21-1989

10-03-1989

12-20-1989

03-05-1990

12-18-1935

07-20-1945

03-30-1989

04-24-1989

05-08-1989

05-11-1989

05-24-1989

06-12-1989

06-22-1989

07-24-1989

09-12-1989

10-17-1989

11-14-1989

12-18-1989

01-10-1990

03-05-1990

05-02-1990

07-21-1945

10-06-1945

07-21-1945

Geohydrology of Berkeley Counfv 65
Appendix B: Ground-water-quality data for selected wells and springs in 

Berkeley County, West Virginia, 1989-90

Explanation 

Abbreviations used in the appendix

ft - feet

0 - degrees of latitude or longitude

' - minutes of latitude or longitude

" - seconds of latitude or longitude

°C - degrees Celsius

mm of Hg- millimeters of mercury

/zS/cm - microsiemens per centimeter at 25

degrees Celsius

mg/L - milligrams per liter 

/zg/L - micrograms per liter 

mL - milliliter 

cols - colonies 

pC/L - picocuries per liter 

K - estimated bacteria count based on

nonideal colony count 

< - less than

NOTE: Site numbers less than 200 pertain to wells.

Site numbers greater than 200 pertain to springs.

66 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values

STATION NUMBER

TEMPERATURE 

DATE WATER

(DEG "

391720078025901

391757078010601

391809078044301

391822078023701

391903078050401

391919077592401

392028078080701

392041078041801

392101077594101

392129078061701

392144078042401

392151078020401

392203077582201

392204078110501

392242078023001

392254078063901

392259078085801

392306078042401

392323078115701

392336077583401

392353078030601

392406078090301

392412078005401

392423078051401

392436078015301

392437077545201

392444078105301

392505077573101

392514078002701

392526078082601

392527078021801

392529078041901

392539077534601

392601078094201

392605078030601

392612078042201

392617077551301

392621078074900

392630078000601

392642077514501

03-06-90

08-24-89

08-24-89

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-24-89

03-08-90

08-23-89

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-07-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-24-89

03-08-90

08-24-89

03-08-90

03-08-90

03-07-90

03-08-90

08-23-89

08-23-89

03-07-90

03-07-90

03-07-90

03-08-90

08-23-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

03-07-90

08-22-89

03-07-90

08-23-89

03-08-90

03-07-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

03-06-90

12.

13.

13.

14.

10.

12.

12.

12.

14.

12.

14.

11.

13.

12.

12.

8.

14.

13.

17.

12.

13.

12.

12.

14.

13.

12,

13,

12.

11,

13,

15.

13.

12.

13.

12.

13,

10,

12,

13,

13,

12.

12.

15,

12,

C)

.5

,5

,0

,0

,0

,5

,0

5

,0

,0

,0

,5

,0

,5

.5

,5

,5

,0

,0

,0

,0

,0

,5

,5

.5

.5

.0

,0

,5

.5

.0

.5

.0

.5

.0

.5

.0

.0

,0

.0

,5

,0

.0

.0

PH BICAR- CAR- NITRO- NITRO- NITRO- NITROSPE- WATER BONATE BONATE GEN, GEN, GEN, GEf, 

CIFIC WHOLE WATER WATER AMMONIA AMMONIA NITRATE NITRITE 

CON- FIELD OXYGEN, DIS IT DIS IT DIS- DIS- DIS- DISDUCT- (STAND- DIS- FIELD FIELD SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED 

ANCE ARD SOLVED MG/L AS MG/L AS (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L

(0S/CM)

640

235

1180

1040

590

390

650

750

508

420

795

830

925

648

157

535

288

4

650

635

224

268

697

387

865

780

252

610

615

230

502

1180

310

695

332

520

555

97

520

208

865

845

440

575

800

UNITS)

7.

7.

7.

6,

7.

6.

7.

7.

7.

7.

6.

6,

7 .

7 . 6.

7,

7.

7,

7.

7.

7.

6.

7.

6.

6.

6,

7,

7.

7,

6,

6.

7.

6.

7,

7,

7,

7,

6,

7,

7.

6.

6.

7.

7 , 6,

,2

,3

,0

,9

,4

,9

,5

,0

,0

,9

,8

,8

,0

.4

,4

,3

,1

,7

,4

,4

.3

,7

,4

,5

.9

.8

,4

,0

.1

,8

.9

,1

.7

.4

.6

.3

.2

.3

.2

,0

,7

.9

.5

.2

.8

(MG/L)

0.

4.

2.

0

7.

0.

3.

8.

2,

1.

2,

1.

1.

0.

1.

9,

0.

0.

7.

4,

3,

1.

5,

0,

3,

5,

0.

8.

8,

0,

2,

8,

1,

2,

1,

7,

8.

2.

4

0

0

0

0

7

8

,4

,5

.5

,1

.3

.5

.4

,0

.2

,5

,2

,4

.8

.6

.6

,7

,7

.7

,6

.8

.0

.8

.9

.7

,5

.5

.9

.7

.3

.5

.8

.7

.5

.6

.9

.2

.1

.4

.2

.6

.2

.2

.4

HC03

232

110

502

177

341

171

307

451

148

212

416

500

500

171

73

305

163

171

379

373

151

119

356

134

371

402

149

329

329

123

139

354

133

401

180

268

317

43

341

115

417

427

168

329

378

COS

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

AS N)

0.

0.

0.

0.

<0.

0.

0.

<0.

0.

0.

0,

<0,

<0.

0.

0,

0.

0.

0.

0.

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0.

0.

0,

<0.

0,

<0,

0,

0.

0.

<0,

0,

<0,

0,

0,

<0,

<0,

0,

<0,

0.

<0.

0.

0,

<0,

,030

,020

.020

.030

.010

,030

,030

.010

.030

.120

.030

,010

,010

,110

,010

,010

.050

,030

.020

,010

.010

.010

.010

.020

.020

,010

,050

.010

.060

,050

.020

.010

.070

.010

.100

.020

.010

.010

.010

.010

.040

.010

.090

.010

.010

AS NH4)

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.15

0.04

0.14

0.01

0.01

-0.06

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.06

0.08

0.06

0.03

0.09

0.13

0.03

--

0.01

0.05

0.12

0.01

AS N) AS N)

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.540 0.030

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.020

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

Geohydrology of Berkeley Count 67
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

391720078025901 03-06-90 

391757078010601 08-24-89 

391809078044301 08-24-89 

391822078023701 03-06-90 

391903078050401 03-06-90

391919077592401 03-06-90 

392028078080701 03-08-90 

392041078041801 03-06-90 

392101077594101 08-24-89 

392129078061701 03-08-90

392144078042401 08-23-89 

03-06-90

392151078020401 03-06-90 

392203077582201 03-07-90 

392204078110501 08-23-89

392242078023001 03-07-90 

392254078063901 08-24-89 

392259078085801 03-08-90 

392306078042401 08-24-89 

03-08-90

392323078115701 03-08-90 

392336077583401 03-07-90 

392353078030601 03-08-90 

392406078090301 08-23-89 

392412078005401 08-23-89

03-07-90

392423078051401 03-07-90 

392436078015301 03-07-90 

392437077545201 03-08-90 

392444078105301 08-23-89

392505077573101 08-23-89

392514078002701 03-08-90

392526078082601 03-07-90

392527078021801 08-22-89

392529078041901 03-07-90

392539077534601 08-23-89 

03-08-90

392601078094201 03-07-90 

392605078030601 08-22-89 

392612078042201 08-22-89

392617077551301 08-23-89 

03-08-90

392621078074900 08-22-89 

392630078000601 08-22-89 

392642077514501 03-06-90

NITROGEN, 

N02+N03 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

<0.100

<0.100

17.0

<0.100

0.590

0.100

<0.100

2.60

0.650

<0.100

4.00

3.30

8.50

<0.100

<0.100

4.20

<0.100

0.410

0.210

0.210

0.300

<0.100

4.10

3.40

23.0

14.0

<0.100

3.60

1.30

0.280

3.70

2.30

<0.100

<0.100

0.570

8.40

7.10

<0.100

3.20

<0.100

3.50

2.10

<0.100

5.70

8.60

PHOSPHORUS 

ORTHO, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0,

<0.

0,

<0.

<0.

<0,

0,

<0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

<0,

0.

0.

<0.

<0.

0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

0.

0.

0.

<0.

<0.

0.

0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

0.

<0.

<0.

0.

<0.

P)

,010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

,010

,010

,020

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.020

.020

,010

.010

.020

,010

.010

010

060

060

030

010

010

020

020

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

010

HARDNESS 

TOTAL 

(MG/L

AS

CAC03 )

320

100

530

--

330

180

320

430

220

340

420

480

170

59

290

130

340

100

--

350

150

400

370

120

310

330

93

210

320

160

380

150

260

290

39

310

87

420

430

170

310

380

HARDNESS 

NONCARB 

DISSOLV 

FLD. AS

CAC03

(MG/L)

130

14

120

--

52

42

67

58

100

3

5

72

29

0

39

0

34

0

--

54

42

98

40

0

42

62

0

100

25

46

46

0

41

31

4

32

0

83

83

36

38

72

CALCIUM 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS CA)

91

31

120

120

85

53

88

99

55

49

110

130

150

48

10

86

32

52

72

75

22

22

99

36

120

110

31

110

110

19

56

110

46

81

36

91

100

3.5

92

20

160

160

48

100

140

MAGNESIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS

22

6

56

41

29

12

24

44

21

19

17

22

26

12

8

18

12

11

40

41

12

15

24

15

25

23

10

9

14

11

18

9

9

42

14

8

10

7

20

9

6

8

13

14

7

MG)

.6

.3

.1

.8

.8

.2

.4

.1

.1

.3

.9

SODIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS

17

5,

33

33

2,

16

12

2,

12

12

9.

12

22

8.

6.

4.

7.

12

1.

1.

7.

9.

16

12

13

8.

9.

7.

11

8.

15

1.

6.

3.

16

4.

4.

4.

3.

6.

19

17

18

4.

3.

NA)

,0

,7

,1

,3

,7

.4

,8

7

.3

,2

2

7

4

6

9

6

6

6

5

0

4

3

6

1

0

5

POTASSIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS K)

0.70

0.50

25

1.4

1.6

0.60

1.7

1.4

1.0

0.80

12

17

2.6

1.0

0.80

1.4

1.7

0.70

2.1

1.4

2.5

1.0

0.90

0.60

28

4.8

1.3

2.1

1.0

0.70

1.3

1.6

0.40

2.4

1.3

2.0

2.0

0.60

1.9

1.1

1.1

2.5

0.90

15

1.1

SULFATE 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS S04)

160

26

89

140

30

63

45

29

66

34

37

38

29

39

14

20

4.0

31

39

35

4.2

31

34

24

31

25

3.9

9.5

60

6.0

62

14

51

42

2.7

10

9.8

2.0

28

4.0

54

46

60

23

22

68 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

CHLORIDE, 

DISSOLVED

STATION NUMBER DATE

391720078025901

391757078010601

391809078044301

391822078023701

391903078050401

391919077592401

392028078080701

392041078041801

392101077594101

392129078061701

392144078042401

392151078020401

392203077582201

392204078110501

392242078023001

392254078063901

392259078085801

392306078042401

392323078115701

392336077583401

392353078030601

392406078090301

392412078005401

392423078051401

392436078015301

392437077545201

392444078105301

392505077573101

392514078002701

392526078082601

392527078021801

392529078041901

392539077534601

392601078094201

392605078030601

392612078042201

392617077551301

392621078074900

392630078000601

392642077514501

03-06-90

08-24-89

08-24-89

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-24-89

03-08-90

08-23-89

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-07-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-24-89

03-08-90

08-24-89

03-08-90

03-08-90

03-07-90

03-08-90

08-23-89

08-23-89

03-07-90

03-07-90

03-07-90

03-08-90

08-23-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

03-07-90

08-22-89

03-07-90

08-23-89

03-08-90

03-07-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

03-06-90

(MG/L

AS

2

0

69

160

7

7

36

2

40

6

10

15

45

7

1.

7

5,

9.

1

3,

1.

4.

35

25

33

15

3,

17

14

2.

40

7.

4.

5.

23

7.

15

1.

9.

1.

47

26

12

11

12

CL)

.6

.80

.3

.8

.7

.1

.0

.4

.7

.6

.0

,5

.9

.0

.2

.2

,3

,1

3

9

9

3

1

,1

FLUORIDE, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS F)

0.30

0.10

0.10

<0.10

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.20

0.20

0.80

0.20

0.30

<0.10

0.40

0.10

0.30

0.10

0.90

1.9

1.0

<0.10

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.30

0.80

0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

1.1

0.30

0.10

<0.10

0.40

0.40

0.20

0.10

<0.10

0.20

0.20

<0.10

SILICA, 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L

AS

SI02)

24

22

9.2

26

8.7

28

21

12

27

18

10

11

8.4

22

21

9.6

23

19

9.5

9.6

15

29

11

18

12

13

23

17

17

19

17

14

32

10

15

10

11

21

11

28

8.5

8.8

9.7

12

13

IRON, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS FE)

1500

410

4

4700

<3

710

1500

<3

240

35

8

8

18

33

11

6

160

<3

4

11

<3

1300

4

5

5

6

160

5

<3

100

13

6

3600

9

4

7

8

1300

4

1400

4

110

9

<3

16

MANGANESE, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS MN)

570

230

<1

1300

1

220

520

<1

470

97

<1

3

18

150

25

<1

310

25

1

1

13

330

<1

23

<1

<1

440

<1

12

690

61

<1

120

<1

16

<1

4

1000

3

470

<1

33

7

<1

3

COLIFORM, 

FECAL, 

0.7 

UM-MF

(COLS./

100 ML)

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

150

<1

K4

<1

<1

K7

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

K2

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

K2

<1

Kl

<1

<1

<1

<1

K430

K3

<1

K2

<1

STREPTOCOCCI 

FECAL, 

KF AGAR 

(COLS.

PER

100 ML)

<1

Kl

K3

<1

<1

<1

K3

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

K8

<1

K3

K12

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

Kl

K12

<1

<1

1

<1

Kl

Kl

<1

<1

<1

<1

K2

<1

<1

Kl

K2

160

120

<1

Kl

<1

SOLIDS, 

RESIDUE 

AT 180 

DEC. C 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L)

444

148

705

729

342

276

395

446

306

250

415

490

595

230

88

330

164

237

350

369

125

170

420

202

497

518

155

376

412

118

290

355

222

380

185

285

354

67

343

118

537

552

243

361

440

RADON 

222

TOTAL

(PCI/L)

~~

--

--

92

--

--

--

--

--

480

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

210

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 69
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

STATION NUMBER

TEMPERATURE 

DATE WATER

(DEC °C)

392704077530701

392713078012901

392713078091801

392714077595001

392725077524701

392726078025001

392728077562501

392748078065101

392806077505501

392812077593101

392814078020001

392823077553601

392827078022201

392837077520401

392848077530601

392902077595901

392911078060101

392911078071801

392924077504401

392942077584301

393004077505601

393021077551201

393034077520301

393040078042601

393055078000601

393113078062501

393116077502401

393123077562201

393125077583401

393201077544701

393213077594801

393242078023201

393250078053301

393315077555601

393358077544801

393405078024901

393419077553601

393424077572801

393434078043401

393440078011601

393443078062101

03-06-90

03-09-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-21-89

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-06-90

08-22-89

03-08-90

03-06-90

03-07-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-22-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-21-89

08-22-89

03-06-90

08-23-89

03-06-90

08-24-89

03-06-90

08-23-89

08-23-89

03-06-90

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-21-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

03-07-90

03-06-90

03-05-90

08-22-89

10.0

11.0

13.0

11.5

17.0

12.0

12.0

13.0

14.5

9.5

13.0

14.0

17.0

9.0

16.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

13.0

15.0

14.0

12.0

10.5

15.5

15.0

12.0

17.0

12.0

14.0

10.0

14.0

14.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

13.0

13.0

16.0

11.5

14.5

15.5

11.0

10.0

12.5

14.0

PH BICAR- CARSPE- WATER BONATE BONATE 

CIFIC WHOLE WATER WATER 

CON- FIELD OXYGEN, DIS IT DIS IT 

DUCT- (STAND- DIS- FIELD FIELD 

ANCE ARD SOLVED MG/L AS MG/L AS

(US/CM]

1050

1100

68

645

360

440

340

460

410

690

650

440

297

650

450

870

600

390

141

450

450

730

2500

305

420

350

270

264

923

1300

350

220

740

430

790

382

122

500

740

340

350

750

179

250

200

UNITS)

6.7

7.3

5.7

7.1

7.0

7.7

7.0

6.9

6.8

7.2

7.4

6.8

6.9

7.0

6.8

6.8

7.2

7.4

6.4

6.8

6.8

7.0

6.8

6.7

6.4

6.8

7.1

7.1

6.9

6.7

6.9

6.7

7.0

6.7

7.2

7.2

6.7

6.9

7.0

7.0

6.9

7.0

7.0

6.8

6.7

(MG/L)

1.0

3.0

0.7

8.7

5.8

7.4

0.8

0.1

6.5

8.2

5.7

3.7

0.6

5.5

6.0

7.6

1.5

4.6

0.6

8.8

8.5

8.7

8.1

2.3

8.7

2.9

5.0

0.2

3.0

1.0

8.7

6.5

7.1

0.9

1.4

8.0

0.6

7.5

7.8

3.3

8.0

9.5

6.8

5.1

0.3

HC03

475

439

337

402

256

229

158

217

360

366

332

122

157

329

372

402

366

177

79

372

415

390

415

165

341

183

354

158

495

536

311

360

354

158

297

201

60

299

402

117

226

341

113

82

113

COS

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

NITRO- NITRO- NITROGEN, GEN, GEN, 

AMMONIA AMMONIA NITRATE 

DIS- DIS- DISSOLVED SOLVED SOLVED 

(MG/L (MG/L (MG/L

AS N)

<0.010

<0.010

0.020

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

0.010

0.020

0.020

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

0.020

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

0.170

<0.010

0.020

0.020

<0.010

<0.010

0.050

0.020

<0.010

0.020

0.030

0.030

<0.010

0.010

0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

0.020

<0.010

0.030

0.030

<0.010

0.040

<0.010

<0.010

AS NH4)

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.01

0.03

0.01

0.22

0.03

0.03

0.06

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.05

AS N)

0.410

NITROGEN, 

NITRITE 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L

AS N)

<0.010

0.020

<0.010

<0.610

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.030

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

70 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

NITROGEN, 

N02+N03 

DISSOLVED

STATION NUMBER DATE (MG/L

AS N)

392704077530701

392713078012901

392713078091801

392714077595001

392725077524701

392726078025001

392728077562501

392748078065101

392806077505501

392812077593101

392814078020001

392823077553601

392827078022201

392837077520401

392848077530601

392902077595901

392911078060101

392911078071801

392924077504401

392942077584301

393004077505601

393021077551201

393034077520301

393040078042601

393055078000601

393113078062501

393116077502401

393123077562201

393125077583401

393201077544701

393213077594801

393242078023201

393250078053301

393315077555601

393358077544801

393405078024901

393419077553601

393424077572801

393434078043401

393440078011601

393443078062101

03-06-90

03-09-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-21-89

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-06-90

08-22-89

03-08-90

03-06-90

03-07-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-22-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-21-89

08-22-89

03-06-90

08-23-89

03-06-90

08-24-89

03-06-90

08-23-89

08-23-89

03-06-90

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-21-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

03-07-90

03-06-90

03-05-90

08-22-89

11

0

<0

3

2

1

<0

<0

4

4

1,

<0,

<0,

6,

4,

5.

0,

<0.

<0.

4,

2,

2.

0.

0.

<0.

2,

5.

<0.

2,

3.

6.

7.

6.

<0.

0.

2.

<0.

8.

1.

6.

6.

8.

<0.

<0.

<0.

.0

.430

.100

.00

.40

.50

.100

.100

.90

.60

.70

.100

.100

.20

.60

.00

.960

.100

,100

,00

,90

,60

,870

,580

.100

,40

,90

,100

,70

,70

10

00

40

100

300

10

100

70

30

90

,10

20

100

100

100

PHOSPHORUS 

ORTHO, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS P)

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

0.030

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0 . 010

0.060

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.050

<0.010

<0.010

0.020

0.020

<0.010

HARDNESS 

TOTAL 

(MG/L

AS

CAC03 )

470

380

20

340

260

220

150

220

310

330

320

--

130

310

330

400

360

170

48

320

340

340

580

190

310

180

290

110

460

490

280

350

350

190

390

170

40

330

370

140

200

350

--

81

81

HARDNESS 

NONCARB 

DISSOLV 

FLD. AS

CAC03

(MG/L)

84

19

0

15

51

36

21

44

17

26

51

5

44

28

69

57

29

0

19

4

24

240

56

33

31

3

0

51

55

22

50

61

56

150

8

0

81

36

44

13

67

--

13

0

CALCIUM 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS CA)

170

99

2.4

100

83

55

42

80

110

96

80

57

42

110

92

110

87

55

6.0

110

100

98

210

55

110

56

78

30

150

160

93

92

93

53

100

63

7.8

120

120

47

65

96

16

17

16

MAGNESIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS MG)

12

32

3.3

23

13

21

11

5.3

9.1

21

30

17

7.0

9.6

25

30

34

9.0

8.0

12

23

24

13

13

9.2

10

24

8.3

20

23

11

28

29

13

34

3.7

5.1

6.4

16

5.4

8.7

26

7.8

9.3

10

SODIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS NA)

3.1

39

4.5

5.7

3.5

8.5

8.3

7.5

3.9

21

20

11

4.5

3.1

12

15

5.2

7.2

8.5

4.8

6.9

4.4

170

8.5

2.9

5.9

7.6

15

19

31

2.7

7.8

7.1

7.0

18

4.4

6.6

38

4.1

6.7

2.9

4.4

14

8.9

7.6

POTASSIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS K)

4.5

1.8

0.60

1.9

1.3

1.8

0.90

0.50

1.7

2.0

1.3

0.90

0.90

1.1

2.0

1.9

2.5

0.50

0.80

14

1.7

1.6

1.3

0.90

0.60

1.0

19

0.30

1.5

1.5

1.3

3.3

2.5

0.80

0.50

2.5

0.50

2.3

2.4

2.0

7.3

2.6

0.60

0.80

0.80

SULFATE 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS S04)

56

44

3.0

14

10

24

28

21

21

25

57

79

9.0

12

16

24

50

43

3.0

29

15

16

22

55

20

11

42

2.1

35

31

10

28

25

58

180

10

4.0

21

17

13

6.0

29

6.9

25

4.0

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 71
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

CHLORIDE, 

DISSOLVED

STATION NUMBER DATE

392704077530701

392713078012901

392713078091801

392714077595001

392725077524701

392726078025001

392728077562501

392748078065101

392806077505501

392812077593101

392814078020001

392823077553601

392827078022201

392837077520401

392848077530601

392902077595901

392911078060101

392911078071801

392924077504401

392942077584301

393004077505601

393021077551201

393034077520301

393040078042601

393055078000601

393113078062501

393116077502401

393123077562201

393125077583401

393201077544701

393213077594801

393242078023201

393250078053301

393315077555601

393358077544801

393405078024901

393419077553601

393424077572801

393434078043401

393440078011601

393443078062101

03-06-90

03-09-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-21-89

03-06-90

03-06-90

03-06-90

08-22-89

03-08-90

03-06-90

03-07-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-22-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-21-89

08-22-89

03-06-90

08-23-89

03-06-90

08-24-89

03-06-90

08-23-89

08-23-89

03-06-90

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-21-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

03-07-90

03-06-90

03-05-90

08-22-89

(MG/L

AS

4,

57

1,

7,

9.

10

5,

26

9.

35

13

39

3,

12

23

30

9.

0.

0,

8,

17

9,

420

9,

5.

5.

12

1,

33

59

7,

13

15

14

7,

7,

0.

94

10

10

6.

7.

2.

1.

0.

CD

,0

,4

.9

.0

,9

.3

.8

.7

.90

,70

,0

.0

.5

.7

.9

,0

,4

,5

,7

,80

,1

,8

7

,3

.80

FLUORIDE, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS F)

0.10

0.60

0.10

0.40

0.10

0.30

0.20

<0.10

0.10

<0.10

0.20

0.40

0.10

0.20

0.10

<0.10

0.90

0.20

0.20

0.10

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.10

0.20

<0.10

0.20

0.10

0.20

0.10

0.10

0.30

0.20

0.80

0.30

0.10

0.20

0.10

0.10

<0.10

0.20

0.30

<0.10

0.30

0.20

SILICA, 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L

AS

SI02)

12

9.9

19

12

11

8.7

26

17

11

12

11

30

22

12

8.3

9.3

9.2

20

19

11

14

14

11

22

7.6

11

11

22

10

11

10

10

10

19

12

6.1

22

9.6

12

6.8

11

12

26

32

15

IRON, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS FE)

3

12

720

19

10

7

300

3500

8

<3

11

1100

1900

7

6

<3

<3

720

740

10

<3

<3

13

220

14

13

9

590

5

68

5

<3

7

390

53

18

450

8

10

23

<3

9

1400

84

680

MANGANESE, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS MN)

180

2

990

<1

<1

2

490

80

1

<1

2

420

250

<1

<1

<1

<1

41

370

2

<1

<1

<1

320

3

<1

<1

330

<1

2

<1

<1

1

320

77

<1

320

<1

1

23

<1

<1

430

59

120

COLIFORM, 

FECAL, 

0.7 

UM-MF

(COLS./

100 ML)

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

38

<1

<2

Kl

<1

<2

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<2

<1

<2

<1

<1

<1

Kl

<1

<1

<2

K5

<1

27

<1

K14

<1

<1

<2

<1

<1

STREPTOCOCCI 

FECAL, 

KF AGAR 

(COLS.

PER

100 ML)

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

K8

<1

<2

<1

<1

<2

<1

Kl

Kl

K8

<1

Kl

<1

K5

<1

K2

<1

<1

400

<1

<2

<1

<2

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<2

900

<1

160

Kl

K480

<1

<1

<2

<1

<1

SOLIDS, 

RESIDUE 

AT 180 

DEG. C 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L)

512

502

44

384

--

252

168

284

279

412

389

346

156

356

380

457

349

222

77

388

293

368

435

270

227

205

497

159

560

623

278

365

398

254

547

205

71

514

405

179

253

404

119

135

102

RADON 

222

TOTAL

(PCI/L)

430

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

500

640

--

670

72 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

STATION NUMBER

PH BICAR- CARSPE- WATER BONATE BONATE 

CIFIC WHOLE WATER WATER 

TEMPER- CON- FIELD OXYGEN, DIS IT DIS IT 

ATURE DUCT- (STAND- DIS- FIELD FIELD 

DATE WATER ANCE ARD SOLVED MG/L AS MG/L AS

(DEC '

393448077543301

393450077510801

393505077571201

393507077593201

393531077525201

393542077545401

393546078032401

393621077502401

393626078015101

393649077525201

391950078032900

391956078062600

392124078050501

392241078011901

392333077550500

392359078063901

392431078035101

392534077591401

392536077591301

392550078021300

392619077541200

392717077530901

392723078103900

392748078003202

392907078013501

392950078004601

393038078081601

393116077535201

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-23-89

08-21-89

03-07-90

08-22-89

03-05-90

03-07-90

08-21-89

08-22-89

08-24-89

08-23-89

03-29-89

06-20-89

10-03-89

12-19-89

03-06-90

08-24-89

08-24-89

08-23-89

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-24-89

03-28-89

10-03-89

12-19-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

03-30-89

10-02-89

12-18-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

08-23-89

03-29-89

10-03-89

12-19-89

03-07-90

06-21-89

08-22-89

03-07-90

03-08-90

03-06-90

08-21-89

03-06-90

12.

14.

17.

15.

10.

15,

12.

12.

13.

15.

13.

13.

12.

11.

12.

12.

11.

13.

12.

13.

11.

12.

13.

11.

14.

11.

9.

12.

12.

13.

11,

12.

11,

11.

8.

11.

9.

8.

10.

12,

11,

12,

6,

22.

9.

'C)

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

,0

.0

.0

,5

,0

,0

,5

,5

,0

,0

,5

,0

,0

,5

,5

.5

.0

,5

.5

.5

,0

,0

,0

,0

,0

.0

,5

,5

,5

,5

,5

,0

.5

.5

,0

.0

.5

.0

.5

(fiS/CM) UNITS)

645

165

420

180

270

300

246

170

275

430

640

575

660

623

578

670

640

680

585

335

605

610

670

645

695

705

750

645

660

730

670

750

670

610

51

43

37

38

39

625

345

750

65

360

500

7,

6.

6.

7.

6.

7,

7,

5.

7.

6.

7.

7.

6.

7.

7.

7.

7.

7.

7.

7.

7,

7,

6,

7,

7.

7,

7.

7,

6,

7,

7,

6,

6,

7,

4,

5,

5,

5.

4.

7.

6,

6,

4,

7,

7.

.1

.0

.8

.0

.5

.0

.4

,6

,1

.9

,0

,0

.8

,1

,2

,3

,2

,1

,0

,5

,1

,0

.8

,1

,1

,4

.0

,0

,7

,1

,2

,8

,4

,1

,4

,0

,1

,0

.5

.1

.9

. 9

.6

.2

.1

(MG/L)

8.

1.

8.

1.

1.

8.

3.

5.

1.

4.

7 .

5.

7.

8.

8.

8.

7.

4.

7.

4.

7.

7.

6.

8.

5.

7.

8.

6.

8.

6.

7.

7.

5.

5.

7.

4.

5.

6.

6.

8.

6.

7.

8.

10.

10.

5

0

5

3

3

5

2

7

9

0

1

8

6

1

0

0

2

8

7

9

3

6

1

8

8

2

5

6

0

3

5

0

9

3

8

8

8

3

8

0

3

5

1

7

4

HC03

390

67

323

73

98

207

113

37

106

396

350

296

368*

354

3

383

358

358

316

202

339

378

341

306*

290

367

317

308

351*

280

385

329

358

329

0*

__

0

0

337

176

366

0

244

207

C03

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0*

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0*

0

0

0

0

0*

0

0

0

0

0

0*

_

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

NITRO- NITROGEN, GEN, 

AMMONIA AMMONIA 

DIS- DISSOLVED SOLVED 

(MG/L (MG/L

AS N)

<0

0

0

<0

<0

<0

<0

0

0

<0

0

0

0

<0

<0

0

<0

0

0

0

0

<0

0

0

<0

0

0

<0

0

0

0

<0

<0

0

<0

0

0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

0

.010

.030

.020

.010

.010

.010

.010

.030

.030

.010

.030

.020

.010

.010

.010

.040

.010

.030

.030

.010

.020

.010

.020

.020

.010

.040

.020

.010

.020

.020

.060

.010

.010

.020

.010

.010

.030

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.100

AS NH4)

0.04

0.03

_

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.01

0.05

0.04

0.04

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.05

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.08

0.03

0.01

0.04

0.13

NITROGEN, 

NITRATE 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L

AS N)

2.28

1.48

NIT^ONITRITE 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L

AS N)

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

0

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.020

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.020

Bicarbonate and carbonate determinations were made on whole water samples rather than dissolved (filtered) water samples.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 73
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

393448077543301 03-08-90 

393A50077510801 08-22-89 

393505077571201 08-23-89 

393507077593201 08-21-89 

393531077525201 03-07-90

3935A20775A5A01 08-22-89 

3935A6078032A01 03-05-90 

393621077502A01 03-07-90 

393626078015101 08-21-89 

3936A9077525201 08-22-89

391950078032900 08-2A-89

391956078062600 08-23-89

39212A078050501 03-29-89

06-20-89

10-03-89

12-19-89 

03-06-90

3922A1078011901 08-2A-89 

392333077550500 08-24-89 

392359078063901 08-23-89

392431078035101 08-23-89 

39253A077591A01 03-07-90 

392536077591301 08-2A-89 

392550078021300 03-28-89 

10-03-89

12-19-89 

03-05-90 

06-21-89

3926190775A1200 03-30-89 

10-02-89

12-18-89 

03-05-90 

06-21-89

392717077530901 08-23-89 

392723078103900 03-29-89

10-03-89 

12-19-89 

03-07-90 

06-21-89 

3927A8078003202 08-22-89

392907078013501 03-07-90 

39295007800A601 03-08-90 

393038078081601 03-06-90 

393116077535201 08-21-89 

03-06-90

NITROGEN,

N02+N03

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

7.20

<0.100

4.90

<0.100

0.290

3.70

<0.100

2.30

<0.100

3.90

3.10

5.90

6.10

5.70

5.70

5.90

5.90

3.50

5.AO

0.110

5.30

A. 80

3.90

5.50

9.30

7.20

7.80

8.30

5.AO

5.80

5.60

6.20

7.30

5.40

0.550

0.700

0.570

0.570

0.660

A. 20

1.20

6.20

2.AO

1.50

--

PHOSPHORUS

ORTHO,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS P)

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

0.020

0.010

<0.010

O.OAO

0.030

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

0.010

0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

0.010

--

HARDNESS

TOTAL

(MG/L

AS

CAC03 )

3AO

61

320

60

110

190

--

61

100

330

320

280

360

350

350

350

360

330

310

170

320

--

320

310

360

350

330

320

350

3AO

350

--

350

320

12

9

7

7

8

320

360

18

240

210

HARDNESS

NONCARB

DISSOLV

FLD. AS

CAC03

(MG/L)

17

6

55

0

26

21

--

30

15

6

30

40

--

60

3AO

35

6A

39

50

3

Al

A4

--

120

52

73

72

110

29

--

55

50

--

--

48

61

--

44

43

CALCIUM

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS CA)

110

11

87

16

26

67

29

12

27

73

99

72

93

91

91

92

92

110

110

59

80

110

110

81

97

95

89

87

120

120

120

120

120

110

3.0

1.8

1.5

1.5

1.4

92

40

100

4.2

86

73

MAGNESIUM,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS MG)

15

8.1

25

4.9

10

5.6

9.0

7.5

8.5

36

17

25

30

30

29

29

31

14

8.4

5.3

29

19

12

25

28

28

27

26

13

10

11

12

12

11

0.99

1.1

0.84

0.87

1.0

23

18

27

1.9

7.1

7.5

SODIUM,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS NA)

3.9

9.3

4.6

7.5

7.2

4.6

8.1

6.5

8.9

5.6

6.1

2.8

4.0

3.2

3.5

3.9

3.7

11

4.4

1.8

2.8

12

11

11

10

12

11

9.3

4.9

4.8

5.2

5.3

4.9

4.5

3.2

1.8

2.1

1.8

1.8

5.2

3.5

3.7

0.80

12

9.0

POTASSIUM,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS K)

2.0

0.80

2.2

0.70

0.10

3.0

0.50

0.90

0.50

1.6

2.1

1.9

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.2

2.1

1.7

1.6

0.70

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.1

3.5

2.6

2.0

2.9

2.0

2.4

2.0

1.4

2.3

1.7

0.80

1.0

0.80

0.90

0.90

2.7

1.0

1.0

0.80

1.6

1.1

SULFATE

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS S04)

19

20

38

15

30

5.0

19

33

28

14

22

25

26

25

26

26

25

17

18

4.0

21

27

23

40

40

40

33

37

29

28

29

22

26

25

5.5

5.0

4.0

3.9

4.0

27

17

31

13

39

38

74 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix: B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

393448077543301 03-08-90 

393450077510801 08-22-89 

393505077571201 08-23-89 

393507077593201 08-21-89 

393531077525201 03-07-90

393542077545401 08-22-89 

393546078032401 03-05-90 

393621077502401 03-07-90 

393626078015101 08-21-89 

393649077525201 08-22-89

391950078032900 08-24-89

391956078062600 08-23-89

392124078050501 03-29-89

06-20-89

10-03-89

12-19-89 

03-06-90

392241078011901 08-24-89 

392333077550500 08-24-89 

392359078063901 08-23-89

392431078035101 08-23-89 

392534077591401 03-07-90 

392536077591301 08-24-89 

392550078021300 03-28-89 

10-03-89

12-19-89 

03-05-90 

06-21-89

392619077541200 03-30-89 

10-02-89

12-18-89 

03-05-90 

06-21-89

392717077530901 08-23-89 

392723078103900 03-29-89

10-03-89 

12-19-89 

03-07-90 

06-21-89 

392748078003202 08-22-89

392907078013501 03-07-90 

392950078004601 03-08-90 

393038078081601 03-06-90 

393116077535201 08-21-89 

03-06-90

CHLORIDE,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS CD

14

2.1

9.2

1.3

6.6

10

3.8

3.8

2.3

6.8

11

6.8

7.2

6.5

6.5

6.3

7.4

21

10

0.90

4.3

16

20

15

12

16

10

11

11

11

11

7.0

12

11

6.7

3.4

3.7

4.0

3.9

9.7

3.4

11

1.8

14

13

FLUORIDE,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS F)

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.10

0.30

0.10

0.50

0.30

0.20

0.70

0.20

0.30

0.30

0.40

0.30

0.30

0.30

0.20

0.20

0.10

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.30

0.30

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.40

0.10

0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

0.40

0.10

0.30

0.30

0.20

<0.10

0.20

0.10

SILICA,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS

SI02)

13

32

11

16

27

12

22

17

24

8.5

10

9.3

12

12

12

12

12

12

9.8

11

11

10

11

9.5

12

11

10

11

10

11

11

11

11

9.9

4.8

5.9

5.7

5.4

5.5

11

9.7

12

5.6

7.4

6.7

IRON,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS FE)

<3

1800

9

7

230

3

9

12

25

10

5

<3

<3

7

7

12

4

<3

4

3

<3

<3

5

6

8

<3

6

5

5

11

3

4

<3

5

12

45

42

29

17

<3

9

<3

38

9

11

MANGANESE,

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS MN)

<1

720

<1

14

350

<1

6

6

25

2

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

4

1

2

1

<1

<1

<1

<1

2

<1

<1

<1

5

2

<1

1

<1

<1

1

64

48

54

50

52

<1

2

<1

63

78

25

COLIFORM,

FECAL,

0.7

UM-MF

(COLS./

100 ML)

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

K2

<1

K2

K18

0

K3

<2

K13

39

<1

K2

K23

39

K2

210

47

<3

<2

K1200

47

K7

K3

K17

K7

<1

2

<1

<2

190

<1

<1

<3

<2

1700

K31

STREPTOCOCCI

FECAL,

KF AGAR

(COLS.

PER

100 ML)

<1

24

K12

K2

K10

<1

<1

<1

K2

<1

K2

K6

K2

K12

0

K2

<2

K33

150

K10

K58

K10

K19

K7

360

Kl

<3

Kll

K1200

870

K2

K7

K16

K12

<1

71

<1

<2

K820

Kl

<1

<3

<2

600

K45

SOLIDS,

RESIDUE

AT 180

DEC. C

DISSOLVED

(MG/L)

402

104

350

106

158

218

149

111

163

276

345

302

365

366

344

387

392

380

339

183

339

415

273

336

382

408

408

358

364

391

388

410

369

200

22

32

26

18

11

360

194

414

43

300

261

RADON

222

TOTAL

(PCI/L)

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

150

410

--

--

--

--

--

--

1300

--

--

880

--

--

--

--

1600

--

--

--

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 75
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

ITATION NUMBER

TEMPERATURE 

DATE WATER

(DEG '

393128077554700

393138078031600

393143078083101

393252077572000

393302077582900

393334078031800

393335077582200

393337077532900

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-19-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

08-21-89

08-22-89

03-08-90

08-23-89

03-29-89

10-03-89

12-20-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-18-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

08-21-89

12,

12,

11.

12.

12.

13.

18.

12.

16.

12,

12,

12.

12.

11.

12,

12,

11.

11,

12.

13.

'C)

,5

,0

,0

.0

.5

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

,0

,0

,5

,5

,0

,5

.5

,5

,5

.0

PH BICAR- CAR- NITRO- NITROSPE- WATER BONATE BONATE GEN, GEN, 

CIFIC WHOLE WATER WATER AMMONIA AMMONIA 

CON- FIELD OXYGEN, DIS IT DIS IT DIS- DISDUCT- (STAND- DIS- FIELD FIELD SOLVED SOLVED 

ANCE ARD SOLVED MG/L AS MG/L AS (MG/L (MG/L

(vS/CM) UNITS)

745

780

930

800

460

28

720

360

420

405

395

420

436

510

460

510

570

540

450

6.

6.

7.

6,

7,

7.

5.

7.

6.

6.

7.

7.

7.

6.

7,

7.

7.

6.

7.

6.

.8

.7

,2

.7

,2

.2

.3

.0

.9

.8

.3

.4

.3

.9

.3

.4

,4

.9

.3

.8

(MG/L)

8,

8.

5,

6,

5.

7,

2,

8,

15,

7.

7,

7.

6.

6.

7,

5.

6,

6.

5,

7.

.2

.0

.8

.8

.8

.2

.5

.2

.5

.8

.4

.2

.8

.1

.9

.8

.0

.5

.1

.7

HC03

397*

383*

380

366

300

239

4

488

268

246*

190

241

244

258

267*

246*

271

280

207

347

COS

0*

0*

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0*

0

0

0

0

0*

0*

0

0

0

0

AS

0.

0.

<0.

0.

0.

0.

<0.

0.

<0.

<0.

0.

<0.

<0.

0.

0.

<0.

0.

0.

N)

020

010

040

010

010

010

010

010

020

010

010

030

010

010

010

010

030

010

010

020

AS NH4)

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

--

0.

0.

03

05

01

01

01

03

04

01

04

01

03

NITRO- riTROGEN, GEN, 

NITRATE NITRITE 

DIS- DISSOLVED SOLVED 

(MG/L (MG/L

AS N) AS N)

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

3.74 0.060

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

<0.010

Bicarbonate and carbonate determinations were made on whole water samples rather than dissolved (filtered) water samples.

76 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix B~l: Water-quality data values Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

393128077554700

393138078031600

393143078083101

393252077572000

393302077582900

393334078031800

393335077582200

393337077532900

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-19-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

08-21-89

08-22-89

03-08-90

08-23-89

03-29-89

10-03-89

12-20-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-18-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

08-21-89

NITROGEN, 

N02+N03 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

3.10

2.70

3.50

3.40

3.20

1.40

0.150

5.70

3.80

0.810

0.670

0.560

0.650

0.620

2.60

2.20

3.60

3.20

4.10

4.00

PHOSPHORUS 

ORTHO, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS

<0

<0

<0,

<0

<0

0,

<0

<0.

<0.

<0,

<0,

<0.

<0.

0.

0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

<0.

P)

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.040

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

.010

,020

,010

,010

,010

,010

,010

HARDNESS 

TOTAL 

(MG/L

AS

CAC03 )

370

360

370

370

360

210

6

340

270

220

200

210

210

230

260

230

260

260

270

310

HARDNESS 

NONCARB 

DISSOLV 

FLD. AS

CAC03

(MG/L)

54

65

120

13

3

0

45

--

43

9

14

14

40

26

96

23

CALCIUM 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS CA)

120

120

120

120

120

74

1.0

93

65

77

70

73

76

80

68

61

67

66

67

100

MAGNESIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS MG)

16

15

16

16

15

5.8

0.87

26

25

5.8

5.8

6.0

6.0

6.2

21

19

23

22

24

14

SODIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS NA)

26

22

22

23

21

5.6

0.80

4.5

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.9

3.1

3.0

7.9

7.7

5.7

7.2

4.7

5.4

POTASSIUM, 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS K)

1.9

2.0

1.9

1.4

2.1

0.70

1.1

1.9

2.2

1.0

1.1

0.70

0.20

1.0

2.3

3.5

2.1

1.6

2.5

1.6

SULFATE 

DISSOLVED

(MG/L

AS S04)

37

35

37

31

34

19

5.0

32

21

15

9.0

9.0

<1.0

12

31

25

25

23

22

18

Geohydrology of Berkeley Count)- 77
Appendix B-l: Water-quality data values Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

393128077554700 03-30-89 

06-22-89 

12-19-89

393138078031600

393143078083101

393252077572000

393302077582900

393334078031800

393335077582200

393337077532900

03-05-90

10-02-89

08-21-89

08-22-89

03-08-90

08-23-89

03-29-89

10-03-89

12-20-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-18-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

08-21-89

CHLORIDE, 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L 

AS CD

44 

36 

42

39

35

9.1

1.3

10

5.6

4.2

3.3

3.8

4.1

4.1

13

10

10

8.1

8.5

11

FLUORIDE, 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L 

AS F)

0.10 

0.20 

0.10

0

0

0

<0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.

0.

0

0,

0,

0,

0.

.20

.10

.10

.10

.20

.30

.10

.10

.10

.30

.10

.20

.30

.30

.30

,30

.10

SILICA, 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L 

AS 

SI02)

11 

11 

11

11

11

8.7

7.3

11

11

7.4

8.2

8.2

7.9

8.0

9.7

10

11

10

11

9.3

IRON, 

DISSOLVED

AS FE)

<3 

<3 

4

5

6

3

41

<3

5

10

8

<3

7

<3

8

39

13

9

12

4

MANGANESE, 

DISSOLVED

AS MN)

<1

<1

<:L

63

<1

1

3

2

1

<1

<1

2

1

4

2

3

<l

COLIFORM, 

FECAL, 

0.7 

UM-MF 

(COLS./ 

100 ML)

K3

<3

8

K8

K4

K17

K3

K35

3000

K2

<2

52

K16

K4300

43

K16

28

K18

STREPTOCOCCI 

FECAL, 

KF AGAR 

(COLS. 

PER 

100 ML)

K4

Kll 

<32000

<3

19

K570

K330

K15

62

60

9000

Kl

K3

120

120

K12000

K18

K10

200

220

SOLIDS, 

RESIDUE 

AT 180 

DEC. C 

DISSOLVED 

(MG/L)

454 

448 

442

472

410

259

28

375

274

224

186

221

241

235

274

265

297

299

263

345

RADON 

222 

TOTAL 

(PCI/L)

510

440

720

--

--

510

--

540

410

78 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix B-2: Chemical analyses for pesticides 

(includes PCB's and PCN's)

STATION NUMBER DATE

391809078044301

392144078042401

392412078005401

392527078021801

392605078030601

392617077551301

392630078000601

392713078091801

392725077524701

392848077530601

392902077595901

392942077584301

393055078000601

393116077502401

08-24-89

08-23-89

03-06-90

08-23-89

03-07-90

08-22-89

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-23-89

08-21-89

08-22-89

03-08-90

08-22-89

08-23-89

03-08-90

08-23-89

08-24-89

03-06-90

DISYSTON 

TOTAL

(**6

<0

<0

-

<0

-

<0

<0

<0

-

<0

<0

<0

-

-

<0

<0

-

-

<0

-

7L)

.01

.01

-

.01

-

.01

.01

.01

-

.01

.01

.01

-

-

.01

.01

-

-

.01

-

TRIFLURAPRO- LIN 

PHORATE PAZINE TOTAL 

TOTAL TOTAL RECOVER

(H.G/L) C/xG/L) C/xG/L)

<0.01 <0.10 <0.10

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

__

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.10 <0.10

__

<0.01

<0.01

__

<0.10 <0.10

<0.01

__

PERTHANE 

TOTAL

SIME- DITRYNE ELDRIN 

TOTAL TOTAL

(/xG/L) (/xG/L) C/xG/L)

<0. 1

<0 . 1

--

<0. 1

<o . i

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0. 1

--

--

<0. 1

<0. 1

--

--

<0 . 1

--

<0.10 <0

<o

--

<o

0

<o

<o

--

<o

<o

<o

<0.10

--

<o

<o

--

<0.10

<o

--

.001

.001

--

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

--

--

.001

.001

--

.001

--

ENDOSULFAN, 

TOTAL

C/iG/L)

<0.001

<0.001

--

<0.001

--

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

--

<0.001

<0.001

--

<0.001

--

ENDRIN 

WATER 

UNFLTRD 

REC

(MG/L)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

--

<0.001

0.002

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

--

<0.001

<0.001

--

<0.001

--

393125077583401 08-23-89 <0.01 <0.01

03-06-90

393242078023201 08-21-89 <0.(J1 <0.01 

393250078053301 08-22-89 <0.01 <0.01 

393315077555601 08-23-89 <0.01 <0.01

393419077553601 08-22-89 <0.0l <0.01

393450077510801 08-22-89

393649077525201 08-22-89 <0.01 <0.01

391950078032900 08-24-89 <0.01 <0.01

391956078062600 08-23-89 <0.01 <0.01

392124078050501 03-29-89 

06-20-89

10-03-89 <0.01 <0.01 

12-19-89 <0.01 <0.01 

03-06-90 <0.01 <0.01

392333077550500 08-24-89 <0.01 <0.01 

392431078035101 08-23-89 <0.01 <0.01 

392550078021300 03-28-89

10-03-89 <0.01 <0.01 

12-19-89 <0.01 <0.01

03-05-90 <0.01 <0.01 

06-21-89 

392619077541200 03-30-89

10-02-89 <0.01 <0.01 

12-18-89 <0.01 <0.01

<0.10 <0.10 <0.10

<0.10 <0.10 <0.10

<0.001 <0.001 <0.001

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

0

0

0

0

0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.011

.003

.015

.010

.012

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

0

<0

0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.012

.001

.015

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 79
Appendix B~2: Chemical analyses for pesticides Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

391809078044301 08~24-89 

392144078042401 08-23-89

03-06-90 

392412078005401 08-23-89

03-07-90

392527078021801 08-22-89 

392605078030601 08-22-89 

392617077551301 08-23-89 

03-08-90 

392630078000601 08-22-89

392713078091801 08-23-89 

392725077524701 08-21-89 

392848077530601 08-22-89 

03-08-90 

392902077595901 08-22-89

392942077584301 08-23-89 

03-08-90

393055078000601 08-23-89

393116077502401 08-24-89

03-06-90

393125077583401 08-23-89 

03-06-90

393242078023201 08-21-89 

393250078053301 08-22-89 

393315077555601 08-23-89

393419077553601 08-22-89 

393450077510801 08-22-89 

393649077525201 08-22-89 

391950078032900 08-24-89 

391956078062600 08-23-89

392124078050501 03-29-89 

06-20-89 

10-03-89 

12-19-89 

03-06-90

392333077550500 08-24-89

392431078035101 08-23-89

392550078021300 03-28-89

10-03-89

12-19-89

03-05-90 

06-21-89

392619077541200 03-30-89 

10-02-89 

12-18-89

HEPTAHEPTA- CHLOR TOXETHION, CHLOR, EPOXIDE LINDANE APHENE, 

TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL 

UG/L) (fiG/L) (jiG/L) (/iG/L) (/iG/L)

<0.01 

0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

O.01 

<0.01

0.001 

<0.001

0.11 

<0.001

<0.001 

0.001

0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001

O.001 

O.001 

O.001

O.001 

O.001 

0.001

O.001 

0.001 

O.001

O.01 O.001 O.001 O.001

0.001 

O.001

O.001 

0.001

O.001 

0.001

O.01 O.001 O.001 O.001

O.01 O.001 O.001 O.001

O.01 O.001 O.001 O.001

O.01 0.001 0.001 O.001

<1

<0

o

o

<0

o

<0

<0

o

O

0

0

<0

0

0

o

0

o

0

0

<0

o

o

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

o

<0

o

o

o

<0

0

0

<0

0

<0

o

<0

o

o

0

<0

o

o

o

o

0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

o

o

o

o

0

o

o

o

o

<0

0

o

0

0

o

0

o

0

o

0

0

0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

o

o

<0

o

<0

o

0

o

o

o

o

0

o

o

0

o

0

<0

o

o

o

<0

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

.001 <1

METHOXYCHLOR,

TOTAL

O.01 

0.01

0.01

0.01 

O.01 

O.01

O.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

PCB, 

TOTAL 

C/iG/L)

0.1 

0.1

O.I

O.I 

O.I 

O.I

0.1

0.1 

O.I

O.I 

0.1

O.I 

0.1

MALATHION,

TOTAL

O.01 

0.01

0.01

0.01 

O.01 

0.01

0.01

O.01 

0.01

O.01 

0.01

O.01 

O.01

o

0

o

o

0

o

0

0

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

0

0

<0

o

o

o

o

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

0.

o.

0.

0.

o.

0.

o.

o.

o.

0.

0.

o.

0.

0.

o.

0.

o.

o.

0.

0.

<0.

o.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

o

0

o

0

o

0

o

0

o

0

o

0

0

0

0

o

0

<0

o

o

0

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

SIMAZINE

TOTAL

0.10

0.10

O.10

O.10

0.10

80 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix B-2: Chemical analyses for pesticides Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

391809078044301 08-24-89 

392144078042401. 08-23-89

03-06-90 

392412078005401 08-23-89

03-07-90

392527078021801 08-22-89 

392605078030601 08-22-89 

392617077551301 08-23-89 

03-08-90 

392630078000601 08-22-89

392713078091801 08-23-89 

392725077524701 08-21-89 

392848077530601 08-22-89 

03-08-90 

392902077595901 08-22-89

392942077584301 08-23-89 

03-08-90

393055078000601 08-23-89

393116077502401 08-24-89

03-06-90

393125077583401 08-23-89 

03-06-90

393242078023201 08-21-89 

393250078053301 08-22-89 

393315077555601 08-23-89

393419077553601 08-22-89 

393450077510801 08-22-89 

393649077525201 08-22-89 

391950078032900 08-24-89 

391956078062600 08-23-89

392124078050501 03-29-89 

06-20-89 

10-03-89 

12-19-89 

03-06-90

392333077550500 08-24-89

392431078035101 08-23-89

392550078021300 03-28-89

10-03-89

12-19-89

03-05-90 

06-21-89

392619077541200 03-30-89 

10-02-89 

12-18-89

PROMETONE 

TOTAL

NAPHTHALENES, 

PROME- POLYTRYNE CHLOR. 

TOTAL TOTAL

ALDRIN, 

TOTAL

C/zG/L) (/zG/L) (/zG/L) (/zG/L)

<0.10

--

::

__----

--

-.--

<0.10

--

<0.10

--

--

--

<0.10

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

<0.10

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

<0.10 <0

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<0.10

<o

<o

<0.10

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<0.10

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<0.10 <0

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

-

.10

.10

-

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

-

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

.10

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

CHLORDANE, ODD, 

TOTAL TOTAL

DDE, 

TOTAL

DOT, 

TOTAL

PARATHION 

TOTAL

(/zG/L) (MG/L) (/zG/L) (/zG/L) (/zG/L

0.1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0.1 <0

<0.1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0.1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0.1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0.1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

--

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0.1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0.1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

<0 . 1 <0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 81
Appendix B~2: Chemical analyses for pesticides Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

391809078044301 08-24-89

392144078042401 08-23-89

03-06-90

392412078005401 08-23-89

03-07-90

392527078021801 08-22-89

392605078030601 08-22-89

392617077551301 08-23-89

03-08-90

392630078000601 08-22-89

392713078091801 08-23-89

392725077524701 08-21-89

392848077530601 08-22-89

03-08-90

392902077595901 08-22-89

392942077584301 08-23-89

03-08-90

393055078000601 08-23-89

393116077502401 08-24-89

03-06-90

393125077583401 08-23-89

03-06-90

393242078023201 08-21-89

393250078053301 08-22-89

393315077555601 08-23-89

393419077553601 08-22-89

393450077510801 08-22-89

393649077525201 08-22-89

391950078032900 08-24-89

391956078062600 08-23-89

392124078050501 03-29-89

06-20-89

10-03-89

12-19-89

03-06-90

392333077550500 08-24-89

392431078035101 08-23-89

392550078021300 03-28-89

10-03-89

12-19-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

392619077541200 03-30-89

10-02-89

12-18-89

DIAZINON, 

TOTAL

(MG/L)

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.06

--

<0.01

<0.01

--

--

<0.01

--

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

METHYL 

PARATHION, 

TOTAL

(MG/L)

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

--

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

ATRAZINE 

WATER 

UNFLTRD MIREX, 

REC TOTAL

(MG/L) (MG/L)

0.2 <0.01

<0.01

__

<0.01

__

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.3

__

<0.01

<0.01

__

0.1

<0.01

<0.01

__

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.1

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.9 <0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

TOTAL 

TRITHION

(MG/L)

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

--

--

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

METHYL ALATRI- CHLOR 

THION, TOTAL 

TOTAL RECOVER

(MG/D (MG/L)

<0.01 <0.10

<0.01

__

<0.01

--

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.10

__

<0.01

<0.01

__

<0.10

<0.01

--

<0.01

__

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.10

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01 <0.10

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

CYANAZINE AMETOTAL TRYNE

(MG/L) TOTAL

<0.10 <0.10

--

__

__

-_

-- --

__

<0.10 <0.10

__

--

--

<0.10 <0.10

--

<0.10 <0.10

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

0.10 <0.10

__

__

__

82 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix B-2: Chemical analyses for pesticides--Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

392619077541200

392748078003202

393128077554700

393138078031600

393302077582900

393334078031800

393335077582200

03-05-90

06-21-89

08-22-89

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-19-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

08-21-89

08-23-89

03-29-89

10-03-89

12-20-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-18-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

DISYSTON 

TOTAL

(H.G

<0

-

<0

-

-

<0

<0

<0

-

-

_

<0

<0

<0

-

_

-

<0

<0

<0

7L)

.01

-

.01

-

-

.01

.01

.01

-

-

_

.01

.01

.01

-

-

-

.01

.01

.01

TRIFLURAPRO- LIN 

PHORATE PAZINE TOTAL 

TOTAL TOTAL RECOVER

UG

<0

-

<0

-

-

<0

<0

<0

-

-

_

<0

<0

<0

-

_

-

<0

<0

<0

 ID (AtG/L) (AtG/L)

.01

-

.01 <0.10 <0.10

-

-

.01

.01

.01

<0.10 <0.10

<0.10 <0.10

_

.01

.01

.01

-

_

-

.01

.01

.01

PERTHANE 

TOTAL

(AtG/L)

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<o . i

<o . i

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0. 1

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

<0 . 1

SIME- DITRYNE ELDRIN 

TOTAL TOTAL

ENDOSULFAN, 

TOTAL

ENDRIN 

WATER 

UNFLTRD 

REC

(V.GID (/iG/L) (V.GID C/xG/L)

<o

<o

<0.10 0

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<0.10

<0.10

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

<o

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

0

<0

<0

<0

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

--

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.010

.001

.001

.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.005

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

--

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 83
Appendix B-2: Chemical analyses for pesticides Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

392619077541200 03-05-90 

06-21-89

392748078003202 08-22-89

393128077554700 03-30-89

06-22-89

12-19-89 

03-05-90 

10-02-89

393138078031600 08-21-89 

393302077582900 08-23-89

ETHION,

TOTAL

(MG/L)

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

HEPTACHLOR,

TOTAL

(MG/L)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

HEPTACHLOR

EPOXIDE

TOTAL

(MG/D

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

LINDANE

TOTAL

(MG/L)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

TOXAPHENE

TOTAL

(MG/L

<x

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

METHOXYCHLOR,

TOTAL

(MG/D

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

PCB,

TOTAL

(/K3/L)

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

MALATHION,

TOTAL (MG/L)

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

SIMAZINE

TOTAL

(MG/L)

<0.10

--

--

<0.10 

<0.10

393334078031800

393335077582200

03-29-89

10-03-89

12-20-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-18-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

<0,

<0,

<0.

<0.

<0,

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0.

,01

.01

,01

,01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

<0,

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0,

<0,

<0,

<0,

.001

.001

,001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0,

<0,

<0.

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0.

<0,

,001 <:

.001 <

.001 <

,001 <:

.001 <:

,001 <:

,001 <

,001 <

,001 <:

,001 <:

L <0,

L <0,

I <0,

L <0,

1 <0,

L <0,

L <0,

L <0.

L <0,

L <0,

.01

.01

,01

,01

.01

.01

,01

.01

,01

,01

<0.

<0,

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0.

<0,

,1

,1,1

,1

,1

.1

.11

,1,1

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0.

<0,

<0,

<0.

<0.

<0.

<0,

,01

.01

,01

,01

,01

,01

,01

,01

,01

,01

--

--

"

84 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
B-2: Chemical analyses for pesticides Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

392619077541200 03-05-90 

06-21-89

392748078003202 08-22-89

393128077554700 03-30-89

06-22-89

12-19-89 

03-05-90 

10-02-89

393138078031600 08-21-89 

393302077582900 08-23-89

PROMETONE

TOTAL

(<*G/L)

--

<0.10

--

--

--

<0.10

<0.10

PROMETRYNE

TOTAL

(HG/L)

--

<0.10

--

--

--

--

<0.10

<0.10

NAPHTHALENES,

POLYCHLOR.

TOTAL

(jiG/L)

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

--

ALDRIN,

TOTAL

(fzG/L)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

CHLORDANE, DDD,

TOTAL TOTAL

(fzG/L) (fiG/L)

<0.1 <0.001

<0.1 <0.001

<0.1 <0.001

<0.1 <0.001

<0.1 <0.001

<0.1 <0.001

<0.1 <0.001

<0.1 O.001

__

DDE,

TOTAL

(jiG/L)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

__

DOT,

TOTAL

(jiG/L)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

PARATHION,

TOTAL

(/iG/L)

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

393334078031800

393335077582200

03-29-89

10-03-89

12-20-89

03-05-90

06-21-89

03-30-89

06-22-89

12-18-89

03-05-90

10-02-89

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10

<0,

<0

<0,

<0

<0

<0.

<0,

<0,

<0,

<0.

.001 <

.001 <

.001 <

.001 <

.001 <

.001 <

.001 <

.001 <

.001 <

.001 <

0.1 <0,

:0.1 <0

0.1 <0,

0.1 <0

:0.1 <0

0.1 <0.

0.1 <0,

0.1 <0 ,

0.1 <0,

0.1 <0 ,

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

,001

<0

<0

<0

<0

<0

0

0

0

0,

0.

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.004

.002

.004

.001

.001

<0.

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0,

0,

<0,

0,

0.

<0.

.001

.001

.001

.001

.001

.003

.001

.002

.001

,001

<0,

<0

<0,

<0.

<0,

<0,

<0,

<0,

<0,

<0,

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

.01

,01

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 85
Appendix B-2: Chemical analyses for pesticides Continued

STATION NUMBER DATE

392619077541200 03-05-90 

06-21-89

392748078003202 08-22-89

393128077554700 03-30-89

06-22-89

12-19-89 

03-05-90 

10-02-89

393138078031600 08-21-89 

393302077582900 08-23-89

393334078031800 03-29-89 

10-03-89 

12-20-89 

03-05-90 

06-21-89

393335077582200 03-30-89 

06-22-89 

12-18-89 

03-05-90 

10-02-89

DIAZINON, 

TOTAL

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

METHYL

PARATHION,

TOTAL

C^G/L)

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

ATRAZINE

WATER

UNFLTRD

REC

0.2

MIREX, 

TOTAL

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

TOTAL

TRITHION

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

METHYL

TRITHION, 

TOTAL

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01 

<0.01

ALACHLOR CYANTOTAL AZINE 

RECOVER TOTAL 

(/iG/L)

<0.10

<0.10 

<0.10

<0.10

<0.10 

<0.10

AMETRYNE

TOTAL

<0.10

<0.10 

<0.10

86 Geohydrology of Berkeley County
Appendix G: Ground-water-level measurements from selected wells in 

Berkeley County, West Virginia, March 1989 to May 1990

Date of ground- water -level measurements, 

in feet below land surface datum

Site 

no .

16

6 18

21

30

36

6 37

44

50

51

53

54

55

56

57

59

6 70

73

76

80

82

85

86

90

98

101

103

6 106

113

115

117

120

Variable 

date

2 25.46

-

1 25.70

ilO. 93

2 32.98

_

2 28.61

5 84.40

4 42.89

5 13.90

5 28.01

5 176.61

5 32.01

2 29.25

5 21.70

4 49.47

2 3.00

4 35.80

2 7.38

5 35.35

2 21.81

5 72.55

4 12.41

3 77.54

3 95.47

3 55.81

3 56.95

5 32.43

3 21.39

3 84.27

3 54.18

04-25-89

28.49

-

26.17

12.48

36.82

37.54

31.55

84.26

43.82

11.93

27.80

167.12

31.63

29.98

25.25

50.63

3.13

36.13

9.07

36.73

23.37

72.61

13.18

69.87

96.63

54.20

53.81

32.61

21.91

84.22

58.26

05-09-89

26.05

34.55

23.91

9.59

32.94

24.11

30.48

83.22

41.30

8.84

20.58

167.84

28.34

18.22

7.30

43.17

2.76

33.51

5.69

30.52

21.93

71.77

9.68

61.97

92.54

47.99

52.03

30.91

20.33

84.02

57.08

05-25-89

25.60

21.35

21.10

8.93

28.73

24.60

27.22

80.28

34.36

5.96

18.19

165.50

25.60

23.34

7.29

38.01

2.48

31.28

6.36

19.91

21.69

71.59

10.77

43.45

90.15

35.47

49.44

30.86

19.34

80.70

51.37

06-13-89

30.94

28.27

22.55

13.01

36.00

35.25

30.78

80.13

37.40

11.27

28.33

167.11

31.07

30.64

24.95

41.09

2.86

34.43

8.74

26.10

22.91

72.40

11.40

48.40

93.18

39.32

52.27

32.43

20.93

79.45

53.10

07-12-89

30.10

34.64

24.50

12.26

39.58

40.16

30.17

79.52

41.96

9.41

25.09

175.82

30.45

30.72

18.28

41.66

2.74

35.85

8.89

31.08

22.11

72.24

23.80

47.53

94.66

43.24

53.24

31.98

22.37

78.33

58.20

08-08-89

31.32

38.94

26.10

16.69

37.46

43.09

31.02

79.57

45.81

12.30

29.41

165.41

32.33

31.11

32.75

46.10

3.04

36.68

10.58

37.37

24.35

73.16

11.83

55.37

95.90

49.75

51.68

34.35

23.78

76.99

53.71

09-13-89

32.89

49.81

26.85

15.36

40.11

46.79

32.92

81.02

50.26

16.21

33.19

168.64

33.50

31.73

53.18

53.33

3.21

37.62

12.58

44.63

29.21

74.21

12.84

65.86

99.17

51.90

56.02

35.98

25.96

77.50

55.48

1- 03-21-89

2- 03-22-89

3- 03-23-89

4- 04-19-89

5- 04-20-89

6- These sites were equipped with continuous recorders and have hourly data available 

in the U.S. Geological Survey data base. The data presented here are measurements 

made when the recorders were serviced.

Geohydrology of Berkeley County 87
Appendix C: Ground-water-level measurements from selected wells in 

Berkeley County, West Virginia, March 1989 to May 1990--Continued

Site 

no .

16

18

21

30

36

37

44

50

51

53

54

55

56

57

59

70

73

76

80

82

85

86

90

98

101

103

106

113

115

117

120

10-18-89

33.69

52.60

27.88

15.15

40.05

46.92

32.14

81.95

52.32

15.08

31.55

171.73

34.60

31.39

52.30

55.22

3.25

38.12

12.70

50.87

27.06

74.35

12.67

82.20

102.82

56.97

57.80

37.10

27.33

77.40

55.05

Date 

in

11-15-89

33.40

51.19

28.17

15.40

39.29

45.11

31.55

82.59

52.53

13.48

30.94

182.86

33.78

30.73

45.54

54.87

3.68

38.19

13.10

52.73

26.00

73.73

11.86

86.80

100.71

58.86

57.37

35.93

24.55

78.03

51.34

of ground-water-level measurements, 

feet below land surface datum

12-14-89

29.90

54.40

27.14

17.69

38.87

45.10

31.17

83.33

52.68

13.42

35.18

170.45

32.69

27.86

31.55

55.58

3.23

38.29

10.77

54.94

24.06

73.71

15.72

88.26

100.33

56.99

54.91

35.41

23.87

78.59

51.24

01-11-90

28.27

54.55

27.38

12.38

38.61

37.64

30.27

84.05

52.40

11.54

30.90

173.99

31.69

30.18

19.61

55.78

3.26

38.30

9.14

53.28

24.61

73.11

10.54

89.39

100.49

57.99

53.55

34.57

23.24

80.90

50.05

02-22-90

27.85

44.09

25.58

12.01

36.83

35.65

29.48

84.20

48.28

10.05

26.38

168.20

31.14

30.50

16.82

52.89

3.07

36.97

8.19

43.27

22.00

72.52

-

71.44

95.50

46.81

48.43

32.53

21.61

79.12

50.55

03-22-90

30.11

47.10

26.20

12.14

38.70

40.69

31.53

85.71

49.93

12.56

30.57

176.38

33.64

30.64

26.24

54.55

3.20

37.48

9.35

47.48

23.92

72.94

11.54

78.97

97.92

49.66

49.80

34.18

22.34

79.13

51.43

05-03-90

28.68

43.25

25.53

11.45

39.95

39.15

31.68

84.75

48.80

11.66

30.20

167.02

31.15

30.68

24.52

52.33

3.23

36.90

9.35

45.08

23.89

72.55

13.27

81.04

98.34

50.95

46.72

34.09

22.36

79.21

57.02

88 Geohydrology of Berkeley County