ROSALIE F.

of the Family

Pon to cyprididae

W Chiefly from the

Indian Ocean

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1969 NUMBER 7

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 7

Rosalie F. Maddocks Recent Ostracodes of the

Family Pontocyprididae

Chiefly from

the Indian Ocean

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Contents

Page

Abstract 1

Introduction 1

Morphology and classification 4

Ecology and Distribution 8

Family Pontocyprididae Muller, 1894 10

Genus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947 10

Subgenus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947 11

Subgenus Ekpontocypris, new subgenus 27

Subgenus Schedopontocypris, new subgenus 37

Genus Pontocypris Sars, 1866 40

Genus Argilloecia Sars, 1866 45

Genus Australoecia McKenzie, 1967 49

Genus Pontocypria Muller, 1894 50

Literature cited 50

Index 53

ABSTRACT

Maddocks, Rosalie F. Recent Ostracodes of the Family Pontocyprididae Chiefly

from the Indian Ocean. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 7: 1-56. 1969.—

Recent ostracodes of the marine family Pontocyprididae may be identified as easily

by the carapace as by appendage characteristics, especially by the five discrete central

muscle scars. The five genera and three subgenera are each distinguished by a

diagnostic arrangement of the muscle scars, as well as by carapace shape and

characters of the appendages and genitalia.

From collections of the International Indian Ocean Expedition, from other collections at the Smithsonian Institution, and from the type "Challenger" material of Brady

(1880), 48 species and 2 subspecies (12 new, 8 pre-existing, 30 in open nomenclature)

are described here and assigned to four genera. Two new subgenera, Ekpontocypris

and Schedopontocypris, are established within the genus Propontocypris.

The following species and subspecies are new: Propontocypris {Propontocypris)

crocata, P. (P.) quasicrocata, P. (P.) paradispar, P. (P.?) lobodonta, Propontocypris

{Ekpontocypris) litoricola, P. {E.) I litoricola, P. {E.) I. admirantensis, P. {E.)

memurdoensis, P. {E.?) epicyrta, Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris) bengalensis,

Australoecia mckenziei, A. abyssophilia.

Introduction

The Superfamily Cypridacea comprises a very large

and heterogeneous group of ostracodes united by a

distinctive and consistent plan of body structure.

Although this group is commonly identified with freshwater faunas, which are almost entirely composed of

cypridacean forms, the Cypridacea have adapted to a

wider range of habitats than any other ostracode group,

ranging from marine through brackish to freshwater

and even terrestrial conditions. Swimming, crawling,

and burrowing modes of life are all represented, and at

least one partially commensal marine species is known.

The marine Cypridacea are presented by three very

distinct taxa: the Macrocyprididae, which show some

affinity with the exclusively marine and very ancient

Bairdiacea and may represent a rather primitive structure; the subfamily Paracypridinae of the Cyprididae,

whose internal morphology is almost identical to that

of the freshwater Candoninae and may represent a

reinvasion of the marine environments by this family;

and the Pontocyprididae, which, although entirely

cyprid in aspect, show close affinities to no other group

of living ostracodes. Although the latter is perhaps

the most abundantly represented and diversified of the

Rosalie F. Maddocks, Department of Geology, University of

Houston, Houston, Texas 77004.

three families in modern marine assemblages, it is also

the least documented and most misunderstood. Like

such cytheracean families as the Paradoxostomatidae

and the Xestoleberididae, species of the Pontocyprididae have a very simple carapace structure that seems

capable of assuming a myriad of subtly and bewilderingly variable outlines, so that the accepted classification has been based mainly on appendage structures.

To show that a carapace-based classification can be

equally orderly and distinctive is one purpose of this

report. Further, it seems desirable to present an orderly

documentation of the entire variety of forms encountered in collections from this region of the world, even

though most of this material is not sufficiently abundant or well preserved to permit formal nomenclatural

identification. It is hoped that from these collated data

may emerge some clarification of the direction and

range of variability that is characteristic at the infraand interspecific levels of this group.

MATERIAL.—The core of the material on which this

report is based is from the International Indian Ocean

Expedition, which includes several distinct types of collections : (1) littoral and inner sublittoral collections

by the author at Nosy B6, Madagascar, which are an

especially prolific source of living specimens for which

the soft-part anatomy can be described; (2) the currently available (1966-1967) faunas, mostly subfossil

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

(empty carapaces), contained in sediment samples

dredged on Cruises 1, 4B, 7, 8, and 9 of the R. V.

Anton Bruun in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and

Mozambique Channel; and (3) miscellaneous shallowwater collections from islands visited by participants in

these cruises.

South African shallow shelf faunas were obtained

from the collecting program of the South African

Ecological Survey. Additional coverage is provided by

single samples, mostly from the littoral zone, from Iran,

Mauritius, South Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, collected independently by many individuals.

Five abyssal stations of the Albatross in the western

hemisphere and a single station of the Eltanin are also

included. All of this material was made available by

R. H. Benson from collections in the Smithsonian

Institution.

Also considered here are the "Challenger" (Brady,

1880) types belonging to this family. Most of these

specimens were collected at anchorage stations in New

Zealand, Australia, Kerguelen Islands, and South

Africa.

COLLECTING LOCALITIES.—Tables 1-5 summarize

the locality data for new collections discussed in this

report. For the locations of these stations and those of

previous studies see Figures 1-4.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The project "Ostracodes of

the Indian Ocean," of which this study forms a part,

is based mainly on collections of the United States Program in Biology of the International Indian Ocean

Expedition (1963-1964). My participation in this expedition and subsequent involvement in the project as

research associate at the Smithsonian Institution

(1965-1967) was financed by grants from the National

Science Foundation and the Smithsonian Research

Foundation to Richard H. Benson of the Division of

Invertebrate Paleontology, Smithsonian Institution,

who also provided laboratory facilities and collections

for this investigation.

Many other individuals have contributed faunas

for this study; particularly helpful were those of John

H. Day, Department of Zoology, University of Cape

Town, and Louis S. Kornicker, Division of Crustacea,

Smithsonian Institution. I was privileged to study the

"Challenger" ostracode type-specimens of G. S.

Brady (1880) while they were on loan to Harbans S.

Puri, Florida State Geological Survey, from the British

Museum (Natural History). The Mauritius types of

FIOUM 1.—The Indian Ocean and adjacent areas, showing locations of collecting stations where

pontocyprid ostracodes have been identified. (Star=locality corresponding to published citation;

dot=location of collections described in this report; circled star = locality of published citation

and described in this report.)
NUMBER 7

TABLE 1.—International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1963-1964. Cruises lt 4B 7, 8, and 9 of the R.V. Anton

Bruun in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and Mozambique Channel (chiefly by R. H. Benson)

Station

28A

28B

36A

40

41

42

43

46

47

87F

871

87K

87M

87N

88

202C

239A

361B

363G

363K

363L

364A

365D

370B

371F

371G

372M

373J

380A

380C

381B

381C

397D

207A

412C

453

Station

412L

LK-12

LK-49

HA-33

Grand

Comoro I.

Tulear

NosyB6

Latitude

11°52'N

12°01'N

13°00'N

15°20' N

15°04'N

15°08'N

15°08' N

21°00'N

20°27'N

19°44' N

19°47'N

19°35'N

18°36' N

18°21'N

17°41'N

18°27'N

25°09' N

26°34'S

23°38'S

23°43'S

23°17'S

23°20'S

23°20'S

24°25' S

24°46' S

24°49' S

25°03'S

26°58' S

32°58'S

32°58'S

33°13'S

33°13'S

26°14' S

18°24' S

12°47'S

11°U'N

Longitude

92°49' E

92°55'E

97°41' E

96°24' E

95°51' E

94°54'E

94°04'E

91°59'E

92°20'E

86°32'E

86°02' E

85°41' E

84°41' E

84°10'E

83°19'E

71°13'E

64°54'E

35°59' E

43°24'E

43°25'E

43°20'E

43°46' E

43°32'E

35°47'E

35°18'E

35°13'E

34°31'E

33°53'E

43°37' E

43°41' E

43°51'E

43°53'E

34°04'E

42°11'E

47°42' E

51°14'E

TABLE 2.—Shallow-water collections

Latitude

5°24' S

27°16'N

Longitude

53°18'E

33°47'E

Depth (m)

66

64-50

68

18-20

44-46

35

55

23-25

19-20

120

20

37

72

50

20

84-97

18

1829

1350

1190

841

51

695-475

910

110

73

55

380

935

950

38

40

665

2125

23

47-49

Lcovlity

Andaman Sea

Andaman^ Sea

Andaman Sea

Andaman Sea

Andaman Sea

Andaman Sea

Andaman Sea

Bay of Bengal

Bay of Bengal

Bay of Bengal

Bay of Bengal

Bay of Bengal

Bay of Bengal

Bay of Bengal

Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea

Arabian Sea

near Mozambique

near Tulear, Madagascar

near Tulear, Madagascar

near Tulear, Madagascar

near Tulear, Madagascar

near Tulear, Madagascar

near Mozambique

near Mozambique

near Mozambique

near Mozambique

near Mozambique

Waltenon Shoal

Waltcrson Shoal

Walterson Shoal

Waltenon Shoal

near Mozambique

Mozambique Channel

near Nosy B6, Madagascar

Cape Guardafui, Somali Republic

from islands visited by participants during cruises

Depth (m)

30

0-1

1

0-1

20

10

0-40

Locality

Banque de Cinq Metres near Nosy B6, Madagascar (by

R. H. Benson)

Galle Harbor, Ceylon. Thallassia sand flats (by L. S.

Kornicker)

Resource I. near St Joseph's I., Admirante Islands. Sea

grass near reefs (by L. S. Kornicker)

Ghardaqua, Egypt. Wrashings of algae from low tide level

(by H. A. Fehlmann)

Grand Comoro I., <

(by Bruce Rodgers)

Tulear, Madagascar.

Benson)

Domores Islands, coral reef sand

Reef sand in tide pocket (by R. H.

Nosy Be1, Madagascar. Various littoral and inner sublittoral collections around Nosy B6 and nearby mainland

(by R. F. Maddocks)
Station

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 3.—Collections of the South African Ecological Survey (from J. H. Day).

Latitude Longitude Depth (m)

GIL 341

GIL 348

GIL 615

GIL 617

34°02.5' S

34°39' S

34°17' S

34°09'S

23°27' E

23°41' E

18°29' E

18°27' E

42

120

10

6

Locality

Cape Seal, South Africa

Cape Seal, South Africa

False Bay, South Africa

False Bay, South Africa

TABLE 4.—Collections made by the US. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross

Station

2381

2751

2763

3360

4693

Latitude

28o05'N

le'M'N

24°17'S

06°17N

26°30'S

Longitude

87°56'15"W

63° 12>W

42°48'30"W

82p05'W

IOS^S'W

Depth (m)

2433

1257

1127

3050

2089

Locality

Gulf of Mexico

Caribbean Sea

Atlantic Ocean near Brazil

Pacific Ocean near Panama

southeast Pacific Ocean

TABLE 5.—Miscellaneous collections

Statim

AB-714C

E1431

RM1001

RM1004

1148

Mauritius 1 and 3

McMurdo Sound

Spencer Gulf

TahrutBay

Latitude

25°07'S

45°45'S

Longitude

70°42'W

17°58'E

Depth

165

51

0

0

57

0

Depth (m) Locality

Anton Bruun cruise 18, coast of Chile (by R. Menzies)

station of the Eltanin, northeast of Duncdin Harbor,

South I., New Zealand

near East Cape, New Zealand

George Sound, New Zealand

Recent sand, Wynyard Beach, Tasmania (by N. G. Lane)

Mauritius I. Mudflat surface near low tide level (by W.

G. Mclntire)

McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. U.S. Antaractic Research

Program, Station "P," "south of Hut Point at entrance

to Winter Quarters Bay" (by J. H. Dearborn)

Beach sand, Whaler's Bay, Thistle I., Spencer Gulf,

South Australia (by M. Wade)

Persian Gulf

Brady (1868b) were made available for brief inspection by Kenneth G. McKenzie, Monash University,

Victoria, to whom they were on loan from the Hancock Museum, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. I wish especially

to thank R. H. Benson, Joseph E. Hazel of the

U.S. Geological Survey, and Vladimir Pokorny, Visiting Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution, for

their critical reading of the manuscript.

Morphology and Classification

NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY.—Sars (1866) established the genus Pontocypris with three new species: P.

serrulata, P. hispida, and P. trigonella. Muller (1894)

established the genus Erythrocypris for seven new

species, among them E. serrata. Later, in 1912, Muller

recognized E. serrata as a junior synonym of P. serrulata Sars and removed P. hispida Sars to Erythrocypris. Now P. serrulata Sars [=

E. serrata Muller] had

already been shown by Brady (1868a) to be equivalent

to Cythere (Bairdia) mytiloides Norman, 1862. In

1889 Brady and Norman had designated P. mytiloides

(Norman) as the type of Pontocypris. Sars (1923),

overlooking this designation, named P. trigonella Sars

as the type-species of Pontocypris and E. mytiloides

(Norman) as the type of Erythrocypris. Having the

same type-species as Pontocypris, Erythrocypris ceased

to exist as an available name, although it was generally

used for the next 25 years. Meanwhile, for the concept

typified by P. trigonella no valid name existed.
NUMBER 7

I

: • •• • •••••••'•• • •••• • >*« »

IF ^

i °

si

1

n

ay

f

gal

1

< \> '",

* ' ' S^ •" '

•«3#«»4,"

Andaman

IB .SV/7

M

!»».. |

s

• W*-i

% • : - ' •

ISA* • V '

••••vH

FIGURE 2.—Bay of Bengal, showing locations of collecting

stations of Cruise 1 of the "Anton Bruun" (International Indian Ocean Expedition) from which pontocyprid ostracodes

have been identified.

Sylvester-Bradley (1947) recognized and corrected

this discrepancy, citing Pontocypris as the valid name

for the forms commonly called Erythrocypris and proposing the new name Pro pontocypris for the genus

based on P. trigonella. Because the confusion has been

purely nomenclatural, the contents and diagnostic

characters of the two genera being generally recognized as discrete and distinctive, Puri (1964) suggested

that the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature should be petitioned to restore the

FIGURE 3.—Mozambique Channel, showing locations of collecting stations of cruises 7 and 8 of the "Anton Bruun" and

other collections of the International Indian Ocean Expedition from which pontocyprid ostracodes have been identified.

329-128 O—69 2

FIGURE 4.—Antarctic region, showing localities where Pontocyprididae have been described. (Black star=station corresponding to published citation; white star = known distribution of- Pontocypria helenae Maddocks; asterisk=known

distribution of Pontocypria meridionalis (Brady); black

dot=station locality corresponding to species described in

this report.)

names Erythrocypris and Pontocypris to their previously (1894-1947) understood definitions. As it is now

twenty years, however, since the correction of this misunderstanding, which has been accepted in modern

revisionary treatments (Swain, 1961; Hartmann,

1963; Van Morkhoven, 1962,1963), it seems both unnecessary and unwise to petition for such an arbitrary

solution. The synonymies of individual species remain

relatively uncomplicated.

Sars (1866) described the genus Argtlloecia for a

single species A. cylindrica Sars, which is thus the type.

Many other species have been added since to this

genus. Miiller (1894) described the genus Pontocypria

for the single species P. spinosa; Maddocks (1968)

added two new species and removed Aglaia meridionalis Brady to this genus. Several anomalous species

formerly assigned to Argilloecia now belong to the

genus Australoecia McKenzie. Bacunella Schneider,

1959 (Plio-Pleistocene); Clinocypris Mandelstam,

1956 (Triassic-Early Cretaceous); and Subulacypris
Schneider, 1957 (in Mandelstam, 1957) (Pliocene) are

also generally assigned to the Pontocyprididae; they

are not considered further here, as no material is available for study.

CARAPACE MORPHOLOGY.—In the older literature the

names Macrocypris, Paracypris, Pontocypris, Aglaia,

Bythocypris, and Argilloecia have been used almost

interchangeably to designate smooth, more or less

elongate, cyprid-appearing carapaces. With modern

attention to details of carapace structure this confusion

can be shown to be unnecessary; each of the marine

cyprid families and genera can be identified as readily

on diagnostic carapace structures as on appendage

anatomy. Structures that may be diagnostic include

carapace lateral and dorsal outlines, valve overlap,

hinge, normal pore canals, and especially muscle-scar

patterns. Characters of the marginal area, particularly

radial pore canals, vestibules, and width of zone of concrescence, are less reliable; Hartmann (1963) has

shown convincingly that the often conspicuous similarities in these structures among species and genera

from different families are the result of convergence

due to adaptation to similar habitat and mode of life.

Carapace curvatures, although difficult to describe

objectively, are in practice easily differentiable by inspection. Maximum carapace dimensions and proportions, however, such as are often presented in length/

height scatter diagrams, are not distinctive and do not

provide useful discriminator indices at the generic,

specific, or infraspecific levels of classification (see

Figures 5, 6).

cP

Q Pontocypris

* Propontocypris

• Ekpontocypris

•ft Schedopontocypris

O Argilloecia

O Australoecia

1.1

FIGURE 5.—Scatter diagram of length/height measurements

plotted for representative specimens of the 7 genera and

subgenera of Pontocyprididae; measurements are those listed

under "Dimensions" in the systematic treatment.

0.5-

0.4-

0.3-

0.2

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

L

L

L

 L 1

2

ic p

Q

0QQ 5

o.s 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.t

length in mm

FIGURE 6.—Scatter diagram of length/height measurements

plotted for 11 species of Propontocypris (Propontocypris),

some species represented by specimens from two or more

geographic localities. Each species is represented by the

initial letter of its trivial name or by its number in open

nomenclature. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the relative uselessness of maximum dimensions as taxonomic discriminators.

Muscle-scar patterns are very stable and apparently

conservative features at the familial, generic, and even

specific levels, as they are elsewhere in the Cypridacea

(Benson 1967). The subgeneric classification of the

genus Propontocypris into Propontocypris SylvesterBradley, Ekpontocypris, new subgenus, and Schedopontocypris, new subgenus, proposed in the systematic portion below, is based primarily on muscle-scar

patterns and carapace curvature.

The muscle-scar pattern of the Pontocyprididae is

unlike that of any other ostracode family (Figure 7).

The five freshwater subfamilies of the Cyprididae and

the marine subfamily Paracypridinae all display some

variant of the basic cyprid scar: adductor scars arranged in a compact group of five surmounted by a

larger cap scar, single or double frontal scars, and two

mandibular scars. The adductor scars may be arranged

in a compact rosette, as in the Candoninae and some

Paracypridinae, or in a more dispersed en echelon

fashion, as in the Cypridinae; certain scars may on

occasion be divided, but the basic pattern is always

recognizable.

The Pontocyprididae, on the other hand, have as

their basic scar pattern an exceedingly simple triangular arrangement of five tiny scars, presumably adductors, whose homologies with individual scars of the

basic cyprid pattern are obscure. Frontal and mandib-
NUMBER 7

ular scars are entirely absent. The trends of differentiation within the adductor pattern do not at all correspond to those of other cyprid families. The basic scar

seems to be that of Figure 7c, which is expressed in

about half the species of Pontocypris, Propontocypris

{Propontocypris), and P. (Sche do pontocypris). Other

species of these groups show horizontal stretching and

slight anterior tilting of the whole scar (Figure 7E),

to such an extent that Miiller illustrated most scars for

Pontocypris [=Erythrocypris] as only three very

elongate diagonal bars. Less acuminate forms of Propontocypris (Propontocypris) and P. (Schedopontocypris) have a somewhat disorganized version of the

basic scar (Figure 7D, F, G) with the three anterior

scars arranged in a vertical arc. This trend proceeds

to the aggregate rosette pattern characteristic of P.

(Ekpontocypris) (Figure 7H) and culminates in the

extraordinary patterns of Australoecia and Pontocypria. None of these scars show any consistent trend

toward subdivision, except the dorsal scar under stress

of extreme elongation in P. (Pontocypris). An entirely

different trend is represented by the scar of Argilloecia

(Figure 7A) , with three large vertically stacked anterior

scars and two smaller posterior scars displaced dorsally.

The pontocyprid scar pattern shows some affinity

with those of the Macrocyprididae and especially of

Bythocypris (Bairdiidae, Bairdiacea), although here

again the homologies cannot be reliably established,

and the basic plan of organization and evolutionary

trends are clearly independent. Thus the muscle scars

corroborate internal evidence for the antiquity and independence of the Pontocyprididae. In my opinion,

there is strong justification for reviving the classification of the Gypridacea according to the scheme proposed by Aim (1916) and followed (except for the

inclusion of the Bairdiidae) by Sars (1923, 1925):

Superfamily Cypridacea

Family Macrocyprididae

Family Pontocyprididae

Family Cyprididae

Subfamily Cypridinae

Subfamily Candoninae

? Subfamily Paracypridinae

Subfamily Cyclocypridinae

Subfamily Cypridops'lae

Subfamily Ilyocypridinae

The general aspect of the carapace is also distinctive

for many members of the Pontocyprididae, being

thickly chitinous but weakly calcified. The carapace of

a typical living animal is yellow to light brown in color

A C *

B D E ^ w r G ^ ^ H

Pontocyprididae

J J

K *^*^ L

Paracypridinae

Bairdiidae

(Bythocypris) Macrocyprididae

• ^ m Q Ilyocypridinae

 s

Candoninae ^

Cypridinae

%

 * V ^

* Cyclocypridinae

Cypridopsinae

FIGURE 7.—Representative muscle-scar patterns of the eight

major families and subfamilies of Cypridacea plus Bythocypris

(Bairdiacea): A, Argilloecia species 7, "Challenger" specimen; B, Pontocypria meridionalis (Brady), lectotype; c,

Pontocypris species 3; D, Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris?) simplex (Brady), "Challenger" specimen; E, Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 7; F, Propontocypris

(Propontocypris) paradispar, new species; o, Propontocypris

(Schedopontocypris?) species 3; H, Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) species 2; i, Australoecia abyssophilia, new species;

j , Ghardaglaia species, Nosy B6; K, Paracypris polita Sars

(Sars, 1923); L, Phlyctenophora species, Spencer Gulf, South

Australia; M, Bythocypris species (near Nosy B6); tt,

Bythocypris species (west of Chile); o, Macrocyprina species

(Nosy B<); p, Macrocyprina species (False Bay; Q, Candona

acuta Hoff (Benson, 1967); R, Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr)

(Wagner, 1957); s, Ilyocypris biplicata (Koch) (San, 1923);

T, Cypris pubera O. F. Miiller (Van Morkhoven, 1963);

u, Cyprinotus salinus (Jordan, Bernstorff and Grundel, 1962);

v, Cypria opthalmica (Jurine) (Van Morkhoven, 1963);

w, Cyclocypris cinesea (Brady) (Van Morkhoven, 1963);

x, Cypridopsis vidua (O. F. Muller) (Benson, 1967);

Y, Potamocypris vanoyei De Vos (Van Morkhoven, 1963).
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

with dark brown margins; this color is retained in subfossil specimens. Normal pore canals are extremely numerous and often quite large and conspicuous, each

occupied by a short brown seta in the living animal.

The central part of the carapace may be occupied by a

suboval semiopaque area just behind the muscle-scar

pattern. The free portion of the inner lamella is entirely

uncalcified in Pontocypria, weakly calcified and visible

only in adults in the other genera.

Argilloecia, Australoecia, and Propontocypris {Ekpontocypris) may differ from this description in several

respects, having often a colorless or white carapace with

fewer and more distinct normal pore canals, and an irregularly widened fuse zone with conspicuous and often

complexly branching radial pore canals.

Valve overlap is uniformly right over left (in contrast to the Paracypridinae), except in certain species

of Australoecia. Conspicuous sexual dimorphism is

present but unpredictable; males may be larger than,

smaller than, or same size as females.

INTERNAL ANATOMY.—The appendages and genitalia of the Pontocyprididae are entirely distinctive. Unlike all other freshwater and marine Cypridacea, males

of the Pontocyprididae have an extremely simple ejaculatory organ, consisting of a simple tube slightly expanded at the two ends, only moderately chitinized,

and entirely lacking the chitinous spikes that radiate

from the typical cypridacean Zenckers organ.

Almost all Pontocyprididae have very long "swimming setae" on the antennules and antenna, corresponding to the strong swimming ability characteristic

of this group. The feeding structures of mandible and

maxilla are very weakly designed. The first thoracic

leg lacks the respiratory plate characteristic of the Bairdiacea, which is present in reduced or vestigial aspect

in both the Macrocyprididae and Cyprididae. The

third thoracic leg ("cleaning limb") carries one strong

conspicuously pectinate seta and at least two other long

setae, none of which are ever reflexed. The well-developed furca bears two stout claws and four slender setae.

Ecology and Distribution

ECOLOGY.—The family Pontocyprididae is exclusively marine and restricted to normal marine salinity.

Propontocypris has some tolerance for the higher

salinity and temperature fluctuations encountered

periodically in the lower littoral zone, as may be seen

from its common occurrence at Nosy Be, Madagascar,

and other island shore localities. It is never found,

however, in the upper littoral zone or in other extreme

conditions at Nosy B6, and it is completely absent from

even slightly brackish environments. Cyprids found

under these conditions are always of the Paracypridinae.

Propontocypris and Pontocypris are characteristic

of shallow-water nearshore environments, especially

those offering abundant phytal and coralline microhabitats, and are never found at bathyal or abyssal

depths and only rarely in offshore shelf sediments.

Argilloecia is most typical of deeper water, infraneritic

through bathyal depths. Argilloecia and Australoecia

are sparsely represented in the abyssal biofacies.

Hartmann (1963) has suggested that the development of an irregularly widened fused zone with many

long, often branching, radial pore canals is correlated

with strengthening of the ventral margin for adaptation to a benthic habitat and loss of swimming power,

arising independently in such unrelated forms as

Macrocyprissa, Paracypris, and Argilloecia. It is worth

noting, in this regard, that the only species of

Propontocypris with a wide marginal zone and long

branching radial pore canals, P. (Ekpontocypris)

epicyrta, new species, was collected living in Nosy B6

as epifauna on corals and on alga-encrusted shells of

Tridacna from the coral reefs but never as sediment

benthos. This species is laterally very compressed,

which heightens its superficial resemblance to the

Paradoxostomatidae (which also typically inhabit the

microphytal jungle encrusting coralline surfaces). The

so-called "swimming setae" of the antennules and

antennae of P. (E.) epicyrta are fully developed, and

there is no evidence for loss of swimming ability.

Almost all speqes of Pontocypris, Propontocypris,

and Pontocypria are extremely quick swimmers, though

they rarely move very far in one saltation. A few

species of Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) show

reduction in the "swimming setae" of the antenna; it

is not known whether this affects their swimming

ability. The burrowing form Argilloecia has long

"swimming setae" on the antenna, but the antennules

bear only a few long setae among the many shorter

ones, and even these are present only in the males.

INDIAN OCEAN DISTRIBUTION.—Published citations

of Indian Ocean and Antarctic Pontocyprididae are

almost entirely confined to the works of Brady (1868b,

Mauritius; 1886, Ceylon; 1880, south temperate region "Challenger" stations), A. Scott (1905, Ceylon),

Miiller (1908, South Africa, Antarctica), Chapman
NUMBER 7

(1902, 1910, Funafuti; 1915, 1941, Australia, Tasmania; 1916a, 1916b, 1919, Antarctica), and Maddocks (1966, 1968, Madagascar). The "Gazelle" collections described by Egger (1902) contained many

species of Pontocyprididae, but the illustrations and

identifications of this report are in general so inaccurate that no use can be made of them for either taxonomic or biogeographic purposes. Egger's report has

been entirely ignored in the present study.

Twenty-six nomenclatural and at least 30 morphologic species of Pontocyprididae, mostly belonging to

Propontocypris and Argilloecia, are represented in the

faunas described by the authors cited above. For seven

of these species the types have been examined and reassigned in this report; another species has been identified from the collections at hand. The lateral and

dorsal outlines illustrated elsewhere for most of these

species have been assembled from the literature into

Figure 8 for quick reference and to provide a convenient visual synonymy; the caption provides the

probable generic assignments in the modern classification. Figure 8 also summarizes the difficulty and frusFIOURB 8.—Twenty-six species of Pontocyprididae previously

described from Indian Ocean localities. Dorsal and lateral

outlines are taken from published illustrations in the following references: Brady, 1868b, 1869, 1880, 1886, 1890;

A. Scott, 1905; Chapman, 1902, 1910, 1915, 1916a, 1916b,

1919, 1941. A, ArgiUoecia claoata (Brady), 1880; B, Pontoeypria meridionalis (Brady), 1869; o, ArgiUoecia ebumea

Brady, 1880; D, ArgiUoecia tumida (Brady), 1880; s, Argilloecia obtusata (Brady), 1880; F, ArgiUoecia badia Brady,

1880; o, ArgiUoecia affinis Chapman, 1902; H, ArgiUoecia

pustila (Brady), 1880; i, Argilloecia gracilior Chapman,

1910; j , Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) robusta (A. Scott),

1905; x, Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris?) tumida (A. Scott),

1905; L, Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) davisoni (Brady),

1868b; u, Pontocypris subtriangularis Brady, 1880 [nomen

nudum]; N, Pontocypris subreniformis Brady of Chapman,

1916a; o, Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) simplex

(Brady), 1880; v, Propontocypris (Propontocypris) subreniformis (Brady), 1880; Q, Propontocypris (Propontocypris)

nitida (Brady), 1886; R, Pontocypris simplex Brady of Chapman, 1919; s, Pontocypris faba (Reuss) of Brady, 1880 ("female") ; T, Pontocypris bradyi Chapman, 1941 [=J\ faba

(Reuss) of Brady, 1880 ("male"), and Chapman, 1916b];

v, Propontocypris (Propontocypris) herdmani (A. Scott),

1905 [=Pontocypris attenuate Brady of Brady, 1890, and

Chapman, 1941]; v, Propontocypris (Propontocypris) attenuata (Brady), 1868b; w, Pontocypris attenuata Brady of

Chapman, 1915; x, Pontocypris sicula Brady, 1890; Y, Pontocypris gracilis Brady, 1890; z, Pontocypris davidiana Chapman, 1910.

tration of attempting to define and distinguish with

outline drawings alone the subtle multiplicity of geometric shapes represented by species of this group.

The most striking aspect of pontocyprid distribution

in the Indian Ocean is the extreme rarity of specimens

in subfossil faunas. Even in nearshore shallow-water

sands, representing favorable environments for these

epiphytal dwellers, they are frequently absent and

never abundant in most subfossil assemblages. Nevertheless, intensive sampling in shallow water, such as

in the Nosy B6 area, shows that species of Propontocypris are a consistent and abundant element of the

shallow-water fauna in living assemblages. Their rarity

in subfossil assemblages of high energy environments

is presumably due to their small size and fragile carapaces. Under exceptional conditions they may be

abundantly preserved; in the Nosy B6 region, certain

offshore clays with an otherwise typical shelf fauna

contain numerous specimens of a fragile species transported from the littoral zone. In general, the "Anton

Bruun" collections were made in water too deep for

most forms except Argilloecia. The localities listed
10

above represent only a small part of the material that

was searched, mostly unsuccessfully, for specimens of

Pontocyprididae.

The sparseness of representation compounds the difficulty of making species-level identifications of this

material. Wherever specimens are sufficiently abundant and well preserved, and invariably where appendages are available for study, evidence is accumulating

for an extremely rigid and narrowly defined morphologic species concept in this group. Similarly, most

species are more narrowly restricted in their geographic

range than statements in existing literature would

imply. Very few species could be identified from two

or more samples of the Indian Ocean collections.

Geographically distant assemblages, however, often

contain parallel species, easily distinguished but obviously closely related. Such species-level parallelism

is especially characteristic of the southern latitudes,

as among New Zealand, Kerguelen Islands, and South

Africa.

The absence of reliably identified Pontocypris in

these collections is interesting, as species of this genus

are well represented in northern European and

Mediterranean assemblages.

Family Pontocyprididae Miiller, 1894

Subfamily PONTOCYPRINAE Muller, 1894, p. 246; 1912, p.

109.—San, 1923, p. 46.

Subfamily PONTOCYPRJDINAE.—Kaufmann, 1900, p. 108.—

Pokorny, 1958, p. 228.—Hartmann, 1963, p. 126.—Van

Morkhoven, 1962, p. 107.

Gruppe PONTOCYPRIDAB.—Aim, 1916, p. 27.

Family PONTOCYPRIDIDAE.—Swain, 1961, p. Q247.

TYPE-GENUS.—Pontocypris Sars, 1866.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace varying from subtriangular

to nearly oval in lateral view, surface smooth; musclescar pattern a cluster of five discrete scars, normal pore

canals numerous and tiny, hinge simple.

Masticatory process of mandible with simple clawlike teeth, those of maxilla much reduced. First thoracic leg without respiratory plate, three-segmented

and subpediform in female, transformed into nearly

symmetrical hook-shape grasping organs in male. Terminal podomere of third thoracic leg with three

unequal setae, one of which is pectinated, none ever

recurved; dorsal margin of podomere with two or three

cuspate projections. Furca well developed, with two

terminal claws and four slender setae. Testes and

ovaries located between valve lamellae. Ejaculatory

ducts very simple tubular structures with swollen ends,

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

without whorls of chitinous spikes. Efferent ducts not

convoluted.

INCLUDED GENERA.—The following genera have

Recent representatives: Pontocypris, Pro pontocypris,

Pontocypria, Australoecia, and Argilloecia.

Genus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947

Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947, p. 193.—Van Morkhoven, 1963, p. 74.

Pontocypris San [part], 1866, p. 13.—Brady, 1868a, p. 384.—

Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, p. 136.—Brady,

1878, p. 381; 1880, p. 35.—Cushman, 1906, p. 367.

Pontocypris Sars.—Muller, 1894, p. 246; 1912, p. 109.-5311,

1923, p. 47.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Pontocypris trigonella Sars, 1866

(by Sylvester-Bradley, 1947).

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace suboval to subtriangular in

lateral view, dorsal margin broadly arched with greatest

height located slightly before midlength, posteroventral

angle narrowly rounded or acutely angled; posteroventral margin of right valve not serrate; exterior setae

dense and short. Muscle-scar pattern composed of five

discrete scars arranged in three horizontal rows.

Eyes always present Antennules rather elongate,

eight-segmented, most setae of last four podomeres very

long. Mandibular palp with three setae on ventral margin of basal segment. Palps of first thoracic legs in male

of moderate size and nearly symmetrical. Last podomere of third thoracic leg with thick pectinate seta and

three slender setae, one of which is much longer than

petinate seta, others much shorter. Furca with two

stout subterminal claws, proximal one usually somewhat longer, tiny apical seta, one slender seta of variable size near claws, and two slender setae of variable

length at midpoint of dorsal margin. Testes are located

between posterior lamellae of carapace, extend

ventrally forward, and may form dense coil in anterior

vestibule. Ovaries form thick irregular sigmoid curve

in posterior vestibule.

INCLUDED SPECIES.—Recent species for which soft

parts have been described, listed by original binomen:

Propontocypris calderensis Hartmann, 1962

Pontocypris declivis Muller, 1894

P. dispar Muller, 1894

P. edwardsi Cushman, 1906

P. flava Muller, 1908

P. gaussi Muller, 1908

Bythocypris howei Puri (by Hulings, 1966)

Pontocypris in flat a Muller, 1908

P. intermedia Brady, 1868c
NUMBER 7 11

Propontocypris iquiquensis Hartmann, 1962

Pontocypris levis Miiller, 1894

P. maculosa Muller, 1894

P. mediterranea Muller, 1894

P. monstrosa Muller, 1894

P. pellucida Muller, 1894

P. pirifera Muller, 1894

P. setosa Muller, 1894

P. subfusca Muller, 1894

P. sue cine a Muller, 1894

P. trigonella Sars, 1866

Many other species have been described on carapace

only, including the following species from the Indian

Ocean region which are listed by original binomen.

Pontocypris attenuata Brady, 1868b

P. bradyi Chapman, 1941

P. davidiana Chapman, 1910

P. davisoni Brady, 1868b

P. gracilis Brady, 1890

Erythrocypris herdmani A. Scott, 1905

Pontocypris nitida Brady, 1886

P. robusta A. Scott, 1905

P. sicula Brady, 1890

P. simplex Brady, 1880

P. subreniformis Brady, 1880

P. tumida A. Scott, 1905

Seven new species of Propontocypris are named and

described below:

P. (Propontocypris) crocata, new species

P. (Propontocypris) quasicrocata, new species

P. (Propontocypris) paradispar, new species

P. (Propontocypris?) lobodonta, new species

P. (Ekpontocypris?) epicyrta, new species

P. (Ekpontocypris) litoricola, new species

P. (Ekpontocypris) memurdoensis, new species

P. (Schedopontocypris) bengalensis, new species

Subgenus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947

TYPE-SPECIES.—Pontocypris trigonella Sars, 1866.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace compressed, rounded subtriangular in lateral outline, location of greatest height

a distinct angle. Greatest thickness located anterior to

midlength at obscure angle in dorsal outline, sides

converging linearly to narrowly rounded anterior and

posterior ends. Muscle-scar pattern composed of five

discrete scars in three horizontal or slightly tilted rows;

dorsal scar may be divided.

Ejaculatory organ of male tubular dumbbell-shape,

with swollen globular ends; vas deferens long and narrow. Copulatory organ of variable shape but usually

somewhat elongate, with straight venter, broadly and

bluntly terminated, with long spirally coiled, distally

thickened copulatory tube. Testes may or may not form

anterior coil.

AFFINITIES.—This subgenus corresponds closely to

Muller's group 3 (1894, p. 247). The subgenus comprises a large group of rather closely related species

whose compressed subtriangular carapace and appendage anatomy have represented the normative standard

for the concept of the genus. In carapace morphology

and especially in muscle-scar pattern it shares many

attributes with Pontocypris. The narrowly defined

morphologic limits of species of this group combine

with the difficulties of interpreting illustrations of

smooth carapaces to encourage the apparent proliferation of nomenclatural species. In fact, these are mostly

valid "biologic species" as well; it seems that more

sophisticated statistical methods will be necessary to

diagnose accurately the geometric parameters of these

shapes.

INCLUDED SPECIES of P. (Propontocypris).

P. (P.) attenuata (Brady), 1868b

P. (P.) dispar (Muller), 1894

P. (P.) herdmani (Scott), 1905

P. (P.) intermedia (Brady), 1868c

P. (P.) maculosa (Muller), 1894

P. (P.) mediterranea (Muller), 1894

P. (P.) monstrosa (Muller), 1894

P. (P.) nitida (Brady), 1886

P. (P.) setosa (Muller), 1894

P. (P.) subreniformis (Brady), 1880

P. (P.) trigonella (Sars), 1866

P. (P.) crocata, new species

P. (P.?) lobodonta, new species

P. (P.) paradispar, new species

P. (P.) quasicrocata, new species

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) crocata,

new species

FIGURES 9; 10; 11B,D-F, I-M

Species DE Maddocks, 1966, p. 50, fig. 17.

Propontocypris sp.—Maddocks, 1968, fig. 2.

ETYMOLOGY.—Latin crocatus, saffron-yellow.

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype male USNM 121100,

allotype female USNM 121101, paratypes USNM

119804, 119805, 121102, 121103, 121251.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Nosy Be, Madagascar, sample no.

290 (washings of alga growing at lowest tide level on

the back-reef platform near the village of Antafianambitry).
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 9.—Propontocypris (Propontocypris) crocata, new species, A, B, D, adult male USNM

119804; o, E, adult male USNM 121100: A, right antennule; B, right mandible; c, right antenna;

D, right maxiliar palp and masticatory processes; E, vibratory plate of left maxilla.
NUMBER 7 13

H

FIGURE 10.—Propontocypris {Propontocypns) crocata, new species, A, B, O, adult female USNM

121102; c, E, F, adult male USNM 119804; D, H, adult male USNM 121100: A, left second

thoracic leg; B, right third thoracic leg; c, left first thoracic leg; D, right first thoracic leg; E,

testes and ejaculatory organ; F, furca; o, left first thoracic leg; H, copulatory organ.

326-128 O—69 3
14

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace rounded subtriangular in

lateral outline with distinct dorsal angle, males and

females of equal size and shape. Normal pore canals

very small and numerous, each with short thin brown

seta, radial pore canals indistinct or not differentiated.

Muscle-scar pattern an orderly arrangement of five

adductor scars in three widely separated horizontal

rows, topmost scar partly divided. Carapace of living

specimen transparent and yellowish, body deep yellow

with brown patches, appendages yellow. Juveniles relatively more elongate and posteriorly more acuminate

than adults.

Ftotnts 11.—Propontoeypris (Propontoeypris) quatieroeata

new species, A, C, O, H, USNM 121104. Propontocypris (Propoutocyprus) crocata, new species, », o, juvenile USNM

121103; B, adult male KU 1000038; r, adult female USNM

121102; i, L, adult male USNM 119804; K, M, adult female

USNM 121101; j , adult male USNM 121100.

A, right exterior view; B, left exterior view; c, left exterior

view; D, right exterior view; E, dorsal view of both valves;

r, left exterior view, showing position of eyes and ovaries;

o, H, t, muscle-scar patterns seen from exterior view; j , left

exterior view showing position of testes; K, left exterior view,

L, right exterior view; u, right exterior view.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Palps of first thoracic legs of male slightly asymmetrical, with moderately thick right-angled hooks tapering

distally and terminated by a tiny digitiform seta; basal

podomere of palp subquadrangular, with swollen

lobate peg, slender flagellate seta, and tapered ventral

seta slightly longer than peg. Third thoracic leg with

stout finely pectinate seta having especially long and

thick proximal barb, slender tapered seta half as thick

as pectinate seta and half again as long, short tapered

seta half as thick but just as long as pectinate seta, and

slender distally spatulate sensory seta slightly shorter

than pectinate seta. Furca with two smooth slender

tapered claws, distal claw half as long and two-thirds as

thick as proximal claw; distal seta very thin and onethird as long as distal claw, median seta enlarged to

equal distal claw in thickness and proximal claw in

length, proximal setae slender and subequal in length,

longer than median seta. Copulatory organ of male

oblong, bluntly truncate anteriorly, height/length ratio

approximately one-third. Vas deferens narrow, copulatory tube spirally coiled clockwise and distally

spatulate. Testes arranged in thick posterior loop, extending anteriorly along venter, and forming dense

coil in anterior vestibule.

MATERIAL.—Nosy B6: 284 living specimens, 607

subfossil specimens.

DIMENSIONS.—Adult male, USNM 119804: left

valve, length 0.76 mm, greatest height 0.43 mm, located

0.31 mm from anterior, thickness 0.23 mm; right valve,

length 0.78 mm, greatest height 0.43 mm, located 0.30

mm from anterior, thickness 0.17 mm.

Adult female, USNM 121101: left valve, length 0.76

mm, greatest height 0.43 mm, located 0.30 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.25 mm; right valve, length 0.78

mm, greatest height 0.44 mm, located 0.30 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.19 mm.

HABITAT.—Nosy B6: common on many varieties of

calcareous and noncalcareous algae, Thallassia, beachstranded sponges, and dead coral and shell fragment

accumulations, at all littoral and sublittoral shore collecting localities.

SUBFOSSIL DISTRIBUTION.—Nosy B€: widely dispersed but never abundant among sediments of all

types from the intertidal zone to more than 40 m depth.

AFFINITIES.—This species is very similar to P. (P.)

intermedia (Brady) but the carapace of the latter is not

as high, and its copulatory organ has an anterior conical protuberance. P. (P.) dispar (Muller) is very similar in appendage and reproductive morphology but
NUMBER 7 15

shows extreme dimorphism in carapace outline, the

height/length ratio being 0.46 for males, 0.54 for females. P. (P.) trigonella (Sars) is not as high, less

acuminate posteriorly, conspicuously dimorphic, and

has posteriorly confined testes and recurved hooks on

the palps of the male first thoracic legs. The lateral outline of P. (P.) crocata, new species, somewhat resembles that of P. (P.) herdmani (Scott); the latter is

larger and more angulate in lateral outline, and its

left valve has a single stout posteroventral spine. P.

(P.) attenuata (Brady) is larger and more acutely

terminated.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) quasicrocata,

new species

FIGURE 11A, C,Q, B

ETYMOLOGY.—Latin, quasi-, simulating, from its

resemblance to the Instar I stage of P. (P.) crocata,

new species.

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121104, paratypes USNM 121105-121108.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Nosy B6, Madagascar, sample 497

(grab sample 2 km south of Hellville, depth approximately 20 m).

DIAGNOSIS.—Adult carapace extremely similar in

size and shape to the Instar i stage (Figure 1B, D) of

P. (P.) crocata, new species, but with fully mature

inner lamella and slightly less attenuate posterior angle,

considerably smaller and with distinctly more attenuate

posterior angle when compared with adult stage of P.

(P.) crocata. Carapace strongly compressed, very

fragile.

MATERIAL.—Nosy Be: 73 specimens, all subfossil. A

few specimens contain fragments of appendages, not

well enough preserved to yield further information

about the affinities of this form. Tulear: two specimens, both subfossil, at station AB-364A. Bay of

Bengal: three specimens, all subfossil, slightly smaller

than the Madagascar specimens, at AB-28A.

DIMENSIONS.—Nosy B£ adult specimen USNM

121104: left valve, length 0.61 mm, greatest height

0.32 mm, located 0.25 mm from anterior, thickness

0.13 mm; right valve, length 0.60 mm, greatest height

0.32 mm, located 0.26 mm from anterior, thickness

0.12 mm.

Bay of Bengal specimen USNM 121105: right valve,

length 0.58 mm, greatest height 0.32 mm, located 0.23

mm from anterior, thickness 0.14 mm.

Tulear specimen USNM 121106: right valve, length

0.56 mm, greatest height 0.31 mm, located 0.24 mm

from anterior, thickness 0.13 mm.

HABITAT.—Probably crawling on algae and corals

in the coral reef and backreef platform zones near

shore.

SUBFOSSIL DISTRIBUTION.—Nosy B6 widely distributed but never abundant in shallow-water and

intertidal carbonate sands, especially near coral reefs.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) paradispar,

new species

Figures 7F, 12,13

ETYMOLOGY.—Greek para-, near; from its affinity to

P. (P.) rf«/>ar (Muller).

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121109, paratypes USNM 121110, 121111.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—"Anton Bruun" cruise 9 station

453.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace small, fragile, moderately inflated; lateral outline rounded subtriangular without

marked dorsal angle, moderately acuminate posterior

angle; greatest height located considerably anterior to

midlength; sexual dimorphism not pronounced.

Appendage anatomy essentially identical to that of

the closely related species P. (P.) dispar (Muller), P.

(P.) intermedia (Brady), and P. (P.) maculosa

(Muller), and very similar to that of P. (P.) crocata,

new species. Barbs of pectinate seta of third thoracic leg

enlarged equally and gradually Hirffiiniafiipg in size.

Copulatory organ with distal end swollen and overhanging dorsally, copulatory tube tapering distally.

Median seta of furca enlarged and distally feathered.

MATERIAL.—One male and one female living at station AB-453, one female from station AB-28A, all

adults.

DIMENSIONS.—Adult male USNM 121109 from

AB-453: left valve, length 0.61 mm, greatest height

0.34 mm, located 0.25 mm from anterior.

Adult female USNM 121111 from AB-453: left

valve, length 0.66 mm, greatest height 0.35 mm, located 0.29 mm from anterior, thickness 0.15 mm; right

valve, length 0.68 mm, greatest height 0.36 mm, located

0.31 mm from anterior, thickness 0.15 mm.

HABITAT.—Collected in sediment from 66 m in the

Andaman Sea and 47-49 m off Cape Guardafui.

AFFINITIES.—This species is one of a complex of

forms including P. (P.) dispar (Muller), P. (P.) intermedia (Brady), P. (P.) maculosa (Muller), and
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 12.—Propontoeypris (Propontoeypris) paradispar, new species, A, E, F, H, adult female

USNM 121110; B-D, O, adult male USNM 121109: A, mandible; B, antenna; c, second thoracic

leg: D, third thoracic leg; E, basal part of maxilla; F, furca; o, antennule; B, first thoracic leg of

female.
NUMBER 7

probably P. (P.) quasicrocata, new species, which are

distinguishable only on subtleties of carapace curvature

and outline and on distal outline of copulatory organ.

FIGURE 13.—Propontocypris (Propontocypris) paradispar,

new species, A-D, adult female USNM 121110; E-F, J, adult

female USNM 121111; H, I, K-P, adult male USNM 121109:

A, B, E, F, H, i, carapace exteriors with positions of ovaries or

testes; c, D, a, J, K, N, muscle-scar patterns with opaque spots,

seen from exterior; L, M, first thoracic legs of male; o, male

copulatory organ; P, ejaculatory organ.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) herdmani

(A. Scott), 1905

FIGURES 8U; 14F, O, L, M

Erythrocypris herdmani A. Scott, 1905, p. 372, pi. 1: figs. 15,

16.

Pontocypris attenuate Brady.—Brady, 1890, p. 491, pi. 1:

figs. 3, 4.—Chapman, 1919, p. 17; 1941, p. 194, pi. 9:

fig. 8.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace large, moderately inflated,

nearly subtriangular in lateral outline with highly

arched, angulate dorsal margin and sharply pointed

posterior angle, the right valve terminated by a short

hollow spine.

MATERIAL.—Nineteen specimens from eight stations

17

in the Bay of Bengal, all subfossil, USNM 121112-

121114,121122-121127.

DIMENSIONS.—Adult specimen USNM 121112 from

AB-36A: right valve, length including spine 0.82 mm,

length without spine 0.79 mm, greatest height 0.43 mm,

located 0.32 mm from anterior, thickness 0.20 mm.

Adult specimen USNM 121113 from AB-87K: left

valve, length 0.76 mm, greatest height 0.41 mm, located

0.29 mm from anterior thickness 0.19 mm.

DISTRIBUTION.—Recovered from sediments in the

Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea at depths ranging

from 19 to 68 m; "Anton Bruun" stations 36A, 42, 46,

47, 87i, 87K, 87N, 88. Recorded from the Gulf of Manaar by A. Scott (1905); from Noumea, New Caledonia, and Samoa by Brady (1890); from Bass Strait

and southeast Australia by Chapman (1941).

AFFINITIES.—This species is one expression of a very

widely distributed morphologic type within the subgenus Propontocypris. Other species with a very similar

carapace shape include P. (P.) crocata, new species,

and P. (P.) quasicrocata, new species, P. (P.) species

1, 2, 3, and 6, and the forms identified variously as

Pontocypris faba (Reuss) and Pontocypris bradyi

Chapman. The presence of the terminal spine on the

right valve, while it serves to confirm the identification

with the forms described by Brady (1890) and A.

Scott (1905), probably cannot be relied upon as an

invariant property of a species.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) subreniformis

(Brady), 1880

FIGURE 8P

Pontocypris(?) subreniformis Brady, 1880, p. 38, pi. 7:

fig. 5a-d [not pi. 15: fig. 6a-d].

Not Pontocypris subreniformis T. Scott, 1894, p. 136, pi. 14:

figs. 38, 39.

Not Pontocypris (?) subtriangularis Brady, 1880, pi. 15

[nomen nudum].

Not Pontocypris subreniformis Brady.—Chapman, 1915, p. 35;

1916a, p. 37; 1941, p. 194.

MATERIAL.—A single whole specimen containing

dry appendages, in the "Challenger" collection (G. S.

Brady, 1880) of the British Museum (Natural History), Catalog No. 81.5, slide no. 11. Its source is

labeled as Port Jackson, depth 2-10 fms.

DISTRIBUTION.—Port Jackson, Australia, depth 2-10

fms; ?Simon's Bay, South Africa, depth 15-20 fms

(Brady, 1880).
18

AFFINITIES.—This specimen agrees well with that

illustrated by Brady (1880) as plate 7: figure 5a-d,

and identified as Pontocypris subreniformis. In

his plate 15: figure 6a-d, Brady illustrated a form with

more angulate outline and greater inflation, identified

in the caption as Pontocypris (?) subtriangutaris. As

there is no description of this species in the text, subsequent readers, including Muller (1912) and Chapman (1915,1941) have assumed this to be an alternative illustration of P. subreniformis and have cited this

illustration indiscriminately with that of Brady's plate 7,

a conclusion reinforced by the fact that Brady himself

cited only the plate 15 illustration in the text description of P. subreniformis. This synonymization of me

two forms may well correspond to Brady's own conFIOURB 14.—Propontocypris {Propontocypris) species 1: B.

R, USNM 121129; c, i, USNM 121128. Propontocypris {Propontocypris) species 2: A, USNM 121133; D, B, USNM

121132. Propontocypris .{Propontocypris) species 3: j ,

USNM 121134; K, USNM 121135. Propontocypris {Propontocypris) herdnutni (A. Scott): r, U, USNM 121113;

o, L, USNM 121112.

A, D, H-M, carapace exteriors; B, C, E-G, muscle-scar patterns with opaque spots, seen from exterior.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

elusions; nevertheless comparison of the two illustrations in the context of the much greater number of

species known today shows that they belong to separate

species and very possibly even to distinct subgenenu

The "Challenger" specimen under consideration

(the lectotype-designate of Puri, 1968) corresponds

well to Brady's plate 7: figure 5a-d. Its mild compression and posterior attenuation in dorsal view is compatible with the subgenus Propontocypris; its rounded

contours in lateral view are reminiscent of P. (P.?) lobodonta, new species (see below).

The illustration of P. subtriangularis (Brady, 1880,

pi. 15: fig. 6a~d) is much more angulate in lateral outline, with the narrowly rounded margin (noted by

Brady as anterior depression?) and bluntly truncated

posterior; in dorsal view the outline is ovate, the carapace evenly inflated and gently rounded at both ends.

Thus this species is probably a member of the subgenus

Ekpontocypris (p. 27). It is tempting to suppose that

this is the specimen Brady recorded from Simonstown,

but this cannot be proven. It has not been identified

from subsequent collections in this region, unless as

Pontocypris gaussi Muller, 1908, which has a very similar lateral outline but clearly belongs to the subgenus

Schedopontocypris (p. 37) on the basis of the musclescar pattern and soft parts.

Chapman (1915, 1941) did not illustrate the specimens he identified as Pontocypris subreniformis Brady

from southeast Australia and east of Tasmania; as he

cited both of Brady's illustrations, it is probable that

he included both forms in his concept of the species. A

single specimen from Wynyard Beach, Tasmania, described below as Propontocypris (P.) species 4, resembles in lateral but not dorsal outline plate 15: figure 6a-d of Brady (1880).

Chapman's (1916a) suggestion that plate 7: figure

5a-d, may be regarded as an illustration of "Bythocypris subreniformis Brady" is clearly erroneous, according to any hypothesis. In any case, P. subtriangularis is

a nomen nudum, and this form, if ever recovered in

recognizable condition, must be treated as a new

species.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris?) lobodonta,

new species

FIGURES 15, 16

Species DE [part] Maddocks, 1966, p. 50.

ETYMOLOGY.—Greek: lobos, rounded projection;

odous, tooth.
NUMBER 7 19

FIGURE 15.—Propontoeypris (Propontocypris?) lobodonta, new species: A, D-O, J, K, adult male

USNM 121115; B, H, I, adult female USNM 121116; c, adult male USNM 121117; all from

Nosy Be1, A, antennule; B, right muscle-scar pattern from exterior; c, antenna; D, P, first thoracic

legs; E, simplified drawing of Figure 15F; O, second thoracic leg; H, I, carapace exteriors; j , K,

carapace exteriors with positions of testes.
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 16.—Propontocypris (Propontocypris ?) lobodonta, new species: A, C-E, adult male

USNM 121115; B, F, adult female USNM 121116; o, adult male USNM 121117; all from

Nosy B6. A, mandible; B, first thoracic leg; c, third thoracic leg; D, enlarged view of third thoracic

leg; E, basal part of maxilla; F, furca; o, copulatory organ.
NUMBER 7 21

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121115, allotype USNM 121116, paratypes USNM 121117-

121121, 121250.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Nosy B6, Madagascar, sample 196

(washings of Enteromorpha-\ike alga growing at low

tide at Ambariobe).

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace smooth, moderately inflated,

greatest height and greatest thickness located slightly

anterior to midlength. Dorsal margin in lateral view

highly arched and angulate, narrowly rounded posteroventral angle located below one-fifth height, anterior margin very broadly rounded; females much

smaller than males. Muscle-scar pattern an orderly arrangement of five scars in three horizontal rows, topmost scar not divided. Carapace of preserved specimen

translucent white with short golden setae, body and

appendages yellow, thick chitinous structures dark

brown.

Mandible with stout multilobed teeth on the basal

part, of the structural type found in the Paracyprididae, Macrocyprididae, and Bairdiidae; basal podomere of palp with three long annular feathered setae

and one short simple seta, ventrodistal claw of podomere-2 and all distal claws of endopodite of annular

and feathered structure. Maxilla with dorsomedian

seta of basal podomere of palp pulmose, first and second masticatory processes each with two setae thickened and sparsely feathered, four setae slender and

simple; third masticatory process with two setae thickened and abundantly feathered, two thick and simple,

one short and simple. Palp of first thoracic legs of male

with slender curved terminal hook; asymmetric peg on

basal podomere, elongate and digitiform on one leg,

short and nodular on the other. Second thoracic leg

with dorsolateral mane of about ten fine setae at knee

joint; podomeres-3 and -4 each with thick posteromarginal mane of short hairs, suture at their junction

unusually distinct and perhaps movable, distal setae of

each unusually long; terminal claw finely but distinctly

pectinate. Pectinate seta of third thoracic leg very stout

with regularly diminishing barbs; simple tapered seta

five-fourths as long and one-half as thick as pectinate

seta; triangularly spatulate seta four-fifths as long and

one-fourth as thick as pectinate seta; slightly shorter

and thinner, flexible, distally bladed seta. Furca with

proximal claw twice as long and thick as distal claw,

both distally barbed; distal seta tiny and half as long

as distal claw, median and proximal setae of graduated

length, thickly pectinate, median seta twice as thick

820-128<

as proximal setae. Copulatory organ of male arcuate,

oblong, distally blunt and wrinkled in outline; copulatory tube short, straight and horizontal; vas deferens

narrow. Testes confined to simple loop in posterior part

of carapace.

MATERIAL.—Nosy B6: 24 living specimens, 684 subfossil specimens. Grand Comoro Island: Two living

specimens, eight subfossil specimens.

DIMENSIONS.—Adult male specimen USNM 121115

from Nosy Be": left valve, length 0.90 mm, greatest

height 0.52 mm, located 0.41 mm from anterior, thickness 0.22 mm; right valve, length 0.92 mm, greatest

height 0.52 mm, located 0.41 mm from anterior, thickness 0.23 mm.

Adult female USNM 121116 from Nosy B6: left

valve, length 0.72 mm, greatest height 0.46 mm, located 0.37 mm from anterior, thickness 0.25 mm; right

valve, length 0.79 mm, greatest height 0.47 mm, located 0.36 mm from anterior, thickness 0.21 mm.

Adult male specimen USNM 121118 from Grand

Comoro Island: left valve, length 0.87 mm, greatest

height 0.50 mm, located 0.40 mm from anterior, thickness 0.24 mm; right valve, length 0.89 mm, greatest

height 0.51 mm, located 0.41 mm from anterior,

thickness 0.24 mm.

HABITAT.—Nosy Be": infrequent in washings of

Enteromorpha-hke algae from low tide level, of corals

from the sublittoral zone, and in coralline sand from

low tide level to 15 m depth. Grand Comoro Island:

carbonate sand near coral reefs at about 70 feet depth.

SUBFOSSIL DISTRIBUTION.—Nosy Be": extremely

abundant in fine carbonate mud in the Lac du Cratere

and from the front slope of the Sambirano River delta

at 10-20 m depth; moderately abundant in shallowwater sands and sandy muds of all types, also present

in intertidal beach sands and carbonate reef sands.

Abundance appears to be dependent on nearby source

of supply in reef or littoral zone and low energy sedimentary environment. Grand Comoro Island: carbonate reef sand.

AFFINITIES.—This anomalous species is not closely

allied to the normative members of Propontocypris

(P.), from which it differs in structure of copulatory

organ as well as mandible. The carapace shape and

muscle-scar pattern, however, are closer to this group

than to either of the two other subgenera.

This very large and ruggedly developed species displays feathering, pectination, and other hirsute characteristics wherever an appendage structure has this
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

potential. Presumably this high degree of differentiation is directly related to the increased size. Most of

these features are also present in one or more species

elsewhere in the genus or family, but their simultaneous and profuse expression here in one species produces a sumptuous impression unparalleled elsewhere.

The stout multilobed mandibular teeth, of the

structural type charactertistic of the Paracyprididae,

Macrocyprididae, and Bairdiidae, are not known from

any other form in the Pontocyprididae, nor are any

transitional types known between this type and the

usual pontocyprid pattern, which consists of very

simple slender, curved, tapering denticles. Large size

alone is not the causative factor, as many other species

of Pontocyprididae reach lengths of more than a millimeter, and all retain the normal structure of mandibular dentition.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 1

FIGURE 14B, C, H, I

MATERIAL.—Four subfossil valves from stations AB371F, 371O, 372M; USNM 121128-121131.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121128: left

valve, length 0.87 mm, greatest height 0.46 mm, located 0.38 mm from anterior, thickness 0.20 mm.

Specimen USNM 121129: right valve, length 0.88

mm, greatest height 0.46 mm, located 0.38 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.20 mm.

DISTRIBUTION.—Collected in sediment from 55, 73,

and 110 m depth off Mozambique.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace more inflated and more

elongate than most other members of the group typified by P. (P.) crocata, new species, and lacking any

terminal spine.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 2

FIOURE 14A, D, E

MATERIAL.—Two subfossil valves from station AB364A.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121132: left

valve, length 0.74 mm, greatest height 0.43 mm, located 0.33 mm from anterior, thickness 0.18 mm.

Specimen USNM 121133: right valve, length 0.72

mm, greatest height 0.42 mm, located 0.30 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.17 mm.

DISTRIBUTION.—Collected in sediment at 51 m

depth off Tulear, Madagascar.

AFFINITIES.—Similar to P. (P.) crocata, new

species, but anterior margin more narrowly rounded,

posterior end more acutely pointed.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 3

FIGURE 14J, K

MATERIAL.—Three subfossil valves from station

AB-381c; USNM 121134-121136.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121134: right

valve, length 0.79 mm, greatest height 0.42 mm,

located 0.35 mm from anterior.

Specimen USNM 121135: left valve, length 0.76

mm, greatest height 0.42 mm, located 0.35 mm from

anterior.

DISTRIBUTION.—Collected in sediment at 40 m

depth, Walterson Shoal.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace outline very similar to that

of P. (P.) herdmani (A. Scott) but dorsal angle more

rounded, posterior margin sloping more steeply,

posterior angle more acute and slightly upswung,

lacking posterior spine.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris?) species 4

FIGURE 31

?Pontocypris(?) subreniformis Brady.—Chapman, 1915, p.

35; 1916a, p. 37; 1941, p. 194.

?Pontocypris(?) subtriangularis Brady, 1880, pi. 15: fig.

6a-d.

MATERIAL.—A single subfossil valve from Wynyard

Beach, Tasmania.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121137: left

valve, length 0.52 mm, greatest height 0.26 mm, located 0.23 mm from anterior, thickness 0.17 mm.

DISTRIBUTION.—Beach sand, Wynyard Beach, Tasmania; (?) 777 fms depth, east of Tasmania (Chapman, 1915); (?) Quaternary marine muds, Antarctica

(Chapman, 1916a); (?) 65 and 505 fms depth, southeast Australia (Chapman, 1941).

AFFINITIES.—This specimen resembles that illustrated by Brady (1880, pi. 15: fig. 6a-d) in lateral outline, but its more attenuate dorsal outline suggests that

it should be placed in the subgenus Propontocypris

rather than Ekpontocypris. Its muscle-scar pattern cannot be seen. The excellent development of the radial

pore canals corresponds to that found in some members

of the subgenus Schedopontocypris.
NUMBER 7 23

Propontocypris (Propontocypris?) species 5

FIGURES 17K, 18

MATERIAL.—A single whole adult male, collected

living in reef sand at Tulear, Madagascar. This specimen, though fully mature and apparently in excellent

condition, is missing one first thoracic leg and both

third thoracic legs.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121138: left

valve, length 0.63 mm, greatest height 0.31 mm, located at 0.24 mm from anterior, thickness 0.17 mm.

AFFINITIES.—This specimen, while its carapace

shape and muscle-scar pattern are conformable with

those of the subgenus Propontocypris, displays several

extremely anomalous characters of the appendages and

genitalia, unparalleled elsewhere in the genus.

Antennule, with podomeres-4 and -5 completely

fused, retaining short setae at their junction. Antenna

with rather short and slender claws, "swimming setae"

entirely absent. Copulatory organ sharply and angularly truncated distally, with conical dorsomedian and

ventrodistal prominences, copulatory tube long but

crooked rather than spiral. Testes arranged in usual

posterior loop continuing anteriorly to form a close

spiral in anterior vestibule, also forming an unprecedented dorsal coil above ejaculatory organ. Ejaculatory organ of usual dumbbell shape, vas deferens thick

and wrapped in a close coil dorsal to the ejaculatory

organ before connecting with copulatory organ.

It is unfortunate that no living males could be

studied of P. (P.) species 7, which this species most

closely approaches in carapace shape. The fusion of

podomeres 4 and 5 of the antennule is seen also in

certain species of the subgenus Schedopontocypris and

is incipiently expressed in P. (P.) species 7 and P.

(P.?) lobodonta, new species. Certain species of P.

{Schedopontocypris) have the "swimming setae" of

the antenna much shortened. The shape of the copulatory organ is unlike any other presently known. The

dorsal coiling of the testes has not been described for

any other species. A similar coiling of the vas deferens

is diagnostic of the presumably unrelated subgenus

Macrocypris Brady.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 6

FIGURE

MATERIAL.—A single adult female collected living

at station AB-202c in the Arabian Sea.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121139: left

valve, length 0.62 mm, greatest height 0.35 *"*", located 0.26 mm from anterior; right valve, length 0.63

mm, greatest height 0.35 mm, located 0.27 mm from

anterior.

AFFINITIES.—This specimen represents yet another

subtle variant of the P. (P.) dispar group. It is slightly

more elongate than P. (P.) quasicrocata, new species,

but otherwise similar in carapace shape. It differs from

P. (P.) paradispar, new species, in its more pronounced

dorsal angle and the vestigial peneproximal barb on

the pectinate seta of the third leg. Furca and pectinate

seta very similar to those of P. (P.) species 8.

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 7

FIGURES 7E, 17A~O, 19

MATERIAL.—Mauritius: three adult valves, from

intertidal mud, USNM 121140-121142. Cape Guardafui: one adult female collected living, station AB-453.

DIMENSIONS.—Adult specimen USNM 121140 from

Mauritius: left valve, length 0.63 mm, greatest height

0.28 mm, located 0.31 mm from anterior, thickness

0.14 mm.

Adult female specimen USNM 121141 from AB453: left valve, length 0.62 mm, greatest height 0.29

mm, located 0.20 mm from anterior, thickness 0.13

mm; right valve, length 0.63 mm, greatest height 0.30

mm, located 0.12 mm from anterior, thickness 0.12

mm.

DISTRIBUTION.—Living at 47-49 m depth off Cape

Guardafui, Somali Republic; subfossil in intertidal

mud, Mauritius.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace small, very compressed,

acutely prolonged posteriorly; greatest height located

at anterior third, equal to less than half of length, dorsal margin sloping smoothly and steeply behind and

before; inner margin coincident with line of concrescence in ventral region; topmost scar of musclescar pattern partially divided.

Specimens of this general type are widely distributed

in Indopacific assemblages; the traditional name for

any such elongate subtriangular species is Pontocypris

attenuata Brady, 1868b. The lectotype-designate of P.

etitenuata, however, is considerably longer and relatively higher in lateral view, with a more nearly triangular outline.
24

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

N

FIGURE 17.—Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 7: A, B, D-O, adult female USNM 121141

from AB-453; c, USNM 121140 from Mauritius. Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 8: H,

juvenile USNM 121145; i, j , adult USNM 12144. Propontocypris (Proponto£ypris?) species 5:

K, adult male USNM 121138. Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 6: L-N, adult female

USNM 21139.

A-C, H, i, M, N, carapace exteriors; D, furca; E, basal part of maxilla; r, a, j , muscle-scar patterns; K, schematic view of whole body resting in left valve, before complete dissection. [Note

positions of whorls of testes and coiled efferent ducts. This specimen is lacking both third thoracic

legs and one first thoracic leg.] %., distal part of third thoracic leg.
NUMBER 7 25

FIGURE 18.—Propontocypris (Propontocypris ?) species 5, adult male USNM 121138: A, antennule; B, antenna; c, second thoracic leg; D, first thoracic leg; E, furca; F, mandible; o, ejaculatory organ and whorl of testes; H, left exterior of carapace showing anterior whorl of testes; i,

copulatory organ.
26

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

H

FIOVRZ 19.—Propontoeypris (Propontoeypris) species 7, adult female USNM 121143: A, antennuk; B, mandibular palp; c, third thoracic leg; D, antenna; E, second thoracic leg; F, mandibular base; o, genital lobes; H, tenninal part of fint thoracic leg.
NUMBER 7 27

Propontocypris (Propontocypris) species 8

FIGURES 17H-J , 20

MATERIAL.—A single male specimen collected living at station AB-412L. The carapace of this form is

severely damaged and cannot be accurately described

or compared. One adult and one juvenile subfossil

valve collected at station AB-407.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121143: length of

right valve 1.08 mm.

Specimen USNM 121144, length of right valve 1.32

mm, greatest height 0.57 mm, located 0.50 mm from

anterior.

AFFINITIES.—This form represents another member

of the dispar-intermedia-maculosa complex within

Propontocypris. It is more elongate and much more

acutely terminated than any other species described

thus far, except for P. (P.) sicula (Brady). The first

and third thoracic legs resemble those of P. (P.) intermedia (Brady); other appendages and copulatory

organ are like those of P. (P.) dispar (Miiller).

DISTRIBUTION.—Living in grassy carbonate sand

flat at Banque de Cinq Metres near Nosy Be, depth

about 30 m; subfossil at 2125 m in the Mozambique

Channel.

jaw-like outline, with overhanging lateral flap, no

copulatory tube or other prominence.

SPECIES INCLUDED.

P. (E.) davisoni (Brady), 1868b

P. (E.) iquiquensis (Hartmann), 1962

P. (E.) pirifera (Muller), 1894

P. (E.) robusta (A. Scott); 1905

? P. (£.) tutnida (A. Scott), 1905

P. (£.) litoricola, new species

P. (E.) mcmurdoensis, new species

? P. (E. ?) epicyrta, new species

AFFINITIES.—The member species of this subgenus

form a cohesive and easily recognizable group on the

basis of carapace shape, muscle-scar pattern, and male

genitalia. One species assigned here, P. (E. ?) epicyrta,

new species, is transitional between this subgenus and

P. (Schedopontocypris) but is placed here on the basis

of muscle-scar pattern and copulatory organ structure.

The muscle-scar pattern may be regarded as intermediate between that of Pontocypris, Propontocypris

{Propontocypris), and P. {Schedopontocypris) and

that of Pontocypria and Australoecia. The appendages

of Pontocypria are considerably specialized and not

particularly similar to those of P. (Ekpontocypris).

Subgenus Ekpontocypris, new subgenus

ETYMOLOGY.—Greek, ek-, out of + Pontocypris.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris)

litoricola, new species

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace of swollen appearance with

rounded contours both in lateral and dorsal view; in

lateral view anterior margin very broadly rounded,

dorsal margin broadly arched without angle at position

of greatest height, posteroventral region obscurely

angulate. Muscle-scar pattern a compact aggregate

of five wedge-shaped scars, arranged in an anterior

vertical arc of three scars and a posterior vertical row

of two scars. In dorsal view, broadly swollen sides with

greatest thickness at midlength not marked by any

angle, anterior and posterior ends gently rounded.

Palps of first thoracic legs of male with thick rightangled terminal hook. Pectinate seta of third thoracic

leg with proximal barbs thickened and more widely

spaced, one or more may be reduced or vestigial.

Ejaculatory organ a very thick tube, only obscurely

broadened distally; vas deferens very short and extremely thick; copulatory organ oblong with convex

ventral margin, distal margin deeply indented to form

Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) litoricola,

new species

P. (E.) litoricola litoricola, new subspecies

FIGURES 21; 22; 23A-H; 24I, J, M

Species DC Maddocks, 1966, p. 49, fig. 26.

ETYMOLOGY.—Latin titus, shore + -cola, dweller.

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121146, allotype USNM 121147, paratypes USNM 121148-

121156, 121248.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Nosy B6, Madagascar, sample 432

(washings of Enteromorpha-Uke alga growing at low

tide level on beach near the village of Ankif y, east shore

of the Massif d'Ankify, Madagascar mainland near

NosyB6).

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace smooth, moderately inflated,

thickest medially, dorsal margin broadly arched, highest at midlength, anterior and posterior sections of dorsal margin convex, ventral margin slightly indented,

anterior margin broadly rounded, narrowly rounded

posteroventral angle located below one-fifth height.

Marginal zone narrow, with numerous short radial pore

canals. Normal pore canals numerous, very small.
28

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 20.—Propontoeypris (Propontocypris) species 8, adult male USJNM 121143: A, furca;

B, antenna; c, antennule; D, third thoracic leg; E, first thoracic leg; F, copulatory organ; o,

ejaculatory organ.
NUMBER 7 29

FIGURE 21.—Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) litoricola litoricola, new species and new subspecies: A, maxilla of adult female USNM 121151; B, antenna of adult female USNM 121147;

c, mandible of adult male USNM 121150; D, antennule of adult male KU1000034.
30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 22.—Propontocypris (Ekpontoeypris) Utoricola Utoricola, new species and new subspecies:

A-C, E, o, H, adult male USNM 121146; D, adult male KU1000034; F, adult female USNM

121151; all from Nosy B6. A, second thoracic leg; B, furca; c, third thoracic leg; D, copulatory

organ, vas defcrens, and part of ejaculatory duct; E, copulatory organ; F, first thoracic leg; o,

right first thoracic kg; H, left first thoracic leg.
NUMBER 7 31

Muscle-scar pattern a compact rosette of five subtriangular scars. Living specimen with fairly abundant

very short golden setae, carapace translucent white,

body pale yellow.

Palps of first thoracic legs in male extremely large,

nearly symmetrical, terminal segment thick, rightangled, tapering distally to short finger-like projection, not recurved; basal segment of palp bearing

slender tapered median seta, lobate peg, and tiny

tapered ventral seta shorter than peg. Third thoracic

leg with tapering slender seta half again as long as pectinate seta and about half as thick, second seta only

half as long as pectinate seta, third sensory seta slightly

spatulate distally and nearly as long as pectinate seta,

and coarsely pectinate seta with much enlarged proximal barb separated from other barbs by short gap and

followed proximally by very tiny barb. Copulatory

organ of male hemiellipsoidal, height/length ratio onethird; dorsal margin straight, ventral margin convex,

anterior tip acutely pointed, anteroventral outline

deeply notched and retreating beneath tip in beak-like

fashion; vas deferens very thick. Testes arranged in

thick loop confined to posterior vestibule. Furcal claws

of unequal size and shape, distal claw about two-thirds

as long as proximal claw and tapering distally, proximal claw more bluntly terminated, both with tiny

peripheral barb near tip; distal seta one-third length

of distal claw and very thin, proximal and median setae

all slender and of graduated length, median seta threefourths as long as longer proximal seta.

MATERIAL.—Mauritius: one adult left valve and

two juveniles, all subfossil. Nosy Be": 95 living specimens, 28 subfossil specimens. Tulear: one adult male

living. Ghardaqua: one adult male living, one adult

female recently dead.

DIMENSIONS.—Adult female (?) specimen USNM

121152 from Mauritius: left valve, length 0.75 mm,

height 0.36 mm.

Adult male specimen USNM 121146 from Nosy B6:

left valve, length 0.76 mm, greatest height 0.40 mm,

located 0.37 mm from anterior, thickness 0.26 mm;

right valve, length 0.78 mm, greatest height 0.41 mm,

located 0.38 mm from anterior, thickness 0.24 mm.

Adult female specimen USNM 121147 from Nosy

B6: left valve, length 0.71 mm, greatest height 0.35

mm, located 0.35 mm from anterior, thickness 0.17

mm; right valve, length 0.72 mm, greatest height 0.36

mm, located 0.34 mm from anterior, thickness 0.17

mm.

FIGURE 23.—Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) litoricola, new

species and litoricola, new subspecies: A, C, D, W, H, adult

male USNM 121146; B, E, O, adult female USNM 121147;

both from Nosy B£. Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) mctnurdoensis, new species: i, USNM 121161; j , K, USNM 121162;

L, USNM 121160; M, USNM 121163; N, USNM 121159.

A-G, j , u, muscle-scar patterns, from exterior; D, left

anteroventral marginal area showing radial pore canals; E-I,

K, L, N, carapace exteriors.

Adult male specimen USNM 121148 from Tulear:

right valve, length 0.63 mm, greatest height 0.42 mm,

located 0.23 mm from anterior, thickness 0.21 mm.

Adult male specimen USNM 121149 from Ghardaqua: right valve, length 0.92 mm, greatest height 0.44

mm, located 0.42 mm from anterior, thickness 0.20 mm.

HABITAT.—Nosy B6: abundant in washings of algae

and sponges from the intertidal zone at many localities, also in carbonate sand and dead coral fragment

accumulations just below low tide level. Tulear: reef

sand at 10 m depth. Ghardaqua: washings of algae

from low tide level.

SUBFOSSIL DISTRIBUTION.—Mauritius: intertidal

surface mud. Nosy Be: infrequent in carbonate and

quartz-carbonate reef and intertidal sands, never

abundant.
32

AFFINITIES.—The diagnostic characters are based

on the Nosy Be population. The specimens assigned

here from Mauritius, Tulear, and Ghardaqua are essentially identical in carapace morphology and, where

available, in appendage anatomy.

Two adult male specimens collected from St. Joseph

Island, in the Admirante Archipelago, are extremely

similar to the Nosy B6 form; however, they are much

larger and exhibit several minor differences in apQ

FIGURE 24.—Propontoeypris (Ekpontocypris) litoricola,

litoricola, new species and new subspecies: i, adult male

USNM 121149 from Ghardaqua; j , M, USNM 121152 from

Mauritius. Propontoeypris (Ekpontocypris) litoricola admirantensis, new species and new subspecies: A-H, adult male

USNM 121257 from St. Joseph Island. Propontoeypris (Ekpontocypris) species 1; K-L, USNM 121172 from AB-412C.

Propontoeypris (Ekpontocypris) species 2; N-Q, USNM

121173 from AB-364A.

A, copulatory organ; B, first thoracic leg; c, furca; D, first

thoracic leg; E, distal part of third thoracic leg; F, O, I, J,

L, M, o, p, carapace exteriors; H, K, N, Q, muscle-scar patterns, from exterior.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

pendage morphology. For these reasons they are assigned to another subspecies.

Propontoeypris (Ekpontocypris) davisoni (Brady),

1868b, is considerably larger and of less symmetrical

outline in lateral view, being slightly higher and more

inflated posteriorly.

Propontoeypris (Ekpontocypris) pirifera (Muller)

is very similar in lateral outline but is somewhat larger

(length of male=0.86 mm, of female=0.74 mm),

differs in oblong outline of male copulatory organ, has

brownish color in living male specimens, has thinner

terminal hooks and ventral setae exceeding peg in

length on palps of first thoracic legs of male, and has

sensory seta only two-thirds length of pectinate seta on

third thoracic leg.

Propontoeypris (Ekpontocypris) litoricola

admirantensis, new subspecies

FIGURE 24A-H

ETYMOLOGY.—For the Admirante Islands.

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121157, paratype USNM 121158.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Sample LK-49 (washings of sea

grass near reefs), Resource I. near St. Joseph I., Admirante Archipelago.

MATERIAL.—Two mature males and one female collected living from station LK-49, Admirante Islands.

DIMENSIONS.—Adult male USNM 121157: left

valve, length 0.99 mm, greatest height 0.53 mm, located 0.49 mm from anterior, thickness 0.28 mm; right

valve, length 1.01 mm, greatest height 0.53 mm, located 0.48 mm from anterior, thickness 0.28 mm.

DIAGNOSIS.—This subspecies is extremely similar in

carapace shape and appendage morphology to P. (E.)

litoricola litoricola, new subspecies from Nosy Be. It

differs from this population in the following characters: larger size; one seta of ventrodistal clump on

basal podomere of mandibular palp without visible

feathering; proximal barb of pectinate seta of third

thoracic leg not preceded by tiny vestigial barb, not

quite as enlarged, succeeding gap empty or occupied

by a much reduced barb; furca with median seta less

than half as long as proximal claw; anterior tip of

copulatory organ a swollen subquadrangular lobe, lateral flap not extending beneath ventral outline.
NUMBER 7 33

Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) mcmurdoensis,

new species

FIGURE 23I-N

ETYMOLOGY.—For McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121159, paratypes USNM 121160-121164.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

(Station "P," depth 57 m).

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace very much inflated and

highly arched, nearly subtriangular in lateral view,

with greatest height located slightly anterior to midlength. Juveniles considerably less high relative to

length.

MATERIAL.—Twenty-two subfossil specimens, mostly

juveniles, from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121159: left

valve, length 0.81 mm, greatest height 0.46 mm, located 0.38 mm from anterior, thickness 0.20 mm.

Specimen USNM 121160: right valve, length 0.81

mm, greatest height 0.44 mm, located 0.37 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.20 mm.

AFFINITIES.—This species differs from the only

other known Antarctic species, Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) inflata (Muller), 1908, in the lateral

outline of the carapace, the Gauss station species having more broadly rounded anterior and posterior margins. The appendages of P. (S.) inflata justify its

placement in Schedopontocypris, although its carapace

curvature is not known; its muscle-scar pattern is apparently of rosette type.

REMARKS.—This completes the roster of ostracode

species represented in the McMurdo Sound sample of

which the cytheracean species were described by Benson (1964).

Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris?) epicyrta,

new species

FIGURES 25, 26, 27

Propontocypris (?) sp. Holden, 1967, p. 18, figs, lla-b.

Species DK Maddocks, 1966, p. 51, fig. 30-2.

ETYMOLOGY.—Greek epikyrtos, humpbacked.

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121165, paratypes USNM 121166-121171,121249.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—"Anton Bruun" cruise 7 station

381B, near Walterson Shoal.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace smooth, extremely thin,

lacking external setae; dorsal margin highly arched,

greatest height located anterior to midlength; ventral

margin very deeply indented and sinuous, anterior

margin broadly and obliquely rounded, posteroventral

margin narrowly rounded; margins compressed, greatest thickness of medial expansion located slightly

above midheight Zone of concrescence very broad,

radial pore canals narrow and abundant with many

false radial pore canals; line of concrescence irregular;

normal pore canals tiny and inconspicuous but abundant. Muscle-scar pattern a compact rosette of five

wedge-shaped scars. Carapace yellow and transparent

with brown margins, body and appendages yellow,

eyes brown.

Palp of maxilla lacking dorsomedian seta on basal

podomere, one of distal setae of basal podomere

FIGURE 25.—Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris?) epicyrta, new

species: A, adult male (?) KU 1000047 from Nosy Bt; B-H,

adult male USNM 121165 from AB-381B. A, left exterior

view of whole specimen showing eye; B, third thoracic leg; c,

left exterior view; D, second thoracic leg; E, right exterior

view; F, copulatory organ; o, first thoracic leg; H, third

thoracic leg.
34

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 26.—Propontoeypris (Ekpontoeypris?) epicyrta, new species, poorly preserved adult male

USNM 121165 from AB-381B: A, maxilla and first thoracic leg; B, antennule; c, D, furcae; E,

maxilla and base of mandible; r, mandible with palp reversed; o, antenna; H, terminal podomere

of antenna showing locations of distal setae.
NUMBER 7 35

FIGURE 27.—Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris?) epicyrta, new species: A-o, i, juvenile male

USNM 121169 from Nosy B6; H, J, K, subfossil specimens USNM 121168, 121166, 121167,

from George Sound, New Zealand, A, antennule; B, antenna; c, third thoracic leg; D, mandible;

E, fnax'llai F, second thoracic leg; o, first thoracic leg; H, J, K, carapace exteriors; i, furca.
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

exceptionally long; all setae of palp and masticatory

processes long and simple; posterolateral seta of base

thick and feathered. Palp of first thoracic leg of male

with slender quadrangular basal podomere carrying

long thin peg and especially long seta, slender curved

hook ending in unusually long digitiform seta. Third

thoracic leg with pectinate seta somewhat shorter than

usual, finely barbed; lacking lateral cusps on penultimate podomere, lacking spines or setae at knee joint.

Copulatory organ of male oblong, bluntly truncated,

dorsal and ventral margins slightly concave; lateral

flap visible, no copulatory tube seen; vas deferens

moderately large.

MATERIAL.—Nosy Be": one adult female (?), one

juvenile male, another juvenile living, one subfossil

valve. Walterson Shoal, station AB-381B: one adult

male with dried remains of appendages. George

Sound, New Zealand: one whole carapace and nine

valves, all subfossil.

DIMENSIONS.—Adult male specimen USNM 121165

from Walterson Shoal: left valve, length 0.75 mm,

greatest height 0.37 mm, located 0.29 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.13 mm; right valve, length 0.76

mm, greatest height 0.38 mm, located 0.31 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.17 mm.

Adult female (?) specimen KU1000047 from Nosy

Be": length 0.57 mm, height 0.29 mm.

Female (?) USNM 121166 from New Zealand:

right valve, length 0.76 mm, greatest height 0.40 mm,

located 0.34 mm from anterior, thickness 0.17 mm.

Male (?) USNM 121167 from New Zealand: left

valve, length 0.70 mm, greatest height 0.36 mm,

located 0.28 mm from anterior, thickness 0.14 mm.

Male (?) USNM 121168 from New Zealand: right

valve, length 0.72 mm, greatest height 0.37 mm, located 0.32 mm from anterior, thickness 0.14 mm.

HABITAT.—Nosy Be: collected living in washings of

two corals and of alga-encrusted valves of the reefdwelling bivalve Tridacna. Walterson Shoal: collected

living in sediment at 38 m depth.

SUBFOSSIL DISTRIBUTION.—Nosy B6: known only

from a single sample of carbonate beach sand at

Antsakoabe. New Zealand: station RM1004, George

Sound.

Holden (1967) illustrates a form with identical

outline dredged from drowned Neogene terraces in

the Hawaiian Islands.

AFFINITIES.—This species is conspicuously unlike

any other yet named in its reniform outline and welldeveloped radial pore canals. The aggregate musclescar pattern and copulatory organ structure correspond

to those of the subgenus Ekpontocypris. Several species

with comparable shape and visible though shorter

radial pore canals are assigned to the subgenus Schedopontocypris: Propontocypris colderensis Hartmann,

1962; Pontocypris flava Muller, 1908; Pontocypris

gaussi Muller, 1908; and Pontocypris in flat a Muller,

1908. None has these characters in exaggerated condition. P. (E. ?) epicyrta, new species, meets none of

the requirements for Schedopontocypris except the

extremely compressed carapace.

The specimens from Nosy B6 and Walterson Shoal

are very similar in shape, radial pore canals, and

muscle-scar pattern, differing only in the much greater

size of the Walterson Shoal specimen. The New Zealand specimens are the same size as the one from

Walterson Shoal but differ somewhat in carapace outline, being slightly less elongate and more bluntly

rounded posteriorly, and in radial pore canals, these

being slightly shorter and with fewer false canals. The

muscle-scar pattern of these specimens is obscure but

apparently of the same compact rosette type. These

differences are not sufficiently pronounced to justify

separate names for the geographic variants with so few

specimens available.

The characters of appendage morphology noted

above are only tentatively established. The appendages

figured are those of a juvenile male (USNM 121169)

and a mature but dried and fragmentary male (USNM

121165). More precise description and establishment

of affinities must await inspection of better preserved

material.

Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) species 1

FIGURE 24K-L

MATERIAL.—A single subfossil right valve from station AB-412c.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121172; right

valve, length 0.82 mm, greatest height 0.48 mm, located

0.40 mm from anterior, thickness 0.22 mm.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace very similar to that of P.

(E.) I. litoricola, new subspecies, in size and shape

except considerably higher in lateral view.
NUMBER 7 37

Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) species 2

FIGURES 7H, 24N-Q

MATERIAL.—Three subfossil valves from station AB364A near Tulear, USNM 121173-121174.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121173; right

valve, length 0.70 mm, greatest height 0.36 mm,

located 0.35 mm from anterior, thickness 0.18 mm.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace similar to that of P. (E.) I.

litoricola, new subspecies, but smaller overall and relatively not as high, dorsal margin more nearly

horizontal.

Subgenus Schedopontocypris, new subgenus

ETYMOLOGY.—Greek schedon, almost+Pontocypris.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Pontocypris gaussi Miiller, 1908,

p. 98, pi. 13: figs. 14-18.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace small, very much compressed, suboval in lateral outline with broadly

rounded anterior and posterior margins, broadly

arched dorsal margin without distinct angle at highest

point; in dorsal outline sizes only slightly curved and

not angulate, anterior and posterior ends gently

rounded. Muscle-scar pattern intermediate between

discrete (as in Propontocypris) and compact (as in

Ekpontocypris); zone of concrescence rather wide with

visible and often rather numerous radial pore canals.

Antennule may show some degree of fusion between

podomeres-4 and -5. Antenna may have "swimming

setae" much shortened. "Peg" of first thoracic leg of

male small and slender, set considerably posterior to

terminal hook. Barbs of pectinate seta of third thoracic

leg numerous and slender, regularly diminishing, none

accentuated; longest terminal seta also more or less

visibly pectinate; distal seta of podomere-3 much thickened and displaced to a more proximal margin. Distal

seta of furca somewhat enlarged, median seta also

moderately enlarged. Testes form loop in posterior vestibule and extend anteriorly along venter but do not

form anterior spiral. Copulatory organ variably oblong

and irregular in outline, with bluntly rounded anterior

margin, convex ventral margin; copulatory tube absent or short, other prominences generally absent. Vas

deferens narrow, ejaculatory organ tubular with only

slightly thickened ends.

REMARKS.—This is a less coherent group than P.

(Propontocypris) or P. (Ekpontocypris). In some

features, muscle-scar pattern for example, it is transitional between these two subgenera; in other respects

it is characterized as much by the variability represented as by any consistent trends.

SPECIES INCLUDED.—Insofar as their anatomy is

known, the following species agree with each other

and with the subgeneric diagnosis above:

P. (S.) calderensis (Hartmann), 1962

P. (S.) flava (Muller), 1908

P. (S.) gaussi (Muller), 1908

P. (S.) howei (Pun), 1953

P. (S.) inftata (Muller), 1908

The following species are placed provisionally in this

subgenus on the basis of their carapace shape, but they

share among themselves several discrepant characters

of the third thoracic leg and copulatory organ:

P. (S.) declivis (Muller), 1894

P. (S.) levis (Muller), 1894

P. (S.) pellucida (Muller), 1894

P. (S.) subfusca (Muller), 1894

P. (S.) succinea (Muller), 1894

The following species are placed here on the basis of

carapace shape, the internal anatomy being at present

unknown:

P. (5.?) simplex (Brady), 1880

P. (S.) bengalensis, new species

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) simplex

(Brady), 1880

FIGURES 7D, 8O

Pontocypris simplex Brady, 1880, p. 37, pi. 1: fig. 5a-d.

Not Pontocypris simplex Brady.—Chapman, 1919, p. 18;

1941, p. 194.

Not Propontocypris simplex (Brady).—Holden, 1967, p. 17:

fig. lOa-b.

MATERIAL.—A single whole carapace containing

dried appendages, probably a male, in the "Challenger"

collection of the British Museum (Natural History),

Catalog no. 81.5, slide no. 10, from Ascension Island.

It corresponds well with the illustration by Brady (1880,

pi. 1: fig.5a-d).

AFFINITIES.—This species has been assigned to Schedopontocypris on the basis of its carapace shape. Its

anatomical characters are unknown, and the apparently compact-aggregate muscle-scar pattern is difficult

to see. The carapace of this species is very similar to

those of three other species from Simonstown and New
38

Zealand (P. (S.) species 1, 2, and 3), none of which

can be unquestionably identified with it. The form

reported from 1300 fms east of Tasmania (Chapman,

1919) and from southeast Australia at 505 fms (Chapman, 1941) has a distinctly different carapace outline

and belongs to another species. The Hawaiian form

illustrated by Holden (1967) is more acutely terminated but apparently closely related.

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) bengalensis,

new species

FIGURE 31A, C, F

ETYMOLOGY.—For the Bay of Bengal.

TYPE-SPECIMENS—Holotype USNM 121175, paratypes USNM 121176-121181.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—"Anton Bruun" cruise 1, station

41.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace very small, compressed; suboval in lateral outline, with greatest height located

anterior to midlength but not marked by any angle;

anterior margin very broadly rounded, posterior margin somewhat less broadly rounded, ventral margin

straight, dorsal margin gently arched. Muscle-scar pattern not seen, opaque spot a large central elongate

oblong. Carapace yellow. Juveniles are very small,

milk-white in color or transparent, and relatively more

inflated. Some specimens are more elongate than others,

showing probable dimorphism.

MATERIAL.—Fifty-one subfossil specimens from "Anton Bruun" stations 40, 41, 47, 87K, in the Bay of

Bengal and LK-12 at Galle, Ceylon.

DIMENSIONS.—USNM 121175 from station AB-^1:

left valve, length 0.52 mm, greatest height 0.27 mm,

located 0.25 mm from anterior, thickness 0.11 mm;

right valve, length 0.53 mm, greatest height 0.28 mm,

located 0.24 mm from anterior, thickness 0.13 mm.

AFFINITIES.—Of the several species of Schedopontocypris represented in these collections, P. (S.) bengalensis is the most abundant and widely distributed. It

is entirely distinctive in its tiny size and nearly oval

shape.

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) species 1

FIGURES 28; 31P, Q

MATERIAL.—A single adult male specimen collected

living at station GIL 615 near Simonstown, South

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Africa; a single subf ossil valve at station GIL 341,

South Africa.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121182: left

valve, length 0.68 mm, greatest height 0.33 mm.

Specimen USNM 121183: left valve, length 0.68

mm, greatest height 0.33 mm, located at 0.31 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.13 mm.

AFFINITIES.—The soft parts of this species incorporate all the characters which I regard as diagnostic

of the subgenus Schedopontocypris. It differs from

P. (S.) flava (Muller, 1908) in having long, slender,

gently curved terminal hooks on the palps of the male

first thoracic legs, and lacking any dorsodistal conical

prominence on the copulatory organ. From P. (S.)

simplex (Brady) it differs by slightly larger size, less

posterior elongation, and location of greatest height

more nearly median.

From P. (S.) gaussi (Muller) it differs only slightly

in the outline of the copulatory organ, which is ventrodistally indented with a small overhanging flap, and in

having very tiny "pegs" on the palps of the first thoracic legs of the male. These being very tiny differences,

it is possible that examination of better preserved and

more abundant material may lead to the identification

of this form with P. (S.) gaussi (Muller).

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) species 2

FIGURE 31G, K, L

MATERIAL.—Two subfossil specimens from station

GIL 341, four subfossil specimens from station GIL

617, South Africa; USNM 121184-121187.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121184 from GIL

617: left valve, length 0.70 mm, greatest height 0.35

mm, located 0.26 mm from anterior, thickness 0.17

mm; left valve, length 0.70 mm, greatest height 0.35

mm, located 0.27 mm from anterior, thickness 0.17 mm^

AFFINITIES.—Very similar in size and shape to P.

(S.?) simplex (Brady), but not as high, venter horizontal, posterior more narrowly rounded. These proportions are very like those illustrated for P. (S.)

flava (Muller), although no radial pore canals are

visible.

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) species 3

FIGURES 7O, 29, 30

?Propontocypris species McKenzie, 1967, p. 67, fig. 2g.

MATERIAL.—A single adult male collected living at

Eltanin 1431, New Zealand.
NUMBER 7 39

FIGURE 28.—Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) species 1, adult male USNM 121182: A, C,

first thoracic leg; B, left exterior of damaged carapace; D, furca; E, copulatory organ; r, antennule; o, antenna; H, second thoracic leg; i, j , third thoracic leg.
40

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 29-—Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) species 3, adult male USNM 12118: A,

second thoracic leg; B, C, carapace exterior views showing position of testes; D, O, first thoracic

leg; E, left exterior muscle-scar pattern; r, i, third thoracic leg; H, ejaculatory organ; j , copulatory organ.
NUMBER 7 41

FIGURE 30.—Propontocyprts {Schedopontocypris ?) species 3, adult male USNM 121188: A,

furca; B, antennule; c, antenna, long swimming setae not drawn but origins indicated; D, maxilla;

E, mandible.
42

DIMENSIONS.—Adult male USNM 121188: left

valve, length 0.62 mm, greatest height 0.32 mm, located 0.27 mm from anterior, thickness 0.15 mm; right

valve, length 0.63 mm, greatest height 0.33 mm, located 0.26 mm from anterior, thickness 0.15 mm.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace very similar to that of P.

(S.) species 1 but slightly smaller overall and with

greatest height distinctly anterior to midlength, anterior margin broadly rounded.

Soft-part structures very different from those of P.

(S.) species 1: podomeres-4 and -5 of antennule not

fused; "swimming setae" of antenna fully developed

and longer than claws; first thoracic leg of male with

medium-sized pegs and small ventral seta; copulatory

organ of male with dorsodistal quadrangular protuberance, short coiled copulatory tube, median distal bladelike projection, and ventrodistal clump of about three

tiny setae.

Carapace slightly larger and relatively higher than

that of P. (•?.?) simplex (Brady), posterior end somewhat more broadly rounded.

Carapace and third thoracic leg of female very similar to those illustrated for P. (£.) calderensis (Hartmann), for which only the female is known; furcal

claws of the latter are of equal size and evenly tapering,

anterior setae short and thick, median seta ringed.

The species from Kicketts Point, Port Phillip Bay,

Australia, illustrated by McKenzie (1967), is extremely

similar in shape but somewhat smaller (length 0.54

mm). Although identified as a juvenile, the illustrated

specimen has the full inner lamella and thus is probably mature.

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) species 4

FIGURE 31E, H, M, N

MATERIAL.—Two subfossil specimens from station

AB-87i in the Bay of Bengal, USNM 121189-121190.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121189: left

valve, length 0.53 mm, greatest height 0.28 mm, located 0.26 mm from anterior; right valve, length 0.54

mm, greatest height 0.29 mm, located 0.24 mm from

anterior.

AFFINITIES.—Although equal to P. (S.) bengalensis

in size, color, and compression of carapace, this form

has a subtriangular lateral outline that corresponds

better to the subgenus Propontocypris.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) species 5

FIGURE 31I, J

MATERIAL.—Nine subfossil specimens from "Anton

Bruun" stations 36A, 41, 87F, 87K, 87N, 88 in the Bay

of Bengal; USNM 121191-121196.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121191, from station AB-87K: right valve, length 0.59 mm, greatest

height 0.27 mm, located 0.20 mm from anterior.

AFFINITIES.—Except for its small size, the carapace

of this form is very like that illustrated by Sars (1925)

for the female of P. {Propontocypris) trigonella

(Sars).

FIGURE 31.—Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) bengalensis, new species: A, B, juvenile USNM 121176; c, F, adult

USNM 121183. Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) species

2: o, USNM 121185; x, L, USNM 121184. Propontocypris

(Schedopontocypris ?) species 4: E, H, M, N, USNM 121189.

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris ?) species 5: i, j , USNM

121191. Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris ?) species 6: D,

USNM 121197. Argilloecia? species 5: R, USNM 121230; s,

T, USNM 121231. Propontocypris (Propontocypris ?) species

4: o, USNM 121137. All exterior views.
NUMBER 7 43

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) species 6

FIGURE 3 ID

MATERIAL.—Seven subfossil specimens from "Anton

Bruun" stations 40 and 87i in the Bay of Bengal;

USNM 121197-121199.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121197 from station AB-40: left valve, length 0.56 mm, greatest height

0.28 mm, located 0.28 mm from anterior, thickness 0.12

mm.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace larger than P. (S.) bengalensis and more fragile, oblong and symmetrical in

lateral outline, with greatest height almost exactly at

midpoint, dorsal margin very gently arched, anterior

and posterior margins extremely broadly and almost

equally curved; muscle-scar pattern five scars in three

discrete rows.

Genus Pontocypris Sars, 1866

Pontocypris Sars, 1866 [part], p. 13.—Brady and Norman,

1889, p. 107 [part].—Sylvester-Bradley, 1947, p. 193.—

Van Morkhoven, 1963, p. 72.

Erythrocypris Muller, 1894, p. 256; 1912, p. 114.—Sars,

1923, p. 50.—Sylvester-Bradley, 1947, p. 193.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Cythere (Bairdia) mytiloides Norman, 1862, p. 43 [=Cythere avena Norman, 1865;

Pontocypris serrulata Sars, 1866; Erythrocypris serrata

Muller, 1894]; by Brady and Norman, 1889.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace equivalved, subtriangular

in lateral view, strongly compressed in dorsal view;

posterior end drawn out and acutely pointed, dorsal

margin angulate, greatest height and thickness located

considerably anterior to midlength; posteroventral

margin of right valve serrate; posterior course of inner

margin diverging from parallelism with outer margin

and rising steeply to posterodorsal corner. Muscle-scar

pattern with five small scars arranged in three widely

separated nearly horizontal rows.

First antenna may be 7-segmented by fusion of

podomeres-4 and -5. First podomere of endopodite of

mandible with two setae on ventral margin. Palps of

first thoracic legs in male very large and distinctly

asymmetrical. Pectinate seta of third thoracic leg

longer than two subequal smaller setae. Furca with

two subequal claws, tiny apical seta, three short and

slender posterior setae. Testes forming a spiral in each

posterior cavity; connecting tube makes a loop crossing spiral in right valve; Ovaries arranged in simple

arc. Ejaculatory organ slender, S-shaped. Eyes lacking.

REMARKS.—The diagnostic characters listed above

are those visible in the drawings of Sars (1923) and

Muller (1894). No reliably identifiable species belonging to this genus are present in the Indian Ocean

collections studied. The seven species referred below

to this genus are few in number, poorly preserved, and

lacking soft parts; they are tentatively assigned to

Pontocypris chiefly on the basis of lateral outline.

INCLUDED SPECIES.—By original binomen.

Erythrocypris acuminata Muller, 1894

Erythrocypris discrepant Muller, 1894

Erythrocypris frequent Muller, 1894

Pontocypris hispida Sars, 1866

Cythere (Bairdia) mytiloides Norman, 1862

Erythrocypris obtusa Muller, 1894

Erythrocypris pallida Muller, 1894

Erythrocypris rara Muller, 1894

Pontocypris species 1

FIGURE 32F-H

MATERIAL.—A single subfossil left valve from station GIL 615, South Africa; a single subfossil right

valve, very tentatively identified with the former, from

station AB-412c.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121200 from

South Africa: left valve, length 0.78 mm, greatest

height 0.36 mm, located 0.26 mm from anterior, thickness 0.15 mm.

Specimen USNM 121201 from Madagascar: right

valve, length 0.70 mm, greatest height 0.33 mm,

located 0.23 mm from anterior.

AFFiNimis.—The lateral outline of the left valve,

with its pronounced posterodorsal angle, nearly horizontal dorsal margin, and upswung posteroventral

portion, is very similar to that of P. discrepans (Muller), with which it also agrees in the rather compact

muscle-scar pattern. The right valve agrees in general size and shape with the left but is not sufficiently

distinctive to be identified with either this or any

other species of Pontocypris.

Pontocypris species 2

FIGURE 32A, B

MATERIAL.—Four subfossil specimens from station

GIL 615, South Africa; USNM 121202-121203.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121202: left

valve, length 0.84 mm, greatest height 0.35 mm, located 0.24 mm from anterior.
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

AFFINITIES.—The shape of this form is very like

that illustrated for P. acuminata (Miiller) from the Bay

of Naples.

FIGURE 32.—Pontoeypris species 1: F, USNM 121201; O, H,

USNM 121200. Pontoeypris species 2: A, B, USNM 121202.

Pontocypris species 3: c, USNM 121204. Pontoeypris species

4: USNM 121206. Pontocypris species 5: D, E, USNM

121208. Pontocypris species 6: j , L, USNM 121211 from

AB-36U; K, M, USNM 121212 from AB-407; N-Q, USNM

121213 from AB-380A. All exterior views.

Pontocypris species 3

FIGURES 7C, 32C

MATERIAL.—Three subfossil juvenile specimens

from station AB-363L near Tulear, Madagascar;

USNM 121204-121205.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121204: left

valve, length 0.85 mm, greatest height 0.39 mm, located 0.15 mm from anterior; right valve, length 0.87

mm, greatest height 0.41 mm, located 0.16 mm from

anterior.

AFFINITIES.—Specimens assigned to this category are

all juveniles with extremely high and broadly rounded

anterior margin and steeply sloping and angulate

dorsal margin.

Pontocypris species 4

FIGURE 32I

MATERIAL.—Three subfossil specimens from station

GIL 348, South Africa; USNM 121206-121207.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121206: right

valve, length 0.84 mm, greatest height 0.40 mm, located 0.26 mm from anterior, thickness 0.12 mm.

AFFINITIES.—These specimens are somewhat larger,

more elongate, and much more angulate in outline

than those of P. species 2, which occurs nearby in False

Bay, South Africa.

Pontocypris species 5

FIGURE 32D, E

MATERIAL.—Two subfossil specimens from stations

AB-43 and AB-87M in the Bay of Bengal, one subfossil specimen from station AB-407 in the Mozambique

Channel; USNM 121208-121210.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121208, from station AB-^43: right valve, length 0.82 mm, greatest

height 0.33 mm, located 0.20 mm from anterior.

AFFINITIES.—The extremely acuminate outline

without distinct posterodorsal angle and with greatest

height located very near anterior end is equally characteristic of Pontocypris and of certain species of Propontocypris, such as P. (P.) attenuata (Brady). The

long and very much thickened radial pore canals have

not been described for any other species of Pontocypris.

Pontocypris? species 6

FIGURE 32J-Q

MATERIAL.—Eight subfossil specimens from "Anton

Bruun" stations 361B, 380A, and 407A in the Mozambique Channel; USNM 121211-121216.

DIMENSIONS—Specimen USNM 121213: left valve,

length 0.87 mm, greatest height 0.32 mm, located 0.31

mm from anterior; right valve, length 0.89 mm, greatest height 0.34 mm, located 0.29 mm from anterior.

Specimen USNM 121212: right valve, length 0.79

mm, greatest height 0.36 mm, located 0.30 mm from

anterior.

Specimen USNM 121211: left valve, length 0.89

mm, greatest height 0.36 mm, located 0.34 mm from

anterior.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace rather sturdier than preceding species, transparent; outline, widened marginal
NUMBER 7 45

zone with numerous radial pore canals, caudate posterior, and general aspect all conformable to Paracypridinae but the conspicuous muscle-scar pattern

is of the basic pontocyprid type. Posteroventral margin

of the right valve not serrate. Two distinct outlines are

represented among these specimens, a highly arched

(female?) form with rounded dorsal contours and a

lower (male?) form with more angular dorsal margin.

This species probably does not belong to Pontocypris.

Genus Argilloecia Sars, 1866

Argilloecia San, 1866, p. 17.—Brady, 1880, p. 29.—Brady

and Norman, 1889, p. 111.—Muller, 1894, p. 260; 1912,

p. 117.—Sars, 1923, p. 53.—Van Morkhoven, 1963, p. 76.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Argilloecia cylindrica Sars, 1866,

p. 18.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace usually fairly small, smooth,

moderately inflated, oblong; greatest height less than

half length, located either before or behind midlength;

posteroventral angle often rather distinctly rightangled, may carry a very long seta. Inner margin typically very irregular, zone of concrescence irregularly

broad and traversed by moderately abundant radial

pore canals, those along the ventral margin curved

and of variable length, anterior and posterior vestibules very deep. Muscle-scar pattern consists of the

usual five pontocyprid scars arranged in a distinctive

compact grouping of three long scars in an anterior

vertical row, adjoined closely behind by two subquadrate scars in a much shorter vertical row. Right valve

overlaps left, often very conspicuously larger; ridge

just below dorsal margin of left valve inserts into

strong hinge groove of right valve.

Eye lacking. Antennule very robust, with podomeres-4 and -5 fused, all setae in female and most setae

in male very short, male with a pair of longer setae

on each of podomeres-6 and -7. Antennae of most

species with very much reduced "swimming setae"; a

few species have extremely long swimming setae present in the male only. Mandible with three ventrodistal

setae on podomere-1 of palp. First thoracic legs of

male nearly symmetrical. Second thoracic legs often

with setae of terminal podomere much enlarged to

resemble a second claw in shape and size. Furca without distal seta. Gopulatory organ oblong in outline,

bluntly terminated distally, vas deferens medium-sized,

may have coiled copulatory tube (diagnosis based on

illustrations of Muller, 1894).

SPECIES INCLUDED.—Recent species for which soft

parts have been described.

Argilloecia acuminata Muller, 1894

Argilloecia anceps Rome, 1942

Argilloecia bulbifera Muller, 1894

Argilloecia caudata Muller, 1894

Argilloecia conoidea San, 1923

Argilloecia cylindrica San, 1866

Argilloecia eburnea Brady, 1880

Argilloecia levis Muller, 1894

Argilloecia minor Muller, 1894

AFFINITIES.—At least two general morphologic

types are represented among species assigned to this

genus, and they probably deserve to be distinguished

as subgenera (Van Morkhoven, 1963). The typical

form is a delicate elongate carapace with very narrow

zone of concrescence, wide continuous vestibule, and

short simple radial pore canals. (A. cylindrica Sars,

A. species 2, probably also A. eburnea Brady. More

abundant are slightly more robust forms of sinuous

outline with irregularly widened ventral fused marginal

zone, restricted vestibules, and long curving radial pore

canals.

Argilloecia eburnea Brady, 1880

FIGURES 8C, 33I

Argilloecia eburnea Brady, 1880, p. 40, pi. 4: figs. 1-15.—

Chapman, 1910, p. 428; 1919, p. 20.

MATERIAL.—One left valve, designated lectotype by

Puri (1968); in slide 113 of the "Challenger" collection (Brady, 1880) of the British Museum (Natural

History), labeled Argilloecia eburnea Brady, o[epth]

20-50 (fms], Balfour Bay [Kerguelen Island], catalog

no. 80.38.9.

Two valves, probably of the same specimen, tentatively assigned to this species, in slide 158 of the "Challenger" collection of the British Museum (Natural

History), labeled Macrocypris tumida "young" Brady,

Challenger no. 149, Royal Sound [Kerguelen Island].

AFFINITIES.—The gently arched dorsal margin and

rounded contours of the carapace are very similar to

those of Macrocyprina, as is the circular opaque spot

in the anteriomedial region of the Royal Sound specimens, but the muscle-scar pattern is clearly that of

Argilloecia. The inner lamella is broad with wide and

open vestibules and narrow marginal fused zone. A.

tumida Brady is smaller and relatively more elongate,

with irregularly widened ventral fused zone.
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 33.—Muscle-scar patterns of eight "Challenger"

species assigned to Argilloecia and Pontocypria: A, Argilloecia obusata (Brady), 1880, lectotype; B, Argilloecia species 4:

C, D, Argilloecia species 7, from Royal Sound; E, Argilloecia

clavata (Brady), 1880, USNM 121227 from East Cape; F,

Argilloecia clavata (Brady), 1880, lectotype; a, n, Argilloecia

pusilla (Brady), 1880, muscle-scar pattern and posterior

lateral outline of "Challenger" lectotype; i, Argilloecia eburnea (Brady), 1880, from Royal Sound; j , Argilloecia clavata

(Brady), 1880, from Royal Sound; K, Argilloecia tumida

(Brady), lectotype; L, Pontocypria meridionalis (Brady),

1880, lectotype.

Argilloecia clavata (Brady), 1880

FIGURES 8A; 33E, F, J

Aglaia clavata Brady, 1880, p. 34.—Chapman, 1910, p. 426.

MATERIAL.—A single whole carapace in slide 4 of

the "Challenger" collection (Brady, 1880) of the British Museum (Natural History), labeled Aglaia clavata

Brady, Wellington Harbor, New Zealand; designated

lectotype by Puri (1968). The specimen is intact and

opaque; no normal pore canals, radial pore canals, or

other internal structures are visible.

Two valves, apparently belonging to the same specimen, included in "Challenger" slide 158, labeled Macrocypris tumida "young" Brady, but not conspecific

with any of the other specimens in this slide; from

Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island.

A single right valve (USNM 121227) from station

RM1001 near East Cape, New Zealand.

DISTRIBUTION.—Wellington Harbor, and near East

Cape, New Zealand; Royal Sound, at 28 fms depth,

Kerguelen Islands; at 1050 fms in dredgings near Funafuti (Chapman, 1910).

AFFINITIES.—The East Cape specimen has the usual

scarof Argilloecia preserved as distinctly as on the lectotype ; to it are added a third posterodorsal scar and an

apparent frontal scar, which are somewhat differently

expressed and less conspicuously marked than the other

scars.

Argilloecia pusilla (Brady), 1880

FIGURES 8H ; 33G, H

Aglaia(?) pusilla Brady, 1880, p. 34.—(?) Chapman, 1919,

p. 17.

MATERIAL.—A single disarticulated specimen from

slide 7 of the "Challenger" collection (Brady, 1880)

of the British Museum (Natural History), labeled

Aglaia pusilla Brady, D[epth] 38 [fms], off E. Moncoeur

Is., Bass Strait; designated lectotype by Puri (1968).

DISTRIBUTION.—Depth 38-40 fms off East Moncoeur Island, Bass Strait; (?) southeast of Tasmania

in 1300 fms (Chapman, 1919); (?) at "Aurora" stations 29 and 139, Antarctica, at 125 and 328 fms depth

(Chapman, 1919).

REMARKS.—The published illustrations of Brady

(1880, pi. 30: fig. 6a-d) are curiously inaccurate: the

conspicuous overlap of right valve over left is not mentioned by him in the text, and the overlap illustrated

is left over right; in the right lateral view (mislabeled

as left) the rather straight dorsal margin is illustrated

with considerable anterior slope.

Argilloecia obtusata (Brady), 1880

FIGURES 8E, 33A

Aglaia(?)obtusata Brady, 1880, p. 35.—Chapman, 1910, p.

426; (?) Chapman, 1915, p. 34; 1916b, p. 71.

MATERIAL.—A single intact carapace in slide 6 of

the "Challenger" collection (Brady, 1880) of the British Museum (Natural History) labeled Aglaia obtusata

Brady, D[epth] 20-50 [fms], Balfour Bay [Kerguelen

Island]; designated lectotype by Puri (1968). It is

opaque, no internal structures are visible.

DISTRIBUTION.—Depth 20-50 fms in Balfour Bay,

Kerguelen Island; 1050 fms near Funafuti (Chapman,

1910); 121 fms in the Ross Sea (Chapman, 1916b).

AFFINITIES.—It seems likely that the form reported

by Chapman (1915) as "common and typical" at 100

fms depth, south of Spencer Gulf, Australia, and identified as Aglaia obtusata Brady is identifiable either

with Australoecia mckenziei, new species (p. 49), or

with an undescribed species of Aglciocypris with simi-
NUMBER 7 47

lar outlines, both of which are abundant constituents

of the beach sand subfossil assemblage at nearby Thistle Island.

REMARKS.—The illustrations by Brady (1880, pi.

30: fig. 8a-d) are curiously reversed and exaggerated.

The conspicuous overlap of right valve over left is

mentioned by Brady in the text description, but the

illustrated overlap is clearly left over right. The left

lateral outline lacks the seam resulting from this overlap. In dorsal view the tapering of the anterior end is

much exaggerated.

Argilloecia tumida (Brady), 1880

FIGURES 8, 33K

Macrocypris tumida Brady, 1880, p. 43, pi. 6: fig. 2a-d.

MATERIAL.—One whole carapace in slide 114 of the

"Challenger" collection, British Museum (Natural

History) catalog no. 80.38.17, labeled no. 149, Royal

Sound [Kerguelen Island]; designated lectotype by

Pun (1968).

AFFINITIES.—The muscle-scar pattern of this specimen is clearly that of Argilloecia; the deep anterior

vestibule and the irregularly widened ventral portion

of the fused marginal zone with scattered curved

radial pore canals show that this belongs to the second

group within Argilloecia for which a second generic

name should probably be established.

Argilloecia species 1

FIGURE 34I-M

MATERIAL.—A single whole carapace from station

AB-363L, near Tulear, Madagascar; a single valve

from AB-714c off the coast of Chile; USNM 121226,

121228.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121228 from AB363L: left valve, length 0.65 mm, greatest height 0.28

mm, located 0.30 mm from anterior; right valve,

length 0.67 mm, greatest height 0.31 mm, located 0.20

mm from anterior.

DESCRIPTION.—Carapace small but moderately

robust, lateral outline and inner margin very sinuous,

posteroventral angle prolonged to a slight peak in right

valve; fused marginal zone very wide ventrally, anterior and posterior vestibules very deep, anterior radial

pore canals numerous and straight, anterior margin

denticulate.

u

FIGURE 34.—Argilloecia species 1: I-M, USNM 121228.

Argilloecia species 2: A, B, E, F, USNM 121229. Argilloecia

species 3: p, R, USNM 121219; Q, S, USNM 121220. Argilloecia species 6: c, D, N, O, USNM 121218. Argilloecia species

7: o, H, T, u, USNM 121217. All exterior views.

AFFINITIES.—A. acuminate Miiller has a similarly

sinuous outline but is very much more elongate.

Argilloecia species 2

FIGURE 34A, B, E, F

MATERIAL.—A single whole specimen with dried

appendage fragments from station AB-87K in the Bay

of Bengal. Its inner lamella is extremely delicate, but

it is apparently mature.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121229: left

valve, length 0.49 mm, greatest height 0.17 mm, located 0.23 mm from anterior; right valve, length 0.50

mm, greatest height 0.18 mm, located 0.16 mm from

anterior.

DESCRIPTION.—Carapace tiny and fragile, extremely

elongate, somewhat inflated; anterior margin broadly

rounded, dorsal and ventral margins gently arched and

subparallel, narrowly rounded posterior end. Fused
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

marginal zone very narrow and regular, vestibule not

constricted. Muscle scars arranged rather discretely but

in the generic pattern.

AFFINITIES.—Few other species of Argilloecia possess such a narrow and regular zone of concrescence;

however, the carapace outlines, the overlap, and the

muscle-scar pattern are those typical of Argilloecia.

AFFINITIES.—Carapace extremely similar to that

of Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?) species 6 but

very slightly more elongate and somewhat more robust.

Muscle-scar pattern obscure but apparently more

similar to that of Argilloecia than any other, consisting

of an anterior vertical row of three scars and a posterior row of two scars, compactly grouped.

Argilloecia species 3

FIGURE 34P-S

MATERIAL.—Four subfossil specimens from "Albatross" stations 3360 and 4693 in the southeast Pacific;

USNM 121219, 121220, 121225.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121220; left valve,

length 0.65 mm.

Specimen USNM 121219: right valve, length 0.65

mm, greatest height 0.31 mm, located 0.34 mm from

anterior.

AFFINITIES.—Distinguished from similarly oblong

species by larger size, relatively higher subquadrate

carapace, simple marginal zone, and very slightly upturned simple posterior angle; a member of the typical

group within Argilloecia.

Argilloecia species 4

FIGURE 33B

MATERIAL.—A single intact carapace included in

slide 160 of the "Challenger" collection of the British

Museum (Natural History), labeled Argilloecia

eburnea Brady, Dfepth] 120 [fms] off Xmas Harbor

[Kerguelen Island]. It is an intact male containing

dried soft parts, not conspecific with other specimens

(see A. species 7) on this slide.

AFFINITIES.—Its elongate subcylindrical shape distinguishes its easily from A. eburnea Brady. The distinct muscle-scar pattern is that of Argilloecia.

Argilloecia ? species 5

FIGURE 31R, S, T

MATERIAL.—Two subfossil specimens from AB-239A

and Tahrut Bay in the Persian Gulf region; USNM

121230-121231.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121230 from Tahrut Bay: left valve, length 0.64 mm, greatest height

0.39 mm, located 0.33 mm from anterior, thickness

0.13 mm.

Argilloecia species 6

FIGURE 34C, D, N, O

MATERIAL.—Three subfossil specimens at "Anton

Bruun" stations 380A, C; USNM 121218, 121221,

121224.

DiMENSioNS.-^Specimen USNM 121218, from AB380A: left valve, length 0.70 mm, greatest height 0.31

mm, located 0.34 mm from anterior; right valve,

length 0.69 mm, greatest height 0.29 mm, located 0.34

mm from anterior.

AFFINITIES.—The elongate-oblong lateral outline

with rounded posterior and rather compressed carapace

in dorsal outline separate this species both from A.

eburnea Brady and from Argilloecia species 1 and 7 of

the Mozambique Channel.

Argilloecia species 7

FIGURES 7A; 33C, D; 34O, H, T, U

MATERIAL.—Nine subfossil specimens from "Anton

Bruun" stations 361B, 363L; USNM 121217, 121222,

121223.

Two valves, probably of the same specimen, and one

whole carapace, in slide 160 of the "Challenger" collection (Brady, 1880) of the British Museum (Natural

History), labeled Argilloecia eburnea Brady, D[epth]

120 [fms] off Xmas Harbor [Kerguelen Island].

Another specimen also included in this slide belongs

to a separate species, identified as Argilloecia species 4.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121217 from AB363L, right valve, length 0.57 mm, greatest height

0.27 mm, located 0.24 mm from anterior, thickness

0.11 mm; left valve, length 0.55 mm, greatest height

0.25 mm, located 0.26 mm from anterior, thickness

0.14 mm.

AFFINITIES.—The lateral outline of this form is

somewhat like that of Argilloecia species 1, which occurs in the same sample near Tulear; it is distinguished

by its nearly straight dorsal margin, even marginal
NUMBER 7 49

zone, and simple rounded posterodorsal angle. The

specimen from Tulear (USNM 121217) is somewhat

smaller and more acutely terminated than the "Challenger" specimens. The lectotype of A. eburnea has a

broadly arched dorsal margin and lateral outline generally reminiscent of Macrocyprina.

Genus Australoecia McKenzie, 1967

Australoecia McKenzie, 1967, p. 67.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Australoecia victoriensis McKenzie, 1967, p. 68, figs. 2f, 7j-m.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace variable in size but always

grossly inflated and very robust; shape varies from

perfect ovoid to elongate-subcylindrical. Exterior

smooth, valve overlap conspicuous and inconsistent,

either left or right valve may be the larger. Musclescar pattern a radiate rosette of five wedge-shaped

scars, pattern intermediate between those of Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) and Pontocypria.

SPECIES INCLUDED.—The following Recent species

may be assigned to Australoecia at present.

Australoecia victoriensis McKenzie, 1967

Australoecia abyssophilia, new species

Australoecia mckenziei, new species

Australoecia mckenziei, new species

FIGURE 35K-P

ETYMOLOGY.—For K. G. McKenzie, who first recognized this paradoxical genus.

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121232, paratypes USNM 121233-121236.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Whaler's Bay, Thistle Island,

Spencer Gulf, South Australia.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace very large and exceedingly

robust, egg-shaped, of variable sizes and proportions

best explained by sexual dimorphism; left valve conspicuously larger than and overlapping right valve;

approximately oval in lateral and dorsal outlines but

with posterior portion somewhat more swollen; anterior vestibule very small, marginal zone very broad

with many radial pore canals; muscle-scar pattern a

loose aggregate of five scars in roughly radial arrangement

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121232: left

valve, length 0.99 mm, greatest height 0.45 mm, located 0.48 mm from anterior, thickness 0.26 mm.

FIGURE 35.—Australoecia mckenziei, new species: K, L,

USNM 121235; M, N, USNM 121232; o, USNM 121234; r,

USNM 121233. Australoecia abyssophilia, new species: B, O,

USNM 121238; c, F, USNM 121239; D, E, 121237; H, I,

USNM 121240. Australoecia species 1: A, J, USNM 121247.

A> F> °i J» interior views; B-E, H, I, X-P, exterior views.

Specimen USNM 121233: left valve, length 1.00

mm, greatest height 0.53 mm, located 0.43 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.24 mm.

Specimen USNM 121234: right valve, length 1.10

mm, greatest height 0.50 mm, located 0.49 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.25 mm.

Specimen USNM 121235: right valve, length 0.99

mm, greatest height 0.45 mm, located 0.40 mm from

anterior, thickness 0.21 mm.

MATERIAL.—More than 40 subfossil specimens in

beach sand.

AFFINITIES.—Australoecia victoriensis McKenzie

is much smaller (0.65, 0.59 mm length), rather more

elongate in lateral view, has right valve larger than

and overlapping left, and has no known sexual dimorphism. The overlap of left valve over right that is possible in this genus is well displayed in A. mckenziei but

not to as exaggerated an extent as in some other species.

It is possible that this species was recorded by

Chapman (1915) from south of Cape Wiles, Australia,

as ?Aglaia obtusata Brady.
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Austredoecia abyssophilia, new species

FIGURES 7I, 35B-*

ETYMOLOGY.—Greek abyssos, the deep sea + philios,

loving.

TYPE-SPECIMENS.—Holotype USNM 121237, paratypes USNM 121238-121245.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—"Anton Bruun" cruise 7 station

363G.

DIAGNOSIS.—Carapace extremely robust, yellowish

white color; shape ovoid with varying proportions,

left valve much larger than and overlapping right

valve and of rounder outlines. Well-developed hinge

consisting in right valve of straight bar with overlying

"accommodation groove," in left valve of deep

straight groove with overlying incised shelf. Larger

forms with widened marginal zone and deep restricted

anterior vestibule; more abundant smaller forms

(juveniles?) with narrow regular marginal zone and

no vestibules. Muscle-scar pattern very large, located

dorsomedially, consisting of a very compact arrangement of five triangular scars.

MATERIAL.—Forty subfossil specimens from "Anton

Bruun" stations 363 G, K, 356D, 380A, 397D, and 407

in the Mozambique Channel and "Albatross" 2763 in

the western Atlantic.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121237: left

valve, length 0.92 mm, greatest height 0.53 mm, located 0.40 mm from anterior.

Specimen USNM 121240: left valve, length 0.93

mm, greatest height 0.56 mm, located 0.47 mm from

anterior.

Specimen USNM 121239: left valve, length 0.59

mm, greatest height 0.40 mm, located 0.34 mm from

anterior.

Specimen USNM 121238; right valve, length 0.60

mm, greatest height 0.36 mm, located 0.31 mm from

anterior.

Australoecia species 1

FIGURE 35A, J

MATERIAL.—One subfossil specimen from "Albatross" station 4693 in the southeast Pacific.

DIMENSIONS.—Specimen USNM 121247: right

valve, length 0.52 mm, greatest height 0.29 mm,

located 0.22 mm from anterior.

AFFINITIES.—The flange-like projection of the compressed anteroventral region is a unique feature, as are

the ventral position and honeycomb-texture arrangement of the muscle scars.

Genus Pontocypria Miiller, 1894

Pontocypria Muller, 1894, p. 255; 1912, p. 117.—Maddocks

1968, p. 123.

TYPE-SPECIES.—Pontocypria spinosa Muller, 1894.

AFFINITIES.—This genus has been described at some

length elsewhere (Maddocks, 1968) and little more

need be said here. Its distinctive muscle-scar pattern

(Figures 6D, 32L) and suboval outline, as well as

peculiar internal characters, distinguish this group

easily from other pontocyprids.

INCLUDED SPECIES.—The following Recent species

are known:

Pontocypria spinosa Muller, 1894 (Bay of Naples)

Pontocypria helenae Maddocks (commensal on asteroids,

Antarctica)

Pontocypria humesi Maddocks (Nosy Be", Madagascar)

Pontocypria meridionalis (Brady), 1869 (Falkland Islands)

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1947. Some Ostracod Genotypes. Annals and Magazine

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Moutan & Co., 's-Gravenhage.
Index

[Names of new genera and species in italics, page numbers of principal accounts in boldface]

abyssophilia, Australoecia, 1, 7 (fig.), 49 (fig.) 50

acuminate, Argilloecia, 45,47

Erythrocypris, 43

Pontocypris, 44

acuta, Candona, 7 (fig.)

affinis, Argilloecia, 9 (fig.)

Aglaia, 6

clavata, 46

meridionalis, 5

obtusata, 46,49

pusilla, 46

Aglaiocypris, 46

anceps, Argilloecia, 45

Argilloecia, 5,6,8,9,10,45,46,47,48

acuminata, 45,47

afiBnis, 9 (fig.)

anceps, 45

badia,9(fig.)

bulbifera, 45

caudata, 45

clavata,9(fig.),46(fig.)

conoidea, 45

cylindrica, 5,45

eburnea, 9 (fig.), 45,46 (fig.), 48,49

gracilior,9 (fig.)

levis,45

minor, 45

obtusata, 9 (fig.), 46 (fig.)

pusilla,9(fig.),46(fig.)

species 1,47 (fig.),48

species 2,45,47 (fig.)

species3,47 (fig.),48

species4,46 (fig.),48

species5,42 (fig.),48

species 6,47 (fig.),48

species 7,48

tumida,9 (fig.),46 (fig.),47

attenuata, Pontocypris, 9 (fig.), 11,17,23

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 9 (fig.), 11,15,44

Australoecia, 5,7,8,10,27,49

abyssophilia, 1,7 (fig.), 49 (fig.) 50

cylindrica, 5

mckenziei, 1,46,49 (fig.)

species 1,49 (fig.), 50

victoriensis, 49

avena, Cythere, 43

Bacunella, 5

badia, Argilloecia, 9 (fig.)

INDEX

Bairdiacea, 1,7, 8

Bairdiidae, 7,21, 22

bengalensis, Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris), 1, 11, 37,

38,42 (fig.),43

biplicata, Ilyocypris, 7 (fig.)

bradyi, Pontocypris, 9 (fig.), 11,17

bulbifera, Argilloecia, 45

Bythocypris, 6,7

howei, 10

species, 7 (fig.)

subreniformis, 18

calderensis, Propontocypris, 10,36

Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris), 37,42

Candona acuta, 7 (fig.)

Candoninae, 1,6,7

caudata, Argilloecia, 45

cinesea, Cyclocypris, 7 (fig.)

clavata, Aglaia, 46

Argilloecia, 9 (fig.), 46 (fig.)

Clinocypris, 5

conoidea, Argilloecia, 45

crocata, Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 1,11, 12 (fig.), 13

(fig.), 14 (fig.), 15,17,22

Cyclocypridinae, 7

Cyclocypris cinesea, 7 (fig.)

cylindrica, Argilloecia, 5,45

Cypria opthalmica, 7 (fig.)

Cypridacea, 1,7,8

Cyprididae, 1,6,7,8

Cypridinae,7

Cypridopsinae, 7

Cypridopsis vidua, 7 (fig.)

Cyprinotus salinus, 7 (fig.)

Cypris pubera, 7 (fig.)

Cythere avena, 43

Cythere (Bairdia) mytiloides, 4,43

davidiana, Pontocypris, 9 (fig.), 11

davisoni, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris),9 (fig.), 27, 32

DE, species, 11,18

declivis, Pontocypris, 10

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris), 37

discrepans, Erythrocypris, 43

Pontocypris, 43

dispar, Pontocypris, 10

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 11,14,15,23,27

eburnea, Argilloecia,9 (fig.),45,46 (fig.),48,49

edwardsi, Pontocypris, 10

53
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

epicyrta, Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris?), 1, 8, 11, 27, 33

(fig.), 34 (fig.), 35 (fig.), 36

Erythrocypris, 4,5,7,43

acuminate, 43

discrepans, 43

frequens, 43

herdmani, 11,17

mytiloides, 4

obtusa, 43

pallida,43

rara,43

serrata, 4,43

faba, Pontocypris, 9 (fig.), 17

flava, Pontocypris, 10,36

Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris), 37, 38

frequens, Erythrocypris, 43

gaussi Pontocypris, 10,18, 36, 37

Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris), 37, 38

Ghardaglaiaspecies, 7 (fig.)

gibba, Ilyocypris, 7 (fig.)

gracilior, Argilloecia, 9 (fig.)

gracilis, Pontocypris, 9 (fig.), 11

helenae, Pontocypria, 5 (fig.), 50

herdmani, Erythrocypris, 11,17

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 9 (fig.), 11, 15, 17, 18

(fig-), 22

hispida, Pontocypris, 4,43

howei, Bythocypris, 10

Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris), 37

humesi, Pontocypria, 50

Ilyocypridinae, 7

Ilyocypris biplicata, 7 (fig.)

gibba, 7 (fig.)

inflata, Pontocypris, 10,36

Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris), 33, 37

intermedia, Pontocypris, 10

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 11,14,15,27

iquiquensis, Propontocypris, 11

Propontocypris {Ekpontocypris), 27

levis, Argilloecia, 45

Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris), 37

litoricola, Propontocypris {Ekpontocypris), 1,11, 27

admirantensis, Propontocypris {Ekpontocypris), 1, 32 (fig.)

litoricola, Propontocypris {Ekpontocypris), 1, 27, 29 (fig-),

30(fig),31(fig.),32(fig.),36

lobodonta, Propontocypris (Propontocypris?), 1, 11, 18, 19

(fig.), 20 (fig.), 23

Macrocyprididae, 1,7,8,21, 22

M acrocyprina, 45,49

species, 7 (fig.)

Macrocypris, 6, 23

tumida, 45,46,47

Macrocyprissa, 8

maculosa, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 11,15, 27

mckenziei, Australoecia, 1,46,49 (fig.)

mcmurdoensis, Propontocypris {Ekpontocypris), 1, 11, 27,

31 (fig.), S3

mediterranea, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 11

meridionalis, Pontocypria, 5 (fig.), 7 (fig.), 9 (fig.), 46 (fig.),

50

minor, Argilloecia, 45

monstrosa, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 11

mytiloides, Cythere (Bairdia), 4,43

Erythrocypris, 4

Pontocypris, 4

nitida, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Propontocypris),9 (fig.), 11

obtusa, Erythrocypris, 43

obtusata, Aglaia, 46,49

obtusata, Argilloecia, 9 (fig.), 46 (fig.)

opthalmica, Cypria, 7 (fig.)

pallida, Erythrocypris, 43

Paracyprididae, 21, 22

Paracypridinae, 1,6,7, 8

Paracypris, 6,8

polita, 7 (fig.)

paradispar, Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 1, 7 (fig.), 11,

15,16 (fig.), 17 (fig.), 23

Paradoxostomatidae, 1,8

pellucida, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris {Schedopontocypris), 37

Phlyctenophora species, 7 (fig.)

pirifera, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris {Ekpontocypris), 27, 32

polita, Paracypris, 7 (fig.)

Pontocypria, 1,5,6,7,8,10, 27,49,50

helenae, 5 (fig.), 50

humesi, 50

meridionalis, 5 (fig.), 7 (fig.), 9 (fig.), 46 (fig.)

spinosa, 5,50

Pontocypridae, 10

Pontocyprididae, 1,6, 7,8,9,10,22

Pontocypridinae, 10

Pontocypris, 1,4, 5,6, 7,8,9,10,27,43,44,45

acuminata, 44

attenuata, 9 (fig.), 11,17, 23

bradyi,9(fig.),ll, 17

davidiana, 9 (fig.), 11

davisoni, 11

declivis, 10

discrepans, 43

dispar, 10

edwardsi, 10

faba, 9 (fig.), 17

flava, 10, 36

gaussi, 10,18,36,37

gracilis, 9 (fig.), 11

hispida, 4,43

inflata, 10, 36

intermedia, 10

levis, 11
INDEX 55

Pontocypris—Continued

maculosa, 11

mediterranea, 11

monstrosa, 11

mytUoides, 4

nitida, 11

pellucida, 11

pirifera, 11

robusta, 11

serrulata, 4,43

setosa, 11

sicula,9(fig.),ll

simplex, 9 (fig.), 11,37

species 1,43,44 (fig.)

species 2,43,44 (fig.)

«pecies3,7(fig.),44(fig.)

species 4,44 (fig.)

species 5,44 (fig.)

species 6,44 (fig.)

subfusca, 11

subreniformis, 9 (fig.), 11,17,18,22

subtriangularis, 9 (fig.), 17,18, 22

succinea, 11

trigonella, 4,5,10,11

tumida, 11

Potamocypris vanoyei, 7 (fig.)

Propontocypris, 1,5,7, 8,9,10,27,33,37,44

calderensis, 10,36

iquiquensis, 11

simplex, 37

species, 11,38

Propontocypris (Ekpontoeypris), 8,18,22,27,36,37,49

davisoni,9(fig.),27,32

*picyrta, 1,8,11,27, S3 (fig.), 34 (fig.), 35 (fig.),36

iquiquensis, 27

litoricola, 1,11,27

Utoricola admirtmtensis, 1,32 (fig.)

HtoricoU litoricola, 1, 27, 29 (fig.), 30 (fig.), 31 (fig.), 32

(fig), 36

pirifera, 27,32

robusta, 9 (fig.), 27

species 1,32 (fig.), 36

spedes2,7(fig.),32(fig.),37

tumida, 9 (fig.), 27

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 6, 7, 11, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23,

27, 42, 6 (fig.)

attenuate 9 (fig.), 11,15,44

crocata, 1,11,12 (fig.), 13 (fig.), 14 (fig.), 15, 17,22

dispar, 11,14,15,23,27

herdmani, 9 (fig.), 11, 15, 17, 18 (fig.), 22

intermedia, 11,14,15,27

lobodonta, 1,11,18,19 (fig.), 20 (fig.), 23

maculosa, 11,15,27

mediterranea, 11

monstrosa, 11

nitida,9(fig.),ll

Propontocypris—Continued

paradupar, 1,7 (fig.), 11,15,16 (fig.), 17 (fig.), 23

quasicrocata, 1, 11,14 (fig.), 15,17, 23

setosa, 11

sicula, 27

species 1,17,18 (fig.), 22

species 2,11,18 (fig), 22

species3,17,18(fig.),22

species 4,18,22,42 (fig.)

species 5,23,24 (fig.), 25 (fig.)

species6,23,24 (fig.)

species 7,7, (fig.), 23,24 (fig.), 26 (fig.)

species 8, 23, 24 (fig.), 27, 28 (fig.)

subreniformis, 9 (fig.), 11,17

trigonella, 11,15,40

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris), 7, 8, 18, 22, 23, 27, 33,

36,37,38

bengalensis, 1, 11,37,38,42 (fig.), 43

calderensis, 37,42

decfivis, 37

flava, 37,38

gaussi, 37,38

howei, 37

inflate, 33,37

levis, 37

pellucida, 37

simplex, 7 (fig.), 9 (fig.), 37,38,42

species 1,38,39 (fig.), 42 (fig.)

species 2,38,42 (fig.)

species3,7 (fig.), 38,40 (fig.), 41 (fig.)

species 4,42 (fig.)

species5,42 (fig.)

species 6,42 (fig.), 43,48

subfusca, 37

succinea, 37

pubera, Cypris, 7 (fig.)

pusilIa,Aglaia(?),46

AigiUoeda,9(fig.),46(fig.)

quasicrocata, Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 1, 11, 14

(fig.), 15,17,23

rara, Erythrocypris, 43

robusta, Pontocypris, 11

robusta, Propontocypris (Ekpontoeypris), 9 (fig.), 27

salimis, Cyprinotus, 7 (fig.)

serrata, Erythrocypris, 4,43

serrulata, Pontocypris, 4,43

setosa, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 11

sicula, Pontocypris, 9 (fig-), 11

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 27

simplex, Pontocypris, 9 (fig.), 11,37

Propontocypris, 37

Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris?), 7 (fig.), 9 (fig.),

37,38,42

species DE, 11,18
56

spinosa, Pontocypria, 5,50

subfusca, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Schedopontoeypris), 37

subreniformis, Bythocypris, 18

Pontocypris, 9 (fig.), 11,17,18,22

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 9 (fig.), 11,17

subtriangularis, Pontocypris, 9 (fig.), 17,18,22

Subulacypris, 5

succinea, Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Schedopontoeypris), 37

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

trigonella, Pontocypris, 4,5,10,11

Propontocypris (Propontocypris), 11, 15, 42

tumida, Argilloecia, 9 (fig.), 46 (fig.), 47

Macrocypris, 45,46,47

Pontocypris, 11

Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris), 9 (fig.)* 27

vanoyei, Potamocypris, 7 (fig.)

victoriensis, Australoecia, 49

vidua, Cypridopsis, 7 (fig.)

Xestoleberididae, 1

U. & GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1M9 O - 328-128




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