OCS Study 

MMS 96-0015 

NBS 96-01 

Northeastern Gulf of Mexico 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : 

Data Search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography 

Appendix A: Physical Oceanography 

AL. i Pensacola 

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U.S . Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior 

minerals Management Service 

N BS &W National Biological Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Eastern Region 
OCS Study 

MMS 96-0015 

NBS 96-01 

Northeastern Gulf of Mexico 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : 

Data Search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography 

Appendix A : Physical Oceanography 

Compiler 

Science Applications International Corporation 

September 1996 

Prepared under NBS Contract 

1445-CT0009-95-002 

by 

Science Applications International Corporation 

Raleigh, North Carolina 27605 

Published by 

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service National Biological Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Eastern Region 
DISCLAIMER 

This report was prepared under contract between the National Biological 

Service (NBS) and Science Applications International Corporation . This report 

has been technically reviewed by the NBS and the Minerals Management Service 

(MMS), and has been approved for publication . Approval does not signify that 

the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the NBS or MMS, 

nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement 

or recommendation for use . It is, however, exempt from review and compliance 

with the MMS editorial standards . 

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Extra copies of this report may be obtained from : 

U .S . Department of the Interior U .S . Department of the Interior 

National Biological Service Minerals Management Service 

Eastern Region Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 

1700 Leetown Road Public Information Unit (MS 5034) 

Kearneysville, WV 25430 1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, LA 70123-2394 

Telephone : (304) 725-8461- x675 

Telephone: (504) 736-2519 or 

1-(800)-200-GULF 

CITATION 

Suggested citation : 

Science Applications International Corporation . 1996 . Northeastern Gulf of 

Mexico Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : Data search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography . Physical Oceanography . OCS Study NBS 96-01 and 

MMS 96-0015 . U .S . Dept . of the Interior, National Biological Service, 

Eastern Region, Kearneysville, WV and U .S . Dept . of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA . 

181 pp . 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

Thanks are extended to Paul Blankinship whose knowledge of Papyrus was 

essential to integrating the results of the many different electronic search 

formats . Those from outside this project who made our job more manageable by 

locating and sending the requested electronic copies of existing 

bibliographies include : 

" Dr . Worth Nowlin and Maureen Reep, Texas A&M University 

" Dr . Allan Clarke, Florida State University 

" Steven Wolfe, Dept . of Environmental Regulation, State of Florida 

" Carla Langley, MMS 

" Michele Tetley, MMS 

" Rosalie Shaffer, NOAA/NMFS 

All the above are thanked for their efforts . A number of others went to 

considerable effort in locating and sending printed versions of existing 

bibliographies . They too are thanked . 
Alphabetic Index 

Letter 

A 

First Author Cited Page No . 

Adams, C . et al . 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

B Baer, L. et al . 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

C Calder, K.L . and K .D . Haddad . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

D Da9g, M .J . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

E Edwards, N. 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

F Farrell, D .H. 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 

G Gaby, D .C . et al . 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

H Haddad, K . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

I Ichiye, T. 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

J Jacobs, G .A . and R .R Leben . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ., . . 68 

K Kamykowski, D . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 

L Labelle, R .P . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . 77 

M Ma, C . 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 

N Nakamoto, S . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 

O O'Brien, J .J . and J . Kurdle . 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . 111 

P Pacheco, P .A . et al . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . 113 

4 Quinn, H . et al . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 

R Rabalais, N .N . et al . Submitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . 119 

S St . Andrew Bay resource Management Association. 1992 . . . . . . . 126 

T Tan, C .L . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 

U University of Florida . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . 158 

V Van Vleet, E .S . et al . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 

W Waddell, E . 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 

Y Yentsch, C .S . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 

Z Zeh, T .A . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 
Adams, C ., D . Swift and J . Coleman . 1987 . Bottom currents and fluviomarine 

sedimentation on the Mississippi prodelta shelf : February-May 1984 . J . 

Geophys . Res . 92(C13) :14,595-14,609 . 

Adams, R .M . 1953 . Oceanographic Survey of the Gulf of Mexico . Annual Report for 

Period June 15 1953 - June 30 1953 . ONR Contract N70NR-48702 . Bureau of 

Ships NE120219-5 . 

Abstract . This report contains scattered temperature and salinity data along 

the Alabama and Florida coasts during the summer months . 

Adams, R .M . and E .F . Sargent . 1951 . Comparison of Summer and Winter Sea 

Temperatures Gulf of Mexico . Texas A&M University, Department of 

Oceanography. College Station, TEXAS . 8 pp . 

Abstract . This report contains all of the then-available typical 

bathythermograph tracings for 1° quadrants of the Gulf of Mexico for both 

winter and summer . The contours of approximate mixed-layer depths in 

summer and winter are compared . 

Alabama Coastal Area Board . 1980 . Inventory of Alabama's coastal resources and 

uses . Alabama Coastal Area Board . Daphne, AL . 169 pp . 

Abstract . Alabama's coastal counties are characterized using four categories : 

(1) biophysical setting; (2) socioeconomic setting; (3) coastal resource 

uses ; and (4) natural resources of coastal Alabama . Emphasis is placed on 

present and potential development . This document is a compilation of 

numerous and varied sources valuable for regional and planning purposes . 

Alabama Geological Survey . 1975 . A bibliography of coastal Alabama with 

selected annotations . Bulletin 108 . Alabama Geological Survey, University 

of Alabama . Tuscaloosa, AL . 

Alexander, J .E ., T .T . White, K.W . Turgeon and A .W. Blizzard . 1977 . Baseline 

monitoring studies, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, outer continental 

shelf, 1975-1976 . Volume 1 . Executive Summary. BLM/ST-78/30 . Bureau of 

Land Management . Washington, D .C . 62 pp . 

Abstract . Benchmark studies on the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental 

Shelf were conducted seasonally to establish baseline information prior 

to extensive oil and gas development activity . No crude oil-like 

hydrocarbons were found in sediments, benthic organisms, zooplankton, 

suspended particulates nor dissolved phases on the Florida shelf . 

Moreover the abundance and diversity of organisms suggested that these 

organisms are living in an essentially pristine and natural ecological 

state, and show no evidence of stress owing to influx of pollutants . 

Alexander, J .E ., T .T . White, K .W . Turgeon and A .W . Blizzard . 1977 . Baseline 

monitoring studies, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, outer continental 

shelf, 1975-1976 . Volume 2 . Introduction and Methods . BLM/ST-78/31 . 

Bureau of Land Management . Washington, D .C . 119 pp . 

Abstract . This volume contains the introduction, purpose and objectives of the 

study, description of the study area, and detailed statements of 

methodology employed for each parameter measured . The geological 

parameters included : suspended sediment mineralogy, x-radiography, clay 

mineralogy, and standard sediment size analysis . Chemical parameters 

included : selected trace elements and hydrocarbons in sediments ; biota; 

and suspended particulate matter . Principal biological analyses included 

1 
taxonomy of neuston, zooplankton, macroepifauna, macroinfauna, meiofauna, 

and microinfauna . 

Alexander, J .E ., T .T . White, K .W . Turgeon and A .W . Blizzard . 1977 . Baseline 

monitoring studies, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, outer continental 

shelf, 1975-1976 . Volume 3 . Results . BLM/ST-78/32 . Bureau of Land 

Management . Washington, D .C . 484 pp . 

Abstract . Benchmark studies on the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental 

Shelf were conducted seasonally to establish baseline information prior 

to extensive oil and gas development activity . No crude oil-like 

hydrocarbons were found in sediments, benthic organisms, zooplankton, 

suspended particulates nor dissolved phases on the Florida shelf . 

Moreover the abundance and diversity of organisms suggested that these 

organisms are living in an essentially pristine and natural ecological 

state, and show no evidence of stress owing to influx of pollutants . Some 

evidence of hydrocarbon anomalies were found in samples from the 

Mississippi-Alabama shelf probably due to drainage from the Mississippi 

River . 

Alexander, J .E ., T .T . White, K .W . Turgeon and A .W . Blizzard . 1977 . Baseline 

monitoring studies, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, outer continental 

shelf, 1975-1976 . Volume 4 . Discussion . BLM/ST-78/33 . Bureau of Land 

Management . Washington, D .C . 222 pp . 

Abstract . Benchmark studies on the Eastern Gulf of Mexico OCS were conducted 

seasonally to establish baseline information prior to extensive oil and 

gas development activity . No crude oil-like hydrocarbons were found in 

sediments, benthic organisms, zooplankton, suspended particulates nor 

dissolved phases on the Florida shelf . Moreover the abundance and 

diversity of organisms suggested that these organisms are living in an 

essentially pristine and natural ecological state, and show no evidence 

of stress owing to influx of pollutants . Some evidence of hydrocarbon 

anomalies were found in samples from the Mississippi- Alabama shelf 

probably due to drainage from the Mississippi River . A study of tissue 

pathology revealed only parasites in otherwise normal benthic organisms . 

Major features affecting the study area were the Mississippi River, the 

Loop Current and Hurricane Eloise . Trace metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb 

and V) concentrations in Eastern Gulf samples were at levels expected for 

non-polluted areas . 

Allen, R .H . and E .L . Spooner . 1968 . Annotated bibliography of BEB and CERC 

Publications . U .S . Army Corps of Engr ., CERC . Misc . Paper 1-68 :141 . 

Allen, R .L . and R .E . Turner . 1977 . Mississippi Delta Bight studies . Numbers 1- 

5 . Center for Wetland Resources . Louisiana State University . Baton Rouge, 

LA . 

Abstract . These reports present temperature vs . depth, salinity vs . depth, and 

density (sigma T) vs . depth for stations occupied in waters of the 

Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama continental shelf . Data are presented 

graphically by individual stations . The five data reports cover separate 

collection periods : March 11-27, 1975 ; July 15-24, 1975 ; October 28-

November 7, 1975 ; January 13-February 5, 1976 ; and April 27-May 9, 1977 . 

American Meteorological Society . 1970 . Cooperative Investigation of the 

Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (CIGAR) . Bibliography on Meteorology, 

2 
Climatology, and Physical/Chemical Oceanography . Volume 2 . American 

Meteorological Society. Washington, D.C . 391 pp . 

Abstract . The abstracted bibliography has been compiled from the files of the 

Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts Office of the American 

Meteorological Society (AMS) and from files of Government libraries in 

the Washington, D.C ., area . Its purpose is to provide the participants of 

CICAR with a reasonably comprehensive and timely review of the published 

literature in physical/chemical oceanography and in 

meteorology/climatology concerned with the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, 

Greater and Lesser Antilles Regions, and the adjacent coastal areas of 

North, Central, and South America . Articles dealing with weather 

phenomena outside of this geographical region, but influencing the 

atmosphere within the area, have been included occasionally . Similarly, 

references to oceanographic region, but influencing the atmosphere within 

the area, have been included occasionally . Similarly, references to 

oceanographic cruise data taken outside of but close to this area were 

also sometimes included . 

Anctil, F ., M .A . Donelan, G.Z . Forristall, K .E . Steele and Y . Ouellet . 1993 . 

Deep-water field evaluation of the NDBC-SWADE 3-m discus directional 

buoy. J . Atmos . Ocean . Technol . 10(1) :97-112 . 

Abstract . Presents the results of an experiment designed to assess the 

directional spectrum resolution qualities of the pitch-roll-heave 

National Data Buoy Center-Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment (NDBC-SWADE) 

3-m discus wave directional buoy in deep-water conditions . Wave frequency 

spectra and wave directional spectra measured by the buoy, moored in 

about 415-m water depth, are compared to similar measurements obtained 

from a wave staff and a biaxial current meter fixed to the nearby 

Bullwinkle platform (Gulf of Mexico) . Both buoy and platform equipment 

operated simultaneously from 0000 UTC 29 May 1989 to 0100 UTC 24 June 

1989 . The analysis revealed that the buoy surface displacement energy 

spectra (estimated from heave acceleration) agree well with the platform 

spectra . 

Anon . 1973 . Supplement to Environmental Statement (MAFLA) for Oil and Gas Lease 

Sale 32 . MMS/GM/ES-74/001 . Minerals Management Service . Metairie . 33 pp . 

Abstract . The Environmental Impact Statement is a description of the 

environmental aspects and impacts of oil and gas activities resulting 

from the lease sale or the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico . It 

provides a description of the area, affected environment, and 

environmental consequences ; it discusses the proposed action, issues and 

areas of concern, and the major differences of holding the lease sale . 

Anon . 1984 . Final Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Oil and Gas Lease 

Sales 94, 92, and 102 . Gulf of Mexico OCS Region . NIIMS/GM/ES-84/003 ; 

OCS/EIS/NMS-84/0057 . Minerals Management Service . Metairie, LA . 812 pp . 

Abstract . This EIS is a description of the environmental aspects and impacts of 

oil and gas activities resulting from these lease sales or the states 

bordering the Gulf of Mexico . It provides a description of the area, 

affected environment, and environmental consequences ; it discusses the 

proposed actions, issues and areas of concern, and the major differences 

of holding these lease sales . 

3 
Anon . 1987 . GLORIA-mapped atlas released for Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean . Sea 

Technology. 28 :54 . 

Anon . 1988 . Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Gulf of Mexico Sales 118 

and 122 : Central and Western Planning Areas . NMS/GM-0003 ; OCS/EIS/EA/NIIMS88/0003 . Minerals Management Service . Metairie, LA. 415 pp . 

Abstract . The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a description of the 

environmental aspects and impacts of oil and gas activities resulting 

from this lease sale or the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico . It 

provides a description of the area, affected environment, and 

environmental consequences ; it discusses the proposed action, issues and 

areas of concern, and the major differences of holding this lease sale . 

Anon . 1988 . EPA launches program for the Gulf of Mexico . Enr . 221 :25-26 . 

Anon . 1991 . Portraits of Our Coastal Waters . Supplement to the National Water 

Quality Inventory . Report from the EPA Regions . EPA503291004 . 

Environmental Protection Agency . Washington, DC . 35 pp . 

Abstract . Contents : Pathogen Contamination in Great Bay, New Hampshire ; Water 

Quality Problems in the Middle Atlantic Bight ; Red Tide in the Eastern 

Gulf of Mexico ; Oxygen Depleted Coastal and Estuarine Waters in Louisiana 

and Texas ; Sediment Deficit and Saltwater Intrusion in Barataria Basin, 

Louisiana ; Toxic Contamination in San Diego Bay, California ; Salmon 

Mortality Problems in Port Townsend Bay, Washington ; Multimedia 

Pollutants Effect Green Bay/Fox River, Wisconsin . 

Anon . 1993 . The Proceedings of a Workshop on Future Research, Monitoring and 

Modeling of Coastal Interactions in the Gulf of Mexico . Future Research, 

Monitoring and Modeling of Coastal Interactions in the Northern Gulf of 

Mexico ; February 1993 . NOAA-AMOL . Miami, Florida . 54 pp . 

Anon . UNKNOWN YEAR . Sanitary survey on West Fowl River estuary - Mobile, 

Alabama . Gulf Coast Technical Services Unit . 

Abstract . This study was conducted as a sanitary and biological survey of 

shellfish in west fowl river estuary. Hydrographic data were collected in 

conjunction with biological sampling . 

April, G .C . and D .O . Hill . 1974 . Water Resources Planning for Rivers Draining 

into Mobile Bay, a Hydrodynamic and Salinity Model for Mobile Bay .(Ber 

Report No, 169-112 .) University of Alabama, College of Engineering . 

Tuscaloosa, Alabama . 304 pp . 

April, G .C . and D .O . Hill . 1974 . Water Resources Planning for Rivers Draining 

into Mobile Bay Part I : Hydrodynamic and Salinity Models .(Ber Report No, 

168-112 .) University of Alabama, College of Engineering . Tuscaloosa, 

Alabama . 69 pp . 

April, G .C . and H .A . Liu . 1975 . Water Resources Planning for Rivers Draining 

into Mobile Bay, Part 2, Non-Conservative Species Transport Models .(Ber 

Report No . 185-112 .) University of Alabama, College of Engineering . 

Tuscaloosa, Alabama . 185 pp . 

April, G .C . and S . Ng . 1976 . Water Resources Planning for Rivers Draining into 

Mobile Bay, a Users Manual for the Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic 

4 
Model .(BER Report No, 203-112 .) University of Alabama, College of 

Engineering . Tuscaloosa, Alabama . 97 pp . 

April, G .C . and D .C . Raney . 1979 . Mathematical modeling of coastal waters : a 

tool for managers and researchers . pp . 95-107 . Zn Loyacano, H .A . and J .P . 

Smith, eds . Symposium On the Natural Resources the Mobile Estuary, 

Alabama . Alabama Coastal Area Board, Daphne, Alabama . 

April, G .C ., D .C . Raney, L . Chern, J .P . Jarrell, D .J . Lou and Y .C . Wu . 1980 . 

Hydrodynamics of Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound . Interim Rpt . 00004 . 

Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . Ocean Springs, MS . 98 pp . 

Abstract . This report presents the results of Phase I in a three-phase study on 

the hydrodynamics of Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound . Using the results 

of a 7-year study on the hydrodynamics of Mobile Bay as a basis, the 

authors extend the scope of their mathematical model to include the 

adjacent Mississippi Sound . Due to the lack of prototype data for model 

calibration and verification, model applications have basically been 

limited to establishing trends in the system, and improving graphical 

output techniques for presenting results using finite-difference and 

finite-element numerical algorithm techniques . A mathematical model is 

generated to describe interplay between solid, fluid and physical 

elements of the system. The models were run for several tidal cycles and 

produced results which appear reasonable and reflect field observations . 

Additional data collected over Phases II and III will contribute to the 

verification and calibration process . 

April, G .C ., D .C . Raney, L .I .H . Chern, J .P . Jarrell, Der-J . Lou and Y .G .-C . Wu . 

1980 . Hydrodynamics of Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound . MASGP-79-020 . 

Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . Ocean Springs, Mississippi . 

April, G .C ., D .C . Raney and J .P . Jarrell . 1980 . Hydrodynamics of Mobile Bay and 

Mississippi Sound - Pass Exchange Study . MASGP-80-023 . MississippiAlabama Sea Grant Consortium . Ocean Springs, Mississippi . 

Arango, H.G . 1990 . A generalized reduced-gravity ocean model : An application 

for the short-term evolution and prediction of surface mesoscale fields 

(reduced gravity) . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M University, College 

Station, TX . 172 pp . 

Abstract . Discussed herein is a single mode, equivalent barotropic ocean model 

with realistic vertical structure for currents that is intended for 

simulating the temporal evolution of near-surface flow patterns within 

and near the continental slope boundaries of ocean basins . The model is 

based on the gravest vertical structure function E for current determined 

by the global, leveled-state density distribution . The eigenvalue problem 

employs a rigid lid condition at the sea surface and requires E = 0 (a 

vanishing current) at the sea bed for each local depth h. The gravest 

mode has monotonic E and an associated eigencelerity that is typical of a 

first baroclinic mode . Both the structure function and the celerity 

(hence the Rossby deformation radius) depend on the local depth h. E, 

based on realistic leveled-state density stratification, closely 

resembles the dominant first empirical mode commonly found from observed 

current structure at mid-latitude . The nonlinear governing equations 

(admitting both gravity and Rossby waves) are developed using an energyconserving, Galerkin projection of the primitive equations of motion onto 

5 
the adopted vertical structure, taking into account the dependence on h. 

The resulting governing equations involve two important depth-dependent 

parameters : these include the celerity and a Flierl-type advection 

parameter . A sensitivity study is carried out in the Gulf of Mexico to 

demonstrate the model capabilities in simulating eddy shedding via 

barotropic instability of an intense current system and topographic 

influences on mesoscale features of the flow field . Further application 

of the model to the California Current System, in which the model is 

initialized using satellite-derived surface flow estimates, gives an 

overall positional rms of less than 10 km when the model simulated 

drifters are compared with the surface buoys deployed during CODE-1 

experiment, July 8-14, 1981 . 

Armstrong, R .S . 1966 . The subtropical underwater of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . 

U .S . Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Bulletin . 

784 :46-48 . 

Armstrong, R .S . 1967 . The subtropical underwater of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . 

Commer . Fish . Rev, 29(3) :46-48 . 

Abstract . Twenty hydrographic stations were occupied over the continental slope 

off the Florida Gulf coast between June 30 and July 13, 1966 by the R .V . 

GERONIMO . One month later the area was sampled by the R .V . ALAMINOS . 

Comparison of these two sets of data shows that separate gyres moved 83-

110 km to the southwest and south in the one month period . Possible 

causes for the change in position are discussed . 

Atwood, D .K . 1981 . Proceedings of a Symposium on Environmental Research Needs 

in the Gulf of Mexico (GOMEX), September 30 - October 5, 1979, Key 

Biscayne, FL, 4 vols . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA/ERL), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meterological Laboratories . Miami, 

FL . 

Abstract . Proceedings include results and discussions recorded at a meeting of 

a group of U.S . and Mexican economists, marine scientists, and 

environmental managers regarding needs for marine-related environmental 

research in the Gulf of Mexico during the next decade . The workshop was 

divided into three panel groups entitled : natural setting, anthropogenic 

input and impacts, and environmental management and public concern. 

Reports from each of these panels are included in these proceedings as 

are the panel participants . 

Auer, S . 1980 . New daily oceanographic analyses . Mar . Weather Log . 24(60) :412-

414 . 

Abstract . The numerous inlets connecting Florida's inner waters to the Atlantic 

Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico are important from consideration of 

recreational and commercial vessel traffic . In addition, inlets act as 

flushing agents, providing renewal of bay waters by exchange with outer 

continental shelf waters . The complexities of the hydraulic and sediment 

transport mechanics in the vicinity of inlets present a formidable 

challenge to engineers and scientists . This report on Sikes Cut is one in 

a Glossary of Inlets' series whose purpose is to provide for each inlet 

a summary of the more significant available information and to list known 

documentation. Also discusses the availability of oceanographic and 

isotherm analyses using satellites and SST for the northwest Atlantic, 

Gulf of Mexico, and the northeast Pacific . 

6 
Auer, S .J . 1983 . Gulf Stream System Landward Surface Edge Statistics . 

NOAA/TM/NWS/NMC-67 ; NOAA-83101201 . NOAA, National Environmental 

Satellite, Data, and Information Service . Washington, DC . 28 pp . 

Abstract . This paper represents a statistical evaluation of the mean position, 

standard deviation, and maximum northward and southward positions of the 

Gulf Stream System landward surface edge . The surface edge is determined 

for each 0 .5° longitudinal transect from 91 - 44°W measuring the course of 

the Gulf Stream System from the Yucatan Strait to the Grand Banks . These 

statistics are derived from the initial year of the daily Oceanographic 

Analysis, which contains synoptic frontal locations of the Gulf Stream 

System . The Gulf Stream System can be subdivided into two major regions : 

The Loop Current, located in the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf Stream, 

located in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. The Gulf Stream System's edge is 

named a 'landward surface edge' in this paper to signify that it is the 

edge nearest to the North American continental landmass . 

Auer, S . 1983 . A reversal of the normal Loop Current boundary pattern . 

Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 3(1) :3 . 

Abstract . Infrared satellite imagery traced warm water to define the Loop 

Current's (LC) location . In August 1982 satellite imagery showed the LC 

to be slightly cooler than adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters and it is 

suggested that this condition may be an annual event . Oceanographic 

analysts working with infrared satellite imagery use the warmest water 

(which appears as darker shade of grey on the satellite image) as a 

tracer for defining the LC's location . Thus, the LC is visualized as 

containing warmer water than the adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters . However, 

during the first half of August 1982, this relationship was apparently 

reversed as satellite imagery showed the Loop to be slightly cooler (1 

degree C or less) at the surface . In addition, the Robinson-Bauer 

climatology suggests that this condition may be an annual event . 

Auer, S . and J.W. Clark . 1982 . East Coast ocean features September 1982 . 

Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 2(9) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end of this month's positions of the Gulf Stream System and its 

associated eddies are shown for the NW Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . 

The Gulf Stream and Loop Current boundaries are located by prominent sea 

surface temperatures gradients or by the 15 degree C isotherm at 200m . 

The Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico, last observed by satellite 

infrared imagery on June 9, is partially discernible on September 27 

imagery. On the imagery, the Loop appeared slightly cooler than the 

surrounding surface Gulf water. Prominent Gulf Stream North Wall features 

in the end-of-September analysis are the two meanders near 59°W and 65°W . 

Two anticyclonic eddies formed and two were absorbed . Eddy 23 formed 

around September 1 centered near 41°N, 59°30'W from the pinching-off of a 

Gulf Stream meander and has since translated 70 km NW . 

Austin, G.B . 1954 . On the circulation and tidal flushing of Mobile Bay, 

Alabama . Technical Report No . 12 . OCS No . 65 . Texas A&M University, 

Department of Oceanography . College Station, TX . 22 pp . 

Abstract . A description of the results gleaned from a hydrographic survey of 

Mobile Bay, Alabama is presented. A brief oceanographic description of 

this bay is made also, from the standpoint of the five phases of 

Oceanography as defined by D.F . Leipper (1950) . The presentation and 

7 
discussion of the distribution of temperature, chlorinity and fresh or 

river water, and a description of the currents observed constitute the 

greater portion of this paper. The author evaluates two ideas or methods 

of estuarine flushing determination offered by B.H . Ketchum (1950) and H. 

Stommel (1951) as they apply to Mobile Bay. The observed distributions 

and variations in chlorinity as affected by tidal changes were used for a 

control in the above investigation . A flushing time for this estuary for 

the period of the survey (October, 1952) was found to be fifty days . 

Austin, G .B . 1955 . Hydrographic survey of Santa Rosa Sound, Alabama . Project 

24 . Texas A&M Research Foundation Tech . Report . College Station, TX . 

Abstract . This report presents the results of a 2-week survey (in May-June, 

1950) of the tidal currents around the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Lab 

near Pensacola Bay. 

Austin, G .B . et al . 1958 . Observations from an oceanographic survey conducted 

off Panama City, Florida, 8 April 1958, on the USS VIGOR . Unpublished . 

U.S . Navy Mine Defense Lab . Panama City, FL . 

Austin, G .B . 1965 . Some recent oceanographic surveys of the Gulf of Mexico . AGU 

Transactions . 36(5) :885-892 . 

Abstract . An apparently semi-permanent, large scale, anti-cyclonic eddy 

repeatedly observed on four earlier oceanographic surveys was 

investigated in greater detail during Cruise 54-10 of the A .A . JAKKULA, 

August-September, 1954 . Evidence from the five surveys made in the region 

of the eddy indicates that the eddy is an integral part of the Gulf 

Stream system in the Gulf of Mexico . From the single ship survey of 

Cruise 54-10 an attempt was made (1) to locate and define the eddy and 

(2) to establish whether or not it was a temporary or permanent feature 

of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Current or to determine whether or 

not it changed physically in space and time or both . 

Austin, G .B . and R .H . Payne . 1962 . Results of a field study of the tide line 

mechanism . Research and Development Report 165 . U .S . Navy Mine Defense 

Laboratory . Panama City, FL . 34 pp . 

Abstract . An investigation into the properties of this interface between St . 

Andrew Bay waters and the Gulf . 

Austin, G .B . and W .H . Tolbert . 1958 . On the results of an oceanographic survey 

conducted in waters adjacent to Panama City, Florida, May - June 1958 . 

Unpublished . U.S . Navy Mine Defense Lab . Panama City, FL . 

Austin, G .B ., Jr . 1955 . Some recent oceanographic surveys of the Gulf of 

Mexico . Transactions, AGU (EOS) . 36(5) :885-892 . 

Austin, H.M . 1971 . The characteristics and relationships between the calculated 

geostrophic current component and selected indicator organisms in the 

Gulf of Mexico loop current system . Ph .D . Dissertation . Florida State 

University, Oceanography Department, Tallahassee, FL . 369 pp . 

Austin, R .W . 1980 . Gulf of Mexico ocean-color surface-truth measurements . J . 

Bound . Layer Meteor . 18(1) :269-286 . 

8 
Baer, L., L.C . Adamo and S .I . Adelfang . 1968 . Experiments in oceanic 

forecasting for the advective region by numerical modeling . Part 2 : Gulf 

of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 73(16) :5091-5104 . 

Balsillie, J .H . 1975 . Analysis and interpretation of littoral environment 

observation (LEO) and profile data along the western panhandle coast of 

Florida . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Memorandum . 49 :104 . 

Abstract . A 100-mile segment of the Florida panhandle coast was studied, from 

St . Andrew Bay to Pensacola Bay. Includes information on beach profiles, 

longshore transport and currents, winds and storms . 

Baltz, A.J . 1978 . A Climatology of Monthly Sea Surface Temperatures for the 

Gulf of Mexico . WSAFETACPR-78-0001 . USAF Env . Tech . App . Center . Scott 

AFB, IL . 15 pp . 

Abstract . This report presents monthly mean sea surface temperatures for the 

Gulf of Mexico in one degree quadrangles . It also includes a short 

discussion of the temperature data and the ocean currents in the Gulf of 

Mexico . 

Banks, T ., A .E . Maristany, J .R . Wagner and M . Flemming . 1983 . Inventory of 

water resources data and literature for the Apalachicola River basin, 

Florida . Northwest Fla . Water Manage . Dist ., Havana, Fla . Water Resour . 

Spec . Rep . 83-7 :207 . 

Barbieri, R .W ., C .R . McClain and D .L . Endres . 1983 . Methodology for 

Interpretation of SST Retrievals Using the AVHRR Split Window Algorithm . 

NASA Tech . Memo . NASA-TM-85100 :57 . 

Abstract . Intercomparisons of sea surface temperature (SST) products derived 

from the operational NOAH-7 AVHRR-II algorithm and in situ observations 

are made . The 1982 data sets consist of ship survey data during the 

winter from the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MA.B), ship and buoy measurements 

during April and September in the Gulf of Mexico and shipboard 

observations during April off the N .W . Spanish coast . The analyses 

included single pixel comparisons and the warmest pixel technique for 2 x 

2 pixel and 10 x 10 pixel areas . The reason for using multi-pixel areas 

was for avoiding cloud contaminated pixels in the vicinity of the field 

measurements . Care must be taken when applying the warmest pixel 

technique near oceanic fronts . The Gulf of Mexico results clearly 

indicate a persistent degradation in algorithm accuracy due to E1 Chichon 

aerosols . The MAB and Spanish data sets indicate that very accurate 

estimates can be achieved if care is taken to avoid clouds and oceanic 

fronts . 

Barrett, B .B ., J .W. Tarver, W .R. Latapie, J .F . Polland, W .B . Mock, G .B . Adkins, 

W .J . Gaidey, C .J . White and J .S . Mathis . 1971 . Cooperative Gulf of Mexico 

estuarine inventory and study, Louisiana . Phase II, hydrology. pp . 9-130 . 

g Cooperative Gulf of Mexico Estuarine Inventory And Study, Louisiana . 

Phase II, Hydrography and Phase III, Sedimentology . Louisiana Wildlife 

and Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, LA . 

Abstract . Louisiana's estuaries from Sabine Lake to the Pearl River were 

sampled at 109 stations during 1968 and 1969 . Salinity and water 

temperature were measured at all stations ; dissolved oxygen, turbidity, 

and the nutrients nitrate, nitrite, inorganic phosphate, and total 

phosphorus were sampled at 82 stations . Tide, barometric pressure, 

9 
rainfall and wind speed and direction were measured at one station. 

Coastwind data on air temperature, precipitation, and stages and 

discharges of the principal rivers were also collected. Salinities were 

highest during the fall and lowest during the peak river discharge while 

water temperatures were seasonal, closely following air temperatures . 

Dissolved oxygen concentrations were highest during periods of low water 

temperature and salinity . Turbidities generally fluctuated directly with 

river discharge and wind speed. The seasonal distributions of nutrients 

were generally irregular ; however, nitrate values were highest at 

stations near the mouths of the Atchafalaya and Mississippi rivers during 

periods of peak discharge. In general, Louisiana's estuaries and near 

offshore waters are low in salinity and high in nutrient concentrations 

as compared with other states bordering the northern Gulf of Mexico . 

These characteristics are due primarily to Louisiana's high rainfall and 

the large volume of river water which makes its way through rich alluvial 

soils to the Gulf of Mexico . The major contributors of nutrients to the 

estuaries are the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers . These rivers are 

also responsible for major salt water dilutions within the coastal area 

and in the near offshore waters . 

Barry A . Vittor and Associates . 1985 . Tuscaloosa Trend regional data search and 

synthesis study . Volume l, Synthesis Report . OCS Report . Minerals 

Management Service . 506 pp . 

Abstract . The report identifies and summarizes important information pertaining 

to the environmental and socioeconomic characteristics of this area of 

the Gulf of Mexico . The geographic boundaries of the Trend area are 

defined by South Pass on the west and by a line from the head of the 

DeSoto Canyon and the boundary between Alabama and Florida on the east . 

Information on the natural resources of the Tuscaloosa Trend OCS (southeastern Louisiana-Mississippi, and Alabama), from coastal marshes to a 

depth of 200 m, were collected, annotated, and synthesized . 

Basta, D .J ., M .A . Warren, T .R . Goodspeed, C .M . Blackwell and T .J . Culliton. 

1990 . Estuaries of the United States : Vital Statistics of a National 

Resource Base . Special Rpt . National Ocean Service . Rockville, MD . 85 pp. 

Abstract . The report describes briefly the Nation's estuarine resource base . It 

updates information presented in several previous NOAA reports and 

atlases developed through its National Estuarine Inventory (NEI) Program 

and provides the environmental characteristics of 102 U.S . estuaries . 

Each estuary is unique, described by its own set of vital statistics that 

define its natural processes and the level and impact of human uses . With 

this information, a factual basis exists for comparing estuaries, placing 

them in a regional or national context, assessing their condition, and 

approaching management of the Nation's estuaries on a comprehensive 

rather than a case-by-case basis . 

Bay Environmental Study Team . 1993 . Choosing a vision for St . Andrew Bay: a 

citizen's guide. Bay Environmental Study Team . Panama City, FL . 32 pp . 

Abstract . This handbook was prepared for a citizen's forum on the future of St . 

Andrew Bay and the environmental choices that are available . Includes 

basic information on the hydrography, biology and ecology of the bay, as 

well as some economic information . 

10 
BCM Converse . 1987 . St . Andrew Bay system environmental database . BCM Converse . 

Panama City, FL . Various pp . 

Abstract . A collection of reports on the water quality, hydrography, sediments 

and biota of St . Andrew Bay. 

Bea, R .G . 1983 . Wave-height attenuation modeled by computer program for shallow 

water in Gulf . Oil and Gas Journal . 81 :114-118 . 

Bea, R .G ., N .W . Lai, A.W . Niedoroda and G .H . Moore . 1983 . Gulf of Mexico 

shallow-water wave heights and forces . pp . 20 . In Proceedings, Offshore 

Technology Conference . 

Abstract . Outlines study whose purpose was to develop a procedure for 

establishing environmental design conditions for platforms in relatively 

shallow water in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Behringer, D .W ., R .L . Molinari and J .F . Festa . 1977 . The variability of 

anticyclonic current patterns in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 

82(B4) :5469-5476 . 

Abstract . A recent 2-fold increase in the number of temperature observations 

available in the Gulf of Mexico prompted a reappraisal of several ideas 

regarding the temporal variability of the Loop Current in the eastern 

gulf and the anticyclonic gyre in the western Gulf . The analysis includes 

both synoptic data drawn from 47 cruises in the eastern Gulf and monthly 

maps of temperature at 200m prepared from the observations over the 

entire Gulf . On average the penetration of the Loop Current into the Gulf 

increases in winter and spring, reaching a maximum in early summer, at 

which time a large anticyclonic eddy probably separates from the Loop . 

There are substantial deviations from this average sequence of events ; 

during the past 12 years the period between eddy separations has been as 

short as 8 mo and as long as 17 mo . The data coverage of the western Gulf 

is sparse, but there is evidence for the year-round persistence of the 

anticyclonic gyre and some indications that the gyre may be strongest in 

summer and winter . 

Bell, A. 1985 . East Coast ocean features (Sep . 1985) . Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 

5(9) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end of this month's positions of the Gulf Stream System and its 

associated eddies are shown for the NW Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . 

Due to the continuation of seasonal decrease in SSTs in the Gulf of 

Mexico during September, the Loop Current is again clearly discernible as 

a thermal gradient on moisture corrected satellite infrared imagery. 

Bell, A . and J . Clark . 1985 . East Coast ocean features (Nov . 1985) . Oceanogr . 

Mon . Summ . 5(11) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end of this month's positions of the Gulf Stream System and its 

associated eddies are shown for the NW Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . 

The end-of-November amplitude of the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico 

decreased about 445 km compared to the end-of-October position . This 

dramatic decrease is due to an eddy formation . 

Bell, A . and J . Clark . 1985 . East coast ocean features : Sea surface 

temperature, SST anomaly (June 1985) . Oceanogr . Mon . Summ. 5(6) :18-23 . 

Abstract . Due to cloudiness and isothermal conditions the Loop Current in the 

Gulf of Mexico was last detected on June 4 . The end-of-June amplitude of 

11 
the Loop Current decreased about 155 km N from the end-of-May position . A 

warm eddylike feature was first observed near 25°N, 87°W on June 3 . Two 

anticyclonic eddies formed, one anticyclonic eddy was newly detected, and 

two anticyclonic eddies were absorbed by the Gulf Stream during the 

month . 

Bell, A . and J . Clark . 1985 . East coast ocean features : Sea surface 

temperature, SST anomaly (May 1985) . Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 5(5) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end-of-May amplitude of the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico 

increased about 110 km N from the end-of-April position . Three cyclonic 

eddies were newly observed, one cyclonic eddy foamed from a Gulf Stream 

meander, and then apparently dissipated during May . 

Bennett, C .M . and F .C .W . Olson . 1971 . An assay of environmental data collected 

off Panama City, Florida from 1962 to 1968 . NSRDL/PC 3444 . Naval Ship 

Research and Development Lab . Panama City, FL . 314 pp . 

Abstract . Presents oceanographic and meteorological data collected from the 

offshore research stages off of Panama City . 

Biggs, D .C . 1992 . Nutrients, Plankton, and Productivity in a Warm-Core Ring in 

the Western Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 97(C2) :2143-2154 . 

Abstract . Argos drift buoy trajectory data showed that a region of anticyclonic 

circulation about 100 km in diameter was present over the upper 

continental slope of the NW corner of the Gulf of Mexico in SeptemberOctober, 1988 . Guided by these data, Texas A&M University scientists 

joined by colleagues from Mexico's Direccion General de Oceanografia 

Naval surveyed the area from October 17-22 on R/V GYRE cruise 88G-05 with 

a dense grid of conductivity-temperature-depth and expendable 

bathythermograph stations . The presence of a subsurface salinity maximum 

greater than 36 .5 psu within the upper 150 m of this anticyclone 

indicated that it had originated as a warm-core eddy of the Loop Current ; 

however, a maximum of only 36 .54 psu at 6t = 25 .5 in contrast to as much 

as 36 .88 psu at this density surface in a "fresh" ring indicated that 

this feature had spent many months in the western gulf since its 

separation from the Loop Current . Biologically, the warm-core ring was 

oligotrohic : it surface waters were generally depleted in nitrate to 

depths of more than 100 m, and chlorophyll standing stocks, primary 

productivity, and zooplankton biomass were all extremely low . By 

comparison, at ring periphery where there was measurable nitrate at 100 

m, chlorophyll standing stocks and primary production in the surface 

mixed layer were 1 .5 to 2 times higher . 

Biggs, D .C . 1993 . A synopsis of hydrographic data from the TAMU Ship of 

Opportunity Program, XBT, CTD, and bottle data collected in the Gulf of 

Mexico from Nov 1989-Sept 1993 by the Technical Support Services Group . 

Department of Oceanography, TAMU . College Station, TX . 

Biggs, D .C . and D .J . Murphy . 1991 . Underway measurements of temperature, 

salinity, chlorophyll, and near-surface currents from R/V GYRE in support 

of the Texas Institutions Gulf Ecosystem Research Initiative . Marine 

Technology Society Annual Meeting . New Orleans, LA. 7 pp . 

12 
Birchett, J .A .K ., III . 1967 . Temperature - Salinity Relationships in the 

Surface Layers of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico in August, 1966 . Master's 

Thesis . Texas A&M University, College Station, TX . 85 pp . 

Black, P .G . 1983 . Ocean temperature changes induced by tropical cyclones . Ph .D . 

Thesis . The Pennsylvania State University, Graduate School, Department of 

Meteorology . 

Abstract . Discusses how major Gulf of Mexico storms (in particular storms 

Frederic, Anita and Allen) interact with the Loop Current and associated 

mesoscale eddies . Investigates both SST and mixed layer depth (MLD) 

changes caused by hurricane passage . 

Blaha, J .P . and W. Sturges . 1978 . Evidence for wind forced circulation in the 

Gulf of Mexico . Technical Report . Department of Oceanography, Florida 

State University . Tallahassee . 134 pp . 

Blaha, J .P . and W. Sturges . 1981 . Evidence for wind-forced circulation in the 

Gulf of Mexico . J . Mar . Res . 39(4) :711-734 . 

Abstract . A study is conducted into the response of sea level and dynamic 

height to fluctuations of alongshore wind stress and wind stress curl at 

periods greater than a few months per cycle . Monthly tide gage data from 

Key West to Progreso, Mexico, during 1954-1974 are adjusted to remove the 

effects of local atmospheric pressure and seasonal steric heating . The 

adjusted mean monthly sea level elevations are significantly greater from 

Progreso to Port Isabel than they are elsewhere in the Gulf . This 

observation remains unchanged after the elevations are reduced for the 

effect of local alongshore winds . Among the tide gages in the western 

gulf, Galveston is the most coherent, with the local alongshore wind 

forcing at periods greater than 2 mo/cycle, exhibiting a phase with the 

winds not significantly different from PI . At the other coastal sites, at 

least half of the elevation signal remains . This residual signal is 

presumed to be caused by the geostrophic fluctuations of an offshore 

boundary current . The available wind data from the western half of the 

gulf show a negative wind stress curl . A common feature in the sea level 

elevations from Progreso to Port Isabel and in curl is the sharp 

transition from summer to fall . It is suggestive of a seasonal component 

to the Gulf circulation forced by the wind stress curl . This transition 

occurs from July to Sept . in curl but from Aug . to Oct . in sea level, a 

one-month lag . The observed 17 cm of change in elevation corresponds to 

changes in curl . A mean baroclinic circulation in the northwestern gulf 

is evident, in which the mean difference in dynamic height (relative to 

700 db) is about 14 dynamic cm . The total seasonal variation across the 

flow (after the influence of Loop Current rings has been minimized in the 

data) is about 5 dynamic cm . 

Blain, C .A., J .J . Westerink and R .A . Luettich Jr . 1994 . The influence of domain 

size on the response characteristics of a hurricane storm surge model . J . 

Geophys . Res . 99(C9) :18467-18479 . 

Abstract . The influence of domain size on boundary condition specification and 

on computed storm surge response is investigated . Storm surge response 

along the Florida shelf in the GOM due to Hurricane Kate is examined over 

three domains using two different open ocean boundary forcing functions, 

a still water (or zero elevation) condition and an inverted barometer 

condition which accounts for the atmospheric pressure component of the 

13 
meteorological forcing. The first domain is relatively small and is 

situated primarily on the continental shelf . A second domain includes the 

entire Gulf of Mexico basin. The third domain covers the Gulf of Mexico, 

contiguous basins, and extends out into the deep Atlantic Ocean . The 

computed storm surge response indicates that the small domain is 

inadequate, since cross-shelf boundaries are in regions of significant 

storm surge generation where surge and therefore boundary conditions are 

not known a priori . Also, the behavior of resonant modes that are 

physically excited within the Gulf of Mexico due to the passage of the 

hurricane is unknown at the boundaries of this small domain . The domain 

that includes the entire Gulf of Mexico captures the primary storm surge 

well but may not correctly model resonant modes . The primary storm surge 

response as well as resonant modes excited by the storm are best 

represented using a domain which encompasses the western North Atlantic 

Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico . This domain with deep 

Atlantic Ocean boundaries facilitates simple boundary condition 

specification and minimizes the influence of boundary conditions on storm 

surge generation in coastal regions . 

Blumberg, A .F . and G .L . Mellor . 1979 . A whole basin model of the Gulf of 

Mexico . Proceedings of the Sixth OTEC Conference . 

Abstract . Describes the development of an ocean model and the results of 

preliminary tests to assess the feasibility of evaluating environmental 

impact of many OTEC sites . Results indicate that the model will be useful 

in establishing oceanographic and engineering parameters such as current 

shear . 

Blumberg, A.F . and G .L . Mellor . 1981 . A numerical calculation of the 

circulation in the Gulf of Mexico . Prepared for the Division of Solar 

Technology, by Dynalysis . U. S . Department of Energy . 159 pp . 

Blumberg, A .F . and G .L . Mellor . 1981 . Some results from a three-dimensional 

Gulf of Mexico circulation model . 8th Ocean Energy Conference, 

Washington, D .C ., 1981 :483-494 . 

Abstract . Development of a three-dimensional, time-dependent prognostic model 

which can reproduce large scale features of the Gulf of Mexico 

circulation such as variability, intensity and areal extent of the major 

current systems . 

Blumel, S .M . 1981 . Comparison of three major northward-moving Gulf Coast 

Hurricanes : Camille (1969), Eloise (1975), and Frederic (1979) . National 

Weather Digest . 6(3) :21-28 . 

Abstract . The following report serves to analyze both differences and 

similarities of three recent major northward-moving hurricanes along the 

Gulf Coast . Hurricanes Camille, Eloise, and Frederic severely affected 

the mid-Gulf Coast region, between New Orleans, LA ., and St . Marks, FL. 

The comparative weakening rates of two different intensities of storms 

traversing the same general geographic and physiographic regions are 

discussed briefly. All tide data is in feet above mean sea level (m .s .l ., 

National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929) and is based primarily on 

poststorm high water mark surveys . Significant wave heights are based on 

oil rig and NOAA data buoys and refer to the prevailing wave heights over 

the sea surface in view . Wave heights were measured from trough to crest . 

14 
Bohannon, B .J . 1971 . The occurrence of nitrogen fixation in Escambia Bay and 

Mulatto Bayou. Master's Thesis . University of West Florida, Pensacola, 

FL. 65 pp . 

Abstract . Gas chromatographic determination of acetylene reduction was used to 

describe the occurrence of nitrogen fixation in Escambia Bay and Mulatto 

Bayou, Florida. Water and sediment samples were collected at 44 stations 

from October, 1970 to March, 1971 and analyzed for acetylene reduction 

and principal nitrogen fixing microbiota . 

Bon Secour-Magnolia River Watershed Conservancy District . 1966 . Watershed Work 

Plan for Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention, Bon Secour-Magnolia 

River Watershed . Bon Secour-Magnolia River Watershed Conservancy 

District . 34 pp . 

Boston, N .E .J . 1964 . Observations of tidal periodic internal waves over a three 

day period off Panama City, Florida . Texas A&M Univ ., Dept . of 

Oceanography and Meteorology Project . 286-D, Ref . 64-20T :49 . 

Abstract . A report on studies conducted during June 19-22, 1962 . 

Boudreau, R.D. 1972 . Eastern Gulf of Mexico remote sensing study experiment No . 

3, May 1972 . Part I : surface measurements . Mississippi Test Facility, 

Report No . 017 . NASA Earth Resources Laboratory . Stennis Space Center MS . 

94 pp . 

Bouma, A .H ., W .R . Bryant, D .K . Davies and T .T. Tieh . 1968 . Study of the 

continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico . Report to the U .S . Geol . Survey . 

Project 506, Reference 68-2T . Texas A&M University, Department of 

Oceanography . College Station, TX . 139 pp . 

Boynton, W .R . 1975 . Energy basis of a coastal region : Franklin County and 

Apalachicola Bay, Florida . Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Florida . 

Gainesville, FL . 408 pp . 

Breaker, L .C ., L .D . Burroughs, J .F . Culp, N .L . Guinasso and R .L . Teboulle . 

1993 . Surface and Near-Surface Marine Observations during Hurricane 

Andrew . Technical Note . Also published as Ocean Products Center, Report 

No . CONTRIB-68 . See also PB93-111060 . National Meteorological Center . 

Washington, DC . 42 pp . 

Abstract . Documents the impact of Hurricane Andrew on the near-surface marine 

environment across the Bahamas and the Gulf through observations of sea 

level pressure, surface winds, surface air temperature, sea surface 

temperature, water level, near-surface currents, temperature and 

salinity . These data naturally take the form of time series and thus 

characterize the intensification and decay of Andrew at specific 

locations along its track. 

Brooks, J .M . 1991 . Mississippi-Alabama Continental Shelf Ecosystem Study Data 

Summary and Synthesis . Technical Narrative . Final Report . Vol . 2 Minerals 

Management Service . New Orleans, LA . 886 pp . 

Abstract . Biological, physical, chemical, and geological characteristics were 

studied in a series of five cruises between March 1987 to March 1988 

along three north-south transects across the continental shelf of 

Mississippi and Alabama . Four stations in depths of approximately 50, 

100, 150 and 200m were sampled along each of these transects . Side-scan, 

15 
ROV, and underwater color photographs and video data were collected 

around topographic features in the study area . Subbottom profiler records 

indicate that the shelf edge is built upon delta-front forest beds that 

were truncated by erosion during the last low stand of sea level in the 

Pleistocene . Topographic features constructed on top of these sediments 

were generally of three classes : (1) pinnacles ; (2) linear ridges ; and 

(3) enigmatic features . Sediments contained a mixture of biological and 

petroleum hydrocarbons . Biological hydrocarbons were predominantly plant 

biowaxes with a possible minor planktonic input . Petroleum hydrocarbons 

were present as polynuclear aromatic compounds (PAH), a complete suite of 

n-C, and an unresolved complex mixture . Sediments varied greatly in iron 

and trace metal content, but the variations seem to be largely the result 

of natural variability in grain size and mineralogy . Deep water sediments 

were more enriched in iron and trace metals than those in shallow water . 

Satellite data positioned fronts associated with the Loop Current, warm 

core eddy, warm intrusions reaching into the region from the top of the 

Loop, warm intrusions from the Loop, and a cold ridge extending southward 

from the study area . Biological studies showed polychaetes were the 

dominant benthic macroinfauna taxon . No species appeared to dominate the 

community . There were no discernible patterns of diversity or abundance 

that could be attributed to inshore-offshore or east-west gradients . The 

largest numbers of species collected in the macroepifauna samples were at 

stations in 100m depths and the largest numbers of individuals were 

collected at the 150 and 200m stations . Demersal fish trawls sampled 

2,839 specimens representing 98 species and 37 families . 

Brown, M ., E . Waddell, J . Karpen and R .J . Wayland . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico shipof-opportunity data report, January 1983 - October 1985 . OCS Study/NMS . 

86-0028 . 632 pp . 

Abstract . In January 1983 the Minerals Management Service (NIIMS) began a 5-year 

program of physical oceanographic measurements in the Gulf of Mexico, 

including current moorings, drifting buoys, satellite observations, and 

hydrographic surveys . To provide additional information on the timevarying circulation features in the Gulf, linking the various other data 

sets which usually emphasize specific processes or limited periods of 

time, DMS has supported a ship-of-opportunity (SOOP) program. The SOOP 

observations consist primarily of expendable bathythermograph profiles, 

usually T-7 probes, obtained by a number of cooperating vessels . The data 

report contains station charts, temperature sections from all the cruises 

supported between January 1983 and October 1985 . 

Brown, M ., E . Waddell and R .J . Wayland . 1989 . Gulf of Mexico ship-ofopportunity data report, update : October 1985 - March 1988 . OCS Study/DMS 

89-0013 . 598 pp . 

Abstract . The Minerals Management Service has conducted a number of physical 

oceanographic studies in the Gulf of Mexico during the period 1982-

present, emphasizing the open ocean basin. The particular program, called 

the Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography Program, has two primary goals : 

(1) to develop a better understanding and description of conditions and 

processes governing Gulf circulation and (2) to establish a database that 

could be used as initial and boundary conditions by a companion NMSfunded numerical circulation modeling program. 

16 
Bruno, R .O . 1971 . Longshore current system, Panama City to Pensacola, Florida . 

Master's Thesis . Florida State Univ ., Tallahassee, FL . 167 pp . 

Abstract . An analysis of the longshore current, based on one year's data from 

six beach observation stations, including one at St . Andrews State Park . 

Data is given regarding waves and wind . 

Brusher, H .A . and L .H . Ogren . 1976 . Distribution, abundance, and size of 

penaeid shrimps in the St . Andrew Bay system, Florida . Fishery Bulletin . 

74(l) :158-166 . 

Abstract . Presents distribution and abundance information regarding eight 

species of shrimp occurring in the various areas of the bay. Also 

includes some hydrographic data . 

Braun, P ., T .Y . Chiu, F . Gerritsen and W .H . Morgan . 1962 . Storm tides in 

Florida as related to coastal topography . Univ . Fla . Eng . Ind . Exp . Sta . 

Bull . Series . 109 :76 . 

Braun, P ., W .H . Morgan and J .A . Purpura . 1962 . Review of beach erosion and 

storm tide conditions in Florida, 1961-1962 . University of Florida, 

College of Engineering . Gainesville, FL . 104 pp . 

Burch, T . 1981 . Significant environmental investigations in the Northwest 

Florida Water Management District : a bibliography . Northwest Florida 

Water Management District, Water Resources Special Report . 81-2 :56 . 

Northwest Florida Water Management District . 

Abstract . Includes published and unpublished reports . Indexed by county and 

river basin. 

Bureau of Land Management . 1977 . Draft environmental impact statement . Proposed 

1978 outer continental shelf oil and gas lease sale . 2 vols . OCS No . 65 . 

Bureau of Land Management, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office . New 

Orleans, LA . 

Bark, S .D . and W .T . Thompson . 1992 . Airmass Modification Over the Gulf of 

Mexico : Mesoscale Model and Airmass Transformation Model Forecasts . J . 

Appl . Meteorol . 31(8) :925-937 . 

Abstract . Several numerical models are used to examine strong air-sea fluxes 

and resultant air mass modification following a cold-frontal passage over 

the Gulf of Mexico . Data from the Gulf of Mexico Experiment (GUFMEX), 

which was conducted in February-March 1988, are used for model 

validation . To provide a benchmark by which to evaluate the role of 

diabatic processes in air mass modification, the mesoscale model was 

initially run with surface fluxes deleted . Subsequent full physics runs 

show profound alterations to the boundary layer due to the diabatic 

processes . A one-dimensional air mass transformation (AMT) boundary-layer 

model is also tested and compared with the mesoscale modal and GUFMEX 

data . The Lagrangian character of the AMT model is a useful compliment to 

the mesoscale model output . Further, at least in one forecast, the AMT 

model yields a better forecast of boundary-layer depth. Strong sensible 

and latent heat fluxes in the vicinity of the cold front, while a 

subsidence-induced local maximum in latent heat flux appears in the 

return flow that is established in the western Gulf . The precipitablewater field shows a tongue of moist air returning to the Louisiana coast 

17 
and indicates that substantial mesoscale horizontal gradients in the 

moisture field are to be expected in the return flow . 

Bushnell, M . and G .A. Maul . 1982 . Ocean optical data from potential OTEC sites 

in the Gulf of Mexico . NOAH Tech . Memo . ERL AONII..-49 :232 . 

Butts, G .L . and L .W . Donelan . 1983 . Hydrolab survey of lower St . Andrews Bay -

Panama City, Bay County, August 26, 1983 . Florida Dept . of Environmental 

Regulation . 5 pp . 

Abstract . A study of water quality in various locations in the lower bay . Data 

is given for temperature and dissolved oxygen . 

Calder, K .L . and K .D . Haddad . 1979 . Transmissometry on the eastern Gulf 

shelves, MAFLA survey 1976-1978 . pp . 931-989 . ZE Mississippi, Alabama, 

Florida outer continental shelf baseline environmental survey 1977/1978 . 

Vol . IIB . Compendium of work element reports . Bureau of Land Management, 

Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . Water clarity in the eastern Gulf of Mexico increases away from 

vertical or horizontal interfaces . In the benthic boundary layer it 

increases with a decrease in turbulent energy (currents, seiches, 

internal waves, hurricanes) available to act on the bottom . In the 

surface layer, turbidity was largely relatable to runoff or biological 

productivity. Water of a clarity comparable to Sargasso Sea water was 

measured in the Loop current, which was found at times at the seaward 

ends of all transects . This water was 50 to 100 times as clear as water 

found at the northern winter stations in the nepheloid layer . Near-bottom 

water clarity was affected by non-periodic (Loop Current) and periodic 

(internal waves, seiches, inertial currents) bottom currents, with 

nepheloid layers found at times in all regions of the study area . 

However, the rapidly shoaling, fine sediment-laden shelf off Mobile 

resulted in nepheloid layers during all sampling seasons . The Loop 

Current is the primary transport mechanism for particles in the study 

areas . The periodic current phenomena do not result in a net transport 

unless they are superimposed upon a current with a net directionality . 

However, they do provide significant erosional energy to the bottom 

which, coupled even with a slow (non-eroding) current, could result in a 

net sediment transport . In the summer and fall when the Loop Current 

intrudes furthest into the Gulf of Mexico, a net southward transport of 

outer shelf sediments should result . During the winter, when northerly or 

northeasterly winds blows in conjunction with seiche activity, a general 

westward to northwestward transport of sediments should result . That may 

explain the presence of sediments suspended in the water column off 

Mobile, Alabama that were similar to those found on the bottom off Panama 

City, Florida during DM III . 

Cammack, J .H ., T .J . Joiner and R .D . Schneefloch . 1971 . Bibliography of Offshore 

and Estuarine Areas of Alabama With Selected Annotations . Alabama 

Geological Survey Circular . 50 :69 . 

Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid . eds . 1972 . Contribution On the Physical 

Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Vol . 2 Texas A&M University, 

Oceanographic Studies . College Station, TX . 288 pp . 

Abstract . This book contains a group of related papers directed toward a better 

understanding of selected aspects of the physical oceanographic 

18 
characteristics of the Gulf . The book opens with a description of the 

Gulf waters and the general circulation . Section 2, a discussion of the 

major current (the Loop Current) and its variability, follows . The 

various problems of circulation are examined through both numerical and 

experimental modeling in Section 3; Section 4 discusses the effects of 

hurricanes on circulation . The book concludes with a chapter on tides, 

which presents new information on energy dissipation within the Gulf . 

Carder, K ., K .A . Fanning, P .R . Betzer and V. Maynard . 1977 . Dissolved silica 

and the circulation in the Yucatan Straits and deep eastern Gulf of 

Mexico . Deep-Sea Res . 24(4) :1149-1160 . 

Carder, K .L . and F .C . Schlemmer II . 1973 . Distribution of particles in the 

surface waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico : An indicator of 

circulation . J . Geophys . Res . 78(C7) :6286-6299 . 

Carder, K .L . and F .G . Schlemmer II . 1973 . Distribution of particles in the 

surface waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico : an indicator of 

circulation . J . Geophy . Res . 78(27) :6286-6299 . 

Cardone, V .J . 1978 . Forecasting hurricane winds and waves, a pilot study . pp . 

1027 . In United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labs ., Collected Reprints, 

1977 . Vol . 2 . NOAA, Miami, FL . 

Abstract . A directional spectral wave hindcast model developed at the City 

University of New York Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences for 

application to Gulf of Mexico hurricanes is modified for implementation 

on the NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories 

computer facility for application in real time to forecasting of Gulf and 

East Coast hurricanes . The results of this model are compared to results 

from a simpler parametric model developed at the AOML Sea-Air Interaction 

Laboratory for several severe historical storms that have affected the 

Gulf and East Coast. The intercomparison indicates that the models 

produce similar results for slow moving (-15 knots) storms and 

increasingly divergent results for faster moving storms . A real time 

forecast of Hurricane Belle is described. The forecast sea states 

verified at a NOAA data buoy suggest that both models are limited mainly 

by errors in operational forecasts of hurricane track, intensity, and 

scale . 

Caruthers, J .W . 1972 . Water masses at intermediate depths . pp . 53-61 . 

Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid, eds . Contributions on the Physical 

Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf Publishing Co ., Houston, TX . 

Abstract . Detailed analysis of potential temperature-salinity characteristics 

of the Gulf of Mexico from winter 1962 as related to flow patterns and 

mixing . 

Center for Natural Areas . 1979 . Annotated bibliography of coastal zone 

management work products--a compilation of state, territory, and federal 

work products produced via funding from the Coastal Zone Management Act 

of 1972, as amended . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Office of Coastal Zone Management . Washington, D .C . 391 pp . 

19 
Abstract . The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972, amended in 1976, 

provided grants to States and Territories to develop and implement 

coastal management plans . During their activities, coastal programs have 

produced a total of over 1400 work products on all aspects of the 

planning process ; the Office of Coastal Zone Management (OCZM) in the 

Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAH) has published numerous other documents . These work products, 

funded through the CZMA, represent a substantial amount of invaluable 

information and experience of use to all professionals and students of 

the coastal region . This annotated bibliography represents a second 

edition compilation of the work products published prior to September, 

1979 . Included are all annotations from the first bibliography prepared 

by David W . Laist in 1976 . This new edition also has an index by key 

words to help the user locate information in any State or Territory, or 

by subject . Annotations were prepared directly from the work products or 

from direct input from the respective State or Territory Program Manager . 

In an effort to verify each annotation, a copy of the draft bibliography 

was forwarded to each State or Territory Program Manager for their 

review . This bibliography represents a best effort to annotate all 

products . Except for special cases, this bibliography includes all 

coastal program products funded in part or whole by funds from the 

Coastal Zone Management Act . Among the exceptions are some draft reports, 

films, slide shows, grant applications and newsletters . Chermock, R .L ., 

P .A . Boone and R .L . Lipp . 1974 . An Environmental Study of Offshore 

Alabama As Related to Drilling for Gas and Oil . Alabama Geological 

Survey, Open-File Report . Tuscaloosa, Alabama . 289 pp . 

Chew, F . 1955 . On the offshore circulation and a convergence mechanism in the 

red tide region off the west coast of Florida . Transactions, AGU (EOS) . 

36(6) :963-974 . 

Chew, F . 1964 . Sea-level changes along the northern coast of the Gulf of 

Mexico . Transactions, AGU (EOS) . 45(1) :272-289 . 

Chew, F ., K . L . Drennan and W .J . Demoron . 1962 . On the temperature field east of 

the Mississippi Delta . J . Geophys . Res . 67(1) :271-279 . 

Abstract . In the winter of 1960-1961, surface temperature fronts of magnitude 

of 10°F change in 2 to 3 miles were common in the area east of the 

Mississippi delta . They separated shallow streaks of cold river discharge 

from surrounding gulf water . The streaks were underlain by a layer of 

similarly cold but more saline water, forming, together, columns of cold 

water some 200 ft . deep . The columns are thought to be the result of 

confluence of cold waters from two sources . The first, the Mississippi 

estuarine discharge, is composed of the cold river inflow and the cold 

salt wedge ; the second is saline Loop Current water cooled in the area 

inside the 20-fathom contour, probably mostly in Breton-Chandeleur Sound . 

Christmas, J .Y . 1973 . Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study, 

Mississippi . Phases I-IV . Gulf Coast Research Laboratory . Ocean Springs, 

MS . 434 pp . 

Abstract . This study is divided into four phases : area description, hydrology, 

sedimentology and biology. The goal of the inventory is related to 

management of coastal resources . Information on estuaries, geology, 

20 
economics, developmental and political factors associated with them are 

included . 

Christmas, J .Y . and C .K . Eleuterius . 1973 . Hydrology . pp . 73-121 . jn Christmas, 

J .Y ., ed . Cooperative Gulf of Mexico Estuarine Inventory and Study 

Mississippi . Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi . 

Chuang, W .S ., W .W . Schroeder and W .J . Wiseman . 1982 . Summer current 

observations off the Alabama coast . Contrib . Mar . Sci . 25 :121-131 . 

Abstract . Results of studies concerning low-frequency variability on the 

Alabama shelf during 1976, 1978 and 1979 indicated that a permanent 

summer circulation pattern does not exist and that circulation is 

strongly affected by wind duration, density stratification and coastal 

geometry . 

Churgin, J . and S .J . Halminski . 1974 . Temperature, salinity, oxygen, and 

phosphate in waters off United States, Volume II : Gulf of Mexico . 

National Oceanographic Data Center . Washington, D .C . 116 pp . 

Abstract . Presents temperature, salinity, oxygen, and phosphate data for 

oceanic waters along and adjacent to the Gulf Coast . Provides a general 

picture of the variability of the four parameters over large oceanic 

areas . Data is presented in formats that can be easily understood by 

nonphysical oceanographers--by biologists, engineers, and others having 

responsibilities for the development, utilization, and management of the 

ocean and its resources, and for planning and managing programs, 

projects, and surveys that relate to use of the ocean . The data are of 

value in studies of marine productivity, pollution, corrosion, fouling, 

waste receiving capacity, and oceanic circulation and in designing 

instruments and planning structures . 

CIGAR . 1973 . A description of the circulation in the eastern Gulf of Mexico 

during CIGAR survey month II May 1972 . U .S . Department of Commerce, NOAH 

Environmental Data Service . 14 pp . 

CIGAR . 1976 . Distribution of physical and chemical oceanographic data in the 

CIGAR region . Part 2 . Computer plot displays . U .S . Department of 

Commerce, NOAA Environmental Data Service . 94 pp . 

CIGAR . 1976 . Progress in marine research in the Caribbean and adjacent regions ; 

CIGAR II Symposium; Caracas Venezuela . U .S . Department of Commerce, NOAA 

Environmental Data Service . 243 pp . 

Clark, J . 1985 . East Coast ocean features (Dec . 1985) . Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 

5(12) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end of December's positions of the Gulf Stream System and its 

associated eddies are shown for the NW Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . 

The Gulf Stream and Loop Current boundaries are located. The end-ofDecember amplitude of the Loop Current increased 520 km compared to the 

end-of-November position . The dramatic increase is due to the merging of 

anticyclonic eddy q with the Loop Current around December 9 . 

Clark, J . 1985 . East Coast ocean features (Oct . 1985) . Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 

5(10) :18-19 . 

21 
Abstract . The end-of-October amplitude of the Loop Current in the Gulf of 

Mexico shows little change compared to the end-of-September position . 

Anticyclonic eddy o was suspected by ARGOS data near 25°30'N 91°W around 

August 22 according to the Slidell, Louisiana SFSS . Eddy O seemingly 

traveled 175 km WSW since August 22 . Two cyclonic eddies formed, one 

anticyclonic eddy was absorbed and one dissipated during the month. 

Clark, J . 1986 . East Coast ocean features . Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 6(1) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end of January 1986, positions of the Gulf Stream System and its 

associated eddies are shown for the NW Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . 

The Gulf Stream and Loop Current boundaries are located by infrared 

satellite imagery or XBT (expendable bathythermograph) data . 

Clark, J . 1986 . East Coast ocean features . February 1986 . Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 

6(2) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end of this month's positions of the Gulf Stream System and its 

associated eddies are shown for the NW Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . 

The Gulf Stream and Loop Current boundaries are located by infrared 

satellite imagery or XBT (expendable bathythermograph) data . Anticyclonic 

eddies are labeled a-z in the Gulf of Mexico and 1-99 in the NW Atlantic . 

Cyclonic eddies are labeled A-Z. Arrows on eddies indicate direction of 

circulation . 

Cochrane, J .D . 1972 . Separation of an anticyclone and subsequent developments 

in the Loop Current (1969) . pp . 91-106 . In Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid, 

eds . Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Gulf Publishing Co ., Houston, TX . 

Abstract . Documents progress of first observed detachment of an anticyclonic 

current ring from the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current from May to September, 

1969 . 

Collard, S .B . 1976 . Biological, chemical, geological and physical parameters 

essential to estuarine management in Choctawhatchee Bay. Fla . Sea Grant 

Proj . R/EM-5 (ann . rep .) :15 . 

Collier, A . 1958 . Gulf of Mexico physical and chemical data from ALASKA 

cruises . U .S . Fisheries and Wildlife Special Scientific Report . Fisheries 

No . 249 :417 . 

Abstract . This report is principally a list of chemical data collected aboard 

the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service M/V ALASKA while she was engaged in a 

biological and oceanographic survey of the Gulf of Mexico . The tables 

include observations on salinity, temperature, sigma-t, nitrate-nitrite 

nitrogen, total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, "carbohydrates", and 

"proteins" . Some special data on the uranium and phosphorus content of 

certain water samples and sediments are included . A brief introduction 

includes remarks on the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico and 

the study of organic compounds . 

Condrey, R .E ., R .E . Turner, L .J . Rouse, R .F . Shaw and W .J . Wiseman . 1982 . 

Evaluation of the Brine Disposal from the West Hackberry Site : The 

Regional Impact on Menhaden Resources : Final Report : Volume 1, Chapters 

1-8, Addenda 1-2 . DoE/PO/10313-T-V .1 . Louisiana State University, Center 

for Wetland Resources . Baton Rouge . 157 pp . 

22 
Abstract . A complete assessment of the impact of brine discharge from the 

Strategic Petroleum Reserve project on the menhaden fishery of the Gulf 

of Mexico requires an understanding of the distribution of menhaden eggs 

and larvae over the Louisiana shelf as well as a knowledge of the 

mechanisms that transport the larvae into the estuaries . This study 

identifies sources of menhaden eggs and larvae and determines the 

processes controlling larval transport and distribution across the shelf 

and into the estuaries . 

Corner, C ., A . Conway, B .A . Benedict and B .A . Cristensen . 1982 . Modeling the 

Apalachicola system : A hydrodynamic and water quality model with a 

hydrodynamic and water quality atlas of Apalachicola Bay . Technical Paper 

No . 23 . Florida Sea Grant Program . Gainesville, FL . 89 pp . 

Abstract . The present report discusses the establishment of a numerical model 

of the Apalachicola system consisting of the River, its tributaries and 

the biologically highly productive Apalachicola Bay . Much of the material 

has been published elsewhere in the form of reports (e .g ., Graham, 

DeCosta, and Christensen, 1978), scientific papers (e .g ., Christensen, 

1979, Graham and Christensen, 1978) and bulletins of a more general 

nature (e .g ., Hill and Graham, 1980) . The present report should therefore 

be considered as a review of the progress made with special emphasis on 

the final results that are presented in the form of an atlas depicting 

the hydrodynamics and pollutant migration in the Apalachicola Bay during 

an "average" year taking tidal flushing as well as wind and river flow 

into consideration . 

Cook, S .K . and S .P . Matteson . 1985 . A description of temperature conditions and 

Gulf Loop Current variability for the years 1979-1983 utilizing ship of 

opportunity data . Unpublished Manuscript . (NOAA/AOML) 41 pp . 

Abstract . Combines five years of Expendable Bathythermograph data in seventy 

cruises/vertical temperature sections to show high variability in the 

Gulf Loop Current system . Demonstrates a lack of an annual cycle in the 

system with respect to position . 

Cooper, C . 1982 . Southwest Florida shelf circulation model . Vol . 1 . MMS-GM-PT83-001 . Minerals Management Service . Metairie, LA . 336 pp . 

Abstract . This report summarizes an 18-month study funded by the Minerals 

Management Service. Motivation for the study arose from the service's 

intention to grant leases for oil exploration, and the need to estimate 

the probable destination of water-borne pollutants originating from 

drilling and for predicting seasonal water circulation on the southwest 

continental shelf . Because of modeling considerations, the study area was 

expanded to include the contiguous west Florida Shelf (WFS) extending 

from the Florida Keys in the south to Apalachicola in the north and the 

200 m isobath to the west . 

Cooper, C .K. 1987 . Hurricane-generated currents on the outer continental shelf . 

Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Maine . 204 pp . 

Abstract . This work focused on currents generated by hurricanes on the outer 

continental shelf and slope . Emphasis is on the maximum mixed layer 

response which restricts the time scales of interest to within a few 

hours of storm passage . But considerable insight has also been gained 

about the lower layer response, and the post-storm response including 

shelf waves. A numerical model is developed using a layered, explicit 

23 
finite-difference formulation based on the nonlinear primitive equations 

including thermodynamics . The problem of topography intersecting the 

model layer is resolved . Comparisons are given between the model 

simulations and six test cases in which the solutions either are known, 

or results are available from other numerical models which have been 

proven . The favorable comparisons validate the numerical scheme and the 

model code . The model is configured for the Gulf of Mexico and used to 

hind-cast three storms using a 0.2 degree grid . In the mixed layer, the 

model typically reproduces better than 80t of the observed variance with 

correlation coefficients of greater than 0 .8 for the mixed layer . In the 

bottom layer, the correlation falls, although the predicted variance 

still compares well . The model simulations suggest that substantial shelf 

waves can be generated by Gulf hurricanes . Results reveal the most 

important factors are (in decreasing order) : wind speed, storm 

translation speed, direction of storm approach, asymmetry in the wind 

field, entrainment parameterization, and advection at slower translation 

speeds . 

Cooper, C .K . 1987 . A numerical modeling study of low-frequency circulation on 

the west Florida shelf . Coastal Engineering . 11(1987) :29-56 . 

Abstract . A numerical model using linearized, diagnostic, primitive equations 

was applied to the west Florida Shelf to provide estimates of lowfrequency (<0 .1 cpd) circulation . The model calculated the horizontal and 

temporal variation of the free surface and velocity fields, including 

vertical shear . Model testing was accomplished by hindcasting two data 

sets . Comparisons between modelled and observed current and surface 

elevation were generally good, although a thorough evaluation was 

impossible because of an inadequate data base . After the model was 

tested, it was used to investigate low-frequency circulation patterns 

attributable to wind, horizontal density gradients, vertical 

stratification, and the Loop Current . Difficulties were encountered in 

attempting to include the Loop Current effects on the shelf . Several 

mechanisms suggested by previous investigators were tested, but failed to 

give realistic results with reasonable model input parameters . The model 

results coupled with the available data suggest that 1) the inner shelf 

region shoreward of the 50-m isobath is primarily wind driven; 2) the 

deeper, southern section of the shelf is strongly influenced by shelf 

edge processes and intrusions from the Loop Current ; 3) the deeper, 

northern section of the shelf is primarily wind driven ; and 4) modelling 

of shelf edge processes must include the baroclinic component . 

Cooper, C ., G .Z . Forristall and T .M . Joyce . 1990 . Velocity and hydrographic 

structures of two Gulf of Mexico warm-core rings . J . Geophys . Res . 

95(C2) :1663-1679 . 

Abstract . Results from an extensive survey of two Gulf of Mexico warm-core 

rings are presented. The data were taken during a 1-week period in 

December 1983 using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), 

expendable current probes (XCP), expendable bathythermographs (XBT), and 

a CTD. Two rings were observed-an older one in the western Gulf adjacent 

to the west Texas shelf, and one just separated from the Loop Current. 

The western ring was of order 200 km in diameter with peak currents of 1 

m/s at the 100-m level . Water properties were uniform and characteristic 

of the high-salinity Caribbean subtropical underwater . The eastern ring 

was of order 300 km in diameter with peak currents of near 2 m/s at the 

24 
100-m level . Water below 200 m is of Caribbean origin, while the surface 

water show more variability suggesting some inflow of Gulf of Mexico 

common water. 

Cooper, C . and J .D . Thompson . 1989 . Hurricane-generated currents on the outer 

continental shelf . I . Model formulation and verification . J . Geophys . 

Res . 94(C9) :12513-12539 . 

Abstract . A numerical model is developed to simulate currents generated by 

hurricanes on the outer continental shelf and slope . Emphasis is on the 

mixed-layer response within a few hours of storm passage; however, some 

attention is given to the lower layer and shelf wave responses . The model 

is based on a layered, explicit, finite difference formulation using the 

nonlinear primitive equations including conservation of heat . The problem 

of topography intersecting the model layer is resolved by introducing 

artificial steps of the order of 100 m where the layer intersects the 

slope . Model comparisons are presented for three Gulf of Mexico 

hurricanes using a 0 .2 degrees grid . 

Corcoran, E .F . 1973 . Chemical oceanography . Zn Jones, J .I ., R .E . Ring, M .O . 

Rinkel and R .E . Smith, eds . A Summary of Knowledge of the Eastern Gulf of 

Mexico . State University System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography, 

St . Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . A review of the chemical investigations made on the waters of the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico indicates that most studies have been concerned 

with water mass characterization, structure of the Loop Current, and 

nutrient distribution . The parameters measured in these studies were 

primarily salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and inorganic 

phosphates . More recent research has added the investigation of suspended 

material, dissolved and particulate carbon, and certain trace metals . 

Further study of nutrients and trace metal distribution is needed . This 

report includes materials on chemical data for the estuarine and 

nearshore environments, including extensive tables onwater quality and 

constituents in the major bays and estuaries . 

Costanza, R ., C . Neill, S .G . Leibowitz, J .R . Fruci, L .M . Bahr and J .W . Day . 

1983 . Ecological models of the Mississippi Deltaic Plain region . Data 

collection and presentation . FWS/OBS-82/68 . U.S . Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Office of Biological Services . Washington, D .C . 342 pp . 

Abstract . This technical report consists of quantified ecosystem models with 

input-output matrices of the biology, hydrology, geology, and 

socioeconomics of the major habitats of the Mississippi Deltaic Plain 

Region . The quantitative framework characterizes the region and provides 

a data base for future ecological models . The habitats modeled are 

aggregated from those previously identified in the NmPR by wicker et . al . 

(1980) according to the classification system of Cowardin et, al . (1979) . 

Detailed descriptions of the biological, physical, and socioeconomic 

interconnections within this coastal ecosystem allow coastal managers and 

decision makers to better assess the impacts of human activity on the 

region's natural resources . It is hoped that future modeling attempts 

based on the data collected in this report will help predict human 

impacts on coastal ecosystems and aid in the arduous task of assessing 

tradeoffs between nonrenewable resource development and renewable 

resource preservation . This technical report was designed to supplement 

the companion narrative description of the Mississippi Deltaic Plain 

25 
Region as the final products in the Mississippi Deltaic Plain Region 

Characterization Study. Together these two volumes provide both general 

descriptions and detailed data on the region . 

Cragg, J . 1974 . Wind induced currents and sea surface slopes in the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico . M.S . Thesis . Florida State University . Tallahassee, FL . 

Cragg, J ., G . Mitchum and W . Sturges . 1983 . Wind-induced sea surface slopes on 

the west Florida shelf . J . Phys . Ocean . 13(12) :2201-2212 . 

Abstract . Tidal and meteorological records at stations in the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico have been studied . The sea level response is a maximum for winds 

along the coast and varies symmetrically with angle . The coherence is 

maximum at periods of 4-10 days . The horizontal coherence of sea level is 

high out to 500 km for 4-10- day periods . The horizontal coherence for 

wind (measured at coastal stations) is high out to at least 500 km . The 

amplitude of the response of sea level to winds is larger by a factor of 

4 here, on a broad shelf, than on the Oregon coast, which is narrower by 

approximately the same ratio . A response of approximately 16 cm is 

induced by approx . 4 m/s wind . This reponse, or transfer function, is 

uniform over the spectral range (4-100 days) . The sea level response to 

the longshore wind stress is not linear, but to the power 0 .8 PLUS OR 

MINUS 0 .1, and is attributed to the relatively low tidal currents in this 

region . The large horizontal coherences of wind and sea level imply broad 

longshore flows extending 500 km or more along the coast . Over 85t of the 

variance between 4 days and 3 yr is contained in fluctuations with 

periods <3 mo . A longshore slope of sea level is observed ; in the 4-10-

day band, this slope can be explained by longshore variation in the width 

of the shelf . A mean longshore slope of approxmiately 6x101° and it may 

be caused by the (weak) mean winds . Freely propagating coastal trapped 

waves are found in a narrow band approximately 0 .18 cpd . 

Cragg, J . and W . Sturges . 1974 . Wind induced currents and sea surface slopes in 

the eastern Gulf of Mexico . Technical Report/NSF Grant GA-29734/ONR Grant 

N00014-67-A-0235-0002 . Florida State University, Department of 

Oceanography . Tallahassee, Florida . 50 pp . 

Crance, J .H . 1967 . Statement At a Public Hearing On the Establishment of Water 

Quality Criteria for the Perdido River Basin . Open File Report . Alabama 

Department of Conservation, Seafoods Division . Montgomery, Alabama . 14 

PPCrance, J .H . 1969 . A selected bibliography of Alabama estuaries . Alabama Mar . 

Resour . Bull . 2 :1-21 . 

Crance, J .H . 1971 . Description of Alabama estuarine areas-cooperative Gulf of 

Mexico estuarine inventory. Ala . Mar . Resour . Bull . 6 :1-85 . 

Abstract . Physical characteristics of estuarine areas are given; importance as 

nursery areas are discussed. Maps include: study area, sediment types, 

pollution sources, oyster beds, isotherms, isohalines, and some economic 

characteristics . Tabular data include : climate, tides, open water surface 

area and average depth, tidal marsh, stream discharge, domestic and 

industrial wastes, navigation channels, and commercial fisheries . 

26 
Crawford, M .M. and N . Khazenie . 1990 . Monitoring Mesoscale Surface Features of 

the Ocean via an Automated Analysis ; Final Report . NSF/ISI-90162 . Remote 

Information Analysis, Inc . Austin, TX . 45 pp . 

Abstract . The research focused on the development, implementation, and 

evaluation of an automated system to track mesoscale oceanic features . 

First, the approach applies a rapid automated registration algorithm, 

which operates on a temporal sequence of multispectral images through a 

statistical procedure and aligns images of the same target for further 

analysis . Next, an adaptive statistical spatial-temporal image 

reconstruction technique is applied to the sequence of images . The 

reconstruction algorithm compensates for image clutter and for occlusion 

of features by clouds . Finally, the method applies a flow velocity 

calculation algorithm, based on artificial intelligence methods, which 

identifies and tracks oceanic features of interest across the registered, 

reconstructed temporal sequence of images . 

Crisp, C . and J . Lewis . 1992 . Return flow in the Gulf of Mexico . Part I : A 

classificatory approach with a global historical perspective . J . Appl . 

Meteorol . 31(8) :868-881 . 

Abstract . Return-flow events have been examined with the aid of a 

classification scheme that identifies each event with cold air masses 

that invade the Gulf during the cool season (February-March) . These air 

masses were classified as either continental polar (cP), maritime polar 

(mP), or a mix of two or more of these basic types (MIX in future 

reference) . Each event was viewed as a cycle in which the first phase 

represented an offshore flow typifying the cold-air outbreak over the 

Gulf and the second phase was associated with the return of modified air 

to the continent . Surface data for a 12-yr period, 1978-89, were used to 

make a statistical analysis of the event and each of its phases . The 

principal results of the study are 1) a total of 127 events occurred in 

this cool season over the 12-yr period . The relative percentages of mP, 

cP, and MIX air masses are 28'k, 20%, and 52%, respectively . A median of 

10 .5 return-flow events occurred in the cool season where the MIX 

category was the dominant regime . The median duration for a return-flow 

cycle is 3 .3, 5 .2, and 6 .2 days for mP, cP, and MIX, respectively, for 

the cool season . 2) The median duration of the offshore-flow phase for 

the cool season shows a wide range depending on airmass type with 30, 55, 

and 49 h as median times for mP, cP, and MIX, respectively . 3) The median 

duration of the return-flow phase for the cool season was significantly 

longer than the offshore-flow phase when all cases were examined en 

masse ; but when the cases were segregated according to airmass type, the 

duration of the return flow for the cool season exhibited a wide range 

with 47, 57, and 62 h as median times for mP, cP and MIX, respectively . 

In order to view the return-flow events in the Gulf of Mexico from a 

wider perspective, a historical summary of research on this event and 

similar events around the world is included . 

Crozier, G .F . 1976 . Mobile Bay Turbidity Plume Study . Report No . : NASA-CR144331 . Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium . Dauphin Island, 

Alabama . 44 pp . 

Abstract . Laboratory and field transmissometer studies on the effect of 

suspended particulate material upon the appearance of water are reported . 

Quantitative correlations were developed between remotely sensed image 

density, optical sea truth data, and actual sediment load . Evaluation of 

27 
satellite image sea truth data for an offshore plume projects contours of 

transmissivity for two different tidal phases . Data clearly demonstrate 

the speed of change and movement of the optical plume for water patterns 

associated with the mouth of Mobile bay in which relatively clear Gulf of 

Mexico water enters the bay on the eastern side . Data show that wind 

stress in excess of 15 knots has a marked impact in producing suspended 

sediment loads . 

Crozier, G .F . and w .W . Schroeder . 1978 . Mobile Bay Turbidity Study . Marine 

Environmental Sciences Consortium . Dauphin Island, Alabama . 60 pp . 

Abstract . The termination of studies carried on for almost three years in the 

Mobile Bay area and adjacent continental shelf are reported . The initial 

results concentrating on the shelf and lower bay were presented in the 

interim report . The continued scope of work was designed to attempt are 

finement of the mathematical model, assess the effectiveness of optical 

measurement of suspended particulate material and disseminate the 

acquired information . The optical characteristics of particulate 

solutions are affected by density gradients within the medium, density of 

the suspended particles, particle size, particle shape, particle quality, 

albedo, and the angle of refracted light . Several of these are discussed 

in detail . 

Culter, J .K . and S . Mahadevan . 1982 . Long-term effects of beach nourishment on 

the benthic fauna of Panama City Beach, Florida . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report . 82-

2 :94 . 

Abstract . The long-term effects of beach nourishment on the benthic infauna and 

surface sediments of Panama City beaches were investigated . Forty-seven 

stations located on nine transects between West Pass and Philips Inlet, 

and two nourishment borrow sites were sampled in November-December 1979 

and May 1980 . The data collected were compared to prenourishment baseline information collected by Saloman (1976) . Abiotic parameters, water 

temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity were measured . Sediments were 

analyzed for particle-size distribution, percent organic carbon and 

percent carbonate . Benthic macroinvertebrates were represented by 162 

taxa of 14 major animal phyla. Species composition and faunal densities 

varied seasonally . Polychaetes and amphipods were the most abundant 

animal groups ; a small number of species were dominant at nearly all 

stations and highest offshore . Sediment composition was similar to that 

of Saloman's (1976) study within limits of sampling and processing 

errors . Faunal composition was found to be different from 1976 but was 

attributed to normal seasonal and spatial variations . Based on benthic 

community analyses and sediment parameters, no significant differences 

were found between nourishment borrow sites and surrounding areas and in 

the nearshore areas where beach nourishment was conducted. No long-term 

adverse effects of beach nourishment were detected . 

Curl, H . 1959 . The hydrography of the inshore Gulf of Mexico . Publ . Inst . Mar . 

Sci ., Univ . Tex . 6 :193-205 . 

Abstract . Thirty sampling trips were made to a distance of twenty-eight miles 

into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from Aligator Harbor, Franklin 

County, Florida, in 1954 . Water temperature, salinity, and light 

penetration were measured . Temperatures in the inshore waters ranged from 

28 
14°C to 30°C . Hydrographic profiles gave evidence of intense local cooling 

in the spring . Density inversions were present on several occasions . The 

local salinity pattern, of the inshore waters was controlled by stream 

flow, particularly that of the Apalachicola River . Minimum salinities 

were found in March and were correlated with high stream flow . Maximum 

salinities occurred in mid-August . 

Curl, H .C ., Jr . 1956 . The Hydrography and Phytoplankton Ecology of the Inshore, 

Northeastern Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . Florida State 

University, Tallahassee, FL . 285 pp . 

Cushman-Roisin, B . 1986 . Linear stability of large, elliptical warm-core rings . 

J . Phys . Ocean . 16(7) :1158-1164 . 

Dagg, M.J . 1988 . Physical and biological responses to the passage of a winter 

storm in the coastal and inner shelf waters of the northern Gulf of 

Mexico . Cont . Shelf Res . 8 :167-178 . 

Dames and Moore, Inc . 1975 . The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) 

environmental assessment . Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), Inc . New 

Orleans, LA . 

Abstract . As part of the LOOP, Inc . environmental assessment, a field study of 

the offshore mooring site, the onshore storage facility, and the proposed 

pipeline route was initiated in June, 1973 to continue to May, 1974 . The 

objectives are to describe the ecosystems impacted by the proposed LOOP 

project, including an environmental inventory . Physical, chemical, and 

biological parameters are studied . This report deals with the offshore 

portion of the study . 

Dames and Moore, Inc . 1979 . The Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Outer 

continental shelf baseline environmental survey, MAFLA 1977/1978 . Volume 

1-A . Program synthesis report . BLM/YM/ES-79/01-VOL-1-A . Bureau of Land 

Management . Washington, D .C . 278 pp . 

Abstract . A third year baseline marine environmental survey was conducted and a 

synthesis report prepared . Marine geology, physical oceanography, marine 

biology, trace metal and hydrocarbon chemistry of the water column, 

sediments and tissues were examined for the Mississippi, Alabama, Florida 

Outer continental shelf in support of prospective OCS oil and gas 

development . Physical oceanographic and sediment geology data provided 

information to better understand the biological and chemical 

distributions . A data base was created merging data collected from 1974-

1978 into a single format . 

Dames and Moore, Inc . 1979 . The Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, outer 

continental shelf baseline environmental survey, MAFLA . 1977/1978 . Volume 

1-B . Executive summary report . BLM/YM/ES-79/02-VOL-1-B . Bureau of Land 

Management, Washington, D .C . 30 pp . 

Abstract . The prime purpose of the MAFLA program was the determination of 

ongoing or potential impacts on the outer continental shelf (OCS) 

environment from oil and gas development . The Executive Summary Report is 

organized along the same lines as the Program Synthesis Report, with 

sections on methodology, geology, physical oceanography, chemistry and 

29 
biology. A brief summary and lists of recommended monitoring parameters 

and major deficiencies in the data base are also included . 

Danenberger, E .P . 1976 . Oil spills, 1971-75, Gulf of Mexico outer continental 

shelf . U .S . Geol . Surv . Circ . 741 :47 . 

Dean, R .G . 1986 . Sediment budget principles and applications . University of 

Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Dept . Report . UFL/COEL86/019 :51 . 

Abstract . A study of beach profiles and shoreline changes due to the action of 

waves, currents, tides and sediment supply . Among the localities studied 

was the entrance channel to St . Andrew Bay. 

Dean, R .G . and T .Y . Chiu . 1986 . Combined total storm tide frequency analysis 

for Escambia County, Florida . Florida State University, Beaches and 

Shores Resource Center . Tallahassee, FL . 66 pp . 

de la Cruz, A .A . 1981 . Differences between South Atlantic and Gulf Coast 

marshes . pp . 10-20 . Jj1 Carey, R .C ., P .S . Markovits and J .B . Kirkwood, 

eds . Proceedings of the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service Workshop on 

Coastal Ecosystems of the United States . Rpt . No . FWS/OBS-80/59 . Office 

of Biological Services, Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . The one factor that determines the biological (plant communities), 

ecological (primary productivity, food web, energy flow), and chemical 

(salinity, nutrients) differences between the South Atlantic and Gulf 

Coast marshes is water-the hydrological processes and hydrodynamic 

regimes that characterize each region . Gulf Coast marshes are developed 

primarily on deltaic formations constructed on alluvial deposits created 

by several major river systems, while the South Atlantic marshes are 

basically formed on estuarine and lagoonal soft silt deposits bridging 

the barrier islands and the mainland shorelines . Tides in the South 

Atlantic (a tidal dominated coast) are normally semidiurnal with 

fluctuations of more than 2 .0 m; meteorological phenomena are more stable 

with fewer events of major storm surges . In the Gulf, tides are generally 

diurnal with maximum fluctuation of 0 .3 m ; but during periods of lowest 

fluctuations, tides can change over to very weak semidiurnal occurrences . 

Prevailing local weather conditions, the occurrence of seasonally 

changing major wind directions, high energy summer tropical storms, and 

Gulf basin natural oscillations complicate the hydrodynamics of the Gulf 

marsh system . The peculiar hydrology of the Gulf Coast (a wave dominated 

coast coupled with the great freshwater input dominated by the 

Mississippi River) influences salinity producing a more diverse 

vegetation structure and seasonal fluxes of material into the Gulf Coast 

marsh-estuary . 

Dietrich, D ., D . Ko and L . Yeske . 1993 . On the application and evaluation of 

the relocatable diecast ocean circulation model in coastal and semienclosed seas . Center for Air Sea Technology ; TR 93-1 . Stennis Space 

Center . Mississippi . 71 pp . 

Abstract . To improve coastal and semi-enclosed seas modeling, a new DieCAST 

Ocean Model has been developed . In application to the Gulf of Mexico 

(GOM), this model gives remarkably similar results to that obtained from 

the Sandia Ocean Model System (SOMS) and at a computational speed much 

faster than SOMS or other ocean models presently available . The results 

30 
are supported by many GOM observations including GEOSAT rms sea-surfaceheight anomaly data ; mean thermocline and empirical orthogonal functions ; 

the evolution of vortex pairs in the western GOM; major Loop Current eddy 

shedding period ; shed eddy size, phase speed, dispersion rate and 

vorticity; and detailed Loop Current and shed eddy structure . Finally, 

and a major advantage of DieCAST is its capability to be easily relocated 

to any geographical region of the globe . Preliminary applications in 

several regions such as the Mediterranean, South China Sea, Great Lakes, 

and Labrador Current are described . 

Dietrich, D .E . and C .A . Lin . 1994 . Numerical studies of eddy shedding in the 

Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 99(C4) :7599-7615 . 

Abstract . The eddy shedding phenomenon in the Gulf of Mexico is modelled using 

the Sandia Ocean Modeling System . In the first part of the study a 

parameter sensitivity study is performed using a rectangular basin twolevel model . In particular, the sensitivity of the model eddy shedding to 

inflow/outflow conditions, horizontal resolution (80, 40, and 20 km), and 

reduced gravity is examined . The results are interpreted in terms of the 

quasi-geostrophic vertical motion equation and vorticity conservation . In 

the second part of the paper the authors include realistic coastlines and 

bathymetry in the model . A horizontal resolution of 20 km is used 

together with 16 vertical levels . Various observed features of the eddy 

shedding are simulated by the model . A boundary current which follows 

topographic contours is generated around the Gulf because of the 

splitting of the flows associated with the Loop Current and the shed 

eddy . This current is likely to be important in the dissipative stages of 

the eddies in the western Gulf . In addition, the authors' results suggest 

that higher-order baroclinic modes are important in the dissipation of 

Loop Current eddies . 

DiMego, G .J ., L .F . Bosart and G .W . Endersen . 1976 . An examination of the 

frequency and mean conditions surrounding frontal incursions into the 

Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea . Mon . Weather Rev . 104(6) :710-718 . 

Dinnel, S .P . 1988 . Circulation and sediment dispersal on the LouisianaMississippi-Alabama continental shelf . Ph .D . Dissertation . The Louisiana 

State University . 187 pp . 

Abstract . The circulation on the LMAS and adjacent regions has been 

characterized using historical hydrographic data and current meter data . 

Generalized seasonal circulation patterns have been proposed based on 

objective data over the inner shelf, outer shelf, and upper slope . 

Westward flows on the inner shelf, outer shelf and upper slope in the 

spring and summer are interpreted as the northern and southern portions 

of closed cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation cells, respectively . 

Spring and summer midshelf flow is eastward, with off shelf flow over the 

eastern LMAS shelf break. Upper slope flow continues on westward in front 

of the Mississippi Delta, while outer shelf flow turns northward onto the 

shelf just east of the Delta . These two circulating cells are assumed to 

continue in the fall . Flow in front of the Delta is to east in fall and 

winter . Winter shelf circulation appears to consist of a single cyclonic 

cell . There is weak offshelf flow all along the shelf-break in winter . 

Wave-induced sediment resuspension and advection by subtidal bottom 

currents are both necessary for net sediment transport on the inner 

shelf . Long-term hindcast wave statistics for the LMAS, acquired from the 

31 
U.S Army Corps of Engineers, were analyzed . Sediment resuspension during 

high wave conditions can occur in water depths of 40 m or less . Highest 

wave conditions, with durations on the order of hours per year, may 

resuspension sediment in up to 80 m water depth . Sediment transport 

occurs primarily during prefrontal winds conducive to long waves and 

cyclonic inner shelf flow in the winter and spring . Outer shelf and upper 

slope sediments are most likely to be resuspended only by hurricane 

condition waves or, possibly, by direct influence of the Loop Current. 

Dinnel, S . and W . Schroeder . 1989 . Coastal water level measurements, Northeast 

Gulf of Mexico . Jour . Coast . Res . 5(3) :553-561 . 

Dinnel, S .P ., W .W . Schroeder and W .J . Wiseman Jr . 1990 . Estuarine-shelf 

exchange using Landsat images of discharge plumes . Jour . Coast . Res . 

6(4) :789-799 . 

Abstract . Landsat satellite data can provide descriptions of discharge plume 

morphology, as well as estimates of estuarine-shelf suspended sediment 

exchange . Thirty-three images, collected over an 11-year period, of the 

Mobile Bay, Alabama, discharge plume were analyzed in conjunction with 

environmental data . Plume size was principally controlled by river 

discharge but modified by the tides . Suspended sediment transport 

estimates based on plume size suggest that the annual suspended sediment 

load from Mobile Bay to the adjacent shelf can be exchanged during an 

average five-month cold front season and an average spring flood . Windwave resuspension of Mobile Bay sediments during frontal passage and 

direct river borne suspended sediments are the two major sources of 

suspended sediment transported to the shelf . 

Douglas, B .C ., R .E . Cheney and R .W . Agreen . 1983 . Eddy energy of the northwest 

Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico determined from GEOS 3 altimetry . J . Geophys . 

Res . 88(C14) :9595-9603 . 

Abstract . From May 1975 to October 1978 the GEOS 3 satellite altimeter made 

numerous repeated observations of sea surface topography in the northwest 

Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico . By comparing members of about 1000 collinear 

pairs of altimeter profiles, we have determined mesoscale sea height 

variability and eddy kinetic energy in these ocean regions . Our results 

agree qualitatively with estimates made from traditional oceanographic 

surveys, but significant quantitative differences exist in certain areas, 

especially in the Gulf Stream between Florida and Cape Hatteras where the 

altimetric results show less variability . The reason for this appears to 

be due to differences in spatial sampling . Historical oceanographic 

measurements are relatively sparse and must be aggregated into small 

geographic boxes to compute variability statistics . Results therefore 

represent a combination of temporal and spatial variability . In contrast, 

repeated satellite altimeter tracks provide point measurements of changes 

of sea height and slope . This enables determination of temporal 

variability alone, a quantity more representative of eddy energy. It is 

important to make this distinction between space and time because in 

regions of strong horizontal gradient such as the Gulf Stream, spatial 

variability can exceed the temporal component . In mid-ocean where spatial 

variability is negligible, altimetric and oceanographic results are in 

excellent agreement . 

32 
bowling, G .B . 1966 . Low frequency shallow water internal waves at Panama City, 

Florida . U.S . Navy Mine Defense Lab . Research Report . 313 :59 . 

Abstract . A study of the physical properties of internal waves, at depths of 60 

to 100 ft . in Panama City offshore waters . Includes isotherm temperature 

data . 

Doyle, L .J ., B . Birdsall, G . Haward, L . Lehman, S . Szydik and Warren . E . 1977 . 

Baseline monitoring studies, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida outer 

continental shelf, 1975-1976 . Bureau of Land Management . Washington, D .C . 

14 pp . 

Doyle, L .J . and T .N . Sparks . 1980 . Sediments of the Mississippi, Alabama, and 

Florida (MAFLA) continental shelf . J . Sediment . Petrol . 50(3) :905-916 . 

Abstract . The eastern Gulf (MAFLA) continental margin may be conveniently 

divided into two parts of opposing history and character . West of Cape 

San Blas lies the eastern limb of the Gulf Coast geosyncline whose 

surface expression is a clastic sand body, called the MAFLA Sand Sheet, 

grading westward into the muds of the Mississippi pro-delta . These 

sediments have a clay mineral suite dominated by smectite . East of Cape 

San Blas lies the West Florida Margin, a sequence of carbonate and 

evaporitic rocks which has been cut off from a major clastic source since 

Jurassic time . Seaward of the carbonate sands lies the West Florida Lime 

Mud facies, slope sediments composed of planktonic foraminifera and 

coccoliths . Inshore of the carbonate sands and separated from them by a 

zone of mixed composition lies a mature quartz sand, which also makes up 

the beaches of Southwest Florida - West Florida shelf quartz sands appear 

to have been deposited at lower sea level stands and to have been 

transported back and forth with no net drift in a longshore current 

system which changes seasonally from north to south . Clay mineralogy in 

portions of the MAFLA region shows distinct changes in composition over a 

period of a year in the benthos and over periods as short as a few hours 

in the water column . These changes reflect contribution from two distinct 

provenances . Benthic variation probably results from occasional intrusion 

of Mississippi River or Loop Current water into the eastern zone . 

Dragovich, A. and J .E . Sykes . 1967 . Oceanographic Atlas for Tampa Bay, Florida, 

and adjacent waters of the Gulf of Mexico : 1958-61, Circular 255 . U .S . 

Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of 

Commercial Fisheries . Washington, D .C . 466 pp . 

Abstract . A physical and chemical oceanographic survey of Tampa Bay and the 

adjacent shelf (out to 83 km) carried out during 1958-1961 by DOI . They 

depicted monthly sections of temperature, salinity, density (sigma-t), 

inorganic phosphorus, total phosphorus, nitrogen, and copper along the 

occupied transects . 

Drennan, K .L . 1963 . Surface circulation in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . 

Technical Report No . 1 . Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Oceanography 

Section . Ocean Springs, Mississippi . 116 pp . 

Abstract . The general features of the surface circulation in the northeastern 

Gulf are presented from an analysis of surface density distribution and 

an extensive drift bottle study. Surface circulation for the area is 

depicted as follows : an eastward flow during spring and early summer, 

which diverges into northeast and southeast flow at varying distances 

east of the Delta depending on local winds and river discharge ; a 

33 
southwest flow over continental shelf during late summer and fall, which 

appears to continue westward and into southwest Gulf . The existence of 

the southeast flowing Loop Current also is indicated in the offshore 

region southeast of the delta at this time . Flow during winter months is 

to the southeast and appears to be a result of the northward migration of 

the loop current . 

Drennan, K .L . 1965 . Surface circulation in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, 

Technical Report No . 1 . Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Oceanography 

Section . Ocean Springs, MS . 116 pp . 

Drennan, K .L . 1966 . Airborne Measurements of Infrared Sea Temperature in the 

Northern Gulf of Mexico, Technical Report 2 . Gulf Coast Research 

Laboratory . Ocean Springs, MS . 10 pp . 

Abstract . Quasi-synoptic measurements of the radiation temperature of the sea 

were conducted over the northern Gulf of Mexico on a near monthly basis 

during the period November 1963 to June 1965 . These data indicate the 

seasonal and spatial variations of surface temperature, Mississippi River 

discharge patterns, the effect of the passage of a severe hurricane on 

the sea surface temperature field, and the major surface features of the 

circulation in the northern Gulf . 

Drennan, K .L . 1968 . Hydrographic studies in the northeast Gulf of Mexico . 

Technical Report 68-0-1 . Gulf South Research Institute, Environmental 

Science and Engineering Laboratories . New Iberia, LA . 111 pp . 

Abstract . The major circulatory features and distribution of physical 

properties are presented from a series of eight quasi-synoptic surveys on 

the continental shelf and upper slope from Mississippi Delta to Panama 

City, Florida . Seasonal changes in hydrography and circulation over the 

continental shelf are shown and discussed in terms of their relationship 

to the off-shore currents, river discharge, winds, and tides . Surface 

current speed and direction are determined from an extensive drift bottle 

study and distribution of density. 

Drummond, K .H . and G .B . Austin Jr . 1958 . Some aspects of the physical 

oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 

No . 249 . Fish and Wildlife Service . U. S . Department of the Interior . 5-7 

PP . 

Dubois, R .N . 1990 . Barrier-beach erosion and rising sea level . Geology . 

18(11) :1150-1152 . 

Abstract . For an equilibrium cross-shore profile a kinematic model has been 

constructed that predicts the rate of shoreline erosion in response to 

rising sea level . Model predictions are reasonably close to observed 

erosional rates for several state shorelines bordering the United States 

coast of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico . 

Durham, D .L . and R .O . Reid . 1967 . Analysis of tidal current observations over 

the northeastern shelf of the Gulf of Mexico . Texas A&M Univ ., Dept . of 

Oceanography Project . 286, 67-1T :117 . 

Abstract . Observations on the currents associated with tides off of Panama 

City . 

34 
Duttman, J .D . 1981 . Effects of Loop Current position on sea level at St . 

Petersburg, Florida and circulation on the west Florida shelf . Master's 

Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Duxbury, A .C . 1962 . Averaged dynamic topographies of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Limnology and Oceanography . 7(3) :428-431 . 

Edwards, N . 1975 . Escambia Bay physical oceanography . Master's Thesis . Florida 

State University, Tallahassee, FL . 100 pp . 

Abstract . Data on salinity, temperature and current speed and direction were 

collected from 18 stations in Escambia Bay, Florida from July, 1973 to 

November, 1973 . Measurements were made at 2-foot intervals from surface 

to bottom . 

Edwards, N.C ., Jr . 1976 . A Study of the circulation and stratification of 

Escambia Bay, Florida during the period of low fresh water inflow. 

Master's Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Elder, J .F ., S .F . Flagg and H .C . Mattraw . 1988 . Hydrology and ecology of the 

Apalachicola River, Florida : a summary of the river quality assessment . 

USGS Water Supply Paper . 2196-D :46 . 

Abstract . During 1979-1981 the USGS conducted a large-scale study of the 

Apalachicola River in northwest Florida emphasizing the interrelations 

among hydrodynamics, the flood-plain forest, and the nutrient detritus 

flow through the river system to the estuary. Water and nutrient budgets 

based on data collected during the study indicate the relative importance 

of various inputs and outflows in the system . Analysis of long-term 

records shows that upstream dam construction has had little effect on 

total annual flow, but has probably suppressed low-flow extremes (in 

addition to riverbed degradation and channelization) . Management 

decisions should take into account the impact of the natural flooding 

cycle . 

Eleuterius, C .K . 1976 . Delineation of the Tidal Current Regime of Mississippi 

Sound . MASGC-Q-76-001 . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Ocean 

Springs . Ocean Springs, MS . 1 pp . 

Eleuterius, C .K. 1976 . Mississippi Sound -- temporal and spatial distribution 

of nutrients . MASGP-76-024 . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . 

Ocean Springs, MS . 48 pp . 

Abstract . The Mississippi Sound is the eventual recipient of the accumulative 

effluents from activities throughout the drainage basin and is further 

altered by other direct actions such as dredging and construction . In 

order to assess the effect of present and future development on the water 

quality of the Sound, it is necessary to ascertain the existing regime of 

nutrients through determination of descriptive norms and causal 

relationships . The estuarine waters are the principal sources of the 

major elementary components of estuarine organisms : carbonate, phosphate 

and nitrate ions . On January 1, 1973, the physical oceanography section 

of Gulf Coast Research Laboratory initiated a three-year investigation of 

the hydrography of Mississippi Sound . The primary objectives of this 

research effort were to provide a description of flow patterns ; determine 

the salinity and temperature characteristics ; and ascertain the temporal 

and spatial distribution of nutrients . 

35 
Eleuterius, C .K . and S .L . Beaugez . 1981 . Mississippi Sound : a hydrographic and 

climatic atlas . MASGP-79-009 . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. 

Ocean Springs, MS . 135 pp . 

Eleuterius, C .K . and G .A . Criss . 1994 . Circulation on the Continental Shelf 

Between 87°W and 90°W with Data Appendix, Final Report . Vol . 1 Prepared 

for Minerals Management Service, New Orleans, LA . University of Southern 

Mississippi Gulf Coast Research Laboratory . Ocean Springs, MS . 147 pp . 

Abstract . Knowledge of the circulation of waters over the continental shelf and 

slope between 87°W and 90°W longitude is essential for judicious 

management of the region's living and mineral resources and related 

industrial activities . This region, an integral part of the Fertile 

Fisheries Crescent, has been in a state of on-going development by the 

oil and gas industry for over four decades . The increase in activities of 

all types on the shelf, e .g ., offshore oil and gas, maritime commerce, 

and fisheries with the inherent risks each imposes on the environment, 

underscores the need for better knowledge of the region's hydrodynamics, 

biology, chemistry, and geology. Prior to planning and initiating any 

further physical oceanography studies which require taking additional 

measurements in this region, the authors believe it prudent to first 

extract whatever relevant information remains in existing data . This 

effort entailed the laborious recovery of oceanographic data at the Gulf 

Coast Research Laboratory which was in a number of disparate forms and 

formats . 

Elliott, H .A . 1979 . Anticyclonic rings and the energetics of the circulation of 

the Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M University, College 

Station, TX . 203 pp . 

Elliott, B .A. 1982 . Anticyclonic rings in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean. 

12(11) :1292-1309 . 

Abstract . Using the historical data set, this study describes the anticyclonic 

rings that separated from the Loop Current in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . 

Six quasi-synoptic data sets are used to describe the evolving 

circulation of the Gulf of Mexico from October 1966 to September 1967, 

showing the separation and movement into the western Gulf of three 

anticyclonic rings . The historical data are used to determine that these 

rings typically translate to the west at a mean speed of 2 .1 km/day . 

Their length scale as defined by their rms radii is 183 km . An estimate 

of ring life-span, as defined by an e-folding time, is one year . 

Ellis, E .E . 1969 . Some basic dynamics of the Pensacola estuary (an operations 

research analysis) . Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Commission . 

Tallahassee, FL . 19 pp . 

E1-Sayed, S .Z ., T . Ichiye and C . C . Trees . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico/Cuba . pp . 67-70 . 

Nimbus-7 CZCS, Coastal Zone Color Scanner Imagery for Selected Coastal 

Regions . (Series eds . : Hovis, W .A ., E .F . Szajna and W .A. Bohan .) NASA . 

Environmental Consultants, 1974 . Environmental and Socio-Economic Baseline On 

the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Zone and Outer Continental Shelf Vol . 1 . 

Contract 08550-CT3-10 . U .S . Bureau of Land Management, Outer Continental 

Shelf Office . New Orleans, Louisiana . 776 pp . 

36 
Environmental Consultants, 1974 . Environmental and Socio-Economic Baseline On 

the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Zone and Outer Continental Shelf Vol . 3 . 

Contract 08550-CT3-10 . U .S . Bureau of Land Management, Outer Continental 

Shelf Office . New Orleans, Louisiana . 

Environmental Science and Engineering, 1977 . An assessment of water quality in 

Bay County, Florida. ESE. Gainesville, FL . 185 pp . 

Abstract . Assessment of the water quality of various locations in St . Andrew 

Bay, including its bayous and creeks . 

Environment Consultants, 1974 . Environmental and socioeconomic baseline on the 

Gulf of Mexico coastal zone and outer continental shelf : supplemental 

bibliography on environmental processes and conditions in the Gulf of 

Mexico Region . Vol . 2 Bureau of Land Management . Washington, D .C . 

Environment Consultants, 1974 . Environmental and socioeconomic baseline on the 

Gulf of Mexico coastal zone and outer continental shelf : supplemental 

bibliography on environmental processes and conditions in the Gulf of 

Mexico region . Vol . 1 Bureau of Land Management . Washington, D .C . 

Etter, P .C . 1975 . A climatic heat budget study of the Gulf of Mexico . M.S . 

Thesis . Texas A&M University . 87 pp . 

Etter, P .C . 1983 . Heat and freshwater budgets of the Gulf of Mexico . J . Phys . 

Ocean . 13(11) :2058-2069 . 

Abstract . Monthly mean oceanic heat storage rates (QT) for the upper 200 meters 

of the Gulf of Mexico are calculated directly from multi-annual vertical 

temperature data . The annual march of QT exhibits a minimum in January 

and a maximum in May. Contoured maps of QT elucidate climatic features of 

air-sea interactions occurring over the Loop Current and also near the 

shelf edges of the northern Gulf . Three previous climatic heat budget 

studies are examined to determine the surface heat exchange . While 

Budyko's values provide a familiar basis for comparisons . The more recent 

unpublished results of Bunker and Hastenrath and Lamb are averaged 

together to define the monthly mean radiative (QR) and turbulent (QA) 

heat exchanges in the Gulf of Mexico . Monthly mean advective heat changes 

(QV) are then derived as residuals in the heat budget equation and are 

partially verified by direct computations of the monthly mean vertical 

and horizontal components of heat advection according to the divergent 

heat budget equation developed by Emery. The residual QV values reinforce 

the observations of Elliott concerning the role of detached anticyclonic 

Loop Current rings in redistributing heat with the Gulf of Mexico . New 

estimates of the mean hydrologic balance in the Gulf of Mexico are 

advanced by combining the seasonal oceanic precipitation rates (P) of 

Dorman and Bourke with the evaporation rates (E) obtained from the 

averages of Bunker (unpublished) and Hastenrath and Lamb . An annual mean 

E-P value of 127 cm is obtained . These results are combined with 

estimates of river discharge rates to evaluate the freshwater continuity 

of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Ewing, G .C . and F .B . Phleger . 1958 . Tidal Influences On the Spacing of Inlets 

into Coastal Lagoons . Trans . Am . Geophys . Un . 39 :540 . 

Abstract . A common type of coastal configuration is one in which a long, narrow 

tidal lagoon of fairly uniform cross section lies parallel to the coast 

37 
separated from the ocean by a low, sandy barrier island . It is frequently 

found that the barrier island of this type of lagoon is interrupted by 

inlets at more or less regular intervals of the order of 15 mi . The 

hypothesis is developed that this characteristic interval is determined 

by the variation in the hydraulic head which is developed across the 

barrier by the phase relation between the tide inside the lagoon and on 

the outer beach. Supporting evidence is presented based on tidal studies 

of Santo Domingo Lagoon in the arid region of Baja California . 

Farrell, D .x . 1970 . Ecology and seasonal abundance of littoral amphipods from 

Mississippi . Master's Thesis . Mississippi State University, Starkville, 

MS . 62 pp . 

Abstract . Monthly sampling for gammaridean amphipods was conducted at seven 

stations in Mississippi Sound and adjacent waters from October, 1967 

through November, 1968 . Physical monitoring was accomplished at each 

station. 

Fausak, L .E . 1979 . Salinity, temperature, and light penetration observations on 

the MAFLA Outer Continental Shelf . pp . 889-929 . ZJ2 Mississippi, Alabama, 

Florida (MAFLA) Outer Continental Shelf Baseline Environmental Survey 

1977/1978, Chapter 20 . Vol . IIB . Dames and Moore, Final Report to the 

U .S . Dept . of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D .C . 

(Contract # AA550-CT7-34 .) 

Fay, T .H., H.V. Miller and R .K. Clark . 1990 . Bathymetric Analysis of 'In-Water' 

Upwelling Radiance Data . pp . 641-654 . In Anon ., ed. Ocean Optics X . 

(Orlando, FL, USA Conference Date : 1990 Apr 16-18 ; Proceedings of SPIE -

The International Society for Optical Engineering v 1302) Int Soc for 

Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA. 

Abstract . In June 1988, the Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity 

(NORDA) collected some 'in-water, data using its Towed Underwater Pumping 

System (TUPS) in the near-shore waters off St . Andrews State Park, Shell 

Island, Florida . These in-situ data include latitude ; longitude ; depth in 

meters ; narrow-band upwelling at 465 nm, 507 nm, and 532 nm; broad-band 

downwelling collected at the surface ; temperature ; salinity; and 

transmissivity . In this paper, we investigate the relationship between 

depth and the normalized upwelling irradiance (upwelling divided by 

downwelling) in the three bands . Algorithms used to calculate water depth 

from remotely sensed airborne and satellite multispectral data are 

applied to the TUPS data and results compared . The TUPS data have the 

advantage over most aircraft- and satellite-collected data because they 

were collected over an essentially uniform bottom type (smooth sandy 

bottom with steady slope) and have no atmospheric contamination . A new 

algorithm for depth calculation is proposed . 

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration . 1970 . Effects on pollution on 

water quality, Perdido River and Bay, Alabama and Florida . Southeast 

Water Lab . 95 pp . 

Abstract . The report evaluates water quality conditions and waste sources in 

Perdido Bay . An investigation of waste sources and a detailed study of 

the bay and its major tributaries were conducted during the period of 

September 9-17, 1969 . The report presents an evaluation of the data 

collected during this study . 

38 
Finucane, J .H . and A . Dragovich . 1966 . Aydrographic observations in Tampa Bay, 

Florida, and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters-1963 . U.S . Fish Wildl . Serv., 

Data Rep . 14 

Flierl, G . and R . Mied . 1985 . Frictionally induced circulations and spin down 

of a warm-core ring . J . Geophys . Res . 90(C5) :8917-8927 . 

Florida Department of Administration . 1977 . The Apalachicola River and Bay 

System : Florida resource . DSP-BLWM-5-77 . Bur . Land Water Manage . 

Tallahassee, FL . 52 pp . 

Florida Dept . of Natural Resources . 1973 . Marine environmental studies of 

Florida's gulf coast : summary and selected bibliography . Florida DER . 

Tallahassee, FL . 20 pp . 

Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, L, and S .S . 1957 . Report on North 

Bay and associated waters, Bay County, Florida . Florida GFWFC . 

Tallahassee, FL . 75 pp . 

Abstract . A pre-impoundment survey of North Bay. Includes information on water 

quality, hydrology, and fish populations . 

Florida Institute of oceanography. 1975 . Baseline Environmental Survey of the 

Mississippi, Alabama, Florida (MAFLA) Lease Areas, CY 1974 ; Final Report . 

MMS/GM-74/0002 ; DI-08550-CT4-11 . Minerals Management Service . Metairie, 

LA . 301 pp . 

Abstract . The Gulf of Mexico is a semi-enclosed bas with a surface area of 

1,540,000 sq .km . On the north and east sides, the continental shelf makes 

up 22 percent (340,000 sq km) of this area and is covered by water 

shallower than 100 fathoms (180 meters) . The continental slope, between 

100 and 1,700 fathoms (180-3,600 meters), covers 20 percent (310,000 sq 

km) of the total area . Another 20 percent, below the depth of 1,700 

fathoms, covers the Sigsbee and Florida plains . To the southeast are the 

two connections with other seas-the Straits of Florida with a sill depth 

of 475 fathoms (860 meters) and the Yucatan Channel with a 1,120-fathom 

(2,000-meter) sill depth . The subject survey provides quantitative and 

statistically valid baseline (benchmark) measurements of selected factors 

that may vary as a direct result of oil and gas exploitation at priority 

locations within the MAFLA area . 

Florida State Board of Health . 1967 . Survey of Perdido River and Bay 1966-1967 . 

Florida State Board of Health, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering . 43 pp . 

Florida State Environmental Quality Laboratory . 1983 . Hydrographic studies of 

St . Andrew Bay, Florida : a training exercise, March 21-25, 1983 . pp . 14 . 

Abstract . The results of an exercise in the use of hydrographic techniques to 

monitor the outfall of wastewater treatment plants . Dyes were used to 

study the velocity, dispersal and dilution of the discharge ; salinity 

measurements were taken . 

Folger, D .W . and S . Needell . 1983 . U .S . Geological Survey program of offshore 

resource and geoenvironmental studies, Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico region, 

from September 1, 1976, to December 31, 1978 . U .S . Geol . Surv . Circ . 

870 :67 . 

39 
Abstract . Summary of U.S . Geological Survey's environmental programs in the 

Gulf of Mexico and along the Atlantic coast . Much of the USGS program is 

in response to anticipated offshore oil and gas sales in these areas and 

is conducted for the Bureau of Land Management . Emphasis is on the 

geologic hazards associated with drilling in lease sale areas . 

Forristall, G .Z . 1978 . On the statistical distribution of wave heights in a 

storm. J . Geophys . Res . 83(C5) :2353-2358 . 

Abstract . There has been recent controversy over how well the Rayleigh 

distribution matches the observed distribution of wave heights . Most of 

this controversy stems from comparisons based on different definitions of 

the significant wave height . Once consistent definitions are used, all 

available data support the conclusion that the Rayleigh distribution 

overpredicts the heights of the higher waves in a record . Analysis of 116 

hr of hurricane-generated waves in the Gulf of Mexico permitted the 

empirical fitting of the data to a Weibull distribution . Statistics 

developed from the empirical distribution include the prediction that the 

highest wave in 1000 is only 0 .907 times the height predicted by the 

Rayleigh distribution . 

Forristall, G .Z . 1991 . A preliminary hindcast model for Loop Current eddies . 

pp . 1149-1155 . ,T31 MTS '91 . An Ocean Cooperative : Industry, Government, 

and Academia . Proceedings . New Orleans Convention Center, November 10-14, 

1991 . Marine Technology Society, Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . In the Gulf of Mexico, the Loop Current and eddies shed from it can 

be an important part of the environmental criteria for projects in deep 

water. Design calculations require estimates of probabilities of current 

speed and direction at specific sites . In order to compute these 

probabilities, a kinematic hindcast model has been developed which 

calculates currents given simple information about the position and shape 

of an eddy . A number of historical data sources were consulted in order 

to produce descriptions of the 19 eddies which affected the northern Gulf 

during the years 1973-1987 . Hindcasts of these events showed that the 

probability of encounter with the Loop Current or eddies decreases from 

southeast to northwest . Given an encounter, the probability distribution 

for current speed is approximately uniform to 120 cm/sec, with smaller 

probability of higher speeds . 

Forristall, G .Z ., R .D . Larrabee and R .S . Mercier . 1991 . Combined oceanographic 

criteria for deepwater structures in the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 377-390 . ZI1 

23rd Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 1991, Houston, Texas . 

Forristall, G .Z ., K .J . Schaudt and J . Calman . 1990 . Verification of Geosat 

altimetry for operational use in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 

95(C3) :2985-2989 . 

Abstract . Geosat altimetry is well suited for locating large eddies shed by the 

Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico . The authors have compared the 

altimeter data with in situ data obtained during a survey of Eddy Murphy 

in June 1988 . Since there is no significant mean circulation in the 

central Gulf, the authors used the mean sea surface from the first year 

of altimeter data as a geoid estimate . The dynamic height change due to 

the eddy closely matched the altimeter data, although the eddy moved 

about one third of a degree between the survey and the satellite pass . 

The motion of the eddy was confirmed by the track of an Argos buoy . 

40 
Forristall, G .Z ., K .J . Schaudt and C .K . Cooper . 1992 . Evolution and Kinematics 

of a Loop Current Eddy in the Gulf of Mexico during 1985 . J . Geophys . 

Res . 97(C2) :2173-2184 . 

Abstract . The large eddy that broke off from the Loop Current in July 1985 was 

the most extensively studied eddy to appear in the Gulf of Mexico . Other 

investigators have described its early evolution based on Lagrangian 

drifters and its later evolution using moored current meters in the 

western Gulf . This paper provides additional insight on the early 

evolution of the eddy using results from air dropped expendable 

bathythermographs and air dripped expendable current profilers in early 

May, a hydrographic ship survey in mid-July, and a detailed ship survey 

in August using expendable bathythermographs and a current profiler . The 

May survey established a center of circulation at about 26°N but showed 

that the eddy had not separated from the Loop Current . A maximum velocity 

of 171 cm/s was observed near the northern edge of the feature . The 

evidence suggests that a large elongated eddy then separated from the 

Loop Current and later split into two smaller eddies . 

Fotheringham, N, and G .H . Weisberg . 1979 . Some causes, consequences and 

potential environmental impacts of oxygen depletion in the northern Gulf 

of Mexico . pp . 2205-2208 . ,jam Proceedings of the 11th Annual Offshore 

Technology Conference . Vol . 4 . 

Abstract . Biological and water quality changes in the Gulf of Mexico off 

central Louisiana have been examined during a seasonal period of 

stratification and oxygen depletion in the water column . Probable causes, 

observed effects, and potential impacts on the timing of ocean discharges 

and dumping and onsite selection for offshore industries are described . 

Apparently an annual phenomenon of variable intensity resulting from 

discharge of low salinity organic-laden water from the Mississippi and 

Atchafalaya Rivers at a time of minimal vertical mixing, this midsummer 

event may be intensified and prolonged by the intrusion of high salinity 

bottom waters from a Loop Current eddy . In 1978, a widespread low oxygen 

layer occupied the lower 3 to 8 m of the 6 to 17 m water column for at 

least 3 weeks . Dissolved oxygen concentration was commonly less than 0 .1 

ppm in this layer, resulting in the mortality of some polychaetes, 

mollusks, and crusteceans, including blue crabs, and in the reduction of 

demersal shrimp and fish populations, probably through emigration 

offshore . Numerous large bivalves approximately 4 to 5 years old were 

killed, indicating an intensity not experienced since 1973 to 1974, when 

Green found toxic bottom water at over one-half of his stations in this 

area . The temporal and geographic distribution of this condition and its 

environmental consequences should be recognized by industries engaged in 

fishing, offshore petroleum production, and offshore dumping and by 

government agencies providing leases and permits for these activities . 

Fox, D .N ., M .R . Carnes and J .L . Mitchell . 1992 . Characterizing major frontal 

systems : A nowcast/forecast system for the northwest Atlantic . 

Oceanography . 5(1) :49-54 . 

Abstract . The U.S . Navy expends a considerable effort to determine the 

locations and properties of most major ocean frontal systems across the 

globe . This synoptic picture, called a nowcast, is partly constructed 

using expendable bathythermographs dropped from ships (XBTs) and 

airplanes (AXBTs) . Such in-situ measurements can give very detailed 

information, but the cost limits their utility to relatively localized 

41 
and short-lived surveys . Fortunately, given an adequate database of 

earlier measurements, simply knowing the surface location of a front is 

often sufficient to reconstruct an accurate picture of the threedimensional thermal structure of the water column to depths of thousands 

of meters . Satellite infrared-radiometer (IR) images provide locations of 

important mesoscale features over large areas, but clouds can obscure 

important fronts for long periods, and the surface thermal structure is 

not always an accurate guide to the actual location of the predominate 

currents . Satellite altimetry can provide accurate locations of currents 

and related features . In many areas of interest, the time and space 

scales on which the oceans evolve are not adequately sampled . The U .S . 

Navy's Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite (GEOSAT) (Born et al ., 1987) 

with its 17-day repeat cycle and equatorial track separation of less than 

150 km was adequate to sample regions such as the Gulf of Mexico, but was 

not sufficient to provide a synoptic picture for the evolution of the 

Gulf Stream . 

Franceschini, G.A. 1953 . The distribution of mean monthly wind stress over the 

Gulf of Mexico . Reference 53-1 . Department of Oceanography . Texas A&M 

University, College Station. 19 pp . 

Abstract . The areal distribution of the mean monthly and annual wind stress on 

the Gulf of Mexico is presented. Approximate values of the stress were 

determined for each 2° latitude-longitude quadrangle using mean monthly 

wind tabulations of ship observations . Calculations were based on the 

assumption that wind stress is proportional to the square of the wind 

speed . Prominent features of the stress distribution are noted. 

Qualitative agreement, according to classical theory, of this 

distribution which observed mean surface currents in the western half of 

the Gulf is indicated. A brief discussion of the association in this area 

between mean surface flow and the mean pattern of surface water 

temperature is included . 

Franceschini, G.A . 1953 . The reliability of commercial vessel reports of sea 

surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico . Scientific Report No . 2 . 

Department of Oceanography . Texas A&M University . 9 pp . 

Franceschini, G.A . 1955 . Reliability of commercial vessel reports of sea 

surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico . Bureau of Marine Science of 

the Gulf and Caribbean . 5(1) :42-51 . 

Franceschini, G .A . 1961 . Hydrologic balance of the Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . 

Dissertation . Texas A&M University, College Station, TX . 58 pp . 

Franklin, M .A . and L .R . Bohman . 1980 . Hurricane Frederic tidal floods of 

September 12-13, 1979 along the Gulf coast, Oriole Beach, Garcon Point, 

Holley, south of Holley, and Navarre quadrangles, Florida . US Geological 

Survey . Hydrologic Investigations Atlas . Map HA-0641 . (Scale 1 :24,000) . 

Abstract . Shows the areas flooded along the shores of Santa Rosa Sound and the 

Gulf of Mexico from Pensacola Beach eastward to The Narrows near Fort 

Walton Beach, Fla. The areas flooded along the shores of Pensacola, 

Escambia, Blackwater and East Bays were not delineated; however, 

floodmark elevations were determined . 

42 
Franklin, M .A. and J .C . Scott . 1980 . Hurricane Frederic tidal floods of 

September 12-13, 1979 along the Gulf coast, Gulf Breeze-Fort Barrancas 

quadrangles, Florida . US Geological Survey. Hydrologic Investigations 

Atlas . Map HA-0640 .Scale 1 :24,000 . 

Abstract . Shows the areas flooded along the shores of Big Lagoon, Pensacola 

Bay, Santa Rosa Sound and the Gulf of Mexico from Seaglades eastward to 

Pensacola Beach. Inundated areas along the shores of Pensacola Bay north 

to a line from Chevalier Field to Fair Point were not delineated ; 

however, floodmark elevations were determined . 

Fuglister, F .C . 1947 . Average monthly sea surface temperatures of the western 

North Atlantic Ocean . Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole 

Oceanographic Institute, Papers in Physical Oceanography and Meteorology . 

10(2) :1-25 . 

Abstract . This paper contains seasonal isotherms for the Gulf of Mexico . 

Futch, C .R . and J . Martina . 1967 . A survey of the oyster resources of Bay 

County, Florida, with special reference to selection of culture planting 

sites . Florida Board of Conservation, Div . of Salt Water Fisheries, 

Marine Lab . Special Scientific Report . 16 :25 . 

Abstract . This survey of oyster populations includes hydrographic data for St . 

Andrew Bay. 

Gaby, D .C ., D .R . Cochran, J .B . Lushine, S .C . Pearce and A .C . Pike . 1975 . 

Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Classifications for 1974 . NOAA-TM-NESS-68 ; 

NOAA-75042803 . National Environmental Satellite Service, Satellite Field 

Services Station . Coral Gables, FL . 12 pp . 

Abstract . Estimates of the locations and maximum sustained winds of all named 

tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the 

Gulf of Mexico during 1974 were made using the technique developed by 

Dvorak . This technique was applied to pictures from the SMS-1 (Stationary 

Meteorological Satellite) and ATS-3 (Advanced Technology Satellite) 

geostationary satellites . These estimates were compared with other data 

to establish the measure of accuracy achieved . The results are presented 

together with comments on expected future performance . 

Gainer, T .H ., Jr . 1966 . A theoretical investigation of the MZ constituent of 

the tide in the Gulf of Mexico . M .S . Thesis . U. S . Naval Postgraduate 

School . Monterey, CA . 86 pp . 

Gallagher, R .M . 1971 . Preliminary report on the hydrography of the Pensacola 

Bay Estuary, Florida . Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine 

Research Laboratory. Spec . Sci . Rept . 29 :36 . 

Abstract . Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were monitored from 

September through December 1970 in the Pensacola Estuary, Florida . 

Temperatures ranged from 12 .3 to 32 .0°C, salinities from 0 .0 to 34 .5 ppt . 

These values did not fluctuate beyond those normally expected in respect 

to meteorological influences . Dissolved oxygen values at the surface were 

generally satured but bottom values during September were generally below 

58'k of saturation in Escambia Bay, probably because of increased salinity 

stratification during periods of higher rainfall runoff and elevated 

temperatures . Analyses of pH values (which approached oceanic conditions 

except near river mouths) were inconclusive . 

43 
Gallaway, B .J . 1988 . Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope Study . Final 

Report (Year 4) . Volume 1 . Executive Summary ; Final Report . DM4S/GM88/0052 . LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc . Bryan, TX . 72 pp . 

Abstract . In 1983, the Minerals Management Service initiated a multi-year 

program to study the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico as 

part of its outer continental shelf environmental studies program . This 

particular program, the Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope 

Program, has three primary goals : (1) to determine the abundance, 

structure, and distribution of animal communities in the deep sea Gulf of 

Mexico ; (2) to determine the hydrography and bottom conditions at 

selected sites within the study area and to relate these to faunal 

variations ; and (3) to measure present levels of hydrocarbon 

contamination in deep-sea sediments and selected animals . Volume I 

provides an introduction of the study and summarizes field and laboratory 

methods; the environmental characterization of the area ; meiofauna, 

macrofauna, megafauna; an overview of the chemosynthetic community; the 

Bush Hill chemosynthetic community, the general conceptual model ; depth 

patterns of standing stocks ; faunal assemblages and zonation ; 

conclusions ; sampling deficiencies and recommendations ; and literature 

cited. 

Gallaway, B .J . 1988 . Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope Study . Final 

Report (Year 4) . Volume 2 . Synthesis Report ; Final Report . MMS/GM88/0053 . LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc . Bryan, TX . 325 pp . 

Abstract . In 1983, the Minerals Management Service initiated a multi-year 

program to study the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico as 

part of its outer continental shelf environmental studies program . Volume 

II of the 3 volume Year 4 report provides an environmental and biological 

background as a context for the study findings, and a summary of the 

overall methods and approaches used to meet program objectives ; the 

findings describing the slope environment and habitats ; the meiofaunal, 

macrofaunal, and the megafaunal communities that occur over soft bottom 

communities and project specific studies at the site known as Bush Hill ; 

and a conceptual model of the slope ecosystem. 

Gallaway, B .J . 1988 . Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope Study . Final 

Report (Year 4) . Volume 3 . Appendices ; Final Report . NMS/GM-88/0054 . LGL 

Ecological Research Associates, Inc . Bryan, TX . 381 pp . 

Abstract . In 1983, the Minerals Management Service initiated a multi-year 

program to study the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico as 

part of its outer continental shelf environmental studies program . The 

Year 4 report was prepared in three volumes . Volume III contains three 

massive appendices detailing the results of significant analysis of 

variance (ANOVA) and orthogonal contrasts comparing the abundance levels 

of abundant macrofauna species among stations sampled on each cruise; a 

correlation matrix for the 22 environmental variables considered of 

importance and the same abundant macrofauna ; and figures showing the 

relative density of the same abundant macrofauna that exhibited 

significant differences in the ANOVA's on one or more cruises . 

Gallegos, S . 1990 . Evaluation of the potential of the NOAA-N AVHRR reflective 

data in oceanography . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M University, College 

Station, TX . 203 pp . 

44 
Abstract . This study investigates the capabilities of the reflective data of 

the NOAA-n Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to detect and 

map features associated with phytoplankton concentrations at the ocean 

surface . The more accessible data sets from the NOAA AVHRR are examined, 

and techniques designed to exploit the full sensitivity of the instrument 

are introduced . These procedures include an editing technique that 

maintains the full resolution in the low albedoes pertaining to ocean 

targets and a normalizing procedure to account for atmospheric 

contributions to the signal . The atmospheric effects are treated as 

functions of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and the position 

of the individual pixels along the swath width of the instrument . These 

techniques permit the refinement of the reflective data to 0 .1% albedo 

and the expansion of acceptable data to at least 512 pixels on either 

side of nadir . Data obtained with these methodologies are compared with 

near-simultaneous and pigment calibrated Coastal Zone Color Scanner 

(CZCS) data . Comparisons are also made between AVHRR reflective and 

emittive data to investigate possible relationships existing between the 

circulation patterns and phytoplankton distributions . 

Garcia, A .W . 1991 . On the relationship between the intensity of extratropical 

frontal cyclone systems and water levels in the Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . 

Dissertation . Purdue University . West Lafayette, IN . 138 pp . 

Abstract . The effects of winter season frontal cyclone systems on tidal-period 

Gulf of Mexico water levels are investigated . The passage of a series of 

hypothetical and observed frontal cyclone systems across the Gulf of 

Mexico is simulated using a Gulf-wide hydrodynamic model driven by a 

synoptic-scale, balanced flow wind model . The observed frontal cyclone 

systems were selected to represent a fast moving front, a slow moving 

front, and a frontal system which involved Gulf cyclogenesis . Evaluation 

of the model simulations was based upon comparison of tidal anomalies 

acquired at National Ocean Service tidal monitoring stations . Results of 

the model simulations show generally good qualitative agreement with the 

tidal anomalies . Because the wind model used routinely available 

meteorological data, forecasts of surge levels in the Gulf may be 

possible . 

Gaul, R .D . 1963 . Status of environmental research off Panama City, Florida . A&M 

Project 286 (D)/Reference 63-2T . Texas A&M University . College Station . 82 

ppGaul, R .D . 1965 . Air-sea environmental studies off Panama City, Florida . 

Unpublished report . Texas A&M Univ ., Dept . of Oceanography and 

Meteorology . College Station, TX . 11 pp . 

Abstract . A description of the projects being conducted from the Navy's 

offshore stages . 

Gaul, R .D . 1966 . Circulation over the continental margin of the northeast Gulf 

of Mexico . Texas A&M Univ ., Dept . of Oceanography Project . 286-D, 66-

18T :116 . 

Abstract . The circulation of these waters was determined by measurements taken 

from the offshore stages, and also from oceanographic vessels . 

Gaul, R .D . 1966 . Environmental research off Panama City, Florida . Texas A&M 

Univ ., Dept . of Oceanography Project . 286-D, Ref . 66-21F :69 . 

45 
Abstract . Describes the facilities and general results of the research program 

conducted from the Navy's offshore stages . 

Gaul, R .D . 1967 . Circulation over the continental margin of the northeast Gulf 

of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M University, College Station, TX . 

172 pp . 

Abstract . The ocean circulation over the continental margin of the northeast 

Gulf of Mexico has been delineated on the basis of three years of 

hydrographic and direct current observations . A wide range of measurement 

techniques was used at two fixed platforms in the nearshore region off 

Panama City, Florida, and from small vessels during periodic surveys 

conducted over a larger area . Evidence is presented for a close coupling 

between circulation over the continental margin and that in deeper water . 

The Loop Current, which transports water into the Gulf from the Yucatan 

Channel, is identified on the basis of water mass characteristics as far 

north as the edge of the northeast continental slope . Lateral mixing with 

waters over the continental margin is evidenced by smooth transitions of 

salinity-temperature relations characterizing offshore and nearshore 

waters . It is suggested that the loop current is the main driving 

influence for circulation over the continental margin, especially below 

the seasonal thermocline . Flow over the continental margin is modified 

markedly by ocean bottom topography. De Soto Canyon, the most prominent 

single bathymetric feature, appears to have a dominant influence on 

replenishment of water in the lower layer over the shelf . A zone of 

horizontal transition in hydrography and currents has been noted along 

the break between shelf and slope, especially during the spring months 

when stratification over the shelf is incipient . 

Gaul, R .D . and R .E . Boykin . 1964 . Northeast Gulf of Mexico hydrographic survey 

data collected in 1963 . A&M Project 286 (D)/Reference 64-26T . Texas A&M 

University . College Station, TX . 81 pp . 

Abstract . The survey region extends from the Mississippi Delta to Cape San Blas 

(about 200 nautical miles) and offshore to the 200 fathom depth contour 

(50 to 70 nautical miles) . The surveys serve two primary purposes . One is 

to provide background, information on the physical environment over the 

shelf to aid in interpretation of phenomena observed in the vicinity of 

nearshore platforms off Panama City (Gaul, et al, 1963) . The second is to 

study the distribution of physical properties as related to circulation 

over and outside the shelf . Studies of environmental influences on the 

distribution and occurrence of pelagic fishes and 'fouling' organisms . 

Gaul, R .D . and R .E . Boykin . 1965 . Northeast Gulf of Mexico Hydrographic Survey 

Data Collected in 1964 . REF-65-ST . Texas A and M Univ, Dept of 

Oceanography . College Station, TX . 85 pp . 

Abstract . The report summarizes data collected during periodic hydrographic 

surveys made in 1964 over the continental shelf and slope of the 

northeast Gulf of Mexico . The survey region extends from the Mississippi 

Delta to Cape San Blas (about 200 nautical miles) and offshore to the 

1000 fathom depth contour (100 to 110 nautical miles) . The surveys serve 

two primary purposes . One is to provide 'background' information on the 

physical environment over the shelf to aid in interpretation of phenomena 

observed in the vicinity of nearshore platforms off Panama . The second is 

to study the distribution of physical properties as related to 

circulation over and outside the shelf . 

46 
Gaul, R .D ., R .E . Boykin and D .E . Letzring . 1966 . Northeast Gulf of Mexico 

Hydrographic Survey Data Collected in 1965 . REF-66-8T . Texas A and M 

Univ, Dept of Oceanography . College Station, TX . 202 pp . 

Abstract . This report summarizes data collected during periodic hydrographic 

surveys made in 1965 over the continental shelf and slope of the 

northeast Gulf of Mexico . The survey region extends from the Mississippi 

Delta to Cape San Blas, Florida (about 300 nautical miles) and offshore 

to about the 1,000 fathom depth contour (100 to 110 nautical miles) . 

Hydrographic observations consisted mainly of vertical profiles of 

temperature and salinity obtained by means of bathythermographs and 

salinity determinations of water samples taken at selected depths or by a 

salinity/temperature/depth (STD) instrument . In addition, several 

thousand drift bottles were released at selected locations in the survey 

area . 

Gaul, R .D ., A .D . Kirwan Jr . and N .E .J . Boston . 1962 . Opportunities for 

environmental research off Panama City, Florida . Texas A&M Project 

286 (D)/Reference 62-5T . Texas A&M University . College Station, TX . 28 pp . 

Abstract . A report on research planned and in progress, using the Navy's 

offshore stages . 

Gelfenbaum, G . and R .P . Stumpf . 1990 . Observations of currents and density 

structure across a buoyant plume front . Estuaries . 16(1) :40-52 . 

Abstract . Observations of the Mobile Bay, Alabama, plume during a flood event 

in April 1991 reveal significant differences in the current field on 

either side of a front associated with the buoyant plume . During a strong 

southeasterly wind, turbid, low salinity water from Mobile Bay was pushed 

through an opening in the west side of the ebb-tidal delta and moved 

parallel to the coast . A stable front developed between the low salinity 

water of the buoyant plume (11 ppt and the high salinity coastal water 

(>23 ppt) that was being forced landward by the prevailing winds . Despite 

the shallow water depth of 6 m, measurements of currents, temperature, 

and salinity show large shears and density gradients in both the vertical 

and the horizontal directions . At a station outside of the buoyant plume, 

currents at 0 .5 m and 1 .5 m below the surface were in the same direction 

as the wind . Inside the plume, currents at 0 .5 m below the surface were 

parallel to the coast, 45 degree off the direction of the wind and the 

magnitude was 45% larger than the magnitude of the surface currents 

outside the plume . Beneath the level of the plume, the currents were 

identical to the wind-driven currents in the ambient water south of the 

front . Our observations suggest that the wind-driven surface currents of 

the ambient water converged with the buoyant plume at the front and were 

subducted beneath the plume . The motion of the ambient coastal surface 

water was in the direction of the local wind stress, however, the motion 

of the plume had no northerly component of motion . The plume also did not 

show any flow toward the front, suggesting a balance between the 

northerly component of wind stress and the southerly component of buoyant 

spreading . In addition, the motion of the plume did not appear to affect 

the motion of the underlying ambient water, suggesting a lack of mixing 

between the two waters . 

Geo-Marine, 1973 . A program of field measurements to define the thermal and 

dissolved oxygen distribution at the Lansing Smith Plant on West Bay/St . 

Andrew Bay . Geo-Marine . St . Petersburg, FL . 27 pp . 

47 
Abstract . Hydrographic and meteorological data from the vicinity of the power 

plant . 

Geo-Marine, 1976 . A program of field measurements to define the thermal and 

dissolved oxygen distribution at the Lansing Smith Plant on West Bay/St . 

Andrew Bay . Geo-Marine . St . Petersburg, FL . 45 pp . 

Abstract . A continuation of the study in the 1973 report . 

Geo-Marine, 1990 . Proceedings of the Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer 

Meeting (10th) . Held in New Orleans, (Louisiana) on December 5-7, 1989 . 

Minerals Management Service . Metairie, LA. 422 pp . 

Abstract . In 1981, the Minerals Management Service (NIIMS) held the first 

Information Transfer Meeting (ITM) to exchange regional, environmental, 

and socioeconomic information among Federal and State governments, 

industry, academia, and public interest groups concerned with the effects 

of oil and gas activities on the Gulf of Mexico . The volume summarizes 

the presentations given at the Tenth Annual Gulf of Mexico ITM held in 

December 1989 . Eighteen sessions included the following topics : wetlands 

concerns ; oil spill response ; Gulf of Mexico issues and initiatives 

(contributed papers) ; Mississippi/Alabama shelf marine ecosystems ; 

alternative energy ; now and the future ; physical oceanography; marine 

ecosystems ; oil spill dispersants ; effectiveness and decision making ; 

fisheries ; oil spills in tropical environments ; current offshore industry 

technology ; environmental monitoring ; Gulf of Mexico OCS program ; and 

North American datum changes . In addition, panel discussions on oil spill 

dispersants, North American datum changes, and oil spill responses were 

held . 

Geo-Marine, 1991 . Proceedings : Annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer 

Meeting (11th) . Held in New Orleans, LA . on November 13-15, 1990 . 

Minerals Management Service . Metairie, LA . 506 pp . 

Abstract . In 1981, the Minerals Management Service (NIIMS) held the first 

Information Transfer Meeting (ITM) to exchange regional, environmental, 

and socioeconomic information among Federal and State governments, 

industry, academia, and public interest groups concerned with the effects 

of oil and gas activities on the Gulf of Mexico . The Gulf of Mexico 

Information Transfer Program has three goals : (1) to provide a forum for 

scoping topics relative to environmental assessment of offshore oil and 

gas activities ; (2) to present the accomplishments of the NMS Gulf of 

Mexico Environmental Studies Program and other DM'1S research programs or 

study projects ; and (3) to foster exchange of information of regional 

interest among scientists, agencies, regionally-important industries and 

academia . Session topics included ISIS environmental studies for the Gulf 

of Mexico (active studies progress reports) ; recent seafloor clearance 

activities at abandoned oil and gas structure sites ; risk and reward; 

fueling America's recreation, conservation, and preservation programs 

through OCS leasing; offshore mapping and deepwater operations 

(contributed papers) ; Mississippi/Alabama shelf marine ecosystems study; 

produced waters : findings of recent studies in the coastal waters of 

Louisiana ; NIIMS offshore technology assessment and research program; 

advances in telemetry, tagging and tracking of endangered species ; 

naturally occurring radioactive materials ; impact of offshore oil 

exploration and production on social institutions of coastal Louisiana; 

new developments in oil spill response and response planning ; physical 

48 
oceanography ; Gulf of Mexico Marine Laboratories ; an overview of current 

research; and marine biology (contributed papers) . 

Gettleson, D .A . 1992 . Environmental and economic assessment of discharges from 

Gulf of Mexico region oil and gas operations . Quarterly technical 

progress report, 23 June 1992--30 September 1992 . DOE/MT/92001-1 . 

Continental Shelf Associates, Inc . Juniper, FL . 16 pp . 

Abstract . A Sampling and Analysis Plan was prepared and submitted to a 

Scientific Review Committee for comment . Substantial comments relative to 

study objectives, sampling design, and sampling periods coupled with the 

passage of Hurricane Andrew precluded the scheduled initiation of 

sampling at offshore and coastal sites (Tasks 3 -- Environmental Field 

Sampling and Analysis of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials 

(NORM), Heavy Metals, and Organics and 4 -- Monitoring of the Recovery of 

Impacted Wetland and Open Bay Produced Water Discharge Sites in Coastal 

Louisiana and Texas) . A proposed revised schedule has been prepared for 

Tasks 3 and 4 . Task 5 (Assessment of Economic Impacts of Offshore and 

Coastal Discharge Requirements on Present and Future Operations in the 

Gulf of Mexico Region), activities have involved identification and 

collection of the necessary data for the economic analysis . Task 6 

(Synthesis of Gulf of Mexico Region Consumption and Use Patterns), 

activities have included near completion of the literature review and a 

reevaluation of the data collection efforts relative to the wholesaler, 

process plant, and restaurant components . Task 7 (Technology Transfer 

Plan), work has been delayed due to the Tasks 3 and 4 delay and 

cancellation of the annual US Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico 

Region Information Transfer Meeting . 

Geyer, R .A. 1950 . A bibliography on the Gulf of Mexico . Texas Journal of 

Science . 2(1) :44-93 . 

Abstract . This bibliography was compiled in order to list and to some extent 

evaluate the available information in the literature dealing with the 

oceanography, marine biology, geology, geophysics, and meterology of the 

Gulf of Mexico . It could serve as basic reference material for planning 

marine biologic and oceanographic studies that might be conducted to gain 

more information about the marine population, productivity, and 

oceanographic normals of this area, and about those factors influencing 

any fluctuations in these quantities . The emphasis in the marine 

biological references is placed on the ecological phase of this subject 

rather than on the taxonomic aspects . 

Geyer, R .A . 1968 . Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . A/M-REF-68-8T . Texas A&M 

Univ, Dept of Oceanography . College Station, TX . 80 pp . 

Abstract . The report gives a summary of some of the Texas A&M oceanographic 

research in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean which was carried on during 

fiscal year 1968 . Included are reviews of work in physical oceanography, 

geophysical research, sedimentary characteristics, geotechnical 

properties, acoustic characteristics, remote sensing, air-sea 

interaction, microwave parameters, chemical oceanography, and bioenvironmental studies . The field work carried out aboard the R/V ALAMINOS 

is summarized, and publications, papers, and reports resulting from the 

work are presented . 

49 
Geyer, R .A . 1970 . Oceanography in the Gulf of Mexico . A/M REF-70-14F . Texas A&M 

Univ, Dept of Oceanography . College Station, TX . 25 pp . 

Abstract . The report gives a summary of oceanographic research in the Gulf of 

Mexico supported by the office of Naval Research during the period 1 May 

1961 - 15 December 1969 . This research involved theoretical studies in 

ocean dynamics ; currents in the Gulf of Mexico, Cayman Sea, western 

tropical Atlantic and eastern tropical Pacific ; development of 

geostrophic eddies and associated turbulence phenomena; bio-environmental 

studies; geophysical research ; geotechnical properties ; chemistry and 

air-sea interaction . 

Glenn, S .M . and C .C . Ebbesmeyer . 1993 . Drifting buoy observations of a Loop 

Current anticyclonic eddy . J . Geophys . Res . 9s(C11) :20105-20119 . 

Abstract . The Loop Current penetrated deep into the Gulf of Mexico in early 

1989 . After several eddy formation and reattachment cycles, a 

southwestward propagating anticyclonic eddy was formed during the summer . 

The Loop Current and subsequent eddy produced strong currents over 

widespread areas on the Louisiana continental slope, prompting a series 

of current measurement programs . The trajectories of 53 ARGOS tracked 

drifting buoys deployed in the Gulf of Mexico in 1989 were assembled to 

determine the synoptic history of the Loop Current and anticyclonic eddy 

during this event . Ten of the most critical summertime buoy trajectories 

are discussed . In addition, the trajectories of three of the buoys 

simultaneously deployed at different radii in the eddy were chosen for 

analysis with a kinematic feature model . The model assumes the looping 

buoy motion is generated by an elliptical orbit around a translating eddy 

center . The buoy trajectories were used to determine the time series of 

the feature model parameters, including eddy center, shape and 

circulation characteristics . The time series results indicate that the 

eddy actually propagated in a series of shore sprints separated by longer 

stalls . During the sprints, the eddy propagated as an elliptical but 

otherwise symmetric solid body . During the stalls, significant 

asymmetries developed . 

Gomes, B .R . and J .E . Matthews . 1994 . West Florida Shelf Environment for the 

Area Characterization Test I (ACT I) . Vol . Final Report Naval Research 

Laboratory Detachment . Stennis Space Center, MS . 90 pp . 

Abstract . During 18 through 27 September 1992, a carefully controlled acoustic 

exercise, Area Characterization Test 1 (ACT 1) was conducted in the 

shallow-water West Florida Shelf area known as Florida Middle Ground 

under the auspices of the Undersea Warfare Office of the Advanced 

Research Projects Agency . The goal is to develop an acoustic detection 

capability in adverse ocean environments such as shallow-water areas of 

continental shelves . To accomplish this, environmental data, which 

includes bathymetry, sediment samples, temperature and salinity of the 

water column, ocean currents and meteorological conditions, are provided 

for the interpretation of acoustic measurements . The test area is 

classified as a sandy-silt or sand-silt-day bottom with low carbonate 

content . Core and seismic data from other work shows the subbottom to be 

unconsolidated, comprised of Pleistocene to Recent sediments 

approximately 129 m thick at array locations . Evaluation of seafloor 

properties suggest that the area is homogenous, with a smooth watersediment interface, and a high acoustic impedance . A geoacoustic model is 

derived from exercise measurements, Hamilton values, and archival seismic 

50 
and core records. Potential for oceanographic variability is high due to 

wind induced circulation and interaction of shelf water with Loop Current 

water . While a typical summer mixed layer down to 30 m is evident in all 

profiles, a high temperature gradient at 150 m occurs near the array 

locations as part of a warm feature . Current data from meters placed on 

both vertical and horizontal one arrays at 79-m and 188-m water depths, 

respectively, appear to be dominated by the principal lunar and solar 

semidiurnal and diurnal components . 

Gordon, R .B ., S .P . Koch, J .C . Heideman and J .A . Vermersch . 1991 . A method for 

developing Loop Current/storm combinations for Gulf of Mexico deepwater 

structure design . pp . 600-610 . In MTS '91 . An Ocean Cooperative : 

Industry, Government, and Academia . Proceedings . New Orleans Convention 

Center, November 10-14, 1991 . Marine Technology Society, Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . This paper presents a probabilistic method for developing Loop 

Current/storm combinations for design of deepwater structures in the Gulf 

of Mexico . Using existing Loop Current and wave height databases, the 

method provides an analytical framework from which various combinations 

of surface current speed and wave height at specified return periods can 

be estimated . The probabilistic nature of the method also provides a 

straightforward approach into which improvements in the data and/or 

industry's understanding of Gulf of Mexico oceanography can be 

incorporated . The framework of the model is such that estimates of either 

the environment or of the response of a deepwater structure can be made 

for desired return periods . Both estimates depend on the type of 

structure being designed . We illustrate the method by presenting example 

joint environmental events for a hypothetical compliant piled tower 

design . 

Gorsline, D .S . 1963 . Oceanography of Apalachicola Bay, Florida . pp . 69-96 . 

Clements, T ., R . Stevenson and D . Halmos, eds . Essays in Marine Geology 

in Honor of K.O . Emery. University of Southern California Press, Los 

Angeles, CA . 

Gorsline, D .S . 1966 . Dynamic characteristics of west Florida Gulf coast 

beaches . Marine Geology . 4 :187-206 . 

Abstract . During 1962 fifteen beach stations were established along the Florida 

coast and monitored at monthly intervals . Observations of beach profiles, 

sediments, wave conditions, water characteristics and wind speed and 

direction were recorded . Techniques closely followed those of a nearly 

contemporaneous study on California beaches (Ingle, 1966) . This made 

possible a comparison of beach conditions in a low- and medium-energy 

environment (Florida) with a high-energy environment (California) . 

Average wave conditions in Florida range from low ripples in the lowenergy eastern segment near Keaton Beach, to over 30 cm wave height along 

the broad arc from Cape San Blas to the Alabama-Mississippi peri-delta 

region . Maximum wave heights reach 100 cm and more along the Pensacola 

shore and approach the average condition for high-energy beaches . 

Longshore current velocities, however, are surprisingly constant and 

range from 30 to 150 cm/sec in the general area . Statistical studies of 

the sediment textural parameters confirm the observations of SCHIFE'MAN 

(1965) regarding the greater variation in texture occurring in the swash 

zone than in other parts of the beach system . Some evidence suggests that 

sediment composition differences east and west of Cape San Blas reflect 

51 
different sources . Volumes of sand transported in longshore drift, 

however, are directly related to wave height, but show considerable 

variation from month to month and day to day. Net sand transport is to 

the west and apparently is actively prograding the large spits of the 

area from mobile Bay to Pensacola . 

Graham, D .S . 1983 . Circulation of two multipass estuaries in the Gulf of 

Mexico . pp . 2595-2609 . In Conference on Coastal Engineering, 18th, Cape 

Town, South Africa, Nov . 14-19, 1982, Proceedings . Vol . 3 . American 

Society of Civil Engineers, N .Y . 

Abstract . Studies on the dynamics of the water circulation in estuaries are 

reviewed . The scope of the Apalachicola and Terminos experiments 

involving the study of estuarine circulation and its relevance to 

pollution is discussed . Apalachicola Bay is a large (550 km Z) four-inlet 

embayment on the Florida Panhandle ; Laguna de Terminos is the largest 

(2000 km z) estuary on the Gulf of Mexico . The van de Kreke model is 

discussed, the essence of which is that nonlinear flux terms resulting 

from periodic tidal motion do not disappear on tidal averaging, and 

residual flows occur typically . The significance of the van de Kreeke 

results and results from the aforementioned estuaries are reviewed . It is 

concluded that flushing and water quality of multi-inlet estuaries of the 

Gulf of Mexico appear to be dominated by nonlinear wave flux advection 

and wind forcing, rather than advection from river inflow and tidally 

enhanced dispersion . 

Greatbatch, R .J . and A . Goulding . 1990 . A long-time-scale, density-stratified 

shelf circulation model . Cont . Shelf Res . 12(1) :115-141 . Proceedings of a 

Workshop of the Joint Numerical Sea Modelling Group On Mathematical 

Models of the North Sea and Surrounding Continental Shelf Seas . 

JONSMOD'90, Birkenhead (UK), Apr 1990 . 

Abstract . A computationally efficient, finite-difference numerical model for 

use in understanding circulation and variability in a density-stratified 

shelf and slope region on seasonal time scales and longer is described. 

The most important limitation of the model is the requirement to use a 

linear parameterization of bottom stress . The model also lacks 

information on coastal, baroclinic Kelvin waves . This restricts its use 

to shelf regions that are wide compared to the internal radius of 

deformation . Fortunately, many shelf regions (e .g . the Newfoundland/ 

Labrador shelf, the Middle Atlantic Bight, the west Florida shelf and the 

South Australia shelf) satisfy this requirement . 

Grijalva, N . 1964 . Numerical-hydrodynamical examination in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany . 46 pp . 

Grimes, C .B ., J .M . Foster, J . Fox, L . Fox, J .L . Taylor and K . Watson . 1991 . 

Lake/Baywatch : a citizen volunteer water quality monitoring program for 

Bay County, Florida . Report no . 1 (1990-91) . St . Andrew Bay Resource 

Management Assoc . Panama City, FL . 57 pp . 

Abstract . Report of a comprehensive water quality sampling program for St . 

Andrew Bay. 

Grose, P .L . 1966 . The stratification and circulation of subsurface waters of 

the Gulf of Mexico . Reference No . 1 . Department of Oceanography . Florida 

State University . 84 pp . 

52 
Guinasso, N .L ., Jr . and D .A . Wiesenburg . 1988 . Analysis of nearshore bathymetry 

and optical data from TUPS . Texas A&M Univ., Dept . of Oceanography 

Technical Report . 13518E ; 88-174 :128 . 

Abstract. An oceanographic study conducted off of Panama City, using a towed 

underwater pumping system (TUPS) . Includes data regarding light 

measurements and bottom contours . 

Gulf Coast Technical Services Unit . UNKNOWN YEAR . Bacteriological studies of 

commercial shellfish on the Gulf Coast . Gulf Coast Technical Services 

Unit . Dauphin Island, AL . 

Abstract . Bacteriological studies of commercial shellfish were conducted in 

four areas along the Gulf Coast. Hydrographic data were collected in 

conjunction with each sampling . 

Gulf Universities Research Consortium . 1979 . A Final Report On the Alabama 

Coastal Zone, Ecology and Water Quality Data Information Sources, 

Existing Benthic Data Evaluation . MESC-9-90060 . Marine Environmental 

Sciences Consortium . Dauphin Island, Alabama . 21 pp . 

Haddad, K . 1982 . Hydrographic factors associated with west Florida toxic red 

blooms : an assessment for satellite prediction and monitoring . Master's 

Thesis . University of South Florida, Tampa, FL . 

Haddad, K . and K. Carder . 1979 . Oceanic intrusions ; one possible initiation 

mechanism of red tide bloom on the west coast of Florida . pp . 269-274 . 

Taylor, R . and H.H . Seliger, eds . Proceedings of the Second International 

Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms . Elsevier, North Holland, NY. 

Hall, C .S . 1969 . An investigation of the water balance of the basin of the Gulf 

of Mexico . Master's Thesis . Texas A&M University . 34 pp . 

Halper, F .B ., D .W . McGrail and W .W . Schroeder . 1982 . The response of shelf 

waters in the Gulf of Mexico to the passage of tropical storms and 

hurricanes in 1979 . Trans . AGU (EOS) . 63 :18 . 

Halper, F .B . and W .W . Schroeder . 1990 . The response of shelf waters to the 

passage of tropical cyclones-observations from the Gulf of Mexico . Cont . 

Shelf Res . 10(8) :777-793 . 

Abstract . Current meter data obtained from sites on the Alabama, west Florida, 

and Texas-Louisiana shelves during 1979 coincided with the passage of 

five tropical cyclones ; Hurricane Bob, tropical storm Claudette, tropical 

storm Elena, Hurricane Frederic and Hurricane Henri, and a sixth storm 

(Hurricane David) which skirted the west Florida coast . The observations 

suggest that along the Alabama shelf (25 m water depth), where the 

isobaths were essentially perpendicular to the path of the storms, 

Hurricanes Bob and Frederic and tropical storm Claudette caused coastal 

set-up/set-down, resulting in a complex response . The observations from 

the west Florida shelf, where storm paths generally paralleled the 

isobaths, suggest that the flows associated with Hurricanes Frederic, 

David and possibly tropical storm Claudette were a combination of the 

storms setting water in motion as they moved through the Gulf of Mexico 

and local wind forcing . 

53 
Hamilton, G .D . 1987 . Buoy records : set in 1985 hurricanes . Mar . Weather Log . 

31(4) :7-10 . 

Abstract . During the 1985 hurricane season in Sept ., a North Atlantic buoy 

reported the highest significant wave height ever recorded by the 

National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) in a Hurricane (Gloria) : 46 .9 ft . The 

track of Gloria from its development near the Cape Verde Islands, within 

55 mi of buoy station 41002, is described . In Oct . in the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico, an NDBC buoy registered a record wind of 92 knots with a 114-knot 

peak in Kate . The development of Kate and its track are described . The 

expected winds are compared by means of a numerical wave prediction 

scheme . By applying the required values of wind speeds from the times of 

the most extreme wind/wave conditions at the two buoys, the significant 

wave height and peak period are computed . The estimates during Kate are 

reasonably close, as is the peak period for Gloria . There is, however, a 

large discrepancy in the significant wave height predicted for Gloria . 

Several characteristics of the storms, which may explain the difference 

involving the discrepancy between wind speed and wave height in the 

storms, are considered . 

Hamilton, P . 1987 . Characterization of Slope Circulations in the Northern Gulf 

of Mexico . SAIC-87/1071 Submitted to an oil and Gas Joint Industry 

Program . Science Applications International Corporation . Raleigh, NC . 

240 pp . 

Abstract . One purpose of this report is to bring together all available 

physical oceanographic measurements made on this slope by many different 

companies, government agencies and academic institutions, and use them to 

describe the circulation over the slope, its variability, and attempt to 

determine the important physical processes that govern this circulation . 

The measurements are fairly sparse in time and space and cover a region 

from southwest Texas and northern Mexico to the DeSoto Canyon off the 

Florida Panhandle . Some of the data sets from different studies overlap 

and a limited synthesis is possible . 

Hamilton, P . 1990 . Deep currents in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean . 

20(7) :1087-1104 . 

Abstract . Direct current measurements using moored arrays have been made below 

1000 m in the eastern, central and western Gulf of Mexico basin. The 

major low frequency velocity fluctuations in the lower 1000 to 2000 m of 

the water column in the three regions have the characteristics of 

topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) . Spectral peaks are observed at periods 

of about 25 days and 40 to 100 days . Motions are highly coherent with 

depth. Variances increase toward the bottom despite the very weak 

stratification of the deep waters of the Gulf . Wavelengths are about 150-

250 km and phase propagation is offshore with energy propagation 

westward . A group velocity of about 9 km/day could be directly estimated 

from significantly coherent signals between eastern and western arrays . 

This value is consistent with estimates derived from the dispersion 

relation and is higher than the westward translation speed of 3 to 6 km/ 

day of the large anticyclonic eddies shed from the Loop Current. 

Hand, J ., J. Col and E . Grimison . 1994 . 1994 water quality assessment for the 

State of Florida ; Technical Appendix . Florida Department of Environmental 

Protection, Bureau of Surface Water Management . Tallahassee, FL . 157 pp . 

54 
Abstract . Pp . 130-141 cover water quality information for St . Andrew Bay and 

its tributaries, including point sources of pollution. 

Hannon, L .J ., R .P . LaBelle and A.D . Lucas . 1987 . Oil-Spill Risk Analysis : 

Central Western, and Eastern Gulf of Mexico (Proposed Sales 113, 115, and 

116) Outer Continental Shelf ; Final Report . OCS/NIIMS-87/0117 . Minerals 

Management Service . Reston . 132 pp . 

Abstract . The Minerals Management Service recently released the Oil-Spill Risk 

Analysis Report for Proposed Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales 

113, 115, and 116 by Lawrence Hannon, Robert LaBelle, and Doreen Lucas . 

The 132-page report summarizes the results of the oil-spill trajectory 

analysis which was used to estimate potential oil-spill risks from the 

proposed sales . 

Hanor, J .S . and L .H . Chan . 1977 . Non-conservative behavior of barium during 

mixing of Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico waters . Earth Planet . Sci . 

Lett . 37 :242 . 

Hanson, R .B . 1982 . Influence of the Mississippi River on the spatial 

distribution of microheterotrophic activity in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Contrib . Mar . Sci . 25 :181-198 . 

Abstract . Spatial distribution of microheterotrophic activity in the water 

column of the Mississippi Delta Bight and the Gulf of Mexico was 

investigated in April and May 1977 . Microheterotrophic activity was 

determined from the uptake of labeled C14 glucose and the concentration 

of reactive carbohydrates . Mississippi River water was characterized by 

particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration and hydrographic data . 

Microheterotrophic activity decreased with distance offshore and with 

increasing depth of the water column in the Mississippi Delta Bight . 

Highest activity was in waters with low salinities and high POC 

concentrations . Where the salinities were characteristic of open Gulf of 

Mexico waters, microheterotrophic activities were typically low . Waters 

with warmest temperatures did not always possess the highest 

microheterotrophic activity . In surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico, 

activity was lower than in the Bight and activity decreased with 

increasing depth . Turnover times of carbohydrates were inversely 

proportional to the rate of microheterotrophic activity . Reactive 

carbohydrates did not show any gradients with either distance from shore 

or depth of the water column . Respiration (C14, C02) of the labeled 

glucose was highest in surface waters and decreased with distance from 

shore . The results suggest that the Mississippi River greatly influences 

the spatial distribution of microheterotrophic activity in the 

Mississippi Delta Bight but not in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Hardin, J .D ., C .D . Sapp, J .L . Emplaincourt and K .E . Richter . 1975 . Shoreline 

and bathymetric changes in the coastal area of Alabama : a remote-sensing 

approach . Information Series 50 . Alabama Geological Survey. University, 

AL . 125 pp . 

Abstract . The shorelines and near-shore bottoms of Alabama's coastal area are 

in a dynamic state, constantly adjusting to the combined effects of 

natural processes and man's intervention . Approximately 56 percent of the 

shoreline is eroding . Small amounts of erosion may become critical in 

developed areas . In general, erosion is of most concern along the western 

shore, at Dauphin Island, and along the north shore of Morgan Peninsula 

55 
where waterfront residential areas are directly affected . Sediments 

derived from materials carried by the Mobile River system and by currents 

eroding the shorelines are gradually filling Mobile Bay. Computer 

analysis of bathymetry shows that the lower half of the bay is filling 

most rapidly, but the pattern of deposition is very complex. A NASA 

computer measurement of a part of the shoreline of Alabama used Landsat 

images and provided the basis for a preliminary estimate of the total 

shoreline length . This estimate is 1,313 km (816 mi .), which is 

considerably higher than map measurements made by conventional means 

because the technique measures intricate of upper estuaries and other 

shoreline indentations . 

Harding, J.L . and W.D . Nowlin . 1966 . Encyclopedia of Oceanography ; Gulf of 

Mexico . Rheinhold Publishing Corporation . New York . 1021 pp . 

Haring, R .E . and J .C . Heideman . 1980 . Gulf of Mexico rare wave return periods . 

J . Petrol . Technol . 32(1) :35-47 . 

Abstract . Estimates of rare wave heights and crest heights in the Gulf of 

Mexico were derived from hindcasts of 22 severe hurricanes since 1900 . 

Results obtained with an industry-sponsored Ocean Data Gathering Program 

(ODGP) show that rare wave-height estimates are not dependent upon the 

choice of statistical method and that no practical differences exist over 

three separate geographical sectors of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Harkema, R ., G .L . Weatherly, W .C . Burnett and J .P . Chanton . 1994 . A Compilation 

of moored current meter data from the Big Bend region of the west Florida 

shelf . July 1992-October 1992 . Florida State University, Department of 

Oceanography Tech . Rep . 

Harkema, R ., G .L . Weatherly and D .E . Thistle . 1991 . A compilation of moored 

current meter data from the Big Bend region of the west Florida shelf, 

November 1989-April 1990 . Tech . Rep . CMF-91-O1 . Florida State University, 

Dept . of Oceanography . Tallahassee, FL . 85 pp . 

Harkema, R ., G .L . Weatherly and D .E . Thistle . 1992 . A compilation of moored 

current meter data from the Big Bend region of the west Florida shelf, 

Nov 1990-Apr 1991 . Tech . Rep . CMF-92-O1 . Florida State University, Dept . 

of Oceanography . Tallahassee, FL . 30 pp . 

Harkema, R ., G .L . Weatherly and D .E . Thistle . 1993 . A compilation of moored 

current meter data from the Big Bend Region of the West Florida Shelf, 

December 1991-April 1992 . Tech . Rep . CMF-93- 01 . Florida State 

University, Dept . of Oceanography . Tallahassee, FL . 46 pp . 

Harris, D .L . and C .U . Lindsay . 1957 . An index of tide gages and tide gage 

records for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States . U .S . 

Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau National Hurricane Research 

Project, Report 7 . 

Harrison, C .H . 1972 . Water Resources Data in Alabama . Alabama Development 

office, water for Alabama Series . Montgomery, Alabama . 88 pp . 

56 
Hart, W .E . 1976 . A numerical study of currents, circulation and surface 

elevations in Chandeleur--Breton Sounds, Louisiana . Ph .D . Dissertation . 

LSU, Baton Rouge, LA . 140 pp . 

Abstract . Numerical methods were used to simulate the tide- and wind-induced 

circulation in Chandeleur-BretonSounds, which form a bar-built estuary 

southeast of New Orleans, Louisiana . The study provided sufficient 

information from which to give a general description of the reponse of 

the estuary to average, tropic, and equatorial tides . Very low current 

speed, on the order of 10-20 cm/sec, occurred except in some of the 

shallow entrances through the Chandeleur Island chain, where speed 

reaches 50-60 cm/sec for short periods . The entering tidal wave forms 

were simulated by Kelvin waves, which had a resultant form that was found 

to be in close agreement with the computer model . The model output agreed 

well with current observations taken over a 6-month period at 15 widely 

spaced stations in and around the estuary. Surface elevations were found 

to have an average tide range of 60 cm at the northwestern end of the 

estuary and to increase in range to 90 cm during tropic tides. The range 

in the southern part of the estuary was about 15 cm less at all times . It 

was also shown that the estuary responds directly to an applied wind 

force and that the expected set-up of the surface is in the downwind 

direction. Finally, it was shown that total energy in the estuary is 

relatively low and is governed primarily by the potential energy of the 

tide-induced surface elevations . 

Hart, W .E . and S .P . Murray . 1978 . Energy balance and wind effects in a shallow 

sound . J . Geophys . Res . 83(C8) :4097-4106 . 

Abstract . Tidal energetics and wind effects in an extensive (3000 km 2) shallow 

(3 .5m) sound with two widely separated entrances were studied numerically 

with a two-dimensional vertically averaged model . A comparison of current 

predictions with observation from 15 current meter stations under 

differing tidal regimes proved the reliability of the model . Evaluation 

of the instantaneous energy balance equation showed the change in energy 

content to be nearly balanced by input energy flux, frictional energy 

dissipation being of secondary importance . In contrast to the 

equipartition of energy in classical long waves, there is on the average 

eight times more potential energy than kinetic energy . Input energy flow 

shows preferential pathways ; the wide northern entrance mainly shows 

energy gain to the Sound, the southern entrance shows equal amounts of 

gain and loss, while small cuts through the barrier island chain serve 

mainly as conduits for energy loss . When real tidal input is used, the 

energy balance time-averaged over a diurnal tidal cycle is not in a 

steady state, and frictional dissipation is the dominant term . 

Experiments showed that with winds in the 8 to 9 m/s range, extensive 

setup can occur (20 cm), strongly dependent on wind direction. Increased 

speeds through the passages can significantly reduce the residence time 

in the Sound. Relaxation time of the wind perturbations is only about 3 

hours . 

Haustein, R . and A.C . Vastano . 1987 . Use of sea surface satellite imagery for 

oil exploration and production in the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 301-348 . 

Nineteenth Annual Offshore Technology Conference Houston, TX 27-30 April 

1987 . Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX . 

Abstract . Operators in the Gulf of Mexico are using visible and infrared 

satellite imagery to investigate transient Loop Current and eddy 

57 
circulation features for calculating forces on offshore structures and 

monitoring ocean current events which may effect offshore operations in 

deepwater regions . Raw and derived data products utilized include 

satellite sea surface temperature measurements, ocean frontal analyses 

based on satellite imagery and current flow fields derived from 

sequential satellite images . 

Hawkins, J .D . 1983 . Satellite IR data utilization for qualitative and 

quantitative observation of the loop current system . Trans . AGU (EOS) . 

64(52) :1055 . 

Hawkins, J .D ., D .A . May, R .L . Pickett and F . Abell . 1990 . Benefits of NOAH-11 

Channel 3 in Detection of Mesoscale Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico during 

Summer . pp . 356-361 . Zn Proceedings Annual Gulf of Mexico Information 

Transfer Meeting (11th) . Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research 

Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS . 

Abstract . Monitoring the Loop Current and mesoscale (50-350 km) warm and cold 

core eddy positions in the Gulf of Mexico year round has taken on 

enhanced interest as our understanding of the Gulf's physical 

oceanography and its impact on a diverse set of industrial and scientific 

disciplines matures . Early sporadic hydrographic cruises were 

supplemented in the late 1970's and early 1980's with satellite infrared 

(IR) imagery from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites 

(GOES) and various versions of the present NOAA AVHRR . The synoptic IR 

views helped map major mesoscale features via their sea surface 

temperature (SST) signatures . The early work was enhanced when imagery 

filled in the time-space void inherent in Gulf ship surveys . Information 

pertaining to the cycle of Loop Current penetration, eddy shedding and 

drift of resultant warm core eddies westward to the Texas shelf revised 

earlier speculation. Several drawbacks remained while utilizing IR 

imagery to detect Gulf mesoscale features . Cloud contamination often 

eliminated this valuable resource for time spans lasting weeks . 

Summertime conditions, reduced the SST gradients associated with all 

features, requiring the capability to measure relative and absolute SSTs 

to the accuracy of 0 .25°C and better to view the faint surface 

signatures . 

Henry, V .J . and E .H . Shenton . 1955 . Literature survey of Lake Charles, 

Louisiana, Gulfport and Mobile Bay, Alabama and Pensacola, Florida, and 

their approaches . Vol . 1 : Geological Oceanography, TAMU Project 98, 

Reference 55-34 Texas A&M College, Department Oceanography . College 

Station, TX . 

Hill, D .O . 1974 . A hydrodynamic and salinity model for Mobile Bay . Ph .D . 

Dissertation. The University of Alabama . 339 pp . 

Hill, D .O . and G .C . April . 1973 . Adaptation of mathematical modeling techniques 

to Mobile Bay for water quality management . J . Mar . Sci . 2(2) :19-36 . 

Hill, D .O . and G .C . April . 1976 . Planning for rivers draining into Mobile Bay, 

part 1, hydrodynamic and salinity models . University of Alabama, Bureau 

of Engineering Research Report, . 209 :112 . 

58 
Ho, F .P . and V .A. Myers . 1975 . Joint probability method of tide frequency 

analysis applied to Apalachicola Bay and St . George Sound, Florida . NOAATR-NWS-18 ; NOAH-76020403 . National Weather Service, Office of Hydrology . 

Silver Spring, MD . 52 pp . 

Abstract . Storm-tide height frequency distributions are developed within 

Apalachicola Bay and St . George Sound, Florida, for the National Flood 

Insurance Program. This is accomplished by applying Overland's numerical 

bay model to a full set of climatologically representative hurricanes . 

Surge computations by the continental shelf SPLASH model are used as the 

boundary input from the Gulf of Mexico . Tide levels are shown in map form 

and as frequency distributions at selected points between annual 

frequencies of 0.10 and 0 .002 . The report illustrates the application of 

a joint probability method to assessing storm tides within a bay using a 

hydrodynamic model. 

Ho, F .P . and R .J . Tracey . 1975 . Storm tide frequency analysis for the Gulf 

Coast of Florida from Cape San Blas to St . Petersburg beach . National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA, NWS Technical memorandum 

20 :34 . 

Hofmann, E .E . and S .J . Worley . 1986 . An investigation of the circulation of the 

Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 91(012) :14221-14236 . 

Hoge, F .E ., A. Vodacek and N .V . Blough . 1993 . Inherent optical properties of 

the ocean : Retrieval of the absorption coefficient of chromophoric 

dissolved organic matter from fluorescence measurements . Limnology and 

Oceanography. 38(7) :1394-1402 . 

Abstract . The quantitative relationship between the absorption and fluorescence 

emission of chromophoric (colored) dissolved organic matter (CDOM) has 

been determined along five cruise tracks in the western North Atlantic 

Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Monterey Bay, and includes Gulf Stream, 

Loop Current, slope, shelf, and coastal waters . We present a protocol for 

the determination of CDOM fluorescence that will allow both 

interlaboratory comparisons and the calibration of airborne fluorescence 

measurements . This protocol is based on the use of the water Raman signal 

as an internal radiometric standard and quinine sulfate as an external 

standard . This study demonstrates that when an appropriate and consistent 

procedure is used to standardize fluorescence measurements, the 

fluorescence per unit absorption exhibits surprisingly little variation 

for diverse waters . The maximum variability observed between all sites 

was 36% and within the western North Atlantic the variability was only 

12% . Algorithms are presented for retrieval of the absorption coefficient 

of CDOM at 355 and 337 nm from shipboard or airborne measurements of the 

water-Raman-normalized fluorescence emission resulting from 355- and 337-

nm excitation . 

Hogge, E .A . 1966 . Recent oceanographic work at the U . S . Navy Mine Defense 

Laboratory . U .S . Navy Mine Defense Lab . Research Technical Note . 99 :4 . 

Abstract. A summary of current oceanographic research conducted by the Navy in 

St . Andrew Bay and the nearby coastal waters . 

Holmes, J . 1974 . Investigation of the Interaction of the Sea Reflected 

Radiation and the Atmosphere . NOAA-74080610 . NOAA/AOML . Miami, FL . 12 pp . 

59 
Abstract . The ability to find and monitor oceanic currents, in particular the 

Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico, from satellites is examined by 

gathering ground truth from shipboard measurements and comparing this 

data to satellite photographs . Results and discussions resulting in part 

from this work have been published in reports referred to at the end of 

this report . 

Hopkins, C .K . 1990 . Ocean Response to Hurricane Forcing . Master's Thesis . Naval 

Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA . 90 pp . 

Abstract . The current meter records collected at three sites in the Gulf of 

Mexico during the passage of Hurricane Frederic are analyzed to determine 

the storm-induced flow at various ocean depths, determine the associated 

energy increase and decay, and compare these observations to similar 

results from a numerical model . The records at the two deeper sites are 

rather unique because they are within 100 km of the hurricane track . Prestorm conditions are controlled by topography, and as the storm passes 

there is an abrupt change in the direction of flow and initiation of a 

strong inertial response at all levels of the two deeper sites . After 

this initial surge, the residual flow tends toward the pre-storm 

direction . The horizontal kinetic energy associated with inertial motion 

is calculated. The energy increase and decay is shown to vary with depth . 

An embedded mixed-layer ocean circulation model is forced with an 

idealized storm translating at the same speed as Frederic . The abrupt 

response and strong inertial component predicted by the model is 

qualitatively similar to the observations . 

Hopkins, T.S . 1969 . The Escambia River and Escambia Bay during summer, 1969 . 

U.S . Bureau of Commercial Fisheries . Washington, D.C . 54 pp . 

Abstract . Pt . I . Physical/chemical studies on Escambia River complex; Pt . II . 

Physical/chemical/biological studies on Escambia Bay. 

Hopkins, T .S . 1973 . Zooplankton . ja Jones, J .I ., R .E . Ring, M.O . Rinkel and 

R .E . Smith, eds . A summary of knowledge of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . 

State University System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography, St . 

Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . Zooplankton in the eastern Gulf, a warm temperature-subtropical 

region, seems to show distinct seasonality in abundance . In estuaries and 

on the southwest Florida shelf the biomass maximum appears in summer 

whereas in shelf waters of the central and northeastern Gulf the seasonal 

maximum occurs in winter . No seasonal trend is as yet evident for the 

Loop Current . Annually, averages for zooplankton biomass range from 0 .88 

to 0 .80 ml/m3, 0 .02 to 0 .10 ml/m' and 0 .01 to 0 .10 ml/m~3 in estuarine, 

shelf, and eastern Central Gulf regions, respectively . Locally both on 

the shelf and in estuaries biomass can be much higher . The principal 

photoplankton species in terms of biomass in estuaries appears to be 

Acartia tonsa . In summer meroplankton significantly augments plankton 

biomass in inshore waters . The principal hydrographic factors regulating 

zooplankton distribution in the eastern Gulf are the Loop Current, 

Mississippi River, and runoff from other small rivers . Upwelling 

generated by the Loop Current appears to be responsible for the maximum 

on the southwest Florida shelf while the Mississippi and other river 

discharge along with cool meteorological conditions may be primarily 

responsible for winter peaks on the northern Gulf shelf . Biological 

factors in addition to annual temperature and runoff cycles may affect 

60 
seasonal abundance of estuarine zooplankton . There is evidence that 

ctenophores and scyphomedusae play a major role in regulating dynamics of 

estuarine microzooplankton . 

Hopkins, T .S . UNKNOWN YEAR . Circulation of Escambia Bay, Florida . Dauphin 

Island Sea Lab . Dauphin Island, AL . 

Abstract . Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen measurements were made at 

42 stations in Escambia Bay at daily to monthly intervals from January to 

June, 1971 . Dye drop studies of circulation patterns were made at 9 

stations . 

Hopkins, T.S . UNKNOWN YEAR . Study of short term effects of dredging on water 

quality in Mulatto Bayou. Dauphin Island Sea Lab. Dauphin Island, AL . 

Abstract . Measurements of salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and secchi 

disc depth were made at 7 stations in Mulatto Bayou, Escambia Bay, 

Florida in order to determine the short term effects of dredging on the 

water quality of the bayou . Each station was sampled at 4 hour intervals 

from April 18 to April 23, 12 hour intervals from April 24 to April 28, 

48 hour intervals from April 30 to May 30, and then on a weekly basis 

until August . 

Hopkins, T .S . UNKNOWN YEAR . Upper Escambia Bay Marsh Creek stagnation study. 

Dauphin Island Sea Lab . Dauphin Island, AL . 

Abstract . Nine stations in upper Escambia Bay were visited daily at dawn from 

April to July, 1972 in an effort to document fish kills . Salinity, 

temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured daily, and fish were 

identified and counted when kills occurred . 

Hopkins, T .S ., W .W . Schroeder, T .W .C . Hilde, L .J . Doyle and J .C . Steinmetz . 

1981 . Florida Middle Ground . pp . 150 . La Northern Gulf of Mexico 

Topographic Features Study, Final Report, Technical Report No . 81-2-T . 

Vol . V . Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography, College 

Station, TX . (U .S . Department of the Interior, BLM, OCS Office, New 

Orleans, LA, Contract No . AA551-CT8-35 .) 

Abstract . The overall objective was to characterize the topographic high known 

as the Florida Middle Ground (FMG) using submarine sampling, geophysical 

profiling, open circuit SCUBA, shipboard instrumentation, and in situ 

instruments for measuring currents, salinity, and temperature . The 

characterization was designed to establish ranges of spatial and temporal 

variation in the chemical, geological, and physical environment of the 

Florida Middle Ground, and should produce qualitative and quantitative 

management-oriented biological data describing the lesser known aspects 

of the fauna and flora of the central portion of the Florida Middle 

Ground. 

Hottman, W.E . and R.A . Geyer. 1976 . Analysis of current data from April 1975 

cruise . Report for Study of Naturally Occurring Hydrocarbons in the Gulf 

of Mexico . Department of Oceanography . Texas A&M University . 7 pp . 

Howell, K .K . 1977 . Gulf of Mexico . Oceans . 10 :5 . 

Hsaio, Shu-C .V . 1978 . On the transformation mechanisms and the prediction of 

finite-depth water waves . University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic 

Engineering Dept . Report . UFL/COEL-78-010 :123 . 

61 
Abstract . The physics of wave action off of Panama City Beach. 

Hsueh, Y ., G .O . Marmorino and L .L . Vansant . 1982 . Numerical model studies of 

the winter-storm response of the West Florida shelf . J . Phys . Ocean . 

12(10) :1037-1050 . 

Abstract . The wintertime, wind-driven ocean circulation on the West Florida 

Continental Shelf is studied within the framework of a linearized stormsurge model . The model bathymetry incorporates a realistic shelf, 

extending from New Orleans to the southern tip of Florida, and a deep 

ocean region . The boundary condition at the coast is that there is no 

normal flow . At the open boundaries, located off the shelf in deep water, 

the adjusted sea level is fixed at zero . It is found that 1) a coastally 

trapped response is achieved within one local inertial period following 

the imposition of the wind ; 2) the curved coast forces a mass exchange 

between the coastal water and the deep ocean ; 3) this exchange leads to 

the generation of a series of mesoscale eddies along the shelf edge ; and 

4) these eddies give rise to long-period, shelf-wide oscillations that 

persist beyond the local spin-up time . A hindcast of the wind-driven flow 

on the West Florida Shelf for a particular period (11-25 March 1978) that 

contains the passage of a distinct cold front produces coastal sea-level 

and current fluctuations that are in reasonable agreement with 

observations . 

Hubertz, J .M . 1967 . A study of the Loop Current in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . 

M .S . Thesis . Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography, College 

Station, TX . 91 pp . 

Abstract . A physical oceanographic survey was made in June 1966 using an 

instrument which measures salinity and temperature as continuous 

functions of depth . Data was gathered using Nansen casts, 

bathythermographs, and the geomagnetic electrokinetograph . The Loop 

Current was found to extend to 27°30'N with a smaller secondary loop at 

its northern tip . Average speeds in the current were 2 knots with 

associated transports of 45 X 106 M3 /sec around the major loop within the 

Gulf . The Loop Current bounded a water mass, the Eastern Gulf Loop Water, 

distinct from that found elsewhere in the Gulf of Mexico . The average 

circulation pattern was found to be less complex than those presented 

previous to 1967 . 

Hubertz, J .M . and R .M . Brooks . 1992 . Verification of the Gulf of Mexico 

hindcast wave information . Coastal Engineering Research Center, 

Vicksburg . Vicksburg, MS . 34 pp . 

Abstract . The Wave Information Study (WIS) for the Gulf of Mexico (WIS Report 

18) provides a wave climate for the US shorelines of the Gulf of Mexico 

based on simulation of 20 years of weather data (1956-1975) . During these 

years, few wave data exist with which to evaluate the adequacy of the 

total hindcast procedure, which includes derivation of pressure charts, 

translation of these into wind estimates, and then calculation of wave 

conditions . In 1991, CERC conducted a 1-year hindcast of the Gulf of 

Mexico for 1988 and evaluated the model results against extensive wind 

and wave measurements now available in order to provide guidance on the 

quality of the previous hindcast work . This report provides a summary of 

that hindcast and guidance on the use of the earlier WIS study . 

62 
Hubertz, J .M ., A .W . Garcia and R .D . Reid . 1972 . Objective analysis of oceanic 

surface currents . pp . 139-148 . In Capurro, L .R .A. and J .L . Reid, eds . 

Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf 

Publishing Co ., Houston . 

Abstract . Treating measurements from June 1966 and June 1967 cruises as 

synoptic, the results were used to approximate the nondivergent part of 

the surface velocity field in terms of a stream function . 

Hughes, J . 1990 . St . Andrews State Park Aquatic Preserve Management Plan . Vol . 

Draft Report Florida Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Submerged 

Lands and Preserves . Tallahassee, FL . 83 pp . 

Abstract . St . Andrews Bay Aquatic Preserve, located in Bay County, covers 

25,000 acres along the entrance to St . Andrews Bay and extends some 3 

miles offshore into Gulf waters . The preserve consist largely of high 

energy zone areas, e .g . gulf sandy beaches, a strong tidal inlet with 

jetties and sandy bay bottoms . A moderate amount of shallow grassbed 

communities occur along the bayside of Shell Island . Marine fishes, 

shorebirds and various invertebrate marine life are prodominant . The 

preserve lies adjacent to St . Andrews Bay State Park which receives heavy 

recreational use . Portions of the preserve adjoin exclusive residential 

development and military facilities . Water quality in and around the St . 

Andrews Bay area has deteriorated in recent years from sewage discharge 

and stormwater runoff . The inlet area, the Gulf and the inner bay area 

also support some of the heaviest boating traffic in northern Florida . 

The high recreational use, the increases in water pollution, and the 

continued development of adjoining uplands threaten the long term 

maintenance of the preserve and necessitate resource planning for the 

area . 

Huh, O . K., L .J . Rouse and G.W. Smith . 1978 . Surface temperature and temperature 

gradient features of the U.S . Gulf coast waters . pp . 1609-1618 . 

Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the 

Environment, April 25-29, 1977 . University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI . 

Abstract . Satellite thermal infrared data on the Gulf of Mexico show that a 

seasonal cycle exists in the horizontal surface temperature structure . In 

the fall, the surface temperatures of both coastal and deep waters are 

nearly uniform. With the onset of winter, atmospheric cold fronts, which 

are accompanied by dry, low-temperature air and strong winds, draw heat 

from the sea. Penetrative convection and wind-driven mixing lower 

temperatures, first in the shallowest waters and then, as the winter 

season progresses, in deeper and deeper portions of the Gulf . A band of 

cooler water forming on the inner shelf expands, until a thermal front 

develops seaward along the shelf bread between the cold shelf waters and 

the warmer deep waters of the Gulf . Digital analysis of the satellite 

data has been carried out in an interactive mode using a minicomputer and 

software developed at the Coastal Studies Institute . A time series of 

temperature profiles illustrates the temporal and spatial changes in the 

sea-surface temperature field . 

Huh, O .K. and K .J. Schaudt . 1990 . Satellite imagery tracks currents in Gulf of 

Mexico . Oil Gas J . 88(19) :70-76 . 

63 
Huh, O .K., W .J . Wiseman and L .J . Rouse . 1981 . Intrusion of Loop Current waters 

onto the west Florida continental shelf . J . Geophys . Res . 86(C5) :4186-

4192 . 

Abstract . An intrusion of loop current water up Desoto Canyon and onto the West 

Florida continental shelf to within B km of the shore occurred in 

February 1977 . Boat, aircraft, and satellite data collected in the area 

for another purpose were used to estimate the space and time scales of 

the intrusion and the ultimate fate of the intruded waters . The duration 

of the event was 18 days . Oceanic waters advanced across the shelf at 

speeds of 20 cm/s . At maximum intrusion, 6650 km Z of shelf were affected . 

Approximately half the intruded water receded off the shelf, and half 

appears to have been modified in situ . 

Huh, O .K ., W .J . Wiseman and L .J . Rouse Jr . 1978 . Winter cycle of sea surface 

thermal patterns, northeastern Gulf of Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean . 

83(C9) :4523-4531 . 

Abstract . During the winter of 1976-1977 a time series of NOAA satellite data 

was obtained which documented the seasonal cycle of sea surface 

temperatures . Data were obtained as both marine-enhanced images and 

computer compatible tapes . Fall cooling initially affected only lakes and 

estuaries . A band of cold inner shelf waters then formed along the coast . 

Which expanded seaward to the shelf break as the winter season 

progressed . At the extreme of winter cooling, two major thermal fronts 

remained: one near the shelf edge, separating the shelf from deep gulf 

surface waters, and the other the cyclonic boundary of the Loop Current . 

The onset of spring warming was indicated by an increase in surface 

temperatures in the shallow inshore areas . The seasonal cycle was 

completed with the formation of nearly isothermal surface waters 

throughout the region, a condition characteristic of the summer season . 

Hurlburt, H .E . and J .D . Thompson . 1980 . A numerical study of Loop Current 

intrusions and eddy shedding . J. Phys . Ocean . 10(10) :1611-1651 . 

Abstract . The dynamics of the eddy shedding by the Loop Current in the Gulf of 

Mexico have been investigated using three nonlinear numerical models : 

two-layer, barotropic and reduced gravity. The barotropic and reduced 

gravity models demonstrate the individual behavior of the external and 

internal modes, and provide insight into how they interact in the twolayer model. Because of the economy of the semi-implicit free surface 

models, it was possible to perform over 100 experiments to investigate 

the stability properties of the Loop Current. Typically, the models were 

integrated 3-5 years to statistical equilibrium on a 1600 km x 900 km 

rectangular domain with a resolution of 20 km x 18 .75 km . Prescribed 

inflow through the model Yucatan Channel was compensated by outflow 

through the Florida Straits. 

Hurlburt, H .E . and J .D . Thompson . 1980 . A Numerical Study of Loop Current 

Intrusions and Eddy Shedding, Technical note . NORDA-TN-64 . Naval Ocean 

Research and Development Activity . NSTL Station, MS . 124 pp . 

Abstract . The dynamics of the eddy shedding by the Loop Current in the Gulf of 

Mexico have been investigated using three nonlinear numerical models : 

two-layer, barotropic, and reduced gravity. The barotropic and reduced 

gravity models demonstrate the individual behavior of the external and 

internal modes, and provide insight into how they interact in the twolayer model . Because of the economy of the semi-implicit free surface 

64 
models, it was possible to perform over 100 experiments to investigated 

the stability properties of the Loop Current . Typically the models were 

integrated 3 to 5 years to statistical equilibrium on a 1600 x 900 km 

rectangular domain with a resolution of 20 x 18 .75 km . Prescribed inflow 

through the model Yucatan Channel was compensated by outflow through the 

Florida Straits . 

Hurlburt, H .E . and J .D . Thompson . 1982 . Dynamics of the Loop Current and shed 

eddies in a numerical model of the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 243-298 . 

Nichoul, J .C .J ., ed . Hydrodynamics of Semi-enclosed Areas . Vol . 34, 

Elsevier Oceanography Series . Elsevier Scientific Publ . Co ., Liege . 

Abstract. The dynamics of the circulation in the Gulf of Mexico were 

investigated with simple, efficient numerical models capable of 

simulating consistently observed dynamical features, including the Loop 

Current and the shedding of large anticyclonic eddies from the loop . More 

than 150 model experiments were integrated to statistical equilibrium, 

typically 3-5 yr . One popular hypothesis holds that the Loop Current 

sheds anticyclonic eddies in response to annual variations in the inflow 

through the Yucatan straits . However, a striking result from the models 

is their ability to simulate the observed quasi-annual eddy shedding 

period with no time variations in the inflow . The model-predicted eddy 

diameters, amplitudes, and westward propagation speeds are also 

realistic . The dominant instability mechanism in the eddy shedding is a 

horizontal shear instability of the first internal mode, a barotropic, 

rather than a baroclinic, instability . Therefore, a reduced-gravity model 

with one vertical mode can simulate the basic dynamics of the Loop 

Current eddy system . Rossby-wave theory and a conservation of absolute 

vorticity trajectory analysis were used to explain the behavior of the 

Loop Current, including its northward penetration into the gulf, the 

latitude of westward bending, the shedding period for the eddies and 

their diameters and westward propagation speeds . 

Hyde, W ., W . Wallace, W . Stevenson and M .P . Worsham . 1974 . Preliminary 

Supplement to a Bibliography of Offshore and Estuarine Areas of Alabama . 

Alabama Development Office . Montgomery, AL . 20 pp . 

Hydroqual, and Barry A . Vittor & Assoc . 1993 . Environmental studies in St . 

Andrew Bay, Florida . Vol . 4 volumes . Bay County Utilities Dept . Panama 

City, FL . 

Abstract . A thorough examination of the bay's ecology and water quality . The 

most comprehensive study to date . Includes information regarding water 

quality parameters, hydrography, seagrasses, benthic invertebrates and 

sediments . 

Hoejerslev, N .K. 1985 . Bio-optical measurements in the southwest Florida shelf 

ecosystem . J . Cons . Int . Explor . Mer . 42 ;65-82 . 

Ichiye, T . 1962 . Circulation and Water Mass Distribution in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Geofis . Int . 2(3) :47-76 . 

Abstract . Oceanographic data collected in the Gulf of Mexico from 1951 to 1955 

are analyzed . Circulation of the upper layer is greatly influenced by the 

wind drift as seen in the location of the low salinity water . According 

to seasonal change of the temperature and salinity, the water mass in the 

upper layer is classified into five types : three coastal and two off65 
shore . The statistical T-S oxygen-density and phosphate-density 

correlations show little difference between the western and eastern parts 

in the layer deeper than 1,000 m. In the intermediate layer, however, the 

difference between two parts becomes more distinct due to the water 

flowing in the eastern part through Yucatan Channel . Semi-permanent 

anticyclonic gyres are found in the eastern part on dynamic topography, 

sigma-t surfaces and isotherm patterns at 200 m depth. These vortices 

seem to be in contact with the flow through Yucatan Channel occasionally . 

Three dynamic problems are discussed. Firstly, the wind drift in a 

circular basin with a shelf is derived and applied to the Gulf of Mexico . 

The results indicate a good agreement with observed seasonal change of 

the circulation in the upper layer of the Gulf of Mexico manifested by 

patterns of isohalines . Secondly, the vertical profiles of the 

temperature and salinity in the upper layer are explained by solutions of 

the equation of eddy diffusion and advection of heat and water mass . 

Thirdly, meandering of the Yucatan Current, and horizontal stability of 

gyres are discussed. 

Ichiye, T . 1962 . Some results of oceanographic surveys at Stage II off Panama 

City, Florida . pp . 406-407 . In Gorsline, D .S ., ed . Proceedings of the 

First National Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conference . National 

Science Federation and the Office of Naval Research, Tallahassee, FL . 

Abstract . Preliminary results of four hydrographic surveys . 

Ichiye, T . 1965 . Geostrophic Eddies in the Ocean . Part I . CU-21-65-AT(30-

1)2663 ; CU-14-65-NONR266(48) . Lamont Geological Observatory . Palisades, 

NY . 10 pp . 

Abstract . The results of observations of eddies with dimensions of several 

kilometers to a few hundred kilometers are reviewed . Detailed 

measurements of an eddy off California revealed the quasi-geostrophic 

structure of the eddy of intermediate size . Eddies in the eastern half of 

the Gulf of Mexico are described from hydrographic data collected since 

1950 . Case histories and dynamical structure of eddies generated by 

cutoff of increasing meanders of the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio are 

discussed. Generation of eddies and perturbations in the ocean due to 

moving meteorological disturbances are explained from examples in case of 

extra-tropical cyclones in the ocean polar front of the North Pacific and 

the one in case of hurricane in the central Gulf of Mexico . Dynamics on 

development of eddies due to a shearing instability are briefly reviewed . 

Ichiye, T . 1971 . Circulation Changes Caused by Hurricanes . Oceanographic 

Studies . 2, Contrib . 509, Chap . 13 :229-257 . 

Abstract . Observations in the Gulf of Mexico of temperature and salinity 

changes due to passing hurricanes are reviewed . Observations for 

Hurricane Carla (1961) and for Hurricane Inez (1966) were made on the 

continental slope in the northwestern and the western Gulf, respectively . 

The data from the latter case indicate upward displacement and deepening 

of the thermocline near to and to the left hand side of the hurricane 

center, respectively . The data from Hurricane Hilda (1964) were obtained 

on several transects across the track in the central Gulf and are the 

most comprehensive . Comparison of hydrographic data with those of the 

undisturbed state indicate upward and downward displacement of the 

thermocline at and outside the track of the eye, respectively . 

66 
Ichiye, T . 1971 . The general circulation in the Gulf of Mexico as a two-layer 

basin . A/M-REF-71-21T . Texas A and M Univ, Dept of Oceanography . College 

Station, TX . 58 pp . 

Abstract . The general circulation in the Gulf of Mexico is treated with twolayer ocean models . Scaling of vorticity equation for the upper layer 

with the motionless lower layer indicates that the inertia, horizontal 

eddy viscosity and wind-stress terms are unimportant compared with 

planetary vorticity and friction (proportional to velocity) terms for 

time scales longer than a few months and that a non-stationary motion 

like Loop current may develop within a few weeks . Analytical solutions of 

the linearized transport vorticity equation with planetary vorticity and 

frictional terms are obtained by use of a Green function method for a 

rectangular, two-ports basin similar to the Gulf . An equation for change 

of the upper layer depth along a streamline is obtained from the integral 

relationships of the non-linear equations of motion . 

Ichiye, T . 1972 . Experimental circulation modeling within the Gulf of Mexico 

and the Caribbean . pp . 213-226 . Za Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid, eds . 

Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf 

Publishing Co ., Houston . 

Abstract . Experiments carried out with scale models of Gulf of Mexico used 

inflow and outflow system as the driving force, showing flow patterns 

similar with those observed . The driving force for a Caribbean model was 

wind, and flow patterns agreed with volume transport streamlines computed 

from hydrographic data . 

Ichiye, T. and M.L . Jones . 1961 . On the hydrography of the St . Andrew Bay 

system, Florida. Limnology and Oceanography . 6(3) :302-311 . 

Abstract . A comprehensive study of the temperature, salinity and currents in 

the various areas of St . Andrew Bay. 

Ichiye, T ., H .-H . Kuo and M .R . Carnes . 1973 . Assessment of currents and 

hydrography of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . Dept . of Oceanography, College 

of Geosciences, Texas A&M . College Station, Texas . 217 pp . 

Abstract . This volume reviews existing information on currents and hydrography 

of the deep basin, continental slope, shelf, and estuaries of the Gulf of 

Mexico between the tip of the Mississippi Delta and Cape Sable, Florida. 

New analyses of existing data were included, such as computations of 

surface currents, transport for each month from surface wind stress, and 

preparation of charts for distributions of water properties from raw 

hydrographic data . For the near-shore, temperature-salinity relationships 

were prepared for different estuaries from scattered sources. An 

annotated bibliography was included . 

Ingham, M .C . 1979 . Marine environmental conditions off the Atlantic and Gulf 

Coasts of the US, January 1977-March 1978 . Mar . Fish . Rev . 41(5-6) :35-47 . 

Abstract . The predominant atmospheric events influencing the coastal marine 

environment in 1977 and early 1978 were two severe winters which yielded 

record or near-record low temperatures along most of the Atlantic and 

Gulf coasts . The impact of two successive severe winters on fish stocks 

on nearshore estuarine waters may have been very significant for some 

species . Reports have been received of high mortalities in both years of 

juvenile croaker in Chesapeake Bay and white shrimp in South Carolina's 

coastal waters . The variation of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Loop Current 

67 
apparently did not follow the 'normal pattern at all in 1977 and early 

1978 . Maximum northward intrusion of the current occurred in February 

1977 and January 1978, not during the spring and summer months as assumed 

by the 'normal' pattern . The minimum intrusion occurred in the summer and 

fall of 1977 and continued into the winter period . 

Jacobs, G .A. and R .R . Leben . 1990 . Loop Current eddy shedding estimated using 

Geosat altimeter data . Geophys . Res . Lett . 17(13) :2385-2388 . 

Abstract . A method for extracting periodic signals from altimeter data is 

applied in the Gulf of Mexico using data from the first two years of the 

Geosat Exact Repeat Mission. The least squares fitting of selected 

frequencies of sine and cosine functions to the time series of sea 

surface height at each point of the Geosat ground track is used to 

estimate the dominant frequency in the gulf for this time period . Optimal 

interpolation of the sine and cosine coefficients at the dominant 

frequency to a uniformly spaced grid allows reconstruction of the time 

series in the gulf and shows eddies shedding from the Loop Current with a 

period of approximately 10 .5 months, consistent with shedding periods 

determined from numerical models and analysis of satellite infrared data . 

This technique is a novel method for investigation of periodic signals in 

Geosat altimetry and is not severely affected by data outages in the time 

series . 

Jaffe, B .E . 1993 . Episodic transport of sediment in the nearshore . Ph .D . 

Dissertation . University of California, Santa Cruz, CA . 185 pp . 

Abstract . Sediment transport in the nearshore of the Gulf of Mexico and the 

Atlantic was investigated at time scales ranging from a fraction of a 

second to one hundred years . Sediment transport in the nearshore was 

primarily controlled by transport during infrequent, short-duration, 

high-energy events . This study is divided into three parts addressing : 

(1) sediment bypassing on the lower shoreface in Louisiana, (2) episodic 

suspension in the surf zone, and (3) linear and nonlinear modeling of 

time-varying sediment suspension in the surf zone . 

Jarrell, J .P ., G.C . April and D.C . Raney . 1981 . Hydrodynamics of mobile bay and 

Mississippi Sound - pass exchange studies . University of Alabama Bureau 

of Engineering Research Report No . 271-112 . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant 

Consortium, Ocean Springs, MS . MASGP-80-023 . 177 pp . 

Abstract . This research was undertaken to develop a mathematical model of 

mobile Bay and East Mississippi Sound, Alabama capable of describing the 

hydrodynamics in Pass aux Herons and Main Pass . The elucidation of the 

complex interaction of these passes is necessary to further the knowledge 

of the Alabama coastal system gained through previous modeling efforts. 

The recently developed WES Implicit Flooding Model, version II (WIFM II) 

is applied to the Mobile Bay-East Mississippi Sound system . This model is 

suitable for the indicated purpose because of the implicit solution form 

and variable grid size capabilities which it possesses . This model is 

determined to be an effective trend analysis tool for the study of the 

pass hydrodynamics on the basis of field calibration and verification 

data . 

Jarvela, L .E . and W . McComas . 1975 . Aspects of sound speed structure and 

related water properties in the Gulf of Mexico, June-December 1969 . NOORP-134-18-5 . Naval oceanographic office . Washington, D .C . 60 pp . 

68 
Abstract . Oceanographic data collected in the Gulf of Mexico during JuneDecember 1969 indicate that the dominant modifier of sound speed 

structure and related parameters is the East Gulf Loop Current and 

associated waters . Westerly migration of a detached East Gulf Loop eddy 

radically altered local sound speed structure in a period as short as one 

month, while sound speed structure in the eddy remained essentially 

unchanged during the survey period . Existence of a relic eddy in the 

western gulf was suggested by temperature-salinity-oxygen relationships . 

Frequency distributions of sound speed within the thermocline are 

examined and the existence of two primary sound speed regimes is 

established . Examples of the effects of the detached eddy on sound ray 

paths in the thermocline are shown. Use of thermal structure measuring 

devices to monitor regime movements and to locate their boundaries is 

discussed. 

Jeffrey, L .M . and G . Moskovits . 1955 . Literature survey of Lake Charles, 

Louisiana ; Gulfport, Mississippi ; Mobile, Alabama ; and Pensacola, Florida 

and their approaches . Reference No . 55-34F, TAMU Project 98 . Texas A&M 

University. College Station, TX . 131 pp . 

Abstract . This volume is divided into four sections (water mass characteristics, 

transparency, currents, sea and swell) relating to the physical 

oceanography of Lake Charles, LA, Gulfport, Miss ., Mobile, Ala ., and 

Pensacola, Florida . With each section a comprehensive bibliography of 

related topics is given along with a brief discussion of results of data 

obtained from the given bibliography. Included are charts and tables of 

salinity, temperature, tides, currents, transparency, and sea and swell 

information . 

Jensen, J .J . 1970 . Calculated and observed changes in sea surface temperature 

associated with hurricane passage . Master's Thesis . Naval Postgraduate 

School, Monterey, CA. 56 pp . 

Abstract . Analyses were made of the sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of 

Mexico in August for the four years 1965 through 1968 . No one pattern was 

found to predominate . The subsurface temperature profiles were then 

considered, and a rate of simulated withdrawal of 4000 calories of heat 

per day was made, until there was no heat in excess of 26°C . This 

withdrawal represented heat removed during passage of a hurricane . 

Difference analyses were constructed for the initial sea surface 

temperature at each station and that after twenty-four hours of simulated 

withdrawal . The differences ranged from less than one degree to over four 

degrees . Again, no consistent pattern was found but generally areas of 

high concentrations of heat experienced smaller decreases . Actual sea 

surface temperatures collected after two hurricanes were then analyzed 

and compared to temperature patterns predicted by the computer model . 

Illustrations of the relative availability of sensible heat energy for 

different sea surface temperatures are presented and a hypothesis made to 

account for the greater than average intensities of Hurricanes Betsy 

(1965) and Camille (1969) . 

Jin, Kang-R . 1989 . A two-layer hydrodynamic and salinity model for estuaries 

and coastal seas . Ph .D . Dissertation . The University of Alabama . 173 pp . 

Abstract . The research described in this dissertation is aimed at developing 

and testing a two-layer hydrodynamic and salinity model by assuming each 

layer is homogeneous and vertically integrating the governing equations 

69 
over the layer thickness . This model can simulate hydrodynamic and 

salinity distributions with arbitrary depth in an estuarine environment_ 

The horizontal density gradient terms have been added to a two-layer 

hydrodynamic and salinity model . The model is applied to Apalachicola 

Bay, Florida, both with and without the horizontal density gradient terms 

and a comparison of results presented . 

Jin, Kang-R . 1992 . The horizontal density gradient in hydrodynamic models of 

salinity around river mouths . J . Mar . Syst . 3(1-2) :1-18 . 

Abstract . Research described in this paper looks at the effect of horizontal 

density gradient in the vicinity of a river mouth. The model results 

based on the measured prototype data in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, 

indicate that horizontal density in the vicinity of a river mouth. The 

horizontal density gradient terms have been added to a two-dimensional 

depth averaged model and a two-layer hydrodynamic and salinity model . The 

salinity results from model with and without the horizontal density 

gradient terms are presented and compared with prototype data . The 

statistical analysis of salinity variance at each gage station around the 

river mouth also demonstrates the effect of the horizontal salinity 

gradients . 

Jin, Kang-R . and D .C . Raney . 1991 . Horizontal salinity gradient effects in 

Apalachicola Bay .ASCE/J . Waterway Port Coast . Ocean Eng . 117(5) :451-470 . 

Abstract . This research demonstrates that horizontal density gradients 

approximated by salinity gradient represent an additional forcing term in 

the equations of motion, which have a significant effect in certain 

portions of a well-mixed estuary. The horizontal density gradient terms 

have been added to a two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic and 

salinity model that is applied to Apalachicola Bay, Florida. A variablesize finite difference cell is used in the model to allow more efficient 

resolution of physical details . The estuary system is assumed to be well 

mixed and boundary conditions are satisfied at the bottom and top of the 

water column but vertical components of velocity are neglected. A highresolution numerical model is desirable with particular emphasis on areas 

near passes, channels, and other critical features . 

Jin, K .R . and D .C . Raney . 1991 . Numerical computations of a two-layer model for 

estuaries . NE Gulf Sci . 12(1) :1-15 . 

Abstract . The research described in this paper is aimed at improving the 

predictive capability of numerical models for estuarine circulation . An 

improved two-layer model has been developed, which is applicable to the 

entire estuary including areas near the river mouth and the estuary 

inlet . This model is applied to Apalachicola Bay, Florida. The 

calibration and verification of the numerical model is accomplished with 

available prototype data . The horizontal density gradient terms have been 

added to the model and provide significantly improved salinity 

predictions near the river mouths . A theoretical approach to the internal 

wave boundary condition has been developed in this two-layer model . 

Johnson, A .E ., J .H . Duke Jr . and F .D . Masch . 1974 . Waste allocation study, St . 

Andrew Bay, Florida . Water Resources Engineers . Austin, TX . 86 pp . 

Abstract . This study developed a mathematical model to simulate the estuarine 

water quality response to waste discharges into St . Andrew Bay. 

70 
Johnson, D .J . and R .R . Leben . 1990 . Ring Monitoring in the Gulf of Mexico Using 

GEOSAT Altimetry . Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Lab ., 

Stennis Space Center . MS . 12 pp . 

Abstract . The U.S . Navy's GEOdetic SATellite (GEOSAT) recently completed four 

and three-fourths years of service, obtaining an unprecedent set of sea 

level measurements covering the global ocean . Launched in March 1985, 

with a primary mission (classified) of mapping the marine geoid, this 

altimetric satellite occupied a non-repeating orbit at approximately 800 

km altitude and 1080 inclination . For the following 18 months, GEOSAT 

sampled a dense network, covering the earth up to ±72° latitudes, with 

average cross-track resolution of about 4 km and along-track resolution 

of about 7 km . In October 1986, the satellite was maneuvered into an 

exactly repeating orbit of 244 revolutions (near 17 days - Exact Repeat 

Mission, ERM), which continued until January 1990, when the altimeter 

ceased functioning . In this study, we have used altimeter data from the 

first (geodetic) mission to determine its utility in monitoring Loop 

Current-shed rings in the Gulf of Mexico . Comparisons were made between 

altimeter-derived sea surface height (SSH) anomalies and combinations of 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery, satellite 

tracked drifters and hydrography . Encouraged by the success of this 

effort, we have begun melding the tie series of SSH from the geodetic 

mission with SSH from the ERM in order to obtain a data set of SSH 

topography anomalies in the Gulf of Mexico covering four and one-third 

years . 

Johnson, D .R . 1989 . Vector EOF analysis of SSH and wind stress for the GEOSAT 

pre-ERM mission in the Gulf of Mexico . Naval Ocean Research and 

Development Activity. NSTL Station, MS . 2 pp . 

Abstract . Sea Surface Height (SSH) data collected during the Pre-exact Repeat 

Mission of the U .S . Navy's GEOSAT satellite were analyzed together with 

wind stress data from FNOC to determine basin scale patterns of coherent 

variability . Time series of SSH variations were formed from altimeter 

cross-over points in 3-degree diamond-shaped grids in the Gulf of Mexico 

(GOM) . Similarly, wind stress time series were formed at selected grid 

points in the GOM and in the North Equatorial Trade wind region of the 

Atlantic . The two sets of time series, one year in length, were subjected 

to Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis . The first EOF mode contained 

more than twice the variance of the second mode, with the largest 

amplitudes (sigenvectors) of the pattern occurring just west of the loop 

current intrusion for SSH and in the western and northern Gulf for wind 

stress . A comparison is made with similar combined data for the Northern 

Indian ocean where ocean response to Monsoon winds is strong, and better 

understood . In addition to the EOF analysis, events are followed through 

the Gulf in both wind and SSH records . 

Johnson, D .R. 1993 . Altimetry in the Gulf of Mexico : An examination of ERS-1 

and Topex/Poseidon . Final Report . Naval Research Laboratory Detachment . 

Stennis Space Center, MS . 7 pp . 

Abstract . Over the past year, sea surface height anomaly data from both ERS-1 

and Topex/Poseidon altimeters have been posted on a science bulletin 

board in a unique program to rapidly disseminate data among workers in 

the Gulf of Mexico . Other contributions to this board from a variety of 

data sources such as Argos tracked drifters and frontal analysis from 

AVHRR have enabled good comparisons . Operational time scale submission to 

71 
the bulletin board imposes a difficult set of requirements, especially 

with respect to the altimetric reference surface . In this study we have 

investigated the use of a single flat track as a reference . Comparisons 

are made for the Loop Current and its rings and for altimetry in near 

coastal areas. 

Johnson, D .R ., J .D . Thompson and J .D . Hawkins . 1992 . Circulation in the Gulf of 

Mexico From GEOSAT altimetry during 1985-1986 . J . Geophys . Res . 

97(C2) :2201-2214 . 

Abstract . Using altimetry data obtained from the Geosat Geodetic Mission (April 

1985 to October 1986), low-frequency sea surface height (SSH) variations 

are investigated in the Gulf of Mexico . SSH time series are formed using 

the method of Fu and Chelton and are used to calculate surface 

geostrophic current vectors. Spatial patterns of SSH and current vector 

variations enable the tracking of two major rings shed from the Loop 

Current . The rings drifted southwestward across the gulf and into the 

western boundary region at an average speed of about 3 .4 cm/s . The 

buildup of the Loop Current was monitored, as well as the appearance of 

an eddy of uncertain origin in the southwestern gulf . Verification of the 

Geosat results are provided with surface drifters, AVHRR imagery, and 

hydrography . 

Jones, J .I .et al . 1973 . Physical oceanography of the northeast Gulf of Mexico 

and Florida continental shelf area . pp . 69 . Za Jones, J .I ., R .E . Ring, 

M .O . Rinkel and R .E . Smith, eds . A Summary of Knowledge of the Eastern 

Gulf of Mexico . State University System of Florida, Institute of 

Oceanography,St . Petersburg, FL . 

Jones, J .I ., R .E . Ring, M .O . Rinkel and R .E . Smith . eds . 1973 . A Summary of 

Knowledge of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, 1973 . State University System of 

Florida, Institute of Oceanography . St . Petersburg, FL . 590 pp . 

Abstract . A compilation and evaluation of significant environmental 

characteristics of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . It provides an overview of 

knowledge and information on past and ongoing studies significant to the 

environment and ecology of this area . Major sections of the report 

include 1) Physical Environment, 2) Biological Environment, 3) 

Utilization of Marine and Coastal Resources, 4) Recreation and Industry 

Coastal Resources, 5) Environmental Quality Problems, and 6) Master 

Bibliography . Writing is somewhat general in nature with few specific 

data for all but the bays which are considerably more detailed . 

Jones, M.L . and T . Ichiye . 1960 . Hydrographic data of the St . Andrew Bay 

system, Florida . Florida State Univ ., Oceanographic Institute 

Contribution . 143 :56 . 

Abstract . Contains information on salinity, temperature, depths, and currents . 

Jordan, C .L . 1973 . Climate . pp . 22 . Za Jones, J .I ., R .E . Ring, M .O . Rinkel and 

R .E . Smith, eds . A Summary of Knowledge of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico . 

State University System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography, St . 

Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . Climatological data from coastal stations and summaries of 

meteorological observations from ships are used to describe the broad 

climatic features of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . The seasonal changes in 

wind, temperature, cloudiness, and precipitation are related in a general 

72 
way to the character of the large-scale circulation patterns and the 

associated seasonal changes in storm tracks and air masses . Statistical 

information is presented for selected coastal stations and for a summary 

area in the east-central Gulf for a number of climatological elements 

including rainfall, thunderstorms, fog, winds, and waves . Information is 

also provided on the frequency and seasonal distribution of tropical and 

extra-tropical cyclones in selected areas, and data are given on maximum 

hurricane surge heights for the region . Data sources and reliability are 

discussed in relation to the possibility of providing more detailed 

climatological information for the eastern Gulf . 

Jordan, C .L. 1973 . The physical environment of the MAFLA shelf . pp . 1-14 . 

Jones, J .I ., R .E . Ring, M .O . Rinkel and R .E . Smith, eds . A Summary of 

Knowledge of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico . Vol . II-A . State University 

System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography,St . Petersburg, FL . 

Joyce, T .M . 1991 . Review of U .S . contributions to warm-core rings . Rev . 

Geophys . 29(suppl ., pt .2) :610-616 . 

Abstract . Reviews U .S . research in the period 1987 to 1990 on Gulf Stream warmcore rings, warm-core rings in the Agulhas and Gulf of Mexico, and warmcore ring models . 

Kamykowski, D . 1980 . Sub-thermocline maximums of the dinoflagellates 

Gymnodinium simplex (Lohmann) Kofoid and Swezy and Gonyaulax polygramma 

Stein . Northeast Gulf Science . 4(1) :39-43 . 

Abstract . A study of the vertical movements of dinoflagellate algae during the 

day. Includes some hydrographic data . This study was performed from the 

former research platform Stage I, off of Panama City . 

Kelly, F .J . 1991 . Physical oceanography/water mass characterization . pp . 862 . 

Brooks, J .M ., ed . Mississippi-Alabama Continental Shelf Ecosystem 

Study : Data Summary and Synthesis, Technical Narrative . Vol . II . U .S . 

Dept . of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Regional Office, New Orleans, LA . 

Ketchen, H. G. 1979 . A hydrographic survey in Pensacola Bay. Master's Thesis . 

Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 117 pp . 

Abstract . During the summer and fall of 1974, a study of Pensacola Bay was 

conducted in an attempt to determine the flushing tendencies and 

circulation patterns in this estuary. The objectives of this study were 

to : (a) classify Pensacola Bay as a particular dynamic type and suggest 

how this classification might charge under various influences, (b) gain 

some insight into the flow patterns and mechanisms responsible for 

transporting dissolved or suspended materials from the Bay, and (c) 

collect a set of hydrographic data and present some findings and 

interpretations which would prove valuable to other investigators as a 

base for additional research in the Bay. 

Kinder, T .H . 1983 . Shallow currents in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico as 

observed with satellite-tracked drifters . Bull . Mar . Sci . 33(2) :239-246 . 

Abstract . Four satellite-tracked drifters released in the southeastern 

Caribbean Sea during November 1977 revealed features of the shallow (100-

m depth) circulation . All drifters showed meanders and loops, and two 

showed a large counterclockwise eddy in the Golfo de los Mosquitos . Two 

73 
drifters passed through the Straits of Yucatan and showed a double-lobed 

northward penetration of the Loop Current . Within the Caribbean, scales 

of meanders and loops were about 100 km near inflow passages but scales 

were larger (200-500 km) farther downstream . Taken together, the drifter 

tracks showed important spatial and temporal variability that is not part 

of the classical depictions of the Caribbean circulation . 

Kirst, A.J . and R .D . Gaul . 1964 . Summary of automated environmental data 

collected off Panama City, Florida, June 1962 - December 1964 . Texas A&M 

Univ ., Dept . of Oceanography and Meteorology Project . 286-D, Ref . 65-

2T :54 . 

Abstract . Summary of the data collected by an automated system, using the 

Navy's offshore stages . 

Kirst, A .J . and C .W . McMath Jr . 1966 . Automated environmental data collected 

off Panama City, Florida, June 1962 - December 1964 . Texas A&M Univ ., 

Dept . of Oceanography and Meteorology Project . 286-D, Ref . 66-9T :92 . 

Abstract . A summary of environmental air-sea data collected off of Panama City . 

Kirwan, A.D . 1989 . Mesoscale characteristics and the role of deformation on 

ocean dynamics . Final Report . Old Dominion University . Norfolk, VA . 

29 pp . 

Abstract . This letter constitutes the revised final report for ONR contract 

N00014-88-K-0203 . The bulk of the research activities conducted under 

this contract consisted of basic research on ocean flow dynamics as it 

pertains to the prediction of ocean motion . The following three papers, 

describing aspects of the research, were published in the adjudicated 

scientific literature and are included in this report : Genesis of the 

Gulf of Mexico ring as determined from kinematic analysis, Observed and 

simulated kinematic properties of loop current rings, and notes on the 

cluster method for interpreting relative motions . 

Kirwan, A .D . 1991 . Mesoscale characteristics and the role of deformation on 

ocean dynamics . Old Dominion University Technical Report . TR-91-7 :61 . 

Abstract . The bulk of the activities conducted under this contract consisted of 

basic research on ocean flow dynamics as it pertains to the prediction of 

ocean motions . Results from the research conducted during this period 

were published in refereed scientific literature . The following articles 

are included : (1) Evolution of a warm-core ring in the Gulf of Mexico : 

Lagrangian observations ; (2) Fractal drifter trajectories in the Kuroshio 

Extension; (3) Observed and simulated kinematic properties of loop 

current rings; and (4) Dynamics of warm-core mesoscale eddies . 

Kirwan, A .D ., J .K . Lewis, A .W . Indest, P . Reinersman and I . Quintero . 1988 . 

Observed and simulated kinematic properties of Loop Current rings . J . 

Geophys . Res . 93(C2) :1189-1198 . 

Abstract . Analysis of drifter data from two rings shed in 1980 and 1982 yields 

estimates of shape and swirl velocities in addition to trajectory paths . 

Also, based on these observed characteristics, a primitive equation 

numerical model was evaluated. Two rings, shed by the Loop Current in 

1980 and 1982, were observed for several months by satellite-tracked 

drifters to migrate across the Gulf of Mexico . The drifter path data have 

been inverted to obtain estimates of the paths of the centers of the two 

rings, ring shape, and the swirl velocities . Three drifters were deployed 

74 
in the 1980 ring, and the analysis of that data set establishes the 

variability of the above kinematic estimates for one ring . A comparison 

of the analysis of data from both rings provides some idea on inter-ring 

variability. Both rings impacted the Mexican continental slope at about 

22 .8°N, 95 .5°W . After a brief adjustment period, both rings reestablished 

and maintained a vortex character for several months in the slope region 

while migrating slowly to the north. The paths of the centers of the two 

rings along the slope are virtually identical . 

Kirwan, A .D ., Jr ., A .W . Indest, J . Liu and N . Clark . 1990 . Ring evolution in 

general circulation models from path analysis . J . Geophys . Res . 

95(C10) :18057-18073 . 

Abstract . Discusses the use of path data for comparing primitive equation 

models with observations . Such comparisons naturally focus on the 

inversion of path data for fundamental kinematic characteristics and 

subsequent descriptive interpretations of both models and observations . 

The analysis focuses on uncertainties that may affect this 

interpretation . These include random position errors and numerical noise 

introduced by the nonlinear inversion ansatz as well as dynamical 

processes that introduce both low- and high-frequency variability in the 

kinematic fields . After each of these effects is assessed, the inversion 

ansatz is applied to paths generated from an eddy-resolving general 

circulation model of the Gulf of Mexico . Observed and simulated ring 

kinematics inferred from appropriate paths are discussed and compared 

with observations for the slope region . The paper concludes with a 

discussion of the potential for using simulated and observed path data 

for extracting flow physics and quantifying comparisons between models 

and observations . 

Kirwan, A .D ., Jr ., G . McNally, M .-S . Chang and R . Molinari . 1974 . The effect of 

wind and surface currents on drifters . J . Phys . Ocean . 5(2) :361-368 . 

Abstract . The problem analyzed here is the motion of a drifter acted on by 

wind, surface and subsurface currents . From the condition of static 

equilibrium of all drag forces acting on the drifter, the effects of wind 

and surface current of arbitrary direction and magnitude and drogue 

characteristics are examined parametrically. Specific application is made 

to a recently developed drifter with 9 .2 and 11 .85 m parachute drogues 

and a window shade drogue . The calculations show that for some 

environmental conditions the deviation between the magnitudes of the 

drifter velocity and the water parcel velocity may exceed 50% . 

Furthermore, the direction of velocity vectors may differ by as much as 

45° . Drifter data from an experiment conducted by the Atlantic 

Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories and the NOAA Data Buoy 

Office in the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current are examined in light of the 

theoretical results. The wind effects predicted by the theory were 

observed in the field . Thus wind corrections to the drifter velocity 

records which are based on the theory can significantly improve the 

velocity records . 

Kirwan, A .D ., Jr ., W .J . Merrell, J .K . Lewis, R .E . Whitaker and R . Legeckis . 

1984 . A model for the analysis of drifter data with application to a warm 

core ring in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 89(C3) :3425-2438 . 

75 
Abstract . Model provides estimates of ring translation, swirl velocities and 

geometry as applied to a warm core ring in the Gulf of Mexico, November 

1980 . 

Kjerfve, B . 1983 . Analysis and synthesis of oceanographic conditions in 

Mississippi Sound, April thru October, 1980 . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Mobile District . Mobile, AL . 436 pp . 

Ko, D .S . 1992 . Synthetic temperature profile in the Gulf of Mexico . Part l . 

statistical relationship between modal amplitudes and dynamic height at 

surface . Technical Memo . Institute for Naval Oceanography . Stennis Space 

Center, MS . 25 pp . 

Abstract . The feasibility of estimating temperature profiles (synthetic 

temperature profiles) from Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite (GEOSAT) 

altimeter-derived sea-surface heights in the Gulf Stream region has been 

explored . The scheme was based on a statistical relationship between sea 

surface heights and subsurface temperature profiles derived by deWitt . 

DeWitt found that the first two empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of 

the temperature profiles represented more than 95 percent of the overall 

temperature variance . Furthermore, he found that there is a tight 

relationship between relative dynamic height and amplitude of the first 

two EOF modes . This relationship was used to generate the synthetic 

temperature profiles from GEOSAT data . The synthetic temperature profiles 

compared well with the expendable bathythermograph (XBT) measurements . In 

this study the temperature and salinity profiles in the Gulf of Mexico 

were collected and analyzed . Then the deWitt scheme was employed . The 

feasibility of using sea-surface heights to estimate temperature profiles 

(synthetic profiles) in the Gulf of Mexico was investigated . 

Koblinsky, C .J . 1979 . Tides on the west Florida shelf . Ph .D . Dissertation . 

Oregon State University . 117 pp . 

Koblinsky, C .J . 1981 . The MZ tide on the west Florida shelf . Deep-Sea Res . 

28(12A) :1517-1532 . 

Abstract . The MZ tide on the West Florida shelf was analyzed with data from 

five arrays of current meter and bottom pressure sensors spanning a 2-

year period . The observations of the tidal fluctuations are consistent 

with a linear barotropic flow model. Internal tides do not contribute 

significantly to the variance . Consequently, the tidal currents do not 

change substantially (plus or minus 25%) over the course of a year and 

the temperature fluctuations are caused by horizontal advection of the 

mean thermal gradients . Estimates of energy flux onto the shelf revealed 

that energy propagates at an angle oblique to the wave crests . A onedimensional model was developed to predict tidal sea level and current 

amplitudes across the shelf . 

Koblinsky, C .J . and P .P . Niiler . 1980 . Direct measurements of circulation on 

the west Florida continental shelf . University of Miami, School of 

Oceanography Data Report 76, Reference 79-13 . 

Abstract . Data report from an NSF-sponsored cooperative program of direct 

measurements of shelf circulation west of Florida. There were 6 arrays of 

instruments deployed on the shelf and this report presents time series of 

the moored array. 

76 
Koch, S .P ., J .W . Barker and J .A. Vermersch . 1991 . The Gulf of Mexico Loop 

Current and deepwater drilling . J . Petrol . Technol . 43 :1046-1050 . 

LaBelle, R .P . 1983 . An oil spill risk analysis for the central Gulf of Mexico 

(April 1984) and western Gulf of Mexico (July 1984) Outer Continental 

Shelf lease offerings . U .S . Dept . of the Interior, Minerals Management 

Service, Environmental Modeling Group Report, pp . 62 . 

Landry, G .C . 1974 . Analysis of certain aspects of seawater foam . Master's 

Thesis . University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL . 62 pp . 

Abstract . Weekly measurements of lignin, pH, chloride and sea foam tendency and 

stability were made at 11 stations in Perdido and Blackwater Bays, 

Florida from July to December, 1972 . The purpose of the study was to 

describe the effects of pulp mill effluent on sea foam . 

Lanfear, K .J ., R .A. Smith and J .R . Slack . 1979 . An introduction to the oil 

spill risk analysis model . In 11th Annual Offshore Tech . Conf ., 1979, 

Proceedings, Vol . IV . pp . 2173-2181 . 

Abstract . Describes application of the USGS model to lease areas including the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico and the Middle Atlantic OCS . Discussion includes 

incorporating model results into the environmental impact process . 

Lasker, R . and F .G .W . Smith . 1954 . Red tide . pp . 173-176 . Zn Galtsoff, P .S ., 

ed . Gulf of Mexico, Its Origin, Waters, and Marine Life . U .S . Fish Wildl . 

Serv . Fish . Bull . 89 . 

Law Engineering Testing Co . 1982 . Thermal study of Warren Bayou and West Bay . 

Law Engineering Testing Co . Marietta, GA . 142 pp . 

Abstract . A study of the thermal discharge of the Lansing Smith Electric 

Generating Plant, and its effects on the ecology of the surrounding 

waters . Includes water quality, hydrographic information, and lists of 

species and their abundance. 

Law Environmental . 1993 . Final report : A thermal plume characterization and 

environmental assessment : Warren Bayou and West Bay, St . Andrew Bay 

Lansing Smith Electric Generating Plant, Panama City, Florida . Law 

Environmental Inc . Kennesaw, GA . 46 pp . 

Abstract . A study of the effects of the Lansing Smith Plant's thermal discharge 

upon the aquatic life in the receiving waters of the bay. Includes data 

regarding the hydrography of the thermal plume, water quality, the 

seagrass communities, sediments, and benthic invertebrates . Comparisons 

are made between this study and previous studies on this discharge . 

Lawing, R .J ., R .A . Boland and W .H . Bobb . 1975 . Mobile Bay model study : effects 

of proposed Theodore Ship Channel and disposal areas on tides, currents, 

salinities, and dye dispersion . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Technical 

Report . TR-H-75-13 :250 . 

Abstract . Model tests were conducted to determine the impact of the proposed 

Theodore Ship Channel and accompanying material disposal islands on 

tides, currents, salinities and dye dispersion patterns in Mobile Bay, 

Alabama. Parameters used in the model were verified with actual 

measurements from the bay. 

77 
Leaman, K .D . 1980 . Some observations of baroclinic diurnal tides over a nearcritical bottom slope . J . Phys . Ocean. 10(10) :1540-1551 . 

Abstract . The time-depth structure of the baroclinic diurnal tide has been 

examined with the aid of current and temperature profiles on the west 

Florida continental shelf . Of interest is the fact that the diurnal 

frequencies (e .g ., the Itl and 0, tides) are near the critical frequency, 

corresponding to the bottom slope and density stratification at the 

experimental location . The baroclinic semidiurnal tide was rather weak 

and most of the semidiurnal tidal energy was contained in the barotropic 

currents . This large ratio of barotropic-to-baroclinic, semidiurnal tidal 

energy is in agreement with the results obtained from previous 

measurements in the same area . In contrast, the baroclinic diurnal tide 

is quite strong and exhibits appreciable structural variations with time. 

However, the diurnal structure is modulated in a fashion which seems to 

be more complicated than can be accounted for by a simple 'beating' 

effect between the K1 and 01 constituents . This relatively rapid 

modulation in amplitude and vertical structure indicates that there was 

present a significant transient component in either the generation or 

propagation of the internal diurnal tide . It is shown that variations in 

the vertical shear of low-frequency currents which occurred were in the 

correct sense and were potentially of sufficient amplitude to produce a 

subcritical bottom slope for the diurnal constituents during one period 

of the experiment . In this same period, there is clear evidence of nearbottom intensification of the diurnal oscillations . The data also show 

that the internal diurnal oscillations are propagating up-slope, away 

from the shelf break . 

Leben, R .R ., G .H . Born and J .D . Thompson . 1990 . Mean sea surface and 

variability of the Gulf of Mexico using GEOSAT altimetry data . J . 

Geophys . Res . 95(C3) :3025-3032 . 

Abstract . GEOSAT Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) altimetric measurements of the sea 

surface height in the Gulf of Mexico are used to determine the mean sea 

surface height with respect to the ellipsoid and mesoscale variability 

along GEOSAT ground tracks in the Gulf for the time period from November 

8, 1986, to November 25, 1988 . The alongtrack mean sea surface is 

determined using a regional crossover adjustment procedure . A mean 

surface generated using the GEOSAT ERM alongtrack mean is calculated and 

contrasted with a previously derived mean surface determined using GEOS 3 

and SEASAT crossover differences . This provides a first look at the 

variability in the mean between the time periods of 1987-1988 and 1975-

1978 . 

Lee, T .N . 1967 . Sea surface temperature as related to circulation in the Gulf 

of Mexico . M .S . Thesis . Florida State University, Department of 

Oceanography, Tallahassee, FL . 42 pp . 

Leipper, D .F . 1952 . Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico, a brief 

review . TAMU Project 24 . Oceanography Department . Texas A&M University. 

30 pp . 

Leipper, D.F . 1954 . Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 119-137 . 

Zn Galtsoff, P.S ., ed . Gulf of Mexico, Its Origin, Waters, and Marine 

Life . U.S . Fish Wildl . Serv . Fish . Bull . 89 . 

78 
Abstract . This paper presents a brief summary of the descriptive physical 

oceanography of the Gulf . It is emphasized throughout that only meager 

data were on hand for the writing of this article . Generalizations are 

presented on currents, sea temperature, and salinity . The paper refers 

the reader elsewhere for information concerning the shallow water 

environment . 

Leipper, D .F. 1965 . The Gulf of Mexico after Hurricane Hilda (preliminary 

results) . TAMU Project 286, Reference 65-12T . Texas A&M University, 

Oceanography Department . College Station, TX . 19 pp . 

Abstract . Hurricane Hilda crossed the Gulf of Mexico in the period September 30 

to October 4, 1964, developing to a very severe hurricane in the central 

Gulf . Sea temperature data available prior to the storm indicated what is 

probably a typical late summer situation with some surface temperatures 

running above 30C . Beginning on October 5, a seven-day cruise was 

conducted over the area where hurricane winds, had been observed . Using 

the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel GUS III, four crossings of the 

hurricane path were made, one where the maximum 150 mph winds were 

observed, one south of that where the winds had first reached 120, one 

north where they had decreased to 120 and one in shallow water (40 

fathoms), where prior data had been collected by the U. S . Fish and 

Wildlife Service from their Galveston Biological Laboratory . 

Bathythermograms were taken regularly to depths of 270 meters and 

hydrographic casts to 125 meters . All four sections of observations 

indicated similar patterns of upwelling . During the passage of the 

hurricane it appears that sea surface temperatures over an area of some 

70 by 220 miles decreased by more than 5°C, and that a cyclonic ocean 

current system was established around this area . The data collected on 

the GUS cruise appear to be the first systematic oceanographic 

observations available in such a situation . 

Leipper, D .F . 1968 . Hydrographic station data Gulf of Mexico . A&M Project 286-

4, Reference 68-16T ONR Contract 2119 (04) . Oceanography Department . 

Texas A&M University . 120 pp . 

Abstract . The series of four cruises was planned in an effort to get synoptic 

pictures of the temperature-depth structure of the Gulf in the various 

seasons . The primary emphasis was in the warmest and coldest parts of the 

year, usually August and February . Cruises were limited by ship time 

available . This was of the order of 14 to 20 days for each cruise . 

Because of the short duration of the cruises, primary emphasis was placed 

upon the observation of the east Gulf Loop Current with only occasional 

lines of stations in the west Gulf . Standard lines of observations were 

repeated on successive cruises where feasible and the positions of the 

lines were chosen to best describe features of the flow at given times . 

The data represent hydrographic casts obtained either with the standard 

Nansen bottle and reversing thermometer equipment or with the BissettBerman salinity-temperature and depth data acquisition system. 

Leipper, D .F . 1968 . Hydrographic station data, Gulf of Mexico, Aug . - Nov ., 

Hansen Casts, 1965-67 . TAMU Project 286-4, Reference 68-13T . Oceanography 

Department . Texas A&M University . 108 pp . 

79 
Leipper, D .F . 1968 . Hydrographic station data, Gulf of Mexico August 17-

September 5, 1968 Nanson casts & Hydrographic station data . A&M Project 

286-4, Reference 68-17T . Texas A&M University, Oceanography Department . 

College Station, TX . 109 pp . 

Leipper, D .F . 1968 . Hydrographic station data, Gulf of Mexico Feb . - Mar ., 

Hansen Casts 1965-68 . TAM[J Project 286-4, Reference 68-15T . Oceanography 

Department . Texas A&M University . 153 pp . 

Leipper, D .F . 1970 . A sequence of current patterns in the Gulf of Mexico . J. 

Geophys . Res . 75(3) :637-657 . 

Abstract . Basic overview of seasonal changes in Gulf Stream flow using data 

from eight cruises over 16 months beginning in July 1965 . 

Leipper, D .F ., J .D . Cochrane and J .F . Hewitt . 1972 . A detached eddy and 

subsequent changes (1965) . pp . 107-117 . Zn Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid, 

eds . Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Gulf Publishing Co ., Houston . 

Abstract . August 1965 studies of an isolated eddy show decreases in volume 

transport and velocity at the core of the current in the eddy following 

the passage of Hurricane Betsy . 

Leipper, D .P . and D . Volgenau . 1972 . Hurricane heat potential of the Gulf of 

Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean . 2(3) :218-224, 

Abstract . Presents data suggesting significant influence of the amount of heat 

initially available in Gulf waters on the ability to sustain a hurricane. 

Le Ngoc Ly and L .H . Kantha . 1993 . A numerical study of the nonlinear 

interaction of Hurricane Camille with the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current . 

Oceanol . Acta . 16(4) :341-348 . 

Abstract . A three-dimensional, primitive equation, ocean general circulation 

model is used to study the response of the Gulf of Mexico to Hurricane 

Camille (1969) . The free-surface dynamics and the mixed-layer features 

are included in the model . The numerical model incorporates the realistic 

coastline and bottom topography . The sigma coordinate model has eighteen 

levels in the vertical and 0 .2°x0 .2° horizontal resolution for the entire 

Gulf . The study focuses on nonlinear interaction between hurricane 

induced currents and the Loop Current . The numerical simulations show 

that there is a strong nonlinear interaction between the hurricane and 

the Loop Current in the southern and central parts of the eastern gulf . 

The surface currents due to nonlinear interaction obtain a maximum of 

over 1 m/s in the southern Gulf . The numerical results also show that the 

hurricane interaction with the Loop Current strongly affects current, 

mixed-layer depth, and elevation fields . 

Lewis, J .K . 1992 . The Physics of the Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 

97(C2) :2141-2142 . 

Abstract . During the last 10 years, a good deal of research has been conducted 

in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) . Study topics have included the Loop Current, 

coastal processes, eddies, tides, and the effects of tropical storms . 

Scientific contributions have been made by the offshore industry, 

academia, environmental agencies, and naval research groups . A great deal 

of information has quietly accumulated concerning the Gulf, most of which 

80 
is applicable to other regions in the world. We now know for certain that 

the GOM is not the quiescent Mediterranean Sea that we had once supposed. 

Aside from the occasional severe tropical storm, the Gulf is often filled 

with Loop Current eddies, strong coastal jets, and a rapidly meandering 

Loop current. All of this is contained in a basin of only 1 .5 million 

km2 . In the spring of 1989 an international conference was convened to 

allow for an exchange of information and the development of cooperative 

plans for the future in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Lewis, J . and C . Crisp . 1992 . Return flow in the Gulf of Mexico . Part II : 

variability in return-flow thermodynamics inferred from trajectories over 

the Gulf . J . Appl . Meteorol . 31(8) :882-898 . 

Abstract . A return-flow case study is examined with the benefit of set of 

observations obtained during the Gulf of Mexico Experiment (GUFMEX) . This 

case represents the return of modified continental air to coastal plain 

in mid-February . The principal results are 1) the thermodynamic character 

of the returning air mass exhibits significant differences along the 

entire Gulf coast, and 2) the mixed-layer modeling theory appears to 

account for the warming and moistening processes for air the central Gulf 

that tracks over the Loop Current . The processes determining the 

character and stratification of the air mass become very complicated, 

however, as the air approaches neutrally stable conditions and begins its 

northward track back toward land . The paper concludes with a synopsis of 

the airmass modification process built upon a composite chart that 

combines analyses from the various observational platforms . 

Lewis, J ., C . Hayden, R . Merrill and J . Schneider . 1988 . GULFMEX : A study of 

return flow in the Gulf of Mexico . Bulletin American Meteorological 

Society . 70(1) :24-29 . 

Lewis, J .K ., L . Kantha, A . Gallegos and R . Passi . 1991 . Verification and 

calibration of an eddy-resolving model of the Gulf of Mexico . Technical 

Report . Science Applications International Corp . McLean, VA. 16 pp . 

Abstract . Techniques for verifying and calibrating an eddy-resolving ocean 

circulation model have been applied to a model of the Gulf of Mexico 

(GOM) . Various kinematic parameters were calculated using drifter data 

from GOM Loop Current eddies, and from indices of rotational period 

versus eddy age and swirl velocity versus distance the eddy center were 

determined . The observed kinematics were then compared to the same 

parameters calculated from a model eddy . Although the model can simulate 

the movement and translation velocities of actual Gulf of Mexico eddies, 

it does not reproduce the interior flow characteristics of such eddies . 

In particular, the period of rotation about the center of a model eddy is 

considerably different from what is observed . The first attempt at 

calibrating the model was the development of more realistic inflow 

conditions in the Yucatan Straits . A variety of data sets were 

synthesized to produce the two-dimensional distributions of temperature, 

salinity, density, and northward velocity as well as the east-west 

variations of surface height . The data of Cooper et al . (1990) was used 

to specify the vertical velocity profile while the results of Hall (1989) 

were used to specify the horizontal structure of the flow field. 

81 
Lewis, J .K . and A .D . Kirwan Jr . 1985 . Some observations of ring topography and 

ring-ring interactions in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 90(C5) : 

9017-9028 . 

Abstract . Trajectory and SST data are used to study movement and interactions 

of three anticyclonic rings of the Loop Current . 

Lewis, J .K . and A .D . Kirwan Jr . 1987 . Genesis of a Gulf of Mexico ring as 

determined from kinematic analysis . J . Geophys . Res . 92(C11) :11,727-

11,740 . 

Abstract . Published results of MMS-sponsored Gulf of Mexico physical 

oceanography study detailing kinematics of Loop Current and associated 

rings . Drifter trajectories were analyzed and a mechanism for ring 

generation from strong anticyclonic motion within the current was 

proposed . The kinematics of the Loop Current are studied using 

trajectories of drifters in the Gulf of Mexico during mid-June through 

September 1985 . One of the drifters was in the Loop Current proper, while 

other drifters were in two recently shed Loop Current rings . The drifter 

in the Loop Current showed strong anticyclonic motion during the study 

period . Analysis of the Loop Current drifter motion showed that the 

anticyclone became an integral part of the Loop Current, taking on many 

of the characteristics of the most recently shed ring . The results of the 

analysis suggest a process by which Loop Current rings can be generated . 

Apparently, this mechanism can cause the Loop Current to become 

reconfigured in 2-3 months for beginning the process of ring separation . 

Lewis, J .K ., A .D . Kirwan Jr, and G .Z . Forristall . 1989 . Evolution of a warmcore ring in the Gulf of Mexico : Lagrangian observations . J . Geophys . 

Res . 94(C6) :8163-8178 . 

Abstract . During 1985 and 1986, a Gulf of Mexico ring shed by the Loop Current 

was observed to migrate toward the western Gulf of Mexico . This movement 

across the gulf was well documented by observations that included drifter 

data within and outside the ring, sea surface temperature at weekly 

intervals, expendable bathythermograph surveys at various times, one 

major hydrographic cruise when the ring was in the northwestern gulf, and 

currents from moorings over which the ring passed . The drifter data were 

used to infer the movement of the ring center as well as the eccentricity 

and orientation of the major axes . The data from the drifters bridge the 

gaps between detailed surveys to the extent that a daily history of the 

position and shape of the ring can be constructed . 

Lewis, J .K ., G .A . Vayda and Y .L . Hsu . 1991 . Coupling Regional and Global Tide 

Models . pp . 418-424 . la Conference Proceedings of An Ocean Cooperative 

Industry Government Academia . Vol . l . 

Abstract . A two-dimensional numerical model was used to study appropriate 

conditions at the open boundaries for a regional model forced by 

parameters from Schwiderski's (1981, 1983) global tidal model . The open 

boundary condition of Reid and Bodine (1968) was applied to regional 

models of the north-central Gulf of Mexico and of the western Florida 

shelf . A number of tests were conducted to determine how well forcing 

using the tidal constants from the 1x1 Schwiderski global model could 

reproduce the MZ and O1, tides as determined from observations and the 

15'x15'Gulf of Mexico model of Reid and Whitaker (1981) . The Reid and 

Bodine formulation was quite effective in driving the regional models 

while still allowing wave energy to propagate through the open boundaries 

82 
and out of the model . Tests with one open boundary of the north-central 

Gulf regional model having just a radiation or a zero-gradient condition 

(but no tidal forcing which can be quite different from the actual tides . 

The results indicate that tidal forcing is required at all open 

boundaries to reproduce observed and model-predicted tidal variations . 

The western Florida shelf is known to resonate with the Mz tide . Under 

such circumstances, the bottom friction becomes quite important in 

obtaining correct predictions of the observed tidal amplitudes . Several 

bottom friction schemes with varying drag coefficients were tested for 

both the central Gulf and Florida models . The results are discussed in 

light of the fact that we seek one scheme which would be applicable for 

both resonant and non-resonant situations . 

Lewis, J .K ., G .A . Vayda and Y .L . Hsu . 1992 . Coupling regional and global tide 

models . Mar . Technol . Soc . J . 26(2) :78-87 . 

Abstract . A two-dimensional numerical model was used to study appropriate 

conditions at the open boundaries for a regional model forced by 

parameters from a global tidal model (Schwiderski, 1981 ; 1983) . The open 

boundary condition of Reid and Bodine (1968) was applied to regional 

models of the north-central Gulf of Mexico and of the western Florida 

shelf . A number of tests were conducted to determine how well forcing 

using the tidal constants from the 1° x 1° Schwiderski global model could 

reproduce the MZ and 01, tides as determined from observations and the 

15'x 15' Gulf of Mexico model of Reid and Whitaker (1981) . The Reid and 

Bodine formulation was quite effective in driving the regional models 

while still allowing wave energy to propagate through the open boundaries 

and out of the model . Tests with one open boundary of the north-central 

Gulf regional model having just a radiation of a zero-gradient condition 

(but no tidal forcing for either) failed to reproduce the known tides . 

Ling, T .F .T ., G .C . April, D .C . Raney and J .N . Youngblood. 1981 . Hydrodynamic 

and salinity models for Mobile Bay and east Mississippi Sound . MASGP-81-

020, University of Alabama Bureau of Engineering Research Report No . 283-

112 . U.S . Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District . Ocean Springs, MS . 

149 pp . 

Abstract . This research undertakes the task of determining numerical solutions 

to the equations of hydrodynamic change as applied to Mobile Bay and East 

Mississippi Sound. In doing so, results from the calibrated and verified 

models can be used to better explain and understand the complex behavior 

of these water bodies and the interactive forces that occur between them 

at Cedar Point. The hydrodynamic model is exercised over four tidal 

cycles, beginning with the estimates from a previous run, until no 

significant change in the magnitude of the parameter is observed . In 

addition, an isolated subsystem model of the Cedar Point area was 

developed for the purpose of obtaining salt concentration profiles in 

this pass exchange area . The subsystem model for salinity is a valuable 

tool in determining the influence that Mobile Bay has on East Mississippi 

Sound under varying meteorologic and hydrodynamic conditions . 

Linn, J.B ., III . 1975 . Sea-surface topography of the Gulf of Mexico, based on 

ship drift . M .S . Thesis . Texas A&M University . College Station, TX . 

56 pp . 

83 
Lipp, R.L . and R.L . Chermock . 1975 . A Bibliography of Coastal Alabama With 

Selected Annotations . Alabama Geological Survey, Bulletin . 108 :96 . 

Liu, J. 1992 . Some solutions to a lens model with applications to warm-core 

eddies . Ph.D . Dissertation . Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA. 158 pp . 

Abstract . A model of lens-shaped anticyclonic eddies based on nonlinear shallow 

water equations is developed . The model is a three-layer fluid and allows 

for one asymmetric mode as well as specified environmental flows . The 

solution scheme is a polynomial expansion of the field variables . When 

inserted into the hydrographic equations, the expansion yields eight 

first-order differential equations for the time dependent amplitudes . 

This system of ordinary differential equations is numerically tractable . 

As long as the initial values meet the requirement of elliptical 

structure and the prescribed external force is tolerable for the initial 

values, the numerical solutions are stable . Numerical solutions are 

developed which show a wide variety of characteristics . Using different 

assumptions, six analytical solutions are obtained and discussed . For 

isolated lenses, three special solutions show different oscillations of 

the amplitudes . One has only the inertial frequency. The other two have 

superinertial and subinertial frequencies, respectively . For forced 

lenses, three special solutions are related to different exterior 

prescribed flows . One is an equilibrium solution having a steady-state 

external flow. The two other solutions are derived from external flows 

with subinertial and inertial frequencies, respectively . An attempt is 

made to apply the special solutions to observations of warm-core eddies 

in the Gulf of Mexico and other regions of the world ocean . The 

simulations of warm-core eddies with the special solutions are in general 

agreement with available data . 

Livingston, R .J . 1983 . Resource atlas of the Apalachicola Estuary . Report No . 

55 . Dept . of Biol . Sci ., FL. State Univ ., Sea Grant College . Gainesville, 

FL . 64 pp . 

Abstract . The colored charts and LANDSAT photographs in this small resource 

atlas vividly illustrate the environment, ecology, and potential of this 

unique coastal area of western Florida (where Alabama and Georgia touch 

on Florida) . The public relations information type of presentation gives, 

on two-page spreads each, pictorial, topographic, and statistical data 

with textual summaries on the following subjects : 1) general overview of 

the river and bay system and the National Estuarine Sanctuary; 2) 

physical and chemical features of the barrier islands : depths, tides, and 

currents ; temperature and salinity of surface and bottom waters ; water 

quality features ; rainfall and river flow; and nutrients and organic 

detritus ; 3) biological features, covering emergent vegetation, 

submergent vegetation, microbial ecology, zooplankton, benthic 

macroinvertebrates, oysters, crabs, shrimp, anchovies, spot, croaker, 

sand seatrout, commercial and sport fisheries, food webs, and community 

organization ; and 4) regional economics and planning of resource 

management . An extensive bibliography is appended . Seasonal and annual 

rainfall, river flow, and temperature variations are shown on bar charts 

and explained in the text . 

Livingston, R .J . 1984 . Ecology of the Apalachicola Bay System : An estuarine 

profile . FWS/OBS-82/05 . Florida State University, Department of 

Biological Science . Tallahassee, FL . 165 pp . 

84 
Abstract . Twelve years of studies in the Apalachicola Bay system are reviewed . 

Included are data on geography, hydrology, chemistry, geology, and 

biology . The system is part of a major drainage area including four 

rivers and associated wetlands in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida . The 

system is in a relatively natural state, though hardly pristine . But 

economic development and population growth are beginning to threaten it . 

The area's economic and ecological importance as a food producer and 

shelter for diverse species has inspired a movement to protect its 

natural resources, including State and Federal land-purchase programs, 

integration of county land-use regulations into a comprehensive 

development, and creation of the Apalachicola River and Bay National 

Estuarine Sanctuary . 

Livingston, R .J . 1987, field sampling in estuaries : the relationship of scale 

to variability . EPA/600/J-87/364 ; EPA-R-812053 . Florida State Univ . 

Tallahassee, FL . 17 pp . 

Abstract . The spatial/temporal scaling problem (i .e ., fitting a given research 

question to the dimensions of variability of the study area) is 

particularly pronounced in highly variable systems such as estuaries . 

Long-term, multidisciplinary studies in the Apalachicola Bay system were 

used to evaluate variation of different physical, chemical, and 

biological factors . Specific limitations of weekly, monthly, and 

quarterly sampling intervals were directly related to the efficiency of 

the sampling gear, the range of variation in the study parameters, and 

specific biological features (motility, recruitment, natural history) of 

infaunal macroinvertebrates and epibenthic organisms . There are families 

of spatial and temporal scaling phenomena that should be considered when 

establishing a given field sampling program. 

Livingston, R .J . 1991 . Historical relationships between research and resource 

management in the Apalachicola River estuary . Ecological Applications . 

1(4) :361-382 . 

Abstract . A continuous field effort has been carried out in the Apalachicola 

River estuary since March 1972 . The information generated from this 

interdisciplinary study has been directly applied to the management of 

the Apalachicola resource by means of close associations among local, 

state, and federal officials and university scientists . During the early 

years, scientific data were instrumental in the prevention of the 

impoundment of the Apalachicola River. A series of regional studies was 

carried out to evaluate various forms of effects due to forestry 

activities, pesticides, and stormwater runoff from urban areas. A review 

was made of fisheries problems associated with dredging, overfishing, and 

marine pollution. Other initiatives were carried out that were designed 

to protect the naturally high productivity of the river estuary . Analyses 

of the long-term scientific data indicated that dominant, commercially 

important estuarine populations are associated with river flow, local 

salinity characteristics, and biological (predation, competition) 

interactions with the salinity regime and food web structure . Such 

interactions are not straightforward, however; they reflect complex 

interactions of the freshwater influxes and biological response in the 

estuary that are not well understood . Species-specific responses to the 

principal driving factors further complicate the biological relationships 

of the Apalachicola system . 

85 
Loftin, H .G . and D .F . Lott . 1980 . A summary of results of the NCSC base survey 

of water quality : January 1975 to October 1979 . Technical Note . U.S . 

Naval Coastal Systems Center . Panama City, Florida . unpaged pp . 

Abstract . The results and discussion of monthly monitoring of selected water 

quality parameters in the waters adjacent to the Naval Coastal Systems 

Center . Includes data regarding temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, 

pH, turbidity, coliform bacteria, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) . 

Lott, D .F . and H .G . Loftin . 1982 . Water quality conditions in St . Andrew Bay 

near the Naval Coastal Systems Center . Naval Coastal Systems Center 

Technical Memorandum . NCSC TM 359-82 :39 . 

Abstract . Hydrographic and water quality information gathered from 1973-1977 . 

Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium . 1993 . Satellite assessment of 

Mississippi River discharge plume variability . Minerals Management 

Service . New Orleans, LA . 59 pp . 

Abstract . The Mississippi River is the major contributor of sediments, 

pollutants, and nutrients to the northern Gulf of Mexico continental 

shelf and slope . The study utilized four years of NOAA Advanced Very High 

Resolution Radiometer (AVHI2R) satellite data to quantify which areas of 

the continental shelf and slope of the Gulf of Mexico are subjected to 

Mississippi River discharges . The eighty-three images analyzed revealed 

that the sediment plume varied greatly in size, from 450 km' to 7700 km . 

River discharge was found to exert some control over plume size ; however, 

wind speed and direction were also important controlling factors in 

determining plume morphology and surface sediment distribution over the 

continental shelf and slope . Results of a compositing analysis revealed 

that under medium discharge conditions, the mean composite plume covered 

2200 km2 of the continental shelf . Under high discharge conditions, the 

area of the mean composite plume doubled . 

Lowery, T .A . 1987 . Symposium on the natural resources of the Mobile Bay 

Estuary . MASGP-87-007 . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. Ocean 

Springs . 218 pp . 

Abstract . The symposium was the second in a series to present the results of 

studies, management activities and related information pertinent to 

improving the communal stewardship of the Mobile Bay Estuary. The papers 

presented dealt with : The resources of Mobile Bay; Fisheries research and 

management ; Benthic and wetland resources; Habitat preservation, 

Restoration and mitigation ; Educational efforts; Hydrography, 

circulation, water quality and pollutants . The primary objectives of the 

symposium were to bring the information together and to identify a new 

set of management/research recommendations . 

Ly, L .N . 1992 . Gulf of Mexico response to Hurricane Frederic simulated with the 

Princeton Numerical Ocean Circulation Model . Technical Report . Institute 

for Naval Oceanography . Stennis Space Center, MS . 44 pp . 

Abstract . This report is a three-dimensional, nonlinear, primitive equation, 

ocean general circulation model developed at Princeton University and is 

used to study the response of the Gulf of Mexico to Hurricane Frederic . 

The model has surface dynamics and a second order turbulence closure 

scheme for the mixed layer . The study focuses on nonlinear interaction 

between Hurricane Frederic and the Loop Current, the hurricane induced 

current, shelf wave, and sea level response to hurricane forcing . 

86 
Ly, L .N . and L .H . Kantha . 1993 . A numerical study of the nonlinear interaction 

of Hurricane Camille with the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current . Oceanol . Acta . 

16(4) :341-348 . 

Abstract . A three-dimensional, primitive equation, ocean general circulation 

model is used to study the response of the Gulf of Mexico to Hurricane 

Camille (1969) . The free-surface dynamics and the mixed-layer features 

are included in the model . The numerical model incorporates the realistic 

coastline and bottom topography . The sigma coordinate model has eighteen 

levels in the vertical and 0.20 x 0 .2° horizontal resolution for the 

entire gulf . The study focuses on nonlinear interaction between hurricane 

induced currents and the Loop Current . The numerical simulations show 

that there is a strong nonlinear interaction between the hurricane and 

the Loop Current in the southern and central parts of the eastern gulf . 

The surface currents due to nonlinear interaction obtain a maximum of 

over 1 m/s in the southern gulf . The numerical results also show that the 

hurricane interaction with the Loop Current strongly affects current, 

mixed-layer depth, and elevation fields . There is a strong current 

response to Hurricane Camille in the surface layer on the shelf with a 

peak velocity approximately 2 .2 m/s . There is a definite right hand bias 

in the mixed-layer depth field with a maximum of about 90m. 

Ma, C . 1978 . On the estimation of the frictional velocity and roughness 

parameter on the western Florida shelf . Ph .D . Dissertation . Florida State 

University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Magnoli, M.A . 1969 . Hydrobiological and trace metal analysis at selected 

stations in the Mobile Bay estuary. Master's Thesis . University of 

Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL . 89 pp . 

Abstract . Samples of water and residue from the Mobile Bay- Mississippi Sound 

estuarine area were collected over an eight month period from June, 1968 

to January, 1969 . These samples were analyzed for copper, manganese and 

zinc content and results were compared with hydrological and biological 

data collected over this same time period . 

Manty, R .E . 1993 . Effect of the E1 Nino/southern oscillation on Gulf of Mexico, 

winter, frontal-wave cyclones : 1960-1989 . (Volumes I and II) . Ph .D . 

Dissertation . The Louisiana State University . Baton Rouge, LA . 806 pp . 

Abstract . Seasonal counts of frontal-wave cyclones forming over the Gulf of 

Mexico and its coastal plain show more storms in the five E1 Nino winters 

and fewer storms in the eight La Nina winters, from 1960 to 1989, 

significant at the .O1 level by a rank sum test . This is corroborated by 

two results . First, during the same period, the frequency of frontaloverrunning weather conditions in the region, indicative of storms, was 

higher in E1 Nino winters and lower in La Nina winters, significant at 

the .05 level . Second, 100 years of precipitation and temperature records 

show wetter, cooler E1 Nino winters and drier, warmer La Nina winters at 

gulf-region land stations and climatic divisions . A threefold 

explanation, based on National Meteorological Center, upper-air data, is 

offered for the greater frequency of gulf-region cyclogenesis during E1 

Nino winters between 1960 and 1989 . 

March, K .L ., E .Z . Stakhiv and M . Garstang . 1970 . On the relation between the 

surface temperatures of the Gulf of Mexico and its circulation . Bull . 

Mar . Sci . 20(4) :803-812 . 

87 
Abstract . Postulates existence of correlation between surface temperature 

gradients and current speeds in winter, for temperature gradients 

>0 .02°C/km . 

Marcus, S .O ., Jr . 1973 . Environmental conditions within specified geographical 

regions . Offshore east and west coasts of the United States and in the 

Gulf of Mexico . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Environmental Data Service, National Data Buoy Center . Report No . COM-73-

11775 :735 . 

Abstract . This atlas-type report is a comprehensive, but dated, summary of 

environmental conditions (many parameters) for continental U.S . coasts . 

Included are seasonal wave statistics based on ship observations and 

observations at U.S . Coast Guard east coast light ships . Information 

includes results from an obsolete 1959 North Atlantic Ocean wave 

hindcast . 

Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium . 1973 . The ecological impact of a 

deepwater port in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . Marine Environmental 

Sciences Consortium . Dauphin Island, AL . 26 pp . 

Maristany, A.E . and J .H . Carson . 1981 . Investigation of temperature anomalies 

in Choctawhatchee Bay, northwest Florida . Northwest Fla . Water Manage . 

Dist ., Havana, Fla . Water Resour . Spec . Rep . 84-5 :89 . 

Marmarino, G .O . 1982 . Wind-forced sea level variability along the west Florida 

shelf (winter, 1978) . J . Phys . Ocean . 12 :389-405 . 

Marmer, H .A . 1942 . Tide at Pensacola . Proc . U .S . Naval Inst . 68 :1427-1431 . 

Abstract . On the unusual characteristics of tides in Pensacola waters . 

Mariner, H .A . 1954 . Tides and sea level in the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 101-118 . 

Galtsoff, P .S ., ed . Gulf of Mexico, Its Origin, Waters and Marine Life . 

U .S . Fish Wildl . Serv ., Bull . 89 . 

Marmorino, G .O . 1982 . Wind-forced sea level variability along the west Florida 

shelf (Winter, 1978) . J . Phys . Ocean . 12(5) :389-405 . 

Abstract . Coastal tide gauge and meteorological records from Pensacola to Key 

West for the period January-April 1978 have been examined for lowfrequency fluctuations . The dominant 6-day period signals in sea level, 

alongshore wind stress, and atmospheric pressure were coherent over the 

entire shelf and propagated southward, consistent with the movement of 

cold fronts through the area . Sea level response lagged the local wind 

stress by 18 h (in the north) to 9 h (in the south) . In response to a 1 

dyn/cmz alongshore stress, sea level amplitudes were largest (similar to 

60 cm) where the shelf is widest (200 km) and undergoes an abrupt bend, 

and were similar to 30 cm elsewhere ; large transient alongshore sea level 

slopes, on the order of 10-6, were thus set up . A linear steady-state 

shelf circulation model (Hsueh, 1980) is used to explore the sea level 

distribution that is in frictional equilibrium with a wind stress of 

given orientation . 

Marmorino, G .O . 1983a . Summertime coastal currents in the northeastern Gulf of 

Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean . 13(1) :65-77 . 

88 
Abstract . Observations of currents and temperature at a mooring on the 18 m 

isobath, 30 km south of the Florida shoreline, are discussed for the 31-

day period 15 August-15 September 1978 . Tidal currents, having average 

amplitudes of similar to 10 cm/s, account for 85% of the observed kinetic 

energy . Low-frequency currents with maximum speeds of similar to 10 cm/s 

appear to be at least partly driven by local wind-stress events of 

magnitude similar to 0 .2 dyn/cmZ . Frictional effects give rise to a 

veering with depth (in the Ekman sense) of both the low-frequency flow 

and the energetic, counterclockwise-rotating twice-daily tidal currents . 

Propagation of both the tidal signal and low-frequency coastal sea-level 

fluctuations (amplitudes < 5 cm) is westward through the study area . 

Marmorino, G .O . 1983b . Small-scale variations of the wind-driven coastal sealevel response in the West Florida Bight . J . Phys . Ocean . 13(1) :93-102 . 

Abstract . Records from tide gage stations near Cedar Key, Florida are used to 

examine the alongshore pressure gradient over length scales much smaller 

than before possible . 

Marmorino, G .O . 1983c . Variability of current, temperature, and bottom pressure 

across the West Florida continental shelf, winter 1981-1982 . J . Geophys . 

Res . 88(07) :4439-4457 . 

Abstract . Observations are analyzed from four current meter moorings deployed 

on the broad continental shelf in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from 

November 29, 1981, to February 8, 1982 (71 days) . Consistent with recent 

modeling studies, the shelf circulation responds within an inertial 

period to the alternating up-and-down-coast synoptic scale wind forcing . 

Average response to a 0 .5 dyn/cmz alongshore wind stress (as measured at 

the coast) is similar to 20 cm/sec off Cedar Key and similar to 40 cm/s 

in the north where the shelf narrows (off Cape San Blas) . Lower layer 

currents veer counterclockwise with depth, as in a bottom Ekman layer 

(e-folding scale similar to 8 m) . The pressure field decays offshore 

(e-folding scale similar to 160 km) and yields a geostrophic current in 

good agreement with the observed alongshelf flow . 

Marsh, J .G ., R .E . Cheney, J .J . McCarthy and T .V . Martin . 1984 . Regional mean 

sea surfaces based on GOES-3 and SEASAT altimeter data . Mar . Geod. 

8(1-4) :385-402 . 

Abstract . Regional mean sea surfaces have been computed for the Bering Sea, N . 

Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico based on SEASAT and GEOS-3 altimeter data 

sets . Provides a basis for studying mesoscale variability and for 

detailed analyses of the earth's clustral structure . Precision of the 

regional sea surface relative to the geoid is approximately 15 

centimeters with a horizontal resolution of 25 kilometers . 

Marvin, K.T. 1955 . Oceanographic observation in west coast Florida waters, 

1949-52 . U .S . Fisheries and Wildlife Special Scientific Report . Fisheries 

No . 149 :32 . 

Maul, G .A . 1974 . The Gulf Loop Current . pp . 87-96 . jj2 Smith, R .E ., ed . 

Proceeding of Marine Environment, Implications of Offshore Drilling in 

the Eastern Gulf of Mexico . State Univ . Syst ., Fla . Inst . of 

Oceanography,St . Petersburg, FL . 

89 
Maul, G .A . 1974 . A one year time series of the Gulf Loop Current . Traps . AGU 

(EOS) . 55 (4) :283 . 

Maul, G .A. 1975 . An evaluation of the use of the earth resources technology 

satellite for observing ocean current boundaries in the Gulf Stream 

system. NOAA, NWS Tech . Rep . ERL 335 AOML-18 :125 . 

Abstract . Remote sensing of ocean color to locate current boundaries has been 

tested in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . Infrared techniques fail there 

several months of the year because surface thermal signatures are 

destroyed by summer insolation. A 1-year time history of the Gulf Loop 

Current has been made by a ship in synchronization with the Earth 

Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) . Surface chlorophyll-a, 

temperature, and scattering observations show that color signature of the 

current is present when thermal indications are absent, and thus this 

flow can potentially be monitored by a combination of visible and 

infrared techniques . The gain settings for the satellite are not 

optimized for ocean radiances and hence computer enhancement of the data 

is required . The ship data demonstrate an annual cycle of growth, eddy 

separation, and decay of the Gulf Loop Current, but this could not be 

reproduced with ERTS due to the 18-day orbit cycle and because the 

sensors were not designed for ocean radiance levels or spectral 

distributions . This research supports the concept that a visible 

multispectral scanner is capable of providing triweekly pathlines of the 

Gulf Loop Current. 

Maul, G .A . 1977 . The annual cycle of the Gulf Loop Current, Part I : 

Observations during a one-year time series . J . Mar . Res . 35(1) :29-47 . 

Abstract . LANDSAT-1 and surface ship observations showing an annual cycle of 

growth and decay in the Loop Current accompanied by significant year-byyear variability . 

Maul, G .A . 1978 . The 1972-1973 cycle of the Gulf Loop Current . Part 2 : mass and 

salt balances of the basin . In Symposium on the Progress in Marine 

Research in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions, Caracas, Venezuela, 12 

July 1976 . FAO, Rome, Italy . 

Abstract . Hydrographic sections were made across the Yucatan Strait and the 

Straits of Florida approximately every month from May 1972 to Sept . 1973 . 

These data encompass a cycle of the Gulf Loop Current from eddy 

separation to eddy separation . The data suggest that the 5°C water near 

the bottom of the Yucatan Strait is forced out of the Gulf of Mexico when 

the Loop starts to form . About mid-way through the growth phase, resident 

Gulf waters advect out the Straits of Florida between the continental 

shelf of the United States and the Florida Current . After separation of 

an eddy, the 5°C water flows back into the basin, continuity being 

maintained by continued flow along the Florida coast. In the upper 700 m, 

approximately 10W of the water flowing into the basin through the Yucatan 

Strait is exchanged with resident Gulf waters before flowing out the 

Straits of Florida. The eddy separation causes an injection of 1016 g of 

salt into the western Gulf, and accounts for approximately 75% of the 

total salt exchange between the Loop Current and resident Gulf waters . 

Even though the basin has an excess of evaporation over precipitation, 

river runoff more than accounted for the atmospheric loss of fresh water 

during the 1972-1973 cycle . 

90 
Maul, G . A. 1978 . Locating and interpreting hand-held photographs over the 

ocean ; a Gulf of Mexico example for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project . Remote 

Sensing Environ. 7(3) :249-263 . 

Abstract . Comparison of photographs taken from Apollo spacecraft over the Gulf 

of Mexico in July 1975 with concurrently obtained ship data . Patterns in 

sun glint were interpreted as indicative of the cyclonic shear zone 

within the Gulf Loop Current. Other features in photographs could be 

consistently explained as being atmospheric in nature and not associated 

with cold core ocean eddies . 

Maul, G .A ., P .W . DeWitt, A. Yanaway and S .R . Baig . 1978 . Geostationary 

satellite observations of Gulf Stream meanders : Infrared measurements and 

time series analysis . J . Geophys . Res . 83(C12) :6123-6135 . 

Abstract . The IR capabilities of the Geostationary Operational Environmental 

Satellite (GOES) are analyzed to obtain multiyear time histories of Gulf 

Stream meanders . Radiative transfer calculations using monthly mean 

profiles of atmospheric temperature and moisture overestimate cloud-free 

equivalent soundings by 2-5°K . A simple relation is derived between 

temperature at the satellite, sea surface temperature, and transmissivity 

of the atmosphere at 11 .6 micrometers, which allows an observer to 

determine if a known sea surface temperature gradient is observable from 

Goes knowing only the precipitable water content along the slant path to 

the spacecraft . More than 2 yr of GOES observations of Gulf Stream 

meanders are analyzed as a randomly spaced time series using least 

squares spectral analysis ; the dominant periods in the spectra, based on 

1976-78 data, are 250, 65, and 10 days in the Gulf of Mexico ; 30 and 6 

days off Onslow Bay, North Carolina ; and 45 and 5 days off New England . A 

summary of the meanders between the Yucatan Strait and the Grand Banks 

shows that the largest latitudinal variability is associated with the 

Gulf Loop Current . Comparison of meander periods with least squares 

spectra of historical Florida Current transports suggests that meanders 

in the Gulf of Mexico are related to variability with 4- to 16-days and 

40- to 100-day periods in the flow . 

Maul, G .A . and H .R . Cordon . 1975 . On the use of the Earth Resources Technology 

Satellite (LANDSAT-1) in optical oceanography . Remote Sensing Environ . 

4 :95-128 . 

Abstract . Observations of the Gulf Stream system in the Gulf of Mexico were 

obtained in synchronization with LANDSAT-1 passes . Images show that the 

current system can be observed in both color anomalies associated with 

sea state effects along the cyclonic boundary even in absence of a 

surface thermal signature . 

Maul, G.A . and A. Herman . 1985 . Mean dynamic topography of the Gulf of Mexico 

with application to satellite altimetry. Mar . Geod . 9(1) :27-44 . 

Abstract . Presents new calculation of mean dynamic topography utilizing all 

available archived hydrographic, STD and XBT data . 

Maul, G .A ., D .A . Mayer and S .R . Baig . 1985 . Comparisons between a continuous 

three-year current meter observation at the sill of the Yucatan Strait, 

satellite measurements of the Gulf Loop Current area, and regional sea 

level . J . Geophys . Res . 90(C5) :9089-9096 . 

91 
Abstract . Current meter mooring was in place between October, 1977 and 

November, 1980 providing a continuous long-term time series of flow 

across the sill of the Yucatan Strait . The mooring in a water depth 1895 

meters defines low frequency motions parallel to isobaths oriented at 300 

true . Net drift is consistent with other observations with an average 

velocity of 1 .8 cm/sec to the SSW . 

Maul, G .A ., G .G . Thomas and T .A . Nelsen . 1979 . Hydrographic data from the NO.AA 

ship R/V RESEARCHER during the October 1977 ocean color and circulation 

cruise in the Gulf of Mexico . NOAA . Data Report ERL/AOML-1 

Maul, G .A. and F .M . Vukovich . 1993 . The relationship between variations in the 

Gulf of Mexico Loop Current and Straits of Florida volume transport . J . 

Phys . Ocean . 23(5) :785-796 . 

Abstract . Twelve years of monthly mean positions of the northern boundary of 

the Loop Current in the eastern Gulf of Mexico from satellite and in situ 

data have been compared with coincident 1977-1988 estimates of volume 

transport in the Straits of Florida in the subseasonal frequency band 15 

to 5 cycles per month . Volume transport estimated from Cuba minus Florida 

sea level difference in this frequency band accounts for 69k of the 

variance in volume transport estimated from the Florida-Grand Bahama 

Island submarine cable . On average, the Loop Current has a dominant 

period of 11 months whereas the volume transport is dominated by annual 

spectral energy ; little significant coherence squared occurs between 

them . The maximum northward penetration of the Loop Current occurs on 

average in winter when the volume transport is a minimum, but this is an 

artifact of the sampling epoch . This negative relationship is most 

pronounced for 1979-1981 when transport is characterized as unimodal, but 

for 1984-1985 and 1987 the Loop Current and volume transport are more in 

phase, bimodal, and transport and position tend to have more semiannual 

energy . In this subseasonal band, the volume transport undergoes a 

significant change in the phase of its annual cycle after 1985 as 

compared with 1977-1984 . 

Maul, G .A., F . Williams, M . Roffer and F .M . Sousa . 1984 . Remotely sensed 

oceanographic pattern and variability of blue fin tuna catch in the Gulf 

of Mexico . Oceanol . Acta . 7(4) :469-479 . 

Abstract . Data from the Japanese longline bluefin fishery in the Gulf of Mexico 

for 1979 and 1980 were combined with in situ oceanographic data from four 

research cruises and with infrared and visible satellite imagery from 

GOES, TIROS-N and NIMBUS-7 . Using GOES infrared data, the boundary of the 

Gulf Loop Current was located and compared with the CPUE for (Thunnus 

tYiynnus thynnus) ; the high 1980 catch was correlated with proximity to 

the surface thermal front of the current and appears to reflect a change 

in fishing strategy between years . Correlations with other environmental 

factors such as sea surface temperature, temperature differences, time, 

and configuration of the Loop Current, were generally inconclusive . 

Operational application of satellite data to fisheries oceanography in 

the tropics and subtropics requires the high imaging frequency of 

geostationary vehicles because of cloud abundance, separation, and 

advection rates . 

92 
May, D .A ., J .D . Hawkins and R .L . Pickett . 1993 . Detecting Gulf of mexico 

oceanographic features in summer using AVHRR Channel 3 . J . Atmos . Oceanic 

Technol . 10(1) :64-75 . 

Abstract . Efforts to monitor the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current and mesoscale 

ocean features using IR satellite imagery in the summertime have been 

significantly hindered by (1) strong surface heating that masks surface 

frontal gradients and (2) extremely high atmospheric water vapor 

attenuation that lowers effective satellite brightness-temperature 

values . These problems can now be addressed, provided high-quality 

multichannel infrared data are available during nighttime satellite 

passes, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) consists of three IR 

channels that include channels 3 (3 .55-3 .93 gym), 4 (10 .3-11 .2 gym) and 5 

(11 .5-12 .5 Am) . Of these, channel 3 is least affected by water vapor 

attenuation, making it better suited for viewing the ocean through a 

humid atmosphere . All satellites prior to NOAA-11, however, experienced 

substantial noise in channel 3 soon after launch, rendering the channel 

relatively useless for long-term oceanographic monitoring . 

May, E .B . 1974 . The circulation and tidal flushing of Alabama's estuaries . 

Alabama Department of Conservation, Marine Resources Division Open File 

Report . Dauphin Island, Alabama . 88 pp . 

MCAfee, R.O . 1984 . Pensacola Bay water quality monitoring program review and 

assessment : June 30, 1983 to July 1, 1984 . Escambia County Utilities 

Authority . Pensacola, FL . 98 pp . 

Abstract . This twelve month study was conducted to determine the potential 

environmental effects of treated effluent from the ECUA's Main Street 

WWTP into Pensacola Bay. The major emphasis was placed on nutrient 

concentrations, namely total nitrogen and total phosphorous, and the 

biological information for chlorophyll production and phytoplankton 

counts . These parameters plus various physical measurements, oxygen 

concentrations, water temperatures, tidal information, salinity and pH 

were gathered to determine not only the present effects on the Bay but 

the limiting factors for future plant effluent guidelines . 

McClelland, S .I . 1975 . Wind-driven vorticity transport model of the circulation 

in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea : preliminary results . EOS . 

56(6) :378 . 

McDonald, G . UNKNOWN YEAR . Water heights associated with various hurricanes . 

U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District . Mobile, AL . 

Abstract . Several larger hurricanes occurring in the Gulf of Mexico were 

investigated and reported on . Water heights associated with each 

hurricane were included in these reports as well as patterns of movements 

and dates of occurrence from 1911 to the present time . 

McDonald, W .F . 1935 . Seasonal variation in North Atlantic surface temperature, 

AGU 16th Annual Meeting, Pt . 1 . Trans . Amer . Geophys . Union . 228-239 pp . 

Abstract . This paper discusses temperature variation in Gulf of Mexico, North 

Atlantic, and Caribbean . Data are based on averages of 63 years of 

observation (1855-1917) . A number of figures showing various aspects of 

these temperature variations are presented . 

93 
McLellan, H .J : 1960 . The waters of the Gulf of Mexico as observed in 1958 & 

1959 . TAMU Projects 205 & 24, Reference 60-14T . Oceanography Department, 

Texas A&M University . College Station, TX . 156 pp . 

McLellan, H .J . and W .D . Nowlin . 1962 . The waters of the Gulf of Mexico as 

observed in February and March 1962 . TAMU Project 286, Reference 62-16D . 

Oceanography Department, Texas A&M University . College Station, TX . 174 

PP . 

McLellan, S .A . ed . 1993 . St . Andrew Bay water quality and biological study. Bay 

County Utilities Dept . Panama City, FL . 

Abstract . Expected to be the most comprehensive study to date . 

McPhearson, R .M . 1970 . The hydrography of Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound . J . 

Mar . Sci . Alabama . 1(2) :1-83 . 

Abstract . Forty-nine hydrographic stations were sampled at least bi-monthly in 

Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound, Alabama, from May, 1963 through April, 

1964 . An additional twenty-seven stations were sampled monthly from 

November, 1965 through October, 1966 . At 671 station sites temperature 

and salinity (surface and bottom) and turbidity data were taken . Data on 

mean low water levels, tidal range and flushing, currents, and river 

discharge are presented and discussed . 

Means, S .M . and A .J . McErlean . 1987 . An environmental bibliography of northwest 

Florida, 1900-1985 . Florida Dept . of Community Affairs . Gulf Breeze, FL . 

314 pp . 

Abstract . An annotated bibliography of published and unpublished reports . 

Indexed by author and keyword . The items included are strongly technical 

in nature and emphasize biological/ecological source materials. Species 

accounts, distribution and abundance data and related materials form the 

bulk of the listed references, although fate, transport and physical 

processes are included where available . 

Mehta, A .J . and T .A . Zeh . 1979 . Investigation of the Hydrodynamics of Inlet 

Plume . pp . 478-485 . ,La Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on 

Conservation and Utilization of Water and Energy Resources, ASCE, held in 

San Francisco, California on August 8-11, 1979 . National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, Office of Sea Grant, Rockville, MD . (NOAA79122613 .) 

Abstract . Sikes Cut provides an access to the Gulf of Mexico from Apalachicola 

Bay, which is a large and shallow oyster producing body of water in 

Florida . Two objectives of the investigation were to determine the extent 

of tidal influence of Sikes Cut in Apalachicola Bay and to use Landsat 

satellite imagery in order to interpret the ebb flow pattern from the 

inlet into the Gulf . The modeled flood plume in the bay compared 

reasonably well with measurements, and it was shown that the plume 

deflection was produced by Coriolis and cross-flow . 

Mehta, A.J. and T .A. Zeh . 1980 . Influence on tides of a small inlet in a large 

bay. Coast . Eng . Amst . 4(2) :157-176 . 

Abstract . The influence of tidal flow through Sikes Cut, connecting 

Apalachicola Bay with the Gulf of Mexico, on the present oyster reefs 

appears to be minimal. Degradation of the oyster reefs in the bay is 

94 
likely due to some other factor, perhaps increased salinity as a result 

of a new Apalachicola River dam. 

Merrell, W .J ., Jr . 1978 . Description of the circulation observed in the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico during CICAR Survey Month II, May 1972 . Food and 

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Reports . 200 

(suppl .) :51-61 . 

Abstract . During CIGAR survey month 2, May 1972, a coordinated effort to 

describe the circulation in the eastern Gulf of Mexico was made by four 

independent research groups . Repeated crossings of the CIGAR standard 

sections at the Yucatan Strait and the Straits of Florida were made, 

while other data were collected within the gulf . The Loop Current, 

entering the Gulf through the Yucatan Strait, was observed to penetrate 

only as far north as 25°N . A large anticyclonic ring, with radius of at 

least 210 km, is known to have separated from the Loop during April . For 

both Straits, calculations of volume transport from the sea surface to 

the isopycnal approximately 400-500 m were made . The transports through 

the Straits of Florida were determined by the direct method by using 

dropsondes . Geostrophic transports were referenced to directly measured 

surface velocities within the Yucatan Straits . When averaged over one 

month, these transport estimates (with error of 10%) agreed well and gave 

a mean value of 22x106m3/sec . During the month, three sections were 

occupied across the Loop Current within the Gulf of Mexico . One of these 

sections was repeated four times . Geostrophic transport estimates were 

made relative to the bottom, or the greatest depth sampled on a section . 

These crossings gave an average value of 30x106m'/sec for the Loop Current 

within the GOM . 

Merrell, W .J ., Jr ., J .M. Morrison, W .D . Nowlin Jr ., R .L . Molinari, I .H . Brooks 

and R . Yager . 1976 . A description of the circulation observed in the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico during CIGAR survey month II, May 1972 . FAO Fish . 

Report 200 - Supplement . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 

Nations . . 638 pp . (FAO Fish . Report 200 - Supplement) 

Michaelov, U .D ., V .P . Meleshko and G .I . Shcheveleva . 1969 . Estimation of the 

tides and tidal currents in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea . State 

Oceanographic Institute, USSR, Transactions Issue . 96 :146-173 . 

Michelena, E . 1990 . Joint oil industry Meteorological/Oceanographic Measurement 

System (MOMS) . NOAA National Data Buoy Center, Stennis Space Center, MS, 

Technical Bulletin . 16(1) :1 . 

Abstract . This article discusses a new joint industry project between the NDBC 

(National Data Buoy Center) and Chevron USA called MOMS (Meteorological/ 

Oceanographic Measurement System) . It is a 3-yr . Gulf of Mexico 

measurement program that will provide improved environmental information 

for hurricane evacuation, daily industry operations planning, and design 

criteria for future deep-water oil platforms . A description is given of 

the buoy type used, its role in improving modeling capabilities, the 

functions of the six observation stations, and the measurement 

instruments installed at the stations . All resulting MOMS data, except 

for current data and time series data, are acquired and reported hourly 

via the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system 

and disseminated on NWS communication circuits . 

95 
Miller, A.R . 1977 . Ranges and extremes of the natural environment related to 

design criteria for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants . Technical 

Report . Energy Research and Development Administration . Washington, DC . 

78 pp . 

Abstract . The distributions and amounts of the warm water temperature resource 

in the Caribbean - Gulf of Mexico region are linked with the wind field. 

Wind-induced 'upwelling' or cooling of surface waters occurs seasonally 

off the Gulf coast of the United States and perennially off the Caribbean 

coast of South America, apparently related to the north-south components 

of wind . Monthly means of temperature and wind fields are presented 

together with annual averages obtained from Surface Marine Observations 

representing over thirty years of observations . There is sufficient 

temperature resource in the area to operate Ocean Thermal Energy 

Conversion plants but to avoid re-circulation problems, it is suggested 

that mixed discharge of waste waters to depths of about 200 meters be 

allowed for in the design of such structures . 

Milliman, J .D . and E . Imamura . eds . 1992 . Physical oceanography of the U .S . 

Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico . Final Report . OCS/PMMS/920003 

Contract : DI-1412-00013-0350 . Battelle Ocean Sciences . Herndon, VA . 519 

PPAbstract . The report provides a summary of the physical oceanography of the 

U.S . Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico and its implication to offshore 

oil and gas exploration and development . Topics covered in the report 

include : meteorology and air-sea interactions, circulation on the 

continental shelf, continental slope and rise circulation, Gulf Stream, 

Loop Current, deep-western boundary current, surface gravity-wave 

climatology, offshore engineering implications, implications for resource 

commercialization, and numerical models of pollutant dispersion . 

Minerals Management Service . 1990 . Offshore Environmental Studies Program 

(1973-1989) : A Summary of Minerals Management Service Research Conducted 

on the U .S . Outer Continental Shelf . Minerals Management Service . 

Herndon, VA . 226 pp . 

Abstract . The report provides an overview of the first 15 years of the 

Environmental Studies Program (ESP), conducted initially by the Bureau of 

Land Management and now as part of the Minerals Management Service . From 

1973 to 1988, the ESP spent nearly $500 million on studies directed to 

better understand the U .S . Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) and coastal 

environment and to use the information to document or predict effects of 

offshore oil and gas activities . The report organizes the hundreds of 

completed studies and thousands of resulting documents into 15 study 

topic chapters . Each chapter (e .g ., physical oceanography) cites selected 

studies and provides a general discussion of program objectives and 

results . Where appropriate, each topic is discussed by OCS Region 

(Alaska, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific) . A more comprehensive 

listing of ESP reports and associated publications can be found in OCSEAP 

(1988) and Johnson et al . (1989) . The goal of the report is to provide 

readers with a general account of the ESP's technical accomplishments and 

sources of detailed information . To understand the ESP, however, it is 

necessary to place the program in perspective with the entire OCS oil and 

gas program . 

96 
Mitchell, D .K. 1969 . River Survey, Pensacola Plant : Characteristics and effects 

of salinity intrusion in the Escambia River . Monsanto Textiles Division, 

Waste and Water Services Group, Technical Services Section . Pensacola, 

FL . 25 pp . 

Abstract . This is a report of a river survey conducted from May through August, 

1968, which characterizes the movement of the salt tongue in the lower 

Escambia River, and establishes as a natural phenomenon the low dissolved 

oxygen levels present in the river during periods of high salt 

concentration . 

Mitchum, G.T . 1984 . Continental shelf water response to large-scale, lowfrequency wind forcing with emphasis on the frictional nearshore region . 

Ph .D . Thesis . The Florida State University . Tallahassee, FL . 90 pp . 

Abstract . Three related problems concerning the response of the continental 

shelf waters to large-scale, low-frequency (synoptic scale) wind forcing 

are addressed. Briefly the results are as follows . (i) An understanding 

is gained to the dynamics of the poorly studied frictional region which 

lies inshore of the region which has been shown (e .g ., Gill and Schumann, 

1974 and Clarke and Van Gorder, 1984) to be well described by long wave 

dynamics . Simple accurate solutions for the pressure and alongshore 

velocity fields are developed and their domains of applicability are 

given . (ii) Through use of the knowledge gained in (i), a link is 

established from the frictional nearshore regions to the wave dynamics 

region by providing a proper boundary condition for models which strictly 

consider the latter . Also, a formula is given to predict coastal pressure 

(generally the best data set) given the boundary pressure prediction from 

a wave dynamics model . (iii) The above results, together with the model 

of Clarke and Van Gorder (1984), are applied to a data set on the West 

Florida Shelf . It is shown that the response there is accurately modeled . 

Further, the simplicity of the model allows the West Florida Shelf 

response to be understood as a sum of a forced wave moving with the wind 

field, a free wave generated at the Florida Keys and a smaller, but 

significant, free wave flux from the east coast of Florida . 

Mitchum, G .T . and A .J . Clarke . 1986 . Evaluation of frictional, wind-forced 

long-wave theory on the West Florida shelf . J . Phys . Ocean . 16(6) :1029-

1037 . 

Abstract . Clarke and Van Gorder have recently formulated a model describing the 

large-scale, low-frequency response of continental shelf waters to 

synoptic-scale wind stress in terms of a sum of forced waves . The model 

includes realistic friction and time dependence and provides an efficient 

method for calculating the response . Evaluation of the model using West 

Florida Shelf data gave the following results . (i) The model successfully 

predicts both the coastal sea level and alongshore velocity component . 

(ii) The West Florida Shelf coastal pressure field is dominated by the 

first mode and can be understood as the sum of a forced wave which 

travels with the southward-propagating wind stress and a free wave 

generated at the Florida Keys . (iii) Almost all the wind-induced energy 

on the West Florida Shelf is due to the wind forcing acting on West 

Florida Shelf waters . However, a small but significant energy flux 

appears to enter the West Florida Shelf from the eastern Florida shelf 

wave guide . 

97 
Mitchum, G .T . and W . Sturges . 1982 . Wind-driven currents on the west Florida 

shelf . J . Phys . Ocean . 12(11) :1310-1317, 

Abstract . Three weeks of current-meter, wind and sea-level data off Cedar Key, 

Florida are analyzed . Currents and sea level are found to be coherent 

with alongshore wind stress in the "synoptic" band (similar to 0 .05-0 .25 

cycle per day) and to lag it by approximately half a day . Little 

coherence is found with cross-shelf wind stress . At the inshore mooring 

(22 m depth) currents are nearly barotropic for these winter 1978 data . 

The dominant momentum balance in the alongshore direction is between wind 

and bottom stress . The offshore frictional length scale (Csanady, 1978) 

is estimated to be 75-100 km, which implies a seaward extent to a depth 

of about 30 m . At the offshore mooring (44 m depth) there is vertical 

shear between the currents at 9 and 39 m . The upper cross-shelf 

component, which is large relative to that at the inshore mooring, is 

consistent with Ekman transport while the lower record shows a return 

flow . The u, v velocity components correlate significantly at the 

offshore mooring and lead to an upper layer uv gradient on the order of 

10-SCm2/sZ between the arrays (75 km separation) . 

Mofjeld, H .O . 1974 . Tidal currents on the west Florida shelf . pp . 127-130 . 

Smith, R .E ., ed . Proceedings of Marine Environmental Implications of 

Offshore Drilling in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico . State University System 

of Florida, Institute of Oceanography,St . Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . Much of the water motion on the west Florida shelf is due to the 

tides . Perhaps the most familiar examples of tidal currents are the 

currents at the mouths of harbors caused by the differences in water 

level between the water on the continental shelves outside the harbor and 

the water within the harbor . On the west Florida shelf and in the deep 

water beyond, similar tidal currents exist because of differences in sea 

level caused by the tides . Two other kinds of currents that can make 

important contributions to the water motions on the shelf are discussed. 

Mofjeld, H .O . and M . Wimbush . 1976 . Tides in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean 

Sea . NOAA, Environmental Research Lab ., Pacific Marine Environmental Lab . 

Seattle, WA . 79-96 pp . 

Mofjeld, H .O . and M . Wimbush . 1977 . Bottom pressure observations in the Gulf of 

Mexico and Caribbean Sea . Deep-Sea Res . 24 :987-1004 . 

Abstract . Data from offshore pressure gages deployed during 1971 to 1974 

indicate that the Gulf of Mexico has a Helmholtz resonance with a period 

of 1.56 day. Observations in the Caribbean Sea are compared with 

theoretical cotidal charts . 

MolinaYi, R .L . 1974 . Data from the NOAA ship R/V VIRGINIA KEY and the SUSIO 

Ship R/V BELLOWS, collected during CICAR survey month II . NOAA Technical 

Memorandum ERL AOML-22 . NOAA, AOML . Miami, FL . 153 pp . 

Abstract . Data collected during May 1972 aboard the R/V Virginia Key and the 

R/V Bellows are presented . Figures 1-15 include the salinity-temperaturedepth (STD) and expendable bathythermograph (XBT) stations occupied by 

the Virginia Key . The STD measurements were taken on both vessels with 

Plessey Corp . STD meters, Model Number 9060 . The AOML data were reduced 

by the following procedure . Temperature and salinity values were visually 

determined from the downtrace at 20-m intervals . Only surface water 

samples were collected ; and from these, surface temperature and salinity 

98 
values were obtained . The surface temperature was read from a bucket 

thermometer . The salinity of the surface sample was determined on an 

inductive salinometer . These cruises, part of CICAR, were made to map 

synoptically the circulation in the western Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of 

Mexico . 

Molinari, R .L . 1976 . An overview of the Cayman Sea - Gulf of Mexico circulation 

based on CIGAR survey month and other data . pp . 103-118 . In Symposium on 

Progress in Marine Research in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions, 

Caracas . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (CIGAR 

II FAO 200 .) 

Molinari, R .L . 1977 . Synoptic and mean monthly 20°C topographies in the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico . NOAA Tech . Memo . ERL AOML-27 :33 . 

Molinari, R . 1978 . An overview of the circulation in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Sturges, W . and S .L . Shang, eds . Summary Report : Working Conference on 

the Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico . Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Molinari, R .L . 1978 . The relationship of the curl of the local wind stress to 

the circulation of the Cayman Sea and the Gulf of Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean . 

8(5) :779-784 . 

Abstract . The curl of the annual mean wind stress is proposed as the forcing 

mechanism for the anticyclonic gyre observed in the Cayman Sea . A simple, 

wind-driven model is used to illustrate how a steady-state gyre in the 

Cayman Sea, and another gyre in the western Gulf of Mexico, can be spunup by the wind . The results indicate that the exchange of mass between 

the two basins can be enhanced by the wind field . Temporal changes in the 

upper-layer temperature structure of the Cayman Sea gyre are 

qualitatively consistent with changes predicted by a simple wind-forcing 

model . The same model is not applicable to the western Gulf of Mexico . 

Molinari, R.L . 1980 . Current variability and its relation to sea-surface 

topography in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico . Mar. Geol . 

3 (3/4) :409-436 . 

Abstract . Complexity and variability characterize the circulation of the Gulf 

of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea with wind stress, currents, atmospheric 

pressure, eddies, meanders, streaming, and the seasons all interacting 

and affecting sea slope . Sea surface topography is reviewed on both 

climatological and synoptic time scales ; the adequacy of dynamic 

topographies is discussed relative to their use as level surfaces ; and 

the use of satellite leveling to study circulation and sea surface 

topography is considered. Plots of dynamic topography and loop current 

positions are included . 

Molinari, R .L . 1987 . Air mass modification over the eastern Gulf of Mexico as a 

function of surface wind fields and Loop Current position . Mon . Weather 

Rev . 115(3) :646-652 . 

Molinari, R.L ., D .W . Behringer and J .F . Festa . 1976 . Model studies of the 

circulation in the Gulf of Mexico . NOAA report . Atlantic Oceanographic 

and Meteorological Laboratories . Miami, FL . 120 pp . 

99 
Molinari, R .L ., D .W . Behringer and J .F . Festa . 1976 . Model studies of the 

circulation in the Gulf of Mexico . Final Report, BLM inter-agency 

agreement 08550-IA5-26 . NOAA/AOML . Miami, FL . 244 pp . 

Abstract . AOML of NOAA have completed the first year of a proposed two-year 

study for the BLM "to develop the capability to predict the currents in 

the Gulf of Mexico for use in pollutant trajector computation" . The 

objectives of the study were : (1) to modify an existing numerical model 

for application in the Gulf of Mexico ; (2) to evaluate the ability of the 

model to simulate the Gulf circulation using various types and 

distributions of data as input information; and (3) to describe the Gulf 

of Mexico circulation using the results of the model . The data used by 

the model as interior and boundary conditions were obtained from the 

NODC, and from cruises conducted as part of the present study. The 

manipulations used to put the data into a form suitable for input to the 

model are described in the section called "Model Studies of the 

Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico ." The ability of the numerical model to 

simulate the observed circulation is demonstrated through a series 

comparisons of its solutions with solutions from a geostrophic model . 

These comparisons are made over a wide range of input and boundary 

conditions . Therefore, the use of the numerical model results to describe 

the currents of the region is justified . 

Molinari, R .L . and J .D . Cochrane . 1972 . The effect of topography on the Yucatan 

Current . pp . 149-156 . ja Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid, eds . 

Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf 

Publishing Co ., Houston . 

Abstract . Graphical and numerical methods used to obtain the path of a current 

core in the Yucatan Current are in close agreement with the observed 

path . 

Molinari, R .L . and J .F . Festa . 1978 . Ocean thermal and velocity characteristics 

of the Gulf of Mexico relative to the placement of a moored OTEC plant . 

NOAH Tech . Memo . AOML-33 :106 . 

Molinari, R .L ., J .F . Festa and D .W . Behringer . 1978 . The circulation in the 

Gulf of Mexico derived from estimated dynamic height fields . J . Phys . 

Ocean . 8(6) :987-996 . 

Abstract . Monthly mean dynamic ht topographies for the upper 500 m of the Gulf 

of Mexico, seasonal mean topographies for the upper 1,000 m, and annual 

topographies for the deep flow are presented . The dynamic height values 

on a 1°xl° grid were determined from observed temperature values and 

salinities derived from mean T-S relations . The seasonal intrusion of the 

Loop Current varies directly with the geostrophic transport through the 

Yucatan Straits . At the Straits, the transport in the upper 500 m is a 

maximum in June . The transports in the upper 500 m of an anticyclone in 

the western gulf are a maximum in winter and summer and a minimum in 

spring and fall . There is a permanent westerly flow on the Texas Shelf . 

After turning cyclonically, this flow joins the eastward transport of the 

northern limb of the anticyclone in the western Gulf of Mexico . Most of 

this eastward flow recirculates in the anticyclone ; however, a portion 

flows east across the central Gulf to become entrained in the Loop 

Current . The deep circulation between 1,500 and 3,000 m is dominated by 

an anticyclonic gyre which fills the entire deep basin . 

100 
Molinari, R .L . and G .A. Franceschini . 1972 . Bathythermograph sections across 

the path of Hurricane Celia . pp . 259-264 . La Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . 

Reid, eds . Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of 

Mexico . Gulf Publishing Co ., Houston . 

Abstract . Three vertical sections taken across the track of Hurricane Celia 

using XBTs indicate that the storm may have caused upwelling of colder 

sub-surface waters, whose effect may be dependent on the length of time 

strong winds were present . 

Molinari, R .L . and D .A . Mayer . 1980 . Physical oceanographic conditions at a 

potential OTEC site in the Gulf of Mexico ; 27 .5°N, 85 .5°W . NOAA Tech . 

Memo . ERL AOML-42 :82 . 

Abstract . Physical oceanographic data have been collected at the nominal 

position, 85 .5°W, 27 .5°N, from March 1978 through June 1979 . The position 

is some 300 km west of Tampa, Florida and was occupied to collect data 

needed in the OTEC design effort . Site occupations by research vessel and 

current meter deployments were used to obtain temperature, density and 

current data . Atmospheric conditions were characterized by an abnormally 

cold winter during 1977-1978 . The Loop Current was within 50 km of the 

site during April and May 1978 and again during January 1979 . 

Molinari, R .L . and D .A . Mayer . 1982 . Current meter observations on the 

continental slope at two sites in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . J . Phys . 

Ocean . 12 :1480-1484 . 

Abstract . Current-meter observations obtained at two sites on the continental 

slope of the eastern Gulf of Mexico, at nominal positions of 29°N, 88°W 

(the Mobile site) and 27 .5° W (the Tampa site) are presented . Data were 

collected at three levels at Mobile (90, 190, and 980 m) from July 1977 

through August 1978 and at four levels at Tampa (150, 250, 550 and 950 m) 

from June 1978 through June 1979 . At 90 and 190 m, the flow at Mobile was 

on the average to the east . Sustained periods of flow to the west were 

observed during the summer 1977 and spring 1978 . During the periods of 

eastward flow the wind was generally out of the north and during the 

periods of westward flow, the wind was out of the east . The flow at the 

top meter at Tampa was on the average to the west, in the same direction 

as the average wind . At both sites, the motions are perturbed by events 

associated with the Loop Current . These events make it difficult to 

define any seasonal variability in the upper layers . The flow at the 

bottom meters is strongly aligned with the bottom topography and lacks a 

strong seasonal signal . Little barotropic tidal energy was observed at 

either site . At both sites, maximum diurnal energy occurred near the 

local inertial frequency at the upper levels . These motions are probably 

induced by either cold-front passages or other atmospheric events . At the 

bottom meters, maximum diurnal-band energy occurred near the K1-tidal 

constituent . These motions are strongly time-dependent and they may be 

related to internal tides . 

Molinari, R .L ., D . Mayer and F . Chew . 1979 . Physical oceanographic conditions 

at a potential OTEC site in the Gulf of Mexico ; 88°W, 29°N. NOAA 

Technical Memorandum ERL AOML-41 . NOAA . 105 pp . 

101 
Molinari, R .L . and J . Morrison . 1988 . The Separation of the Yucatan Current 

from the Campeche Bank and the intrusion of the Loop Current into the 

Gulf of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 93(10) :10645-10654 . 

Abstract . Data collected in the eastern Gulf of Mexico during 1974, 1975, and 

1976 show that the penetration of the Loop Current into the Gulf is 

strongly correlated with the location of the Yucatan Current on the 

Campeche Bank . The Loop does not penetrate far into the Gulf when the 

Yucatan Current separates from the Bank in the vicinity of the Catoche 

Tongue (i .e ., the eastern Campeche Bank) . Deep Loop penetrations are 

correlated with separations farther west on the Bank . The angle of the 

Yucatan Current at separation is also correlated with the location of 

separation (i .e ., smaller angles relative to due east are correlated with 

separations from farther east on the Bank) . Thus small angles at 

separation are correlated with shallow intrusions of the Loop . 

Molinari, R .L . and R . Yager . 1972 . Upper layer hydrographic conditions at the 

Yucatan Strait during May 1972 . J . Mar . Res . 35(1) :11-20 . 

Abstract . Second paper in a series presenting results of 1972 experiment 

conducted in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico . Hydrographic conditions above 

SOOm (T, S, V, and transport) across the Yucatan Strait during May 1972 

are summarized . Subsurface countercurrent out of the Gulf of Mexico is 

found below 600m in the western portion of the Yucatan Strait . 

Molinari, R .L . and R .E . Yager . 1977 . Upper layer hydrographic conditions at the 

Yucatan Strait during May 1972 . J . Mar . Res . 35(1) :11-20 . 

Abstract . Presents analysis of direct and indirect current measurements in 

Yucatan Strait . Specifies properties which could force flow in interior 

of Gulf - velocity, transport, vorticity. 

Mooney, K .A . 1978 . A barotropic steady-state numerical model of the circulation 

in the Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Rhode Island, 

Narragansett, RI . 119 pp . 

Morang, A. 1992a . Inlet migration and hydraulic processes at East Pass, 

Florida . Jour . Coast . Res . 8(2) :457-481 . 

Abstract . East Pass, a tidal inlet in the Florida Panhandle between Pensacola 

and Panama City, connects Choctawhatchee Bay to the Gulf of Mexico . From 

1983 to 1991, the U .S . Army Corps of Engineers sponsored a monitoring 

project to measure waves, currents, tidal elevations, bathymetry, and 

shoreline changes at the site . Based on these data and on historical 

records, a three-phase model has been developed which describes the 

inlet's behavior during the last 120 years . The first phase (pre-1928) is 

of spit development and breaching and covers the period when the pass was 

oriented in a northwest-southeast direction between Choctawhatchee Bay 

and the Gulf . From 1928 to 1968, the inlet was characterized by the 

second phase : stable throat position but with a main ebb channel that 

migrated over a developing ebb-tidal delta . This phase covers the time 

after the inlet breached through Santa Rosa Island in a north-south 

direction and began to migrate to the east . The third phase, spanning 

1968, when rubble-mound jetties were built, to the present is 

characterized by a stable throat and ebb channel, and ebb-tidal shoal 

growth . Despite the jetties, East Pass has continued to demonstrate a 

tendency to move eastward . 

102 
Morang, A. 1992b . Study of Geologic and Hydraulic Processes at East Pass, 

Destin, Florida . Vol . l . Main Text and Appendices A and B . Final Report 

Coastal Engineering Research Center . Vicksburg, MS . 119 pp . 

Abstract . From 1983 to 1991, the Coastal Engineering Research Center and US 

Army Engineer District, Mobile, monitored waves, currents, tidal 

elevations, bathymetry, and shoreline changes at East Pass Inlet, Destin, 

FL . Based on these data and on historical records, a three-phase model 

has been developed that describes the inlet's behavior during the last 

120 years : (a) Phase 1 (pre-1928), spit development and breaching, 

covering the period when the inlet was oriented northwest-southeast 

between Choctawhatchee Bay and the Gulf of Mexico . (b) Phase 2 (1928-

1968), stable throat position but main ebb channel that migrated over a 

developing ebb-tidal shoal . This phase covers the time after the inlet 

breached Santa Rosa Island in a north-south direction and then migrated 

eastward . (c) Phase 3 (1968-present), after rubble-mound jetties were 

built, the throat and main ebb channel were stabilized, while ebb-tidal 

shoal grew . Despite the jetties, East Pass has continued to try to move 

eastward . The driving forces of the eastward migration are hypothesized 

to be (a) wave forces--the predominant wave direction measured in 10-m 

water depth is from the southwest, while the shore trends east-west ; (b) 

backbay tidal channel and flood-tidal shoal geometry direct ebb currents 

towards the eastern shore of the inlet ; (c) because of freshwater inputs, 

the ebb flow is longer in duration and higher in velocity than the flood . 

Maximum measured ebb currents in the inlet are over 5 .0 ft/sec (1 .5 

m/sec), producing a discharge of about 90,000 ft 3/sec (500 M3 /sec) . 

Morang, A. 1992c . Study of Geologic and Hydraulic Processes at East Pass, 

Destin, Florida . Vol . 2 . Appendices C through K Coastal Engineering 

Research Center . Vicksburg . 168 pp . 

Abstract . From 1983 to 1991, the Coastal Engineering Research Center and US 

Army Engineer District, Mobile, monitored waves, currents, tidal 

elevations, bathymetry, and shoreline changes at East Pass Inlet, Destin, 

FL . Based on these data and on historical records, a three-phase model 

has been developed that describes the inlet's behavior during the last 

120 years : (a) . Phase 1 (pre-1928), spit development and breaching, 

covering the period when the inlet was oriented northwest-southeast 

between Choctawhatchee Bay and the Gulf of Mexico . (b) . Phase 2 (1928-

1968), stable throat position but main ebb channel that migrated over a 

developing ebb-tidal shoal . This phase covers the time after the inlet 

breached Santa Rosa Island in a north-south direction and then migrated 

eastward . (c) . Phase 3 (1968-present), after rubble-mound jetties were 

built, the throat and main ebb channel were stabilized, while ebb-tidal 

shoal grew . Despite the jetties, East Pass has continued to try to move 

eastward . The driving forces of the eastward migration are hypothesized 

to be (a) wave forces--the predominant wave direction measured in 10-m 

water depth is from the southwest, while the shore trends east-west ; (b) 

backbay tidal channel and flood-tidal shoal geometry direct ebb currents 

towards the eastern shore of the inlet ; (c) because of freshwater inputs, 

the ebb flow is longer in duration and higher in velocity than the flood . 

Maximum measured ebb currents in the inlet are over 5 .0 ft/sec (1 .5 

m/sec), producing a discharge of about 90,000 ft3/sec (2,500 m3/sec) . 

Morang, A . 1993 . Geologic and physical processes at a Gulf of Mexico tidal 

inlet, East Pass, Florida . Ph .D . Dissertation . 

103 
Abstract . East Pass, a tidal inlet located in the Florida Panhandle between 

Pensacola and Panama City, connects Choctawhatchee Bay to the Gulf of 

Mexico . A three-phase model has been developed which describes the 

behavior of East Pass inlet during the last 120 years, based on wave, 

current, tide, bathymetric and shoreline data, and on historical records . 

The first phase (pre-1928) is of spit development and breaching. This 

phase covers the period when the pass was oriented in a northwestsoutheast direction between Choctawhatchee Bay and the Gulf . From 1928 to 

1968, the second phase was characterized by a stable throat position but 

with a main ebb channel that migrated over a developing ebb-tidal delta . 

This phase covers the time after the inlet breached Santa Rosa Island in 

a north-south direction and began to migrate east . The third phase, 

spanning 1968, when rubblemound jetties were built, to the present, is 

characterized by a stable inlet throat and ebb channel, and ebb-tidal 

shoal growth . 

Morrison, J .M . 1974 . Nutrient and dissolved oxygen distributions in the Gulf of 

Mexico and adjacent regions . Master's Thesis . Texas A&M University . 

116 pp . 

Morrison, J .M ., W .J . Merrell and W .D . Nowlin . 1973 . The waters of the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico as observed during May 1972 . Texas A&M University, 

Oceanography Department, Reference 73-10-T . Texas A&M University, 

Department of Oceanography . College Station, TX . 330 pp . 

Abstract . Data report for the R/V AI.AMINOS cruise . Displays the transect lines 

along with associated XBT, STD, and bottle data . Plots of T and S 

vertical profiles are also included . This report is one in a series of 

contributions to CICAR . This report is the first of a series of reports 

presenting data collected during May of 1972 in a joint effort by the 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency/Atlantic Oceanographical and 

Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), Nova University, the State 

University System Institute of Oceanography/Florida (SUSIO), University 

of Miami, Instituto de Geofisica/Universidad National Autonomy de Mexico, 

and Texas A&M University . This joint field effort has been declared a 

part of the Cooperative Investigations of the Caribbean and Adjacent 

Regions (CIGAR) Program . The basic objective was to simultaneously 

monitor the Loop Current and the currents in the Yucatan and Florida 

Straits . In particular, this report presents the data collected during 

Cruise 72-A-9 of Texas A&M University's R/V ALAMINOS . 

Morrison, J .M . and W .D . Nowlin . 1977 . Repeated nutrient, oxygen, and density 

sections through the Loop Current . J . Mar . Res . 35(1) :105-128 . 

Abstract . Based on observations made in May, 1972, the nutrient and dissolvedoxygen concentrations in the offshore waters of the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico are described and related to the Loop Current and anticyclonic 

current rings, which are the principal circulation features of this 

region . The characteristic relationships of oxygen and nutrients to 

density parameters are presented, and the following water masses are 

characterized in the Gulf : Subtropical Underwater, 18 C Sargasso Sea 

Water, upper subtropical oxygen minimum, Antarctic Intermediate Water, 

and North Atlantic Deep Water. Repeated sections through the Loop Current 

allow some estimation of variability within a period of weeks, as well as 

descriptions of spatial variations of properties . The relative 

geostrophic flow within the Loop is described. Transport estimates are 

104 
compared to previous estimates of the Loop and to estimates through the 

Yucatan and Florida Straits based on measurements also made during May, 

1972 . The results are in good agreement . 

Moser, P .H . and R.L . Chermock . 1977 . Geological and hydrologic environmental 

atlas of Mobile and Baldwin Counties, Alabama, Open-File Report . Alabama 

Geological Survey . Tuscaloosa, AL . 271 pp . 

Moshiri, G .A . UNKNOWN YEAR . Bayou Texar Project . University of West Florida, 

Water Resources Research Center . 

Abstract . Bayou Texar, off Pensacola Bay, Florida, was studied extensively from 

March, 1971 to May, 1976 . Water quality analyses were carried out 

biweekly at 3 to 6 stations in the bayou . Other analyses include 

measurements of phytoplankton populations, photosynthetic and 

heterotrophic rates, and water and sediment microbiota . Generally, water 

samples were filtered before analyses were made of the various 

parameters . 

Moshiri, G .A., N .G . Aumen and W .G . Swarm III . 1980 . Water quality studies in 

Santa Rosa Sound, Pensacola, Florida . U.S . Environmental Protection 

Agency, Environmental Research Lab . Gulf Breeze, FL . 71 pp . 

Abstract . Water samples were collected from six stations in Santa Rosa Sound 

and Little Sabine Bay, Florida, every two weeks between October, 1977, 

and June, 1979 . The samples, taken at the surface, mid-depth, and bottom 

of each station, were analyzed for temperature, salinity, pH, 

transparency, inorganic carbon, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, 

dissolved oxygen, orthophosphate, poly-phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, and 

non-volatile grease and oil ; bacteria were enumerated ; phytoplankton were 

identified and enumerated ; and the water column primary productivity was 

measured . Although there were seasonal changes, there were few intra or 

inter station differences on each sampling day . However, Little Sabine 

Bay exhibited lower water transparency, higher BOD, higher rates of 

primary production, higher concentrations of non-volatile grease and oil, 

and larger numbers of bacteria and phytoplankton than Santa Rosa Sound . 

Muller-Karger, F .E ., J .J . Walsh, R .H . Evans and M.B . Meyers . 1991 . On the 

seasonal phytoplankton concentration and sea surface temperature cycles 

of the Gulf of Mexico as determined by satellites . J . Geophys . Res . 

96(07) :12645-12665 . 

Abstract . Monthly climatologies of near-surface phytoplankton pigment 

concentration and sea surface temperature (SST) were derived for the Gulf 

of Mexico from multilayer series of coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) 

(November 1978 to November 1985) and advanced very high resolution 

radiometer (AVHRR) (January 1983 to December 1987) images . The authors 

complement these series with SST from the comprehensive ocean-atmosphere 

data set (1946-87) and Climate Analysis Center (1982-90), and 

hydrographic profile data from the NOAA National Oceanographic Data 

Center (1914-85) . The CZCS ocean color satellite data provide the first 

climatological time series of phytoplankton concentration for the region . 

Mungall, J .C .H ., C .E . Abel and C .R . Olling . 1978 . Hydrodynamic model estimates 

of the Mz and K1 currents of the Gulf of Mexico . Technical Report, 

Reference 78-9-T . Research Foundation, Texas A&M University. College 

Station, TX . 107 pp . 

105 
Murphy, D .L ., D .F . Paskausky, W .D . Nowlin and W .J . Merrell . 1975 . Movement of 

surface drifters in the American Mediterranean . J . Phys . Ocean. 5(3) :549-

551 . 

Abstract . Returns from 75 drifters during October to December 1973 indicated 

net westward drift in Caribbean Sea and no flow into Caribbean Sea 

through Mona and Windward Passages . Between 25 October and 11 December of 

1973, 1015 surface drifters were launched at 36 stations in the American 

Mediterranean . Returns from 75 drifters (7 .4%) have been received from 23 

(64%) of the 36 stations . No flow into the Caribbean Sea through the Mona 

and Windward Passages was indicated. A net westward drift in the 

Caribbean Sea of 0 .18 m/s was indicated . Movement in the Gulf of Mexico 

was consistent with observations and models of the Loop Current . 

Murray, S .P . 1972 . Turbulent diffusion of oil in the ocean . Limnol . Oceanogr . 

17(15) :651-660 . 

Abstract . Estimates value of horizontal eddy diffusivity within the Gulf of 

Mexico from current measurements and observations of oil slick geometries 

associated with the March 1970 Chevron oil spill . The effect of surface 

tension is confined to within the first few hundred meters and the 

general size and shape of the slick is well represented by Fickian 

diffusion. 

Murray, S .P . 1975 . Wind and current effects on large scale oil slicks . pp . 523-

533 . Zn 7th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, May 5-8, 1975 . 

Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX . 

Abstract . The relative effect of local winds and near-surface currents in 

determining the movement of oil slicks in coastal and shelf waters was 

determined from 39 surveys by Raydist-equipped helicopters during the 

Main Pass 41C spill off the Mississippi Delta in March 1970 . Orientation 

of oil slicks is closely controlled by local wind direction ; slicks 

usually form 10°-40° to the right of the wind . Wind shifts associated with 

various sectors of migrating high-pressure cells quickly realign new 

slicks and actively dissipate old ones . Density fronts, both ambient and 

quasi-stationary, also play important roles in determining slick movement 

and size . An easily utilized regression model for slick area and 

orientation as a function of wind velocity and local conditions is also 

presented . 

Nakamoto, S . 1986 . An application of solitary wave theory to meso-scale eddies 

in the Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M University, College 

Station, TX . 67 pp . 

Abstract . Application of a non-linear quasi-geostrophic model to an isolated 

eddy along the continental slope region of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Correspondence exists between model results and observed translational 

velocity over the slope region supporting the hypothesis that eddytopographic interactions along the continental slope behave as solutions . 

Nakamoto, S . 1989 . Soliton-like solutions in Loop Current eddies . J . Geophys . 

Res . 94(010) :14567-14574 . 

Abstract . The application of the nonlinear quasi -geostrophic equations to an 

isolated eddy in the western continental slope region in the Gulf of 

Mexico is examined for a two-layer ocean model with bottom topography. In 

the linear limit, solutions are topographic nondispersive waves . Form106 
preserving solutions, or solitons, have been found . The solution is shown 

to be a limiting form for a nonlinear dispersive system propagating 

northward along the topographic wave guide in the western continental 

slope region in the Gulf of Mexico . Using satellite-tracked drifter data, 

a linear relationship is found between the amplitude of the deduced 

stream function of the eddy and its observed translational velocity over 

the continental slope, which supports the hypothesis that some mesoscale 

eddies interacting with the continental slope behave as solitons . 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 1981 . Gulf of Mexico satellite 

radar altimetry . NASA Technical memorandum 73295 . 

Abstract . Reports on a comparison of in situ observations and sea-surface 

dynamic height profiles, sea-surface topographic variations, significant 

wave height and surface wind speed results from SEASAT and GEOS-3 . Good 

comparison was obtained between satellite sensors and ground truth. 

National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Engineering Laboratory . 1973 . 

Skylab oceanic gamefish project, Interim Data Report . National Marine 

Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Fisheries Engineering 

Laboratory . 

Abstract . A joint effort by private, professional fishermen, NASA and NOAA's 

NMFS took place on August 4 and 5, 1973, in the northern Gulf of Mexico 

to acquire gamefish data, pigment data, chlorophyll a, b, and c along 

with carotenoids were measured using color filters . 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 1989 . Project to Characterize 

Salinity in the Nation's Estuaries . Final Report 1983-1988 . National 

Estuarine Inventory supplement series . National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration . Rockville, MD . 9 pp . 

Abstract . The report describes a new nationwide data collection and synthesis 

project that is part of NOA.A's National Estuarine Inventory (NEI) 

activities . An extensive effort is underway to develop detailed 

information on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the salinity 

patterns within the Nation's estuaries . Present efforts are being 

concentrated on approximately 30 estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico with 

eventual application to over 100 estuaries nationally . 

National Park Service . 1983 . Northern Gulf of Mexico Estuaries and Barrier 

Islands Research Conference, Program and Abstracts, June 13-14, 1983, 

Biloxi, MS . Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, J .L . Scott Marine Education 

Center, Biloxi, MS . National Park Service, Coastal Field Research 

Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS . 62 pp . 

Abstract . Abstracts are presented from some 44 papers presented at this 

conference . Subjects include benthic communities, fishes, pelecypods, 

ground fish surveys, hydrodynamic modeling, geology and oil exploration 

impacts . 

Nelepo, B .A . 1978 . Soviet investigations of the dynamics and properties of the 

waters of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico . Food and Agriculture 

Organization of the United Nations, FAO Reports . 200 (suppl .) :119-131 . 

Abstract . Complex investigations in the Mediterranean Sea were performed as 

part of the CICAR program by several scientific centers of the U.S .S .R . 

The material obtained was used for studying hydrophysical and 

hydrochemical water properties, artificial radioactivity, peculiarities 

107 
of formation, spreading, and transformation of water masses, 

stratification and structure of the water, circulation, and water 

exchange with the ocean through straits . The results of these circulatory 

investigations are of special interest in understanding the nature of the 

Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico . The calculations of geostrophic 

currents showed that the main Caribbean current is much narrower than was 

previously thought . To the south of it in the Caribbean Sea, intensive 

cyclonic revolving of the waters was discovered, and to the north, a weak 

anticyclonic system . In the Gulf of Mexico, while the cyclonic transfer 

prevails, separate mesoscale rotations are traced . Such a system of 

circulation is preserved to the depth of approximately 1000 m. Deeper 

(corresponding to the bottom relief), weak, independent rotations of 

water are being formed in separate deep-water hollows . The water 

interchange through the straits was estimated together with possible 

transfer of substances, including radioactive nuclei of artificial 

origin . The results obtained were published in two special volumes of 

collected articles . 

New England Coastal Engineers . 1981 . Proceedings of the Gulf circulation 

studies workshop held May 14-15, 1981 at New Orleans, LA. NTISP-881-

248254 . Bureau of Land Management, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office . 

New Orleans, LA. 96 pp . 

Abstract . On-going and prospective energy-related uses have supported continued 

research on the physical processes governing Gulf of Mexico circulation . 

In particular, the BLM has funded a circulation modeling effort for the 

southwest Florida shelf, and the Department of Energy has sponsored a 

circulation model of the entire Gulf system . Accordingly, planning has 

now begun for a three-year research program do obtain physical 

oceanographic data in the Gulf . Because the Loop Current is the 

dominating circulation feature, a primary goal of this measurement 

program is to improve our understanding of the driving forces of the Loop 

Current, and the Loop Current's interaction with general Gulf-wide 

circulation . 

Niiler, P .P . 1976 . Observations of low frequency currents on the west Florida 

continental shelf . Mem . Soc . R . Sci . Liege . 6 :331-358 . 

Nof, D . 1981 . On the beta-induced movement of isolated baroclinic eddies . J . 

Phys . Ocean . 11(12) :1662-1672 . 

Abstract . In this paper an analytical method is proposed for calculating the 

nonlinear beta-induced translation of isolated baroclinic eddies . The 

study focuses on frictionless anticyclonic eddies with a uniform 

anomalous density and a lens-like cross section which translates steadily 

in a resting ocean . The depth of these eddies vanishes along the outer 

edge so that as they translate westward their entire mass anomaly is 

carried along with them . The proposed method for calculating the 

translation speed incorporates the nonlinear equations of motion in an 

integrated form and a simple perturbation scheme . It relates the 

translation of the eddy to its intensity, size and volume, but requires 

only an approximate knowledge of the corresponding numerical values . The 

proposed method is tested by its application to more complicated 

anticyclonic eddies representing those shed by the Loop Current in the 

Gulf of Mexico . For these eddies, the predicted westward translation 

108 
speed is 0 .32 beta RZ which agrees very well with both numerical 

experiments and field observations . 

Nowlin, W .D . 1971 . Water masses and general circulation of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Oceanol . Int . 6(2) :28-33 . 

Nowlin, W .D. 1972 . Winter circulation patterns and property distributions . pp . 

3-52 . Zn Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid, eds . Contributions on the 

Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf Publishing Co ., 

Houston . 

Abstract . Discusses the water masses of the Gulf of Mexico and their vertical 

stratification, and presents the T-S relationships specific to the 

region . 

Nowlin, W .D . and J .M . Hubertz . 1972 . Contrasting summer circulation patterns 

for the eastern Gulf . pp . 119-138 . Zn Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid, eds . 

Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf 

Publishing Co ., Houston . 

Abstract . First detailed description of an anticyclonic ring detached from the 

Loop Current occurred June 1966 and June 1967 . Waters bounded by the Loop 

Current and rings are compared to those in the Caribbean . The results of 

two oceanographic surveys of the eastern Gulf of Mexico in June, 1966, 

and June, 1967, illustrate two contrasting summer circulation patterns of 

the area and provide the first detailed description of an anticyclonic 

ring detached from the Loop Current . This ring was observed in 1967 along 

with part of an older ring which appears to have moved westward . The 

potential incipient formation of an eddy is noted in 1966 as a meander of 

the Loop Current . Water mass analysis indicates that the intermediate and 

upper waters bounded by the Loop Current and rings are the same as those 

found in the northwest Caribbean . Water not bounded by these circulations 

has lesser salinity values at the salinity maximum than the Caribbean 

water and appears to be formed from the Caribbean mass by vertical mixing 

along the western edge of the Yucatan Current and over the Campeche Bank . 

Nowlin, W .D ., J .M . Hubertz and R .O . Reid . 1968 . A detached eddy in the Gulf of 

Mexico . J . Mar . Res . 26(2) :185-186 . 

Abstract . This note presents some preliminary results of a still-incomplete 

detailed analysis of observations on the property distributions and 

currents in the eastern part of the Gulf of Mexico, with primary emphasis 

on the Eastern Loop Current . 

Nowlin, W .D ., Jr ., D .L . Durham and R .O . Reid . 1965 . A preliminary program of 

direct current measurements over the northeastern shelf of the Gulf of 

Mexico . Texas A&M Project 286, Reference 65-25-T . Department of 

Oceanography, Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas . 18 pp . 

Nowlin, W .D ., Jr . and J.M. Iiubertz . 1971 . Contrasting summer circulation 

patterns for the eastern Gulf . Oceanographic Studies . 2, Chap . 6 :119-137 . 

Texas A&M Univ, College Station, Dept of Oceanography Report No . : 

CONTRIB-509-CH-6 . 

Abstract . The results of two oceanographic surveys of the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico in June, 1966, and June, 1967, illustrate two contrasting summer 

circulation patterns of the area and provide the first detailed 

description of an anticyclonic ring detached from the Loop Current . Water 

109 
not bounded by these circulations has lesser salinity values at the 

salinity maximum than the Caribbean water and appears to be formed from 

the Caribbean mass by vertical mixing along the western edge of the 

Yucatan Current and over the Campeche Bank . 

Nowlin, W .D ., Jr . and H .J . McLellan . 1967 . A characterization of the Gulf of 

Mexico waters in winter . J . Mar . Res . 25(1) :29-59 . 

Abstract . The results of a rapid survey of the Gulf of Mexico in the winter of 

1962 are presented. Variations in the characteristics of the water in 

several core layers are described . Circulation has been examined on the 

basis of dynamic computations and G.E .K . measurements . In the eastern 

Gulf, water enters through Yucatan Strait and leaves through Florida 

Strait, flowing in an anticyclonic loop that extends well into the Gulf . 

In the western Gulf, circulation is anticyclonic around an elongated cell 

oriented NE-SW over the Gulf Basin . Sufficient similarities are seen in 

data obtained in other years to suggest that this pattern is typical of 

the circulation in winter . The complexity of the circulation pattern 

deduced from this survey is considerably less than that of patterns 

presented by others . 

Nowlin, W .D ., Jr . and C .A . Parker . 1974 . Effects of a cold-air outbreak on 

shelf waters of the Gulf of Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean . 4(3) :467-486 . 

Abstract . Two surveys of the waters over an area of the continental shelf in 

the northwestern Gulf of Mexico were made during January 1966 . The first 

observation period was just before a major outbreak of cold, dry air ; the 

second was about 15 days later with the region still under the influence 

of this outbreak . Waters were well mixed to 100 m, or the bottom in 

shallower depths . During the 15-day period temperature decreased nearly 

5°C and salinity increased near the shore . Some 150 mi offshore, 

temperature decreased only 1-2°C and salinity showed no significant 

change . 

Nummedal, D . 1982 . Future sea level changes along the Louisiana coast . pp . 164-

176 . In Boesch, D .F ., ed . Proceedings of the Conference on Coastal 

Erosion and Wetland Modifications in Louisiana : Causes, Consequences, and 

Options . October 5-7, 1981 . Rpt . No . FWS-OBS-82/59 . U .S . Fish and 

Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . The relative elevation of sea and land has been changing throughout 

time in response to two fundamentally different groups of factors . Global 

factors include changes in the volume of the ocean basins due to tectonic 

processes and changes in the total amount of ocean water due to 

glaciation . Local factors include subsidence of continental margins and 

the compaction of recent sediments . During this century, global sea level 

(eustatic) appears to have been rising at a rate of 1 .2 mm/yr. Along the 

southcentral Louisiana coast the land surface appears to be sinking at a 

rate of about e mm/yr. Recent global climatic modeling strongly suggests 

that we are about to enter a period of rapid warming due to increased 

amounts of carbon dioxide (CO,) in the atmosphere . As a consequence, 

eustatic sea-level rise is predicted to accelerate both because of steric 

expansion of the ocean water and continued melting of polar ice caps . For 

the next 40 years the eustatic sea-level rise may average 10 mm/yr. The 

local relative sea level in coastal Louisiana would therefore rise at 

about twice its present rate over this time period . At this rate local 

sea level will, in the year 2020, stand some 70 to 75 cm higher than now. 

110 
Nummedal, D ., S . Penland, R . Gerdes, W . Schramm, J . Kahn and H . Roberts . 1980 . 

Geologic response to hurricane impact on low profile Gulf coast barriers . 

Trans, . Gulf Coast Assoc . Geol . Soc . 30 :183-195 . 

Abstract . Hurricane Frederic made landfall near Pasagoula, Mississippi at 

midnight September 13, 1979 . At the time of landfall the central pressure 

had dropped to 946 mb, onshore winds in excess of 200 km/hr were lashing 

the Alabama coastline and the open coast storm tide peaked at 365 cm at 

Gulf Shores, Alabama. Vertical aerial photography obtained in 1976 and 

again 9 days after Frederic made landfall, combined with multiple 

reconnaissance overflights and ground surveys by the authors provided the 

data base for determination of shoreline erosion and the distribution of 

hurricane scour and sedimentary deposits . Erosion of the Gulf beach at 

Dauphin Island proved to follow a predictable pattern controlled by 

nearshore bathymetry whereas retreat of the shoreline of the Mississippi 

Sound margin was an unexpected occurrence, apparently due to a hydraulic 

jump as washover currents entered the deep water of Mississippi Sound. 

Large scale sediment redistribution on Dauphin Island proper was a 

consequence of the storm surge flood . However, the ebb surge was 

responsible for the reopening of three inlets across Little Dauphin 

Island . Hurricane Frederic also had a major impact on the Chandeleur 

Islands, Louisiana. Even though the maximum surge height on the left side 

of the hurricane track was only 1 .3 m, pre-existing hurricane channels 

and washovers acted as conduits for the flood and ebb surge . 

O'Brien, J.J . and J. Kurdle . eds. 1971 . An annotated bibliography of the 

physical circulation of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . Florida State 

University . Tallahassee, FL . 10 pp . 

Ocean Data Systems . 1977 . OTEC Thermal Resource Report for Central Gulf of 

Mexico . Ocean Data Systems, Inc ., Monterey, CA . Department of Energy. 

111 pp . 

Abstract . Most probable monthly temperature profiles from surface to 1500-meter 

depths were developed for nineteen one-degree latitude-longitude squares 

in the central Gulf of Mexico for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 

purposes . This part of the Gulf of Mexico is the site of a semi-permanent 

current system . The inflow is northward through the Yucatan Channel . Then 

the water turns eastward at variable latitudes from 23°N to 29°N, and then 

exits through the straits between Key West and Cuba . The Loop Current is 

accompanied by warmer water in the center and cooler water outside the 

current . This temperature variability is reflected in the thermal 

resource . Also, the northern part of the region undergoes surface cooling 

in winter and spring . Consistent OT's of 20°C are available throughout 

the year in some of the southern squares but in only 6 months in the 

northern part of the area . An inventory summary of the temperature 

observations available in the area is included as well as overall 

bathymetric information . The monthly temperature data are provided in 

tabular form and as plots of 0T versus depth for each latitude-longitude 

square . 

0'Connor, D . 1981 . The thermal anomaly in the Gulf of Mexico observed during 

May 1980 . Gulf Stream . 4 :6-8 . 

111 
Oey, L .-Y . and Y .H . Zhang . 1993 . Loop current and eddies : 3-D model experiments 

and analyses . Report No . 15 . Stevens Insti . Tech. Ocean Modeling Group . 

Hoboken, NJ . 42 pp . 

Ogburn, R .W . 1976 . Short term changes in inorganic nitrate and phosphate in 

Dauphin Island Bay, Alabama . Master's Thesis . University of Alabama, 

Tuscaloosa, AL . 51 pp . 

Abstract . Dauphin Island Bay was sampled over eight tidal cycles in August and 

September, 1975 . Of the samples taken during each tidal cycle, nitrate 

and phosphate analysis, water temperature and conductivity were measured . 

Additional physical parameters were also monitored. 

Ostapoff, F . 1971 . Ocean-atmosphere interaction in the Caribbean Sea : viewed 

from the oceanographic side . pp . 137-145 . _In Symposium on Investigations 

and Resources of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions, Willemstad, 

Curacao, Netherlands Antilles, Nov . 18-26, 1968, Papers on physical and 

chemical oceanography, marine geology and geophysics, and marine biology . 

UNESCO, Paris . 

Abstract . A brief review is given of the large-scale circulation and 

distribution of water masses once formed under specific climatological 

conditions at the sea surface, in far removed and widely departed areas, 

and advected into the Caribbean Sea. The heat and water budget in the 

area on a seasonal basis is described, and its impact on the oceanic 

conditions, in particular, on the sea-surface temperature and salinity 

distribution . A numerical model on time scales of a few days, combining 

the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers, is described with emphasis 

on the ocean layer . Examples are given with climatological atmospheric 

and oceanic data input from the area east of Barbados at about 13°N and 

56°W . The model includes the simulation of eddy fluxes in stratified 

flow, mixing due to wind-generated waves on the sea-surface, and clouddependent radiative heating. Results will be discussed in terms of 

diurnal current variations, temperature variations, and salinity 

variations . An important aspect of ocean-atmospheric interaction in the 

area is the effect on the ocean of extreme atmospheric forces of short 

duration, such as a hurricane moving through the Caribbean . An example is 

presented of the sea-surface temperature distribution as measured in the 

Gulf of Mexico with IR instrumented aircraft, after a hurricane . Cold 

water upwelling in the wake of the storm leaves a temperature signature 

at the sea-surface . The temperature depression may amount to 5°C . With 

the help of available technology and the use of aircraft, important 

problems of time response of the ocean to atmospheric forces may be 

studied under partially controlled conditions . The Caribbean may be an 

ideal place where such a complex process may be carried out . 

Overland, J .E . 1975 . Estimation of hurricane storm surge in Apalachicola Bay, 

Florida . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

National Weather Service, Technical Report . NOAA TR NWS-17 :66 . 

Abstract . A vertically integrated two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model 

is developed for simulation of hurricane surge in Apalachicola Bay. 

Standard explicit time differencing is used in conjunction with a single 

Richardson lattice. Model features include finite-amplitude effects, 

space-variable wind velocities, parameterization of flooding of terrain, 

overtopping of barrier islands, and flow through narrow passes . The model 

112 
uses the results of C . P . Jelesnianski's SPLASH model computation for 

open coast surge as input seaward of the Bay and continues the same storm 

track and wind field as used in the SPLASH computation across the Bay . 

The Bay model was calibrated for the astronomical tides and verified 

against Hurricane Agnes . The response of Apalachicola Bay has been 

determined from numerical computations for a variety of hypothetical 

hurricanes as specified by various storm parameters . Surge heights in the 

Bay increase with hurricane central pressure depression in a nearly 

linear fashion as does the open coast surge . An important parameter is 

the duration that the open coast surge remains high, a function of the 

forward speed of the storm and, to a lesser extent, the radius of maximum 

winds . Surge heights in the Bay increased relative to open coast surge 

values for slow moving storms . For bays of the extent of Apalachicola 

Bay, basin orientation relative to wind direction, headlands, and marsh 

areas can produce significant local variations in surge heights . 

Pacheco, P .A., D .R .G . Farrow, T . Manuelides and S .O . Rohmann . 1989 . Point 

source discharges in coastal areas of Alabama : A Summary by estuarine 

watershed for 1987 . Final Report . National Ocean Service, Strategic 

Environmental Assessments Division . Rockville, MD . 38 pp . 

Abstract . The report presents an inventory of the 38 major and 153 minor 

direct-discharge point sources in the National Coastal Pollutant 

Discharge Inventory (NCPDI) study area in Alabama . It also summarizes 

estimates of annual wastewater and pollutant discharges from these 

facilities for 16 pollutants . The estimates reflect discharges for 

December 1986 through November 1987, and are organized by the five 

estuarine drainage areas (EDAs) in the study area . 

Paluszkiewicz, T ., L .P . Atkinson, E .S . Posmentier and C .R . McClain . 1983 . 

Observations of a Loop Current frontal eddy intrusion onto the west 

Florida shelf . J. Geophys . Res . 88(C14) :9639-9651 . 

Abstract . Aydrographic and satellite data from the west Florida shelf between 

April 1-7, 1982 showed the intrusion of a Loop Current frontal eddy onto 

the shelf. Data were examined to describe the structure of this feature 

and study effects of its intrusion on water masses in the outer shelf 

region . A frontal eddy, consisting of a warm filament separated from the 

main current by a region of cooler water, propagated southeastward at 30 

cm/s intruding onto the shelf near 26°N between April 4 and 6 . 

Temperature-salinity (T-S) properties revealed that water in the filament 

was Loop Current water that had been contiguous with 80 m deeper Loop 

Current water in the main body of the current; water in the cold region 

was Continental Edge water, a transitional water mass with cooler, 

fresher T-S characteristics . Upwelling of deeper Loop Current water 

occurred under this region, and elevated nutrient concentrations were 

found in the upwelled dome under the cold region . 

Parker, R .D ., J .M . Morrison and W .D . Nowlin. 1979 . Surface drifter data from 

the Caribbean sea and Gulf of Mexico, 1975-1978 . Texas A&M University, 

Dept . of Oceanography Reference . 79-8-T :57 . 

Abstract . Data report listing the launch and recovery positions of a large 

number of Woodhead surface drifters, which are not continuously tracked 

but contain information logs to be sent in by individuals who happen to 

find them . Since only the release and recovery locations are known, the 

113 
data is of limited usefulness, but the large number of deployment over 

several years makes the data noteworthy . 

Parrish, P .R . 1966 . Seasonal occurrence of marine and freshwater fishes in 

relation to salinity and temperature in the lower Ochlockonee River, FL . 

Master's Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 79 pp . 

Parungo, F ., C . Nagamoto and S . Hoyt . 1990 . The investigation of air quality 

and acid rain over the Gulf of Mexico . Atmospheric Environment . Part A, 

General Topics . 24A(1) :109-123 . 

Paskausky, D .F . 1969 . A barotropic prognostic numerical model of the 

circulation in the Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M 

University, College Station, TX . 87 pp . 

Paskausky, D .F . 1971 . Numerically predicted changes in the circulation of the 

Gulf of Mexico accompanying a simulated hurricane passage . J . Mar . Res . 

29(3) :214-225 . 

Paskausky, D .F . and R.O . Reid . 1972 . A barotropic prognostic numerical 

circulation model. pp . 163-176 . In Capurro, L.R .A. and J. L. Reid, eds. 

Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf 

Publishing Co ., Houston. 

Abstract . Model using variable input flow in the Yucatan Strait to represent 

seasonality agrees with observed circulation patterns in Gulf of Mexico . 

Passi, R .M ., K . Goodrich, J .C . Derber and M. Limber . 1993 . efficient data 

assimilation algorithm with a gaussian covariance structure . Technical 

Report . University of Southern Mississippi . Stennis Space Center . 44 pp . 

Abstract . Details are provided of our attempts to develop computationally 

efficient and widely acceptable data assimilation algorithms . Our initial 

data assimilation work was done with a scheme which was developed by 

Derber and Rosati (1989) for their global data assimilation application . 

The scheme is quite efficient : but when it was combined with a primitive 

equation, numerical model of the Gulf of Mexico . The nowcasting step took 

too much computer time for it to be useful in real-time applications . So, 

after an initial implementation and test of the scheme . our obvious 

thrust was to enhance and make it more efficient . Most of the computation 

resources while using the Derber-Rosati scheme are required in 

approximating a matrix product Sigma mg, where Sigma m is the covariance 

matrix of the model output error having a Gaussian spatial covariance 

structure that stays fixed, and g is a varying vector . They approximate 

this product by repeated applications of a Laplacian operator . A new 

algorithm is developed that, while maintaining the accuracy, approximates 

Sigma mg far more efficiently than the Laplacian algorithm. It also 

admits a wider class of covariance structures with equal ease and 

efficiency . The new algorithm approximates Sigma mg by applying a product 

of two operators that are polynomials in simple averaging operators . The 

algorithm is efficient and general with the only restriction that Sigma m 

be based on a covariance function that is a product of factors, which are 

even functions in a single dimension. 

Pattulo, J ., W . Murk, R . Revelle and E . Strong . 1955 . The seasonal oscillation 

in sea level . J . Mar . Res . 14 :88-155 . 

114 
Abstract . Compiles the monthly departures of sea level from recorded means. 

Notes semi-annual fluctuations in the Gulf of Mexico and at adjoining 

Gulf Stream stations . 

Paul, J .F ., K .J . Scott, A .F . Holland, S .B . Weisberg and J .K . Summers . 1992 . 

Estuarine Component of the US E .P .A.'s Environmental Monitoring and 

Assessment Program. Chemistry and Ecology . 7 :93-116 . Science Applications 

International Corp ., Narragansett, RI . Performer : Versar, Inc ., Columbia, 

MD . Performer : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Rockville, MD . Funder : Environmental Research Lab ., Narragansett, RI . 

Abstract . The report monitors the status and trends in the condition of the 

nation's near coastal waters, forests, wetlands, agro-ecosystems, surface 

waters, deserts and rangelands . The program is also intended to evaluate 

the effectiveness of Agency policies at protecting ecological resources 

occurring in these systems . Monitoring data collected for all ecosystems 

will be integrated for regional and national status and trends 

assessments . The near coastal component of EMAP consists of estuaries, 

coastal waters, and the Great Lakes . Near coastal ecosystems have been 

regionalized and classified, and an integrated sampling strategy has been 

developed . EPA and NOAH have agreed to coordinate and, to the extent 

possible, integrate the near coastal component of EMAP with the NOAH 

National Status and Trends Program. A demonstration project was conducted 

in estuaries of the mid-Atlantic region (Chesapeake Bay to Cape Cod) in 

the summer of 1990 . In 1991, monitoring continued in mid-Atlantic 

estuaries and was initiated in estuaries of a portion of the Gulf of 

Mexico . 

Pedrick, R.A., M .C . Ingham, D .R . McLain, F . Favorite and R .J . Lynn . 1979 . 

Marine environmental conditions off the coasts of the United States, 

January 1977-March 1978 . Mar . Fish . Rev . 41(5-6) :31-69 . 

Abstract . The marine environmental conditions off the US coasts were examined 

by oceanographers to determine climate relationship to marine fisheries 

resources . In the analysis marine environmental conditions off the 

Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Jan. 1977-Mar . 1978 include the following : 

atmospheric variations circulation and air temperature, river runoff, 

wind-driven transport, oceanographic variation on Gulf of Maine, Georges 

Banks, Middle Atlantic conditions, South Atlantic conditions, Gulf of 

Mexico, Eastern Gulf Loop Current, and Mississippi River Discharge . 

Penland, S . and R . Boyd . 1982 . Assessment of geological and human factors 

responsible for Louisiana coastal barrier erosion . pp . 14-38 . Zn Boesch, 

D .F ., ed . Proceedings of the Conference on Coastal Erosion and Wetland 

Modifications in Louisiana : Causes, Consequences, and Options . October 5-

7, 1981 . Report No . FWS-OBS-82/59 . U .S . Fish and Wildlife Service, Office 

of Biological Services, Washington, D . C . 

Abstract . Louisiana's coastal barrier systems are experiencing severe shoreline 

erosion and land loss . Between 1880 and 1980, total coastal barrier area 

decreased from 98 .6 km2 to 57 .8 km2, an overall loss of 41% . Coastal 

barrier land loss results from the natural processes of deltaic 

transgression and marine erosion, combined with the impact of human 

development . A three-stage model for the evolution of abandoned 

Mississippi deltas describes deltaic transgression . Sand bodies deposited 

during delta building are successfully transformed after abandonment into 

an erosional headland and flanking barriers (Stage 1), a transgressive 

115 
barrier island arc (Stage 2), and a subaqueous inner-shelf shoal (Stage 

3) . Barrier erosion trends closely correspond to the pattern of sediment 

dispersal identified for each barrier evolutionary stage . Barrier islands 

in the erosional headland and flanking barrier stage are essentially in a 

state of dynamic equilibrium, due to the presence of a deltaic headland 

sand source . Transgressive barrier island arcs do not contain such a 

sediment source, and hence suffer net erosion . The principal mechanisms 

of transgression are subsidence combined with repeated erosion by extratropical and tropical cyclones . Coastal barrier sediment loss, hence land 

loss, can be attributed to the following mechanisms : (1) longshore loss 

into spits and tidal deltas, (2) landward loss through overwash into a 

subsiding lagoon, (3) offshore loss due to an inequality in 

offshore/onshore transport capacity, and (4) subsidence of the deltaic 

sand sources. 

Penland, S . and K .E . Ramsey . 1990 . Relative sea-level rise in Louisiana and the 

Gulf of Mexico : 1908-1988 . Jour . Coast . Res . 6(2) :323-342 . 

Abstract . Louisiana is experiencing the most severe wetland loss and barrier 

island erosion in North America . Rapid sea-level rise induced by deltaplain subsidence and a deficit of terrigenous wetland sediment are the 

primary factors driving the rapid deterioration of the Louisiana coastal 

zone . Within the Mississippi River delta plain, the Houma tide gage 

documented a relative sea level rise rate of 1 .09 cm/yr from 1946 to 

1988 . On the coast, the Eugene Island tide gage documented a relative sea 

level rise rate of 1 .19 cm/yr. Relative sea level appears to rise faster 

in the Terrebonne Parish area than anywhere else in Louisiana . On the 

average, relative sea level is rising 10 times faster in Louisiana than 

in the rest of the world . The rapid rate of relative sea level rise 

observed in Louisiana can be attributed to subsidence of the Mississippi 

River delta plain due to sediment compaction . 

Pequegnat, W.E . 1972 . A deep bottom current on the Mississippi Cone . pp . 65-87 . 

ya Capurro, L.R .A. and J.L . Reid, eds . Contributions on the Physical 

Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf Publishing Co ., Houston. 

Abstract . Cameras and current meters are used to study a swift bottom current 

discovered from biological evidence in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . 

Pequegnat, W.E . 1983 . The ecological communities of the continental slope and 

adjacent regimes of the northern Gulf of Mexico . Minerals Management 

Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office . Metairie, LA . 398 pp . 

Abstract . This report deals in part with the macrofaunal assemblages that exist 

in that part of the offshelf Gulf of Mexico that lies north of the 25th 

parallel and west of the eastern wall of DeSoto Canyon . The study was 

based on 264 oceanographic stations occupied by R/V ALAMINOS in depths 

ranging from 150 to 3850 m . Statistical analyses support subdividing the 

principal megabenthic components (echinoderms, crustaceans, and demersal 

fishes) of the assemblages into five well-defined faunal zones, four of 

which (Shelf-Slope Transition, Archibenthal, Upper Abyssal, and 

Mesoabyssal) are on the continental slope, and the fifth, the Lower 

Abyssal, occupies the continental rise and abyssal plain . The faunal 

assemblages comprising the zones are described in considerable detail and 

the numerically dominant species among important systematic groups are 

designated within each zone and its subdivisions . The geological, 

physicochemical, and biological bases for existence of zones and zonal 

116 
subsets are discussed in detail, including an attempt to account for 

faunal differences between the eastern and western parts of the Gulf . 

Taking the area of the study as the deep Gulf ecosystem, the report also 

deals with the energy relationships among the biotic components of the 

system . Tentative explanations of the sources of energy that can balance 

the energy budget on the abyssal plain are advanced and discussed. The 

report contains three substantial appendices . 

Pequegnat, W .E ., R .M . Darnell, B .M . James, E .A . Kennedy, L .H . Pequegnat and 

J .T . Turner . 1976 . Ecological aspects of the upper continental slope of 

the Gulf of Mexico . PB80-201684 . Bureau of Land Management . Washington, 

D .C . 360 pp . 

Abstract . This report describes the faunal assemblages of the deep-water 

benthic communities associated with the upper continental slope of the 

northern Gulf of Mexico, primarily in the area between Brownsville, 

Texas, and Cape San Blas, Florida . 

Pequegnat, W .E . and L .H . Pequegnat . 1968 . Ecological aspects of marine fouling 

in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . Texas A&M Univ ., Dept . of 

Oceanography Project . 286-6, Ref . 67-22T :80 . 

Abstract . A study conducted off of Panama City of fouling organisms as 

ecological communities--their growth and diversity, and the effects of 

anti-fouling compounds . Includes lists of invertebrates, temperature and 

salinity data . 

Pickett, R .L . and D .A . Burns . 1987 . Currents of Pensacola, Florida . Technical 

Report . Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity . NSTL Station, MS . 

164 pp . 

Pickett, R .L . and D .A . Burns . 1988 . A summary of the currents off Pensacola, 

Florida : Final Report . Submitted to Physical Oceanography Division, 

Stennis Space Center Station, MS . 6pp . 

Abstract . Eight months of current meter observations in shallow water off 

Pensacola showed nearshore currents were wind driven, parallel to the 

coast and attained peak speeds up to 62 cm/s . A numerical current model 

showed that over long time periods, currents should be directed westward 

and parallel to the coast with speeds greater than those measured . 

Pickett, R .L . and A.C . MacAdam . 1990 . U .S . Navy Tests of Sonobuoy-Size 

Oceanographic Buoys . Final Report . pp . 346-355 . In Proceedings : Annual 

Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting (11th) . 

Abstract . The Navy is developing sonobuoy-sized, air-deployed, satellitetracked, drifting data buoys . The buoys send 10-min averages of air 

pressure, air temperature, and water temperatures . Water temperatures are 

at O, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 m below the surface . The buoys have two 

purposes . First, they collect and relay data from remote or violentweather areas . Second, they help interpret near-surface current patterns 

by their drift tracks . Last year, the Navy tested 60 of these buoys . 

Tests were in the Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean, Northwest Pacific, and 

Northeast Atlantic . Results showed buoy sensors are reasonable accurate . 

However, subsurface sensors do not survive for the three-month design 

lifetime . Although surface sensors rarely failed within three months, 

one-third of subsurface sensors typically failed within one month . 

117 
Pitts, F .H . 1976 . A three-dimensional, time-dependent model of Mobile Bay. 

(Volumes I and II) . Ph .D . Dissertation . The Louisiana State University, 

Baton Rouge, LA . 446 pp . 

Pokryfki, L . and R .E . Randall . 1987 . Nearshore hypoxia in bottom water of the 

Northwestern Gulf of Mexico from 1981 to 1984 . Mar . Environmental Res . 

22 :75-90 . 

Provost, M .W . 1973 . Mean high water mark and use of tidelands in Florida . Fla . 

Sci . 36(1) :50-66 . 

Abstract . An analysis of ocean tide patterns is used to explain the 

difficulties in determining the mean high water mark in Florida. Seasonal 

oscillations of the sea are so related to tide intervals that a 

submergence periodicity on the tidelands is created which is unique to 

the state . The high marsh remains dry during one part of the year and is 

almost continuously tide-flooded during the other . Important differences 

between Atlantic and Gulf coasts are demonstrated . The high marsh, 

located between mean neap high and mean spring high tide levels, occupies 

more of the tidelands in Florida than the low marsh. For the protection 

of tidelands it is recommended that they be delineated by their 

vegetation until more tidal bench marks are available. 

Quinn, H ., J .P . Tolson, C .J . Klein, S .P . Orlando and C . Alexander . 1989 . 

Susceptibility and status of Gulf of Mexico estuaries to nutrient 

discharges . Strategic assessment of near coastal waters . Summary Report . 

Environmental Protection Agency . Washington, DC . 42 pp . 

Abstract . The report summarizes the estimated relative susceptibility and 

estimated status of 23 estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico with respect to 

nutrient-related pollution. It is the second of a series of reports being 

developed to assist the U.S . EPA implement its Near Coastal Waters 

Program and National Estuary Program. The report is intended to increase 

understanding of coastal environmental problems and to serve as a tool 

for coastal resource decision-making . 

Qureshi, Z . 1978 . Surface water resources of northwest Florida . Water Resources 

Bulletin . 14(3) :710-718 . 

Abstract . Of the 1700 streams in Florida, the state's northwest area contains 

approximately 1000 of them and three of the five largest rivers (the 

Apalachicola, the Choctawhatchee, and the Escambia) . This 11,200-mi SUPER 

2 area contains il drainage basins, and its average annual rainfall 

ranges from 53 in . in the east to 67 in . in the west . Basin water yields 

range from 3376 cfs (2180 mgd) to 672 cfs (434 mgd) . Individual basin 

outflows range from 25,743 cfs (16,630 mgd) to 844 cfs (545 mgd) . 

Approximately 67% of the total northwest Florida basin outflows to the 

Gulf of Mexico (36,805 cfs or 23,766 mgd) are received in the form of 

surface water inflows from Alabama and Georgia . Without an interstate 

mechanism for water management for Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, the 

basin outflow estimates presented depend greatly upon the upstream usage 

in neighboring states . The establishment of a tristate water management 

program could eliminate the uncertainty involved in predicting water 

availability in northwest Florida and ensure sufficient quantities of 

flow in the streams . 

118 
Rabalais, N .N ., R .E . Turner, W .J . Wiseman and D .F . Boesch . Submitted . A brief 

summary of hypoxia on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf, 

1985-1988 . J . Geol . Soc . London . 

Racal-Decca Survey, 1982 . A pre-drilling site specific benthic survey within 

State of Alabama lease tract 115 for Exxon Company, U.S .A . Racal-Decca 

Survey, Inc. Houston, TX . 51 pp . 

Abstract . The objectives of this present study were to qualitatively and 

quantitatively document the distribution of the benthic epibiota, benthic 

infauna and fishes in the vicinity (300 m) of the proposed drill site 

within the State of Alabama Lease Tract 115 . The intent of this study is 

to provide a physical and biological description of the proposed surface 

location and to document whether any unique or significant biological 

assemblages are present. 

Rajah, S .D . and G .V . Frisk . 1992 . seasonal variations of the sediment 

compressional wave-speed profile in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Acoust . Soc . 

Amer . 91(1) :127-135 . 

Abstract . The seasonal variation of the sediment compressional wave-speed 

profile due to temperature variability in the water column is 

investigated for shallow-water regions, where large temperature 

fluctuations can occur during the course of a year . For example, in water 

depths of less than 30 m in the Gulf of Mexico, field observations 

indicate that the annual fluctuation of the ocean bottom temperature is 

approximately sinusoidal with a peak-to-trough value of about 15°C . The 

heat flow across the water/sediment interface results in the variation of 

the pore water temperature with season . It is shown that the 

compressional wave speed varies approximately linearly with pore water 

temperature, an effect which is, to first order, independent of both the 

porosity and given sediment type . Further, the velocity ratio (ratio of 

sound speeds in the water and the sediment at the water/sediment 

interface) is shown to be independent of temperature but dependent on 

sediment type . The effect of variations in water column temperature on 

sediment compressional wave speed is demonstrated by inversions of two 

data sets . The data were obtained at the same location in the Gulf of 

Mexico but at different seasons . Finally, the importance of these 

variations is studied by considering their effect on (a) the prediction 

of the pressure field in the water column and (b) the errors introduced 

in source localization by matched-field processing . 

Ramsdell, J .V . and J .D . Thompson . 1981 . Surface stress estimation for study of 

the circulation dynamics of the Gulf of Mexico . NORDA Technical Report 

113 . Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity . NSTL Station, MS . 20 

PPAbstract . This report presents the results of a literature search concerning 

estimation of wind stress over large bodies of water and an evaluation of 

several sets of stress estimates for the Gulf of Mexico . Wind stress can 

be estimated directly from wind observations or indirectly from 

atmospheric pressure by using the pressure gradients and the geostrophic 

relation . In regions where wind data are sparce, as in the Gulf of 

Mexico, the use of the indirect method is more practical . The major 

problems considered in stress estimation are : treatment of the drag 

coefficient that relates wind to stress, spatial and temporal averaging 

119 
of the data before and after making stress estimates, and empirical 

corrections to be applied to winds computed from pressure gradients . 

Ramsey, R .C . 1971 . Marine resources spectrometer experiment . TRW Systems Group . 

Redonda Beach, CA . 85 pp . 

Raney, D .C . 1980 . Study of methodology for evaluating water quality problems at 

Bayou Texar, Florida . University of Alabama Bureau of Engineering 

Research Report No . 263-112 . U.S . Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile 

District . Mobile, AL . 155 pp . 

Raney, D .C ., G .C . April and J .N . Youngblood . 1984 . Hydrodynamics of Mobile Bay 

and Mississippi Sound. pp . 6-7 . Zn Skupien, L ., ed . Mississippi Alabama 

Sea Grant Consortium Annual Report . January 1, 1980 June 30, 1981 . (Annu. 

Rep . Miss . Ala . Sea Grant Consort .) Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant 

Consort ., Ocean Springs, MS . 

Abstract . The mathematical model developed earlier in this project has been 

used to examine the hydrodynamics of Mobile Bay's outlets to East 

Mississippi Sound and the Gulf of Mexico . During the project's second 

year, investigators have also begun preliminary work on development of a 

water-quality model for Mobile Bay. 

Raney, D .C ., I . Huang and H . Urgun . 1985 . Hydrodynamic and Salinity Model for 

Apalachicola Bay, Florida . MASGP-84-020 ; NA81AA-D-00050 . MississippiAlabama Sea Grant Consortium . Ocean Springs, MS . 190 pp . 

Abstract . A hydrodynamic and salinity model has been developed for the 

Apalachicola Bay System, Florida . The numerical model is based upon a 

two-dimensional implicit finite difference formulation of the governing 

equations with a variable size finite difference cell . The model has been 

calibrated and verified using extensive tidal elevation, velocity, 

salinity, river inflow and wind prototype data collected in September 

1983 and March 1984 . The model appears capable of being used as a 

predictive tool for most normal conditions in the bay despite areas near 

passes and rivers being stratified at least for certain times in the 

tidal cycle. 

Raney, D .C . and J .N . Youngblood . 1982 . Hydrodynamics of Mobile Bay and 

Mississippi sound - net cross channel flows in Mobile Bay . MASGP-82-011 . 

Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . Ocean Springs, MS . 75 pp . 

Abstract . Approximately 5 .5 million tons of sediment are carried into Mobile 

Bay each year from the 43,000 square mile drainage basin of the Mobile 

River System . Maintenance of navigation channels in Mobile Bay requires 

yearly dredging by the Corps of Engineers . The sediment dredged from the 

main channel is placed in disposal areas adjacent to and on both sides of 

the channel . Recent seismic surveys have indicated a possible 

redistribution of spoil material far outside the contract disposal area . 

Considerable eastward spreading has occurred and only a slight spreading 

westward . This study was undertaken to determine if a numerical 

hydrodynamic model would produce circulation patterns consistent with 

this asymetric spreading of dredged material . The results of the 

numerical hydrodynamic model indicate a possible asymetric deposition 

pattern rather than net cross-channel flows as the mechanism for the 

asymetric spreading of dredge spoil . 

120 
Reid, D .F . 1979 . The near-surface distribution of radium in the Gulf of Mexico 

and Caribbean Sea : Temporal and spatial variability and hydrographic 

relationships . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M University, College Station, 

TX . 226 pp . 

Reid, R .O . and R .D . Gaul . 1964 . Installation of wave staff at shore site near 

Panama City, Florida . Texas A&M Univ ., Dept . of Oceanography and 

Meteorology Project . 360, 64-23F :15 . 

Abstract . This report describes the wave measuring system installed at St . 

Andrews Pier, Panama City . 

Reid, R.O . and R.E . Whitaker . 1981 . Numerical model for astronomical tides in 

the Gulf of Mexico . Vol . I : theory and application . Tech. Report, 

Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University. 

Reid, R .O . and R .E . Whitaker . 1981 . Numerical model for astronomical tides in 

the Gulf of Mexico, Vol . II : Program Documentation . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station . Vicksburg, MS . 90 pp . 

Reidenauer, J .A . 1988 . Port Panama City deepwater port master plan 

environmental assessment for Panama City Port Authority, Panama City, 

Florida. BCM Converse, Inc . Panama City, FL . 33 pp . 

Abstract . A study of the water quality, sediments, and biological resources in 

the vicinity of Port Panama City . Includes extensive water and sediment 

chemistry data, including the presence of pesticides, PCBs, hydrocarbons, 

and metals . 

Reinhardt, J .L ., R .M . Rouse and V . Reggio . 1986 . Draft Environmental Impact 

Statement for proposed oil and gas lease Sales 110 and 112, Gulf of 

Mexico OCS (Outer Continental Shelf) Region . MMS/GM/ES-87/001 ; 

OCS/EIS/NIIMS-86/0013 . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans . 611 pp . 

Abstract . The Environmental Impact Statement is a description of the 

environmental aspects and impacts of oil and gas activities resulting 

from these lease sales for the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico . It 

provides a description of the area, affected environment, and 

environmental consequences ; it discusses the proposed actions, issues and 

areas of concern, and the major differences of holding these lease sales. 

Rezak, R . and T .J . Bright . 1981 . Northern Gulf of Mexico Topographic Features 

Study : Executive Summary . TR-81-2-T ; BLM-YM-P/T-81-006-3331 . Sponsor : 

Bureau of Land Management, New Orleans Outer Continental Shelf Office . 

New Orleans, LA . 140 pp . 

Abstract . The main purpose of the study was to gather data in order to 

characterize selected topographic features in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Geological, chemical, physical, geophysical, and biological oceanographic 

data were collected from the Florida Middle Ground, off the west Florida 

coast, and from twelve topographic features off the Louisiana-Texas 

coast . 

Rezak, R . and T .J . Bright . 1981 . Northern Gulf of Mexico Topographic Features 

Study . Volume Five : Florida Middle Ground . TR-81-2-T ; BLM-YM-P/T-81-O11-

3331 . Bureau of Land Management, New Orleans Outer Continental Shelf 

Office . New Orleans, LA. 268 pp . 

121 
Abstract . This chapter provides an integrated multidisciplinary overview of the 

Florida Middle Ground . The overview has been designed to integrate 

complete geophysical mapping with site specific submarine ground 

truthing, geological sampling, physical oceanographic in situ and time 

series recording, and biological and chemical sampling . The geophysical, 

physical, and geological data are used to describe the setting for 

biological data . The collection of biological data itself was designed 

around management concepts to address two diverse management objectives . 

Rezak, R . and T .J . Bright . 1981 . Northern Gulf of Mexico Topographic Features 

Study. Volume One : Management, Geology, Biology, Water and Sediment 

Dynamics, Summary and Bibliography . TR-81-2-T ; BLM-YM-P/T-81-007-3331 . 

Bureau of Land Management, Outer Continental Shelf Office . New Orleans, 

LA . 135 pp . 

Abstract . The main purpose of the study was to gather data from selected areas 

and topographic features in the Gulf of Mexico, and then reduce, map, 

analyze, synthesize, integrate, and report findings and conclusions . 

Geological, chemical, physical, geophysical, and biological oceanographic 

data were collected from the Florida Middle Ground (off the west Florida 

coast) and from twelve topographic features off the Louisiana-Texas 

coast . This report presents the findings of the work performed during the 

period August 1978 to November 1980 and extends the efforts begun in 1961 

by researchers from TAMU on a cruise to the West Flower Garden Bank 

conducted by R . Rezak on the R/V HIDALGO . 

Rhodes, R .C ., J .D . Thompson and A .J . Wallcraft . 1989 . Buoy-calibrated winds 

over the Gulf of Mexico . J . Atmos . Oceanic Technol . 6(4) :608-623 . 

Abstract . The large variability of the Gulf of Mexico wind field indicates that 

high-resolution wind data will be required to represent the weather 

systems affecting ocean circulation . The report presents methods and 

results of the calculation of a corrected geostrophic wind data set with 

high temporal and spatial resolution . Corrected geostrophic wind was 

calculated from surface pressure analyses compiled by the Fleet Numerical 

Oceanography Center . The correction factors for wind magnitude and 

direction were calculated using linear regressions of observed Gulf buoy 

winds and geostrophic winds derived at the buoys . The regressions were 

performed for each month to determine the seasonal variability of the 

correction factors. The corrected geostrophic wind was calculated twice 

daily from 1967-1982 on a spherical grid over the Gulf, together with the 

corresponding wind stress and wind stress curl fields . 

Richards, W .J ., T . Leming, M .F . McGowan, J .T . Lamkin, S . Kelley-Fraga, J .H .S . 

Blaxter, J .C . Gamble and H .von Westernhagen . 1989 . Distribution of fish 

larvae in relation to hydrographic features of the Loop Current boundary 

in the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 169-176 . Zn The Third ICES Symposium on the 

Early Life History of Fish Bergen (Norway) 3-5 Oct 1988 . Vol . 191 . 

ICES, Copenhagen . 

Abstract . As part of a Gulf-wide ichthyoplankton survey of the Gulf of Mexico, 

eight transects were made across the Loop Current boundary at different 

locations and times during April and May of 1987 . On one transect along 

86°W Thunnus thynnus larvae were present in 8 of 11 bongo and 6 of 11 

neuston tows in the boundary portion of the transect . The boundary 

stations had higher displacement volumes of plankton and higher densities 

122 
of fish larvae . The eight bongo stations with T. thynnus larvae had one 

larva each and of the six neuston stations with T. thynnus larvae, one 

had 19 larvae, one had two, and the rest had one each. T . thynnus larvae 

are associated with the boundary of the Loop Current in surface water 

from 24°C to 26°C with large numbers of myctophid larvae especially 

Myctophum nitidulum . 

Richards, W . J ., M .F . McGowan, T . Leming, J.T . Lamkin, S . Kelley, H.G . Moser, 

P .E . Smith and L .A. Fuiman . 1993 . Larval fish assemblages at the Loop 

Current boundary in the Gulf of Mexico . Bull . Mar . Sci . 53(2) :475-537 . 

Abstract . As part of a Gulf-wide ichthyoplankton survey of the Gulf of Mexico 

in the spring of 1987, eight transects were made across the Loop Current 

boundary using bongo nets fished to 200 m depth and neuston nets fished 

at the surface . The boundary was determined by satellite images of the 

Loop Current and the ship was positioned to make a transect across the 

boundary whenever it approached a boundary during its normal survey 

operations . Eight transects were made and the composition and abundance 

of the fish larvae were determined for each tow. Eight to 10 tows were 

made at 2 to 4-km intervals . Taxonomic diversity of the ichthyoplankton 

was higher than previously reported for the Gulf of Mexico or Caribbean 

(100 families) . Cluster analysis of families produced two major groups, 

oceanic and continental, but our hypothesized frontal assemblage is not 

coequal with the oceanic and shelf groups . Cluster analysis of stations 

also supported the hypothesis of contrasting oceanic and shelf 

assemblages . Principal-components analysis found more than one-half of 

the variance in the data to be summarized by three independent patterns . 

The high diversity of larval fishes is due to the mix of faunas from 

tropical and warm temperate oceanic, mesopelagic, and coastal demersal 

and pelagic species which is enhanced by the dynamics of the 

oceanographic system of the Loop Current . 

Rinkel, M .O . 1975 . Compilation and Summation of Historical and Existing 

Physical Oceanographic Data from the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, Final 

Report . Contract No . 08550-CT4-16 . State University System of Florida . 

St . Petersburg, FL . 97 pp . 

Rinkel, M .O . and J .I . James . 1973 . ESCAROSA I . An oceanographic survey of the 

Florida territorial sea of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties . A report by 

SUSIO in cooperation with the Florida Coastal Coordinating Council under 

Contracts No . CCC-04-71 and CCC-04-72 . SUSIO and Florida Coastal 

Coordinating Council . 366 pp . 

Abstract . This coastal zone pilot study contains five parts. The first three 

parts (the biophysical environment, the cultural characteristics, and the 

environmental quality) are an inventory of the situation in 1973 whereas 

the last two parts are the coastal management plan and the administrative 

system to implement it . A summary of the data collected through the 

limited sampling program includes the following parameters : physical 

(STD, surface temperature, wind speed and direction, sea and weather 

state) ; physical-chemical (hydrocast, optical) ; and currents (drogues and 

drift bottles) . Sediment characterization is comprised of only selected, 

gross parameters due to the inherent limits imposed by method of 

collection with an Ekman dredge . Biological data, collected with various 

nets, are not included in this report . Probably the most important 

123 
coastal management conclusion drawn from the study is that the estuary 

consisting of Escambia, Pensacola, and East Bays is not flushed out into 

the Gulf of Mexico by tidal currents . Indications are that the dominant 

influencing environmental attributes are derived from a westerly source, 

most probably from Mobile Bay outflow, or possibly from the Mississippi 

River . 

Ritchie, A .E . and H .G . Loftin . 1984 . A summary of results of the NCSC base 

survey of water quality, May 1980 to December 1983 . Naval Coastal Systems 

Center Technical Note . NCSC TN 711-84 :116 . 

Abstract . The results of quarterly monitoring of selected water quality 

parameters in the waters of St . Andrew Bay adjacent to the Naval Coastal 

Systems Center . 

Ritchie, T .P . 1961 . Preliminary report on the hydrography and oyster growing 

conditions in the Choctawhatchee Bay, July 11-13, 1961 . Florida State 

Board of Conservation . Rept . OD-61-1 :5 . 

Robinson, M .K . 1973 . Atlas of monthly mean sea surface and subsurface 

temperature and depth of the top of the thermocline, Gulf of Mexico and 

Caribbean Sea, Ref . 73-8 . Scripps Institute of Oceanography . LaJolla, CA . 

45 pp . 

Abstract . Large-scale temperature atlas of the Gulf of Mexico presents monthly 

mean SST and temperature at 5 subsurface levels based on bathythermograph 

data . Also presents the monthly topography of the thermocline . 

Rocha Curto, C.A . 1992 . On the effect of alongshore variations in continental 

shelf topography on shelf sea level and current fluctuations with 

application to the west Florida shelf . Ph .D . Dissertation . The Florida 

State University. Tallahassee, FL . 89 pp . 

Abstract . A model is formulated to study the influence of large coastline and 

shelf topography variations on the dynamics of stratified, low-frequency 

wind-driven frictional shelf waters . At low frequencies, currents nearly 

follow the isobaths . Therefore, the coordinate system should be a 

curvilinear system in which the coordinate lines are parallel and 

perpendicular to the isobaths . Writing the low frequency problem for 

stratified, frictional, time-dependent linear wind forced shelf flow in 

these coordinates, it is found that, even when the topography varies 

alongshore on scales comparable to the shelf width, the solution can be 

expressed as a sum of curvilinear coastally trapped waves (CCTW) 

scattered by alongshore variations in bottom topography and bottom 

friction . The CCTW amplitudes satisfy coupled, forced-wave equations of 

the same form as those of the straight coast case . The unforced CCTWs 

speed up when the shelf forms an embayment and when there is no curvature 

and the shelf is wider . Calculations show that changes in topography and 

coastline affect both velocity and sea level, especially the velocity . 

For example, for frictionless flow and a mode 1 CTW incident to a 

narrowing shelf, the alongshore velocity amplitude changes markedly in 

the bend region . In this case curvature and conservation of relative 

vorticity explain the changes in amplitude of the alongshore coastal 

velocity at the bend . When friction is included the same qualitative 

changes occur but the changes in velocity amplitude are smaller because 

of damping. Similar dynamics apply when a shelf widens . Calculations were 

also done with measured wind forcing and results compared with measured 

124 
sea level on the west Florida shelf . Since the sea level observations 

were made at the coast, a formula was derived to estimate sea level at 

the coast given sea level at the model coast . The model successfully 

calculated the wind-driven West Florida Shelf sea level fluctuations even 

in the Big Bend region where coastline and bottom topography vary rapidly 

alongshore . 

Rodriguez, J .A. and Tien-S . Wu . 1990 . Initial analysis of circulation and 

flushing characteristics of the St . Andrew Bay system . Northwest Florida 

Water Management District, Water Resources Special Report . 90-1 :105 . 

Abstract . The hydrodynamics of St . Andrew Bay. Includes an inventory of point 

sources of water pollution. 

Ross, B .E . 1973 . The hydrology and flushing of the bays, estuaries, and 

nearshore areas of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . pp . 1-45 . Zy Jones, J .I ., 

R .E . Ring, M .O. Rinkel and R .E . Smith, eds . A summary of knowledge of the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico . State University System of Florida, Institute of 

Oceanography,St . Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . This paper presents pertinent data concerning drainage areas, freshwater flow, and tidal range for the bays, estuaries, and nearshore areas 

of the eastern Gulf of Mexico . The paper suggests that tidal prisms, 

tidal exchange, and fresh-water replacement times are not sufficient 

criteria upon which to judge the flushing of a bay, estuary, or nearshore area . The existence of gyres within a bay or estuary or nearshore 

area is shown to be the important factor in the capability of a body of 

water to flush a contaminating substance to the open Gulf . A 

demonstration of the use of mathematical models in the understanding and 

quantifying of phenomena for the Tampa Bay System is given in this paper . 

Results are shown for the calculation and confirmation of salinities, 

temperature, hurricane tides, normal tide heights, current flows, water 

quality, and the effects of mechanical changes in Tampa Bay. 

Rouse, L .J . and J .M . Coleman . 1976 . Circulation observations in the Louisiana 

Bight using LANDSAT imagery . Remote Sensing Environ . 5 :55-66 . 

Abstract. A method for quantifying the turbidity of offshore water masses using 

LANDSAT imagery is discussed and the results of a laboratory experiment 

correlating radiance with concentrations of suspended Mississippi River 

sediment are presented . The results of the experiment are used to plot 

suspended sediment contours on eight LANDSAT images of the Louisiana 

Bight . These contours are observed to depend on the speed and direction 

of the wind as well as the amount of fresh water discharged by the 

Mississippi River. The presence of a clockwise circulation in the bight 

is also indicated by the contours . 

Rouse, L .J ., Jr . and O .K . Huh . 1989 . Exchange among waters of the estuaries, 

shelf and open Gulf of Mexico, a satellite perspective . Chapman 

Conference on the Physics of the Gulf of Mexico, June 4-7, 1989, St . 

Petersburg, FL . 

Rucker, J .B ., R .P . Stumpf and W .W . Schroeder . 1990 . Temporal variability of 

remotely sensed suspended sediment and sea surface temperature patterns 

in Mobile Bay, Alabama . Estuaries . 13(2) :155-160 . 

Abstract . Distribution patterns of suspended sediments and sea surface 

temperatures in Mobile Bay were derived from algorithms using digital 

125 
data from the visible, near infrared, and infrared channels of the 

Advanced Very High Resolution (AVHRR) on the NOAA-TIROS-N satellite . 

Closely spaced AVHRR scenes for Jan . 20, 24, and 29, 1982, were compared 

with available environmental information taken during the same period . A 

complex interaction between river discharge, winds, and astronomical 

tides controlled the distribution patterns of suspended sediments . These 

same variables, coupled with air temperatures, also governed the 

distribution patterns of sea surface temperatures . 

St . Andrew Bay Resource Management Association . 1992 . Lake/Baywatch : a citizen 

volunteer water quality monitoring program, Bay County, Florida . Report 

no . 2 (1991-92) . St . Andrew Bay RMA . Panama City, FL . 180 pp . 

Abstract . The second report on the water quality of the bay, with data from 61 

sampling station. Parameters include turbidity, temperature, salinity, 

dissolved oxygen, pH, chlorophyll, nitrogen phosphorus, visibility, and 

fecal coliform bacteria . 

Salas de Leon, D .A ., M .A. Monreal-Gomez and J .C .J . Nihoul . 1986 . The role of 

the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico fronts . pp . 295-300 . 

Seventeenth International Liege Colloquium on ocean Hydrodynamics Liege 

(Belgium) 1986 . Vol . 42 . Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 

Abstract . The role of the Loop Current on the fronts of the Gulf of Mexico is 

studied using the results of the Monreal-Gomez and Salas de Leon (1985) 

Gulf of Mexico numerical model . The horizontal thermal structure can be 

depicted with the pycnocline anomaly . Assuming that biological processes 

take place in the frontal areas, the thermal boundaries at the cyclonic 

and anticyclonic eddies, as well as the Loop Current have an effect on 

the chlorophyll-a concentration in the Gulf Mexico . 

Saloman, C .H . 1975 . Annotated bibliography of the St . Andrew Bay system and 

adjacent Gulf of Mexico, including manuscripts on file at the National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Gulf Coastal Fisheries Center, Panama City 

Laboratory, Panama City, Florida . Unpublished manuscript, National Marine 

Fisheries Service . Panama City Beach, FL . 18 pp . 

Abstract . Contains 52 references, arranged alphabetically by author . 

Saloman, C .H . 1975 . A selected bibliography of the nearshore environment : 

Florida west coast . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering 

Research Center, Miscellaneous Paper . 5-75 :268 . 

Abstract . A broad collection of works on the oceanography and biota of western 

Florida. While most of the citations refer to the Tampa Bay area, many 

are pertinent to the Panhandle . 

Saloman, C .H . 1976 . The benthic fauna and sediments of the nearshore zone off 

Panama City Beach, Florida . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal 

Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report . 76-10 :256 . 

Abstract . A comprehensive study of the hydrography, sedimentology and benthic 

fauna of Panama City Beach . Includes information on the effect of 

Hurricane Eloise on the benthic fauna . 

Saloman, C .H ., S .P . Naughton and J .L . Taylor . 1982 . Benthic community response 

to dredging borrow pits, Panama City Beach, Florida . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report . 82-

3 :138 . 

126 
Abstract . An ecological study of the beach invertebrate populations before and 

after dredging for beach nourishment . Includes hydrographic and sediment 

data . 

Salsman, G .G. 1962 . A note on periodic temperature variations in the Gulf of 

Mexico off Panama City, Florida . pp . 442 . Zn Gorsline, D .S ., ed . 

Proceedings of the First National Coastal and Shallow Water Research 

Conference, October 1961, Baltimore, MD . National Science Foundation and 

the Office of Naval Research, Tallahassee, FL . 

Abstract . Bathythermograph observations indicated the existence of a 

thermocline off of Panama City Beach . 

Salsman, G .G . 1962 . Temperature variations in the Gulf of Mexico off Panama 

City, Florida . J . Phys . Ocean . 67(9) :3595 . 

Abstract . The water temperature off of Panama City was studied from November 

1959 to August 1961 . 

Salsman, G .G . and A .J . Ciesluk . 1978 . Environmental conditions in coastal 

waters near Panama City, Florida . Naval Coastal Systems Center Technical 

Report . NCSC-TR-337-78 :89 . 

Abstract . A comprehensive summary of information regarding the coastal waters . 

Includes topics such as : hydrography, meteorology, bottom characteristics, 

tides, currents, waves, and biofouling . 

Salsman, G.G . and W .H . Tolbert . 1963 . Surface currents in the northeastern Gulf 

of Mexico . U .S . Navy Mine Defense Lab ., Research and Development Report . 

209 :43 . 

Abstract . A study of the ocean currents off of Panama City, during Sept . 1960 -

Dec. 1962, using drift bottles released from the offshore research 

platform (Stage I) . Includes information regarding winds and sea surface 

temperature . 

Sanders, N . and T . Van Devender . 1990 . Seamap environmental and biological 

atlas of the Gulf of Mexico 1986 . Gulf States Marine Fisheries 

Commission . 328 pp . 

Sanders, N ., Jr ., D .M . Donaldson and P .A . Thompson . 1991 . SEAMAP environmental 

and biological atlas of the Gulf of Mexico, 1988 . 23 . Gulf States Marine 

Fisheries Commission . Mississippi . 319 pp . (23) 

Sapp, C .D ., J .G . Emplaincourt and J .D . Hardin . 1975 . Remote sensing of 

shoreline dynamics, Mobile Bay area . Trans, . Gulf Coast Assoc . Geol . Soc . 

25 :153-165 . 

Abstract . The shoreline of Alabama is constantly adjusting to the combined 

effects of winds, waves, tides, currents, hurricanes, tropical storms and 

man, Approximately 56% of the shoreline is eroding and an average 

erosional trend of 1 .93 m per year for the Gulf shoreline of Dauphine 

Island has been documented . Accretion of the shoreline in Mobile Harbor, 

caused by spoil disposal and landfill from 1917 to 1974, shows a 

resultant of 1,650 acres having been built up by man. 

Schlemmer, F.C . 1971 . Concentrations of particulate matter in the eastern Gulf 

of Mexico : an indicator of surface circulation patterns . Master's Thesis . 

University of South Florida, St . Petersburg, Florida. 

127 
Schmalz, R .A . 1981 . Numerical modeling of Mississippi Sound and adjacent areas . 

pp . 66-75 . Im Kelly, J .R ., ed . Symposium on Mississippi Sound . 

Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Ocean Springs, MS . 

Schneider, M .J . 1969 . A description of the physical oceanographic features of 

the eastern Gulf of Mexico, August 1968 . Master's Thesis . Texas A&M 

University, College Station, Texas . 105 pp . 

Schomer, N.S . 1974 . Systems models and simulations of the recovery of Escambia 

Bay. Master's Thesis . University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL . 91 pp . 

Abstract . The purpose of this investigation is to develop and simulate system 

models of Escambia Bay that will be useful in evaluating the potential 

for recovery of the bay subsequent to the abatement of pollution sources. 

These models will be used to assess the responses of certain critical 

variables to alterations in flows from various sources from both within 

and outside of the study parameter. 

Schroeder, W .W . 1975 . Meteorological and oceanographic observations made during 

Hurricane Carmen (September 1974) at Dauphin Island, Alabama . Dauphin 

Island Sea Laboratory, Technical Report . 75-003 

Schroeder, W .W . 1975 . Meteorological and oceanographic observations made during 

Hurricane Eloise (September 1975) at Dauphin Island, Alabama . Dauphin 

Island Sea Laboratory, Technical Report . 75-004 

Schroeder, W .W . 1976 . Dynamic Characterization of the Waters of the Mobile Bay 

Passes . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . MASGC-Q-76-001 :1 . 

Schroeder, W .W . 1976 . Physical environment atlas of coastal Alabama - 

supplement . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . Ocean Springs, MS . 

99 pp . 

Abstract . This publication is an atlas in the truest sense in that data are 

presented as facts without any interpretation . The great majority of this 

atlas presents data on East Mississippi Sound and Mobile Bay. Data 

presented include wind, tide, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and 

currents . The part on the offshore environment presents current 

measurements collected with a taut-line buoy system anchored adjacent to 

a Liberty Ship reef some 14 nautical miles south of Dauphin Island. The 

last part of the atlas presents meteorological data collected at Dauphin 

Island . Supplements to the atlas are compiled yearly beginning with 1977 . 

Schroeder, W .W . 1976 . Physical environmental atlas of coastal Alabama . MASGP76-034 . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . Ocean Springs, MS . 275 

PPAbstract . This is an atlas of physical oceanographic data, meteorological data, 

and hydrologic data for Mobile Bay, eastern Mississippi Sound, and 

selected nearshore Gulf locations of coastal Alabama. The data were 

collected from 1973 to 1976 . This publication is an atlas in the truest 

sense in that data are presented as facts without any interpretation . The 

great majority of this atlas presents data on East Mississippi Sound and 

Mobile Bay. Data presented include wind, tide, temperature, salinity, 

dissolved oxygen and currents . The part on the offshore environment 

presents current measurements collected with a taut-line buoy system 

anchored adjacent to a Liberty Ship reef some 14 nautical miles south of 

128 
Dauphin Island . The last part of the atlas presents meteorological data 

collected at Dauphin Island . Supplements to the atlas are compiled yearly 

beginning with 1977 . 

Schroeder, W . 1977 . The impact of the 1973 flooding of the Mobile River system 

on the hydrography of Mobile Bay and east Mississippi Sound . NE Gulf Sci . 

1(2) :68-76 . 

Schroeder, W . 1977 . Sea truth and environmental characterization studies of 

Mobile Bay, Alabama, utilizing ERTS-1, data collection platforms . Remote 

Sensing Environ . 6 :27-43 . 

Schroeder, W .W ., L . Berner Jr . and W .D . Nowlin Jr . 1974 . The oceanic waters of 

the Gulf of Mexico and Yucatan Strait during July 1969 . Bull . Mar . Sci . 

24 (l) :1-19 . 

Schroeder, W .W . and G .F . Crozier . 1974 . Hydrographic and current structure on 

the western continental shelf of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . pp . 

395-404 . La Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the 

Eastern Gulf of Mexico . (Series ed . : Smith, R .E .) State University System 

of Florida, Institute of Oceanography, St . Petersburg, FL, St . 

Petersburg, FL . 

Schroeder, W .W ., S .P . Dinnel, W .J . Wiseman Jr . and W .J . Merrell Jr . 1987 . 

Circulation patterns inferred from the movement of detached buoys in the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico . Cont . Shelf Res . 7(8) :883-894 . 

Abstract . The release times of five buoys, which broke free of moorings on the 

Alabama inner shelf, are known. The locations of subsequent sightings or 

recoveries of the buoys gave estimated trajectories of the buoys . These 

results show that the inner-shelf circulation is strongly wind-driven . 

When the Loop Current penetrates deeply into the northeastern Gulf of 

Mexico, outer shelf waters are often entrained by the Loop Current . 

Schroeder, W .W ., R . Horton and L . Lutz . 1979 . 1978 meteorological data summary, 

Dauphin Island, Alabama, Technical Report 80-001 . Dauphin Island Sea Lab . 

Dauphin Island, AL . 

Abstract . This technical report is part of a series of reports presenting 

meteorological data collected at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab . The data 

presented are supplemental to meteorological data found in the "Physical 

Environment Atlas of Coastal Alabama" (1976) . 

Schroeder, W .W ., R . Horton and L . Lutz . 1980 . 1979 meteorological data summary, 

Dauphin Island, Alabama, Technical Report 80-001 . Dauphin Island Sea Lab . 

Dauphin Island, AL . 

Abstract . This technical report is part of a series of reports presenting 

meteorological data collected at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab . The data 

presented are supplemental to meteorological data found in the "Physical 

Environment Atlas of Coastal Alabama" (1976) . 

Schroeder, W ., O . Huh, L . Rouse and W . Wiseman . 1987 . Satellite observations of 

the circulation east of the Mississippi Delta : cold-air outbreak 

conditions . Remote Sensing Environ . 18 :49-58 . 

129 
Schroeder, W .W . and W .R . Lysinger . 1979 . Hydrography and circulation of Mobile 

Bay . pp . 75-94 . Za Loyacano, H .A . and J .P . Smith, eds . Symposium On the 

Natural Resources of the Mobile Estuary, Alabama . Alabama Coastal Area 

Board, Dauphin, Alabama . 

Schroeder, W .W . and W .J . Wiseman . 1985 . Analysis of the winds (1974-1984) and 

sea level elevations (1973-1983) in coastal Alabama . MASGP-84-024 ; 

NASIAA-D-00050 . Alabama Marine Resources Laboratory . Dauphin Island . 112 

PPAbstract . Monthly and annual wind roses, constructed from 10 .5 years of data 

collected on Dauphin Island, Alabama, exhibit a high degree of 

variability . However, monthly composite roses present a recognizable 

seasonal pattern: northerly winter winds ; easterly to southerly spring 

winds; southerly to westerly and back to easterly winds in the summer ; 

and in the fall a return to northeasterly and northerly winds . Mean 

monthly wind speeds ranged from a high of 8 .1 k in January to a low of 

5 .2 k in July . On a directional interval basis the highest mean speed, 

9 .5 k, occurred during northerly winds while the lowest mean speed, 4 .9 

k, occurred during westerly winds . Sustained wind speeds of 30 k or 

greater were recorded during tropical cyclones, a winter `cold front' 

storm and a thunderstorm . 

Schropp, S .J ., F .D . Calder, G .M . Sloane, K .O . Swanson and J .C . Carlton . 1991 . 

Report on physical and chemical processes affecting the management of 

Perdido Bay : Results of the Perdido Bay Interstate Project . Final Report . 

Florida Department of Natural Resources . Tallahassee, FL . 333 pp . 

Abstract . Resource managers need system-wide water chemistry, circulation and 

sediment information on estuaries to judge effects of present activities 

and future coastal development . The study describes physical and chemical 

processes affecting dissolved and particulate nutrients and suspended 

solids transport in the Perdido River basin and the fate of these 

materials in Perdido Bay. The study also includes analysis of sediments 

for metals and organic compounds . The following questions were addressed 

by the study: How do tide, wind, and runoff affect water movement in 

Perdido Bay and to what extent is circulation confined in the upper bay; 

what pollutants are entering the bay and from where ; is Perdido Bay 

silting up due to man's activities in adjacent watersheds ; how can we 

summarize the present condition of Perdido Bay; what is the rate of 

supply of nutrients to Perdido Bay and what is man's influence on this 

rate ; how prevalent are hypoxic conditions in Perdido Bay and what are 

the causes ; and does Perdido Bay trap nutrients . 

Science Applications International Corp . 1984 . Proceedings of the summer 

ternary Gulf of Mexico Studies Meeting held at Tampa, Florida, June 1984 . 

OCS/MS-85/0003 . Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional 

Office . Metairie, LA . 109 pp . 

Abstract . Southwest Florida benthos study; Marine research and resource 

management programs of South Florida parks ; Past and present; Surface 

resource protection and oil and gas development in the Big Cypress 

National Preserve ; Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope study ; Overview of 

the Florida Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Marine Research 

Program; Update on red tide and ciguatera studies ; Population dynamics of 

stony corals in Biscayne National Park patch reefs, Florida, USA; 

Community structure of stony corals (Scleractinia and Milleporina) in 

130 
Southeast Florida reef communities ; Tuscaloosa trend regional data search 

and synthesis study; The Florida ecological atlas ; NIIMS/Gulf of 

Mexico/Physical oceanography program; Gulf of Mexico circulation modeling 

study . 

Science Applications International Corp . 1987 . Gulf of Mexico Physical 

Oceanography Program Final Report : Year 4 . Volume 1 . Executive Summary . 

SAIC-87/1026 ; NMS/GM-87/0006 . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans . 

23 pp . 

Abstract . The particular program, the Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography 

Program, has two primary goals : (1) develop a better understanding and 

description of conditions and processes governing Gulf circulation ; and, 

(2) establish a data base which could be used as initial and boundary 

conditions by a companion NIIMS-funded numerical circulation modeling 

program. The area to be studied emphasizes the deeper Gulf and those 

shallower regions where conditions may be directly or indirectly affected 

by patterns associated with or originating in the deeper Gulf . The multiyear, phased program will investigate the eastern and western Gulf 

separately . The report presents results from 3 years of observations in 

the eastern Gulf . 

Science Applications International Corp . 1988 . Gulf of Mexico Physical 

Oceanography Program . Final Report : Year 3 Volume II : Technical Report . 

OCS Report/MMS 88-0046 . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans, LA . 241 

ppScience Applications International Corp . 1989 . Gulf of Mexico Physical 

Oceanography Program Final Report : Year 5 . Volume 1 . Executive Summary . 

Final Report . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans . 21 pp . 

Abstract . In October 1982, the Minerals Management Service (NIINS) initiated a 

multiyear, regionally-phased physical oceanographic field program with 

the long-term goal of developing an improved understanding of the 

characteristics and influence of circulation patterns and processes in 

and adjacent to the deeper regions of the Gulf of Mexico . In the Year 5 

Program, the objective was to look at physical oceanographic conditions 

along a transect normal to the north-central slope and shelf (92 deg W) 

extending from the inner shelf to the deep Gulf offshore Louisiana . As 

reflected in the experimental design and the suite of observations, Year 

5 involved documenting and developing an improved understanding of 

circulation on the Louisiana shelf just west of the major estuaries, 

identifying the characteristics and causes of adjacent slope circulation, 

continuing multiyear documentation of Loop Current eddy dynamics and 

kinematics during evolution and westward translation, and initiating 

documentation of optical properties of the west Louisiana shelf waters . 

Measurements made to support the above objectives included moored 

current/temperature arrays, periodic hydrographic CTD/XBT/AXBT surveys, 

satellite thermal imagery, Lagrangian drifters, inverted echo sounders, 

and a suite of measurements characterizing the optical absorption and 

transmission characteristics of the shelf water . 

Science Applications International Corp . 1989 . Gulf of Mexico Physical 

Oceanography Program . Final Report : Year 5 . Volume II : Technical Report . 

OCS Report/NMS-89-0068 . U .S . Dept . of the Interior, Minerals Management 

Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office . New Orleans, LA . 333 pp . 

131 
Abstract . In 1982, the Minerals Management Service (NMS) initiated a series of 

regional physical oceanographic field measurement programs in the Gulf of 

Mexico which have had as an objective the development of an improved 

documentation and understanding of important current patterns and 

processes . These insights are to be used to make informed management and 

operational decisions relating to offshore oil and gas activities . Since 

its beginning, the overall program has emphasized three regions : west 

Florida shelf and slope as well as the adjacent Loop Current during Years 

1, 2 and 4 ; western Gulf with particular emphasis on the mid- to lower 

slope during Year 3 ; and north central Gulf from the inner shelf to the 

deep Gulf during Year 5 . 

Science Applications International Corporation . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico physical 

oceanography program, final report : years 1 and 2 . Volume II : technical 

report . OCS Report/NIIMS 85-0094 (SAIC Report No . SAIC-86/1023) . Minerals 

Management Service . New Orleans, LA . 378 pp . 

Abstract . In 1982, Minerals Management Service (NIIMS) initiated a multi-year 

program under contract with Science Applications International Corp . 

(SAIC) to study the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico as part 

of its outer continental shelf environmental studies program . The program 

has two primary goals : (1) develop a better understanding and description 

of conditions and processes governing Gulf circulation ; and (2) establish 

a data base which could be used as initial and boundary conditions by a 

companion MMS-funded numerical circulation modeling program . The report 

presents results from the first two of three years of observations in the 

eastern Gulf . 

Science Applications International Corporation . 1987 . Gulf of Mexico physical 

oceanography program, final report : year 4 . Volume II : technical report . 

OCS Report/DMMS 87-0007 (SAIC Report No . SAIC-87/1027) . Minerals 

Management Service, OCS Regional Office . New Orleans, LA . 226 pp . 

Abstract . The particular program, the Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography 

Program, has two primary goals : (1) develop a better understanding and 

description of conditions and processes governing Gulf circulation ; and, 

(2) establish a data base which could be used as initial and boundary 

conditions by a companion NIIMS-funded numerical circulation modeling 

program . The program participants undertook the following primary 

scientific efforts during Program year 4 : (1) kinematic and hydrographic 

characterizations of Loop Current boundary features, e .g ., waves, 

filaments, or perturbations ; (2) comparative kinematics and dynamics of 

the Loop Current and a Loop Current eddy as indicated by drifting buoy 

trajectories ; and (3) further discrimination and characterization of west 

Florida Shelf circulation patterns, e .g ., inertial currents, wind, and 

Loop Current forced currents . (Sponsored by Minerals Management Service, 

New Orleans, LA . Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Off .) . 

Science Applications International Corporation . 1988 . Summary of Meteorological 

Conditions Affecting Oceanographic Processes in the Gulf of Mexico, Final 

Report, MMS Meteorology Study, Contract No . 10-1001-303, 173p . 

Abstract . This meteorological summary consists of a compilation of data from a 

number of sources and a statistical description by month, season and year 

of the pertinent meteorological variables affecting oceanographic 

operations in the Gulf of Mexico region . The primary data sets utilized 

in this study are as follows : National Weather Service (NWS) coastal 

132 
station data ; National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) moored-buoy and marine 

platform network ; a segment of the Ocean Currents Measurement Program 

(OCMP) data ; National Hurricane Center 101-year storm track data (HURDAT) 

and the University of Virginia Cyclone data set . The coastal data covers 

the period 1970-1986, while the buoy data exists for only 1976-1986 . The 

hurricane and cyclone climatologies are for 101 and 100 years, 

respectively . In addition, a ship-based sea surface temperature (SST) 

climatology is analyzed by 10 quadrangles for the period 1854-1973 . The 

analyses included in this report should provide useful information on the 

variability of meteorological conditions in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Science Applications International Corporation . 1994 . Louisiana/Texas Shelf 

Physical Oceanography Program : eddy circulation study . Annual Report : 

Year 1 ; OCS Study NMS 9400027 . Science Applications International 

Corporation . North Carolina . 53 pp . 

Scruton, P .C . 1956 . Oceanography of Mississippi Delta sedimentary environments . 

Am . Assoc . Pet . Geol . Bull . 40(12) :2864-2952 . 

Abstract . The Mississippi transports a vast quantity of sediment to the Gulf of 

Mexico . Understanding the oceanography around the Mississippi's mouth 

increases our understanding of the sediments which have formed there and 

also the oceanography of other similar areas where fresh water meets and 

flows into the sea . Despite the size of the Mississippi, it is small 

relative to the entire Gulf of Mexico, and ocean currents off its mouth 

can be compared with currents in a large tank off a very small rubber 

hose . The large body of water flows first one way and then another and 

carries with it the minor volume of hose discharge . Currents due to hose 

discharge are relatively small swirls localize about the orifics . The 

regional gulf current pattern provides the background on which are 

superimposed local conditions off the delta . Regional or semi-permanent 

currents are produced both by winds blowing over the entire gulf and by 

regional density differences acted upon by gravity . Density differences 

are due to fresh water input at many places and to gulf-wide evaporation, 

heating, and cooling . The semi-permanent current flows northward in the 

central gulf, and on approaching land south of the delta, apparently 

divides into two tongues . These tongues diverge and flow eastward and 

westward away from the delta . 

Shaffer, R .N . 1993 . Bibliography of research on St . Andrew Bay, its 

tributaries, and the nearby coastal waters of Bay County, Florida . 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine 

Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFSC-320 :67 . 

Abstract . The indexed bibliography is one of a three-part project, the goal of 

which is to collect and to make available the research that has been 

performed on St . Andrew Bay. Many of the publications are considered 

'gray literature'--they have not appeared in professional, refereed 

journals . As a result, much of the literature is difficult to access by 

means of the traditional scientific indexes . It is hoped that the 

compendium will serve as a guide to what has been accomplished so far in 

understanding the biota and ecology of St . Andrew Bay, its tributaries, 

and the nearby coastal waters . 

133 
Shah, K .R . and R .C . Farmer . 1976 . Quasi-steady mathematical model of Mobile 

Bay . Louisiana State University, Department of Chemical Engineering . 

Baton Rouge, LA . 284 pp . 

Abstract . A quasi-steady, three-dimensional flow field model for Mobile Bay was 

developed. The data which describe Mobile Bay were collected and 

synthesized . Appropriate boundary conditions were developed for the model 

from these data . The basic transport equations which were used to 

describe the interaction of the fresh and saline water were solved 

numerically on a digital computer . This numerical procedure may be 

classified as an asymptotic, time-dependent, finite-difference technique . 

The effect of wind shear on the bay was predicted. Physical model data 

and field data were analyzed and compared to the mathematical results. 

Flow patterns and wind effects were qualitatively correct, but the 

magnitude of predicted velocities were less than that expected . 

Salinities were accurately modeled. 

Shay, L .K ., P .G . Black, J .D . Hawkins, R .L . Elsberry and A .J . Mariano . 1991 . Sea 

surface temperature response to Hurricane Gilbert . Final Report . pp . 8 . 

Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology (19th), 6-10 May 

1991 . (Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory ; Stennis 

Space Center, MS .) 

Abstract . From 14-19 Sept 1988, and air-sea interaction experiment was 

conducted in the Gulf of Mexico from NOAA WP-3D research aircraft by 

successfully deploying 78 Airborne expendable current profilers (AXCPs) 

and 60 bathythermographs (AXBTs) prior, during and subsequent to the 

passage of Hurricane Gilbert . The sampling strategy was designed to 

understand the coupled response between the oceanic and atmospheric 

planetary boundary layers during and subsequent to a hurricane . The 

oceanic response discussed here sought to measure the near-inertial 

evolution of the 3-dimensional ocean current and temperature structure 

over the scales of the strong atmospheric forcing to assess vertical 

mixing and advective processes . This airborne experimental effort 

differed from previous experiments in hurricanes (Sanford et al ., 1987) 

by not only measuring the current and temperature structure before the 

hurricane, but also the air craft revisited the same area one and three 

days following storm passage . The SST response was also measured by the 

Airborne InfraRed Thermometer (AIRT), which provides continuous 

measurements along the flight track between the AXCP observations . 

Several AVHRR images over the Gulf of Mexico were acquired prior, during 

and subsequent to Gilbert's passage . 

Shay, L .K ., P .G . Black, A.J . Mariano, J .D . Hawkins and R .L . Elsberry . 1992 . 

Upper Ocean Response to Hurricane Gilbert . J . Geophys . Res . 97(C12) : 

20227-20248 . 

Abstract . The evolving upper ocean response excited by the passage of Hurricane 

Gilbert (September 14-19, 1988) was investigated using current and 

temperature observations acquired from the deployment of 79 airborne 

expendable current profilers (AXCPs) and 51 airborne expendable 

bathythermographs from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration 

WP-3D aircraft in the western Gulf of Mexico . The sea surface 

temperatures (SSTs), mixed layer depths, and bulk Richardson numbers were 

objectively analyzed to examine the spatial variability of the upper 

ocean response to Gilbert . Net decreases of the SSTs of 3°-4°C were 

134 
observed by the profilers as well as by the airborne infrared thermometer 

(AIRT) along the flight tracks and advanced very high resolution 

radiometer (AVHRR) imagery . The AXCPs indicated a marked cooling from 

29°C to about 25 .5°C on September 17, 1988, which was about 1 .2 inertial 

periods (IP) following storm passage . This pool of cooler water (3 .5°C) 

was located further downstream in the hurricane wake by September 19 (2 .7 

IP following the storm) as a result of the near-inertial currents in the 

mixed layer . 

Shay, L .K ., S .W . Chang and R .L . Elsberry . 1990 . Free surface effects on the 

near-inertial ocean current response to a hurricane . J . Phys . Ocean . 

20(9) :1405-1424 . 

Abstract . During the passage of Hurricane Frederic in 1979, four ocean current 

meter arrays in water depths of 100-950 m detected both a baroclinic and 

a depth-independent response in the near-inertial frequency band . The 

origin of the depth-independent component of velocity is investigated 

using a linear analytical model and numerical simulation from a 17-level 

primitive equation model with a free surface . In an analytical model, the 

Green's function (KO) is convolved with the wind stress curl to predict a 

sea surface depression of approximately 20 cm from the equilibrium 

position . The barotropic current velocities rotate inertially, and the 

maximum amplitude of 11 cm/s is displaced to the right of the track at 

x=2R ,aX (radius of maximum winds) . The free surface depression simulated 

by the primitive-equation model is also about 18-20 cm . The primitive 

equation model simulations indicate that the vertical mean pressure 

gradient excites 10-11 cm/s depth-averaged currents at x=3R,,, . . 

Shay, L .K . and R .L . Elsberry . 1983 . Observations of inertio-gravity waves in 

the wake of Hurricane Frederic . Trans . AGU (EOS) . 64(45) :739 . 

Abstract . Hurricane Frederic passed within 80 to 130 km of a U .S . Naval 

oceanographic office current meter array . The transient response detected 

in the DeSoto Canyon region is dominated by inertial wave excitation in 

the mixed layer with vertical propagation of energy at about 3 cm/s . The 

corresponding horizontal propagation of energy is 3 m/s . The observations 

were demodulated at the inertial frequency . The demodulated series show 

that inertial waves in the mixed layer maintain a constant energy level 

over one to two inertial periods (IP) after the relaxation of the wind 

stress, and then decay over e-folding time scales of 4 IP . The horizontal 

scales of 100 km or roughly twice the radius of deformation . Vertical 

phase differences are consistent with the subsequent generation of 

inertio-gravity waves in the thermocline . These waves spin up with the 

horizontal scales of the deformation radii (50 km) and reach secondary 

maxima 6 to 10 IP following storm passage . After these maxima, energy 

decays over e-folding scales of 4 IP as well . Vertical scales are of the 

order of the water depth . The vertical structure of 3-dimensional 

velocity fields was determined using a Brunt-Vaisala profile computed 

from the AXBT data collected by Black (1983) . 

Shay, L .K . and R .L . Elsberry . 1987 . Near-inertial ocean current response to 

Hurricane Frederic . J . Phys . Ocean . 17(8) :1249-1269 . 

Abstract . Hurricane Frederic passed within 80 to 130 km of the U .S . Naval 

Oceanographic Office current meter arrays in water depths ranging from 

100 to 470 m near the DeSoto Canyon region, and within 150 km of an ocean 

135 
Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) mooring in 1050 m of water . Excitation 

of near-inertial waves by the moving hurricane was observed throughout 

the water column along the canyon walls and at the OTEC site . The 

vertical modes of the ocean current field are determined based on AXBT 

data . Solutions with a flat bottom and with a sloping bottom are compared 

to illustrate the effect due to bottom topography in the DeSoto Canyon 

region . The horizontal velocity eigenfunctions are fit to the velocity 

amplitudes derived from the ocean current time series to estimate the 

time-dependent modal amplitudes . 

Sheres, D . 1992 . SAR observations in the Gulf of Mexico, ZI1 Summaries of the 

Third Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 

3 :30-31 . University of Southern Mississippi, Bay Saint Louis . Center for 

Marine Science . Funder : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 

Washington, DC . 

Abstract . The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) exhibits a wealth of energetic ocean 

features ; they include the Loop Current with velocities of about 2 m/s 

and strong shear fronts, mesoscale eddies, double vortices, internal 

waves, and the outflow of the Mississippi River . These energetic features 

can have a strong impact on the economies of the states surrounding the 

Gulf . Large fisheries, oil and gas production as well as pollution 

transport are relevant issues . These circulation features in the Gulf are 

invisible to conventional IR and visible satellite imagery during the 

Summer months due to cloud cover and uniform surface temperatures . 

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery of the Gulf does penetrate the 

cloud cover and shows a rich assembly of features there year-round . Below 

are preliminary results from GOM SAR imagery taken by SEASAT in 1978 and 

by the AIRSAR program in 1991 . 

Shier, C .F . 1965 . A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of 

the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . Master's Thesis . Florida State 

University, Tallahassee, FL . 170 pp . 

Abstract . Monthly samples of shallow water hydroids were collected from 6 

station in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico for one year beginning in 

July, 1963 . Environmental notes on temperature, salinity, abundance, and 

bottom type were kept . 

Shipp, R .L . and T .S . Hopkins . 1978 . Physical and biological observations of the 

northern rim of the DeSoto canyon made from a research submersible . NE 

Gulf Sci . 2(2) :113-121 . 

Abstract . During June, 1978, the research submersible DIAPHUS completed 27 

dives in the north central Gulf of Mexico . Fourteen of these were 

concentrated on and around the high relief, northern ledge or rim of the 

De Soto Canyon, located at depths of 50-60 m, and approximately 25 km 

south of Navarre, Florida . The ledge is composed of limestone 

outcroppings . The invertebrate fauna is characterized as two principle 

assemblages, one associated with a sand-shell-coraline-algae slope and 

the other with a limestone block ledge . The ichthyofauna is dominated by 

deep water reef species, thirty of which are identified and their habitat 

and abundance described . 

Signorini, S .R ., J .S . Wei and C .D . Miller . 1992 . Hurricane-induced surge and 

currents on the Texas-Louisiana shelf . J . Geophys . Res . 97(C2) :2229-2242 . 

136 
Abstract . This study consists of numerical model simulations of hurricaneinduced surge and currents on the Texas-Louisiana shelf . The numerical 

experiment includes the simulation of multiple hurricane tracks with 

landfalling points along the Texas-Louisiana coast . A parallel storm that 

traverses the entire Texas-Louisiana coastline is also modeled to assess 

the difference in shelf response between landfalling and parallel storms . 

The grid extends from the Texas-Mexico border to the Gulf Coast of 

Florida, with the ocean open boundary seaward of the shelf break. Alongshelf and cross-shelf surge and current variability are assessed as a 

function of shoreline geometry and bottom topography. A complementary 

one-dimensional mixed layer model is used to evaluate the vertical 

structure of the currents and the maximum depth of hurricane influence . 

Simmons, A .T . 1972 . The dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in a bayou estuary . 

Master's Thesis . University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL . 46 pp . 

Abstract . The nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and dynamics were described for 

Bayou Texar, Florida, by monitoring levels of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, 

orthophosphate, organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus at five stations 

from June, 1971 to February, 1972 . 

Slocum, G . 1934 . Sea surface temperature summaries for various sections of the 

Gulf of Mexico . Mon. Weather Rev . 62 

Abstract . This paper gives monthly averages of sea surface temperatures during 

1912-1933 for the north central Gulf . 

Slocum, G . 1935 . Sea surface temperature summaries for various sections of the 

Gulf of Mexico . Mon . Weather Rev . 63 

Abstract . This paper gives monthly averages of sea surface temperatures during 

1912-1933 for the north central Gulf . 

Slocum, G . 1936 . Sea surface temperature summaries for various sections of the 

Gulf of Mexico . Mon . Weather Rev . 64 

Abstract . This paper gives monthly averages of sea surface temperatures during 

1912-1933 for the north central Gulf . 

Small, C .S . 1993 . Applications of satellite altimetry to global studies of midocean ridges and continental margins. Ph .D . Dissertation . University of 

California, San Diego . 184 pp . 

Abstract . The increased resolution and coverage of satellite altimeter missions 

in recent years has had a significant impact on marine geophysics . The 

works contained in this dissertation use these advances to address 

questions which had been previously considered using only underway 

gravity and bathymetry measurements . The first three chapters address the 

question of spreading rate dependence of mid-ocean ridge structure . Two 

of these chapters use altimetry measurements to investigate intermediate 

spreading rate transitions in ridge axis structure . The third of these 

chapters uses a collection of underway bathymetry profiles to verify the 

findings of previous studies which used only altimeter data . We find that 

the spreading rate dependence which characterizes slow spreading ridge 

structure is not present at higher spreading rates and that the 

transition from rate dependence to rate independence coincides with the 

transition from axial valley structure to axial ridge structure . The 

final two chapters consider the feasibility of using satellite altimeter 

data for studies of continental margin structure . In a comparison of 

137 
shipboard and satellite gravity measurements in the Gulf of Mexico we 

find that individual satellite gravity profiles accurately resolve 

features as short as 25 km wavelength when low degree spherical harmonic 

models are used to constrain the long wavelength components of the field. 

In the final chapter we apply a new method for computing terrain 

corrections to satellite gravity data in the Gulf of Mexico in order to 

constrain deep basin structure . Terrain corrected gravity data remove the 

effects of the extreme topography in the gulf and provide constraints on 

the extent of oceanic crust in the poorly explored southern Gulf . 

Smith, P .M . 1981 . Measurements of whitecap coverage and surface winds over the 

Gulf of Mexico Loop Current . NORDA-43 . Naval Ocean Research and 

Development Activity . NSTL Station, MS . 28 pp . 

Abstract . The fraction of the ocean surface covered by whitecaps has long been 

thought to be some monotonically increasing function of the prevailing 

wind velocity at least for large fetches . In order to determine the 

extent to which other factors such as air column stability or water mass 

type can influence the areal coverage of whitecaps, photographic data was 

collected over the Loop Current from a NAVOCEANO P-3 aircraft . The 

variation of whitecap coverage along a line of closely spaced (25 km) 

stations was determined and compared with other aircraft and data buoy 

information . The data indicates that, on the day of the flight, whitecapping within the boundaries of the Loop Current depended little on the 

local wind, but demonstrated a noticeable dependence on air column 

stability . The strength and nature of this dependence varied over 

mesoscale distances . These results indicate that microwave radiometric 

measurements can be sensitive to variables other than surface wind since 

microwave brightness is quite sensitive to sea foam . The value of areal 

whitecap coverage as a measurable geophysical variable is also examined . 

Sonu, C .J . 1972 . Field observation of nearshore circulation and meandering 

currents . J . Geophys . Res . 77 :3232-3247 . 

Soong, Y . 1978 . A study of the northward intrusion of the Loop Current in the 

Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Southwest Research Institute . 1981 . Ecological investigations of petroleum 

production platforms in the central Gulf of Mexico . Volume I . Pollutant 

fate and effects study . Bureau of Land Management, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Regional Office . New Orleans, LA . 223 pp . 

Abstract . Twenty-four sites on the continental shelf of the Louisiana coast 

have been studied for long-term cumulative effects of petroleum 

production in the region of offshore platforms . Four primary study 

platforms and four control sites were visited in May, 1978, 

August/September, 1978 and January 1979 . Sixteen secondary platforms were 

sampled August/September, 1978 . Sampling and analysis included 

hydrography and hydrocarbons of the water column; sediment physical 

characterization, hydrocarbons, trace metals, and contamination with 

depth ; and populations of the meiofauna, macroinfauna, macroepifauna, 

demersal fishes and species associated with the "artificial reef" brought 

about by the platform . Bottom studies extended from 100 to 2000 m away 

from platforms and were therefore indicative of regional as opposed to 

localized contamination . Sites were located from 5 km (3mi) to 115 km (73 

138 
mi) from shore and extended from the west shore of the Mississippi delta 

(89°32'W) to a line south of Marsh Island (91°44'W) . Results confirm 

widespread, chronic contamination with hydrocarbons and metals with some 

apparent incorporation of pollutants into biota found at platforms . Over 

the entire study area absolute amounts of contaminants vary widely 

showing a general concentration in the nearshore and eastern portions 

where the Mississippi River apparently contributes more contaminants than 

petroleum production platforms . Platforms vary widely in the types and 

amounts of pollutants traced to them . A distinctive pattern of expected 

contamination with platform operating type is not seen . Benthic 

populations are indicative of a stressed environment caused from high 

freshwater and sediment loading from the Mississippi and periodic 

cyclonic storms . There are also localized platform influences on benthos 

in isolated cases . A few platforms are conclusively indicated as 

contributing to pollution in sediments up to a 2000-m distance . 

Spain, C .M . and S .A . McLellan . 1987 . Impacts of Bay County aerated lagoon 

discharge on St . Andrew Bay water quality from Redfish Point to DuPont 

Bridge . Bay County Wastewater System (Bay County Utilities Dept .) . Panama 

City, FL . 51 pp . 

Abstract . A study of the water quality in the area of the bay impacted by the 

Bay County Wastewater Treatment Plant's lagoon discharge . Parameters are 

given for salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, color, 

suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus, fecal coliform bacteria, and 

ammonia; current velocity readings are also given. 

Speed, D .C . 1973 . Coastal zone water quality monitoring in the Pensacola Area . 

68-01-0160 . Interstate Electronics Corp . Anaheim, CA . 80 pp . 

Abstract . This report was prepared for the U.S . Environmental Protection 

Agency. It presents the findings of a field case study of the Pensacola, 

Florida area . Purpose of the study was to determine the extent of, and 

need for, coastal zone water quality monitoring in the area . The report 

is a compendium of information including tabulations of organizations 

engaged in coastal zone water monitoring, their laboratory capabilities, 

data needs and internal organization . Separate sections are devoted to 

discussions of socio-economic problems associated with coastal zone water 

quality and recommendations for design and implementation of a 

coordinated coastal zone water quality monitoring network. A selected 

bibliography and list of personnel concerned with coastal zone water 

quality monitoring in the area is included . 

Sperber, K.R. and S . Hameed . 1992 . Coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM simulation of 

Southern oscillation phenomena . pp . 5 . Zn Brazilian Meteorological 

Congress : Climate Change and the Environment (7th), Sao Paulo (Brazil), 

28 Sep-2 Oct 1992 . Department of Energy, Washington, D .C . (Lawrence 

Livermore National Lab .) 

Abstract . The Oregon State University coupled upper ocean-atmosphere GCM has, 

been shown to qualitatively simulate the Southern Oscillation . A 

composite analysis of the warm and cold events simulated in this 23-year 

integration has been performed . During the low phase of the SO, when warm 

anomalies occur in the Eastern Pacific the model simulates for the 

Atlantic region during March--May (1) a deficit of precipitation over the 

tropical South American continent (2) Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico sea139 
level pressure and sea-surface temperature are in-phase with the Eastern 

Pacific anomalies, while those East of the Nordeste region are out-ofphase (3) northeast trade winds are anomalously weak and southwest trade 

winds are anomalously strong (as inferred from surface current 

anomalies) . During the high phase of the simulated Southern Oscillation 

conditions in the atmosphere and ocean are essentially the reverse of the 

low phase. Thus the model produces a response in the South American 

region during the opposing phases of the Southern Oscillation which is in 

general agreement with observations . 

Spring, W . 1978 . An investigation of the distribution of hurricane generated 

wave heights . Ph .D . Dissertation . New York University, School of 

Engineering and Science . New York, NY . 172 pp . 

Abstract . A method described by Borgman (1973), to determine wave data fit to a 

probability distribution was used to test the Rayleigh, Forristall and a 

mean height distribution with Gulf of Mexico hurricane and tropical storm 

data . The mean height distribution employs empirically determined shape 

and exponential coefficients and the record mean wave height is used to 

normalize wave heights . The poorest fit was shown to be the Rayleigh 

Distribution with the mean height distribution slightly worse than the 

Forristall distribution . When shape coefficients were not specified and 

exponential coefficients tested, the best results were found by using a 

mean height distribution which allowed the exponential coefficient to 

vary with each record . Attempts to use this distribution with significant 

wave height dependent shape and exponential coefficients resulted in a 

slightly worse fit than the Forristall Distribution . Plots of the 

variation of the shape and exponential coefficients with significant wave 

height are presented and a recommendation for the use of significant wave 

height dependent coefficients in future attempts to determine wave height 

distributions is made . 

Stakhiv, E . 1968 . The dependence of the circulation in the Gulf of Mexico upon 

the horizontal distribution of surface temperature . Master's Thesis . 

Florida State University . Tallahassee, FL . 

Stapor, F .W ., Jr . 1975 . Shoreline changes between Phillips Inlet and Pensacola 

Inlet, northwest Florida coast . Trans, . Gulf Coast Assoc . Geol . Soc . 

25 :373-378 . 

Abstract . Topographic and hydrographic surveys were used to measure erosion and 

deposition along the northwest Florida Gulf coast between Phillips Inlet 

and Pensacola Inlet . No significant net shoreline change was measured . 

Some erosion was noted on Santa Rosa Island . 

Starr, R .B . and G .A . Maul . 1982 . Physical oceanographic observations in the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico during 1979-1980 for potential OTEC site . NOAH 

Tech . Memo . NOAA ERL . Miami, F1 . 210 pp . 

Abstract . Physical oceanographic data forms the basis for decisions on OTEC 

plant site selection in several ways . The data discussed in this report 

was collected over a two year period in the vicinity of the proposed site 

west of Tampa, Florida near 27 .7°N and 85 .5°W . Each time the current meter 

moorings were serviced, expendable bathythermograph (XBT) observations 

and some salinity-temperature-depth (STD) profiles were acquired . In 

addition, optical oceanography measurements were made to study the 

140 
natural optical properties from ship and satellite ; those data are 

reported separately . Finally, three cruises designed to study the effect 

of infrared satellite-observed cold tongues on a plant site were 

conducted. 

State University System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography . 1975 . 

Compilation and summation of historical and existing physical 

oceanographic data from the eastern Gulf of Mexico in support of the 

MAFLA sampling program . BLM/YM/ES-75/1 . Bureau of Land Management . 

Washington, D .C . 292 pp . 

Abstract . Physical oceanography has a dual role in determining the 

environmental implications of development of the Outer Continental Shelf 

(OCS) . It is intrinsically important to determine physical parameters to 

predict dispersion of materials in OCS waters, but the role of physical 

oceanography is equally important in the support it must give to other 

oceanographic disciplines . In fact, it is highly unlikely that meaningful 

interpretations of biogeochemical data, or the ecosystem structure can be 

made without adequate knowledge of the advective field, for instance . 

Cognizant of the importance of understanding the circulation of the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) commissioned 

a group of oceanographers familiar with the area : (a) to "assemble the 

historical and contemporary physical and associated meteorological data 

of the northeast Gulf of Mexico . for submission to the National 

Oceanographic Data Center (NODC)" ; (b) to "construct a zero-order 

synthesis of oceanographic conditions in the northeast Gulf of Mexico and 

have them graphically displayed" ; (c) to "describe the general 

circulation and oceanographic conditions on the continental shelf area of 

the northeast Gulf of Mexico and in the Loop Current of the deeper Gulf 

areas" ; (d) to "describe qualitatively the interaction between the shelf 

circulation of the northeast Gulf of Mexico and the Loop Current" ; (e) to 

"describe the seasonal distribution of the intensity of fish spawning and 

zooplankton productivity on the western Florida continental shelf and 

relate these to temperature and salinity data" ; (f) to "develop a firstorder understanding of the trajectory of a pollutant in the northeast 

Gulf of Mexico ; (g) to provide recommendations on sampling locations for 

future biological, geological, chemical, and physical oceanographic 

investigations" . Objective (a) was required because at the inception of 

this program a considerable portion of the data collected in the Gulf of 

Mexico had not been submitted to NODC . Phase 1 of this study therefore 

consisted of an accelerated reduction of existing data, and submission of 

the data to the national repository. 

State University System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography. 1978 . Baseline 

environmental survey of the MAFLA lease areas . BLM/YM/ES-78/02 . Bureau of 

Land Management . Washington, D .C . 201 pp . 

Abstract . The Bureau of Land Management deemed it necessary to conduct a 

baseline environmental survey on the MAFLA shelf of the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico, extending from approximately 89°W, south to Pascagoula, 

Mississippi, to a tract west of Clearwater, off Tampa Bay, Florida. This 

task included designing and conducting a field sampling program for 

geological, biological, chemical, and physical oceanographic samples; 

analysis of samples, including establishment of analytical quality 

141 
control procedures ; archiving of samples for future analysis ; development 

of data management procedures ; and a comprehensive final report . 

Steidinger, K .A . and K . Haddad . 1981 . Biologic and hydrographic aspects of red 

tides . Bioscience . 31(11) :814-818 . 

Stelzenmuller, W .B . 1965 . Tidal characteristics of two estuaries in Florida . J . 

Waterw . Harbors Div . Proc . Am. Soc . Civ . Eng . 91(WW3) 

Stone, G .W . 1984 . Mathematical modeling of the nearshore and implications for 

coastal management, northwest Florida . Master's Thesis . University of 

West Florida, Pensacola, FL . 182 pp . 

Stone, G.W . 1984 . Nearshore simulation of shoaling waves and their response to 

channel and jetty construction at the proposed Navarre Pass, Santa Rosa 

County, Florida . University of West Florida . Pensacola, FL . 106 pp . 

Stone, J .H . 1972 . Preliminary assessments of the environmental impact of a 

superport in the southeastern coastal area of Louisiana--Louisiana 

superport studies . Report 2 . Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana 

State University . Baton Rouge, LA . 345 pp . 

Abstract . Two offshore sites for a proposed Superport, off southeastern 

Louisiana, are evaluated for potential environmental impact on the 

coastal region . The most vulnerable areas along the coast are the 

estuaries . Oil drift projections indicate that the site more distant from 

shore would have less effect because a potential spill there would 

probably not reach the estuarine areas . Oil drift projections of 

hypothetical oil spills are based on a hydrodynamical numerical model 

using wind conditions, local tides, and bathymetry . At the closest site 

oil spills moved either northwest toward Timbalier Bay or northeast 

toward Barataria Bay . Oil spills at the farther site did not impinge on 

the shorelines nor into the estuaries . Oil spills at both sites usually 

assumed an east-west orientation and moved somewhat faster than drift 

projections based solely on winds . Potential adverse effects resulting 

from an oil spill would be most severe in the estuaries . Oil could damage 

or kill extensive areas of marsh grass, thereby reducing or eliminating 

the most important food source for the major consumers, which are fishery 

species . This damage could be by direct contact with the top of the 

plants, the root system, or the microbes which initiate the breakdown of 

grass into detritus . Regardless of the final location of the superport, 

research should be initiated on the detailed hydrography and meteorology 

of the proposed site, the toxic effects of various crude oils on 

planktonic stages of fishery species, and the effects of oil on marsh 

grasses and microbes . 

Stone, J .H . 1976 . Environmental factors relating to Louisiana menhaden harvest . 

LSU-T-76-004 . Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University . 

Baton Rouge, LA . 

Abstract . The relationship between selected environmental factors of coastal 

Louisiana to Louisiana menhaden harvest and effort was studied by 

analyzing the factors separately, by factor analysis, by multiple 

regression, and by cross correlations . The environmental factors were air 

temperatures, water temperatures, rainfall data, tide data, and wind 

speeds and directions applicable to coastal Louisiana from 1950 through 

142 
1971 ; these data were reduced to weekly and monthly statistics . The 

menhaden catch and effort data were for the Louisiana harvest during 1950 

through 1971 expressed as weekly and monthly totals . Only tide range data 

showed significant changes during the last 20 years, namely an increase 

of mean tide range, which is probably related to the rise in sea level 

noted by other Louisiana researchers . Factor analysis and multiple 

regressions both indicate that the same general type of data have a 

significant relationship to menhaden harvest, namely effort, time 

effects, water or air temperature, and some interactions among them . 

Significant relationships still exist between menhaden catch and selected 

environmental data when the effects of effort and time are removed; 

however, time effects are probably masking important environmental 

effects . A variety of variables can be used to produce a significant 

predictive relationship ; examples are effort ; minimum air temperature 

interacting with month, both not lagged and lagged for 12 months ; wind 

direction at New Orleans interacting with month; wind direction at Baton 

Rouge interacting with minimum air temperature and lagged for 12 months ; 

wind direction at New Orleans; mean air temperature ; and maximum water 

temperature . The resulting coefficient of determination (R 2) is 86 

percent and is significant at p <0 .0001 . The harvest data were fitted to 

a sine curve adding the significant environmental variables, and the 

coefficient of determination (R 2) is 89 percent . 

Story, A.H ., R .M . McPhearson Jr . and J .L . Gaines . 1974 . Use of fluorescent dye 

tracers in Mobile Bay; . J . Water Pollut . Control Fed . 46(4) :657-665 . 

Abstract . The purpose of this study was to determine current velocity and 

patterns of current flow from the Mobile River throughout Mobile Bay to 

oyster reefs downstream . Data were collected for one year beginning in 

March, 1970 . Dye studies were done and notes on wind speed and direction 

were taken to indicate routes of possible pollutants to these oyster 

reefs . Different types of dyes were evaluated as to their suitability to 

a specific study area . 

Stumpf, R .P ., G . Gelfenbaum and J .R . Pennock . 1993 . Wind and tidal forcing of a 

buoyant plume, Mobile Bay, Alabama . Cont . Shelf Res . 13(11) :1281-1301 . 

Abstract . AVHRR satellite imagery and in situ observations were combined to 

study the motion of a buoyant plume at the mouth of Mobile Bay, Alabama. 

The plume extended up to 30 km from shore, with a thickness of about 1 m. 

The inner plume, which was 3-8 m thick, moved between the Bay and inner 

shelf in response to tidal forcing. The tidal prism could be identified 

through the movement of plume waters between satellite images . The plume 

responded rapidly to alongshore wind, with sections of the plume moving 

at speeds of more than 70 cm/s, about 11$ of the wind speed . The plume 

moved predominantly in the direction of the wind with a weak Ekman drift . 

The enhanced speed of the plume relative to normal surface drift is 

probably due to the strong stratification in the plume, which limits the 

transfer of momentum into the underlying ambient waters . 

Sturges, W . 1992 . The spectrum of Loop Current variability from gappy data . J . 

Phys . Ocean . 22(11) :1245-1256 . 

Abstract . The goal of this work was to understand the rate at which large 

anticyclonic rings are shed from the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico . 

The northward penetration of the Loop Current is used as a surrogate 

variable . Data are primarily from satellite IR maps and are supplemented 

143 
with XBT sections and older hydrographic data . The IR data have gaps from 

poor summertime visibility, bad weather, and the ambiguity of not knowing 

exactly when a ring separates . A least-squares method is developed for 

computing the spectrum . The computations are performed in the time domain 

to avoid problems wit explicit calculation of the Fourier transform . The 

slightly smoothed spectrum can be recovered to high accuracy at low 

frequencies for the case of long segments of continuous data separated by 

large gaps . The method requires choosing an appropriate smooth data 

window to widen the spectral window, determining the effective Nyquist 

frequency of the method, filtering the continuous data segments to remove 

power at frequencies higher than the Nyquist, and inverting a matrix for 

the cosine and sine terms of the traditional Fourier frequencies . 

Sturges, W . 1993 . The annual cycle of the western boundary current in the Gulf 

of Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 98(C10) :18053-18068 . 

Abstract . It has been known for decades that the mean circulation in the 

western Gulf of Mexico is a large anticyclone . This flow is driven both 

by wind stress curl and detached rings from the Loop Current. This paper 

is an attempt to examine their relative importance by focusing on the 

annual cycle of the observed flow . A new compilation of ship drift data 

shows that the flow along the western boundary is strongest in July and 

weakest in October. It appears physically plausible that the annual 

variation of this western boundary current is driven by the annual 

variation in wind curl augmented by Ekman pumping over the western gulf . 

Because the maximum in wind curl is so close to the western boundary, the 

phase delay between the annual cycles of curl and current is only 

approximately 1 month. The magnitudes of the curl and resulting current 

seem physically plausible. The response is baroclinic and penetrates to 

approximately 1000 m, the bottom of the main thermocline . The change in 

velocity at the sea surface is consistent with the cross-stream pressure 

gradient as determined by the changes in sea level at the coast and 

dynamic height changes offshore . The annual cycle is relatively large . 

This flow could be driven by wind curl . Consequently, the contribution of 

Loop Current rings turns out to be relatively small . The reason for this 

is that when rings reach the western wall, the steep bottom topography 

intersects the sloping fluid contours of the rings . The rings decay 

slowly by normal deepwater processes until they reach the edge of the 

continental shelf . 

Sturges, W . 1994 . The frequency of ring separations from the Loop Current . J . 

Phys . Ocean . 24(7) :1647-1651 . 

Abstract . In two recent papers, the frequency of separation of rings from the 

Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico was studied; the authors used similar 

data but obtained remarkably different results for the primary rate of 

ring shedding . In this paper the time between successive rings for the 

last 22 known ring events since 1973 are examined. Using a histogram like 

technique that does not involve a surrogate variable but deals directly 

with the ring events themselves, two primary modes are found . The one at 

a period near 8-9 mo has slightly (but not significantly) more power than 

the one near 13-14 mo . The uncertainty in the periods of these peaks is 

estimated to be similar to 0.3 mo from measurement uncertainties and an 

additional similar to 0.3 mo from the natural variability of the process . 

If the high resolution available from a 20-year record were not 

maintained, it would be possible to smooth the present result heavily (in 

144 
frequency space) and obtain the similar to 11 mo peak reported by Maul 

and Vukovich . 

Sturges, W . and J .C . Evans . 1983 . On the variability of the Loop Current in the 

Gulf of Mexico . J . Mar . Res . 41(4) :639-653 . 

Abstract . The extent to which offshore currents may drive flows on the 

continental shelf was studied. The primary finding was that the N-S 

fluctuations in Loop Current position are correlated with sea level at 

the coast and with coastal currents . The authors used the northernmost 

position of the Loop Current, from hydrographic data, to piece together a 

time series 13 years long . This record samples the lowest frequencies 

well but undersamples the amplitude of variations with periods of similar 

to 8 months by a factor of 2 . The "annual" variation of the Loop Current 

appears to be a relatively broad spectral peak rather than a sharp 

spectral line . They found as much power at periods near 30 months as at 

periods near a year ; this was a new result . Both bands seem to be, at 

least in part, wind forced. There are also fluctuations having periods 

near 8 months, and this may be a beat frequency. As the 30-month and 

annual signals drift in and out of phase over similar to 5 years, the 

envelope of the 8-month signal varies from zero to a maximum of similar 

to 2 .5° of latitude, peak-to-peak, which is the same as the range of the 

30-month signal . The authors' primary finding is that the north-south 

fluctuations in Loop current position are correlated with sea level at 

the coast and presumably with coastal currents . 

Sturges, W ., J .C . Evans, S . Welsh and W . Holland . 1993 . Separation of warm-core 

rings in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean . 23(2) :250-268 . 

Abstract . The separation of anticyclonic rings is studied using a 12-level 

primitive equation numerical model of the western North Atlantic . The 

'Gulf Stream Formation Region model is based on the Bryan-Cox-Semtner 

code, and uses 1/4 degree horizontal resolution . The eastern boundary of 

the model, near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is forced by a 'pumps and 

baffles' region to have the appropriate temperature and salinity 

structure, vertical shear and total transport . The model is closed by a 

solid northern wall at 36°N and is forced by steady winds . Large rings 

separate from the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico at periods near 30 

weeks . The separation of a single typical ring is shown in detail . The 

most striking feature is that the separation is not a single spectacular 

event but a long, gradual process involving recirculation between the 

ring and the main flow for many weeks after the time at which one would, 

on the basis of standard observational evidence, normally believe the 

ring to be completely separated . 

Sturges, W, and C . Horton . 1981 . Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 41-48 . 

,fig Atwood, D .K ., ed . Proceedings of a Symposium On Environmental Research 

Needs in the Gulf of Mexico GOMEX, Key Biscayne, Florida, 30 September-5 

October 1979 . 

Abstract . The strongest single feature in the Gulf of Mexico is the Loop 

Current . This flow enters the Caribbean and eventually becomes the Gulf 

Stream . The path that it takes, however, is highly time-dependent, and 

this portion of the pre-Florida Current is known as the Loop Current . 

This current is important, not only in its own regard, but also in that 

it injects pinched-off rings to the interior of the Gulf . These rings 

145 
carry with them momentum, salt, and nutrients, which are major 

contributions to the balances of the interior and western portions of the 

Gulf . The Loop Current and its variability is likely to be important to 

understanding the exchange of deep water between the Gulf and the 

Caribbean . The Loop Current also may act as a significant external 

driving mechanism for adjacent areas of the west Florida shelf . It is not 

well known what forcing mechanisms control the position, growth, or decay 

of the Loop Current . But the information required for a real 

understanding of Loop Current variability is enormous . A summary is 

provided on recent and ongoing programs in which the data is not yet in 

the open literature . 

Sturges, W . and S . Welsh . 1990 . Wind-driven response of ocean surface infrared 

signals . J . Phys . Ocean . 20(12) :1842-1848 . 

Abstract . In the course of archiving positions of the edge of the Loop Current 

from satellite infrared (IR) data, the authors have found a substantial 

amount of energy at periods in the 'wind-driven band' . Using a technique 

patterned after that of Price et al . (1987) the authors constructed a 

series of new datasets of IR positions at a variety of angles relative to 

the daily wind . Using data for a period of November-May, the authors find 

that the IR fluctuations are coherent with wind, and are at an angle of 

80° to the right . The IR data do not resolve periods shorter than 

approximately 10 days reliably, but motions of approximately 12-16 days 

are well resolved . These findings show that the wind-coherent motion of 

the surface IR signal is associated with the Ekman transport of the upper 

mixed layer . 

Sturges, W . and S . Welsh . 1991 . Numerical modeling studies of the Gulf of 

Mexico and the Caribbean Sea using the Bryan-Cox Model . Final Rept . (See 

also PB90-222779, Florida State Univ ., Tallahassee . Dept . of 

Oceanography .) Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. 

New Orleans, LA . 109 pp . 

Abstract . A numerical model of the Gulf Stream formation region has been 

developed, based on the Bryan-Cox-Semtner, or 'GFDL,' primitive equation 

formulation . It is fully nonlinear with 12 levels and has realistic 

topography in each level . It includes the western north Atlantic from the 

mid-Atlantic ridge into the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the 

east coast of the United States to Cape Hatteras . A new feature of the 

model is the manner of forcing along the boundary . The vertical shear is 

set by the historical (observed) mean density field at the eastern 

boundary, and the total transport by the curl of the wind stress, 

extending previous work of Holland. The model was initialized with the 

mean density field and is forced by mean winds . The following seven years 

of model runs are the basis of the work reported here, when the model 

appears to have reached statistical equilibrium and the flow in the 

Straits of Florida is no longer increasing . 

Subrahmanyam, C .B . and S .H . Drake . 1975 . Studies on the animal communities in 

two north Florida salt marshes . Part I . Fish communities . Bull . Mar . Sci . 

25(4) :445-465 . 

Abstract . A study of the seasonal fluctuations of temperature, salinity, 

numerical abundance, and biomass of fish in three tidal creeks located in 

northern Florida provided data for community diversity indices which were 

146 
used to interpret the temporal changes in the compositions of fish 

communities . 

Sugimoto, T. and T. Ichiye . 1988 . On seasonal and year-to-year variations of 

the Loop Current and eddy formation in the Gulf of Mexico based on 

rotating model experiments . Deep-Sea Res . 35(4) :569-593 . 

Suhayda, J .N ., J .M. Coleman, T . Whelan and L .E . Garrison . 1982 . Oscillation of 

continental shelf sediments caused by waves . pp . 57-76 . In Fanning, A .K . 

and F .T . Manheim, eds . The Dynamic Environment of the Ocean Floor . 

Lexington Books, Lexington, MA. 

Abstract . Measurements have been made of the oscillations of bottom sediments 

on the continental shelf induced by the passage of surface waves . A wave 

staff and pressure sensor were placed 45 m from a bottom-emplaced 

accelerometer in East Bay, Louisiana . Measurements were made in 20 m of 

water in an area where bottom sediments were composed of clay and silts . 

A sediment core was taken to a depth of 40 m . The results of the 

experiments indicate that these fine-grained bottom sediments move in a 

wave-like fashion under surface-wave action . Bottom oscillations on the 

order of 2 to 3 cm occurred under waves having a height of 1 m and a 

period of 5 seconds . The bottom motion appears to be an elastic-like 

response to wave pressure . Estimates of the amount of wave energy lost in 

forcing the mud wave indicate that the interaction can significantly 

affect surface-wave characteristics and the stability of bottom 

sediments . 

Summers, J .K . and V .D . Engle . 1993 . Evaluation of sampling strategies to 

characterize dissolved oxygen conditions in northern Gulf of Mexico 

estuaries . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment . 24 :219-229 . 

Abstract . Dissolved oxygen was continuously monitored in eight sites of 

northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries in August, 1990 . Monte Carlo analyses 

on subsamples of the data were used to evaluate several commonly used 

monitoring strategies . Monitoring strategies which involve single point 

sampling of dissolved oxygen may often misclassify an estuary as having 

good water quality. In the case of shallow, often well-mixed estuaries 

that experience diurnal cycles, such monitoring often does not occur at 

night, during the time of lowest dissolved oxygen concentration . The 

authors' objective was to determine the minimum sampling effort required 

to correctly classify a site in terms of the observed frequency of 

hypoxia . Tests concluded that the most successful classification strategy 

used the minimum dissolved oxygen concentration from a continuously 

sampled 24-hour period . 

Sweet, W .E ., Jr . 1971 . Water circulation study in the Gulf of Mexico ; a review . 

Report for the Texas A&M University Study of Naturally Occurring 

Hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico . Texas A&M University . College 

Station . 142 pp . 

Tan, C .L . 1990 . Characterization of Underwater Sound Produced by Heavy 

Precipitation . Master's Thesis . Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA . 

70 pp . 

Abstract . An experiment by the Naval Postgraduate School and the National Data 

Buoy Center was performed in the Gulf of Mexico to investigate the 

underwater sound generated by heavy precipitation under a variety of 

147 
conditions . During the first stage of the experiment, nine data sets were 

obtained with rainfall rates up to 300 mm/hr. The characteristic fifteen 

kilohertz peak in the underwater sound spectrum generated by small 

raindrops in light rain is absent during heavy rain . These data sets show 

a good correlation between rainfall rate and underwater sound levels, 

suggesting that acoustic measurement of rainfall rate at sea is possible . 

The correlation is best at lower frequencies (2-10 kHz) . At higher 

frequencies (12-22 kHz) low spectral levels are observed in conditions of 

high wind (>10 m/s), presumably due to sound absorption by ambient bubble 

clouds from breaking waves . At very high rainfall rates (>200 mm/hr), low 

levels at higher frequencies are also observed suggesting that the rain 

itself is capable of producing large populations of bubbles which absorb 

the sound radiated form the surface . 

Tannehill, I .R . 1944 . Hurricanes . Princeton University Press . Princeton . 269pp . 

Abstract . In this book Tannehill records the highest tides of record on the 

Gulf coast and a chronological account of hurricanes on record on the 

Gulf coast . 

Tanner, W .F . UNKNOWN YEAR . Florida Gulf coast surf zone wave power data . 

Department of Geology . Florida State University . Tallahassee, FL . 

Abstract . Surf zone wave power data along the Gulf coast of Florida, has been 

collected by the Geology Department of Florida State University since 

1971 . Measurements of surf zone waves have been made along the coast at 

intervals of approximately 800 meters or less . These data have been 

correlated with ocean wave data for the same time periods, and computer 

models have been generated . Associated sediment data, including size 

analysis and mineralogy for 60 stations along the coast, has been 

collected to verify computer model theorized areas of erosion and 

deposition . 

Taxonomic Associates, 1985 . Mixing zone analysis, Bay County Water and 

Wastewater Systems . Taxonomic Assoc . Mobile, AL . 29 pp . 

Abstract . An analysis of water mixing and dilution in the vicinity of the 

sewage outfall in East Bay. Includes water quality and hydrographic data . 

Taylor, J.G . 1966 . An approach to the analysis of sea surface temperature data 

for utilization in hurricane forecasting in the Gulf of Mexico . Master's 

Thesis . Texas A&M Univ ., Dept . of Oceanography, College Station, TX . 

106 pp . 

Abstract . Sea surface temperature (SST) patterns have been analyzed for four 

major hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in an effort to determine if 

routinely available SST data might be more fully utilized as an aid to 

the hurricane forecaster . SST data reported by merchant vessels are the 

primary data used in this study . Mean daily SST charts were prepared for 

approximately ten to twelve days prior to the time when each hurricane 

moved inland. Also, a series of 3-day, 5-day, and 7-day mean SST charts 

were prepared for Hurricane Hilda. The SST charts for Hurricanes Audrey, 

Carla, and Hilda were plotted and analyzed with the point of hurricane 

landfall known . In an attempt to stimulate realistic conditions and to 

insure an objective analysis, a series of daily mean SST charts for 

Hurricane Betsy were plotted while the storm was in progress . The 

conservative nature of ocean temperature is discussed, and it is stressed 

that a great amount of energy is required to make a significant change . 

148 
It is pointed out that the SST data used are taken at varying depths in 

the first few meters below the surface, and that the values obtained are 

not necessarily the same as surface temperatures measured by radiation 

devices . It is suggested that even though there are obvious limitations 

to available SST data, it is possible that the data might be more fully 

utilized as an aid to the hurricane forecaster . 

Taylor, J .L . and C .H . Saloman . 1969 . Sediments, oceanographic observations and 

floristic data from Tampa Bay, Florida, and adjacent waters, 1961-65 . 

U .S . Fish Wildl . Serv ., Data Rep . 34 :562 . 

TechCon, 1980 . Environmental monitoring program for the Mobile Oil Exploration 

and Producing Southeast, Inc . test well in Mobile Bay, Alabama, 7 vols . 

Mobil Oil Exploration and Producing Southeast, Inc. New Orleans, LA . 

Abstract . Mobil Oil Exploration and Producing Southeast, Inc . acquired four oil 

and gas leases in Mobile Bay, Alabama in 1969 . Applications for drilling 

permits were filed in 1970 but the State of Alabama did not provide water 

quality certification and clear the way for drilling until 1978 . The 

Mobile Bay Environmental Monitoring Program performed for Mobil Oil 

Southeast Exploration and Producing, Inc . by TechCon, Inc . has furnished 

both a clear demonstration of the clean operation of the test well and an 

excellent baseline for important characteristics of the Mobile Bay 

estuary Based upon the results of these studies, it is evident that 

natural environmental variability induced by seasonal changes and 

periodic climatological extremes exceeds by far any effects which the 

drilling operation might have had on this estuary . Much better 

predictions can now be made of the impacts of additional test drilling 

and production in Mobile Bay . And finally, examination of this database 

identifies those aspects of the ecosystem which will provide meaningful 

information at a realistic cost during monitoring of future development 

of oil resources in the Bay . 

TerEco Corporation . 1979 . Literature review of Mississippi Sound and adjacent 

area . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District . Mobile, AL . 251 pp . 

Abstract . The present report summarizes published and pertinent unpublished 

information relative to environmental and biological characteristics of 

the nearshore sea bottom of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . The study 

area extends from the East Pearl River, Mississippi to a point 14 miles 

east of Pensacola, Florida and from the shoreline to a depth of 22 

fathoms . Preparation of the present report has entailed an extensive 

search of the available literature, including articles published in 

technical journals, a variety of reports to and by government agencies, 

and university dissertations (as listed in Dissertation Abstracts) . All 

significant sources have been examined and abstracted for the pertinent 

information . Where major data gaps existed in the published literature, 

unpublished information was sought by telephone or by visitation . From 

the published and unpublished information the narrative section of this 

report and the supportive maps have been prepared . The annotated 

references and an index have also been included . 

Tester, P .A ., R .P . Stumpf, F .M . Vukovich, P .K . Fowler and J .T . Turner . 1991 . An 

expatriate red tide bloom : Transport, distribution, and persistence . 

Limnol .-Oceanogr . 36(5) :1053-1061 . 

149 
Abstract . In November 1987, the toxic dinoflagellate Gvmnodinium breve bloomed 

in North Carolina nearshore waters . This occurrence was the first record 

of Q. breve north of Florida, a range extension of >800 km . We propose 

the (Gulf of Mexico) Loop Current-Florida Current-Gulf Stream system as 

the transport mechanism for Q. breve cells from a late summer bloom off 

the southwest coast of Florida (Charlotte Harbor-Sarasota) . The estimated 

transit time for cells around the peninsula and northward to the 

continental shelf off North Carolina is 22-52 d. About 30 d after the 

Charlotte Harbor-Sarasota bloom, satellite images of sea-surface 

temperature substantiated the shoreward movement of a filament of Gulf 

Stream water onto the narrow continental shelf between Cape Hatteras and 

Cape Lookout. This filament, the likely source of Q. breve cells, 

remained in nearshore waters and was identifiable in satellite images for 

>19 d. Once the bloom was inshore, both windspeed and direction were 

important in determining its distribution . 

Tetley, M . and K . Wells . 1993 . Bibliography : Scientific journal articles based 

on DMMS environmental research . NIIMS 93-0069 . Minerals Management Service, 

Environmental Studies Branch . Herndon, VA . 312 pp . 

Abstract . The Environmental Studies Program (ESP) developed a database of ESP 

research in professional scientific journals . This bibliography is 

divided into several sections alphabetically by author and by title, and 

by region . The time period covered extends from the mid-1970's to Fall 

1993 . 

Tetra Tech, 1982 . Southwest Florida shelf circulation model . Volume 3 . Data 

Report . NIIMS-GM-PT-83-014 . Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Regional Office . Metairie, LA. 91 pp . 

Abstract . The report describes a more comprehensive understanding of 

circulation in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . The report also assembles a 

large body of data and related literature with which to tune the 

numerical circulation model and perform sensitivity analyses so that 

appropriate driving mechanisms and boundary conditions could be 

implemented . 

Texas A&M University . 1992 . Hydrographic Data from the Continental Shelf and 

Slope of the NW Gulf of Mexico : R/V GYRE Cruise 93G-O1 . Final Report . 

Minerals Management Service, LA . Gulf of Mexico OCS Region . New Orleans . 

200 pp . 

Abstract . Research was in support of an NSF- and DOE-sponsored biogeochemical 

study of the NW Gulf of Mexico . Cruise 93G-O1 departed Galveston at 22 :00 

CST on January 5 and returned to Galveston at 15 :30 CST on January 14 . 

The principal scientific goal was to collect samples to investigate 

dynamics and mechanisms of colloidal organic carbon transformation and 

transport on the continental shelf . Supporting tasks consisted of water 

and sediment sampling for selected radionuclides, biomarkers and 

pigments, trace and nutrient elements, oxygen, DOC, and colloids . 

Hydrodynamic conditions near the sediment-water interface and benthic 

respiration rates were measured at Station 1 by a free-vehicle larder and 

by diver-placed benthic flux chambers, respectively . The horizontal and 

vertical extent of a warm-core eddy (Loop Current Eddy 'V') that was 

centered at Sta 05 was also investigated, and the summary data from that 

survey (depth of the 15°C isotherm) were shared with the principal 

150 
investigators of the NMS-sponsored LATEX physical oceanography program 

while cruise 93G-O1 was still at sea . 

Texas A&M University . 1992 . Hydrographic Data from the Louisiana-Texas 

Continental Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico : Texas Institutions Gulf 

Ecosystem Research (TIGER) Cruise 92G-04 in Cooperation with NOAA-NECOP . 

Final Tech . Rpt . Minerals Management Service . College Station, TX . 56 pp . 

Abstract . GYRE cruise 92G-04 was supported by the Dept . of oceanography at 

Texas A&M University for the purpose of research and training . The 

research was a part of the continuing NOAH initiative for Nutrient 

Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) that is coordinated by NOAA's 

Coastal Ocean Program . The principal focus was on the areas of the 

continental shelf that are seasonally hypoxic or that are subjected to 

intense accumulation of material from the Mississippi River . The specific 

studies included a comparison of sediment oxygen demand (Row and Boland) 

with sulfate reduction (Morse), estimates of benthic photosynthesis using 

light and dark chambers (Rowe and Boland), and dissolved organic matter 

distribution and turnover rates in relation to water column microbial 

activities (Cifuentes and Coffin) . Anchor stations were occupied during 

the daylight hours, during which experiments were conducted in situ on 

the seafloor, with extensive coring and water sampling conducted adjacent 

to these sites . During the night, CTD stations were made to characterize 

the water column . 

Texas A&M University . 1992 . Ship-of-Opportunity hydrographic transact of WarmCore Eddy Triton : 27-29 January 1992 . Technical Report . Minerals 

Management Service . New Orleans . 181 pp . 

Abstract . From 27-29 January 1992, three TAMU technicians made a 16 XBT + 8 CTD 

transact of the central Gulf of Mexico, as R/V GYRE returned to Galveston 

from contract work off west Africa . They also ran GYRE's ADCP and 

thermosalinograph to collect data on near-surface currents, temperature, 

and salinity while underway . From ARGOS-tracked buoy trajectories and 

AVHRR imagery provided shortly before the cruise by colleagues in 

industry and at Stennis Space Center, the authors knew that a large warmcore eddy 'Triton', which had separated in fall 1991 from the Loop 

Current, was passing across the central Gulf, and that it was centered 

approximately 26°N and 92°W . Because they wanted to sample the eddy to 

continue/extend previous observations of rings in the central and western 

Gulf, they vectored R/V GYRE so that its homeward bound course from Grand 

Cayman Island to Galveston passed through the point . 

Texas A&M University . 1993 . GulfCet Cruise 02 hydrographic data : XBT, CTD, and 

niskin bottle data from August 10-25, 1992 Cruise on R/V PELICAN . Final 

Report . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans, LA. 129 pp . 

Abstract . The Materials Management Service (NMS) program, named GulfCet, 

includes aerial, acoustic, visual, and hydrographic surveys, a sperm 

whale tagging and tracking program, and a remote-sensing program. GulfCet 

is designed to ascertain the distribution, abundance, seasonality, and 

movement patterns of cetaceans along the continental slope from the 

Florida-Alabama border to the Texas-Mexico border between the 100- and 

2,000-meter isobaths . The GulfCet program participates in four TAMUsponsored cruises per season, for 2 of the 3 years of the contract 

period. These data were collected on the second TAMU GulfCet cruise, a 

151 
14-day summer cruise (B/10-24/92), aboard the LUMCON ship R/V Pelican . 

This cruise had a threefold purpose : a visual survey of marine mammals, a 

continuously recording acoustic survey, and a hydrographic survey . Data 

from the hydrographic survey are presented in this report . A transect 

consisting of 14 north-south track lines was followed during the cruise . 

Due to inclement weather, a track line one was not done on this cruise . 

The stations were surveyed in reverse order, beginning with station 143 

on track line 14 . 

Texas A&M University . 1993 . Hydrographic data from a June 1993 transit-ofopportunity aboard R/V GYRE from Key West, Florida, to Galveston, Texas . 

Technical Report . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans, LA . 196 pp . 

Abstract . From 1-4 June several types of underway hydrographic data were 

collected while R/V Gyre transited the Gulf of Mexico from Key West, FL, 

to Galveston, TX, after finishing cruises 93G-06 and 93G-07 off the US 

East Coast . Doug Biggs (TAMU), Ken Schaudt (Marathon Oil Company), and 4 

volunteers joined Gyre at the sea buoy off Key West to piggyback these 

underway hydrographic measurements during what otherwise would have been 

a deadhead run . Using Sippican T-7 XBT's that were provided by the Eddy 

Joint Industry Project (EJIP), we deployed 33 XBTIs from 84° 00'W to 

91°15'W as Gyre transited the central Gulf . At each of the deployment 

sites, we took a discrete sample for post-cruise measurement of surface 

salinity . Surface salinity (and surface temperature) was also monitored 

continuously with Seabird temperature and conductivity sensors that were 

placed in line in an uncontaminated sampling stream that was pumped from 

the bow of the vessel aft to the main science laboratory . Driven by a 

pump rated to deliver 60 gallons/minute, water in this. stream had a 

residence time of 30-60 seconds . The underway T, S data were logged every 

5 minutes on Gyre's SAIL system ; underway currents monitored with Gyre's 

150 kHz ADCP were also logged at 5-minute intervals . 

Texas A&M University . 1993 . Hydrographic data from the Louisiana-Texas 

continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico . Texas Institutions Gulf 

Ecosystem Research (TIGER) Cruise 92G-10 : Galveston, TX ., to Pensacola, 

FL . Final Tech . Rpt . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans, LA . 

197 pp . 

Abstract . GYRE cruise 92G-10 was supported by the Department of Oceanography at 

Texas A&M University for the purpose of graduate student training and 

geochemical research . From 2-5 October 1992, 20 CTD casts were made at 5 

+ 4 + 5 + 3 stations along 4 cross-shelf transects as GYRE proceeded east 

from Galveston, TX, to Atchafalaya Bay, LA . Additional CTD casts were 

made at 6 stations, in the vicinity of the Mississippi River delta on 5-6 

October, before the cruise terminated at Pensacola, FL . Bottles tripped 

at 2-12 depths at these CTD stations were analyzed on board for salinity, 

dissolved oxygen, autoanalyzer nutrients, and chlorophyll + phaeopigments . 

Texas A&M University . 1993 . Ship-of-Opportunity Hydrographic Transect of WarmCore Eddies 'U' and 'V' : October 28-31 1992 : Texas Institutions Gulf 

Ecosystem Research (TIGER) Cruise 92G-13 : Marco Island, FL, to Galveston, 

TX . Final Report . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans . 337 pp . 

Abstract . GYRE cruise 92G-13 was supported by the Department of Oceanography at 

Texas A&M University as part of its ongoing program of graduate student 

training and basic research on Loop Current Eddies . The principal 

152 
objective of this transit back to Texas after the completion of NSGsponsored research in the Bahamas (cruise 92G-11) and in the Florida 

Everglades (cruise 92G-12) was an XBT + CTD transect of the Loop Current 

warm-core ring 'Unchained Eddy .' A combination of Argos drifter and AVHRR 

SST analyses indicated that this feature had detached in the summer of 

1992 and then separated in September into two regions of mesoscale 

anticyclonic circulation, Eddy 'U' and Eddy 'V' . From 28-31 October 1992, 

32 XBT drops and 10 CTD casts were made between the shelf-slope break off 

west Florida and the shelf-slope break off SE Texas as GYRE proceeded 

back to Galveston, TX, from Marco Island, FL . ADCP and thermosalinograph 

data were also logged while underway to map the along track near-surface 

currents, temperature, and salinity . Bottles tripped at 12 depths at the 

CTD stations were analyzed on board for chlorophyll + phaeopigments, and 

aliquots from each bottle were also saved for post-cruise analysis of 

bottle salinity and nutrients . 

Texas University (Austin) . 1990 . Project Summaries . National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration . Washington, D .C . 4 pp . 

Abstract . Lunar base projects, including a reconfigurable lunar cargo launcher, 

a thermal and micrometeorite protection system, a versatile lifting 

machine with robotic capabilities, a cargo transport system, the design 

of a road construction system for a lunar base, and the design of a 

device for removing lunar dust from material surfaces, are discussed . The 

emphasis on the Gulf of Mexico project was on the development of a 

computer simulation model for predicting vessel station keeping 

requirements . An existing code, used in predicting station keeping 

requirements for oil drilling platforms operating in North Shore (Alaska) 

waters was used as a basis for the computer simulation . Modifications 

were made to the existing code . The input into the model consists of 

satellite altimeter readings and water velocity readings from buoys 

stationed in the Gulf of Mexico . The satellite data consists of altimeter 

readings (wave height) taken during the spring of 1989 . The simulation 

model predicts water velocity and direction, and wind velocity . 

The Energy Research and Development Administration . 1976 . Proceedings . pp . 52 . 

Workshop on Environmental Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Texas 

A&M University, College of Geosciences, College Station, TX . 

Thompson, J .D ., G .H . Born and G .A . Maul . 1982 . Collinear-track altimetry in the 

Gulf of Mexico from SEASAT : Measurements, models and surface truth . 

NORDA-TN-57 . Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity . NSTL Station, 

MS . 36 pp . 

Abstract . From 17 September to 10 October 1978 SEASAT made collinear passes 

over the Gulf of Mexico . Altimeter data for eight, three-day repeat 

passes over the eastern Gulf were examined using an arc-segment fitting 

technique to determine the mesoscale temporal variability of the sea 

surface . The pattern of sea height variability was then compared with sea 

height data generated by a numerical model of the Gulf (Hurlburt and 

Thompson, 1980) from the simulation of a complete cycle of Loop Current 

intrusion and shedding of an anticyclonic eddy . The model data was found 

to match that from the SEASAT altimeter when an anticyclonic eddy 

separated from the Loop Current and the Loop began to repenetrate into 

the eastern Gulf . Analysis of sparse ground truth data from ship-ofopportunity XBT's, satellite infrared imagery of the Loop Current 

153 
boundary, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, also from SEASAT, 

tend to confirm the circulation patterns deduced from the altimeter data 

and the numerical model . 

Thompson, J .D ., H .E . Hurlburt and A . Wallcraft . 1990 . Loop Current and its role 

in the dynamics and circulation of the Gulf of Mexico . Naval 

Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory . Stennis Space Center, 

MS . 1 pp . 

Abstract . The Gulf of Mexico is an ideal basin to study ocean dynamics since it 

contains many features of much larger mid-latitude domains . A major 

current system, the Loop Current, dominates the circulation of the basin . 

Large anticyclonic rings, cross-shelf exchanges, a highly energetic 

western boundary regime, and smaller cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies are 

at least in part energized by the Loop Current . The relatively small size 

of the Gulf and the relatively constrained inflow of the Loop Current 

makes the basin attractive from both a modelling and an observational 

perspective . Our basic understanding of the dynamics of the Gulf of 

Mexico, developed in the last two decades from observations and detailed 

numerical model studies, has shown that barotropic and baroclinic 

instability processes, potential vorticity conservation, and transport 

distributions through the Yucatan Straits are key elements in 

understanding the Loop Current in carrying momentum, vorticity, heat, and 

salt into the western Gulf . It is made clearer from modelling studies . 

The need to measure the deep flow in the Gulf at inflow and outflow 

boundaries in the Gulf at inflow and outflow boundaries is also 

underscored by model experiments . Requirements for better model 

resolution, both horizontal and vertical, improved model physics, 

including proper interaction between the deep Gulf and the shelf/slope 

region, and new observational data for more extensive model/data 

intercomparisons are also discussed . 

Thompson, P .A. and T .D . Leming . 1978 . Seasonal description of winds and surface 

and bottom salinities and temperatures in the northern Gulf of Mexico, 

October 1972 to January 1976 . NOAA Tech . Rep . NMFS SSRT-719 :44 . 

Abstract . Seasonal surface and bottom salinities and temperatures in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico are described . The area surveyed, from October 

1972 to January 1976, was between Mobile Bay, Alabama (88°00'W), and 

Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana (long . 91°301 W), from 5 to 50 fathoms (9 to 91 

m) . The changing of seasons in the northern Gulf of Mexico between Mobile 

Bay, Alabama and Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana from 5 to 50 fm, is 

recognized when surface and bottom temperatures are similar . The summer 

begins in Mar . and Apr . at all depths . This change is correlated with 

changing meteorological conditions as the wind shifts from a northerly to 

a southerly direction . This shift in direction is accompanied by a 

decrease in intensity of wind speed and an increase in air temperature . 

Water and air temperatures reach a peak in July and Aug . accompanied by 

frequent calm winds . Little wind-mixing during the period, coupled with 

solar heating, results in a large difference between surface and bottom 

temperatures . The summer season begins to disappear in Sept . and Oct . 

with a drop in air temperature and a wind shift . By Nov . and Dec . the 

winter season has begun with southeasterly winds shifting to a more 

northerly direction . This change in direction and intensity causes the 

mean air temperature to drop 9°C from the July and Aug . high . The wind 

154 
generally remains out of the N to NW in Jan. and Feb. bringing colder 

temperatures within the survey area . By Mar. and Apr. the winter season 

ends with a general warming of air temperature and a wind shift to the 

SE, completing the annual cycle . Bottom salinities at all depths in 3 

survey areas are similar and relatively constant because of the influence 

of the Loop Current . Surface salinities vary within each survey area, 

indicating seasonal changes that can be attributed to the discharge from 

the Mississippi River and calm weather during the summer months . 

Thompson, W .T . and S .D . Burk . 1991 . Investigation of Boundary Layer 

Modification during GUFMEX . Proceedings reprint . pp . 86-90 . jQ Preprint 

Volume of the Fifth Conference on the Meteorology and Oceanography of the 

Canal Zone . Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, 

Stennis Space Center, MS . 

Abstract . Transformation of continental polar air tranversing the Gulf of 

Mexico has been documented by few authors . Dimego et al . (1976) provide a 

climatology of cold frontal incursions into the Gulf and return flow of 

warm, moist tropical air into midlatitudes . Their results indicate that 

the maximum mean monthly frequency of frontal systems occurs in February . 

Molinari (1987) discusses air mass transformation over the loop current 

in the eastern Gulf . The Loop Current causes relatively warm water to 

move northward through the Yucatan Channel into the eastern Gulf . Changes 

in the position of the Loop Current contribute to significant variability 

in surface latent and sensible heat fluxes and, therefore, variability in 

air mass transformation (AMT) . Boundary layer (BL) modification 

associated with AMT is discussed by Henry and Thompson (1976) . Using 

soundings from a station in southern Mississippi and from one on the 

Yucatan Peninsula 24 hours later, they estimate the average total surface 

heat flux during the 24 hours required for air parcels reaching Yucatan . 

Thompson, W .T . and S .D . Burk . 1993 . Postfrontal Boundary-Layer Modification 

over the Western Gulf of Mexico during GUFMEX . J . Appl . Meteorol . 

32(9) :1521-1537 . 

Abstract . Cold-frontal passages over the Gulf of Mexico in late winter or early 

spring are frequently followed by return-flow episodes in which modified 

polar air and warm, moist tropical air move toward the Gulf coast . While 

both advection and airmass modification due to boundary-layer physics are 

important in this sequence of events, the relative roles of these 

processes are unclear . In the present study, the authors utilize data 

from the Gulf of Mexico Experiment and two distinctive numerical models 

in addressing this issue . In forecasts of a return-flow event, trajectory 

computations are performed using a mesoscale numerical weather prediction 

model to determine the source regions of air arriving on the coast at 

several different levels . A one-dimensional airmass transformation model 

is also used in order to delineate boundary-layer physical processes. 

Simulations were conducted at two sites along the Gulf coast to 

investigate geographic variability in this return-flow episode, including 

the effect on boundary-layer structure of sea surface temperature 

variations in shelf waters . By careful examination of temporal variations 

in surface flux and advective forcing and by examining changes due both 

to surface heat flux and differential advection in the forecast vertical 

profiles of potential temperature and specific humidity, the authors 

demonstrate that surface fluxes are important in heating and moistening 

the boundary layer as the air moves south across the Gulf . 

155 
Tisdale, W.E . 1969 . Report of investigations into pollution of Pensacola area 

waters . Florida State Board of Health, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering . 

Jacksonville, FL . 

Abstract . A study of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of 

Escambia River, Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Bayou Chico, Perdido Bay, 

and adjacent bodies of water. 

Tolbert, W .H . and G .B . Austin . 1956 . Oceanographic data collected off Panama 

City Beach, Florida, during period 12 April 1955 through 28 December 

1955 . U .S . Navy Mine Defense Laboratory Data Report . 5602(GX-14) :175 . 

Abstract . The data were collected from two offshore stations and one in St . 

Andrew Bay. 

Tolbert, W .H . and G .B . Austin . 1959 . On the nearshore marine environment of the 

Gulf of Mexico at Panama City, Florida . U .S . Navy Mine Defense Laboratory 

Technical Paper . 161 :104 . 

Abstract . Hydrography, sedimentology and weather data for the Panama City 

region . 

Tolbert, W .H . and G .B . bowling . 1962 . Review of the oceanographic program at 

the U .S . Navy Mine Defense Laboratory . pp . 436-441 . Z1 Gorsline, D .S ., 

ed . Proceedings of the First National Coastal and Shallow Water Research 

Conference, October 1961, Baltimore, MD . National Science Foundation and 

the Office of Naval Research, Tallahassee, FL . 

Abstract . A summary of the research conducted from the offshore stages . 

Tolbert, W .H . and G .G . Salsman . 1964 . Surface circulation of the eastern Gulf 

of Mexico as determined by drift bottle studies . J . Geophys . Res . 

69(2) :223-230 . 

Abstract . During the 28-month interval from September 1960 through December 

1962, drift bottles were released periodically from a stationary platform 

located 20 .4 km offshore from Panama City, Florida. Of the 951 bottles 

released, 276 or 29 per cent, were recovered . Approximately 67 per cent 

of the returns have been found along a 350-km section of coastline 

extending from Cape St . George west to the Florida-Alabama line ; 20 per 

cent of the returns were from the Florida east coast and keys, and 12 

percent were found along the coasts of Alabama, Mississippi . Louisiana, 

and Texas . Comparison of the drift-bottle data with local wind 

information indicates that the primary mechanism of surface water 

transport in the vicinity of the release point is wind-induced currents, 

which either transport the bottles to local beaches or to regions where 

permanent or semipermanent currents can displace them to western or 

southern shores . The results of this study are also compared with other 

drift-bottle studies conducted in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Toler, L .G . 1965 . Use of specific conductance to distinguish two base-flow 

components in Econfina Creek, Florida . U .S . Geological Survey, 

Professional Paper . 525-C :206-208 . 

Abstract . A mathematical formula is used to distinguish between the two water 

sources for Econfina Creek. 

Toler, L .G ., R .H . Musgrove and J .B . Foster . 1964 . Freshening of Deer Point 

Lake, Bay County, Florida . Journal of the American Water Works Assoc . 

56(8) :984-990 . 

156 
Abstract . A study of the salinity changes brought about by the construction of 

the dam in North Bay. 

Tomas, C .R . 1994 . Influence of Mississippi River water on the west Florida 

shelf . In Dowgiallo, M .F ., ed . Coastal Oceanographic Effects of the 1993 

Mississippi River Flooding . NOAA Coastal Ocean Office/National Weather 

Service, Silver Spring, MD . 

Trees, C .C . 1985 . Remote sensing of ocean color in the northern Gulf of Mexico . 

Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M University. College Station, TX . 270 pp . 

Abstract . Remote sensing of ocean waters, using the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color 

Scanner (CZCS), in the northern Gulf of Mexico during a 17-month period 

(November 1978 - March 1980) showed large variability in the spatial and 

temporal distributions of pigment fronts . Twenty-nine atmosphericallyand geometrically-corrected CZCS orbits were processed into total pigment 

images . A factor of 1 .67 was applied to correct for the tendency of the 

standard fluorometric method to underestimate chlorophyll-a 

concentrations . Entrainment of coastal waters offshore was a dominant 

feature . Intrusion of the Loop Current and its effect on surrounding 

waters was observed in the pigment imagery . The mean pigment 

concentration for the 17-month survey was 3 .30 ± 1 .45 mg/m3 . Both the 

spring (March) and the fall (October) phytoplankton blooms were 

documented in the imagery, although precise dates for these maxima could 

not be determined due to the spacings between usable CZCS orbits . 

comparison was made between 7 thermal (CZCS channel 6) and pigment 

images . At times, the sea surface temperature expressions coincided with 

pigment gradients . In general, pigment imagery showed structural features 

not readily discernible in the thermal imagery. Development of a primary 

productivity algorithm was investigated using historical ground truth 

data on primary productivity, chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface 

temperature, and day length . Results indicated that, using these 

variables, a multiple regressions model could only describe 15w of the 

variability in production ; therefore, a productivity algorithm was not 

applied to the remotely sensed pigment and thermal data . 

Trees, C .C ., S .Z . E1-Sayed and M .A. Blizard . 1986 . Remote sensing of 

chlorophyll concentrations in the northern Gulf of Mexico, pp . 328-334 . 

Proceedings of SPIE -- The International Society for Optical 

Engineering : Ocean Optics VIII Orlando, FL (USA) 31 Mar-2 Apr 1986 . Vol . 

637 . SPIE, Bellingham, WA . 

Abstract . During a 17-month period (November 1978 - March 1980) phytoplankton 

pigment concentrations were remotely sensed in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner . A total of 29 CZCS orbits 

were processed into pigment (chlorophyll-a + phaeopigments) images and 

then geometrically warped to a mercator projection . A correction factor 

of 1 .67 was applied to the pigment concentrations to correct for the 

tendency of the standard fluorometric method to underestimate chlorophyll 

a concentrations . The spatial and temporal distribution of pigment fronts 

were quite variable during this time series . Constant features observed 

throughout the pigment imagery were the entrainment of coastal waters 

offshore . The most extensive entrainments occurred during intrusions of 

the Loop Current . For the 17 month survey, the mean HPLC-corrected 

pigment concentration was 3 .30 ± 1 .45 mg/m3 . 

157 
Trump, C .L . 1993 . Green Sheet Project : Dye sheet evolution . Interim Rept . Dec . 

91-Dec . 92 . Naval Research Lab . Washington, D .C . 54 pp . 

Abstract . A 300-kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was used aboard 

the USNS Bartlett as part of the Green Sheet 91 experiment during June 

1991 in the Gulf of Mexico . The purpose of the experiment was to lay out 

a sheet of dye at the bottom of the mixed layer for later sampling by an 

airborne LIDAR system . Ship's tracks relative to targeted depths were 

calculated that reconstructed the dye deployment and sampling process . 

During the practice deployment, a small front was found between the 

second and third leg which adversely affected the location and geometry 

of the dye sheet . During the first LIDAR test, currents rotating strongly 

in depth and weakly in the horizontal also adversely affected the 

character of the final dye sheet . A shear-advection model was developed, 

using ADCP data and concurrently recorded navigation data, to predict the 

dye sheet evolution . The results of the model helped understand the 

evolution of dye sheets and were in agreement with the results of the 

LIDAR sampling during Flight One . For future Green Sheet experiments the 

ADCP should be used to provide real-time ship's tracks relative to a 

given water depth to aid dye deployment . The shear-advection model should 

be used in near-real-time to aid the vectoring of the plane over the 

evolved dye sheet . 

Turner, R .E . 1991 . Tide gauge records, water level rise, and subsidence in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico . Estuaries . 14(2) :139-147 . 

Turner, R .E ., W .W . Schroeder and W .J . Wiseman Jr . 1987 . The role of 

stratification in the deoxygenation of Mobile Bay (Alabama) and adjacent 

shelf bottom waters . Estuaries . 10(1) :13-19 . 

Abstract . Oxygen depletion in the shallow bottom waters of Mobile Bay, Alabama, 

and in adjacent near shore and continental shelf waters, is shown to be 

directly related to the intensity of water stratification . Low winds 

speeds are coincidental with the onset of water column stratification and 

the occurrence of hypoxic events . Hourly, daily, and seasonal changes in 

the relationship between percent oxygen saturation or oxygen 

concentration in the bottom waters and surface-bottom density differences 

indicate that the oxidized materials are recently formed, and not relic 

or over wintering carbon sources . The influence of density structure 

(water column stratification) in other oxygen-depleted coastal water 

masses is compared to Mobile Bay. 

University of Florida, Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Lab . 1972 . 

Hurricane surge analysis for Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida . University of 

Florida, Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Lab . Gainesville, FL . 

13 pp . 

Abstract . A study of projected storm tides in the area . 

University of Florida, Coastal Engineering Laboratory 1958 . Model study for the 

improvement of the jetties of the St . Andrews Bay entrance channel . Univ. 

of Florida . Gainesville, FL . 11 pp . 

Abstract . This project studied ways of dealing with the erosion of the western 

bank of the channel entrance . Includes information on waves and tides . 

158 
University of West Florida . 1974 . Baseline study of physical, chemical, 

biological, and socio-economic parameters of Navarre Beach . University of 

West Florida . Pensacola, FL . 156 pp . 

Abstract . Bar built barrier islands parallel the northwestern coast of Florida 

for several miles . Santa Rosa Island extends from Pensacola to Destin, a 

distance of about 50 miles . Near the midpoint of the island is the 

community of Navarre Beach. There is great local interest in re-opening a 

pass through the island at this point to connect Santa Rosa Sound and the 

Gulf of Mexico . A pass was built there in 1965 but was not protected by 

jetties and so was closed by drifting sand within a few months . This 

study was promoted by a desire to gather baseline information on the 

chemical, physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the area 

prior to construction of the pass . This information could be useful in 

assessing the effect of re-opening the pass . 

U .S . Army Corps of Engineers . 1957 . Hurricane wave statistics for the Gulf of 

Mexico . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Memorandum . 98 :94 . 

Abstract . This report contains the results of a statistical hindcast study of 

the heights and periods of significant waves generated by hurricanes in 

the Gulf of Mexico in the period 1900 to 1949 . Results are presented in a 

series of polar plots of frequencies of occurrence of waves of given 

height and period at deep-water (100 fathoms depth) stations at different 

bearings offshore from five coastal stations . 

U .S . Army Corps of Engineers . 1979 . Mississippi Sound and adjacent areas -

reconnaissance report . Appendix A -resource inventory . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Mobile District . Mobile, AL . 273 pp . 

Abstract . Information presented herein will give the reviewer, not familiar 

with the study area, available data with which to determine future study 

needs and to establish a baseline from which to assess potential project 

impacts on the study region's economic, social and environmental 

elements . For more detailed information the reader is referred to the 

selected bibliography at the end of this appendix . 

U .S . Army Corps of Engineers . 1979 . Mississippi Sound and adjacent areas 

reconnaissance report . Appendix E . Mathematical modeling . U .S . Army Corps 

of Engineers, Mobile District . Mobile, AL . 30 pp . 

U .S . Army Corps of Engineers . 1979 . Mississippi Sound and adjacent areas, 

reconnaissance report : Main Report . U.S . Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile 

District . Mobile, AL . 170 pp . 

U.S . Army Corps of Engineers and Coastal Ecology Branch . 1994 . A general 

investigation of St . Andrew Bay, Florida. U.S . Army Corps of Engineers . 

Mobile, AL . 39 pp . 

Abstract . This report supplies a characterization of the marine environment in 

the vicinity of the navigation channel for Panama City Harbor . Includes 

information regarding water quality (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved 

oxygen), chlorophyll a concentration, light transmission, zooplankton 

abundance and dominant taxa, sediments, benthic invertebrates, fishes, 

seagrass distribution and abundance, and current velocities . 

159 
U .S . Bureau of Commercial Fisheries . 1963 . Inventory of oceanographic data for 

the western north Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico . U.S . Bureau 

Comet . Fish . Circ . 176 :39 . 

Abstract . Oceanographic station data, bathythermograph observations, and seasurface temperature observations . 

U.S . Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration . 1978 . Ocean thermal and velocity characteristics of the 

Gulf of Mexico relative to the placement of a moored OTEC plant . NOAA 

Tech . Memo . ERL AOML-33 

Abstract . Historical review of data and literature, including some preliminary 

results of data reanalysis and recommendations for a measurement program 

for the OTEC site evaluation . 

U .S . Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration . 1979 . Physical oceanographic conditions at a potential 

OTEC site in the Gulf of Mexico ; 88°W, 29°N . NOAA Tech . Memo . ERL AOML-41 

Abstract . This position off Alabama was occupied to obtain temperature, density 

and current data for a potential OTEC site . Neither the Loop Current nor 

eddies detached from the loop were observed within 100 km of the site . A 

temperature front separating colder coastal water from warmer deep basin 

water moved from north to south past the site during winter . Lower 

temperatures were associated with the frontal passage . 

U .S . Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration . 1979 . Wind-driven transport, Atlantic coast and Gulf of 

Mexico . NOAA Tech . Rep . NMFS Circ . 427 :175-208 . 

Abstract . Surface waters were found to respond to the surface wind stress by 

flowing in a direction 45° to the right of the stress direction . The net 

water transport is 90° to the right of the surface stress direction . 

U .S . Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration . 1980 . Physical oceanographic conditions at a potential 

OTEC site in the Gulf of Mexico ; 27 .5°N ., 85 .5°W . NOAA Tech . Memo . ERL 

AOML-42 

Abstract . Temperature, salinity and current data were collected at a proposed 

OTEC site in the eastern Gulf of Mexico from March 1978 to June 1979 . The 

study focused on vertical density differentials as a measure of expected 

efficiency in ocean thermal energy conversion . A cold temperature anomaly 

characterizing the winter of the previous year had returned to normal in 

March 1978 . 

U .S . Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration . 1982 . Ocean optical data from potential OTEC sites in the 

Gulf of Mexico . NOAA Tech . Memo . ERL AOML-49 

Abstract . Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery are calibrated with in situ 

measurements obtained as part of regular hydrographic cruises to the OTEC 

site off Tampa, Florida. 

U .S . Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration . 1982 . Physical oceanographic observations in the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico during 1979-1980 for a potential OTEC site . NOAA Tech . 

Memo . ERL AOML-50 

160 
Abstract . Presents results of a two year field study near the Tampa OTEC site . 

Short term events were attributed to wintertime cold fronts, tropical 

storms and the Loop Current . 

U.S . Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration . 1983 . An environmental guide to ocean thermal energy 

conversion (OTEC) operations in the Gulf of Mexico . NOAA Tech . Rept . 

Abstract . Provides general description of flow features in Gulf of Mexico with 

focus on two prominent flow features : the Loop Current and a permanent 

anticyclonic gyre in the western and central Gulf . 

U .S . Department of Commerce, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and 

U .S . National Oceanographic Data Center . 1970 . CICAR - Bibliography on 

Meteorology, Climatology and Physical/Chemical Oceanography . Vol . 1 NODC . 

Washington, D .C . 380 pp . 

U .S . Department of Commerce and National Oceanographic Data Center . 1978 . NODC 

inventory of XBT data along transects in U .S . Atlantic and Gulf coastal 

waters from NMSF/MAR.AD ship of opportunity program for 1976 . 24pp . 

Abstract . Data catalogue . 

U .S . Department of Defense and Department of the Navy . 1977 . Dissolved silica 

and the circulation in the Yucatan strait and deep eastern Gulf of 

Mexico . Office of Naval Research, N00014-75-C-0539 . 

Abstract . Deep waters in Gulf of Mexico (below 1250m) were found to be richer 

in dissolved silica than same depth water in northwestern Caribbean . This 

disparity allows silica to be a useful natural tracer for the circulation 

patterns in the Yucatan Strait . It was also used to help select reference 

levels for geostrophic currents in Yucatan Strait for December 1982 . With 

this reference level, the flow patterns derived from steric height 

generally match previously described patterns . 

U .S . Department of Defense and Department of the Navy . 1978 . Gulf of MexicoOTEC far-field numerical studies : description and results of a two-layer 

model . Final report, Numerical Modeling Division, Environmental Models 

Branch Code 322, NORDA, NSTL Station, Mississippi . Gulf Stream . 7(4) 

Abstract . Presents results of a two-layer primitive equation model with U.S . 

Department of Defense . 

U .S . Department of Defense and Department of the Navy . 1981 . Surface stress 

estimation for study of the circulation dynamics of the Gulf of Mexico . 

NORDA Technical Note 113 . 

Abstract . Evaluates the available wind data on a fine enough mesh to be of use 

in forecast models of ocean circulation . Because of the fine grid, more 

accurate horizontal derivatives can be obtained to estimate wind stress 

curl as boundary condition forcing in numerical models . 

U .S . Department of Defense and Department of the Navy . 1985 . USS AMERICA 

emergency breakaway environmental conditions . Naval Ocean Research and 

Development Activity Report 105 . 

Abstract . This investigation was prompted by the occurrence of highly energetic 

currents experienced during refueling operations in the Gulf of Mexico . 

The study ascribes these intense currents to the presence of the Loop 

Current extending onto the shelf region . The position of the Loop Current 

161 
is determined from satellite imagery in December 1984, and a brief 

summary of general oceanographic properties of the current is presented. 

U .S . Department of Defense and United States Air Force . 1978 . A climatology of 

monthly mean sea surface temperatures for the Gulf of Mexico . Final 

Report USAFETAC-PR-78-001 . United States Air Force Air Weather Service 

(MAC), Environmental Technical Applications Center, Scott Air Force Base, 

Illinois . 

Abstract . Presents charts of monthly mean SST values in 1° quadrangles for the 

entire Gulf of Mexico . A brief discussion of the SST data as it relates 

to prevailing ocean currents is also included . 

U .S . Department of Defense 1986 . 100-year hurricane wind, tide, wave and 

current characteristics and wave-current force . United States Air Force 

Headquarters Armament Division (AFSC) . Contract F00635-86-M-0319, 

ANG/Gulfport, ACMI Storm Wave Study . 

Abstract . Summarizes results of an analysis of 100 year hurricane wind, tide, 

wave and current characteristics and wave and combined wave-current 

forces at two tower locations of the proposed ANG/Gulfport Air Combat 

Maneuvering Instrumentation Range in the offshore Mississippi area of the 

Gulf of Mexico in the vicinity of 29°52'N, 88°271W . 

U .S . Department of Energy. 1978 . Sea-surface temperature variability analysis 

of potential OTEC sites utilizing satellite data . Prepared by Vukovich, 

et al . for DOE under Contract No . EG 77-0-OS-5444 . 

Abstract . The Gulf of Mexico is among the various potential OTEC regions 

studied by the use of four years of satellite infrared data for SST. 

Variability in the SST observed in the Gulf of Mexico OTEC region was 

attributed to surges in river water runoff and intrusions of Loop Current 

water . Hence the study provides some limited statistics on the position 

of the Loop Current over four years . 

U .S . Department of Interior and Bureau of Land Management . 1975 . Compilation 

and summation of historical and existing physical oceanographic data from 

the eastern Gulf of Mexico in support of the creation of a MAFLA sampling 

program . Submitted to BLM under Contract No . 08550-CT4-16 . 

Abstract . Describes MAFLA, a BLM-commissioned study to synthesize physical 

oceanographic and meteorologic data in the northeast Gulf of Mexico to 

develop an understanding of pollutant trajectories . Summarizes knowledge 

of atmospheric conditions, tides, river run-off, hydrography, and 

circulation of the shelf and deep basin . Mechanisms for inducing shelf 

motions are explored . 

U .S . Department of Interior and Bureau of Land Management . 1976 . A numerical 

modeling and observational effort to develop the capability to predict 

the computation . Prepared for BLM 08550-IA5-26 . 

Abstract . Numerical current simulation capability is demonstrated through a 

series of comparisons of observations with solutions of a numerical 

model . Solutions are consistent with the results from previous 

investigations including recognition of large-scale features such as the 

Loop Current, and a gyre in the Western Gulf . Documents temporal 

variability of circulation features in the western Florida, MAFLA region, 

and on the Texas-Louisiana shelf . 

162 
U.S . Department of Interior . 1982 . Final Report : Southwest Florida Shelf 

Circulation Model . Minerals Management Service Contract No . AA851-CTO-72 . 

Abstract . Summary of shelf circulation model results of 18-month study to 

estimate the probable destination of water-borne pollutants . Study area 

extends from the Florida Keys to Apalachicola within the 200 meter 

isobath. Results indicate a composite fall-winter circulation with a 

dominant southerly flow at all levels . 

U .S . Department of Interior . 1982 . Southwest Florida Shelf Circulation Model . 

Volumes 1-3 . Minerals Management Service Report No . : Nd+4S-GM-PT-83-001, 

-013, and -014 . 

Abstract . Three volumes, including the final report, model documentation, and 

data report, summarize 18-month MMS study to estimate destination of 

water-borne pollutants originating from drilling and for predicting 

seasonal water circulation on the southwest continental shelf . 

U .S . Department of Interior . 1983 . Gulf of Mexico physical and chemical data 

from M/V ALASKA cruises . Minerals Management Service Special Scientific 

Report - Fisheries No . 249 . 

Abstract . The report is largely a tabulation of chemical data collected aboard 

the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service M/V ALASKA when she performed a 

biological and oceanographic survey in the Gulf of Mexico . Tables include 

observations on salinity, temperature, sigma-t, nitrate, total 

phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, carbohydrates, and proteins . It 

includes a brief introduction remarking on the physical oceanography of 

the Gulf of Mexico and its relation to organic compounds . 

U .S . Department of Interior . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico Circulation Modeling Study, 

Annual Progress Report : Year 2 . Minerals Management Service OCS Study, 

MMS 85-0027 . 94p . 

Abstract . Second report in multi-year numerical modeling effort . Follow-up to 

U .S . Department of the Interior, 1984, citation . The intent of this study 

is to serve as and upgrade to the earlier model and attain a horizontal 

resolution of about 10 km . These second year modeling efforts resulted in 

computations on a 0 .1° grid . 

U .S . Department of Interior . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography Program 

final report : Years 1 and 2 . Vol . I : Executive summary . Minerals 

Management Service OCS Study, NIINS 85-0093, U .S . DOI, 16p . 

Abstract . Introductory overview to Volume II technical report . 

U .S . Department of Interior . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography Program 

final report : Years 1 and 2 . Vol . II : Technical report . Minerals 

Management Service OCS Study, NMS 85-0094, U .S . DOI, 378p . 

Abstract . Crucial reference for summarizing the major components of eastern 

Gulf of Mexico physical oceanographic features . Reports on interim result 

of a multi-year field program. 

U .S . Department of Interior . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico Ship-of-Opportunity data 

report, January 1983-October 1985 . Minerals Management Service OCS Study, 

DMMS 86-0028, U .S . DOI, 623p . 

Abstract . Compendium of XBT observations obtained from several years of ship 

transects . 

163 
U .S . Department of Interior . 1986 . Southwest Florida shelf ecosystem study, 

Year 2, Volumes 1 through 7 . Minerals Management Service NIIMS 85-0066 . 

Abstract . Presents some of the most applicable results of a three-year 

multidisciplinary study of the processes and conditions on the shelf . 

Water column samples include temperature, salinity, transmissivity, 

chlorophyll and nutrients . Distributions were mapped by seasons . 

U.S . Department of Interior . 1987 . Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography Program 

final report : Year 4 . Vol . I : Executive summary . Minerals Management 

Service OCS Study, NMS 85-0093 . 14p . 

Abstract . Introductory overview to Volume II technical report (U .S . Department 

of the Interior, 1987) . 

U.S . Department of Interior . 1988 . Gulf of Mexico ship-of-opportunity data 

report, October 1985-March 1988 . Science Applications International 

Corporation report submitted to the DOI/NMS Gulf of Mexico OCS Region . 

Abstract . Second of two reports which document the rMMS ship-of-opportunity 

program (SOOP) in the Gulf of Mexico for the time period from January 

1983 through March 1988 . 

U .S . Dept . of Commerce and NOAA, National Ocean Service . 1993 . Salinity 

characteristics of Gulf of Mexico estuaries . National Estuarine Inventory 

Program . NOAA . Silver Spring, MD . 197 pp . 

Abstract . Pages 51-56 give information regarding the salinity of St . Andrew 

Bay, one of the 26 Gulf of Mexico estuaries covered in this report . 

Includes tables and maps . 

U. S . Dept . of Commerce, NOAA/NOS 1985 . National estuarine inventory data 

atlas : vol . 1 : Physical and hydrologic characteristics . NOAH . Rockville, 

MD . various pp . 

Abstract . Includes information concerning St . Andrew Bay. 

U .S . Environmental Protection Agency . 1971 . Circulation and benthic 

characterization studies : Escambia Bay, Florida . Southeast Water Quality 

Laboratory . Athens, Ga . 32 pp . 

U .S . Environmental Protection Agency . 1982 . Draft environmental impact 

statement for the Pensacola, FL, Mobile, AL, and Gulfport, MS dredged 

material disposal site designation . Environmental Protection Agency . 

Washington, D .C . 184 pp . 

Abstract . The purpose of the action is to provide an environmentally acceptable 

ocean location for the disposal of dredged materials, which complies with 

the environmental impact criteria of the Ocean Dumping Regulations 

(40CFR220-229) . Adverse environmental effects of the proposed action may 

include : (1) mounding, (2) smothering of some members of the benthos, and 

(3) increases in suspended sediment concentration . Adverse impacts within 

the site are unavoidable, but the disposal operation will be regulated to 

prevent unacceptable environmental degradation outside the site 

boundaries . The existing sites fulfill all criteria for site selection 

and are preferred over the alternative sites and areas based on 

evaluation of EPA's 11 site-specific criteria, and historical use . 

However, because potential impacts to the benthic community may be 

lessened at a larger Pensacola site it is recommended that this site be 

selected instead of the existing site . The Pensacola nearshore 

164 
alternative site is a geographic extension of the existing site and 

covers as area previously used for disposal of dredged material . 

U .S . Environmental Protection Agency and Surveillance and Analysis Div . 1973 . 

Effects of heated discharges from Gulf Power on the temperature regime 

and biota of the lower Escambia River . U .S . Environmental Protection 

Agency, Surveillance and Analysis Div . 71 pp . 

Abstract . The report presents temperature studies of the Lower Escambia River . 

Studies of the invertebrate fauna and flora and in situ fish bioassay 

studies were conducted during September and October 1972 . On July 20, 

1972, discharges from the Gulf Power steam electric facility flowing into 

the Escambia River increased surface water temperature to 93F, 100 yards 

downstream from the point of discharge (POD) . This represented and 11F 

increase over ambient temperatures recorded upstream from the point of 

discharge . 

U. S . Environmental Protection Agency . 1975 . Water quality study, St . Andrew 

Bay, Florida . EPA Report . 330/2-75-003 :94 . 

Abstract . A comprehensive bacteriological, water quality, and remote sensing 

study of St . Andrew Bay. 

U. S . Fish and Wildlife Service . 1954 . Gulf of Mexico : Its origin, waters, and 

marine life . Fish . Bull . 55(89) 

U .S . Geological Survey . 1963 . Compilation of records of surface waters of the 

United States, October 1950 to September 1960, Part 2-B, south Atlantic 

slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basin, Ogeechee River to Pearl River . 

U .S . Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper . 1724 :458 . 

U.S . Geological Survey. 1965 . Quality of surface waters of the U.S . Parts 1 and 

2 : North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic and eastern Gulf of 

Mexico basins . U.S . Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper . 1961 :779 . 

U .S . National Environmental Satellite . 1985 . NODC's water temperature guide to 

the Gulf coast . National Ocean Service . Riverdale, MD . 

Abstract . This guide is based on monthly averages computed by the National 

Oceanographic Data Center . The coastal water temperatures were taken at 

the National Ocean Service tide stations . The buoy data was collected by 

the NOAA Data Buoy center . 

Van Vleet, E .S ., W .M . Sackett, S .B . Reinhardt and M .E . Mangini . 1984 . 

Distribution, sources and fates of floating oil residues in the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico . Mar . Pollut . Bull . 15 :106-110 . 

Abstract . Pelagic tar was monitored over a two-year period in the eastern gulf . 

Tar concentrations were substantially higher than values reported for 

other areas around the world. Tar is primarily associated with the Gulf 

Loop Current; continental shelf areas are relatively uncontaminated . 

Grounding of significant amounts of tar occurs primarily along SE 

Florida. Approximately 10-50% of the tar is transported from the 

Caribbean via the Yucatan Straits; the remainder originates within the 

gulf . About half of the tar samples appear to have originated from 

tankers . 

165 
Vastano, A.C ., C . Barron, C . Lowe and E . Wells . 1991 . 11 .0 Satellite 

oceanography . pp . 862 . Zn Brooks, J .M ., ed . Mississippi-Alabama 

Continental Shelf Ecosystem Study : Data Summary and Synthesis . Volume II : 

Technical Narrative . U.S . Dept . of the Interior, Minerals Mgmt . Service, 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA . (OCS Study DMS 91-0063 .) 

Vidal, V .M .V ., F .V . Vidal and J .M . Perez-Molero . 1989 . Atlas Oceanografico del 

Golfo de Mexico, Vol . I . Grupo de Estudios Oceanograficos, Instituto de 

Investigaciones Electricas . 

Vittor and Associates . 1983 . Characterization and development of valuation 

methodology for Mobile Bay and offshore area . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Mobile District . Mobile, AL . 

Abstract . This report summarizes the various studies conducted in Mobile Bay 

and the near shore area from the perspective of oil and gas development . 

Topics include geological resources, water resources, flora and faunal 

resources and ecosystem values . Data gaps for the Mobile Bay area are 

discussed as well as an annotated bibliography . 

Volgenau, D . 1970 . Hurricane heat potential of the Gulf of Mexico . Master's 

Thesis . Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA . 

Abstract . An analysis of the 'hurricane heat potential' of the Gulf of Mexico 

early in the hurricane seasons for the individual years 1965 to 1968 was 

conducted . Results show that if the heat content of water at 26°C is 

taken as zero, then the amount of heat available per cm 2 in the Gulf 

varies from approximately 700 to 31,600 calories . The areas of high heat 

content are found to vary yearly . Further, since the sea surface 

temperature decrease during a storm depends upon the near surface 

vertical temperature gradient, the temperature differences between the 

surface and 30m depth were also studied . Vertical temperature differences 

were found to vary from 0°C to 11 .6°C, depending upon location . 

Computations based on ranges of heat content and vertical temperature 

structure showed that a passing hurricane with an assumed flux from the 

sea of 4,000 cal /cmZ/day would cause the sea surface temperature to 

decrease some 3 .1°C per day in some regions but only 0 .8°C in others . 

Vukovich, F .M . 1982 . A comparison of surface temperatures from HCNM infrared 

data with field measurements . Cont . Rep . to NASA. 58 pp . 

Abstract . Heat Capacity Mapping Mission surface temperatures were compared to 

field data obtained in the Mississippi River, in the Atlantic Ocean in 

the vicinity of the Nantucket Shoals, and in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . 

The absolute and relative accuracies of the infrared data were 

determined . 

Vukovich, F .M . 1986 . Aspects of the behavior of cold perturbations in the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico : A case study. J . Phys . Ocean . 16(1) :175-188 . 

Abstract . Between 2 March and 13 May 1983, while using in-situ and satellite 

data, three cold perturbations observed off the west Florida shelf moved 

southward along the boundary of the Loop Current at speeds of about 4 to 

10 km/day . Geostrophic currents and current meter data indicated a 

cyclonic circulation associated with the cold perturbations . The 

geostrophic current indicated northward flow on the west side of the warm 

filaments that formed on the shoreward side of the cold perturbation, and 

weak southward flow on the east side . However, the current meter data 

166 
only gave indications of northward flow in the filaments . The current 

meter array may not have been able to discriminate the entire flow 

pattern in the filaments . 

Vukovich, F .M . 1986 . Loop Current boundary variations . EOS, Trans . AGU . 

67(44) :1049 . 

Abstract . Analysis of satellite imagery defines two types of fluctuations in 

the Loop Current boundary including that associated with excursions deep 

into the eastern Gulf of Mexico and separation of major rings . Also, 

meso-scale cyclonic perturbations on the current boundary are 

characterized in terms of spatial extent . 

Vukovich, F .M . and B .W . Crissman . 1986 . Aspects of warm rings in the Gulf of 

Mexico . J . Geophys . Res . 91(C2) :2645-2660 . 

Abstract . Satellite infrared and Ship-of-opportunity data from 1973 to 1984 

show three characteristic paths of ring movement, all of which eventually 

lead the ring to the northwestern portion of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Vukovich, F .M . and B .W . Crissman . 1986 . Ocean Front Analysis in the Northern 

Gulf of Mexico Using CZCS Data, Final Report . Prepared for SOHIO 

Petroleum Company, Contract No . NT-HEM-1941 . Research Triangle Institute . 

Research Triangle Park, NC . 53 pp . 

Abstract . The purpose of this project was to develop frontal analyses of major 

ocean features in the Gulf of Mexico, North of 25°N, and west of 85°W, 

using Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) data . The frontal analyses were 

derived for the period of June through October and for the years 1980 

through 1983 . the major features in the Gulf of Mexico that were the 

focus of this study were the Loop Current, warm rings, and shelf fronts . 

Because there is generally a small thermal contrast at the surface and an 

increase in the atmospheric noise (mostly brought about by increased 

water vapor) in the period of June through October, the frontal analyses 

required for this study could not be determined using satellite infrared 

(IR) sea-surface temperature data . 

Vukovich, F .M ., B .W . Crissman, M. Bushnell and W .J . King . 1979 . Aspects of cold 

intrusions in the eastern Gulf of Mexico near the Mississippi Delta and 

Mobile Bay . Gulfstream . V(9) :3,6-7 . 

Abstract . Infrared images from NOAA and NIMBUS satellites for a 5-year period 

(1973-77) were used to study cold-water intrusions in the Eastern Gulf of 

Mexico near Mobile Bay and the Mississippi Delta . The NOAA Very High 

Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) images were analyzed for meso-scale 

variations in sea-surface temperature at the shelf break in the region of 

interest . (The 200-m bathymetric contour was used as the shelf break .) 

Relative temperature variations in the VHRR imagery are displayed in 

contrasting densities on a calibrated gray scale ; the relative variation 

in surface ocean temperatures can be used to define surface thermal 

boundaries, called fronts . . 

Vukovich, F .M ., B .W . Crissman, M . Bushnell and W .J . King . 1979 . Some aspects of 

the oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico using satellite and in situ data . 

J . Geophys . Res . 84(C12) :7749-7768 . 

Abstract . Satellite infrared data and in situ data were combined to study 

synoptic-scale and mesoscale fronts in the Gulf of Mexico in the period 

1973-1977 . Deep northward penetrations of the Loop Current were noted in 

167 
the winter, and a major warm gyre developed in the winter, 1974 . Other 

major warm gyres were seen to develop in the early spring (1974 and 

1977) . In all cases, a very large meander developed off the southern part 

of the west Florida shelf prior to the development of the major warm 

gyre . Smaller meanders were seen to move along the Loop Current boundary 

at an average speed of 28 km/day and with an average wavelength of 210 

km . 

Vukovich, F .M., B .W . Crissman and D . Erlich . 1980 . Sea-surface temperature 

variability analysis of potential OTEC sites in the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico utilizing satellite data . Interim Report, Contract No . 03-78-BO1- 

72, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 37 pp . 

Vukovich, F .M . and G .A. Maul . 1985 . Cyclonic eddies in the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico . J . Phys . Ocean . 15(1) :105-117 . 

Abstract . Cold-domed cyclonic eddies juxtaposed to the cyclonic shear side of 

the Loop Current are observed in simultaneously obtained hydrographic, 

current meter mooring, and satellite infrared data . The cyclones are 

initially observed in the satellite data as cold perturbations on the 

northern extreme of the current and grow either into a cold tongue or a 

quasi-stable meander off the Dry Tortugas, Florida . Areal shipboard 

surveys show closed isopleths of temperature and salinity, and surface 

geostrophic current speeds relative to 1000 db are in excess of 100 cm/s . 

The diameter of the cold domes varied from 80 to 120 km . 

Waddell, E . 1984 . Loop Current temperature and velocity fields . EOS, Trans . 

AGU . 65(45) :968 . 

Abstract . Report of the results of an extensive survey of the Loop Current in 

May 1984 that produced nearly-synoptic fields relative to major 

fluctuations in the current. Documents regions of strong vertical shear 

near the boundaries of the current . Also, describes locally strong 

horizontal shear zones near inflow/outflow regions to the Gulf of Mexico . 

Waddell, E . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography Program Final Report 

Years 1 and 2, Volume II Technical Report . Prepared for Minerals 

Management Service under Contract No . 14-12-0001-2915 by Science 

Applications International Corporation, Raleigh, NC, 378 pp . 

Wade, T .L ., E .L . Atlas, J .M . Brooks, M .C . Keruiicutt II, R .G . Fox, J . Sericano, 

B . Garcia-Romero and D . DeFreitas . 1988 . NOAA Gulf of Mexico Status and 

Trends Program : Trace organic contaminant distribution in sediments and 

oysters . Estuaries . 11(3) :171-179 . 

Wagner, J ., G .R . Fisher, J .W . McCartney, R .G . McWilliams, R .S . Dawdy, B . 

Kranzer, M . Drake, R .A . Mills and D .E . Barr . 1984 . Northwest Florida 

Water Management District . pp . 198-217 . In Fernald, E .A . and D .J . Patton, 

eds . Water Resources Atlas of Florida . Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Wahl, R .J . 1993 . Observed currents from the entrance of Pensacola Bay to the 

Vvcinity of the Allegheny Pier . Technical Note . Naval Oceanographic 

Office . NSTL Station, MS . 21 pp . 

Abstract . In July 1992, the Naval Oceanographic Office received a request to 

provide real-time current measurements in support of USS FORRESTAL prior 

168 
to and during several docking evolutions between late July 1992 and early 

September 1992 . This report summarizes the development of a measurement 

system that collects and forwards current measurements in real time and 

describes the data collected from the Pensacola Bay entrance to the 

Allegheny Pier at the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida . 

Wallace, D.W . 1980 . Distribution of Mississippi River water under high flow 

conditions in the Gulf of Mexico . Florida Dept . of Natural Resources 

Marine Research Laboratory, Florida Marine Research Publications . 

Abstract . Examines the occurrence of coherent low salinity lens, formed by 

anomalously high river outflow rates . The lens can be transported intact 

to various portions of the Gulf of Mexico or western Atlantic . A 

recurrence rate for this event is hypothesized . 

Wallcraft, A . J . 1984 . Gulf of Mexico Circulation Modeling Study, Annual 

Progress Report, Year 1 . OCS Study, NMS 85-0025 . U .S . Department of 

Interior, Minerals Management Service . New Orleans, LA. 106 pp . 

Abstract . Results of the first year of the modeling component for a major 

multi-year investigation of large-scale flow field in the Gulf of Mexico . 

These initial modeling computations are on a 0 .2° grid, with future, 

finer-resolution modeling planned. 

Wallcraft, A .J . 1986 . Gulf of Mexico circulation modeling study, Annual 

Progress Report : Year 2 . Progress report by JAYCOR submitted to the 

Minerals Management Service, Metairie, La . MMS Contract No . 14-12-0001-

300073 . 94 pp . 

Wallcraft, A .J . 1991 . Gulf of Mexico circulation modeling study, Annual 

Progress Report : Years 3 and 4 . Final Report . 1982-90 . Minerals 

Management Service . Metairie, LA . 226 pp . 

Abstract . This is the final report of a four-year numerical ocean circulation 

modeling program for the Gulf of Mexico . The aim of the program was to 

progressively upgrade an existing model of the Gulf of Mexico to provide 

the most realistic long-term simulation possible of Gulf circulation . The 

NOARL/JAYCOR multi-layer hydrodynamic and thermodynamic primitive 

equation circulation models of the Gulf of Mexico on a 0 .2° and a 0 .1° 

grid were used in the program . They were forced by constant inflow 

through the Yucatan Straits compensated by outflow through the Florida 

Straits, and by wind stresses from the Navy Corrected Geostrophic Wind 

data set for the Gulf of Mexico . The most realistic simulation produced 

by the program was a blending of one- and two-layer experiments, 

augmented by a perturbation analysis to extract surface currents from the 

vertically averaged ocean model velocities . Actual wind stresses from 

1967-1982 were used to force the simulation, but the resulting currents 

are intended to be representative of Gulf circulation rather than a 

hindcast of the actual state of the Gulf over this time period . Wind 

stress, surface current, and geostrophic surface current fields from this 

simulation, sampled every three days for 10 years, have been delivered to 

NIIMS . Current fields at 100, 300, 750, and 1600 meter depths, sampled 

every six days for the same 10-year period, have also been delivered . 

Also, detailed vertical current profiles have been delivered to the 

locations of all moored buoys used in Years 1 through 5 of NMS's recently 

concluded Gulf of Mexico Physical Oceanography Program . 

169 
Wallcraft, A .J . 1991 . Navy layered ocean model users guide . Planning Systems, 

Inc . Slidell, LA . 28 pp . 

Abstract . This report is a users guide to the Navy's hydrodynamic (isopycnal) 

nonlinear, primitive equation, layered ocean circulation model . The model 

retains the free surface and uses a semi-implicit time scheme that treats 

all gravity waves implicitly . It can handle full-scale bottom topography, 

provided it is confined to the lowest layer, and an arbitrary coastline 

geometry . The model has been in use at the Naval Oceanographic and 

Atmospheric Research Laboratory for more than 10 years for simulations of 

the ocean circulation in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, the 

Alboran Sea, the western Mediterranean Sea, and the global oceans . In 

conjunction with the issuance of this report, the model code is being 

made available to the ocean modeling community . The vertically integrated 

equations of motion and their finite difference discretization on a Cgrid is presented, as is a description on the semi-implicit time scheme, 

the boundary conditions, and the external forcing . The model code 

contains internal documentation that fully describes the user-specified 

model parameters and data sets . This report also contains general 

information about how to use the model, in particular, how to set it up 

for a new ocean region and how to port it to a new computer system . 

Wallcraft, A ., T . Townsend and D . Grant . 1985 . Wind-driven ocean modeling and 

ocean model development ; Final Rpt . J665-85-006/6251 . Jaycor . Alexandria . 

89 pp . 

Abstract . Numerical simulations were performed with a 0 .2°, two-layer, free 

surface, primitive equation, ocean circulation model of the Gulf of 

Mexico with a realistic bottom topography and coastline . As in previous 

simulations, with idealized bottom topography and coastline, realistic 

Loop Current behavior could be obtained without wind forcing and with 

constant inflow through the Yucatan Straits . However, simulations with 

both wind and port forcing showed significantly more variation than those 

with port forcing alone . A similar two-layer model was set up for a North 

Atlantic region, from 20°N, 82°W to 48°N, 30°W, on a 0 .25° by 0 .2° grid . A 

'Black Box' multigrid package was prepared for solving finite-difference 

Helmholtz's equations with staggered grid Neumann boundary conditions in 

nonrectangular regions . In semi-implicit free surface primitive equation 

ocean models, it is competitive with other powerful iterative methods but 

slower than the direct Capacitance Matrix Technique . Several wind stress 

data sets were prepared for use in ocean models, based on global analysis 

products from FNOC and NMC, regional analysis products from FNOC, and 

ship observations . These data sets have been used to drive ocean 

circulation model of the World Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the North 

Atlantic, and the Western Mediterranean Sea . 

Walsh, J .J ., D .A. Dieterle, W .W . Gregg and J .R . Pribble . 1989 . Simulation 

analysis of moored fluorometer time series from the Mid-Atlantic Bight : 

Progress Report, FY 1988-1989 . Department of Energy . DOE/ER/60285-6 :122 . 

Abstract . A two-layered baroclinic circulation model and a 21-layered 

biochemical model are used to explore the consequences of Loop Currentinduced upwelling and terrestrial eutrophication on 'new' production 

within the Gulf of Mexico . During a quasi-annual penetration and eddyshedding cycle of the Loop Current, the simulated seasonal changes of 

incident radiation, wind stress, and surface mixed layer depth induce an 

annual cycle of algal biomass that corresponds to in situ and satellite 

170 
time series of chlorophyll . The simulated nitrate fields match those of 

shipboard surveys, while fallout of particulate matter approximates that 

caught in sediment traps and accumulating in bottom sediments. Assuming 

an f ratio of 0.06 to 0 .12, the total primary production of the Gulf of 

Mexico might be 105 to 210 g C/m2/yr in the absence of anthropogenic 

nutrient loadings, i .e ., 2 to 3 fold that of oligotrophic regions not 

impacted by western boundary currents . Less than 25W of the nitrogen 

effluent of the Mississippi River may be stored in bottom sediments, with 

most of this input dispersed in dissolved form beneath the pycnocline, 

after remineralization of particulate detritus within several production 

cycles derived from riverine loading. At a sinking rate of 3 m/day 

however, sufficient phytodetritus survives oxidation in the water column 

to balance estimates of bottom metabolism and burial at the margins . 

Walsh, J .J ., D .A . Dieterle, M .B . Meyers and F .E . Muller-Karger . 1989 . Nitrogen 

exchange at the continental margin : a numerical study of the Gulf of 

Mexico . Prog . Oceanogr . 23(4) :245-301 . 

Abstract . A two-layered baroclinic circulation model and a 21-layered 

biochemical model are used to explore the consequences of Loop Currentinduced upwelling and terrestrial eutrophication on new production within 

the Gulf of Mexico . During a quasi-annual penetration and eddy-shedding 

cycle of the Loop Current, the simulated seasonal changes of incident 

radiation, wind stress, and surface mixed layer depth induce an annual 

cycle of algal biomass that corresponds to in situ and satellite time 

series of chlorophyll . The simulated nitrate fields match those of 

shipboard surveys, while fallout of particulate matter approximates that 

caught in sediment traps and accumulating in bottom sediments . Assuming 

an f ratio of 0 .06-0 .12, the total primary production of the Gulf of 

Mexico might be 105 to 210 g C/mz/yr in the absence of anthropogenic 

nutrient loadings, i .e . 2-3 fold that of oligotrophic regions not 

impacted by western boundary currents . Less than 25t of the nitrogen 

effluent of the Mississippi River may be stored in bottom sediments, with 

most of this input dispersed in dissolved form beneath the pycnocline, 

after remineralization of particulate detritus within several production 

cycles derived from riverine loading. At a sinking rate of 3m/d, however, 

sufficient phytodetritus survives oxidation in the water column to 

balance estimates of bottom metabolism and burial at the margins. 

Wang, X . 1992 . Interaction of an eddy with a continental slope . Ph .D . 

Dissertation . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Boston, MA . 

Abstract . This study concerns the barotropic interactions between a mesoscale 

eddy and a straight monotonic bottom topography . Through simple to 

relatively complicated modeling effort, some of the fundamental 

properties of the interaction are investigated . In chapter two, the 

fundamental aspects of the interaction are examined using a simple 

contour dynamics model . With the simplest model configuration of an ideal 

vortex and a step topography, the basic dynamical features of the 

observed oceanic eddy-topography interaction are qualitatively 

reproduced . The results consist of eddy-induced cross-topography 

exchange, formation of topographic eddies, eddy propagation and 

generation of topographic waves . In chapter three, a more complicated 

primitive equation model is used to investigate a mesoscale eddy 

interacting with an exponential continental shelf/slope topography on 

both f and beta-planes . The f-plane model recasts the important features 

171 
of chapter two . The roles of the eddy size and strength and the geometry 

of topography are studied. It is seen that the multiple anticyclonic 

eddy-slope interactions strongly affect the total cross-slope volume 

transport and the evolution of both the original anticyclone and the 

topographic eddy . Since a cyclone is trapped at the slope and eventually 

moves on to the slope, it is most effective in causing perturbation on 

the shelf and slope . It is found that the straight eddy incident is more 

effective in achieving large onslope eddy penetration distance than the 

oblique eddy incident . A weak along-slope current near the edge of the 

slope is found, which is part of a outer slope circulation cell 

originated from the Rossby wave wake trailing the propagating eddy. 

Model-observation comparisons in chapter four show favorable qualitative 

agreement of the model results with some of the observed events in the 

eastern U.S . continental margins and in the Gulf of Mexico 

Wanstrath, J .J . 1976 . Storm surge simulation in transformed coordinates, Vol . 

1, Theory and application . Technical Report No . 76-3 . United States Army 

Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center . Ft . Belvoir, VA . 

166 pp . 

Abstract . A two-dimensional time-dependent, numerical storm surge model using 

orthogonal curvilinear coordinates is presented . The curvilinear 

coordinate system is based on a conformal mapping of the interior region, 

bounded by the actual coast, the seaward boundary (taken as the 180-m 

depth contour), and two parallel lateral boundaries, into a rectangle in 

the image plane . Three regions of the Continental Shelf of the Gulf of 

Mexico and two regions of the eastern seaboard of the U .S . are mapped . 

Since the transformation is conformal, the associated modifications of 

the vertically integrated equations of motion and mass continuity are 

minimized . The coast, seaward boundary, and the lateral boundaries of the 

computing grid are straight lines in the image plane, thus facilitating 

the application of the boundary conditions . The final coordinates allow 

for the greatest resolution near the coast in a central area of principal 

storm surge development and modification . The model is used in the 

simulation of the storm surge induced by Hurricanes Carla (1961) and 

Camille (1969), which crossed the gulf coast of the United States, and 

Hurricane Gracie (1959), which crossed the east coast . Analytical 

interpretations of the wind and atmospheric pressure-forcing functions 

are used in the computations . 

Wanstrath, J.J . 1976 . Storm surge simulation in transformed coordinates . Volume 

II . Program Documentation . CERC-TR-76-3-Vol-2 . Coastal Engineering 

Research Center . Ft . Belvoir, VA . 178 pp . 

Abstract . A two-dimensional time-dependent numerical storm surge model using 

orthogonal curvilinear coordinates is presented . The curvilinear 

coordinate system is based on a conformal mapping of the interior region 

bounded by the actual coast, the seaward boundary (taken as the 180-meter 

depth contour) and two parallel lateral boundaries into a rectangle in 

the image plane . Three regions of the Continental Shelf of the Gulf of 

Mexico and two regions of the eastern seaboard of the United States are 

mapped . Since the transformation is conformal, the associated 

modifications of the vertically integrated equations of motion and mass 

continuity are minimized . The coast, seaward boundary, and the lateral 

boundaries of the computing grid are straight lines in the image plane 

thus facilitating the application of the boundary conditions . The final 

172 
coordinates allow for the greatest resolution near the coast in a central 

area of principal storm surge development and modification . The model is 

employed in the simulation of the storm surge induced by Hurricanes Carla 

(1961) and Camille (1969) which crossed the gulf coast of the United 

States and Hurricane Gracie (1959) which crossed the east coast . 

Analytical interpretations of the wind and atmospheric pressure-forcing 

functions are used in the computations . 

Ward, E .G . 1974 . Ocean data gathering program, an overview . Shell Development 

Company. 

Abstract . The ocean data gathering program resulted in the collection of 

oceanographic and meteorological data at six offshore sites in the Gulf 

of Mexico from 1968-1971 . The primary goal of the program was to obtain 

data on extreme conditions generated by severe hurricanes in the Gulf of 

Mexico . Parameters continuously recorded are wave amplitude, wind speed 

and direction, and barometric pressure . 

Ward, E .G ., L .E . Borgman and V .J . Cardone . 1979 . Statistics of hurricane waves 

in the Gulf of Mexico . J . Petrol . Technol . 31(5) :632-642 . 

Abstract . By using hurricane data from 1900-1974, an historical wave data base 

was produced by hindcasting . A model was then applied to estimate the 

cumulative probability distribution function for the largest wave in a 

given number of years . 

Warsh, K .L ., E .Z . Stakhiv and M . Garstang . 1970 . On the relation between the 

surface temperatures of the Gulf of Mexico and its circulation . Bull . 

Mar . Sci . 20(4) :803-812 . 

Wartha-Clark, J . and A. Bell . 1983 . East Coast ocean features - July 1983 . 

Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 3(7) :18-20 . 

Abstract . A significant feature in the end-of-July Gulf Stream is the large 

amplitude trough near 38°N 59°W . During July, one anticyclonic eddy was 

formed and two anticyclonic eddies were newly observed . An anticyclonic 

eddy was formed from a Stream meander near 41°N 53°W on June 18 . Near 

isothermal SST conditions have prevailed since early July in the Gulf of 

Mexico . The Loop Current was last partially discerned on July 5 by the 

Miami Satellite Field Service Station using geostationary satellite data . 

Wartha-Clark, J . and A . Bell . 1983 . East Coast ocean features - May 1983 . 

Oceanogr . Mon . Summ. 3(5) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end-of-May amplitude of the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico 

increased about 30 km north from the end-of-April position . Due to 

seasonal heating, thermal features in the Gulf of Mexico are becoming 

less discernible . The southwestern edge of the Loop was last clearly 

observed on May 15 . One anticyclonic eddy formed and one was absorbed by 

the Gulf Stream during May. Two newly observed cyclonic eddies were 

detected and at least one eddy was absorbed. Additional information on 

eddy movements are included . 

Wartha-Clark, J . and A . Bell . 1983 . East Coast (USA) ocean features . Oceanogr . 

Mon . Summ . 3(10) :18-19 . 

Abstract . October 1983 positions of the Gulf Stream System and its associated 

eddies are shown for the NW Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . The Gulf 

Stream and Loop Current boundaries are located by infrared satellite 

173 
imagery or XBT (expendable bathythermograph) data . One anticyclonic eddy 

was formed, one anticyclonic eddy was absorbed by the Gulf Stream and two 

apparently dissipated during October. 

Wartha-Clark, J. and A. Bell . 1984 . East Coast ocean features, February 1984 . 

Oceanogr . Mon . Summ . 9(2) :18-19 . 

Abstract . The end of this month's positions of the Gulf Stream system and its 

associated eddies are shown for the NW Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . 

The Gulf Stream and Loop Current boundaries are located by infrared 

satellite imagery or XBT (expendable bathythermograph) data . Anticyclonic 

eddies are labeled a-z in the Gulf of Mexico and 1-99 in the NW Atlantic . 

Cyclonic eddies are labeled A-Z . Arrows on eddies indicate direction of 

circulation . Warm-core or anticyclonic eddies rotate clockwise ; cold-core 

or cyclonic eddies rotate counterclockwise . The line to the eddy center 

shows the net translation since last months or since last observed. 

Weissman, D .E . 1983 . The Dependence of the Radar Modulation Transfer Function 

on Environmental Conditions and Wave Parameters . DEW-83-1 . David E . 

Weissman . Northport, NY . 27 pp . 

Abstract . Recent measurements of ocean wave-radar modulation transfer function 

(MTF) from fixed ocean platforms, over a period of several years, have 

demonstrated that the local hydrodynamic modulation of short centimetric 

waves is affected by the air-sea interaction . Results from widely 

separated ocean regions also show different individual properties, that 

make detailed measurements necessary . An X-band radar with vertical 

polarization was mounted on a platform in the Gulf of Mexico during Nov .-

Dec . 1978 . The data set is computer stored and was processed. A selective 

study of this data has been conducted on the separate, independent 

influence of wind speed, air-sea temperature difference and wave slope on 

the MTF and the average radar cross section . Dependence on all these 

parameters was observed . Data from other experiments agree with these 

results . Variations of the coherence function for the modulation transfer 

function imply that other mechanisms must be found for these modulation 

effects other than hydrodynamic (wave-wave) interactions . An important 

conclusion of this study is that the surface stress depends not only on 

wind speed, but also on air-sea temperature difference and wave slope . 

Wennekens, M .P . 1959 . Water mass properties of the Straits of Florida and 

related waters . Bull . Mar . Sci . Gulf Carib . 9 :1-52 . 

Abstract . Demonstrates the importance of Gulf water in the Gulf Stream System 

by identifying its high-salinity signature . Also, low salinity Antarctic 

Intermediate Water is tracked through the Gulf of Mexico and Straits of 

Florida . 

Wert, R .T . 1970 . A baroclinic prognostic numerical model of the circulation in 

the Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M University, College 

Station, TX . 75 pp . 

Westerink, J .J ., R .A . Luettich, A.M . Baptista, N .W . Scheffner and P . Farrar . 

1992 . Tide and storm surge predictions using finite-element model . 

Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, New York . 118(10) :1373-1390 . 

Abstract . A finite-element (FE) model is used to study tides and hurricane 

storm surge in the Gulf of Mexico in the region ranging from the 

Mississippi Sound to the northwest coast of Florida . Issues that are 

174 
emphasized include the use of large domains, the importance of a high 

degree of grid resolution in coastal regions of interest, the use of 

meshes with highly varying nodal densities to minimize the size of the 

discrete problem, and the use of the generalized wave-continuity equation 

(GWCE) for FE-based solutions to the shallow-water equations . The 

computations presented are unprecedented in their scope, level of 

localized detail, and degree of grid-size variability . The GWCE-based FE 

model leads to very accurate and efficient flow solutions . 

Westerink, J .J ., R .A . Luettich and N . Scheffner . 1993 . ADCIRC : An Advanced 

Three-Dimensional Circulation Model for Shelves, Coasts, and Estuaries . 

Report 3 . Development of a Tidal Constituent DataBase for the Western 

North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico . Technical Rpt . See also Report 1, ADA261 608 . Prepared in collaboration with Dept . of Civil Engineering and 

Geological Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN and 

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine 

Sciences, Morehead City, NC . Coastal Engineering Research Center . 

Vicksburg, MS . 151 pp . 

Abstract . This report describes the application of model ADCIRC-2DDI, a twodimensional, depth-integrated, finite-element-based hydrodynamic 

circulation code, to the western North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and 

Caribbean Sea in order to develop a tidal constituent database . Issues 

that are emphasized in the development of the Western North Atlantic 

Tidal (WHAT) model include the definition of hydrodynamically simple open 

ocean boundaries ; the use of large domains ; the importance of a high 

degree of grid resolution in coastal regions ; and the use of finite 

element meshes with highly varying nodal densities in order to minimize 

the size of the discrete problem . The development of an optimal graded 

finite element mesh is based on regular and graded grid convergence 

studies using an MZ tidal forcing function on the boundary and within the 

domain . The optimal graded mesh is then forced for eight diurnal and 

semidiurnal astronomical tidal constituents (K,, 01, P11 Q11 M21 S21 N2, and 

Kz) on the open ocean boundary by coupling to Schwiderski's (1979 ; 1981 

a-g) global model results as well as within the interior domain using a 

tidal potential forcing function . The structure of the various tides is 

examined and results are compared to field data at 77 stations . 

Whitaker, R .E . 1971 . Seasonal variations of steric and recorded sea level of 

the Gulf of Mexico . Vol . 71-14T Texas A&M University . College Station, 

TX . 110 pp . 

Abstract . Monthly mean steric sea levels (geopotential) relative to 150 db are 

computed for the Gulf of Mexico from monthly mean temperature fields and 

a constant salinity . The temperature distributions for the upper 150 m of 

the Gulf are determined from some 17,000 BT observations . The monthly 

topographies of the 22°C surface, which are roughly expended mirror 

images of sea-surface geopotential relative to a deep reference pressure, 

exhibit a set of regular annual changes . The Loop Current and its 

seasonal variation and the western high-pressure region are clearly 

indicated . The monthly steric sea levels (relative to 150 db) are found 

to agree with the known, large-scale, persistent features of the surface 

circulation although the indicated Loop Current is less intense than it 

is known to be . However, when the geopotential is taken relative to 1000 

db for months with sufficient data, February and August, the topography 

175 
gives velocities which agree quantitatively with known current 

velocities . The ranges of recorded sea level at nine tide stations around 

the Gulf are accounted for to the extent of 42-57% by the steric sea 

levels for regions of 150 m depth or more . 

Wieckowicz, R .P . 1977 . Thermal plume surveys of Gulf Power Scholz Plant 

September 14, 1977 . Florida Department of Environmental Regulation . 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Williams, J ., W .F . Grey, E .B . Murphy and J .J . Crane . 1977 . Drift bottle 

analyses of eastern Gulf of Mexico surface circulation . Prog . Oceanogr . 

4(Pt . 3) :1-134 . 

Abstract . Some 4,460 drift bottles was released in continental shelf waters 

between Tampa Bay and Ft . Myers, Florida, during Project Hourglass, a 28-

mo (1965 to 1967) systematic sampling program . The number of recoveries 

was 1,415 or 31 .73 of those released . Coastlines where bottles were 

recovered were divided into 5 geographic areas for analyses . Winter 

releases resulted in the greatest number of returns from the Florida east 

coast and Keys . Spring and summer releases resulted in high percentages 

of returns from the lower west Florida coast (Area 2) . The greatest 

number of returns from the western Gulf of Mexico (Area IV) was from 

summer and fall releases . A sequential pattern of Loop Current 

development (intrusion, spreading, eddy formation, decay) was well 

documented by hydrographic and satellite data . Recent monitoring via 

satellite imagery has shown, that a well established seasonal pattern 

cannot always be anticipated and that short term variation in its 

position can be very significant . Anticyclonic and cyclonic eddy 

complexes are presented as important features which may have influenced 

circulation of surface waters from the Hourglass sampling area toward the 

western Gulf . A northerly longshore current frequently observed in spring 

and summer is attributed to small scale cyclonic eddies associated with 

the Loop Current . Wind rose data for selected periods suggest that local 

winds can strongly influence surface circulation in nearshore areas, and 

may also serve as a mechanism for transport of surface waters into areas 

dominated by the Loop Current . 

Williams, S .A . 1981 . Salinity differences between a high and low marsh of 

northwestern Florida . Fla . Sci . 44(4) :224-228 . 

Abstract . An analysis of soils from a high marsh and low marsh in northwestern 

Florida showed that they contained large amounts of sand, and were low in 

cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations . The soils examined 

contained high levels of soluble salts . Soils from the low marsh had 

higher cation exchange capacities than did the layers below. 

Wilson, C .R . 1972 . A vitamin Blz study in portions of Escambia and Blackwater 

Bays, Florida . Master's Thesis . University of West Florida, Pensacola, 

FL . 70 pp . 

Abstract . Vitamin BlZ was measured by the lactobacillus and ochromonas assays 

from 5 stations in Mulatto Bayou and Catfish Basin, Florida between 

August and October, 1978 . Other measurements included depth, temperature, 

pH, salinity, turbidity, and bacterial counts . 

176 
Wilson, R .J . 1967 . Amount and distribution of water masses in February and 

March 1962 in the Gulf of Mexico . Master's Thesis . Texas A&M University, 

College Station, TX . 54 pp . 

Winchester, B .H . 1985 . Correlations of benthic macroinvertebrate diversity and 

salinity in northwestern Florida estuaries . Estuaries . 8(2B) :87A . 

Abstract . Data collected over a 10-year period as part of a statewide 

monitoring program are examined to quantify the relationship between 

salinity and benthic macroinvertebrate diversity. Nine Florida estuaries 

in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico were studied in an area bounded by 

Apalachee Bay on the east and Perdido Bay on the west . Regression 

analysis showed a correlation of 0 .96 between average salinity and 

average macrobenthic diversity. The implications of using diversity 

indices as indicators of environmental health or as standards for 

regulating water quality are discussed. 

Wiseman, W . J ., S .P . Murray, J .M . Bane and M .W . Tubman . 1982 . Temperature and 

salinity variability within the Louisiana Bight . Contrib . Mar . Sci . 

25 :109-120 . 

Abstract . Describes seasonal T-S variations of waters from three different 

sources which mix to form water of Louisiana Bight . 

Wiseman, W . J ., Jr . and S .P . Dinnel . 1989 . Subtidal flows over Gulf of Mexico 

shelves . Presented at AGU Chapman Conference on the Physics of the Gulf 

of Mexico, 5-7 June 1989, St . Petersburg, FL . 

Wolf e, M .A . and G .C . April . 1978 . Estimation of Hurricane Storm Surge in Mobile 

Bay, Alabama . University of Alabama, Olin Summer Project . 37 pp . 

Wolf e, S .H ., J .A . Reidenauer and D .B . Means . 1988 . Ecological Characterization 

of the Florida Panhandle . Biological-88(12) ; OCS/NA'15-88/0063 . Florida 

State Department of Environmental Regulation . Tallahassee, FL . 299 pp . 

Abstract . The study provides a concise description of the Florida Panhandle, 

which extends from the Ochlockonee River basin west to the FloridaAlabama border and north to the Georgia and Alabama borders . It 

identifies alterations in terrestrial and aquatic habitats caused by 

increased urbanization, industrialization, sewage and effluent discharge, 

river flow alteration, stormwater runoff, and dredge and fill activities . 

The report is an extensive review and synthesis of available literature 

on the local physical setting and ecology and provides a discussion of 

important impacts on the habitats within the region . 

Woodward-Clyde Consultants . 1983 . Southwest Florida Shelf Ecosystem Study -

Year 2, Modification, Hydrography . Volume 1 . NIIMS-GM-PT-83-009 . Minerals 

Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office . Metairie, LA. 

418 pp . 

Abstract . Results of the third phase of the Southwest Florida Shelf Ecosystem 

Study demonstrated the importance of Loop Current frontal eddies to the 

primary production of the outer continental shelf region off western 

Florida . A generalized Gulf of Mexico Loop Current eddy system consists 

of a relatively warm filament of Loop Current Water extending off the 

main body of the Loop Current front enclosing a cooler tongue of 

Continental Edge Water . Upwelling generally occurs beneath the cooler 

water. The surface length scale of this phenomenon is on the order of 200 

177 
km . Waters affected by these eddies have been shown to exhibit primary 

production values of about six times higher than unaffected waters . A 

study of the characteristics and effectiveness of these eddies will play 

an important part in determining recovery rates in case of accidental 

contamination by oil and gas development activities in this outer 

continental shelf area . 

Work, P .A . 1992 . Sediment transport processes at a nourished beach (Perdido 

Key, Florida) . Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Florida, Gainesville, 

FL . 227 pp . 

Abstract . Data describing the evolution of a large beach nourishment project on 

the Gulf of Mexico at Perdido Key, Florida, are analyzed to describe the 

sediment transport processes governing the behavior of the beach. 

Analytical and numerical techniques for prediction of the response of the 

nourished beach to physical forcing arising from incident wind waves are 

tested . Repetitive bathymetric and topographic surveys indicated 

placement of 4 .1 million m3 of sand in the nearshore zone between 

November, 1989, and August, 1990, and a net loss of 7% from the monitored 

area after one year . Directional wave data, sediment samples, tide, and 

weather data were collected . Cross-shore sediment transport rates and 

longshore gradients of longshore sediment transport were computed . 

Results indicate that cross-shore sediment transport dominated much of 

the early evolution of the project . Longshore gradients of longshore 

sediment transport were found to be strongest on the "shoulders" of the 

beachfill, where shoreline curvature changes most rapidly . Longshore and 

cross-shore sediment transport processes were assumed independent to 

allow separate investigations . Beach profile changes at the site were 

modeled by application of two previously developed numerical models that 

simulate cross-shore sediment transport . One approach reasonably 

estimated the volumetric redistribution of sediment for the first postnourishment survey interval but yielded poor results for profile recovery 

events . Performance of the second model was poor despite a more detailed 

description of the cross-shore sediment transport rate . 

Wright, L.D ., J .M . Coleman and J .N . Suhayda . 1973 . Periodicities in interfacial 

mixing . Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton 

Rouge, LA . Bull . No . 7 :127-135 . 

Abstract . Freshwater effluents from river outlets spread and diffuse into 

ambient marine water; the interactions which take place between these 

water masses at and immediately seaward of the river mouth are critical 

in controlling the dissemination of sediment and water transported by the 

river . Mixing between these water masses, each characterized by differing 

properties, takes place in many ways and is affected by various 

mechanisms . These mechanisms control the outflow patterns and hence 

fundamentally determine the pattern of sediment dissemination, 

accumulation, and distribution of the bars that form at river mouths . 

Thus greater understanding of the behavior of the effluent plume would 

significantly aid charting navigation, and similar operations in these 

constantly changing areas of strategic importance . In addition, several 

types of density gradients occur between the water masses which 

drastically affect acoustical transmission and reflections in various 

search operations, swimmer defense techniques, and mining operations . If 

the density contrasts are understood, they can be favorably utilized as 

an acoustical barrier for hiding or to provide safe upstream penetration 

178 
for swimmers . This paper utilizes various remote-sensing techniques to 

analyze the behavior of the river plume under varying conditions . 

Wright, L.D. and C.J . Sonu . 1975 . Processes of sediment transport and tidal 

delta development in a stratified tidal inlet . pp . 63-76 . Za Estuarine 

Research . Vol . 2 . Geology and engineering . Academic Press, New York, NY . 

Abstract . Flood-tidal and ebb-tidal deltas in East Pass, on the northwestern 

coast of Florida, contrast sharply in form and absolute size . The floodtidal delta, the more extensive, is characterized by a broad middleground shoal separating two diverging flood channels, whereas the ebbtidal delta consists of a single seaward-narrowing channel flanked by 

subaqueous levees and having a symmetrical, crescentic, subaqueous bar at 

the outlet . Form differences result partially from variations in the 

intensities of different effluent expansion and deceleration mechanisms 

arising from vertical density stratification . Over the flood-tidal delta, 

bayward flood flow is concentrated near the bottom beneath lighter bay 

water. This inflow expands as a hyperpycnal effluent under the influence 

of bottom friction to produce the observed configuration of the floodtidal delta . Because flood currents attain their velocity and duration 

maxima in the lower layer near the bottom, bed-load transport in the 

channels of the flood-tidal delta is flood-dominated . 

Wright, L .D ., C.J . Sonu and W.V . Kielhorn . 1972 . Water-mass stratification and 

bed form characteristics in East Pass, Destin, Florida. Mar. Geol . 12 :43-

58 . TR-107 . 

Abstract . Density contrasts between the water of Choctawhatchee Bay and the 

Gulf of Mexico result in sharp vertical and horizontal stratification in 

the northern part of East Pass near Destin, Fla ., during flood and a 

portion of the ebb tidal phases . As a consequence of this stratification, 

flood tide currents are swiftest and of longest duration in the deeper 

layers within dredged channels . Ebb currents attain their velocity and 

duration maxima in the upper layers of the water column . Accordingly, bed 

form asymmetries indicate that bedload transport is flood dominated in 

the channels and ebb dominated over shoals . Vertical density homogeneity 

resulting from greater mixing in the seaward reaches and at the mouth of 

the inlet channel is accompanied by bidirectional sand transport . 

Wunderly, W .L ., Jr . 1970 . Indicated geostrophic velocities and volume 

transports, central and eastern Gulf of Mexico, warmest and coldest 

months . Master's Thesis . U.S . Naval Postgraduate School . 76 pp . 

Abstract . To make comparisons to seven similar cruises, the geostrophic method 

of volume transport and velocity analysis was applied to ALAMINOS cruises 

67-A-6 of 4 to 22 August 1967 and 68-A-2 of 13 February to 6 March 1968 . 

An average velocity of 83 cm/sec and a volume transport of 27 .5 Sverdrups 

was found in the Yucatan Channel in August and an average velocity of 79 

cm/sec and a volume transport of 26 .6 Sverdrups was found in the channel 

for February to March . A subsurface westward flow occurred in August 

along the southern coast of Cuba providing input into the Loop Current 

north of the Yucatan Channel . The Loop Current never crossed 25°N 

latitude . A cold ridge extended from the Florida shelf to the Campeche 

Bank . An analysis of East-West volume transport in the central Gulf 

indicated a merging of east and west Gulf waters between 87°50'W and 

89°30'W longitude for the MABEL TAYLOR cruise of 1932 and the ATLANTIS 

179 
cruise of 1935 . The GERONIMO cruise of February-March 1967 and cruise 68- 

A-2 indicated a merging of east and west Gulf waters between 89°30'W and 

91°00'W longitude . 

Yentsch, C .S . 1986 . Florida west coast/central Gulf of Mexico . pp . 63-65 . In 

Nimbus-7 CZCS, Coastal Zone Color Scanner Imagery for Selected Coastal 

Regions . (Series eds . : Hovis, W .A ., E .F . Szajna and W .A . Bohan .) W . A . 

Bohan Company, 

Yobbi, D .K . and L .A . Knochemus . 1988 . Effects of river discharge and high-tide 

stage on salinity intrusion in the Weeki Wachee, Crystal River, and With 

Lacoochee River estuaries, southwest Florida . USGS Water Res . 

Investigations . 88-4116 :36 . 

Young, N . and J . Crew . 1973 . Physical and biological parameters, Deer Point 

Lake . Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Commission, Northwest Region . 

DeFuniak Springs, FL . 11 pp . 

Abstract . A summary of information on the lake, including fish populations and 

the hydrography of its tributaries . 

Zeh, T .A . 1980 . Sikes Cut Glossary of Inlets Report No . 7 . Report No . 35 . Dept . 

of Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering, University of Florida . 

Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . Sikes Cut is a man-made inlet on St . George Island which separates 

the Gulf of Mexico from Apalachicola bay . The inlet is located five miles 

south across the bay from Apalachicola, on Florida's panhandle . Collected 

information and computed data in this report are summarized . 

Zervas, C .E ., (ed .) . 1993 . Tampa Bay Oceanography Project : Physical 

Oceanographic Synthesis . NOAA Tech . Rep . NOS OES 002 :184 . 

Abstract . NOS's Tampa Bay Oceanography Project (TOP) collected a large and 

diverse set of physical oceanographic and meteorological data between 

June 1990 and September 1991 . This report presents the results of the 

data analysis and synthesizes these results in order to characterize the 

hydrodynamics of Tampa Bay. The TOP data set includes : (1) current meter 

data from 40 fixed stations (20 occupied by acoustic Doppler current 

profilers (ADCPs) and 20 occupied by electromagnetic current meters), (2) 

current meter data from a downward-facing towed ADCP along five transects 

in the Bay, (3) water levels at 16 stations along the shores of the Bay 

and the Gulf of Mexico, (4) meteorological (wind, temperature, and 

atmospheric pressure) data at five stations in the Bay, (5) time series 

of salinity and temperature data at 36 fixed sites, and (6) salinity and 

temperature profiles over depth along six transects . 

Zetler, B .D . and D .V . Hansen . 1970 . Tides in the Gulf of Mexico - A review and 

proposed program . Bull . Mar . Sci . 20(1) :57-69 . 

Abstract . A study of tides in the Gulf of Mexico is proposed as part of the 

program for Gulf Science Year (1970) . There are several existing 

hypotheses explaining the diurnal tides in the gulf . These are described 

and discussed and a new hypothesis is suggested . The semidiurnal tides 

are generally small, and therefore have had less attention ; nevertheless, 

there are several hypotheses that are quite contradictory . A program of 

180 
tide and tidal current observations is proposed which should permit 

discrimination among the various hypotheses . 

Zetler, B .D . and D .V . Hansen . 1972 . Tides in the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 265-275 . 

Capurro, L .R .A . and J .L . Reid, eds . Contributions On the Physical 

Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico . Vol . 2 . Texas A&M University, 

Oceanographic Studies, College Station, TX . 

Abstract . The diurnal tides in the Gulf are due to co-oscillations with the 

Atlantic Ocean with amphidromic points in the Florida Strait near Miami 

and in the Yucatan Channel, because harmonic constants for the tide and 

tidal current of principal diurnal constituents show co-oscillation . The 

volume continuity yields observed value of 15 cm for K1 tide within the 

Gulf under an assumption that the diurnal tidal current has the same 

amplitude and phase in the Florida Strait and in Yucatan Channel . The 

semi-diurnal tides have an amphidromic point between the Mississippi 

Delta and the Yucatan Peninsula . Tidal energy dissipation in the 

entrances to the Gulf is estimated as 2 x 101' ergs/sec . The mean 

amplitudes of the tidal currents on the shelf is estimated as 1/2 knot 

which explains larger current amplitudes observed in the passes of the 

estuaries bordering the Gulf . 

181 
NT FT y~' The Department of the Interior Mission 

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for 

most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use 

of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the 

environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing for the 

~qqCN 3 ~8"9 enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation . The Department assesses our energy and mineral 

resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by 

encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department also has a major 

responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories 

under U.S . administration . 

The National Biological Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior (DOI), the National Biological Service's (NBS) primary 

mission is to provide the scientific understanding and technologies needed to support sound 

0 

management and conservation of our Nation's biological resources. Independence from regulatory and 

4 management decision making greatly lessens the chance that scientific results will be viewed as less 

than objective science or subservient to the needs of policy makers. NBS provides credible, objective, 

and unbiased information needed by resources managers in the Department of the Interior in a form 

that allows them to assess, predict, and manage the biological consequences of various policies and 

management practices. Although the primary focus of the biological research is to meet DOI needs, 

the activities undertaken with natural resource research funding will also serve the science needs of a 

wide range of partners, including State governments, other Federal agencies, and private landowners . 

''}P 

The Minerals Management Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS) primary 

responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer Continental Shelf 

(OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian lands, and distribute 

4 !' 

those revenues. 

7 ~ 

`` Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program 

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally sound 

exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral resources. The 

MMS Royalty Management Program meets its responsibilities by ensuring the efficient, timely and 

accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and production due to Indian 

tribes and allottees, States and the U.S. Treasury . 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being 

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially affected 

parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the quality of life for 

all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic development and environmental 

protection .