ESTIMATED LOADS OF SELECTED CONSTITUENTS FROM 

PERMITTED AND NONPERMITTED SOURCES AT 

SELECTED SURFACE-WATER-QUALITY STATIONS IN THE 

MUSCONETCONG, ROCKAWAY, AND WHIPPANY RIVER 

BASINS, NEW JERSEY, 1985-90

By C.V. Price andF.L Schaefer

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4040

Prepared in cooperation with the

NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

West Trenton, New Jersey 

1995
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Gordon P. Eaton, Director

For additional information 

write to:

District Chief

U.S. Geological Survey

Mountain View Office Park

810 Bear Tavern Road, Suite 206

West Trenton, New Jersey 08628

Copies of this report may be 

purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey 

Earth Science Information Center 

Open-File Reports Section 

Box 25286, Mail Stop 517 

Denver Federal Center 

Denver, Colorado 80225
CONTENTS

Page 

Abstract.............................................................................. 1

Introduction.......................................................................... 1

Purpose and scope ............................................................. 1

Description of the study area .................................................... 2

Musconetcong River Basin ............................................... 2

Rockaway River Basin................................................... 2

Whippany River Basin................................................... 2

Previous studies ............................................................... 2

Acknowledgments ............................................................. 5

Methods for determining relative contribution from permitted and nonpermitted

sources to total instream loads....................................................... 5

Determination of loads from permitted sources .................................... 5

Compilation of water-quality and streamflow data ................................. 5

Estimation of instream constituent loads .......................................... 9

Interpretation of relations between load and streamflow ............................ 9

Determination of drainage-basin characteristics .................................... 9

Estimated loads of selected constituents from permitted and nonpermitted sources ........... 10

Chloride..................................................................... 10

Biochemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon ............. 12

Musconetcong River Basin .............................................. 12

Rockaway River Basin.................................................. 15

Whippany River Basin.................................................. 23

Summary and conclusions............................................................. 23

References cited...................................................................... 27

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Map showing location of the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River

Basins, New Jersey........................................................ 3

2. Hypothetical logarithmic plot of expected load-streamflow relations for 

streams strongly affected by permitted and nonpermitted sources of 

constituent load ......................................................... 10

3. Boxplots showing chloride loads at water-quality stations in the

Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, 1985-90............... 11

4. Boxplots showing instream constituent loads at water-quality stations in the

Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New Jersey, 1985-91 .... 13 

5-7. Plots showing:

5. Relation of instream concentration and load of biochemical oxygen demand 

to instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Musconetcong River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91 ........................... 16

6. Relation of instream concentration and load of total nitrogen to

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Musconetcong

River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91......................................... 17

7. Relation of instream concentration and load of total phosphorus to

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Musconetcong

River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91......................................... 18

8. Plots showing (a) relation of total-phosphorus load to streamflow, 

Musconetcong River at Beattystown (01456200), New Jersey, and 

(b) reported mean monthly total-phosphorus loads released from the 

sewage-treatment plant operated by Hackettstown Municipal Utility 

Authority 0.5 miles upstream............................................ 19

in
ILLUSTRATIONS-Continued

Page 

Figures 9-13. Plots showing:

9. Relation of instream concentration and load of total organic carbon to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Musconetcong River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91...................... 20

10. Relation of instream concentration and load of biochemical oxygen 

demand to instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in 

the Rockaway River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91...................... 21

11. Relation of instream concentration and load of total nitrogen to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Rockaway River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91 ......................... 21

12. Relation of instream concentration and load of total phosphorus to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Rockaway River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91 ......................... 22

13. Relation of instream concentration and load of total organic carbon to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Rockaway River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91 ......................... 22

14-17. Plots showing:

14. Relation of instream concentration and load of biochemical oxygen 

demand to instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in 

the Whippany River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91...................... 24

15. Relation of instream concentration and load of total nitrogen to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Whippany River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91......................... 24

16. Relation of instream concentration and load of total phosphorus to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Whippany River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91 ......................... 25

17. Relation of instream concentration and load of total organic carbon to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Whippany River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91 ......................... 25

TABLES

Table 1. Physical, land-use, and population data for the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and

Whippany River Basins, New Jersey ........................................ 4

2. Estimated effluent flow and constituent loads from selected permitted sources 

in the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New Jersey, 

1985-91..................................................................6

3. Description of U.S. Geological Survey water-quality and streamflow-gaging 

stations in the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New 

Jersey ................................................................... 8

4. Estimated total permitted load and median instream load at water-quality 

stations in the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New 

Jersey, 1985-90 .......................................................... 14

IV
CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATED 

WATER-QUALITY UNITS

Multiply

inch (in.) 

foot (ft) 

mile (mi)

25.4

0.3048

1.609

To obtain

millimeter

meter

kilometer

square mile (mi2) 

square mile (mi2)

gallon (gal) 

gallon (gal) 

million gallons (Mgal) 

cubic foot (ft3)

cubic foot per second (ft3 /s) 

cubic foot per second per square mile S 2

million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 

pounds per day (lb/d)

pound, avoirdupois (Ib)

degree Fahrenheit (°F)

Area

259.0

2.590

Volume

3.785

0.003785

3,785

0.02832

Flow

0.02832

0.01093

0.04381

0.4536

Mass

0.4536 

Temperature

= 5/9x(°F-32)

hectare

square kilometer

liter

cubic meter 

cubic meter 

cubic meter

cubic meter per second 

cubic meter per second per

square kilometer 

cubic meter per second 

kilograms per day

kilogram

degree Celsius (°C)

Abbreviated water-quality units:

mg/L - milligrams per liter

BOD - biochemical oxygen demand, 5 days at 25 degrees Celsius

TOC - total organic carbon
ESTIMATED LOADS OF SELECTED CONSTITUENTS FROM PERMITTED AND

NONPERMITTED SOURCES AT SELECTED SURFACE-WATER-QUALITY 

STATIONS IN THE MUSCONETCONG, ROCKAWAY, AND WHIPPANY RIVER

BASINS, NEW JERSEY, 1985-90

By C. V. Price and F.L Schaefer

ABSTRACT

Surface-water-quality data from the cooperative sampling network maintained by the U.S. 

Geological Survey and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection for 1985-90 are 

summarized for stations in the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins. Four constituents 

are included in the analysis: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and 

total organic carbon (TOC). Contemporaneous streamflow estimates were used to calculate instream 

loads from constituent concentrations in water-quality samples. Loads from permitted point sources 

were estimated as the sum of reported loads of BOD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus upstream from 

each station. TOC loads from permitted sources were not estimated because point-source release data 

were insufficient. The relative contribution of loads from permitted sources to the total instream loads 

differed markedly among the basins and between upstream and downstream locations within the basins. 

Some of these differences can be attributed to reservoir effects; others are related to the presence or 

absence of major permitted sources upstream from water-quality stations.

INTRODUCTION

The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) currently is implementing a 

program of nonpoint-source management throughout the State of New Jersey. Nonpermitted sources 

(defined in this report as all contaminant inputs to surface water from other than permitted wastewater 

releases) have been recognized by the NJDEP as a major factor affecting surface-water quality in the 

State. The NJDEP also has recognized that it needs to identify those surface waters that are significantly 

affected by nonpermitted sources in order to solve water-quality problems (New Jersey Department of 

Environmental Protection and Energy, 1993).

A study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the NJDEP to 

compare instream loads (defined in this report as the load, in pounds per day, computed from constituent 

concentrations in water-quality samples and contemporaneous streamflow estimates) of four waterquality constituents to streamflow and to permitted loads (defined in this report as loads released from 

permitted wastewater facilities) to assess the relative contribution of loads from permitted and 

nonpermitted sources. This evaluation was conducted for three drainage basins: the Musconetcong, 

Whippany, and Rockaway River Basins. Instream loads were computed from water-quality and 

streamflow data collected by the USGS and NJDEP. Ancillary data (such as land-use and population 

data) were used to assist in interpreting the results of this analysis.

Purpose and Scope

This report describes the results of an analysis of instream water quality and reported wastewater 

releases from permitted sources to determine the relative contribution of permitted and nonpermitted 

inputs to total instream loads of selected water-quality constituents at nine water-quality stations in the 

Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins. The water-quality data used in the analysis were 

collected during 1985-90, and the permitted-source data used were reported during 1985-91.
Description of the Study Area

The study area includes three river basins-the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany~in 

northern New Jersey (fig. 1). The Musconetcong River flows from northeast to southwest into the 

Delaware River. The Whippany River flows into the Rockaway River, which then flows eastward to the 

Passaic River. Data describing the physiography population, and land use in each of the three basins are 

listed in table 1.

Musconetcong River Basin

The Musconetcong River drains an area of 156 mi2 that includes parts of Sussex, Warren, 

Hunterdon, and Morris Counties (fig. 1). The river is 42 mi long and flows from its headwaters at Lake 

Hopatcong to the Delaware River at Riegelsville. Major impoundments include Lake Hopatcong, Lake 

Shawnee, Lake Musconetcong, and Cranberry Reservoir.

The estimated population in the Musconetcong River Basin in 1990 was 77,100 (U.S. Bureau of the 

Census, 1991). The major population centers are in the upper part of the basin. Development is 

significant along the shores of Lakes Hopatcong and Musconetcong. The downstream parts of the basin 

are less developed and are mostly forested or used for agriculture (New Jersey Department of 

Environmental Protection, 1990).

Rockaway River Basin

*\

The Rockaway River drains an area of 136 mi4* that lies mostly within Morris County, with a small 

portion in Sussex County (fig. 1). This 39-mi-long river flows generally southeastward to its confluence 

with the Whippany River and continues eastward to its confluence with the Passaic River at Pine Brook. 

The small (less than 0.6 mi2) area of the basin below the river's confluence with the Whippany River is 

not included in this study. The drainage basin includes many lakes and ponds, but the major 

impoundments are Green Pond, Longwood Lake, Boonton Reservoir, Taylortown Reservoir, Splitrock 

Reservoir, White Meadow Lake, and Lake Denmark.

The estimated population in the Rockaway River Basin in 1990 was 127,800 (U.S. Bureau of the 

Census, 1991). The distribution of land-use types in the basin is related to the topography. The upland 

areas are mostly forested, whereas the lowlands are primarily residential, commercial, and industrial 

(New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 1990).

Whippany River Basin

*\

The Whippany River drains a 72-mi area of Morris County and flows 18 mi to the Rockaway River 

(fig. 1). The estimated population in the Whippany River Basin in 1990 was 103,600 (U.S. Bureau of the 

Census, 1991). The land use in the Whippany River Basin is about one-half forest, wetlands, and barren 

land and one-half residential and commercial (New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 

1990).

Previous Studies

Although the USGS, in cooperation with State and local agencies, began comprehensive waterquality studies in New Jersey in the early 196&S, the contribution of nonpoint sources to contamination 

in New Jersey streams is a much more recent water-quality issue. Two USGS nonpoint-source studies 

were done in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey one in the Mill Creek Basin in Willingboro, Burlington 

County (Schornick and Fishel, 1980), and one in the Great Egg Harbor River Basin in Winslow Township, 

Camden County (Fusillo, 1981). The current study is the first investigation of the effect of nonpoint 

sources on surface-water quality conducted by the USGS in northern New Jersey.
74°30/

STUDY BASINS

Rockaway

Oyx ' /' J^Taylonown / " Reservoir

LOCATION MAP

%\M T M 4JF X ?V / //< ->" y /! 'VsH&f45g$G4 JR.-' //vJu''^'/ / -A A°

r' %W-f^f ( ' "' V^J0138050^> Y> 7*'^^ ^4 )j^v4d^ v-.-^ - v-^ V'-XST ...^ r'^-vF sS J ~ry t< K°n§- \ '\ I * / .'W^^VvW P i* S y\ /'"< ; / =T \:4, U^r:X,&!%ifeX,s,,^'

Musconetcong

01457400

01457000^ M~' . 

:^ W

0 10 20 30 KILOMETERS

Base modified from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000, 1983 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection, Zone 18

u/l

EXPLANATION

__. County boundary

Drainage-basin boundary

niARTnnn Water-quality-station location uito/uuu^r and number

Figure 1. Location of the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New Jersey.
Table 1. Physical, land-use, and population data for the Musconetcong, Rockaway, 

and Whippany River Basins, New Jersey

Area, in square miles

Average overland slope, in percent1

Estimated population2

Population density,

Musconetcong

156

5.59

77,100

494

River basin

Rockaway

136

5.42

127,800

940

Whippany

72

3.14

103,600

1,439

in persons per square mile

Land use/land cover, 1972, in percent3:

Urban

Agricultural 

Forested

Water

Wetlands

Barren

Landsat-based impervious land cover, 1985, 

in percent4

10.8

26.8 

56.3

4.0

.5

1.6

16.5

28.5

3.1 

60.6

4.7

2.2

.9

16.4

54.6

2.2 

30.0

2.1

8.3

2.8

37.4

Calculated from U.S. Geological Survey digital data (U.S. Geological Survey, 1987) 

Estimated from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991

Calculated from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, (U.S. Geological Survey, 1986) 

Calculated from U.S. Geological Survey unpublished data (see text)

Gillespie and Schopp (1982) described flow characteristics of New Jersey streams. Statewide waterquality trends were identified by Hay and Campbell (1990). The surface-water hydrology of the 

Musconetcong River Basin was described by Hardison and Martin (1963), Kasabach (1966), and Parker 

and others (1964). Najarian Associates (1993) described the quality of water in the upper Musconetcong 

River Basin and presented model results that predict the potential effect of a new wasteload allocation for 

the river. The hydrologic system of the Rockaway River Basin has been described by Schaefer and others 

(1993), Geonics, Ltd. (1979), and Canace and others (1983). Rosensteel and Strom (1991) sampled 

stormwater near the confluence of the Passaic and Pompton Rivers and compared permitted to instream 

phosphorus loads. Anderson and Faust (1973) described the water-quality and streamflow characteristics 

of the Passaic River downstream from the current study area. Van Orden and Uchrin (1993a,1993b) 

simulated the dynamics of dissolved oxygen in the Whippany River.

A point-source-location and effluent-volume data base was developed by the National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Permit 

Compliance System (PCS) data base (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1993). This data base was 

developed from information reported during 1991.
Acknowledgments

The authors thank Roger Vann of the USEPA, Region 6, and Percy Pacheco of the National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration for invaluable help in interpretation of the PCS computer files.

METHODS FOR DETERMINING RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION FROM PERMITTED AND 

NONPERMITTED SOURCES TO TOTAL IN STREAM LOADS

The relative contribution of loads from permitted and nonpermitted sources to total instream loads 

was determined by compiling effluent-quality and -quantity data reported for permitted sources of 

wastewater and water-quality and strearnflow data from USGS and NJDEP water-quality stations in the 

three study basins. The relation between the instream loads and the sum of the reported loads from 

permitted sources was used to determine whether or not the instream load was controlled mostly by 

inputs from permitted sources. In addition, the relation of instream load to strearnflow was interpreted. 

Characteristics of each drainage basin (land use, population, and overland slope) were determined to aid 

in the qualitative interpretation of the water-quality data.

Determination of Loads from Permitted Sources

Reported effluent data for 1985 through 1991 were retrieved from the USEPA's PCS data base. The 

"extra" year of reports (1991) was included to ensure that sufficient point-source release data were 

available for the analysis. This data base includes site information, permit limits, and reported effluent 

characteristics (including water-quality and volume measurements). The effluent-characteristics data are 

entered into PCS from the Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMR's) filed with NJDEP periodically 

(commonly monthly or quarterly) by the owners of point-source discharge permits. The PCS data base is 

documented by the USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a, 1992b).

Permitted sources included in the analysis were limited to those associated with discharges located 

within the study area for which data either were reported in the PCS or could be found in paper files at 

the NJDEP office in Trenton, N.J. (Susan Carson, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 

oral commun., 1993).

Reported mean constituent concentrations and mean effluent volumes were analyzed statistically 

to determine median values for each permitted source. In many cases either no data were available or the 

available data obviously were problematic-for example, some effluent- volume values were reported in 

units of gallons per day rather than the expected million gallons per day. Where no valid concentration 

values were available, typical constituent concentrations developed by the National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration's National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory Program (U.S. 

Department of Commerce, 1990) were used. Questionable effluent values were checked against permit 

limits from the PCS or NJDEP paper files. Permitted sources that were classified by the NJDEP as 

releasing primarily noncontact cooling water or that were used only intermittently (for example, permits 

for discharge of stormwater runoff or water used for tank flushing) were excluded from the analysis. A 

list of permitted sources used in the analysis and their associated effluent volumes and calculated 

released loads are given in table 2.

Compilation of Water-Quality and Streamflow Data

The primary source of water-quality data used in this study is the strearnflow- and water-qualitydata cooperative network of USGS and NJDEP (Bauersfeld and others, 1992). The nine stations from 

which data were used in this study are shown in figure 1 and listed in table 3. Although two of these 

stations, Musconetcong River at Lockwood (01455801) and Rockaway River above Boonton (01380500), 

were not included in the sampling network during most of the study period (1985-90), results of analyses 

of additional water-quality samples collected by NJDEP were used.
Table 2. Estimated effluent flow and constituent loads from selected permitted sources in 

the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New Jersey, 1985-91

[Unless otherwise noted, effluent flow and constituent loads estimated from effluent quantity and concentration data reported in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Compliance System data 

base. Abbreviations: NPDES, National Pollution Discharge Elimination System; MUA, Municipal Utility 

Authority; STP, Sewage Treatment Plant]

Load, in pounds per day

NPDES code

NJ0004448

NJ0021369

NJ0027821

NJ0028657

NJ 0004421

NJ0004812

NJ0028592

NJ0026212

NJ0023094

NJ0076082

NJ0021156

NJ0021105

NJ0022632

NJ0034975

NJ0026239

Facility name

Warren Glenn Mill

Hackettstown MUA

Musconetcong Sewerage Authority

BP Performance

Polymers, Inc.

James River Paper

Company, Inc.

Elastimold Division

Amerace Corporation

Diamond Hill Estates

Sewage Company

Mt. Arlington Sanitation Corp.

Garden State Truck

Plaza

International Trade

Center

Consolidated School

STP

Arthur Stanlick

School

Byram Township

Board Of Education

Advanced Environmental Technology

Corp.

Our Lady of Lake

Regional School

Median

flow, 

in million 

gallons per

day

Musconetcong

2.360

1.553

1.005

.447

.278

.106

.080

.025

.023

.016

2.007

.005

.005

.003

2.0004

Median

flow, 

in cubic 

feet per

second

River Basin

3.65

2.40

1.55

.69

.43

.16

.12

.04

.04

.02

.01

.01

.01

.00

.00

Biochemical 

oxygen 

demand

326.9876

156.8440

164.4119

1 43.6520

29.5846

1 11.1478

36.8921

.6260

.9599

.9655

.1169

.0835

.3668

'.5985

.0100

Total 

nitrogen

1 27.5773

H 45. 1779

1 93.9497

1 .7462

1 3.2485

^^sse

1 7.4786

1 2.3371

^.ISOI

H.4957

1 .6544

1 .4674

1 .4674

1 .2804

^0374

Total 

phosphorus

^0000

8.1663

9.3111

1 4.1040

^0000

l .OB85

M.6741

.8305

1.3438

.0481

.1052

.0121

.0142

l ."\7S3

l .OOB3
Table 2. Estimated effluent flow and constituent loads from selected permitted sources in 

the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New Jersey, 1985-91 

-continued

Load, in pounds per day

NPDES code Facility name

Median

flow, 

in million 

gallons per

day

Median

flow, 

in cubic 

feet per

second

D:_ Biochemical 

oxygen 

demand

Total 

nitrogen

Total 

phosphorus

Rockaway River Basin

NJ0022349

NJ0030287

NJ0002500

NJ0002496

NJ0032808

NJ0026867

NJ0001635

NJ0026603

NJ0021091

NJ0003077

NJ0022802

NJ0030317

NJ0025496

NJ0024902

NJ0024911

NJ0026689

NJ0003514

NJ0071030

Rockaway Valley

Regional Sewerage

Authority

Montville Township

MUA

Department of the

Army

McWilliams Forge

Company, Inc.

Rockaway Town

Square Mall

Jefferson Township --

White Rock

Howmet Turbine

Components Corp.

Randolph High

School STP

Jefferson High

School

Hewlett-Packard Co.,

Inc.

White Meadow Lake

Montville Township

MUA

Morristown STP

Hanover Sewerage

Authority

Butterworth STP

Greystone Park

Psychiatric Hospital

PPF Norda

International, Inc.

North American

Phillips

8.616

2.160

.408

.222

.109

.078

.073

.032

.017

.012

.0050

2.0047

Whippany

3.123

2.000

1.706

.287

.022

.012

13.33

3.34

.63

.34

.17

.12

.11

.05

.03

.02

.01

.01

River Basin

4.83

3.09

2.64

.44

.03

.02

243.7904

603.9622

35.9272

.0000

9.7802

2.9297

.0000

.5342

.2838

.2754

.4215

1.5594

495.2640

191.9725

258.4442

25.0328

.4076

1 2.1434

1 805.4432

'201.9217

'113.7412

'.0000

'10.1896

'7.2916

'5.1 791

'2.9914

1 1.5892

'2.1434

1 .5926

'.4394

1 291.9451

'1 86. 9645

H 59.4807

'eo.0091

'3.2869

'.731 2

143.8291

H 26.2011

'.0000

'.0000

'6.3685

.4232

'.0000

H.8696

.0702

'.1002

'.4173

'.2746

47.7017

1 66.773

'57.242

'5.749

'1.2303

'.1002

1 Value estimated by using typical concentrations from U.S. Department of Commerce (1990) 

2Value estimated by using effluent quantity and quality data from paper files at the New Jersey Department of 

Environmental Protection
Table 3. Description of U.S. Geological Survey water-quality and streamflow-gaging 

stations in the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New Jersey

River basin

Musconetcong

Rockaway

Whippany

Stationidentification 

number

01455500

01455801

01456200

01457000

01457400

01380500

01381200

01381500

01381800

Station Data 

name type1

Musconetcong River at s,c,m 

outlet of Lake Hopatcong

Musconetcong River at c,m 

Lockwood

Musconetcong River at c,m 

Beattystown

Musconetcong River near s.c.m 

Bloomsburg

Musconetcong River at c,m 

Riegelsville

Rockaway River above s,c 

Reservoir at Boonton

Rockaway River at Pine s,m 

Brook

Whippany River at s,c,m 

Morristown

Whippany River near Pine c,m 

Brook

Period of record

s: 1928-75 

c,m:1962, 1976-91

1976-1991

21976-

s: 21921- 

c,m: 1963-80, 

21991-

21976-

21937-

2 1991-

s: 21921- 

c,m: 21962-

21963-

1 Data type: s, continuous streamflow; c, chemical; m, microbiological. (Chemical and microbiological data 

include instantaneous-streamflow measurements.) 

2Stations are active as of October 1994

Five water-quality constituents were included in the study data base: chloride, biochemical oxygen 

demand (BOD), total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon (TOO. Chloride was included 

to confirm that the instream chloride load increased downstream and to identify the presence of major 

withdrawals. A conservative constituent such as chloride is not removed or added to the stream by 

biological or chemical processes within the stream. Therefore, changes in chloride load can be assumed to 

result from water inputs or withdrawals. In the absence of withdrawals, the instream load either stays 

the same or increases downstream. Values of instantaneous streamflow estimated at the time the waterquality samples were collected also were retrieved. Results of water-quality analyses of two samples 

were deleted from the data base because concurrent streamflow data were unavailable and one totalphosphorus concentration was deleted because it clearly was outside the reasonable range of 

concentrations recorded at that site over the period of record. Constituent concentrations are plotted as a 

function of instantaneous streamflow in figures 5 through 8 and 10 through 17 (farther on).

Continuous streamflow data are available for four of the nine water-quality stations 

Musconetcong River at outlet of Lake Hopatcong (10455500), Musconetcong River near Bloomsburg 

(01457000), Rockaway River above the reservoir at Boonton (01380500), and Whippany River at 

Morristown (01381500). Flow-duration curves were developed for these stations to estimate the percentexceedance streamflow values used in figures 5 through 8 and 10 through 17.
Estimation of Instream Constituent Loads

Instream loads were calculated for each measurement of each of the five constituents by 

multiplying the concentration by the instantaneous streamflow and applying unit conversions to yield an 

instream load in pounds per day, as follows:

load (Ib/d) = concentration (mg/L) X streamflow (frVs) X 2.20462 X lO^lb/mg 

X 86,400 s/d X 28.316 L/ft3.

Concentrations given as less than a laboratory reporting limit (for example, a reported totalphosphorus concentration of <0.02 mg/L) were included in the boxplots (fig. 4) and scatter plots (figs. 5- 

17) as the reporting limit. Loads calculated from concentrations that were reported as "less-than" values 

therefore represent a maximum possible instream load at the time that the particular water-quality 

sample was collected.

Interpretation Of Relations Between Load And Streamflow

If permitted sources are assumed to contribute constituents to a stream at a constant rate 

independent of streamflow, loads would remain constant with increasing streamflow if the constituent 

load is contributed mostly from these sources. If the load component from nonpermitted sources is large, 

however, loads would increase sharply with increasing streamflow, because the nonpermitted load 

presumably would include loads that are contributed only during periods of high streamflow, such as the 

load in overland runoff resulting from a large storm. Constituent concentration cannot be related to 

streamflow in this way, however; although a very low constituent concentration may not appear to 

indicate a large constituent input to the stream, at high-flow conditions a low concentration actually can 

represent a high instream load.

Three hypothetical streamflow-load relations are shown in figure 2. The crosses in the plot 

illustrate the case of constant instream load at all flow conditions, indicating little or no contribution to 

instream load from nonpermitted sources. The circles in the plot illustrate a gradual increase in instream 

load with increasing streamflow, indicating the dominance of the load from nonpermitted sources. The 

squares illustrate the most common case of a fairly constant instream load that increases above a 

threshold of streamflow as overland runoff contributes constituents to the stream, indicating that 

nonpermitted sources are important contributors to the instream load only during high-flow conditions.

The instream load also can be affected by contributions from ground water and stream sediment. 

Ground-water inputs are unlikely to affect surface-water quality during high flow conditions but, in 

some hydrologic systems, the scour of stream sediment could complicate the interpretation of the data 

significantly. Rosensteel and Strom (1991) collected water-quality samples from the Pompton and Passaic 

Rivers during storms and found that most of the observed increase in the load of total phosphorus at 

high flows was attributable to the dissolved fraction of the phosphorus load, indicating that the load 

contributed by sediment scour probably was significant.

Determination of Drainage-Basin Characteristics

In order to facilitate development of qualitative relations between instream loads and drainagebasin characteristics, land use, population, and overland slope were determined for each drainage basin. 

The results of these analyses are shown in table 1.

Population was determined from population estimates obtained from 1990 census data (U.S. 

Bureau of the Census, 1991).

Land use was determined from 1972 USGS land-use/land-cover data (U.S. Geological Survey, 

1986). Areas assigned to each of the different land-use categories were aggregated to obtain a value for 

each land-use type as a percentage of the land area in each basin.

9
EXPLANATION

-j- Load constant with increased streamflow; 

permitted sources more important

O Load increases with increased streamflow; 

nonpermitted sources more important

Q Load increases with increased streamflow 

only at high flow; permitted sources more 

important during low-flow conditions and 

nonpermitted sources more important 

during high-flow conditions

o

D

D 

O

STREAMFLOW, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

Figure 2. Hypothetical logarithmic plot of expected load-streamflow relations for 

streams strongly affected by permitted and nonpermitted sources of constituent load.

Unpublished estimates of impervious land cover as a percentage of the total basin area were 

developed from Landsat satellite data acquired on August 27,1985. Because this information has not 

been field-checked, it can be used only for qualitative comparisons.

Slope statistics for the three basins were calculated from l:250,000-scale digital elevation data (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1987) to make a qualitative comparison of topography among the three basins.

ESTIMATED LOADS OF SELECTED CONSTITUENTS FROM 

PERMITTED AND NONPERMITTED SOURCES

Loads of all five constituents included in the study data base were used in the analysis. In the 

discussion below, the results of analysis of chloride data are followed by boxplots and a table describing 

instream and permitted loads and scatter plots showing concentration-streamflow and load-streamflow 

relations. The scatter plots include flow-duration information for stations where continuous-record 

streamflow data are available.

Chloride

Boxplots of chloride loads for eight of the nine stations in the three study basins are shown in 

figure 3. No chloride data were available for the Musconetcong River near Bloomsburg station 

(01457000). Loads of chloride, a conservative constituent, increased downstream in all but two instances.

10
upstream 

(28)

100,000

o-l

3 £ 10,000

^ o

UJ Z

CC ID

I- O

1 £ 1,000

mn

I[

-

(28)

I

T

_L

 > downstream upstream > downstream

(28)

I

T

1

(28)

1

T

i

(10)

Musconetcong River Basin

I | i

100,000

10,000

1,000

mn

i

T

±

-

(29)

I

*

T

k1

(29)

'

*

Rockaway River Basin

i 1 i

01455500 01456200

01455801 01457400

01380500 01381200° 

01381200

°Adjusted for Boonton Reservoir water withdrawals

WATER-QUALITY-STATION NUMBER

upstream -

100,000

sINSTREAM LOAD, POUNDS IN PERDA>

-» 0

o o0 0 0

inn

(28)

- T

--

 > downstream

(28)

J

*

*

Whippany 

River Basin

I

EXPLANATION

Extreme value 

99th percentile

75th percentile 

Median

25th percentile 

-L 1st percentile

(10) Number of water-quality 

samples

01381500

01381800

WATER-QUALITYSTATION NUMBER

Figure 3. Chloride loads at water-quality stations in the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and 

Whippany River Basins, 1985-90.

11
In the Musconetcong River Basin, the median chloride load decreased slightly from the station at 

Beattystown (01456200) to the station farther downstream at Riegelsville (01457400). The decrease is 

small; the median load at the upstream station (01456200) is within the interquartile range of the chloride 

loads at the downstream station. The decrease could be explained by several factors: (1) error in 

streamflow measurements, (2) non-contemporaneous water-quality measurements, (3) the presence of a 

diversion of water around the water-quality station at Riegelsville (although it is unclear whether the 

diversion was active during 1985-90), and (4) possible exchange of water (with different chloride 

concentrations) between the ground- and surface-water systems.

In the Rockaway River Basin, the chloride load decreased downstream from the Rockaway River 

station at Boonton (01380500) to the station at Pine Brook (01381200), probably as a result of withdrawals 

from Boonton Reservoir for public water supply above the downstream station. The chloride loads at the 

downstream station were adjusted by adding the estimated chloride load in the withdrawal (estimated 

from the 1985-90 median chloride concentration of 31.5 mg/L at the upstream station and a 1985-90 mean 

withdrawal rate of 82 ftVs (Bauersfeld and others, 1991)); the adjusted boxplot shows the expected range 

of chloride loads at the downstream station without public-supply withdrawals. Because the adjusted 

results show that the chloride load increased downstream, instream loads of the other constituents 

calculated from concentration and instantaneous-streamflow measurements can be interpreted with 

confidence. The same adjustment factor (82 ftVs multiplied by the 1985-90 median constituent 

concentration) subsequently was applied to the estimated permitted BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus 

loads at the Pine Brook (01381200) station.

Biochemical Qxvqen Demand. Nitrogen. Phosphorus, 

and Organic Carbon

The distributions of instream constituent loads in the three study basins are shown in figure 4. 

Estimated total median loads of three of the constituents (BOD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) 

from permitted point sources upstream from the water-quality station are plotted as circles. The load 

data shown in figure 4 are summarized in table 4. Because no reliable estimates of the permitted TOC 

load from permitted sources were available, permitted loads of this constituent are not plotted in figure 4 

or included in table 4. Loads from permitted sources are assumed to be conservative and are not adjusted 

for degradation or decay of constituents. The permitted load that actually contributes to the instream 

load is undoubtedly smaller than the total load released to the stream from permitted sources because 

constituents are likely to be removed from the stream through physical, chemical, and biological 

processes.

Musconetcong River Basin

In the Musconetcong River Basin, instream loads of all four constituents increased downstream 

(fig. 4). The instream loads at the uppermost station, Musconetcong River at outlet of Lake Hopatcong 

(01455500), were much lower than those at the other stations, probably as a result of the small input from 

permitted sources upstream and the station's location directly downstream from a reservoir. During the 

long residence time of water in a reservoir, particulate constituents can be removed biologically or can 

sink and be incorporated into bottom sediments. Therefore, instream loads at this station would be 

expected to be low. At all of the stations, the estimated total median permitted load was smaller than the 

median instream load in all cases less than 45 percent of the median instream load indicating that the 

bulk of the instream load is contributed by nonpermitted sources. This hypothesis is supported by the 

observation that changes in the permitted loads from upstream to downstream stations do not closely 

mimic the changes in the distribution of instream loads.

Instream concentrations and loads of the four constituents at the Musconetcong River stations are 

plotted in figures 5 through 9. The sample-concentration plots show constituent concentrations over a 

range of flow conditions at each station. Flow-duration data are available for two of the stations and are 

shown across the top of the plots for those stations. The flow-duration data for the stations located at the 

outlet of Lake Hopatcong and at Bloomsburg show that, at least for these two stations, the water-quality 

samples represent a large range of flow conditions, from low flow to high flow.

12
Q

DC 

LU 

Q_

CO 

Q

Z

O

CL

LU 

DC

CO

CO

ID

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LU

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T

RIVER BASIN 

MUSCONETCONG ROCKAWAY WHIPPANY

100,000

Q

_i z 10,000

^ Lu 1,000

so

I z 100

8

LU 

m? m 10 x

0 1

100,000

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1

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o o o o o

g I

o o

WATER-QUALITY-STATION NUMBER

EXPLANATION

1

75th percentile 

Median

25th percentile 

1st percentile

Estimated total median load from permitted point 

sources upstream from the water-quality station 

(1985-91). Load of total organic carbon from 

permitted point sources not available.

Estimated total median load adjusted for 

withdrawals from Boonton Reservoir (see text and 

table 4).

Figure 4. Instream loads at water-quality stations in the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and 

Whippany River Basins, New Jersey, 1985-91.

13
Table 4. Estimated total permitted load and median instream load at water-quality stations 

in the Musconetcong, Rockaway, and Whippany River Basins, New Jersey, 1985-90

River

Musconetcong

Rockaway

Whippany

Location

at outlet of Lake Hopatcong 

at Lockwood

at Beattystown 

near Bloomsburg 

at Riegelsville

above reservoir at Boonton 

at Pine Brook 

at Pine Brook

at Morristown 

near Pine Brook

Stationidentification 

number

01455500 

01455801

01456200 

01457000 

01457400

01380500 

01381200 

1 01 381 200

01381500 

01381800

Biochemical T . . Total 

oxygen 

. . nitrogen demand

Estimated total permitted load, 

day

0.8 3.5 

167.2 99.7

335.2 251 .3 

415.7 259.6 

773.2 292.5

50.2 143.7 

899.5 1151.5 

324.5 735.8

285.6 240.2 

973.3 722.4

Total 

phosphorus

in pounds per

1.0 

10.5

18.8 

27.6 

28.9

9.2 

279.6 

266.3

63.1 

178.8

Median instream load2, in pounds per day

Musconetcong

Rockaway

Whippany

at outlet of Lake Hopatcong 

at Lockwood

at Beattystown 

near Bloomsburg 

at Riegelsville

above reservoir at Boonton 

at Pine Brook

at Morristown 

near Pine Brook

01455500 

01455801

01456200 

01457000 

01457400

01380500 

01381200

01381500 

01381800

125.7 69.8 

828.5 521 .0

902.4 1,132.7 

1,279.1 1,877.0 

1,734.6 2,696.8

1,118.4 712.9 

694.2 1,141.3

608.4 428.3 

1,721.6 1,352.2

2.9 

33.3

90.0 

75.7 

74.4

32.2 

132.8

59.8 

177.1

Total permitted load expressed as a percentage of median instream load

Musconetcong

Rockaway

Whippany

at outlet of Lake Hopatcong 

at Lockwood

at Beattystown 

near Bloomsburg 

at Riegelsville

above reservoir at Boonton 

at Pine Brook 

at Pine Brook

at Morristown 

near Pine Brook

01455500 

01455801

01456200 

01457000 

01457400

01380500 

01381200 

1 01381200

01381500 

01381800

0.6 5.0 

20.2 19.1

37.1 22.2 

32.5 13.8 

44.6 10.8

4.5 20.2 

129.6 100.9 

46.7 64.5

46.9 56.1 

56.5 53.4

34.5 

31.5

20.9 

36.3 

38.8

28.6 

210.5 

200.5

105.5 

101.0

Total reported load adjusted for load removed by water-supply withdrawal from Boonton Reservoir 

2Load calculated from concentration and discharge data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and the 

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

14
Instream loads of BOD increased with streamflow (fig. 5), indicating an instream load dominated 

by input from nonpermitted sources. Many of the BOD concentrations were recorded as below the 

laboratory reporting limit, and are plotted as open triangles on both the concentration and load plots in 

figure 5. The slope of the load-streamflow relation for the station at Riegelsville is less steep and the data 

points are more scattered than at the other stations. This may be a result of BOD input from permitted 

sources; this station shows the largest permitted BOD load expressed as a percentage of median instream 

load (44.6 percent). Nevertheless, this percentage indicates that nonpermitted sources contribute more of 

the instream load of BOD than permitted sources.

The instream loads of total nitrogen (fig. 6) demonstrate a similar pattern of strongly increased load 

at high flow, which indicates that nonpermitted sources are more important contributors to the instream 

load than permitted sources. The permitted total-nitrogen loads at each water-quality station (fig. 4, 

table 4) are all less than 25 percent of the median instream total-nitrogen load, again indicating that 

permitted sources are less important contributors to instream load than nonpermitted sources in the 

Musconetcong River Basin.

Relations of total-phosphorus concentration and load to streamflow for the Musconetcong River 

Basin stations are shown in figure 7. At four of the five stations (all stations except Riegelsville), totalphosphorus loads increased markedly with increased streamflow, indicating that nonpermitted sources 

contribute most of the instream load. At the Riegelsville station, loads increased only slightly with 

increased streamflow. Because no major permitted sources of total phosphorus are present between the 

station at Riegelsville and the next station upstream at Bloomsburg, this relation probably is not caused 

by a large input from permitted sources. Instead, the absence of the expected increase in load at high flow 

may result from the presence of limestone in the downstream part of the basin (Kasabach, 1966). 

Limestone areas are less likely than areas underlain by other types of bedrock to generate overland 

runoff during storms, because precipitation commonly percolates directly into fractures and solution 

channels in the limestone rather than running overland (and transporting sediment) to streams.

The load data from the Beattystown station fall into two clusters that correspond to different time 

periods. The change in the relation between total-phosphorus load and streamflow with time at this 

station is shown in figure 8a. Loads dearly were higher during 1985-87 than during 1989-90. This change 

may reflect improvements in the quality of effluent released from upstream permitted sources. The 

Hackettstown Municipal Utility Authority sewage-treatment facility is located less than 0.5 mi upstream 

from this station. Reported loads from the PCS data base (fig. 8b) indicate that upgrades to the facility in 

1988 reduced the mean input of total phosphorus to the stream. This reduction in total-phosphorus input 

to the stream apparently reduced the instream load at low flow; however, the instream loads at high flow 

for the two time periods (fig. 8a) do not differ markedly.

TOC loads increased significantly with increased streamflow, indicating that the instream load of 

TOC is controlled mostly by input from nonpermitted sources (fig. 9).

Rockaway River Basin

The distributions of instream constituent loads in the Rockaway River Basin are shown in figure 4 

and summarized in table 4. The upstream station, Rockaway River above Reservoir at Boonton 

(01380500), is 1.8 mi upstream from Boonton Reservoir. The downstream station, Rockaway River at Pine 

Brook (01381200), is 1.0 mi upstream from the confluence of the Rockaway and Whippany Rivers 

(Bauersfeld and others, 1992). Permitted loads of each of the constituents except TOC at the Pine Brook 

station (fig. 4 and table 4) were adjusted for surface-water withdrawals from Boonton Reservoir, which 

decrease both streamflow and constituent load in the river. The adjustment was made by using the 1985- 

90 mean withdrawal rate of 82 frVs (Bauersfeld and others, 1992) multiplied by the 1985-90 median 

concentration at the upstream station at Boonton. Unadjusted permitted loads are plotted as circles and 

adjusted permitted loads are plotted as triangles in figure 4.

15
PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

9075 50 25 10

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED 

9075 50 25 10

6

4

2

II 1 II

Musconetcong River at outlet

of Lake Hopatcong

. 01455500

A A A A^

A 1A^\A A

A A A2yA A

10,000

1,000

100

> i i i i i

Musconetcong River at outlet

'. of Lake Hopatcong

f 01455500 .AAAA A

±&

' **$&

: A

1 10 100 1,000 1 10 100

6

4

2

0 

1 

CC 6 

LU1-

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CC 4

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COi 2

£

£2

Musconetcong River

at Lockwood 

01455801

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A *

4 ^^AA^

0 100 1.C

Musconetcong River

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01456200

A

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2 PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED Q PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDEI

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Musconetcong River 

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Musconetcong River A/ 

near Bloomsburg A A 

01457000 . .A>lfr A

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6

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Musconetcong River

at Riegelsville

01457400 A

A A A

A

^ A A

A A ^AA^ A "

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Musconetcong River A AAA

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1,01

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

EXPLANATION

Water-quality sampleA Constituent concentration below reporting limit A Constituent concentration at or above reporting limit

Figure 5. Relation of instream concentration and load of biochemical oxygen 

demand to instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the 

Musconetcong River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91.

16
PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

9075 50 25 10

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

9075 50 25 10

3

2

1

3

2

1

0 

1 

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Musconetcong River at outlet

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01455500

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A Musconetcong River

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A 01455801

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Musconetcong River 

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: Musconetcong River at outlet

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z PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED § PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDEC

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01457400 4AA A>

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INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

EXPLANATION

A Water-quality sample

Figure 6. Relation of instream concentration and load of total nitrogen to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Musconetcong River 

Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91.

17
PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

9075 50 25 10

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

9075 50 25 10

0.15

0.10

0.05

Ik 1 II

Musconetcong River at outlet

of Lake Hopatcong 

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Musconetcong River 

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A ^

A_^^|. ^

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| Musconetcong River

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Musconetcong River

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LA

i.a

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

EXPLANATION

Water-quality sampleA Constituent concentration below reporting limit A Constituent concentration above reporting limit

Figure 7. Relation of instream concentration and load of total phosphorus to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Musconetcong River 

Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91.

18
1,000

500 -

200 -

100 -

50 -

20 -

10

(a)

.

.

Calendar year

_

Q 1985

O 1986

A 1987

1 1988 

0 1989

" A 1990

-

i i i

_

 A

6^°°°

cP n- V. ; A

:

 ^ A

 

..... i . . ......

140

Q

LU

§ 120

LU

cc

Q

2 100

j£ 80

D.Z

-j2 60 f^2

< 40

Q

LU

£ 20

2

LU

CC

/\

/U\ EXPLANATION 

-|- Reported value

i i i i

- ^^ 

~ ~

-

+

+

-

 

++A -a. 1

1 1 il ^^ITT 1

10 100 

STREAMFLOW, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1,000 1986 1967 1986 1989 1990 

CALENDAR YEAR

Figure 8. (a) Relation of total-phosphorus load to streamflow, Musconetcong River at 

Beattystown (01456200), New Jersey, and (b) reported mean monthly total-phosphorus 

loads released from the sewage-treatment plant operated'by Hackettstown Municipal 

Utility Authority 0.5 miles upstream. (Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Permit Compliance System data base.)

The median instream BOD and TOC loads decreased from the upstream to the downstream 

station, whereas loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus increased greatly. Estimated total median 

loads of BOD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus from permitted sources also increased from the 

upstream to the downstream station. Permitted loads of total phosphorus were much larger than the 

median instream load at the Pine Brook station, indicating that the load of total phosphorus from 

permitted sources probably makes up most of the instream load of this constituent at the Pine Brook 

station. Although it appears unreasonable, it is possible for the permitted load of total phosphorus to be 

twice the instream load because much of the load contributed by permitted sources is removed from the 

stream by physical, chemical and biological processes before it reaches the Pine Brook station.

Instream concentrations and loads of the four constituents at the Rockaway River stations are 

plotted in figures 10 through 13. Flow-duration data are available only for the upstream station and are 

indicated along the top axis of the plots.

Instream loads of all four constituents increased with streamflow in the Rockaway River Basin, 

although at the Pine Brook station, total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus loads increased less markedly 

with streamflow than BOD and TOC loads. This indicates that although nonpermitted sources contribute 

loads of all four constituents to the instream loads at both stations, total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus 

instream loads at Pine Brook include a significant component from permitted sources. The loaddischarge relations indicate that the strong increase noted above in the median instream loads of total 

nitrogen and total phosphorus from the upstream to the downstream station was caused by the input of 

loads from permitted sources between the two stations.

19
< 

cc

LLJ 

O

o 

o

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED 

9075 50 25 10

Musconetcong River at 

outlet of Lake Hopatcong 

01455500

10 100 1,000

CC 

LLJ

b 4 

cc

LLJ 2 

Q.

C/)

O

_J

I 

z

Musconetcong River*

"atLockwood

.01455801

100

Musconetcong River 

at Beattystown 

- 01456200 .

10 100

Musconetcong River 

at RiegelsviUe 

L 01457000

1,000

10 100

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1.000

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED 

9075 50 25 10

1,000

100

10

100,000

10,000

1,000

Q

CC 1 °°

0^100,000

C/)

Q

^ 10,000

2

? 1,000

Q

3 100

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

Musconetcong River at

outlet of Lake Hopatcong A .A

01455500

10 100 1,000

Musconetcong River 

at Lockwood 

01455801

100

Musconetcong River 

at Beattystown 

01456200

100

Musconetcong River 

at RiegelsviUe 

01457000

1,000

1.000

100

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1,000

EXPLANATION 

A Water-quality sample

Figure 9. Relation of instream concentration and load of total organic carbon to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Musconetcong River 

Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91. (No data were available and no plot is shown for 

Musconetcong River near Bloomsburg.)

20
PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED 

90 75 50 25 10

LJJ 14

UJ 10 

Q_

CO

i .

CC

£2

Rockaway River above

reservoir at Boonton 

. 01380500

A

AA. A A

AttA * Tfc . A . A

10.UUO

s_ 1 .000

Q

85 «

Q.

CO

: Rockaway River above A A

> reservoir at Boonton A A 

01380500 jy±> A

..... ..i

2> 10 100 1,000 Z 10 100

z 14

z"

O 10

^

1 

LU

O

z

Rockaway River

at Pine Brook

. A01 381200

A

**aAk A

A ^ A A f A

Afn A(A ^A ;

/ \ IU.VUU 

Q.

Z

- 1.000 Q

<

3 100

Rockaway River A A^

at Pine Brook A A A^k

01381200 m A 

A A^^^ ^ AA

^AA ^ ^ ^ ^*^ 4ff^

A f

O 10 100 1,000 10 100 

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW. INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW.

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

EXPLANATION

Water-quality sample1.000

1

1,000

A Constituent concentration below reporting limit A Constituent concentration at or above reporting limit

Figure 10. Relation of instream concentration and load of biochemical oxygen

demand to instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Rockaway

River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91.

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

CC 90 75 50 25 10 90 75 50 25 10

Hi

CC 3

UJ 

Q.

CO 2

CC 1

CD

' Rockaway River above

' reservoir at Boonton

- 01380500

A A

^A4 ^^^ A^

A A ^

>-

Q 1.000

CC

UJ

Q.

CO

: Rockaway River above

; reservoir at Boonton

. 01380500 A

AA

f ^4^

 4tA^

A

2> 10 100 1,000 ^ 10 100

15 -~ 

-

1"

&

£ ,

UJ

^J

z

O 0 ' iuu 

Rockaway River

at Pine Brook

, 01381200

A

AA

^K^^A

~ ^^A^^ A

A ^ A

^TkAjy^ A

 . ......I . . ......

f~\ 1 U.UUU

Q.

z

Q

§ 1,000

1

Rockaway River

at Pine Brook

01381200 A

A_ . .. A Afl^

- ^|Sr A

A ^*i

 ! 

O 10 100 1,000 10 100

1.000

i

 :

',

1.000

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW. 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND EXPLANATION

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW. 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

A Water-quality sample

Figure 11. Relation of instream concentration and load of total nitrogen to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Rockaway River Basin, 

New Jersey, 1985-91.

21
PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

QC 90 75 50 25 10 LUrj.20 

I]

QC 0.15

LU 

0.

co 0.10

I 005

-j

II III

Rockaway River above

reservoir at Boonton

- 01380500

: A

A

A* A A^ A

2> 10 100 1,000

Z

2 '0 

_£

O 15

gQC 10

Z

LU 0.5

O

Z

O o

'. Rockaway River

! at Pine Brook

- 01381200

A ^

A^

* A A

 ^^^^ ^A ~

. ^^ A

A A .AA^JtA A

O 10 100 1,000

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW.

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

90 75 50 25 10

1,000

Q

a.

CO

: i i i i i

: Rockaway River above

< reservoir at Boonton

01380500 A A

[ ,v

i **

.... 1 9 '

^ 10 100

^^ 1 ,UUv

a.

z

cf

g 10°

"^

10

Rockaway River

' at Pine Brook

. 01381200 A A

^^A . ^.A * AA*.

! A A?^ A A A

A

 ! . . . . .

10 100

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW.

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1,000

I

1

 :

\

.

1,000

EXPLANATION

Water-quality sample--

A Constituent concentration below reporting limit A Sample concentration above reporting limit

Figure 12. Relation of instream concentration and load of total phosphorus to

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Rockaway River Basin,

New Jersey, 1985-91.

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

QC 90 75 50 25 10 LU 12 

 J 10

QC 

LU

Q.

i 5 ^r P~

<2

zi 0 

Rockaway River above

- reservoir at Boonton

01380500 .

A 

AA

A A A ^A. ^*

......i . . ......

2> 10 100 1,000 _P 12 i"

|.

1

O o

Rockaway River

- at Pine Brook

0138120£ A

A

^^^^^IAA :

A * * A -

...... i

O 10 100 1.000

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

90 75 50 25 10 10,000 

^

Q 1.000

CC

LU

a.

CO

I Rockaway River above . U^

| reservoir at Boonton A A m

 01380500 ^A

A^

r A

: A

£ 100" 

. ..... i . . ....

^ 10 100 J 10000 

z

Q"

g 1,000

100

; Rockaway River . A .

; at Pine Brook .A\TJk

01381200 A ^

A * ^

f ^J^ ^

'A

..... .1

10 100

1,000

j

:

 :

.

1,000

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

EXPLANATION

A Water-quality sample

Figure 13. Relation of instream concentration and load of total organic carbon to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Rockaway River Basin, 

New Jersey, 1985-91.

22
Whippany River Basin

Estimated permitted loads and instream loads at the two Whippany River stations are shown in 

figure 4 and listed in table 4. The upstream station, Whippany River at Morristown (01381500), is directly 

downstream from two impoundments of the Whippany River, Pocohantas and Speedwell Lakes. The 

downstream station, Whippany River near Pine Brook (01381800), is 0.4 mi upstream from the confluence 

with the Rockaway River (Bauersfeld and others, 1992).

Loads of all four constituents increased from the upstream to the downstream station (fig. 4). The 

25th-percentile instream-load values for BOD and total nitrogen exceeded the estimated total median 

loads from permitted sources (plotted as circles) at both stations, indicating an important nonpermittedsource contribution for those constituents. Permitted loads of total phosphorus, in contrast, were equal to 

or greater than the instream loads, indicating a larger input of this constituent from permitted sources. 

Because of the lake effect (described above in the discussion of the Musconetcong River Basin), however, 

a large amount of particulate phosphorus probably is removed from the Whippany River above the 

upstream station. Therefore, the permitted load of total phosphorus plotted in figure 4 for the upstream 

station (01381500) probably is much larger than the actual load contributed by permitted sources.

Instream concentrations and loads of the four constituents at the Whippany River stations are 

plotted in figures 14 through 17. Flow-duration data are available only for the upstream station and are 

indicated along the top axis of the plots.

All the plots for the downstream station near Pine Brook show two extremely high flow events 

during which loads also were very high. The instream loads estimated from these two water-quality 

samples, collected on April 16,1986, and October 28,1987, were much higher than those in the other 

samples in the data set, indicating that loads from nonpermitted sources were very high during these 

events. The actual source of this load, however, could have been either nonpermitted sources or 

violations of permits (for example, failure of a wastewater-treatment plant caused by stormwater flowing 

into the sewerage system). The following interpretations, therefore, consider only the water-quality 

samples collected during more typical flow conditions.

BOD, total-nitrogen, and total-phosphorus loads increased with increasing streamflow at the 

Morristown station and remained relatively constant with increasing streamflow near Pine Brook (figs. 

14-16). This indicates that nonpermitted sources are more important contributors to the instream load at 

the Morristown station and permitted sources are more important contributors to the instream load at 

the station near Pine Brook. Instream loads of TOC, however, increased with increasing streamflow at 

both stations (fig. 17), indicating that the nonpermitted load of TOC is a major component of the instream 

load even in the lower part of the basin near Pine Brook.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This report summarizes the quality of surface water during 1985-90 with respect to four 

constituents-biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon at 

nine water-quality-sampling stations in three river basins in northern New Jersey over a range of flow 

conditions, and characterizes the major wastewater inputs to the rivers above these stations. The 

comparison of instream water-quality data from the nine stations and permitted-source data shows that 

the lower reaches of the rivers generally carry larger instream loads than the upper reaches, and that the 

difference often is not solely attributable to inputs from permitted sources. Where the load from 

permitted sources is much less than the total observed instream load, the instream load can be assumed 

to be derived mostly from nonpermitted sources, including overland runoff and other nonpoint sources 

of constituent load.

23
PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

CC 90 75 50 25 10 

LU 15

CC

LU 10 

Q.

< 5

CC

o

Whippany River 

at Morristown 

01381500

10,000

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

90 75 50 25 10

1.000

CC 

LU 

Q. 

CO

Whippany River 

at Morristown 

01381500. .

10 100 1.000

15

i

Z 5

LU 

O

O o 

O 10

Whippany River 

near Pine Brook 

01381800

Q 100,000

Q.

Z

Q 10-°00

1,000

10 100 1,000

Whippany River 

near Pine Brook 

01381800

100 1,000 

INSTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND EXPLANATION

10 100

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1,000

A Water-quality sample

Figure 14. Relation of instream concentration and load of biochemical oxygen 

demand to instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Whippany 

River Basin, New Jersey, 1985-91.

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED 

90 75 50 25 10

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED 

90 75 50 25 10

PER LITER

<2_i

I 

z

|

LU 

O

8

Whippany River 

at Morristown 

01381500

10 100 1,000

Whippany River 

near Pine Brook 

01381800

10,000

Q 1.000

CC 

LU 

Q_

CO

g 100

^

Q 100.000 

Q.

z

1°.°°°

III

: Whippany River 

; at Morristown 

 01381500

10 100 1,000

1,000

100

100

: Whippany River 

 near Pine Brook 

01381800

1,000 10

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND EXPLANATION

A Water-quality sample

100

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1,000

Figure 15. Relation of instream concentration and load of total nitrogen to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Whippany River Basin, 

New Jersey, 1985-91.

24
CC

UJ 1.5

cc

UJ 

Q.

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

90 75 50 25 10

o

' Whippany River 

at Morristown 

01381500 i

cc

LU 

Q.

CO 

Q

1.000

100

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

90 75 50 25 10

Whippany River 

; at Morristown

01381500

10 100 1,000 10 1.000

s,o

< 

CC

pin

UJ

o

o o

 Whippany River 

near Pine Brook

01381800

S. 10,000

Q

<

O

10 100

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1,000

1 '°°°

100

: Whippany River 

near Pine Brook 

01381800

100

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1,000

EXPLANATION

^ Water-quality sample

Figure 16. Relation of instream concentration and load of total phosphorus to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Whippany River Basin, 

New Jersey, 1985-91.

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

ccUJ 30

1 

_l

CC

UJ 20

Q_

CO5

< 10

0

_i =! o

5 1

2 30

_-

^

- 20

<

CChZ 10

UJ

o

O o

O 1

90 75 50 25 10

ill ii 

Whippany River

at Morristown

. 01381500

-

* ±A

^ttfcA* t

i i i i i 1 1 1 1 i i i i i 1 1 1

0 100 1.0

' Whippany River »

near Pine Brook '.

. 01381800

_ _

^

; A. ;

___Lj_k _J^ ~

J^fi9^ T^

: ^T\^ :

0 100 1,0i

PERCENTAGE OF TIME FLOW IS EXCEEDED

DF I I I I I I 90 75 50 25 10

: Whippany River 

; at Morristown . A 

 01381500 **

_5 Q100.000 1 °_________ | i i r-TQ_ : Whippany River

_ ; near Pine Brook

Z . 01381800

100 1,000

Q

Q 10.000 -

1,000

10 1,000

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

INSTANTANEOUS STREAMFLOW, 

IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

EXPLANATION

^ Water-quality sample

Figure 17. Relation of instream concentration and load of total organic carbon to 

instantaneous streamflow at water-quality stations in the Whippany River Basin, 

New Jersey, 1985-91.

25
If permitted point sources are assumed to contribute constituents to the stream at a nearly constant 

rate independent of streamflow, load-streamflow relations can be used to evaluate the relative 

contribution of inputs from permitted and nonpermitted sources to the instream constituent loads. In 

general, conclusions drawn from interpretation of these relations agree with those reached by 

comparison of permitted and instream loads. Examination of water-quality data in this way can be used 

as a helpful screening tool to indicate where additional study may be needed to address water-quality 

problems effectively. For example, instream loads of biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and 

total organic carbon in the Musconetcong River Basin appear to be derived largely from nonpermitted 

sources. Further study is needed to identify the sources (for example, storm sewers or runoff from 

suburban or agricultural areas) in order to improve water quality.

The lack of data on wastewater discharges reported in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 

Permit Compliance System was an impediment to this analysis. The Permit Compliance System data 

base was designed for monitoring compliance with regulatory requirements on certain kinds of 

wastewater-generating facilities and not specifically for water-quality planning and management. 

Because estimation of effluent volumes and effluent sampling is expensive and time-consuming, 

information on many constituents important to supporting fisheries, water supply, or recreational uses of 

waterways (such as the constituents included in this study) commonly is not required in wastewaterpermit-compliance reports.

Although accurate, detailed data on point-source loads are helpful in evaluating stream-water 

quality, the goal of water-quality management is to control the instream contaminant concentration and 

load, to which nonpermitted sources can be important contributors. A long-term water-quality record 

can be used to evaluate relative contributions of inputs from permitted and nonpermitted sources to total 

instream contaminant load over a range of flow conditions.

26
REFERENCES CITED

Anderson, P.W., and Faust, S.D., 1973, Characteristics of water quality and streamflow, Passaic 

River basin above Little Falls, New Jersey: U.S; Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2026,

80 p. 

Bauersfeld, W.R., Moshinsky, E.W., and Pustay, E.A., 1992, Water resources data, New Jersey,

water year 1991, Volume 1 Surface-water data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report

NJ-91-l,496p. 

Canace, Robert, Hutchinson, W.R., Saunders, W.R., and Anders, K.G., 1983, Results of the 1980-

81 drought emergency ground-water investigation in Morris and Passaic Counties, New

Jersey: New Jersey Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-3,132 p. 

Fusillo, T.V., 1981, Impact of suburban residential development on water resources in the area of

Winslow Township, Camden County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources

Investigations 81-27,38 p. 

Geonics, Ltd., 1979, Water resources study of the Rockaway Valley, Morris County, New Jersey:

Clinton, N.J., Geonics, Ltd., 58 p. 

Gillespie, B.D., and Schopp, R.D., 1982, Low-flow characteristics and flow duration of New Jersey

streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1110,164 p. 

Hardison, C.H., and Martin, R.O.R., 1963, Water-supply characteristics of streams in the Delaware

River basin and southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-N,

45 p. 

Hay, L.E., and Campbell, J.P., 1990, Water-quality trends in New Jersey streams: U.S. Geological

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4046,297 p. 

Kasabach, H.F., 1966, Geology and ground-water resources of Hunterdon County, N.J.: New

Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development Special Report 24,128 p.,

2 pis. 

Najarian Associates, 1993, Impact analysis of a wastewater discharge on the water quality of the

upper Musconetcong River: submitted to the Bureau of Water Quality Analysis, New Jersey

Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, Trenton, New Jersey, February 1993,

147 p., 5 app. 

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 1990, New Jersey 1990 State water quality

inventory report: Trenton, New Jersey, New Jersey Department of Environmental

Protection, Division of Water Resources, Bureau of Water Quality Planning, 471 p. 

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, 1993, New Jersey 1992 State

water quality inventory report: Trenton, New Jersey, New Jersey Department of

Environmental Protection and Energy, Office of Land and Water Planning, 472 p. 

Parker, G.G., Hely, A.G., Keighton, W.B., Olmstead, F.H., and others, 1964, Water resources of the

Delaware River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 381,200 p., 12 pis. 

Rosensteel, B.A., and Strom, P.P., 1991, River phosphorus dynamics and reservoir eutrophication

potential: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 27, no. 6, p. 957-965. 

Schaefer, F.L., Harte, P.T., Smith, J.A., and Kurtz, B.A., 1993, Hydrologic conditions in the upper

Rockaway River basin, New Jersey, 1984-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources

Investigations Report 91-4169,102 p., 2 pis. 

Schornick, J.G., Jr., and Fishel, D.K., 1980, Effects of storm runoff on water quality in the Mill

Creek drainage basin, Willingboro, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources

Investigations 80-98,119 p. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991, Census of population and housing, 1990: Public Law 94-171 data

for New Jersey: Washington, D.C., U.S. Bureau of the Census, machine-readable data files

(CD-ROM).

27
REFERENCES CITED--Continued

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1990, Point source discharges in coastal areas of Texas A

summary by estuarine watershed for 1987: Draft document, Pollution Sources

Characterization Branch, Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Office of Ocean

Resources Conservation and Assessment, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration, 54 p., 3 app. 

______ 1993, Point source methods document for the Virginian Province: Pollution Sources

Characterization Branch, Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Office of Ocean

Resources Conservation and Assessment, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration, 23 p., 12 app. 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a, Permit Compliance System codes and descriptions

manual: Document number PCS-CD 92-1.01,281 p. 

______ 1992b, Permit Compliance System data element dictionary: Document number

PCS-DD92-2.02,254p. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Land use and land cover digital data from 1:250,000- and 1:100,000-

scale maps: National Mapping Program Technical Instructions: Data users guide 4,36 p. 

______ 1987, Digital elevation models: National Mapping Program Technical Instructions:

Data users guide 5,38 p. 

Van Orden, G.N., and Uchrin, C.G., 1993a, Dissolved oxygen dynamics in the Whippany River,

New Jersey: Deterministic/stochastic time-variable model: Ecological Modeling, v. 70,

p. 19-34. 

______ 1993b, The study of dissolved oxygen dynamics in the Whippany River, New Jersey,

using the QUAL2E model: Ecological Modeling, v. 70, p. 1-17.

28