WATER, ICE, AND METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 'f 

AT SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, lW|; " 

1986-1991 BALANCE YEARS r' '"

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4006

science 

USGS

fora changing world
Cover - South Cascade Glacier, October 5, 1987, photograph 87R4-116
Water, Ice, and Meteorological Measurements 

at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 

1986-1991 Balance Years

By Robert M. Krimmel

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4006

Tacoma, Washington 

2000
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Charles G. Groat, Director

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

For additional information write to:

District Chief

U.S. Geological Survey

1201 Pacific Avenue - Suite 600

Tacoma, Washington 98402

Copies of this report can be purchased 

from:

U.S. Geological Survey 

Information Services 

Building 810

Box 25286, Federal Center 

Denver, CO 80225-0286
CONTENTS

Abstract.......................................r........... t......................................................................^ 1

Introduction..............................................................................................._^ 1

Description and climate of the area............................................................................................................................. 2

Measurement systems................................................................................................................................................. 2

Data collection ............................................................................. 3

Recorded variables................................................................................................._^ 3

Aerial photography.................................................................^ 4

Field measurements...........................................................................................................................................^ 4

Data reduction and analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 5

Runoff .................................................................................................................................................^^^^^ 5

WinteT balance........................................................................................................................^ 5

NctbalancG.........................................................................................................................................^ 6

Balance year transitions.............................................................................................................................................. 6

Balance measurement errors....................................................................................................................................... 7

Concluding remarks.................................................................................................................................................... 8

References cited ................................................................................................................................................................. 8

FIGURES

1. Map showing South Cascade Glacier and vicinity..................................................................................................... 10

2. Graph showing air temperature at the Gaging Station, 1,615 meters elevation, near South Cascade

Glacier, for the 1986-91 water years.......................................................................................................................... 11

3. Graph showing daily average air temperature at the Hut, 1,842 meters elevation, near South Cascade

Glacier, for the 1986-91 water years.......................................................................................................................... 12

4. Graph showing barometric pressure, 1,617 meters elevation, at the Gaging Station near South Cascade

Glacier, for the 1986-91 water years.......................................................................................................................... 13

5. Graph showing South Fork Cascade River stage, near South Cascade Glacier, for thel 986-91

water years......................................................................... 14

6. Graph showing Salix Creek stage, near South Cascade Glacier, for the 1986-91 water years.................................. 15

7a. Oblique photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 5, 1986.......................................................................... 16

7b. Vertical photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 9, 1987........................................................................... 17

7c. Oblique photograph of South Cascade Glacier, October 10, 1988 ............................................................................ 18

7d. Vertical photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 12, 1989......................................................................... 19

7e. Oblique photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 5, 1990.......................................................................... 20

7f. Oblique photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 9, 1991.......................................................................... 21

8. Graph showing South Cascade Glacier terminus positions........................................................................................ 22

9a-f. Altitude grids for South Cascade Glacier, measured from stereo vertical photographs taken on:

a. Septembers, 1986............................................................................................................................................. 23

b. September9, 1987............................................................................................................................................. 24

c. August 21, 1988........................................................ 25

d. September 12, 1989........................................................................................................................................... 26

e. Septembers, 1990............................................................................................................................................. 27

f. September 9, 1991............................................................................................................................................. 28

10. Map showing South Cascade Glacier surface speed, measured from vertical photographs taken on

September 5, 1986, September 9, 1987, and September 12, 1989............................................................................. 29

1 la-f. Maps showing snow depths, pit, and stake locations on South Cascade Glacier:

a. 1986.................................................................................................................. 30

b. 1987 . .........................-..-......- -.-.-. .. ..- .-......---.............-..-.............. .-.-.. --...-....-..-.... .. ....... 31

c. 1988 .............................................................. 32

d. 1989 .........................................................................^ 33

III
FIGURES-Continued

1 la-f. Maps showing snow depths, pit, and stake locations on South Cascade Glacier Continued:

e. 1990..................................................................................................................................................^ 34

f. 1991....................................................^^ 35

12. Box plots showing snow depth and firn or ice loss at South Cascade Glacier at each stake

for years 1986-91 .......................................................................................................................................^ 36

13. Graphs showing average daily temperature, daily runoff at South Fork Basin and Salix Basin, and daily

precipitation, near South Cascade Glacier, water years 1986-91............................................................................... 37

14. Box plots showing measured winter snow depth at South Cascade Glacier for years 1986-91 ................................ 38

15. Box plots showing net balance at South Cascade Glacier for years 1986-91............................................................ 39

TABLES

la-f. Air temperature at 1,615 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin:

a. 1986 water year................................................................................................................................................. 40

b. 1987 water year................................................................................................................................................. 41

c. 1988 water year................................................................................................................................................. 42

d. 1989 water year................................................................................................................................................. 43

e. 1990 water year................................................................................................................................................. 44

f. 1991 water year................................................................................................................................................. 45

2a-f. Air temperature at 1,842 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin:

a. 1986 water year................................................................................................................................................. 46

b. 1987 water year................................................................................................................................................. 47

c. 1988 water year................................................................................................................................................. 48

d. 1989 water year................................................................................................................................................. 49

e. 1990 water year................................................................................................................................................. 50

f. 1991 water year................................................................................................................................................. 51

3. Daily precipitation near South Fork Cascade River gaging station ........................................................................... 52

4. Large format aerial photography of South Cascade Glacier, 1986-91....................................................................... 55

5a-f. South Cascade Glacier altitude grid:

a. Septembers, 1986............................................................................................................................................. 56

b. September9, 1987............................................................................................................................................. 57

c. August 21, 1988............................................................^ 58

d. September 12, 1989........................................................................................................................................... 59

e. Septembers, 1990............................................................................................................................................. 60

f. September 9, 1991............................................................................................................................................. 61

6. Positions of velocity features on South Cascade Glacier........................................................................................... 62

7. Snow density at South Cascade Glacier near PI........................................................................................................ 63

8. Snow density near the South Fork Cascade gaging station, at 1,618 meters altitude................................................ 65

9. Snow depths at South Cascade Glacier...................................................................................................................... 66

10. Stake measurements at South Cascade Glacier in the 1986-91 balance year ............................................................ 67

11. Runoff from South Fork Basin................................................................................................................................... 69

12. Runoff from Salix Basin............................................................................................................................................. 72

13. Values used to interpolate snow depth (in meters) at any altitude (in meters)........................................................... 75

14. Linear interpolations used to determine the bulk snowpack density at any altitude near the spring snowpack

maximum depth.......................................................................................................................................................... 75

15. Values used to interpolate net balance (in meters) at any altitude (in meters)........................................................... 76

16. Dates of South Cascade Glacier measured snow balance, bm (s) , and net balance, b\ , number of

measurement sites, and errors .................................................................................................................................... 77

IV
CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, SYMBOLS, 

AND MACHINE-READABLE FILES

Multiply

degree Celsius (°C)

kilogram 

kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)

kilometer (km) 

meter (m)

millimeter (mm)

f\

square kilometer (km )

By

1.8, then add 32

2.205 

0.06243

0.6214 

3.281

0.03937

0.3861

To obtain

degree Fahrenheit

pound 

pound per cubic foot

mile 

foot

inch

square mile

Vertical datum:

In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)-a geodetic 

datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.

Symbols used in this report:

BQ The change in balance between the minimum balance near the beginning of the water year and 

October 1.

61 The change in balance between the minimum balance near the end of the water year and 

September 30.

ba The change in snow, firn, and ice storage between the beginning and end of some fixed period, 

which here is the water year.

bm(s) The snow above the previously formed summer surface as measured directly by field work in 

late spring as near as possible to the time of greatest glacier mass.

bn The change in snow, firn, and ice storage between times of minimum mass.

X Approximate east/west position in the local survey net.

Y Approximate north/south position in the local survey net.

Z Altitude above NGVD of 1929.

Machine-readable files:

Most of the data contained in this report have been recorded on easily copied computer media. This machinereadable material is available from the World Data Center, Campus Box 449, University of 

Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 <URL: http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/NOAA/>.

Water, Ice, and Meterological Measurements at

South Cascade Glacier, Washington,

1986-1991 Balance Years

By Robert M. Krimmel

ABSTRACT

Mass balance and climate variables are reported for South Cascade Glacier, Washington, for the years 

1986-91. These variables include air temperature, precipitation, water runoff, snow accumulation, snow and ice 

melt, terminus position, surface level, and ice speed. Data are reduced to daily and monthly values where 

appropriate. The glacier-averaged values of spring snow accumulation and fall net balance given in this report 

differ from previous results because a more complete analysis is made. Snow accumulation values for the 

1986-91 period ranged from 3.54 (water equivalent) meters in 1991 to 2.04 meters in 1987. Net balance values 

ranged from 0.07 meters in 1991 to -2.06 meters in 1987. The glacier became much smaller during the 1986-91 

period and retreated a cumulative 50 meters.

INTRODUCTION

The mass balance program at South Cascade Glacier is part of a larger U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) effort 

to monitor glacier mass balance throughout the western states. Mass balance at two other glaciers, Gulkana Glacier 

and Wolverine Glacier, both in Alaska, is also monitored by the USGS (Kennedy, 1995; March, 1998). The broad 

USGS glacier monitoring program is discussed in a separate document (Fountain and others, 1997), and South 

Cascade Glacier is considered to be a "benchmark glacier" as described in that document. The collective records 

from these glaciers have formed the basis for the analysis of glacier-climate relations on a synoptic scale (Hodge 

and others, 1998).

South Cascade Glacier is a small valley glacier near the crest of the North Cascade Range, Washington State 

(fig. 1). Numerous variables relating to the glacier regime have been measured on and near South Cascade Glacier 

since the late 1950's. The long-term goal of this project is to understand the climate-glacier relation. A short-term 

goal is to document the measurements with sufficient detail so that an internally consistent record of conditions on 

and around the glacier can be assembled despite personnel changes, discontinuous records, and changing methods 

of data collection and analysis. Some periods of record at South Cascade Glacier have been documented. Work 

from 1957-64 is described by Meier and Tangborn (1965), work from 1965-67 is described by Meier and others 

(1971) and by Tangborn and others (1977). Hydrologic and meteorological data for 1957-67 are presented by 

Sullivan (1994). Mass balance results for 1958-85 are summarized by Krimmel (1989), and are presented in detail 

for 1992-97 (Krimmel, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996a, 1997,1998). The purpose of this report is to document the 

measurements for the 1986-91 balance years that are relevant to the relation between South Cascade Glacier and 

climate. These measurements include basin runoff, precipitation, air temperature, barometric pressure, snow 

thickness and density, ice ablation, surface speed, and surface altitude.
Description and Climate of the Area

South Cascade Glacier is located at the head of the South Fork of the Cascade River, a tributary to the Skagit 

River, which flows into Puget Sound about 100 kilometers (km) to the west. The region is dominated by steep 

terrain, with local relief of more than 1,000 meters (m). Areas within the basin not covered by glacier ice or water 

are thinly veneered bedrock. The bedrock either is mantled by a thin layer of soil and, in places, by scrub conifer, 

heather, or other vegetation typical of the high North Cascade Range, or is covered by glacial moraine or outwash 

material.

South Cascade Lake Basin has an area1 of 6.14 km2 and spans from 1,615 to 2,518 m altitude. Salix Creek 

Basin (fig. 1) is an unglacierized basin adjacent to the South Cascade Lake Basin. It has an area2 of 0.22 km2, spans 

from 1,587 to 2,140 m altitude, and is predominantly south facing.

The climate of the region is maritime. Near the glacier, typical winter low temperatures are about -10°C, and 

typical summer high temperatures are about 20°C. Most of the precipitation, which commonly amounts to 4.5 m 

annually (Meier and others, 1971), falls as snow in the period October to May.

Measurement Systems

Glacier mass balance definitions (Mayo and others, 1972) are adhered to in this report, and the stratigraphic 

system, which is more field compatible than the fixed date system, is usually used. The specific terms are defined 

where first used. Other mass balance nomenclatures are in use, notably those described by 0strem and Brugman 

(1991), which could as well be used to report these results. The definitions by Mayo and others (1972) are used to 

maintain consistency with earlier reports on South Cascade Glacier work.

The balance year, defined by Mayo and others (1972) as the interval between the minimum glacier mass in 

one year and the minimum glacier mass the following year, is used in this report because most of the field 

measurements reference the surface formed at the end of the previous balance year. This report contains recorded 

data for the 1986-91 water years (WY), October 1,1985, through September 30,1991. The WY is identical to the 

hydrologic year that was used in earlier mass balance reports (Mayo and others, 1972; Meier and others, 1971). 

When information concerning these variables is required, but is outside of the WY, the required data are discussed.

All local geodetic coordinates are in meters, in which the local +Y axis is approximately true north. Vertical 

locations are in meters above the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. Horizontal locations are defined by 

a local system that can be converted to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone 10 coordinates by:

UTM easting = local X (0.99985) + 642,000 

UTM northing = local Y (0.99985) + 5,355,000.

Densities are given as a decimal fraction of the density of water, the density of which is considered to be 

1,000 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). All balance measurements are given as water equivalents unless 

otherwise stated.

lrThe area of this basin has been previously reported at 6.02 and 6.11km2. These differences are due to different interpretations of the 

drainage divide.

2Salix Creek Basin drainage divides are poorly defined.
DATA COLLECTION 

Recorded Variables

Several variables were measured continuously during the 1986-91 period in so far as environmental and 

instrumentation complications could be overcome.

At the South Fork Cascade River Gaging Station (1,615 m) air temperature was measured above the peak 

of a building about 6 m above the ground elevation. Usually the temperature was measured hourly, the value of 

which was stored digitally. In addition the air temperature was recorded on an analogue strip chart. The hourly 

data are shown graphically on figure 2. During periods when the digital system was not functional, the analogue 

record was used and those data are shown as dots on figure 2, each dot representing the daily average, which is the 

average position of the trace during the day. These daily averages or the average of the 24 daily hourly values are 

given in tables la-f. The hourly values and averages are estimated to be accurate to ±1°C, and the analogue 

averages to ±2°C.

Air temperature was measured continuously, but with many gaps in the record, at the Hut about 1 m above 

the roof of a building about 4 m above the ground elevation of 1,842 m. Temperature was recorded on a circular 

chart with an ink pen. The recorder ran for about 50 days unattended but began over-writing the trace after 31 days. 

Subsequently, the trace sometimes became ambiguous and could not be used. The daily average temperature at 

1,842 m, taken as the average position of the trace, is given on figure 3 and tables 2 a-f. Accuracy is estimated at 

± 2°C.

All temperature sensors were in enclosures designed to perpetually shade the sensors from direct sun, prevent 

direct contact with precipitation, and to allow passive air circulation. Air circulation was not forced. A systematic 

error in temperature readings may occur because of possible radiation loading.

Hourly barometric pressure was measured at the South Fork Cascade River Gaging Station, at an elevation 

of 1,617 m. These data are shown graphically on figure 4.

Water stage was measured continuously near the outlet of South Cascade Lake. Three recording systems 

were used, and usually provided redundant data. The primary system utilized a float-activated shaft encoder, and 

the hourly data stored digitally. This float was in a well adjacent to the lake outlet, and was usually covered by 

snow during the winter, and thus normally did not freeze during the winter. Two other recorders were in a well 

about 6 m from the other well, about 3 m upstream from a covered weir. Stage was recorded at 0.5-hour intervals 

on a paper punch recorder, and continuously on an analogue strip chart recorder. Both sensors were activated by 

floats in a well that sometimes froze during winter. The stage from the primary recorder, supplemented with 

equivalent stage from the other recorders when necessary, is shown graphically on figure 5. Stage is accurate to 

+3 millimeters(mm).

Water stage was continuously measured in a well about 2 m upstream of a covered weir controlling Salix 

Creek. Redundant recorders, each with an independent float, but in the same well, were used. Stage was recorded 

every 0.25 hour on a paper punch recorder, and continually on an analogue strip chart. The punch recorder was the 

primary record, supplemented with data from the analogue chart when necessary. These data are accurate to 

±3 mm, and are shown on figure 6.

Precipitation was measured near the South Fork Cascade River Gaging Station at about 1,615 m elevation. 

Two different gages were used during the 1986-91 period, sometimes redundantly, but neither of which were 

dependable. The water level in a tank that stored precipitation as it fell through a 150-mm diameter orifice about
5 m above the ground was sensed with a float and recorded on an analogue strip chart. This gage operated about 

10 percent of the time, and was not carefully maintained. A tipping bucket precipitation gage, with a 150-mm 

orifice about 1 m above the ground was used for some of the 1986-91 period. Hourly data from this gage were 

stored digitally. This tipping bucket gage was destroyed by an avalanche in early 1990. Neither gage had a wind 

shield. The available precipitation data, a composite from both gages, is given as daily totals in table 3. Because 

of uncertainties in the orifice catch efficiency during windy periods and problems with snow, the precipitation 

measurements should only be considered as an indication of timing and intensity of precipitation. Errors are 

thought to be more than 50 percent of the recorded values.

Aerial Photography

Aerial photography provides an accurate record of a glacier at a specific time. Ideally the glacier is 

photographed shortly before the end of the balance year and without any fresh snow cover. Under that 

circumstance, the transient summer snow line is at its highest elevation, and the terminus is near its most annually 

retracted position. Stereo vertical photography allows digital elevation models (DEM) to be made, and other 

features to be mapped. Oblique photography offers a view from a "human" perspective. In practice, the 

photography is usually acquired several days or weeks prior to the date of maximum elevation of the transient snow 

line. Large format aerial photography acquired during the 1986-91 period is described in table 4, the negatives for 

which are archived at the GeoData Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. 

Examples of this photography are shown on figures 7 a-f. No attempt has been made to list 35 mm or other small 

format ground or aerial photographs; aerial photography that may have included South Cascade Glacier, but was 

acquired for purposes other than the South Cascade Glacier work; or satellite imagery that may be relevant to this 

mass balance work.

The stereo vertical photography, which was available for each year 1986-91, is used to derive the extent of 

ice cover, the surface elevation of the glacier, and for some periods the ice displacement. The terminus of the glacier 

is defined by recording points at about 5 m spacing along the ice edge as seen on stereo models. The terminus 

outline is shown for each year on figure 8. No attempt was made to define the edge of the glacier where the edge 

was snow or firn. A DEM was formed from the stereo models for each year and these are shown on figures 9 a-f 

and tables 5 a-f. Ice displacement can be measured between certain dates of photography when the same natural 

feature can be identified on each date. Suitable features could be found on date pairs of 1986-87 and 1987-89. 

The displacements are shown on figure 10 and table 6.

Field Measurements

Site visits were made periodically for facility maintenance, instrument repair and installation, and direct 

measurement of variables. In most years about six visits were made: instruments were serviced in mid-winter, the 

balance measured near the time of maximum accumulation in mid-spring; snow and ice ablation were measured 

several times in the summer, and final ablation measurements made after snow had fallen in mid-fall.

Each year the glacier was visited near the time of maximum accumulation, for measurement of bm (s) the 

measured snow balance. A vertical profile of snow density through the entire snow pack was usually measured near 

P-l (fig. 1) in a hand-dug snow pit or by using a coring auger, from which the total snow pack water equivalent 

(WE) was determined (tables 7 a-f). For some years bulk snow pack density and WE were also measured near the 

South Fork Cascade River Gaging Station, elevation 1,618 m, at 7 to 9 points along a predetermined 100-m long 

line using a snow tube (table 8). Snow depth was probed, using a slender sectional metal rod at anywhere from 5
to 35 points (figs. 11 a-f, table 9). Extra care was used to determine snow depths at locations where 30-mm 

diameter sectional aluminum stakes were set through the snow pack into ice or firn (figs. 11 a-f). A wood plug was 

inserted into the base of the lower stake section to reduce possible melt into the ice.

During the summer the level of snow, firn, or ice was measured on these stakes anywhere from 2 to 12 times 

(table 10, fig. 12). If there had been enough ablation to make it probable that a stake would melt from the glacier 

before the next visit, the stake was usually reinstalled. If there was freshly fallen snow, as was often the case by 

fall, the level of underlying snow, firn, or ice, and the new snow depth, were measured. If the new snow did not 

melt completely away prior to the winter season, that underlying level was the seasonal minimum balance at that 

stake.

DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS

Runoff

Stage measurements are converted to instantaneous discharge using a unique stage-discharge relation for 

each measurement site. The stage measurements are initially recorded in units of 0.01 foot, and discharge 

measurements are made in English units, resulting in a stage-discharge relation in similar units. For convenience, 

the English units are preserved in the calculations until an average daily cubic feet per second (ft3/s) is determined, 

which is then converted to a one-dimensional value of runoff averaged over the basin, in mm (tables 11,12; 

fig. 13).

Winter Balance

The measurements of snow depth and density near the time of the end of the accumulation season are the 

basic data used to determine the maximum balance. The location of the snow depth probes was determined at the 

time of the measurement by visual reference to known points near the glacier perimeter, and by pacing regular 

intervals along specific headings. These locations are accurate to +100 m. The altitude of the probe locations was 

taken from the DEM for the previous fall and is accurate to +30 m. The snow depth measurements for each year 

were plotted with their respective altitudes (fig. 14) and a curved line was hand drawn to approximate the trend of 

the altitude - depth function. In years 1989-91 there were many measured snow depths and these spanned most of 

the altitude range of the glacier, and the curve probably represents the true altitude - depth function well. In 1986 

and 87 measurements were sparse, but they covered a fairly good altitude representation. In 1988 there were no 

measurements above 1,900 m altitude and the curve above that altitude was formed using the lower altitude points 

and the shape of other years as a guide. The hand-drawn curves were segmented, which allowed tables of altitude 

- depth to be formed (table 13). The tables allowed an interpolation to be made to determine the snow depth at 

every point in the respective DEMs. The snow density at each measurement location was determined on the basis 

of density measurements at one or two altitudes. If density was measured at both the snow course and P-l 

(tables 7 a-f, 8) then that altitude - density gradient was applied linearly to every DEM point. If density was 

measured at only P-l, then the snow density gradient was assumed to be -0.0002/m, based on the typical spring 

snow pack density gradient (table 14). The calculated density is used to determine the WE at each DEM point, and 

an average of all the WE values is the measured winter balance, bm (s). This grid-index method of balance 

calculation is described by the author in an earlier paper (Krimmel, 1996b). No correction was made to adjust for 

the time offset between the date on which measurements were made and the actual date of maximum balance.
Net Balance

Glacier net balances were also calculated for each year using a grid-index method. Each altitude grid was 

measured photogrammetrically from late season vertical photographs (table 4). The minimum net value at each 

stake was plotted with its respective altitude (fig. 15). For years 1986-91 a curve was drawn that approximated the 

balance change as altitude changed and balance at any grid point altitude was determined by interpolation of values 

(table 15) between points on the curve.

Net balance was only measured at one spot in 1988. The shape of the 1988 balance curve is based on the 

shapes of curves for 1986, 87, 89, and 91, when there was a fairly good balance measurement representation over 

the entire altitude span of the glacier. Similarly, the curve for 1990, when minimum balance was measured at only 

two places, was based on the curve shapes of years when balance was measured over more of the glacier.

Balance Year Transitions

The balance year begins when the total mass of the glacier begins to increase from the minimum mass that 

occurred as the glacier ablated in the summer and fall season. Ablation may continue in the lower glacier area after 

the beginning of the balance year even when accumulation is occurring on the upper glacier. A precipitation event, 

during which rain fell on the lower glacier and snow fell on the upper glacier, would cause such a condition. 

Ablation may even occur on the upper glacier after the beginning of the balance year, but by definition can not 

reduce the mass of the glacier to less than that of the previous total minimum mass. Usually the beginning of the 

balance year is not witnessed by personnel because it normally occurs during a fall storm a situation avoided by 

most people. Instead, proxy methods can be used to determine the time of transition between balance years. At 

South Cascade Glacier the runoff records from Salix Creek and South Fork Cascade River, and local air temperature 

and precipitation (if available) records are used to estimate the date of the balance year transition, and may be used 

to estimate the magnitude of the balance year to annual system conversions (bo and b\ ). By the end of the 

summer nearly all the snow has melted from the Salix Creek Basin and a rapid rise in runoff indicates that 

precipitation fell. If a precipitation record exists, Salix runoff and the precipitation total are compared if they are 

nearly the same, it is assumed that rain occurred over the basin, and hence also South Cascade Glacier, and the 

accumulation season was not beginning. If however the precipitation is much greater than the runoff, snow 

probably fell over much of the glacier, and the accumulation season has begun. The air temperature record can also 

be used to estimate the rain-to-snow ratio during near-freezing temperature, it is probable that the upper glacier 

was receiving snow and offsetting any ablation still occurring on the lower glacier. The relative stage records at 

South Fork and Salix are also useful to determine the late season conditions. During periods when the South Fork 

runoff record indicates a greater runoff than that from Salix Creek Basin, it is assumed that the glacier is melting, 

and that is usually accompanied by mild temperatures, and the balance year has not changed.

The best measurement of the magnitude of the b$ and b\ is a stake measurement after the ablation has 

ended at the stake. This is possible after snow falls, at which time the level of buried ice (or firn) is measured at the 

stake.

The final determination of the balance year transition date and magnitude of the conversion factors is 

subjective.

At South Cascade Glacier the balance year usually ends in October or early November. At the altitude of 

South Cascade Glacier it is usual to have snow accumulate in mid-summer, but this snow always melts away within 

a few days. Snow falls almost every September, but usually this snow melts completely off the lower glacier 

allowing additional ice to melt. September snow may or may not entirely melt from the upper glacier, and if it does 

not it becomes part of the following balance year's accumulation. Usually September snow melts entirely from the
lower glacier, allowing October ablation. A heavy snow in early October may remain over the entire glacier, or if 

clear weather prevails ablation may continue for most of the month, but ablation is minor. By November snow 

usually covers the entire glacier, but if not, ablation has nearly stopped. Intense storms sometimes occur in the fall, 

and if associated with a warm front, rain may fall over the entire glacier. The warm conditions may ablate all earlier 

snow and some additional ice from the lower glacier, but rain on the upper glacier usually is absorbed by the snow, 

resulting in an increase of mass.

The 1986 balance year began on November 3,1985, as indicated by a rise in Salix Creek stage accompanied 

with near freezing temperatures. Ablation between October 1, and November 3,1995, was minor as several storms 

occurred, most of which probably deposited snow on the upper glacier, and perhaps also temporarily covered the 

lower glacier.

The 1987 balance year began on November 5,1986, when snow fell on all of the glacier (as indicated by the 

below freezing air temperature near that time). A major storm around November 20 may have been mixed snow 

and rain, but certainly added sufficient snow to the upper glacier to offset lower glacier ablation.

A mild October and early November of 1987 resulted in ablation until November 12,1987, when snow fell, 

marking the beginning of the 1988 balance year.

October and early November of 1988 were mild and wet. The 1989 balance year began on November 5, 

1988, when the temperature went below freezing and snow began to fall. The extreme storm in mid-October 

resulted in rain on the lower glacier, and possible snow on the upper glacier. The extreme storm in mid-December 

probably caused melting on the lower glacier, but resulted in a thick snow cover on the upper glacier.

Two extreme storms occurred in the fall of 1989, both of which came with above-freezing air temperature at 

the lower glacier, but below-freezing temperature high on the glacier. The 1990 balance year probably began in 

early November.

An extreme storm in early October 1990, combined with near-freezing air temperature, probably began the 

1991 balance year. A second extreme storm in mid-November added thick snow to the upper glacier. The 1991 

balance year ended October 16,1991, after which the glacier was snow covered continuously (Krimmel, 1993).

In each of the balance years 1986-91, the balance year began after the respective hydrologic year, thus the 

terms to relate the balance year to the hydrologic year, b$ and b\, are all negative. Because ablation is reduced 

by the cooler temperatures and low sun angle in early fall, and is partially offset by snow that often begins to 

accumulate on the upper glacier, the magnitude of bo and b\ is small compared to the values of bm (s) andbn . 

Furthermore, these terms tend to become cumulatively less important as the length of record increases, and are used 

only to relate the balance year to hydrologic year measurements. For these reasons, the temperature, precipitation, 

runoff, and stake measurements were not analyzed in the detail required to determine the absolute values for 

HQ and b\ but rather the generalization was made that they were typical of the values normally seen at South 

Cascade Glacier, somewhere between -0.05 and -0.20 meters. Because these values were not reported, neither are 

annual balance values, ba : instead, only the net balance values, bn , are reported.

Balance Measurement Errors

Errors in glacier balance measurements are difficult to quantify. In prior years of balance measurements at 

South Cascade Glacier, error values ranging around 0.10 m were placed on the balance values (Meier and others, 

1971). In 1965 and 1966, more information was used to derive the balances than in 1986-91. The availability of 

less information in these years would suggest that greater errors should be assigned to the 1986-91 balance values.
The relative paucity of data for 1986-91 is offset somewhat, however, by the experience gained since the mid1960's, when 20 to 30 ablation stakes were used and it was found that spatial variations in balance were similar 

from year to year (Meier and Tangborn, 1965). Estimated errors for the 1986-91 balance values are given in 

table 16. Although other factors that affect the balance, such as internal accumulation of ice, superimposed ice, 

internal melt, and basal melt, are possible, they are not considered in this report. These unknowns are thought to 

be small and do not change the error estimates.

Concluding Remarks

The bm (s) and bn values given in this report (table 16) differ considerably from the estimates given in the 

1992-98 South Cascade Glacier annual reports. This is because no thorough analysis of the entire data sets for 

years 1986-91 had been made prior to this report. Instead, the P-l index station measurements were considered to 

be representative of the entire glacier (Krimmel, 1996b). Values for bm (s) and bn are the best currently obtainable 

by the methods used in this report. If different methods are used to expand discreet measurements into area 

averages, or other reference is used, these values will likely be modified. Data in this report may be the basis for 

new interpretations as other methods evolve.

Data presented in this report are all derived from the most fundamental source: field notes, analogue strip 

charts, digital files, and photographs. The original field notes and strip charts have been archived, but due to the 

volume will probably not be stored beyond one more generation of scientists. Because of the difficulty in working 

with the analogue material, it is unlikely that any attempt will be made to derive more information from those data 

sources. The original digital files, as they were downloaded from data loggers, have not been preserved. The 

derived digital files, cleaned of spurious values, tagged with time, and prefaced with descriptions (meta data), will 

hopefully be available for many decades into the future. The stereo vertical photographic negatives, which are the 

most fundamental and detailed descriptive record of the former condition of the glacier, will hopefully be preserved 

indefinitely, and will likely be used in the future as improvements are made in the methods of photogrammetry.

REFERENCES CITED

Fountain, A.G., Krimmel, R.M., and Trabant, D.C., 1997, A strategy for monitoring glaciers: U.S. Geological Survey Circular

1132, 20 p. 

Hodge, Steven M., Trabant, Dennis C, Krimmel, Robert M., Heinrichs, Thomas A., March, Rod S., and Josberger, Edward

G., 1998, Climate variations and changes in mass of three glaciers in western North America: Journal of Climate, v. 11,

no. 9, p. 2,161-2,179. 

Kennedy, Ben W., 1995, Air temperature and precipitation data, Wolverine Glacier Basin, Alaska, 1967-94: U.S. Geological

Survey Open-File Report 95-444, 79 p. 

Krimmel, R.M., 1989, Mass balance and volume of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1958-1985, in Oerlemans, J., ed.,

Glacier fluctuations and climatic change: Dordrecht, Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 193-206. 

___1993, Mass balance, meteorological, and runoff measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1992 balance

year: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-640, 38 p. 

___1994, Runoff, precipitation, mass balance, and ice velocity measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1993

balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4139, 35 p. 

___1995, Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1994 balance year: U.S.

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4162, 41 p. 

___1996a, Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1995 balance year: U.S.

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4174, 37 p. 

___1996b, Glacier mass balance using the grid-index method, in Colbeck, S.C., ed., Glaciers, ice sheets and volcanoes a

tribute to Mark F. Meier: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special

Report 96-27, p. 62-68.
_1997, Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1996 balance year: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4143, 34 p. 

_1998, Water, ice and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1997 balance year: U.S.

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4090, 30 p. 

Mayo, L.R., Meier, M.F., and Tangborn, W.V., 1972, A system to combine stratigraphic and annual mass-balance systems a

contribution to the International Hydrological Decade: Journal of Glaciology, v. 11, no. 61, p. 3-14. 

March, Rod S., 1998, Mass balance , meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska,

1994 balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4251, 31 p. 

Meier, M.F., and Tangborn, W.V., 1965, Net budget and flow of South Cascade Glacier, Washington: Journal of Glaciology,

v. 5, no. 41, p. 547-566. 

Meier, M.F., Tangborn, W.V., Mayo, L.R., and Post, Austin, 1971, Combined ice and water balances of Gulkana and Wolverine

Glaciers, Alaska, and South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1965 and 1966 water years: U.S. Geological Survey

Professional Paper 715-A, 23 p. 

0strem, G., and Brugman, M., 1991, Glacier mass-balance measurements a manual for field and office work: Environment

Canada, National Hydrology Research Institute Science Report no. 4, 224 p. 

Sullivan, M.E., 1994, South Cascade Glacier, Washington hydrologic and meteorological data, 1957-67: U.S. Geological

Survey Open-File Report 94-77, 105 p. 

Tangborn, W.V., Mayo, L.R., Scully, D.R., and Krimmel, R.M., 1977, Combined ice and water balances of Maclure Glacier,

California, South Cascade Glacier, Washington, and Wolverine and Gulkana Glaciers, Alaska, 1967 water year: U.S.

Geological Survey Professional Paper 715-B, 20 p.
I T

Salix Creek / « 

Gaging Station

<§r

48=22'

South Cascade 

Glacier

48°20'50" I 

121°04'30"

121°02' 10"

0

h

2,000

500

4,000 FEET

1,000 1,500 METERS

Figure 1. South Cascade Glacier and vicinity.

10
20

0

-20

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

Daily avwsgo

Hourly

1986

1987

Ul 

O

o 1988

I 20

> 0 

I

! -20

1989

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

1990

1991

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG 

FIGURE 2. Air temperature at the Gaging Station, 1,615 meters elevation, near South Cascade Glacier, for the 1986-91 wate
20

0

-20

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

. v" "- /. .-. ;". 

"'-" "'.." "" ; v ""

1986

1987

3UJo

CO

Ul

UJo

I

1988

->» _ _ _.

1989

/ - '" 

1990

v.-vV---<

1991

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

FIGURE 3. Daily average air temperature at the Hut, 1,842 meters elevation, near South Cascade Glacier, for the 1986-91 water years.
85

80

85

80

85

80

85

80

85

80

85

80

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

FIGURE 4. Barometric pressure, 1,617 meters elevation, at the Gaging Station near South Cascade Glacier, for the 1986-91 water ye
1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0

1986

1987

1988

Z 

UJ*

§v>

1989

1990

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

FIGURE 5. South Fork Cascade River stage, near South Cascade Glacier, for the 1986-91 water years.

JUNE JULY 
0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2

1986

1987

V

2 0.0

1988

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.0

W*

3 1989

1990

1991

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR

FIGURE 6. Salix Creek stage, near South Cascade Glacier, for the 1986-91 water years.

MAY JUNE JUL
FIGURE 7a. Oblique photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 5, 1986. The maximum width of the glacier is about 

1 kilometer, photograph 86R1-025.

16
FIGURE 7b. Vertical photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 9, 1987. The maximum width of the glacier is 

about 1 kilometer, norm is approximately up, photograph A19-008.

17
FIGURE 7c. Oblique photograph of South Cascade Glacier, October 10,1988. The maximum width of the glacier is 

about 1 kilometer, photograph 88R2-124.

18
FIGURE 7d. Vertical photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 12,1989. The maximum width of the glacier is 

about 1 kilometer, north is approximately up, photograph A19-002.

19
FIGURE 7e. Oblique photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 5,1990. The maximum width of the glacier is 

about 1 kilometer, photograph 90R2-072.

20
FIGURE 7f. Oblique photograph of South Cascade Glacier, September 9,1991. The maximum width of the glacier is 

about 1 kilometer, photograph 91R2-098.

21
4,000

CO

o:

LJJ 

UJ

? 3,500

5

O

3,000

EXPLANATION

 Sept. 5,1986

 - Sept. 9,1987

 Sept. 13,1988 

Sept. 12,1989 

Sept. 5,1990 

Sept. 9.1991

N

300 600 900 FEET

0 100 200 300 METERS

1,500

LOCAL X, IN METERS

2,000

FIGURE 8. South Cascade Glacier terminus positions.

22
4,000

3,500

3,000

CO

2

z

2,500

2,000

1,500

175C 

1771 

179£ 

1826

1874 184! 

186C 

1908 1871 

1929 188!

190?

-........-.-I

[

1649 1656 1652 1653 ' 

1669 1683 1676 1675 1665 

1682 1700 1699 1687 1675 1680

1702 1720 1712 1897 1700 1717 1720 

1744 1746 1732 1722 1737 1748 1744 

1766 1787 1785 1748 177? 1787 1764 1766 

1794 1796 1809 1819 1817 1805 1800 1790 

1822 1820 1829 1838 1842 1838 1830 1820

1841 1839 1843 1850 1851 1850 1846 1844 1848 

1853 1854 1855 1856 1856 1856 1852 1850 1853 188< 

1862 1863 1862 1860 1861 1857 1855 1855 1871 189! 

1871 1870 1870 1867 1865 1862 1864 1874 1884 192! 

1880 1878 1880 1872 1874 1875 1882 1903 1915

1892 1890 1890 1890 1894 1901 1912 1924 1936 

1912 1902 1902 1903 1917 1922 1925 1940 1949 196' 

1934 1914 1911 1919 1930 1936 1942 1950 1952 196< 

1938 1925 1930 1939 1945 1949 1958 1960 1961 

1948 1950 1952/1954 1959 1981 1968 197*

1974 1964 1966 1965 1968 1972 198) 

2000 1983! 1977 1981 1992 2000 201! 

2006 1995 1990 1998 2010 2028 203! 

2012 2006 2012 2020 2029 204C 

'. 2035 2025 2030 2031 204(

Kl ; 2052 2044 2040 204( 

; 2082 2064 206C 

' 2125

i

'

2003 

2007 

2008

2026

2043 2060 2068 2082 2087 

2050 2058 2068 2083 2091 

2053 2063 2072 2087 210!

2055 2068 2080 2096 

2064 2093 2116

'

2100 

2089 2095 

2104 2122 

2128

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

LOCAL X IN METERS

Figure 9a. Altitude grid for South Cascade Glacier, measured from stereo vertical photographs taken 

on September 5,1986. Tabular data are in Table 5a.

23
4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

+ 

1767

+ 

1796

+ 

1829

1873 184d

+ 

1857

+ + 

1905 1874

-f + 

1928 1883

1907

............t

I

+ + + + ;

1641 1651 1650 1648

+ + + + 

1667 1681 1674 1668 ',

+ + + + + 

1678 1697 1693 1684 1668

1700 1717 1710 1695 1695 1710 1715

+ + + + + ' + + 

1740 1742 1730 1719 1731 1741 1740

+ + + + + + + + 

1767 1766 1762 1743 1760 1762 1760 1764

+ + + + +'+ + + 

1793 1792 1804 1813 1816 1800 1795 1786

+ + + + +!+ + +

1819 1819 1828 1836 1835 1836 1828 1816

1837 1837 1842 1847 184$ 1850 1843 1842

+ + + + + + + + + 

1849 1852 1851 1853 1855 1855 1850 1848 1853

+ + + + +;+ + + + + 

1860 1857 1860 1857 1858 1854 1851 1853 1870 189£

+ + + + +'+ + + + 

1869 1865 1868 1866 1865 1858 1863 1873 1882

+ + + + +'+ + + + 

1881 1875 1878 1871 187$ 1874 1882 1901 1913

1890 1887 1886 1887 1893 1897 1910 1924 1934

+ + + + +'.+ + + + + 

1912 1902 1900 1904 1914 1919 1925 1940 1947 1966

+ + + + +'+ + + + + 

1933 1914 1910 1918 1929 1936 1940 1948 1950 1962

+ + + + + + + + + 

1935 1925 1927 1936 1945 1948 1957 1958 196£

+ + +i+ + + + + 

1950 1950 1951 1951 1957 1962 1969 1976

1970 1962 1965 1963 1969 1970 198£

+ + ' + + + + + 

2000 1983! 1976 1980 1991 2000 201S

+ + + + + + + 

2004 1995 1990 1997 2008 2025 2036

+ '. + + + + + 

2013 2006 2008 2023 2027 204C

+ + + + + 

. 2034 2026 2029 2032 2041

.........................+ .. + ..+...+

KJ i 2056 2040 2041 205C

+ + + 

; 2080 2064 206C

\ + 

> 2122

I

+ 

2002

+ 

2008

+ 

2006

2024

+ + + + + 

2042 2062 2067 2082 2086

+ + + + + 

2050 2059 2069 2083 2094

+ + + + + 

2052 2061 2071 2086 2103

..+ .. 4- - + -+ - 

2055 2067 2079 2097

+ + + 

2062 2090 2113

'

+ + 

2088 2094

+ + 

2104 2123

+ 

2125

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

LOCAL X IN METERS

Figure 9b. Altitude grid for South Cascade Glacier, measured from stereo vertical photographs taken 

on September 9,1987. Tabular data are in Table 5b.

24
4,000

3,500

3,000

W

2,500

2,000

1,500

1767

-f 

17«

182J

 -....... + -..+ 

1873 184:

1857

1905 1871

1928 188:

1907

t ............ |.

-

1641 1651 1650 1648

1667 1681 1674 1668

1678 1697 1693 1684 166£

- - -f- - + --+ +--+- 

1700 1717 1710 1695 169£

1740 1742 1730 1719 1731

1767 1766 1762 1743 1766

1793 1792 1804 1813 1816

1819 1819 1828 1836 183£

..+...+...+ --.+ .-+. 

1837 1837 1842 1847 184?

1849 1852 1851 1853 185£

1860 1857 1860 1857 1856

1869 1865 1868 1866 186£

1881 1875 1878 1871 1872

---(---+---+ -4- - - -f1890 1887 1886 1887 1892

1912 1902 1900 1904 1911

1933 1914 1910 1918 192S

1935 1925 1927 1936

1950 1950 1951

............. ~t- . . +. 

1970 1962

2000 1982

2004 199!

2012

N

 -+---+----- 

1710 1715

1741 1740

1762 1760 1764

1800 1795 1786

1836 1828 1816

..+...+ .. + ....... 

1850 1843 1842

1855 1850 1848 1853

1854 1851 1853 1870 189(

1858 1863 1873 1882

1874 1882 1901 1913

- - -f- - - - + - - -4- - - -f - - - -

1897 1910 1924 1934

1919 1925 1940 1947 19#

1936 1940 1948 1960 196:

1945 1948 1957 1958 196(

1951 1957 1962 1969 197C

--+...+ .. -I- --+--.+ 

1965 1963 1969 1970 198!

1976 1980 1991 2000 201 C

1990 1997 2008 2025 2036

2008 2008 2023 2027 204C

2034 2026 2029 2032 2041

2056 2040 2041 205C

2080 2064 206C

2122

2002

2008

2006

- +---------- - 

2024

2042 2062 2067 2082 2086

2050 2059 2069 2083 209X

2052 2061 2071 2086 2102

..+ ..-1-..+...+ .... 

2055 2087 2079 2097

2062 2090 2113

2088 2094

2104 2123

2125

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

LOCALX IN METERS

Figure 9c. Altitude grid for South Cascade Glacier, measured from stereo vertical photographs taken 

on August 21,1988. Tabular data are in Table 5c.

25
4,000

3,500

3,000

V)

2,500

2,000 -

1,500

1764

1791

1822

1872 184C

1857

1904 187'

1925 188C

1908

A

T

1644

1653 1670 1667 1659

1666 1691 1683 1671 1661

1698 1713 1703 1688 168S

1734 1738 1725 1713 1721

1760 1759 1756 1734 1761

1790 1790 1801 1808 181C

1815 1818 1826 1834 1834

1837 1837 1839 1845 184S

1849 1849 1849 1849 184S

1857 1858 1857 1855 1856

1867 1865 1863 1864 1862

1878 1876 1878 1870 187$

1887 1886 1886 1884 1892

1910 1897 1899 1902 19K

1934 1914 1908 1915 1927

1932 1926 1924 1937

1950 1950 195(

1970 1962

1998 198(1

2007 1995

20V

N '

1693 1706

1735 1732

1756 1753 1760

1794 1794 1779

1834 1829 1808

1845 1842 1842

1851 1847 1844 1848

1853 1848 1851 1865

1858 1881 1871 1878

1873 1878 1898 1910

1894 1907 1923 1931

1919 1925 1939 1946 196!

1934 1939 1945 1950 1961

1944 1947 1954 1956 196C

1950 1954 1960 1966 1976

1960 1965 1965 1971 198:

1975 1980 1989 1997 2011

1987 2000 2010 2021 203:

2006 2006 2018 2028 2037

2028 2021 2030 2034 203£

2056 2041 2039 204J

2084 2066 206C

2002

2005

2007

2026

.

2041 2058 2068 2083 208C

2049 2059 2072 2082 208J

2049 2062 2071 2086 210J

) 2053 2067 2081 2098

2062 2095 2116

2090 2096

2104 2121

> 2127

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

LOCAL X, IN METERS

Figure 9d. Altitude grid for South Cascade Glacier, measured from stereo vertical photographs taken 

on September 12,1989. Tabular data are in Table 5d.

26
4,000

3,500

3,000

(0

S 

z

>-"

*

2,500

2,000

1,500

1764

1786

181C

1671 184C

185!

1904 187C

1923 1876

1907

t1

'

1638

1852 1668 1682 1654

1663 1685 1677 1670 165E

-- + + -+-- -4- +- 

1690 1713 1701 1686 1682

1733 1735 1721 1704 171«

1759 1756 1754 1733 175?

1785 1787 1800 1807 180 

+ -f + + + 

> 1814 1817 1826 1833 1834

1837 1837 1839 1843 184£

1848 1848 1848 1849 184G

+ -f + + + 

1858 1857 1856 1854 1854

1866 1665 1862 1863 1862

1877 1675 1875 1870 1872

1866 1686 1885 1885 1888

1908 1896 1899 1901 191C

+ + 4- + + 

1936 1914 1907 1915 1926

1931 1928 1925 1934

1947 1950 194E

1968 196C

1999 197J

2007 199!

2014

N

1690

1734 1730

1753 1748 1758

1791 1787 1778

1832 1829 1807

-- + -.-+-- -)- ....... 

1843 1839 1841

1848 1846 1843 1847

1852 1846 1849 1865

1856 1859 1869 1876

1870 1877 1898 1912

I I I I 1893 1908 1920 1930

1918 1924 1938 1945 196*

1932 1939 1945 1949 196C

1940 1946 1953 1957 196J

' 1949 1953 .1959 1964 197£

 +-- + - 4- --+- - +

1960 1962 1962 1968 1982

1975 1975 1993 1997 2011

+ + -f + . + 

1986 1997 2010 2020 203f

2008 2010 2017 2030 2037

2028 2020 2030 2031 2042

......+-- -+- ..+.-..+ 

2055 2042 2040 2047

2084 2065 2061

2128

) 2001

f 2007

2006

2040 2060 2067 2080 20*

2045 2057 2070 2080 208C

2048 2060 2072 2087 2102

2055 2068 2078 2099

2062 2092 2113

2085 2094

2104 2121

2125

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

LOCAL X IN METERS

Figure 9e. Altitude grid for South Cascade Glacier, measured from stereo vertical photographs taken 

on September 5,1990. Tabular data are in Table 5e.

27
4,000

3,500

3,000

(0

2

z

I

2,500

2,000 -

1,500 -

+

1763

+ 

1788

+ 

181S

1870 184(]

+ 

1854

+ + 

1902 1868

+ + 

1922 1876

1909

............I

i

+ ;

1834

+ + + + 

1651 1663 1654 1651 !

+ + + + + 

1663 1680 1675 1662 1655

1685 1711 1696 1683 1675 1685

-I- + + + + ' + + 

1728 1733 1720 1702 1716 1732 1726

+ + + + + + + + 

1761 1754 1753 1732 1755. 1752 1744 1756

+ + + + + i + + + 

1784 1787 1799 1806 1806 1791 1786 1775

+ + + + + ', + + + 

1813 1817 1826 1833 1833 1832 1828 1806

1836 1837 1838 1843 1846 1842 1837 1839

+ + + + + + + + + 

1848 1848 1847 1848 1849 1847 1846 1841 1846

+ + + + +.'+ + + + 

1857 1857 1856 1853 1852 1850 1845 1848 1861

+ + + + +;+ + + +

1864 1864 1862 1860 1860 1853 1858 1866 1874

+ + + + +'+ + + + 

1876 1874 1874 1869 1870 1868 1876 1896 1910

1887 1885 1884 1884 1887 1893 1906 1917 1930

+ + + + +',+ + + + + 

1908 1896 1898 1901 1910 1917 1924 1937 1945 1965

+ + + + +'+ + + + + 

1934 1914 1906 1915 1925 1931 1938 1944 1949 1960

+ + + + + + + + + 

1931 1929 1924 1933 1939 1945 1951 1957 1964

+ + +1+ + + + + 

1947 1948 1947 1949 1952 1958 1962 1974

1967 1961 1960 1960 1963 1967 1981

+ + ' + + + + + 

1997 1977 1974 1974 1994 2000 201 C

+ + + + + + + 

2011 1996 1986 1996 2010 2020 2035

+ ,' + + + + + 

2011 2006 2010 2018 2030 2039

+ + + + + 

! 2030 2022 2030 2031 2041

Kl ; 2053 2043 2042 2047

 + + + 

2082 2062 2060

I

2002

+ 

2007

+ 

2007

..

+ + + + + 

2041 2060 2067 2081 2083

+ + + + + 

2038 2051 2065 2076 2080

+ + +'+ + 

2047 2060 2072 2086 2102

2054 2068 2077 2091

+ + + 

2061 2087 2111

+ 

2098

+ + 

2083 2092

+ + 

2104 2118

+ 

2126

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

LOCAL X, IN METERS

Figure 9f. Altitude grid for South Cascade Glacier, measured from stereo vertical photographs taken 

on September 9,1991. Tabular data are in Table 5f.

28
3,500

3,000

c/) DC

HI 

LLJ

2,500

O 

O

2,000

1,500 2,500

FIGURE 10. South Cascade Glacier surface speed, measured from vertical photographs taken on 

September 5, 1986, September 9, 1987, and September 12, 1989. Vectors with single line head are 

for the 1986-87 interval and vectors with double head are for the 1987-89 interval. Point identification 

(refer to Table 6) and speed in meters per year (both underlined for the 1987-89 interval) are shown 

below the vectors. Vector endpoints are accurate to 1 meter.

29
4,000

3,000

CO

cc

LLJ 

LU

o 

o

2,000

STAKE 4

1986 Glacier outline 

------ 1994 Glacier outline

D Density measurement 

O Stake location

Snow depth, in meters

1,500 2,000 2,500 

LOCAL X, IN METERS

FIGURE 1 la. Snow depths, pit, and stake locations on South Cascade Glacier, 1986.

3,000

30
4,000

3,000

CO

rr

HI 

HI

o 

o

2,000

N

.STAKE 6

STAKE 3

^ 

4.46

STAKE 2

0

4.90

 1987 Glacier terminus 

........ 1994 Glacier outline

D Density measurement 

O Stake location 

4 + Snow depth, in meters

STAKE 1 

© 

4.85

1,500 2,000 2,500 

LOCAL X, IN METERS

FIGURE 1 Ib. Snow depths, pit, and stake locations on South Cascade Glacier, 1987.

3,000

31
4,000

3,000

CO

cc

HI 

LLJ

z

o 

o

2,000

1.28+ 

2.10+ 

1.80+

2.75

4.30+ 

3.30+ '

4.40 + 

3.75 +

4.67+

STAKE 1 

C® 

4.67

N

1988 Glacier terminus 

....... 1994 Glacier outline

D Density measurement 

O Stake location

Snow depth, in meters

2,000 2,500 

LOCAL X, IN METERS

1,500 

FIGURE 1 Ic. Snow depths, pit, and stake locations on South Cascade Glacier, 1988.

3,000

32
4,000

3,000

rr

HI 

LLJ

z >-"

o 

o

2,000

2.30,

,2.10

1.75

1989 Glacier outline 

...... 1994 Glacier outline

D Density measurement 

O Stake location

Snow depth, in meters

2,000 2,500 

LOCAL X, IN METERS

1,500 

FIGURE 1 Id. Snow depths, pit, and stake locations on South Cascade Glacier, 1989.

3,000

33
4,000

3,000

0) DC

LU 

LJJ

5

o

2,000

N

h 2.25

,+2.95

3.70

, v STAKE 3 ©

' / 3.90 ^3.00

4.40 +

6.20

+ 5.15

STAKE 2 + 5.65 

[$ 6.00 

6.35

6.45 

+6.40 

+6.80 

+6.40 

+6.20 

+6.10 

+6.45 

7.10 

+6.90

6.00

6.70

6.70n

7.10"1

 1990 Glacier terminus

------- 1994 Glacier outline

D Density measurement 

O Stake location

6.40 Snow depth, in meters

730+ STAKE 1

© 7.40^

7.75

1,500 2,000 2,500 

LOCAL X, IN METERS

FIGURE 1 le. Snow depths, pit, and stake locations on South Cascade Glacier, 1990.

3,000

34
4,000 -

3,000

0)

rr

LLJ

LU

o O

2,000

r2.3

TAKE 5 

©S.2.8

3.19 +' , / '\ 

3.3 '-f' STAKES \ 

v 5.34 ©7.11 \ 

,- ': +5.46 '', 

+5.71

4.99

7.03

"MS.SS "^"6.61

STAKE 2 +7.33

6.98

7.73

7.83

7.88 

,7.93

f8' 14 

+7.57

+7.91

+7.83 

+8.26 

+8.55 

,8.44

^7.77 

,7.96

 1991 Glacier terminus 

....... 1994 Glacier outline

D Density measurement

O Stake location 

,"t_ Snow depth, in meters

I .OO

7.26

7.93

STAKE 1 

©8.03

N

t

1,500 

FIGURE 1 If. Snow depths, pit, and stake locations on South Cascade Glacier, 1991.

2,000 2,500 

LOCAL X, IN METERS

3,000

35
I 5

 .G o --

-5 -

-10

l l

SUMMER SURF,

1986

i____i____i

 G o

3

. O .5

i i l i

1987

j____i____i____i

MAY JUNE JULY AUQ SEPT OCT MAY JUNE JULY AUO SEPT OCT

O -5

i r

j____i

1988

10

MAY JUNE JULY AUO SEPT OCT

 G 0

O -5

-10

i I I I r

1989

MAY JUNE JULY AUO SEPT OCT

10

-10

i i i i i r r

1990

I______l

10

MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT

Q

LW u5

^tu 0

s

O -5

z

i i i i i i

1991

i______i____i

MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT

FIGURE 12. Snow depth and firn or ice loss at South Cascade Glacier at each stake for years 1986-91. Stake locations 

are shown in figures 1 la-f and tables lOa-f.

36
(T

Z

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

JAN 1986 Air temperature

i i i r

JAN 1987

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

i i i i i I i r 

JAN 1988

i r

EXTREMES

OCT 16, SOUTH FORK = 122 MM 

DEC 1Z PRECIPITATION ° 271

J_________I_________I_________I_________I_________I_________I_________I

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

UJ 

O

o

UJ 

O

z

t

I

UJ 

QL

I 

OC

EXTREMES

NOV9, SAUX°11BMM 

NOV10, SOUTH FORK 127 

DEC 4. SALIX=130

i i i r

JAN 1991

EXTREMES

OCT4, SOUTH FORK-153 MM 

NOV 10, SOUTH FORK »121 

NOV9.SAUX"118 

NOV10. 8AUX=138

20

0

-20

20

0

-20

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

FIGURE 13. Average daily temperature, daily runoff at South Fork Basin and Salix Basin, and daily precipitation, near 

South Cascade Glacier, water years 1986-91. A negative precipitation indicates there were no data on that day.

37
2,400

2,300

2,200

W 2,100

5 2,000

z

ill

Q 1,000

5

< 1,800 

1,700 

1,600 

1.500

2,400

2,300

2,200

u 2,100

2 2.000

z

O 1,900

3 1,800

1,700

1,600

1,500

i

2,400

2,300

2^00

(0 2,100

2 2,000

z

Q 1.900

^ 1,800

1,700

1,600

1.500

i i i i i i i r

1986

1234567 

SNOW DEPTH, IN METERS

1988

234567 

SNOW DEPTH, IN METERS

1990

.»*

8 9

8 9

2.400

2,300

2,200

(0 2,100

Q£

ES 2,000

Z

Uf

O 1,900

< 1,800

1,700

1,600

1,500

2,400

2,300

2,200

0) 2,100

2 2,000

Z

uf

O 1,900

< 1.800 

1,700 

1,600 

1,500

2,400

2,300

2,200

V) 2,100

UJ In

Z 2,000

ul

Q 1,900

1.800

1,700

1.600

1,500

\ I I I l I l l

1987

j___i___i___i___i___i___i___i

234567 

SNOW DEPTH, IN METERS

i i i i i i i r

1989

i______i___i___i

01234567 

SNOW DEPTH. IN METERS

1991

i____i_____i____i

234567 

SNOW DEPTH. IN METERS

8 9

FIGURE 14. Measured winter snow depth at South Cascade Glacier for years 1986-91. Solid circles 

are measured, open circles are along a hand-drawn curve used for interpolation.

38
2,300

2,200

(0 2,100 

K

PUJ

Z 2,000

UJ

0 1,900

< 1,800 

1,700 

1,600

1986

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

WATER EQUIVALENT. IN METERS

2,300

2,200

(0 2,100 

{£

F UJ

S 2,000

Uf

0 1,900

1,800

1,700

1,600

1987

-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 

WATER EQUIVALENT, IN METERS

2.300

2,200

CO 2,100 

K

FUJ

S 2,000

UJ

0 1,900

< 1.800 

1,700 

1,600

1988

 6-5-4-3-2-1 0 

WATER EQUIVALENT. IN METERS

2,300

2,200

to 2,100 

K

£

S 2,000

UJ

0 1,000

< 1,800 

1,700 

1,600

1989

-5-4-3-2-1 0 

WATER EQUIVALENT. IN METERS

2,300

2.200

(0 2.100 

ac

PUJ

S 2,000

uf

0 1,900

1,800

1,700

1,600

1990

-5-4-3-2-1 0 

WATER EQUIVALENT. IN METERS

2.300

2,200

(0 2.100 

K

UJ ID5 2,000

UJ~

Q 1,900

< 1,800 

1.700 

1,600

\ I I I I I I r

1991

-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 

WATER EQUIVALENT. IN METERS

FIGURE IS. Net balance at South Cascade Glacier for years 1986-91. Solid circles are measured, open 

circles are along a hand-drawn curve used for interpolation.

39
Table la. Air temperature at 1,615 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1986 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog strip

chart at the South Fork Cascade River gaging station (fig. 1) and averaged graphically]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

4

4

3

6

7

2

-3

-3

-2

2

0

-2

0

2

4

1

1

4

3

4

1

-1

-1

0

-2

0

2

-3

0

-3

-3

Nov

1

2

2

-2

-3

-2

-3

-4

-6

-7

-6

-2

0

1

1

-4

-6

-8

-7

-8

-9

-9

-8

-8

-9

-9

-9

-8

-9

-9

Dec

-10

-6

-1

2

1

-1

-3

-4

-4

-5

-2

-2

-2

-2

-1

2

3

5

8

6

3

4

6

7

8

7

3

1

-3

-3

-2

Jan

-4

-5

-3

-4

-1

-1

5

0

2

3

1

5

3

0

0

-1

-1

1

-1

-4

-3

-3

-2

-3

2

5

1

-2

1

3

3

Feb

0

0

0

-1

-4

-3

-5

-2

0

-3

-5

-6

-7

-4

-1

-5

-8

-8

-6

-7

-5

-2

1

4

3

3

7

6

Mar

4

5

5

2.6

5.7

4.7

2.1

-0.8

-0.9

-0.2

0.1

-1.5

-1.7

-3.8

-2.7

-2.0

-3.6

-0.6

3.4

6.4

-1.8

-2.1

0.9

-3.5

-2.3

3.8

5.7

2.4

0.6

-3.3

-2.2

Apr

-2.4

-2.3

0.7

-0.9

-1.3

4.4

7.8

2.8

-0.6

-3.4

-2.0

-3.0

-3.9

-0.2

-0.1

-1.9

-2.0

-2.5

2.0

5.8.

6.0

-3.3

-5.7

-3.3

-3.0

-1.9

-1.1

-4.6

-5.1

-1.6

May

3.2

1.9

0.0

-1.0

0.9

3.3

0.3

0.7

-0.8

-2.6

-2.1

0.8

-3.2

-2.8

-1.1

2.6

3.9

4

7.2

2.0

-1.9

-0.7

4.4

9.7

12.3

9.0

7.7

8.6

12.6

13.0

13.5

June

11.7

11.2

10.1

6.5

7.1

4.5

3.7

3.5

8.5

11.0

10.3

11.7

12.6

8.2

4.8

6.4

7.8

3.1

2.6

2.3

6.5

11.0

12.5

10.2

10.2

11.3

12.5

10.4

4.8

8.3

July

10.5

8.1

2.5

1.6

3.9

10.9

11.8

9.1

7.9

7.4

6.5

4.9

7.0

5.7

2.7

1.5

4.2

11.0

14.1

13.9

14.0

10.9

7.8

9.1

8.7

6.3

6.0

4.7

6.4

9.3

12.5

Aug

15.2

16.8

14.0

12.3

12.6

16.6

18.8

16.7

19.5

13.5

8.8

9.1

12.4

13.6

11.7

13.6

13.1

13.9

12.6

16.6

15.1

14.0

12.5

9.5

14.7

17.6

18.8

15.3

9.9

7.9

8.1

Sept

7.9

9.6

11.2

12.7

13.5

10.1

10.5

4.9

5.9

4.2

3.6

7.6

4.8

4.9

4.6

4.1

5.1

5.1

5.4

5.1

5.5

6.5

5.3

1.3

3.8

1.4

1.1

2.2

3.8

1.6

Average 0.9 -4.9 0.5 -0.1 -2.1 0.6 -0.9 3.4 8.2 7.8 13.7 5.8

40
Table Ib. Air temperature at 1,615 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1987 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog strip

chart at the South Fork Cascade River gaging station (fig. 1) and averaged graphically]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

2.4

2.7

4.7

7.9

12.2

12.2

8.4

8.2

7

6

6

11

10

9

12

11

5

5

9

10

9

10

10

7

6

6

2

3

3

1.8

3.1

Nov

4.5

6.7

6.6

5.2

0.6

-2

-3

-4

-5

-4

-1

0

2.2

-2

-3

-2

-3

1.3

1.6

1.0

-1

-1

1.5

-3

1.0

-2

-1

-2

-4

-1

Dec

-2

-3

1.3

4.1

2.0

0.8

0.9

-3

1.9

3.8

1.8

-1

0.7

0

-1

2.1

4.2

2.0

0.4

1.1

2.7

2.5

-1

-2

1.2

0.4

1.2

3.1

0

-4

-3

Jan

-2

-1

0

-2

-4

-4

-3

0.9

2.8

4.7

5.7

1.6

-7.8

-11.6

-9.3

-3.5

-3.9

-5.0

-4.8

-1.2

3.0

1.6

-1.5

-3.0

-3.0

-2.8

0.1

-2.6

-1.3

-2.5

-1.3

Feb

-3.5

-3.1

-1.2

1.7

5.6

6.9

6.9

6.5

5.9

3.8

1.3

0.6

-0.1

-2.4

-1.7

-1.6

-5.9

-5.6

-2.9

-2.7

-4.1

-5.2

-4.6

-5.8

-7.2

-4.5

-6.2

-6.6

Mar

-5.0

0.6

3.3

7.7

3.1

-1.1

-0.6

0.8

0.7

0.6

1.4

2.0

-0.2

-0.9

-1.9

-1.7

-2.1

-4.3

-3.9

-3.7

-1.6

-1.4

-0.7

-0.4

-1.4

-5.9

-6.2

-3.3

2.1

5.8

4.6

Apr

8.8

7.6

3.0

0.2

1.1

1.2

0.3

-2.6

0.2

0.3

-3.5

-2.7

4.4

2.9

1.0

0.2

-3.6

-5.3

-4.3

0.6

3.9

3.5

5.7

1.9

2.3

9.5

12.9

9.3

8.5

4.6

May

-0.2

-0.7

2.8

5.9

8.6

11.9

13.4

12.7

11.8

9.3

9.2

2.9

3.8

6.1

2.6

3.0

4.4

-2.2

-0.7

3.0

3.2

3.9

5.0

5.8

6.1

3.6

2.8

1.9

4.1

3.3

0.2

June

-0.7

4.0

12.0

15.0

7.0

7.1

12.4

7.7

5.0

4.7

10.5

10.4

11.7

11.9

4.9

1.0

5.9

9.2

10.6

8.5

3.2

2.6

6.4

10.8

15.1

15.6

13.9

16.8

19.6

17.3

July

15.2

10.5

8.1

7.5

4.2

5.5

7.3

4.5

4.7

9.5

11.3

13.9

14.7

15.2

8.1

6.4

10.5

9.6

6.9

10.2

12.8

9.1

12.2

12.2

9.2

14.2

9.0

10.6

10.2

7.2

4.0

Aug

6.6

11.1

15.4

12.7

9.5

11.7

15.3

17.0

16.5

8.2

9.5

9.5

7.3

7.2

6.0

4.5

8.1

9.8

10.1

6.2

9.5

14.4

15.5

13.6

13.4

13.2

13.5

11.7

12.6

15.0

17.1

Sept

17.6

7.8

7.8

12.0

14.3

15.9

14.2

13.6

14.3

16.3

14.6

8.4

6.5

6.6

1.3

2.8

8.0

9.1

9.5

12.4

15.8

16.4

15.5

12.5

5.9

1.9

5.9

11.1

14.0

14.1

Average 7.1 -0.4 0.6 -2.0 -1.3 -0.4 2.4 4.8 9.3 9.5 11.3 10.9

41
Table Ic. Air temperature at 1,615 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1988 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog strip

chart at the South Fork Cascade River gaging station (fig. 1) and averaged graphically]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

17.2

13.3

7.4

6.8

10.4

13.8

12.4

9.6

9.5

12.2

14.5

9.3

7.8

2.4

2.4

4.9

2.4

4.3

7.8

8.7

7.7

8.2

8.3

2.9

3.0

7.6

10.5

11.0

9.1

6.7

5.3

Nov

4.9

3.4

2.8

7.1

9.8

4.4

2.7

3.2

3.3

4.8

4.2

3.0

-0.5

-3.7

-2.5

-5.6

-1.5

4.9

7.0

5.7

-1.2

-1.6

-1.4

-1.1

-3.6

2.0

1.4

2.8

-1.2

-2.8

Dec

-1.6

-1.0

-0.1

-1.7

2.2

1.6

-1.9

-2.7

-1.0

-3.7

-6.7

-9.1

-4.9

-6.3

-9.5

-7.7

-5.6

-7.1

-8.8

-3.8

-5.6

-8.2

-10.4

-6.0

1.3

3.7

-1.4

-3.4

-4.8

-5.0

-6.0

Jan

-7.2

-3.5

-3.3

-4.4

-3.8

-3.5

-3.7

-4.9

-2.5

-4.3

-6.2

-4.7

-1.3

0.1

-4.5

-6.1

-7.2

-7.9

-2.4

-3.5

-3.1

-1.3

-5.5

-0.9

-0.3

5.3

5.9

1.6

-3.3

-9.2

-12.0

Feb

-12.2

-8.8

-6.4

-2.1

2.4

-1.5

-1.8

-1.3

-2.5

-0.3

0.7

1.0

-4.5

-2.1

-4.8

-5.8

-3.7

-3.7

-1.1

6.7

-0.5

-0.8

2.7

5.1

5.5

7.2

6.6

7.4

2.4

Mar

1.6

0.0

-5.3

-1.2

-3.2

-4.7

-1.1

0.8

-5.1

-5.8

-3.9

-0.6

0.8

-2.9

-0.3

0.8

3.2

6.1

3.5

0.1

-3.8

-1.6

-3.0

-3.8

-1.7

-3.8

-7.5

-5.7

-4.8

-4.0

0.8

Apr

2.2

0.6

-4.1

-5.5

-0.2

-1.6

-6.9

-3.6

0.7

7.2

7.0

8.9

7.8

7.8

8.3

4.4

1.2

1.3

5.3

6.0

4.0

1.1

-1.4

-4.4

-0.8

3.2

5.8

4.2

-1.5

-4.2

May

-4.0

-0.7

-1.5

0.2

1.7

0.0

3.7

5.3

3.7

8.0

12.2

12.7

1.0

2.2

8.4

2.4

-0.2

0.4

3.4

5.5

11.9

8.7

0.9

4.4

5.5

5.4

4.6

1.9

-1.0

0.2

1.8

June

0.4

3.6

3.6

1.1

1.4

2.9

2.7

3.1

6.0

2.5

4.1

5.3

8.7

12.7

11.0

10.6

6.8

7.3

8.4

8.4

10.2

9.4

6.3

10.3

11.1

6.7

4.2

2.2

1.8

5.5

July

7.1

7.6

4.4

4.5

2.4

3.6

10.0

13.5

11.6

11.2

5.0

6.0

6.5

5.6

7.5

9.0

9.6

14.5

17.9

18.4

14.0

10.8

11.7

14.8

16.6

17.2

12.6

10.4

12.3

13.2

10.0

Aug

5.7

11.4

14.2

14.9

11.1

5.0

8.1

11.3

10.0

10.0

12.3

11.2

8.9

8.3

7.0

7.7

6.3

6.9

7.8

5.4

10.0

15.5

19.1

20.5

11.8

12.5

15.8

16.5

10.8

8.5

13.1

Sept

19.9

22.7

23.3

20.9

16.3

9.0

5.8

7.8

5.5

4.0

9.3

14.0

15.9

15.2

7.6

2.4

0.8

3.2

2.7

4.1

4.7

4.6

3.5

2.5

4.9

4.4

1.1

8.0

13.7

12.4

Average 8.3 1.7 -4.0 -3.5 -0.6 -1.8 1.8 3.5 5.9 10.3 10.9 9.0

42
Table Id. Air temperature at 1,615 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1989 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog strip

chart at the South Fork Cascade River gaging station (fig. 1) and averaged graphically]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

16.2

15.8

16.1

13.2

8.3

12.4

13.8

14.0

16.0

17.8

14.0

12.1

8.5

5.7

5.7

4.0

3.8

5.0

6.1

7.4

8.4

1.4

5.0

5.2

7.3

-0.3

0.4

3.0

5.8

6.4

9.2

Nov

4.4

2.4

0.5

1.1

4.0

-2.4

-2.4

-2.1

-1.9

-1.3

-2.5

-2.8

-2.5

-2.7

-1.7

-1.6

-3.3

-3.7

-0.5

-1.0

-0.5

-1.2

-6.1

-6.8

-6.3

-6.8

-1.4

-4.3

-2.2

7.1

Dec

6.2

3.5

6.5

5.2

2.6

1.5

-0.1

1.1

1.3

0.9

3.3

2.0

-6.0

-6.3

2.3

8.7

6.0

0.2

-5.5

-5.2

-6.1

-6.5

-5.8

-6.6

-8.8

-9.0

-6.8

-7.1

-1.3

-3.6

-6.4

Jan

-4.4

-2.4

0.9

-4.8

-7.8

-9.7

-11.7

-4.6

-4.3

-7.1

-5.8

-1.5

-6.3

-7.6

-2.3

-1.2

-2.4

-2.8

2.0

1.4

-7.3

-8.8

-9.0

-7.2

-2.5

2.8

-4.5

-1.1

4.4

0.0

-11.7

Feb

-18.8

-24.8

-22.5

-15.2

-11.0

-8.5

-6.5

-4.9

0.8

-3.8

-6.2

-7.5

-9.6

-9.6

-6.6

-7.1

-6.1

-1.5

-3.6

-1.9

0.1

-0.1

-2.4

-5.9

-5.3

-6.0

-5.5

-4.9

Mar

-11.4

-14.3

-11.1

-6.9

-0.1

-3.0

-4.7

-1.0

0.5

1.0

1.4

0.6

-3.7

-4.8

-3.5

-3.4

-2.6

-2.6

-3.4

0.8

-1.8

-4.5

-3.8

-1.6

-0.9

-0.9

-1.9

-3.9

-4.4

-1.9

-4.2

Apr

-3.8

-5.0

-4.3

-1.6

0.9

4.7

-0.1

-5.1

-11.4

-10.0

-11.6

-9.8

-6.7

-2.2

-3.2

-2.1

1.6

7.0

4.3

2.8

-5.5

-12.2

-10.6

-8.2

-8.1

-9.4

-9.4

-6.4

2.5

8.6

May

2.9

2.8

4.7

6.3

8.8

7.7

6.9

6.9

6.3

-1.5

-2.4

0.7

4.2

5.6

6.3

2.6

0.2

-2.9

-2.2

1.2

2.8

1.9

-0.8

-1.0

1.0

2.5

0.5

1.1

3.1

4.5

2.2

June

-4.8

-7.2

-2.8

9.1

11.2

8.5

7.4

8.0

4.6

6.8

10.9

11.6

9.2

6.2

2.7

2.2

3.8

4.6

3

3

6

8

1

12

11

5

6

5

8

6

July

5

7

5

5

8

11

10.1

6.7

8.3

6.9

12.9

16.9

12.6

13.9

7.9

7.3

10.0

12.5

12.7

8.6

5.8

11.5

12.6

12.0

15.5

16.9

8.0

10.5

13.2

8.9

8.2

Aug

5.6

5.2

7.1

11.5

14.7

16.5

17.2

14.1

11.1

9.4

10.8

13.8

11.1

7.5

5.1

6.6

10.7

12.6

10.9

9.4

8.4

6.7

7.4

7.6

9.6

10.7

9.3

10.7

12.7

8.4

6.6

Sept

5.7

4.6

9.0

8.9

7.2

10.2

13.7

14.1

11.3

11.9

12.7

13.3

14.7

15.0

12.6

5.6

3.6

4.7

6.2

11.9

14.4

16.3

14.7

16.6

15.9

7.7

11.3

14.3

14.1

6.6

Average 8.6 -1.6 -1.3 -4.1 -7.3 -3.3 -3.8 2.7 5.5 10.0 10.0 11.0

43
Table le. Air temperature at 1,615 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1990 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog strip

chart at the South Fork Cascade River gaging station (fig. 1) and averaged graphically]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

4.3

6.2

7.0

5.5

8.0

10.1

9.8

8.9

10.2

3.5

2.1

3.2

1.6

-0.6

1.8

3.6

7.8

6.3

6.7

4.5

2.7

4.3

3.8

0.3

0.5

-0.1

-2.2

-3.0

1.2

-0.4

0.3

Nov

3.6

3.1

2.9

-0.3

-0.8

-0.6

-2.5

1.9

5.6

2.9

-0.2

-2.9

-3.7

-5.7

0.4

1.5

2.5

5.3

3.0

3.8

0.2

3.0

-0.9

-4.0

-4.3

-4.9

-2.6

0.2

0.2

0.5

Dec

5.2

6.5

4.2

3.1

0.1

-0.3

2.7

-1.7

-4.5

-8.1

-6.6

-2.6

1.6

2.0

2.2

-0.4

-3.9

-6.3

-3.2

-2.8

1.2

5.2

0.6

2.3

4.6

6.2

0.8

-4.5

-2.7

1.0

0.6

Jan

-5.4

-8.0

-3.8

-2.1

-0.3

-1.3

-1.2

-2.4

-1.1

-6.5

-3.0

3.5

0.8

-0.7

-2.3

-3.5

-5.8

-2.3

-1.7

-0.9

-0.6

-3.6

-6.6

-3.9

-4.7

-8.4

-5.2

-3.5

-6.8

-5.9

-7.7

Feb

-5.4

-2.8

-3.2

-6.0

-5.4

-8.2

-8.0

-5.6

-1.3

0.2

-6.4

-12.5

-14.9

-13.9

-10.8

-10.7

-10.4

-8.8

-4.3

-1.6

-1.3

-3.1

6.4

1.4

0.8

1.8

2.2

4.1

Mar

2.7

2.9

0.6

-0.6

-0.7

-0.7

-1.3

-7.3

-2.2

-6.5

-6.3

-6.8

-5.2

-2.2

0.2

5.5

3.4

5.4

2.1

0.4

1.2

-0.7

-1.0

-3.2

-0.6

1.7

3.9

4.4

3.9

4.4

5.5

Apr

6.5

3.5

3.7

5.7

6.0

6.1

5.3

-0.4

2.1

6.1

3.5

2.3

2.6

6.6

9.3

9.8

4.2

4.7

4.4

4; 5

4.6

3.9

1.8

-1.2

-1.3

-2.4

-2.6

-2.3

0.6 '3.0

May

2.8

4.8

6.6

10.8

10.4

-3.3

-1.9

2.4

5.1

5.8

1.7

1.7

0.5

1.0

2.7

5.0

2.4

1.3

5.1

1.7

3.3

3.5

1.9

0.1

3.1

6.6

7.4

6.9

4.0

6.8

1.0

June

1.0

6.2

4.0

0.6

4.2

5.0

2.2

5.0

6.9

1.0

0.0

0.7

4.9

9.0

8.6

5.3

6.7

6.0

5.4

8.3

14.7

13.1

9.4

8.6

7.9

6.8

7.1

7.5

10.2

8.6

July

7.1

3.5

7.6

11.4

8.2

5.4

8.4

11.7

11.6

14.4

18.8

15.9

13.0

15.0

14.9

11.6

11.3

11.8

14.4

16.5

17.7

16.8

11.2

7.7

6.5

7.8

9.7

16.7

17.9

17.3

13.9

Aug

10.4

11.0

13.8

18.7

20.1

14.1

14.5

15.4

17.2

18.6

19.1

19.5

13.4

13.5

11.1

8.9

9.9

8.8

10.3

14.1

11.0

8.1

6.1

6.5

5.0

9.0

11.0

12.6

9.8

7.1

8.2

Sept

8.2

8.0

12.5

14.6

14.9

16.0

14.9

13.4

13.8

15.6

13.8

7.5

13.4

15.3

7.2

6.4

9.5

10.7

9.6

12.4

15.3

16.2

14.8

13.4

1L7

9.1

13.6

13.6

8.8

10.6

Average 3.8 0.2 0.1 -3.4 -4.3 0.1 3.4 3.6 6.2 12.1 12.2 12.2

44
Table If. Air temperature at 1,615 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1991 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog strip

chart at the South Fork Cascade River gaging station (fig. 1) and averaged graphically]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

4.7

-0.9

5.2

4.3

-2.0

-2.6

-1.3

1.7

3.2

-1.4

0.6

-0.7

-2.2

-1.1

1.3

-3.0

0.6

0.2

-1.5

-0.6

2.3

-1.0

3.4

8.8

5.3

2.2

6.8

0.0

1.0

0.1

-1.9

Nov

-3.1

-2.7

2.8

0.4

-2.0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.7

3.4

5.3

7.1

8.8

0.1

-1.9

1.1

1.3

-1.3

-4.8

-3.2

-5.0

-1.6

0.8

2.5

1.9

-4.5

-6.0

-5.5

-2.0

-2.6

-5.5

Dec

-6.0

-4.7

0.8

-1.5

-3.2

-0.3

2.3

1.4

1.5

-0.3

-4.5

-5.9

-9.0

-4.3

-4.5

-6.7

-2.3

-8.6

-15.5

-16.4

-15.0

-11.1

-10.8

-9.6

-6.0

-4.6

-5.9

-16.3

-17.9

-7.8

-2.7

Jan Feb Mar

-4.4

-4.2

-4.8

-7.8

-7.0

-2.8

-2.8

-2.7

-2.2

-0.1

1.9

0.8

-0.4

-0.1

-3.2

-0.9

1.6

-1.0

-3.9

-1.1

0.2

-3.8

-5.7

-7.6

-7.7

-7.9

-9.1

-10.3

-8.9

-1.9

0.5

4.1

2.1

1.4

3.5

-1.7

3.3

4.5

5.5

4.6

4.0

2.4

-0.5

2.0

5.6

3.0

-2.8

-2.7

-1.6

-0.6

-2.5

-1.9

-2.8

-0.8

3.2

4.5

5.0

3.6

0.9

-3.7

-0.8

-0.6

-5.2

-6.7

-6.1

-5.5

-4.0

-2.8

-6.2

-5.7

-3.8

-4.9

-4.6

-5.7

-3.0

-1.1

1.6

-1.9

-1.4

-1.3

-5.5

-2.7

-1.6

-5.3

-5.5

-3.2

-3.7

-3.4

3.7

5.7

Apr

2.2

-2.0

-1.0

-0.2

-2.0

-3.9

-4.6

-3.7

-4.6

-5.8

-2.4

3.1

2.3

-1.6

1.1

2.8

3.1

3.6

4.6

6.0

5.8

3.2

2.7

-2.1

-3.8

-3.3

-2.1

-1.5

0.7

4.7

May

4.9

4.0

3.7

4.4

2.4

2.2

2.3

-1.1

-1.2

1.8

5.7

1.4

1.4

0.6

3.5

4.3

2.8

4.1

4.1

3.4

3.9

2.1

2.3

0.8

-0.1

1.6

2.8

3.5

2.6

1.0

3.1

June

5.0

2.3

-1.8

1.2

6.6

7.1

3.8

3.5

7.0

8.1

1.6

0.5

0.4

1.1

3.4

1.1

3.2

7.7

8.9

4.3

3.3

3.7

4.9

5.0

4.2

4.4

7.9

9.0

5.6

4.7

July

8.1

12.1

11.6

9.0

7.5

7.6

10.2

9.3

8.8

7.1

9.5

11.3

8.4

7.4

6.1

7.6

6.0

5.9

7.6

8.2

8.5

14.3

16.8

12.9

7.4

8.5

9.2

10.5

8.5

10.4

12.6

Aug

11.0

13.0

14.8

14.0

11.1

13.5

14.0

13.7

9.4

5.6

6.6

8.0

9.9

11.6

13.9

14.5

15.3

16.1

14.6

14.4

14.4

13.8

8.2

6.4

6.7

8.5

8.4

6.0

11.1

13.8

9.1

Sept

5.3

8.0

14.1

14.5

13.9

12.4

7.6

5.9

9.8

11.0

10.7

11.0

4.9

7.3

10.8

12.9

14.2

14.1

13.0

5.0

4.9

7.9

10.6

16.8

17.4

14.9

13.1

9.2

11.9

13.8

Average 1.0 -0.6 -6.3 -3.5 1.6 -3.1 9.0 2.5 4.3 9.3 11.3 10.9

45
Table 2a. Air temperature at 1,842 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1986 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog circular

chart at the Hut (fig. 1) and averaged graphically. A 999.9 indicates no data]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

999.9

4.2

4.4

8.6

9.7

3.1

-1.7

-1.1

-0.6

2.8

2.5

-0.3

0.3

3.9

5.0

1.9

1.1

5.0

4.7

3.9

3.3

-0.3

-0.8

1.4

-1.1

0.3

3.1

-3.1

-0.8

-1.1

-3.1

Nov

1.1

2.8

3.1

-1.1

-3.1

-0.6

-1.7

-3.6

-6.1

-7.8

-5.3

0.0

2.8

3.6

2.2

-3.1

-8.6

-10.3

-8.9

-10.3

-14.2

-15.8

-10.8

-10.8

-12.8

-11.9

-10.6

-9.7

-13.6

-16.7

Dec

-16.7

-9.4

-1.9

1.1

1.7

0,0

-1.1

-2.5

-0.6

0.6

-1.7

1.1

-0.6

-2.2

0.8

2.5

6.4

8.3

10.0

11.4

7.2

8.1

9.4

12.5

13.1

7.5

6.1

3.9

-0.8

-1.4

-1.7

Jan

-3.6

-5.0

-3.1

-5.8

-0.6

0.0

4.4

2.5

1.4

4.7

2.2

5.3

4.4

1.7

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Feb

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

0.6

-0.3

-3.6

-6.7

-7.8

-8.3

-5.6

-1.7

-5.6

-10.0

-12.5

-9,7

-5.8

-4.2

-1.1

1.7

4.7

3.1

3.3

6.9

5.8

Mar

4.2

7.2

7.2

3.1

7.5

5.0

2.8

0.8

2.8

0.3

1.4

1.4

-1.4

-2.5

-2.8

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Apr

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

May

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

2.2

5.3

3.6

3.9

3.3

7.8

12.2

15.0

14.2

11.9

11.4

11.9

13.9

17.2

20.0

20.3

June

18.6

15.6

15.0

10.0

9.7

7.5

4.7

4.7

10.0

14.2

12.5

13.9

16.7

11.4

5.6

7.2

8.1

6.4

7.2

3.3

-0.8

0.3

3.3

8.1

13.1

14.7

14.4

15.0

6.9

10.0

July

11.4

7.5

4.7

1.7

5.6

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

2.8

2.2

3.9

11.9

15.8

16.9

16.4

12.5

9.2

10.8

9.7

7.2

6.9

7.5

6.9

10.0

14.4

Aug

17.5

19.7

15.6

14.2

13.6

17.5

20.0

20.0

20.8

16.7

9.7

9.4

14.7

15.8

12.5

14.2

15.6

14.7

12.8

17.2

16.1

16.4

13.6

11.9

15.0

19.4

22.5

17.5

10.8

9.2

9.2

Sept

8.6

10.3

13.3

15.0

14.2

10.0

10.8

5.8

7.2

3.9

4.2

6.9

4.2

5.8

5.6

4.4

4.2

4.2

6.4

5.6

6.4

7.2

3.1

1.7

3.9

2.5

1.4

2.5

3.3

3.1

Average 1.8 -6.1 2.3 - -- -- -- -- 9.6 -- 15.3 6.2

46
Table 2b. Air temperature at 1,842 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1987 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog circular

chart at the Hut (fig. 1) and averaged graphically. A 999.9 indicates no data]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

3.1

4.2

6.9

8.9

15.6

14.7

10.0

10.8

8.9

5.8

5.8

12.5

11.7

12.8

12.8

10.0

6.7

7.8

13.6

11.9

11.9

11.1

9.4

9.4

-7.8

7.2

3.3

3.9

3.9

1.9

4.4

Nov

6.1

8.6

8.9

5.3

1.7

-1.4

-2.5

-5.0

-7.8

-4.2

0.0

0.0

2.8

-1.4

-2.2

-1.9

-3.9

-0.6

0.0

1.1

-1.7

-1.4

1.7

-1.7

-2.2

-1.7

-1.7

-1.4

-2.8

999.9

Dec

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Jan

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Feb

999.9

. 999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

-4.4

-0.6

2.5

-2.2

-3.1

-3.9

-4.7

-4.7

-2.8

-4.7

-5.8

Mar

-4.4

0.0

3.9

6.7

4.7

0.0

-1.1

0.8

1.9

2.2

1.9

2.5

0.8

-0.3

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Apr

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

May

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

14.2

16.4

16.9

12.8

11.9

12.2

9.7

12.5

16.7

8.1

2.2

5.8

-1.7

2.2

4.4

2.2

3.3

6.7

8.6

8.3

8.1

5.0

1.4

5.6

3.3

0.3

June

0.8

5.3

11.4

15.8

10.0

10.0

16.1

11.4

8.1

6.1

8.9

3.1

4.2

5.8

4.4

4.2

6.9

10.8

13.6

9.2

5.0

5.3

8.1

11.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

July

17.8

12.8

9.2

8.6

3.6

6.9

7.2

4.4

5.0

9.7

13.1

15.6

17.2

16.9

7.5

7.5

10.0

12.2

6.7

12.8

14.7

10.0

13.3

14.4

9.2

14.2

10.6

11.7

12.2

7.8

3.9

Aug

6.9

11.4

16.7

12.8

11.1

12.8

17.2

20.8

16.7

9.2

9.7

10.3

6.9

7.2

5.3

4.4

7.8

10.6

11.4

6.9

9.7

15.0

16.9

15.6

16.4

15.0

15.6

13.1

14.2

18.1

21.1

Sept

16.7

8.3

8.1

13.1

16.7

18.1

16.7

16.1

20.8

18.9

18.1

12.2

6.7

6.7

1.4

2.8

8.9

10.3

13.3

14.4

21.7

20.8

21.7

15.6

6.9

2.5

6.1

12.8

999.9

18.9

Average 8.7 -0.3 10.5 12.5 12.9

47
Table 2c. Air temperature at 1,842 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1988 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog circular

chart at the Hut (fig. 1) and averaged graphically. A 999.9 indicates no data]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

17.5

12.5

6.1

7.8

11.9

13.3

12.2

11.4

8.1

9.7

13.1

10.0

10.3

3.6

5.6

5.0

2.8

5.6

6.7

10.0

11.1

11.9

10.6

4.7

3.3

8.9

12.2

10.6

11.1

7.5

5.0

Nov

5.0

3.1

3.3

7.5

10.0

6.1

2.5

4.7

4.2

4.4

3.9

3.1

-0.3

-3.3

-2.5

-4.7

-0.6

5.0

6.7

5.3

0.0

-0.8

-1.1

-0.8

-2.5

t.7

2.5

3.9

-0.6

-3.1

Dec

-1.4

-0.6

0.3

-0.6

1.1

1.1

-1.9

-2.8

0.3

-2.8

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Jan

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Feb

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Mar

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

-1.1

1.7

3.1

-2.2

1.7

1.9

6.4

9.2

4.2

0.6

-2.2

-1.4

-L4

-3.1

-1.7

-2.5

-5.8

-3.9

-3.6

-3.1

1.1

Apr

2.8

1.4

-1.7

-4.7

-1.1

-1.4

-5.8

-0.8

0.6

7.2

10.0

11.4

11.9

8.9

13.3

7.5

2.2

3.6

5.3

8.1

8.3

4.4

3.9

-1.9

0.8

4.2

5.6

4.4

0.6

1-.4

May

-2.8

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

7.5

11.1

6.4

2.8

6.7

7.8

7.8

6.1

2.2

0.8

2.2

3.1

June

1.7

3.1

5.8

3.6

3.3

6.1

5.6

6.1

6.4

4.4

6.4

8.1

11.7

13.6

16.7

15.6

9.7

8.3

11.4

12.8

12.5

12.8

10.6

9.4

17.5

11.4

6.1

3.6

3.6

6.9

July

7.8

7.8

7.2

6.9

4.4

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

19.2

14.4

11.1

12.2

17.2

18.1

20.3

12.2

11.7

14.2

14.7

11.1

Aug

5.3

12.2

16.4

16.4

11.4

6.1

9.4

12.8

12.5

11.1

12.8

13.3

10.3

9.2

8.1

8.3

6.1

8.3

7.8

6.7

12.5

18.3

20.0

18.3

11.7

14.4

19.7

20.0

10.0

9.7

16.1

Sept

18.9

20.8

23.6

25.6

15.8

7.5

5.8

8.9

4.7

4.7

11.1

16.4

18.3

15.0

7.5

6.4

5.3

6.1

8.9

6.1

2.2

5.6

6.7

7.2

4.4

3.9

1.9

8.3

14.2

15.0

Average 9.0 2.1 3.6 8.5 12.0 10.4

48
Table 2d. Air temperature at 1,842 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1989 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog circular

chart at the Hut (fig. 1) and averaged graphically. A 999.9 indicates no data]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

15.8

16.4

15.0

13.3

10.3

13.6

18.9

18.3

17.2

17.5

16.4

13.9

7.5

4.7

4.7

3.6

2.8

1.4

4.2

3.6

4.4

5.6

5.8

2.8

3.1

999.9

0.3

3.3

6.4

5.3

7.5

Nov

5.3

1.9

1.1

0.6

4.2

-0.6

-2.2

-1.9

-2.5

-0.6

-2.2

-1.4

-3.1

-1.7

.-1.7

-1.4

-2.2

-3.6

-0.6

-0.8

-0.3

-0.6

-4.7

-6.4

-5.6

-6.4

-2.5

-2.8

-2.2

3.9

Dec

7.2

3.6

6.1

9.2

4.7

2.8

1.1

1.9

4.2

3.3

3.6

3.1

-1.4

-8.6

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Jan

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Feb

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

-4.7

-5.6

-4.4

1.4

-0.3

-1.7

-5.3

-6.7

-5.8

-4.4

-6.1

-4.7

-2.5

-1.9

-3.1

-1.4

1.1

-2.2

-3.3

-3.1

-3.3

-4.4

-5.3

Mar

-10.6

-10.6

-8.1

-5.8

-1.4

-1.9

-4.2

-0.6

1.1

1.1

1.4

0.6

-2.8

-3.9

-3.6

-2.2

-1.4

-1.9

0.3

0.8

0.3

-2.5

0.0

0.6

0.3

1.1

-1.7

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Apr

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

May

999.9

999.9

999.9

8.3

10.8

10.0

8.9

10.6

5.8

-1.1

0.0

2.5

5.8

7.5

8.6

3.3

0.8

-2.2

-0.6

2.8

4.7

3.9

0.0

-0.3

2.5

3.6

2.5

3.6

5.0

7.2

9.2

June

13.3

13.9

12.8

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

July

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

8.9

8.1

11.1

9.4

12.2

16.7

15.0

15.0

8.6

7.2

11.1

17.5

13.6

8.3

6.1

11.7

12.5

12.8

15.8

15.3

8.3

10.8

14.4

9.7

11.1

Aug

5.6

5.0

7.5

12.2

17.8

20.3

19.2

16.7

999.9

10.6

10.8

16.7

17.5

16.9

12.2

5.6

4.4

4.7

6.7

8.3

7.5

6.4

8.3

8.1

9.7

15.0

11.4

11.9

14.4

9.4

7.2

Sept

6.7

4.4

8.9

9.2

6.7

10.8

13.1

13.9

11.7

11.9

14.2

14.2

11.9

7.5

5.0

8.1

11.7

14.4

13.1

13.1

13.6

14.7

16.9

17.8

16.1

8.6

10.6

14.7

14.2

.5.3

Average 8.8 -1.4 10.9 11.4

49
Table 2e. Air temperature at 1,842 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1990 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog circular

chart at the Hut (fig. 1) and averaged graphically. A 999.9 indicates no data]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

4.4

6.7

9.2

7.2

8.9

10.0

10.0

10.3

11.4

4.2

1.7

2.8

1.9

-0.3

0.8

2.8

5.6

6.9

6.4

5.6

2.2

2.2

2.8

1.1

0.8

0.0

-1.4

-1.9

1.4

0.6

999.9

Nov

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Dec

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Jan Feb Mar Apr May

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

3.6

6.2

4.5

1.2

4.2

-3.3

-1.7

2.2

4.4

3.4

0.1

0.7

-0.3

1.5

4.0

4.2

3.5

3.4

3.9

2.2

2.7

3.0

1.9

0.5

3.3

5.2

7.1

9.1

5.1

7.6

4.2

June

1.6

3.9

7.0

12.1

10.0

4.1

1.4

4.6

7.9

6.6

2.1

3.0

4.4

10.0

11.6

7.5

7.4

8.4

999.9

999.9

12.8

15.6

12.8

11.7

10.8

8.6

8.8

9.3

11.6

9.0

July

9.0

3.8

7.6

11.2

10.6

5.4

10.2

13.9

14.6

18.1

20.6

19.8

15.9

17.3

17.4

11.8

11.6

12.4

15.9

17.0

18.6

17.7

11.2

8.7

6.5

8.3

10.7

16.9

18.6

19.3

15.5

Aug

10.7

11.4

14.9

18.7

20.7

14.8

15.6

19.2

19.8

20.7

18.0

21.0

16.3

13.5

9.9

8.9

11.1

9.6

10.9

14.8

11.5

6.6

5.5

6.7

3.7

10.2

12.2

14.4

10.6

5.7

7.9

Sept

9.7

9.0

12.7

17.1

18.1

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

15.5

14.4

15.5

15.5

8.9

51.5

Average 4.1 3.1 8.0 13.4 12.8

50
Table 2f. Air temperature at 1,842 meters altitude, South Cascade Glacier Basin, 1991 water year

[Daily average air temperature, in degrees Celsius. The temperature was recorded continuously on an analog circular

chart at the Hut (fig. 1) and averaged graphically. A 999.9 indicates no data]

Day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct

5.8

-0.6

3.1

3.1

-1.1

-1.7

0.0

1.9

3.3

-0.3

0.8

0.6

-1.4

-0.6

0.8

-2.2

-0.3

0.0

-1.9

-1.4

1.4

-1.1

1.7

7.2

6.1

0.8

6.1

3.3

-0.3

0.8

-1.7

Nov

-2.5

-3.6

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Dec

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Jan

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Feb

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Mar

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

Apr

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

May

5.6

3.9

-1.9

5.3

2.2

2.5

1.7

-1.1

-1.9

2.5

8.9

3.3

3.3

2.5

4.7

2.8

3.1

5.8

7.5

7.5

5.0

3.9

3.3

1.4

0.0

3.9

4.2

6.7

5.0

2.5

5.3

June

7.2

6.7

4.4

5.6

8.1

8.9

4.4

6.4

9.2

10.8

4.2

1.4

2.2

1.9

4.7

4.4

6.7

9.2

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

July

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

999.9

7.2

8.1

9.2

10.0

10.0

14.2

18.6

16.1

8.9

9.4

10.0

12.2

8.9

12.5

15.8

Aug

11.9

15.6

18.3

17.2

14.4

13.3

14.4

17.5

10.6

6.7

8.1

8.6

11.9

14.2

16.7

18.3

19.7

18.9

17.5

17.2

17.5

15.6

8.3

7.8

7.5

9.2

7.8

5.6

9.4

13.9

8.6

Sept

9.2

8.9

13.1

17.5

16.7

14.4

10.8

7.5

10.0

13.1

13.6

12.8

5.8

8.6

13.1

15.3

12.8

13.1

999.9

3.3

5.8

9.4

12.2

17.2

17.2

19.7

16.1

14.4

13.3

16.1

Average 1.0 3.5 13.0 12.4

51
Table 3. Daily precipitation near South Fork Cascade River gaging station

[Precipitation is sampled once every hour and the daily sum is given in millimeters; -99.9 indicates no data]

1986 water year

DAY Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.

1 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

2 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

3 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9' -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

4 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

5 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

6 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

7 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

8 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

10 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

11 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

12 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

13 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 3.0

14 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

15 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

1987 wate

DAY Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Ap

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.0 0.0 2.0 -99.9 -99.9 6.0 0.

0.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 20.0 0.

0.0 0.0 3.0 -99.9 -99.9 39.0 0.

0.0 4.0 2.0 -99.9 -99.9 12.0 0.

2.0 28.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 7.0 3.

0.0 9.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 4.0 2.

0.0 4.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 2.0 10.

0.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 0.0 2.

0.0 2.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 0.0 2.

0.0 4.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 6.0 12.

11 0.0 11.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 2.0 6.

12 0.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 0.0 3.0 4.

13 0.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 0.0 0.0 1.

14 0.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 3.0 0.0 20.

15 0.0 8.0 3.0 -99.9 0.0 0.0 3.

16 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

17 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 7.0

18 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9, -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 6.0

19 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 3.0

20 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 3.0

21 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 3.0

22 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 3.0

23 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 42.0

24 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

25 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 0.0

26 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 4.0

27 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 3.0

28 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 2.0

29 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 3.0

30 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 2.0

31 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

SUM -

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

38.0

18.0

4.0

3.0

1.0

0.0

7.0 0.0

4.0 0.0

11.0 0.0

12.0 0.0

45.0 0.0

5.0 48.0

10.0 0.0

76.0 4.0

0.0 3.0

0.0 4.0

8.0 0.0

4.0 0.0

3.0 16.0

0.0 6.0

0.0 -99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

5.0

0.0

0.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

5.0

2.0

0.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.0

8.0

4.0

8.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.0

2.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.

2.

11.

2.

2.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

-99.

-99.

SUM 66.0 255.0 -- -- 135.0 
Table 3. Daily precipitation near South Fork Cascade River gaging station Continued

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

6.0

6.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

6.0

2.0

4.0

10.0

4.0

12.0

9.0

3.0

0.0

4.0

0.0

3.0

2.0

2.0

0.0

6.0

0.0

3.0

5.0

4.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Nov.

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

27.0

3.0

15.0

4.0

7.0

3.0

0.0

0.0

3.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

6.0

4.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

0.0

Dec.

6.0

4.0

6.0

0.0

13.0

11.0

0.0

0.0

30.0

0.0

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

Jan.

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

1988 water year 

Feb. Mar. Apr.

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

16.0

13.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

9.0

5.0

14.0

3.0

12.0

0.0

18.0

18.0

10.0

26.0

0.0

3.0

15.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

20.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

10.0

0.0

3.0

4.0

4.0

0.0

0.0

14.0

5.0

4.0

May

3.0

7.0

10.0

2.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

6.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

9.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

9.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

3.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

17.0

11.0

7.0

1.0

6.0

June

7.0

21.0

1.0

12.0

2.0

5.0

11.0

5.0

3.0

9.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

5.0

2.0

0.0

July

10.0

15.0

0.0

0.0

9.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

6.0

14.0

2.0

4.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Aug.

11.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

12.0

6.0

3.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Sept.

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

15.0

5.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

4.0

6.0

16.0

13.0

3.0

0.0

0.0

25.0

33.0

45.0

13.0

19.0

4.0

0.0

0.0

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

15.0

71.0

92.0

58.0

0.0

19.0

3.0

0.0

13.0

0.0

3.0

1.0

1.0

5.0

1.0

0.0

3.0

22.0

0.0

Nov.

26.0

24.0

5.0

6.0

67.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

7.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

5.0

Dec.

3.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

3.0

15.0

4.0

7.0

1.0

1.0

6.0

271.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Jan.

0.0

0.0

25.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

7.0

5.0

1.0

1.0

17.0

5.0

0.0

1989 wat

Feb. Mar. 

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

SUM 91.0 89.0 183.0 101.0 87.0 62.0 36.0 202.0 SUM 307.0 144.0 319.0 63.0 
Table 3. Daily precipitation near South Fork Cascade River gaging station Continued

1990 water year 

DAY Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. DAY

1 3.0 0.0 4.0 0.0

2 0.0 2.0 31.0 0.0

3 0.0 54.0 46.0 0.0

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 1

0.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 2

1.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 3

0.0 3.0 102.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 4 

0.0 1.0 3.0 6.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 5

6

7

8

0.0 99.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 9 

12.0 66.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 10

0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

0.0 83.0 2.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

1991 wa

Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

11 34.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9

12 26.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9

13 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9

14 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 -99.9 -99.9

15 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 -99.9 -99.9

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

-99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

QIIAyf

0.0

0.0

9.0

0.0

6.0

6.0

1.0

21.0

5.0

1.0

5.0

3.0

7.0

1.0

3.0

0.0

148 n

9.0

3.0

1.0

31.0

13.0

3.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

0.0

-innn

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

10.0

7.0

4.0

0.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

2.0

r*i n

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0,0

0.0

0.0

0.0

on

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

11 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

12 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

13 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

14 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

15 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

16 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

17 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

18 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

19 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

20 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

SUM - - - - - - 
Table 4. Large format aerial photography of South Cascade Glacier, 1986-91

[O, indicates the photography was oblique; V, indicates the photography was vertical. Altitude is in meters above

sea level]

Date

September 5, 1986

September 5, 1986

September 5, 1986

August 21, 1987

August 21, 1987

September 9, 1987

October 5, 1987

August 21, 1988

August 21, 1988

October 10, 1988

September 12, 1989

September 5, 1990

September 5, 1990

September 9, 1991

September 9, 1991

September 9, 1991

O

V

V

O

V

V

O

0

V

O

V

O

V

O

V

V

Altitude

3,000

4,600

2,700

3,000

3,000

4,700

3,000

2,600

2,600

2,700

4,700

3,700

3,700

2,700

3,600

2,500

Roll 

number

86R1

86V 1

86V 1

87R1

87V1

A19

87R4

88R1

88V1

88R2

A19

90R2

90V3

91R1

91V3

91V3

Frame 

number

024-027

020-023

024-026

102-103

082-086

4-10

107-116

021-022

008-011

120, 123-128

1-3

071-073

064-070

092-093, 096-099, 101

054-067

068-074

Remarks

Covers entire glacier

Terminus area only

Covers entire glacier

Lower glacier only

Covers entire glacier

Covers entire glacier

Covers entire glacier

Lower Glacier only

55
Table 5a. South Cascade Glacier altitude grid, September 5, 1986

[Surface altitude (Z), in meters above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, was measured near the central point for

each grid cell. Coordinates X and Y are local, ± 1 meter; Z is accurate to ± 2 meters. Grid map is shown in figure 9a]

X

1570

1670

1770

1870

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1370

Y

3800

3800

3800

3800

3700

3700

3700

3700

3700

3600

3600

3600

3600

3600

3600

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3000

Z

1649

1656

1652

1653

1669

1683

1676

1675

1665

1682

1700

1699

1687

1675

1680

1702

1720

1712

1697

1700

1717

1720

1753

1744

1746

1732

1722

1737

1746

1744

1771

1766

1767

1765

1748

1772

1767

1764

1766

1798

1794

1796

1809

1819

1817

1805

1800

1790

1826

1822

1820

1829

1838

1842

1838

1830

1820

1874

X

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1470

1570

1670

1770

Y

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2500

2500

2500

2500

Z

1845

1841

1839

1843

1850

1851

1850

1846

1844

1848

1860

1853

1854

1855

1856

1856

1856

1852

1850

1853

1884

1908

1874

1862

1863

1862

1860

1861

1857

1855

1855

1871

1899

1929

1885

1871

1870

1870

1867

1865

1862

1864

1874

1884

1925

1880

1878

1880

1872

1874

1875

1882

1903

1915

1909

1892

1890

1890

X

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

Y

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

1900

1900

1900

1900

Z

1890

1894

1901

1912

1924

1936

1912

1902

1902

1903

1917

1922

1925

1940

1949

1967

1934

1914

1911

1919

1930

1936

1942

1950

1952

1964

2003

1938

1925

1930

1939

1945

1949

1958

1960

1968

2007

1948

1950

1952

1954

1959

1961

1968

1978

2008

1974

1964

1966

1965

1968

1972

1987

2026

2000

1983

1977

1981

X

2270

2370

2470

3070

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2370

Y

1900

1900

1900

1900

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

1300

Z

1992

2000

2015

2100

2006

1995

1990

1998

2010

2028

2035

2043

2060

2068

2082

2087

2089

2095

2012

2006

2012

2020

2029

2040

2050

2058

2068

2083

2094

2104

2122

2035

2025

2030

2031

2040

2053

2063

2072

2087

2105

2128

2052

2044

2040

2048

2055

2068

2080

2096

2082

2064

2060

2064

2093

2116

2125

56
Table 5b. South Cascade Glacier altitude grid, September 9, 1987

[Surface altitude (Z), in meters above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, was measured near the central point for

each grid cell. Coordinates X and Y are local, + 1 meter; Z is accurate to ± 2 meters. Grid map is shown in figure 9b]

X

1570

1670

1770

1870

1570

1670

1770

1870

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1370

1470

1570

1670

Y

3800

3800

3800

3800

3700

3700

3700

3700

3600

3600

3600

3600

3600

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3000

3000

3000

3000

Z

1641

1651

1650

1648

1667

1681

1674

1668

1678

1697

1693

1684

1668

1700

1717

1710

1695

1695

1710

1715

1740

1742

1730

1719

1731

1741

1740

1767

1767

1766

1762

1743

1766

1762

1760

1764

1796

1793

1792

1804

1813

1816

1800

1795

1786

1825

1819

1819

1828

1836

1835

1836

1828

1816

1873

1843

1837

1837

X

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

Y

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

Z

1842

1847

1849

1850

1843

1842

1857

1849

1852

1851

1853

1855

1855

1850

1848

1853

1905

1874

1860

1857

1860

1857

1858

1854

1851

1853

1870

1898

1928

1883

1869

1865

1868

1866

1865

1858

1863

1873

1882

1881

1875

1878

1871

1873

1874

1882

1901

1913

1907

1890

1887

1886

1887

1893

1897

1910

1924

1934

X

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1870

1970

2070

Y

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1800

1800

1800

Z

1912

1902

1900

1904

1914

1919

1925

1940

1947

1966

1933

1914

1910

1918

1929

1936

1940

1948

1950

1963

2002

1935

1925

1927

1936

1945

1948

1957

1958

1969

2008

1950

1950

1951

1951

1957

1962

1969

1976

2006

1970

1962

1965

1963

1969

1970

1985

2024

2000

1983

1976

1980

1991

2000

2013

2004

1995

1990

X

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2370

Y

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

1300

Z

1997

2008

2025

2036

2042

2062

2067

2082

2086

2088

2094

2013

2006

2008

2023

2027

2040

2050

2059

2069

2083

2094

2104

2123

2034

2026

2029

2032

2041

2052

2061

2071

2086

2103

2125

2056

2040

2041

2050

2055

2067

2079

2097

2080

2064

2060

2062

2090

2113

2122

57
Table 5c. South Cascade Glacier altitude grid, August 21,1988

[Surface altitude (Z), in meters above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, was measured near the central point for

each grid cell. Coordinates X and Y are local, ± 1 meter; Z is accurate to ± 2 meters. Grid map is shown in figure 9c]

X

1670

1770

1570

1670

1770

1870

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

Y

3800

3800

3700

3700

3700

3700

3600

3600

3600

3600

3600

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

Z

1648

1642

1664

1674

1668

1663

1670

1693

1688

1677

1662

1699

1714

1705

1692

1691

1703

1711

1735

1741

1728

1717

1728

1739

1738

1766

1764

1762

1761

1741

1764

1760

1758

1762

1793

1790

1792

1802

1810

1814

1798

1794

1782

1824

1818

1818

1827

1834

1834

1835

1829

1812

1872

1841

1837

1837

1840

1846

X

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

Y

3000

3000

3000

3000

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2400

2400

2400

Z

1849

1848

1842

1842

1857

1849

1850

1850

1851

1853

1854

1848

1846

1850

1905

1872

1859

1857

1860

1856

1857

1853

1849

1852

1868

1927

1882

1869

1865

1866

1865

1865

1858

1862

1872

1880

1880

1876

1879

1871

1874

1873

1880

1900

1912

1907

1889

1887

1886

1885

1893

1896

1907

1923

1932

1910

1900

1899

X

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

Y

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

Z

1903

1912

1919

1925

1940

1947

1965

1934

1914

1910

1916

1928

1935

1940

1945

1950

1962

2002

1934

1926

1925

1934

1944

1948

1955

1957

1967

2008

1950

1950

1950

1950

1956

1960

1967

1976

2006

1970

1962

1963

1964

1966

1970

1984

1998

1981

1976

1980

1989

1998

2010

2005

1996

1988

1999

2010

2020

2035

X

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

Y

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

Z

2040

2060

2068

2083

2086

2090

2095

2013

2004

2007

2020

2027

2037

2050

2058

2068

2082

2090

2102

2121

2030

2022

2030

2032

2041

2051

2062

2070

2086

2104

2126

2055

2040

2041

2048

2054

2067

2080

2097

2082

2065

2060

2062

2092

2115

58
Table 5d. South Cascade Glacier altitude grid, September 12, 1989

[Surface altitude (Z), in meters above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, was measured near the central point for

each grid cell. Coordinates X and Y are local, ± 1 meter; Z is accurate to + 2 meters. Grid map is shown in figure 9d]

X

1670

1570

1670

1770

1870

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

Y

3800

3700

3700

3700

3700

3600

3600

3600

3600

3600

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

Z

1644

1653

1670

1667

1659

1666

1691

1683

1671

1661

1698

1713

1703

1688

1685

1693

1706

1734

1738

1725

1713

1721

1735

1732

1764

1760

1759

1756

1734

1761

1756

1753

1760

1791

1790

1790

1801

1808

1810

1794

1794

1779

1822

1815

1818

1826

1834

1834

1834

1829

1808

1872

1840

1837

1837

1839

1845

1849

X

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

.1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

Y

3000

3000

3000

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2400

2400

2400

2400

Z

1845

1842

1842

1857

1849

1849

1849

1849

1849

1851

1847

1844

1848

1904

1871

1857

1858

1857

1855

1856

1853

1848

1851

1865

1925

1880

1867

1865

1863

1864

1863

1858

1861

1871

1878

1878

1876

1878

1870

1875

1873

1878

1898

1910

1908

1887

1886

1886

1884

1892

1894

1907

1923

1931

1910

1897

1899

1902

X

1970

. 2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

Y

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

Z

1910

1919

1925

1939

1946

1965

1934

1914

1908

1915

1927

1934

1939

1945

1950

1961

2002

1932

1926

1924

1937

1944

1947

1954

1956

1966

2005

1950

1950

1950

1950

1954

1960

1966

1976

2007

1970

1962

1960

1965

1965

1971

1982

2026

1998

1980

1975

1980

1989

1997

2011

2007

1995

1987

2000

2010

2021

2033

X

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

Y

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

Z

2041

2058

2068

2083

2086

2090

2096

2014

2006

2006

2018

2028

2037

2049

2059

2072

2082

2089

2104

2121

2028

2021

2030

2034

2039

2049

2062

2071

2086

2105

2127

2056

2041

2039

2045

2053

2067

2081

2098

2084

2066

2060

2062

2095

59
Table 5e. South Cascade Glacier altitude grid; September 5, 1990

[Surface altitude (Z), in meters above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, was measured near the central point for

each grid cell. Coordinates X and Y are local, ± 1 meter; Z is accurate to ± 2 meters. Grid map is shown in figure 9e]

X

1670

1570

1670

1770

1870

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

Y

3800

3700

3700

3700

3700

3600

"3600

3600

3600

3600

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

Z

1638

1652

1668

1662

1654

1663

1685

1677

1670

1659

1690

1713

1701

1686

1682

1690

1733

1735

1721

1704

1719

1734

1730

1764

1759

1756

1754

1733

1759

1753

1748

1758

1788

1785

1787

1800

1807

1806

1791

1787

1778

1819

1814

1817

1826

1833

1834

1832

1829

1807

1871

1840

1837

1837

1839

1843

1848

1843

X

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

Y

3000

3000

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

Z

1839

1841

1855

1848

1848

1848

1849

1849

1848

1846

1843

1847

1904

1870

1858

1857

1856

1854

1854

1852

1846

1849

1865

1923

1878

1866

1865

1862

1863

1862

1856

1859

1869

1876

1877

1875

1875

1870

1873

1870

1877

1898

1912

1907

1886

1886

1885

1885

1888

1893

1908

1920

1930

1908

1896

1899

1901

1910

X

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

Y

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

Z

1918

1924

1938

1945

1966

1936

1914

1907

1915

1926

1932

1939

1945

1949

1960

2001

1931

1928

1925

1934

1940

1946

1953

1957

1965

2007

1947

1950

1948

1949

1953

1959

1964

1975

2006

1968

1960

1960

1962

1962

1968

1982

1999

1978

1975

1975

1993

1997

2011

2007

1995

1986

1997

2010

2020

2035

2040

2060

X

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2370

Y

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

1300

Z

2067

2080

2084

2085

2094

2014

2008

2010

2017

2030

2037

2045

2057

2070

2080

2080

2104

2121

2028

2020

2030

2031

2042

2048

2060

2072

2087

2102

2125

2055

2042

2040

2047

2055

2068

2078

2099

2084

2065

2061

2062

2092

2113

2128

60
Table 5f. South Cascade Glacier altitude grid, September 9, 1991

[Surface altitude (Z), in meters above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, was measured near the central point for

each grid cell. Coordinates X and Y are local, + 1 meter; Z is accurate to ± 2 meters. Grid map is shown in figure 9f]

X

1670

1570

1670

1770

1870

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

Y

3800

3700

3700

3700

3700

3600

3600

3600

3600

3600

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3500

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3400

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3300

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3200

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3100

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

Z

1634

1651

1663

1654

1651

1663

1680

1675

1662

1655

1685

1711

1696

1683

1675

1685

1728

1733

1720

1702

1716

1732

1726

1762

1761

1754

1753

1732

1755

1752

1744

1756

1788

1784

1787

1799

1806

1806

1791

1786

1775

1819

1813

1817

1826

1833

1833

1832

1828

1806

1870

1840

1836

1837

1838

1843

1845

1842

X

2170

2270

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

Y

3000

3000

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2900

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2800

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2700

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2600

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2500

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

Z

1837

1839

1854

1848

1848

1847

1848

1849

1847

1846

1841

1846

1902

1868

1857

1857

1856

1853

1852

1850

1845

1848

1861

1922

1876

1864

1864

1862

1860

1860

1853

1858

1866

1874

1876

1874

1874

1869

1870

1868

1876

1896

1910

1905

1887

1885

1884

1884

1887

1893

1906

1917

1930

1908

1896

1898

1901

1910

X

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1670

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1770

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

3070

1870

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

Y

2400

2400

2400

2400

2400

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2300

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2200

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2100

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1900

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800.

1800

Z

1917

1924

1937

1945

1965

1934

1914

1906

1915

1925

1931

1938

1944

1949

1960

2002

1931

1929

1924

1933

1939

1945

1951

1957

1964

2007

1947

1948

1947

1949

1952

1958

1962

1974

2007

1967

1961

1960

1960

1963

1967

1981

1997

1977

1974

1974

1994

2000

2010

2098

2011

1996

1986

1996

2010

2020

2035

2041

X

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

1970

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

3170

2070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2970

3070

2170

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

2870

2270

2370

2470

2570

2670

2770

Y

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1800

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1700

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1600

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

1400

Z

2060

2067

2081

2083

2083

2092

2011

2006

2010

2018

2030

2039

2038

2051

2065

2076

2080

2104

2118

2030

2022

2030

2031

2041

2047

2060

2072

2086

2102

2126

2053

2043

2042

2047

2054

2068

2077

2091

2082

2062

2060

2061

2087

2111

61
Table 6. Positions of velocity features on South Cascade Glacier 

[Coordinates X, Y, and Z are local, in meters, ± 0.1 meter]

September 5,

ID X

1 ,588.6

2 ,522.5

3 ,511.3

4 ,621.3

5 ,722.5

6 ,895.9

7 ,766.1

8 1,641.8

9 1,724.2

10 1,816.7

11 1,882.3

12 2,026.0

13 1,966.0

14 1,898.2

15 2,165.4

16 2,109.9

17 2,222.2

18 2,021.6

19 2,220.4

20 2,034.3

21 1,931.3

22 2,269.0

23 2,313.4

Y

3,350.0

3,238.5

3,090.5

3,168.1

3,285.8

3,340.3

3,127.8

3,003.8

2,896.8

3,028.5

3,124.0

3,139.9

3,035.6

2,923.9

3,088.3

2,940.8

2,664.5

2,617.1

2,573.5

2,448.7

2,311.2

2,179.4

1,886.1

1986 September 9,

Z X

1,757.0

. 1,781.5

1,822.7

1,803.4

1,773.7

1,745.3

1,822.9

1,836.4

1,854.0

1,844.4

1,836.0

1,833.4

1,850.1

1,855.3

1,835.3

1,853.1

1,881.1

1,872.4

1,904.5

1,909.9

1,923.8

1,960.4

1,999.3

1,587.1

1,525.1

1,516.2

1,619.4

1,725.0

1,891.9

1,765.4

1,645.8

1,723.2

1,814.3

1,882.9

2,026.8

1,962.8

1,898.9

2,165.6

2,110.1

2,221.6

2,020.2

2,217.5

2,031.5

1,925.9

2,266.7

2,307.3

Y

3,370.4

3,251.0

3,098.9

3,188.4

3,306.7

3,350.6

3,147.5

3,018.7

2,907.7

3,043.6

3,137.6

3,151.7

3,046.5

2,936.0

3,093.0

2,945.3

2,668.4

2,624.8

2,576.9

2,460.1

2,319.4

2,179.2

1,886.2

1987

Z

1,751.3

1,773.4

,819.8

,793.9

,763.7

,740.2

,816.6

,834.5

,850.4

,837.5

,829.1

,821.4

,843.8

1,853.8

1,830.1

1,850.0

1,878.8

1,869.9

1,901.3

1,903.7

1,920.8

1,958.0

2,000.7

September 9,

ID

l

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

X

1,925.1

2,050.1

1,935.0

1,771.9

1,724.9

1,857.6

1,875.6

1,981.3

2,040.2

2,154.5

Y

3,166.1

3,125.1

3,087.4

3,015.5

2,923.0

2,942.7

2,843.7

2,912.6

2,982.2

2,915.7

1987 

Z 

1,825.5 

1,831.5 

1,841.0 

1,841.2 

1,849.2 

1,852.4 

1,855.8 

1,856.4 

1,851.4 

1,850.0 
Table 7. Snow density at South Cascade Glacier near PI (fig. 1)

[Lengths are accurate to ± 0.01 meter and mass is accurate to ± O.OS kilogram. Inconsistencies in depth summation and

sample lengths, and bulk density are due to imprecise field measurements and founding errors.]

May 16, 1986

[Measured in a snow pit, through the entire thickness of

cross section of snow tube = 4,100 mm2]

Sample 

bottom 

depth 

(meters)

0.43

0.84

1.31

1.73

2.09

2.46

2.87

3.25

3.59

3.87

4.28

4.63

5.01

5.40

5.80

5.92

Sample 

length 

(meters)

0.43

0.41

0.47

0.43

0.36

0.37

0.41

0.38

0.34

0.28

0.41

0.35

0.38

0.39

0.40

0.12

Sample 

mass 

(kilograms)

0.395

0.440

0.760

0.715

0.730

0.735

0.885

0.830

0.740

0.645

0.890

0.810

0.815

0.895

0.860

0.315

Sample 

density 

(kilograms/ 

meter3)

219

256

391

402

485

475

516

522

520

550

519

553

512

548

514

627

Total water equivalent = 2.74 meters 

Average density = 460

B

May 5-6, 1987 

[Measured in a snow pit, through the entire thickness of

cross section of snow tube = 4, 100 mm2]

Sample 

bottom 

depth 

(meters)

0.46

0.88

1.32

1.65

2.09

2.51

2.93

3.35

3.76

4.15

4.44

Sample 

length 

(meters)

0.46

0.42

0.44

0.33

0.44

0.42

0.42

0.42

0.41

0.39

0.29

Sample 

mass 

(kilograms)

0.800

0.705

0.780

0.675

0.850

0.840

0.900

0.885

0.855

0.810

0.630

Sample 

density 

(kilograms/ 

meter3 )

416

401

424

489

462

478

512

504

498

496

519

May 19, 1988

[Measured in a snow pit, at local X = 1,910, Y = 2,900,

Z = 1,852, cross section of snow tube = 4,100 mm2]

Sample 

bottom 

depth 

(meters)

0.48

0.88

1.32

1.72

2.05

Sample 

length 

(meters)

0.48

0.40

0.44

0.40

0.33

Sample 

mass 

(kilograms)

0.880

0.670

0.895

0.829

0.658

Sample 

density 

(kilograms/ 

meter3)

443

400

485

490

484

Probes at the sample site showed a total snow thickness

of 4.39 meters. The snow density below 2.04 meters

depth is assumed to be 500.

Total water equivalent = 2.11 meters

Average density = 452

D

May 3, 1989 

[Measured in a snow pit, through the entire thickness of

section of snow tube = 4, 100 mm2]

Sample 

bottom 

depth 

(meters)

0.45

0.88

1.32

1.69

2.02

2.43

2.86

3.27

3.49

3.98

4.44

4.85

5.16

Sample 

length 

(meters)

0.45

0.43

0.44

0.37

0.33

0.41

0.43

0.41

0.22

0.49

0.46

0.41

0.31

Sample 

mass 

(kilograms)

0.975

0.885

0.870

0.815

0.705

0.880

0.875

0.865

0.470

1.035

0.995

0.965

0.770

Sample 

density 

(kilograms/ 

meter3)

518

492

473

526

511

513

486

504

511

505

517

562

594

Total water equivalent = 2.65 meters 

Average density = 514

Total water equivalent = 2.09 meters 

Average density = 470

63
Table 7. Snow density at South Cascade Glacier near PI (fig. l)--Continued

April 30-May 1, 1990

[Measured in a snow pit, through the entire thickness of

May 1-2, 1991

[Measured in a snow pit, through the entire thickness of

section of snow tube = 4,100 mm2, and of auger = 

4,570 mm2]

Sample 

bottom 

depth 

(meters)

0.47

0.65

0.92

1.32

1.75

2.12

2.53

2.93

3.31

3.58

Begin auger 

4.19

4.81

5.12

5.81

6.28

6.45

Sample 

length 

(meters)

0.47

0.18

0.27

0.40

0.43

0.37

0.41

0.40

0.38

0.27

0.61

0.62

0.31

0.69

0.47

0.17

Sample 

mass 

(kilograms)

0.450

0.225

0.510

0.840

0.915

0.805

0.975

0.940

0.890

0.590

1.355

1.490

.0.750

1.520

1.230

0.250

Sample 

density 

(kilograms/ 

meter3)

229

299

451

500

509

520

568

562

560

522

486

526

529

482

573

322

Total water equivalent = 3.15 meters 

Average density = 488

section of snow tube = 4, 100 mm2, and of auger =

4570 mm2]

Sample

bottom

depth

(meters)

0.45

0.90

1.36

1.71

2.15

2.59

2.98

Begin auger

3.76

4.50

5.39

6.35

7.07

7.63

Sample

length

(meters)

0.45

0.45

0.46

0.35

0.44

0.44

0.39

0.43

0.25

0.09(0.10)

0.45 (0.44)

0.30

0.44 (0.46)

0.43

0.52 (0.60)

0.26 (0.36)

0.39 (0.35)

0.40 (0.37)

0.29 (0.28)

0.28

Sample

mass

(kilograms)

0.685

0.690

0.795

0.670

0.795

0.895

0.825

1.010

0.655

0.195

1.195

0.730

1.100

1.095

1.225

0.625

0.960

0.960

0.695

0.745

Sample

density

(kilograms/

meter3)

364

366

413

457

432

486

506

514

573

474

581

532

547

557

515

526

539

525

524

582

Total water equivalent = 3.79 meters 

Average density = 497

64
Table 8. Snow density near the South Fork Cascade gaging station, at 1,618 meters altitude

[Measured with a snow tube that penetrated the entire snowpack in one sample. The distance between sample locations was

about 15 meters. Depths in meters, density (Den) in kilograms per meter cubed]

May 17,1986 May 6, 1987 May 19, 1988 May 4, 1989 May 1, 1990 May 2,1991

Depth Den I 

2.78

2.70

2.30

2.15

1.95

1.95

1.80

1.75

1.70

Depth 

.96

.78

.60

.68

.40

.57

.65

.63

.45

Den 1

546

514

540

515

527

484

523

563

561

Depth 

.40

.35

.55

.45

.91

.52

.96

-

-

Den I

546 :

472 ^

557 :

527

440

517

558

--

Depth Den 

>.50

L60

>.30

.90

.60

.70

.80

.70

.65

Depth Den

2.47

2.99

2.78

2.78

2.16

2.37

2.58

2.69

2.58

Depth 

3.12

3.20

3.12

3.02

3.07

3.25

3.18

3.23

Den

504

516

504

487

496

523

512

520

--

Average 2.12 1.64 530 1.59 517 1.97 2.60 3.15 508

65
Table 9. Snow depths at South Cascade Glacier

[Depths; in meters (m) measured with a probe rod; X, Y, and Z are local coordinates, ± 100 meters. The snow course is a line about 100

meters long and about 100 meters northwest of the South Fork Cascade River gaging station; its location is indicated by "--"]

May 16, 1986 

Snow

X

2,476

1,811

1,891

1,769

Y Z

1,675 2,040

2,764 1,863

3,632 1,682

3,824 1,650

-- 1,619

May 5,

X

2,712

2,139

1,869

1,684

1,891

1,745

1,560

Y Z

1,655 2,062

2,024 1,960

2,780 1,860

3,447 1,730

3,671 1,668

3,825 1,645

3,960 1,616

-- 1,619

May 19,

X

1,958

2,035

2,091

2,128

2,182

2,238

2,205

2,185

2,170

2.104

,991

,939

,892

,837

,772

,591

,568

,539

,910

Y

3,011 1

Z

,849

3,051 1,840

3,077

3,096

3,118

3,150

3,221

3,268

3,326

3,351

3,435

3,499

3,582

3,700

3,797

3,953

3,988

4,027

2,900

,835

,825

,805

,795

,780

,760

,750

,740

,710

,690

,675

,665

,642

,616

,616

,616

1,852

-- 1,619

depth

(m)

6.25

5.98

2.42

2.80

2.12

1987

Snow

depth

(m)

4.85

4.90

4.46

3.73

2.58

3.04

1.10

1.64

1988

Snow

depth

(m)

4.67

5.40

5.00

3.75

5.50

4.40

3.30

4.30

2.75

2.45

2.30

3.50

2.70

0.87

2.60

1.80

2.10

1.28

4.67

1.59

Name

Stake 1

Stake 2

Stake3

Stake 4

Snow Course

Name

Stake 1

Stake 2

Stake3

Stake 4

StakeS

Stake 6

DELTA

Snow Course

Name

Stake 1

Snow Course

X

2,751

2,591

2,463

2,351

2,257

2,173

2,107

2,063

2,031

1,999

1,972

1,941

1,908

,885

,865

,855

,923

,986

2,033

2,111

2,176

2,214

2,203

2,156

2,105

2,029

,951

,892

,866

,793

,606

,580

,558

-

X

2,687

2,574

2,479

2,376

2,288

2,204

2,143

2.097

2,048

2,028

2,003

1,978

1,951

1,920

1889

1869

1,872

Y

,670

,644

,651

,682

,728

,796

,862

,956

2,051

2,153

2,252

2,346

2,440

2,544

2,640

2,741

2,796

2,848

2,889

2,939

3,006

3,082

3,173

3,263

3,348

3,429

3,500

3,577

3,682

3,783

3,989

4,014

4,050

--

Y

1,528

1,566

,621

,687

,744

,812

,915

2,012

2,124

2,215

2,316

2,425

2,522

2,610

2,706

2,806

2,944

May 3, 1989 

Snow

Z

2,070

2,055

2,078

2,025

2,015

2,000

1,978

1,965

1,952

1,945

1,933

1,920

1,890

1,876

1,868

1,860

1,856

1,850

1,848

1,846

1,835

1,820

1,805

1,760

1,740

1,705

1,686

1,670

1,660

1,640

1,616

1,616

1,616

1,619

April 30,

Z

2,065

2,051

2,041

2,030

2,012

1,994

1,972

1,958

1,945

1,938

1,925

1,900

1,880

1,864

1,861

1,852

1,845

depth

(m)

5.30

5.15

5.75

5.65

5.65

5.25

5.45

5.75

5.35

5.05

4.85

4.85

5.45

5.25

5.20

5.30

5.05

5.05

4.60

4.40

4.30

4.00

4.10

3.20

4.35

2.60

3.55

3.15

1.65

2.85

1.75

2.10

2.30

1.97

1990

Snow

depth

(m)

7.75

7.40

7.30

7.10

6.70

6.70

6.00

6.90

7.10

6.45

6.10

6.20

6.40

6.80

6.40

6.45

6.35

Name

Stake 1

Stake 2

StakeS

Stake 4

Snow Course

Name

Stake 1

Stake 2

April 30, 1990-Continued 

Snow

X

1,935

1,996

2,087

2,166

2,203

2,171

2,109

2,040

1,970

1,903

1,954

1,909

1,845

1,678

X

2,728

2,340

2,303

2,224

2,191

2,154

2,119

2,092

2,065

2,031

2,008

,984

,950

,916

,884

,858

,833

1,923

2,000

2,068

2,123

2,170

2,181

2,175

2,117

2,046

1,971

1,920

1,870

1,823

1,833

1,860

1,875

1,560

Y

2,986

3,021

3,060

3,116

3,182

3,244

3,315

3,358

3,381

3,418

3,543

3,658

3,790

3,911

Y

,686

,733

,802

,923

,988

2,065

2,136

2,201

2,256

2,331

2,407

2,482

2,559

2,619

2,691

2,765

2,851

2,919

2,965

3,009

3,051

3,101

3,168

3,239

3,281

3,312

3,350

3,383

3,422

3,476

3,545

3,621

3,680

3,966

--

Z

1,844

1,842

1,840

1,825

1,790

1,768

1,750

1,741

1,719

1,695

1,670

1,660

1,640

1,616

1,619

May 1,

Z

2,056

2,025

2,015

1,975

1,961

1,958

1,945

1,942

1,935

1,922

1,906

1,890

1,873

1,865

1,860

1,856

1,850

1,845

1,844

,840

,835

,825

,790

,760

,750

' ,745

,732

,710

1,690

1,685

1,675

1,660

1,651

1,616

1,619

depth

(m)

6.00

5.65

5.15

6.20

4.40

3.00

3.90

3.00

3.70

4.35

3.50

1.30

2.95

2.25

2.60

1991 

Snow 

depth

(m)

8.03

7.93

7.26

7.96

7.77

8.44

8.55

8.26

7.83

7.91

7.57

8.14

7.93

7.88

7.83

7.73

7.51

7.33

6.98

6.61

6.38

7.03

4.99

5.71

5.46

7.11

5.34

3.30

3.19

5.27

4.22

4.84

2.80

2.30

3.15

Name

StakeS

Stake 4

Stake5

Snow Course

Name

Stake 1

Stake 2

StakeS

Stake 4

StakeS

/

Snow Course

66
Table 10. Stake measurements at South Cascade Glacier in the 1986-91 balance year

[Surface material may be snow (s), firn (0, or ice (i); density estimated based on interpolation between measurements made in early May, and 

assumed density of firn of 0.6. Balance is the gain or loss of material, referenced to the previous year's melt horizon, in water content. Local X, 

Y, and Z coordinates (in meters ± 50 m) given for each stake, min, minimum; est min, estimated minimum; and min bal, minimum balance]

Date

Surface 

material

Depth 

(meters)

Balance 

Density (meters)

Stake 1-86 [X = 2476, Y = 1675, Z =2040] (P-3 area)

May 15

Sept. 23

s

s

Stake 2-86 [X =

May 15

July 16

Sept. 22

Nov. 5

May 16

July 16

July 18

Sept. 23

Nov. 5

May 16

July 16

July 18

Sept. 22

Oct. 15

Nov. 5

May 6

July 1

July 15

July 21

Aug. 9

Aug. 23

Aug. 29

Sept. 17

Oct. 28

Nov. 10

May 6

July 1

July 15

July 21

Aug. 9

Aug. 23

Aug. 29

Sept. 17

Sept. 21

Sept. 20

Nov. 10

s

s

i

i

Stake 3-86

s

i

i

i

i

Stake 4-86

s

Stake 1-87

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

f

f

f

Stake 2-87

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

f

f

f

f

6.45

0.26

0.46 2.97

0.60 0.1 6 (min)

1811, Y = 2764, Z=1863](P-1 area)

6.16

3.00

-0.25

-0.31

[X=1891,

2.50

-1.00

-1.08

-5.15

-5.45

[X = 1769,

2.90

-1.12

-1.22

-5.47

-5.85

-5.90

[X = 2712,

5.00

2.90

2.32

2.06

1.07

0.45

0.23

-0.81

-1.48

-1.49

[X = 2139,

5.05

2.85

2.16

1.94

0.88

0.22

0.04

-1.03

-1.10

-1.26

-1.80

0.46 2.83

0.50 1.50

0.9 -0.23

0.9 -0.28 (est min)

Y = 3632, Z =1682]

0.49 1.23

0.9 -0.90

0.9 -0.97

0.9 4.64

0.9 -4.90 (est min)

Y = 3824, Z =1650]

0.50 1.45

0.9 -1.01

0.9 -1.10

0.9 -4.92

0.9 -5.27

0.9 -5.31 (est min)

Y = 1655, Z =2062]

0.42 2.10

0.50 1.45

0.52 1.21

0.52 1.07

0.54 0.58

0.56 0.25

0.57 0.13

0.60 -0.49

0.60 -0.88

0.60 -0.89 (est min)

Y = 2024, Z =1960]

0.44 . 2.22

0.50 1.43

0.52 1.12

0.52 1.01

0.54 0.48

0.56 0.12

0.57 0.02

0.60 -0.62

0.60 -0.66

0.60 -0.76

0.60 -1.08 (est min

Date

May 6

July 1

July 16

July 21

July 30

Aug. 9

Aug. 18

Aug. 22

Aug. 29

Sept. 17

Nov. 10

May 6

July 1

July 15

July 23

July 26

Aug. 9

Aug. 17

Aug. 22

Aug. 29

Sept. 15

Sept. 23

Oct. 28

Nov. 10

May 6

July 1

July 10

July 15

July 26

Aug. 10

Aug. 17

Aug. 22

Aug. 29

Nov. 10

May 6

July 1

July 10

July 15

July 23

July 26

Aug. 10

Aug. 16

Aug. 22

Aug. 29

Nov. 10

Surface Depth

material (meters)

Stake 3-87 [X=1869,

s 4.40

s 2.03

s 1.33

s 1.13

s 0.48

s 0.02

-0.38

-0.65

-0.88

-1.81

-2.61

Stake 4-87 [X=1684,

s 3.20

s 0.43

-0.36

-0.80

-0.95

-1.62

-1.92

-2.17

-2.50

-3.41

-3.64

-3.90

-3.95

Stake 5-87 [X=1891,

s 2.70

-0.31

-0.71

-1.27

-2.12

-3.00

-3.30

-3.57

-4.06

-5.60

Stake 6-87 [X=1745,

s 3.12

-0.29

-0.76

-1.22

-1.64

-1.97

-3.12

-3.41

-3.70

-4.29

-5.90

Balance

Density (meters)

Y = 2780, Z =1860]

0.47 2.07

0.50 1.02

0.52 0.69

0.52 0.59

0.53 0.25

0.54 0.01

0.9 -0.34

0.9 -0.59

0.9 -0.79

0.9 -1.63

0.9 -2.35 (est min)

Y = 3447, Z =1730]

0.50 1.60

0.52 0.22

0.90 -0.32

0.90 -0.72

0.90 -0.86

0.90 -1.46

0.90 -1.73

0.90 -1.95

0.90 -2.25

0.90 -3.07

0.90 -3.28

0.90 -3.51

0.90 -3.56 (est min)

Y = 3671, Z =1668]

0.52 1.40

0.9 -0.28

-0.64

-1.14

-1.91

-2.70

-2.97

-3.21

-3.65

-5.04 (est min)

Y = 3825, Z =1645]

0.52 1.62

0.90 -0.26

0.90 -0.68

0.90 -1.10

0.90 -1.48

0.90 -1.77

0.90 -2.81

0.90 -3.07

0.90 -3.33

0.90 -3.86

0.90 -5.31 (est min)

67
Table 10. Stake measurements at South Cascade Glacier in the 1986-91 balance year-Continued

Date

May 19

July 22

Sept. 13

Oct. 27

May 3

July 6

Aug. 8

Sept. 26

Oct. 9

May 3

July 6

Aug. 8

Sept. 26

Oct. 9

May 4

July 6

Aug. 8

Sept. 27

Oct. 9

May 4

July 6

Aug. 8

Aug. 23

Sept. 27

Oct. 9

May 1

June 20

July 19

Sept. 23

Oct. 3

May 1

June 20

July 19

Sept. 24

Oct. 3

May 1

June 20

July 19

Surface

material

Stake 1-88

s

s

i

i

Stake 1-89

s

s

s

f

f

Stake 2-89

s

s

s

i

i

Stake 3-89

s

s

i

i

i

Stake 4-89

s

Stake 1-90.

s

s

s

s

s

Stake 2-90

s

s

s

s

i

Stake 3-90

s

s

s

Depth

(meters)

[X=1910,

4.67

2.15

-0.58

-1.44

[X = 2751,

5.30

3.78

1.56

-0.32

-0.34

[X=1855,

5.30

3.60

1.48

-0.37

-0.39

[X = 2105,

4.35

2.07

-0.31

-2.21

-2.70

[X=1866,

1.65

-0.95

-3.41

-4.16

-5.95

-6.66

[X = 2574,

7.74

7.54

5.70

2.44

2.24

[X=1872,

6.20

5.52

3.68

0.10

-0.40

[X = 2109,

3.88

2.90

0.80

Balance

Density (meters)

Y = 2900, Z =1852]

0.45 2.10

0.50 1.08

0.90 -0.52

0.90 -1.29(minbal)

Y = 1670, Z =2070]

0.47 2.49

0.51 1.93

0.55 0.89

0.60 -0.19

0.60 -0.20 (min bal)

Y = 2741, Z =1860]

0.51 2.70

0.55 1.98

0.57 0.84

0.90 -0.33

0.90 -0.35 (min bal)

Y = 3348, Z =1740]

0.54 2.35

0.56 1.16

0.90 -0.28

0.90 -1.99

0.90 -2.43 (min bal)

Y = 3682, Z= 1660]

0.55 0.91

0.90 -0.86

0.90 -3.07

0.90 -3.74

0.90 -5.36

0.90 -5.99 (min bal)

Y= 1566, Z =2051]

0.41 3.17

0.45 3.39

0.52 2.96

0.55 1.34

0.55 1.23

Y = 2944, Z =1845]

0.45 2.79

0.50 2.76

0.54 1.99

0.55 0.05

0.90 -0.36

Y = 3315, Z =1750]

0.47 1.82

0.52 1.51

0.54 0.43

Date

May 1

June 20

July 19

May 1

June 20

July 19

May 1

July 16

Aug. 13

Sept. 19

Oct. 16

May 1

July 16

Aug. 12

Sept. 20

Oct. 16

May 1

July 16

Aug. 12

Sept. 20

Oct. 21

May 1

July 16

Aug. 12

Sept. 20

Oct. 21

May 1

July 16

Aug. 12

Sept. 20

Oct. 21

Surface

material

Stake 4-90

s

s

s

Stake 5-90

s

i

i

Stake 1-91

s

s

s

s

s

Stake 2-91

s

s

s

s

s

Stake 3-91

s

s

s

i

i

Stake 4-91

s

s

i

i

i

Stake 5-91

s

i

i

i

i

Depth

(meters)

[X = 1903,

3.92

2.67

0.30

[X=1909,

1.20

-0.02

-2.93

[X = 2728,

8.03

5.41

3.57

1.86

1.25

[X = 1833,

7.65

5.04

3.23

1.11

0.60

[X = 2046,

7.11

4.11

2.06

-0.24

-1.00

[X=1823,

5.27

1.97

-0.23

-2.56

-3.36

[X=1875,

2.79

-0.37

-2.27

-4.88

-5.82

Density

Y = 3418,

0.48

0.52

0.54

Y = 3658,

0.49

0.90

0.90

Y=1686,

0.49

0.53

0.55

0.57

0.57

Y = 2851,

0.50

0.54

0.56

0.57

0.58

Y = 3312,

0.50

0.54

0.56

0.90

0.90

Y = 3476,

0.50

0.54

0.90

0.90

0.90

Y = 3680,

0.51

0.90

0.90

0.90

0.90

Balance

(meters)

Z=1695]

1.88

1.39

0.16

Z=1660]

0.59

-0.02

-2.64

Z =2056]

3.93

2.87

1.96

1.06

0.71 (min bal)

Z=1850]

3.83

2.72

1.81

0.63

0.35 (min bal)

Z =1745]

3.56

2.22

1.15

-0.22

-0.90 (min bal)

Z=1685]

2.64

1.06

-0.21

-2.30

-3.02 (min bal)

Z=1651]

1.42

-0.33

-2.04

-4.39

-5.24 (min bal)

68
Table 11. Runoff from South Fork Basin

[Daily values in millimeters, averaged over the basin; no data indicated by -99.9]

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

3.9

4.8

8.0

7.2

7.2

11.2

7.6

4.8

3.5

3.1

7.6

5.2

3.6

5.6

28.4

23.6

13.2

10.4

10.0

10.0

7.2

5.2

4.4

4.8

6.0

4.8

12.8

1.2.8

6.4

4.4

3.4

Nov.

4.0

8.0

14.8

9.2

5.6

3.9

3.2

2.6

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

Dec.

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.4

Jan.

.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

.2

.2

.2

.2

.3

.2

4.4

17.6

8.4

5.6

3.5

2.8

2.6

2.0

1.6

.4

.4

.3

.2

.2

Feb.

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

1.0

12.4

27.6

14.4

7.2

6.0

1986 water year 

Mar. Apr. May

4.8

4.0

3.6

3.2

3.1

2.8

3.2

4.0

3.8

2.9

2.4

2.1

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

1.0

0.9

.0

.0

.0

.0

.8

2.8

3.2

3.0

2.6

2.2

1.9

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.9

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

3.3

10.8

7.6

6.0

4.8

3.5

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.1

2.0

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.0

2.5

2.6

2.1

1.8

1.7

4.4

14.0

19.2

12.8

8.8

6.8

6.8

19.6

34.4

33.2

34.4

42.4

58.4

66.0

June

61.2

54.4

44.4 .

40.4

37.2

37.2

28.0

23.2

19.6

24.4

30.8

32.0

28.4

31.2

28.0

20.0

18.4

28.0

21.6

16.0

12.4

12.4

20.0

28.8

30.0

26.4

22.4

30.4

40.4

28.8

July

28.4

38.8

32.8

20.4

13.6

12.0

14.8

18.4

19.2

22.4

42.0

47.2

33.6

25.6

20.0

16.0

13.2

11.6

13.6

20.0

26.0

30.4

30.0

25.2

24.8

20.8

17.6

16.4

18.4

17.2

18.0

Aug.

21.2

29.6

34.4

32.8

28.4

27.6

30.8

34.4

39.6

40.4

30.8

24.4

26.0

29.6

27.2

22.0

18.8

18.0

18.0

20.0

22.0

21.2

20.4

18.8

19.2

25.2

30.8

36.0

29.6

28.8

25.2

Sept

20.8

20.0

24.0

23.2

22.0

22.0

18.8

15.2

12.4

15.6

13.2

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.8

4.4

4.0

6.0

6.4

5.6

4.4

4.4

15.2

18.8

8.8

6.0

4.8

3.9

5.6

7.2

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

7.6

5.6

4.8

5.6

7.2

7.6

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.0

4.8

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.8

4.8

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.0

4.4

4.4

7.2

39.6

48.0

28.8

16.8

12.8

9.2

Nov.

6.8

5.6

4.8

4.8

7.6

6.8

5.6

4.4

3.7

3.2

3.2

2.8

2.5

2.4

2.2

2.4

2.5

2.6

3.2

6.4

6.4

4.4

13.2

16.0

7.2

5.2

4.4

3.2

2.6

2.2

Dec.

2.1

1.7

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.7

1.1

1.4

1.1

Jan.

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.5

1.6

2.7

2.3

1.8

1.3

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

Feb.

1.1

0.9

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

1987 wat

Mar. Ap

0.1

0.1

0.6

1.6

3.1

3.9

3.1

2.2

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.7

1.1

1.2

1.1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.7

1.0

1.5

3.7

11.2

16.0

24.0

SUM 251.1 97.3 56.3 77.1 88.9 66.5 81.5 398.9 876.4 708.4 831.2 341.5 SUM 289.6 148.3 27.2 24.9 7.0 22.7 71.4 
Table 11. Runofif from South Fork Basin Continued

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

16.0

19.2

18.8

15.6

13.2

14.0

16.0

14.4

10.8

8.4

8.0

8.0

6.8

6.0

4.4

3.5

2.9

2.4

2.1

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

2.0

2.0

2.4

2.2

2.0

2.1

2.7

4.0

Nov.

6.0

6.8

5.6

4.8

4.4

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.7

2.6

7.6

10.4

8.0

6.4

4.8

3.7

2.8

2.5

2.8

2.8

3.1

3.1

3.0

2.8

2.5

1.9

1.5

1.2

1.0

0.9

Dec.

.1

.3

.8

.6

.2

1.8

2.2

1.9

2.7

7.2

6.4

4.0

2.8

2.1

1.6

1.3

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0;3

Jan.

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.6

1.3

1.3

1.0

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

Feb.

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.1

0.1

198 8 water year 

Mar. Apr. May

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1.5

1.6

1.0

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.9

2.8

6.4

10.0

9.6

6.8

4.8

4.8

5.6

6.4

5.6

4.4

3.6

2.8

2.7

3.2

4.4

4.0

3.3

2.5

2.0

1.6

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.7

3.6

5.6

10.8

27.2

40.8

25.2

16.4

17.2

15.2

11.2

8.8

8.4

10.4

19.6

20.4

14.0

13.6

13.6

15.6

20.0

15.6

11.2

8.8

June

8.0

7.2

10.4

12.0

9.6

7.6

7.6

8.4

9.6

12.0

11.2

11.6

14.8

21.2

30.8

40.0

39.2

36.4

36.0

33.2

36.0

44.0

45.2

38.8

40.4

41.2

35.6

26.4

20.8

17.2

July

14.8

33.6

36.4

24.8

21.2

18.0

15.2

19.2

28.8

33.6

34.8

29.2

46.4

36.0

26.0

22.0

25.2

28.4

34.8

44.4

46.4

40.8

37.2

34.8

37.6

44.4

42.8

38.8

34.0

34.4

33.6

Aug.

32.4

28.0

27.2

31.2

32.0

28.8

22.8

23.2

23.6

27.2

29.2

30.8

30.0

25.6

23.6

23.2

24.4

22.8

21.2

17.6

15.2

17.2

23.6

34.4

36.4

30.4

28.0

31.2

32.4

26.0

20.8

Sept

23.2

33.6

38.4

40.0

39.2

33.2

45.2

24.0

16.8

14.4

10.8

13.2

19.6

23.6

20.0

14.4

9.6

6.4

7.2

6.4

5.2

4.4

7.6

11.2

37.2

21.2

16.0

10.8

10.8

14.4

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

17.6

23.6

25.6

24.0

18.4

16.8

18.4

18.4

16.8

19.2

19.6

15.6

16.8

43.2

87.6

122.0

48.0

21.6

20.8

18.8

16.4

17.6

11.2

14.4

11.2

11.6

8.4

6.0

5.2

15.2

20.4

Nov.

16.8

13.6

11.6

8.0

19.2

36.8

15.2

9.2

6.8

5.6

5.2

5.2

4.0

3.4

3.0

2.6

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.6

2.4

2.5

2.9

2.6

2.3

2.1

2.0

2.3

2.2

1.7

Dec.

1.3

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

1.6

7.2

6.0

4.0

.2.9

2.2

1.9

1.7

1.4

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.6

1.0

0.9

Jan.

0.8

0.7

0.9

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.8

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.8

1.6

1.1

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.8

1.8

Feb.

1.8

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

1989 wa

Mar. A

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0

0

0

0

0.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

4.

4.

4.

4.

4.

5.

5.

4.

3.

3

3.

3.

2.

2.

2.

4.

SUM 217.1 116.2 49.2 11.5 6.3 13.2 94.4 368.2 712.4 997.6 820.4 578.0 SUM 750.4 198.8 48.3 26.6 80-
Table 11. Runoff from South Fork Basin-Continued

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

14.4

9.6

7.2

6.0

6.0

8.4

9.6

10.0

9.2

13.6

12.0

22.0

17.2

10.8

6.4

4.4

3.4

4.8

6.8

5.6

5.2

4.4

7.2

10.0

6.4

4.8

3.8

3.0

2.3

1.9

1.6

Nov

1.4

1.2

3.3

11.6

7.2

5.6

4.8

4.4

65.2

127.2

58.0

23.6

13.2

9.2

6.8

5.6

5.2

4.4

7.6

11.6

10.4

6.8

5.6

5.2

4.4

3.7

3.2

2.7

2.3

2.1

Dec. Jan.

1.9

2.0

12.8

97.2

41.6

15.2

9.2

8.4

7.2

5.2

4.4

3.7

3.2

2.8

2.5

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.3

.3

.2

.1

.0

.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.9

2.1

2.1

3.1

3.3

2.1

1-.6

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.7

.4

.4

.6

.9

.7

2.2

10.0

4.0

2.4

Feb.

1.6

1.4

1.0

0.8

2.0

2.6

3.2

3.9

4.8

8.0

10.8

14.0

11.2

6.4

3.9

2.2

1.4

0.9

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

1990 water year 

Mar. Apr. May

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.8

0.9

1.1

1.5

2.0

2.6

3.1

2.8

2.1

2.0

2.6

2.6

2.6

3.4

5.6

9.2

7.6

6.0

6.0

6.4

6.8

6.4

5.2

4.4

4.0

3.2

2.8

2.2

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.4

3.8

9.2

15.6

10.0

6.4

5.6

5.2

5.6

5.6

5.2

4.8

4.4

3.8

4.0

4.0

3.8

4.0

4.0

4.8

5.6

5-6

4.4

3.7

4:8

10.8

18.8

14.8

16.0

June

13.6

10.8

13.6

16.0

11.6

11.2

15.2

12.8

13.6

21.6

18.0

13.6

10.0

9.2

12.4

16.8

16.4

18.0

18.8

24.0

36.0

54.8

61.2

59.6

46.8

37.2

30.8

28.8

30.4

36.8

July

33.2

28.0

27.2

28.4

32.8

35.2

38.0

40.0

43.2

42.0

56.4

82.4

72.0

54.8

54.0

51.6

40.8

33.6

31.6

35.2

44.4

50.4

46.4

34.4

30.0

28.0

30.8

38.8

46.8

48.8

47.6

Aug.

40.0

34.0

33.2

35.6

44.4

46.8

38.0

28.4

26.4

32.8

41.6

50.0

47.2

37.2

28.4

26.0

23.2

28.4

27.2

28.0

48.8

59.6

37.6

22.0

21.2

15.6

12.8

14.0

18.0

44.0

47.2

Sept

28.4

19.6

17.2

18.8

21.2

21.6

20.0

19.6

19.2

17.6

17.6

18.4

18.0

18.8

16.8

18.4

17.6

16.0

15.6

13.2

14.8

23.6

25.6

20.8

16.8

16.8

15.2

14.4

14.4

12.4

DAY Oct.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

10.8

8.8

30.8

153.6

63.2

23.6

12.8

8.4

8.0

11.6

7.6

6.8

6.0

5.2

4.8

5.2

4.4

4.4

3.9

3.3

10.8

10.4

6.4

4.8

12.0

19.6

9.6

9.2

6.4

5.6

4.4

Nov.

3.8

3.2

3.7

6.0

5.2

3.8

3.5

3.4

29.2

120.8

70.0

29.2

26.0

14.8

9.2

6.8

6.0

4.8

4.4

4.4

3.9

4.8

8.4

34.4

20.0

8.0

5.6

4.0

4.0

3.9

Dec.

3.8

3.5

3.1

3.4

3.1

2.3

1.8

2.0

2.5

2.5

2.1

.7

.4

.2

.1

.1

.5

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.9

1.0

0.8

0.8

1.4

Jan.

1.7

1.4

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.9

0.8

1.0

2.0

2.8

2.6

2.5

1.6

1.2

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

Feb.

0.6

2.0

3.3

3.8

5.2

4.4

3.0

2.8

2.9

2.7

2.2

2.0

1.6

1.5

2.1

3.0

2.9

2.5

3.4

3.4

2.4

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

1991 wat

Mar. Ap

0.8

1.2

1.5

1.6

1.4

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.

0.

0.

1.

1.

1.

1.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

1.

2.

3.

5.

5.

4.

3.

2.

2.

1.

1.

SUM 238.0 423.5 239.2 56.4 84.6 8.7 108.2 200.4 719.6 1306.8 1037.6 548.4 SUM 482.4 455.2 53.0 29.4 64.5 17.6 47.
Table 12. Runoff from Salix Basin

[Daily values in millimeters, averaged over the basin; no data indicated by -99.9]

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

0.2

0.8

0.6

0.3

0.3

3.1

1.1

0.6

0.5

0.5

10.0

2.7

2.1

20.1

17.7

10.9

7.9

5.8

11.3

11.4

5.2

3.3

2.8

11.0

11.1

13.0

34.2

10.1

5.1

3.5

3.1

Nov.

8.5

24.8

31.9

8.0

4.3

3.7

2.6

2.1

1.8

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.5

1.6

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

Dec.

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

Jan.

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

15.3

37.8

11.1

4.1

3.3

3.2

2.8

2.2

1.4

2.2

3.3

2.7

2.0

1.9

Feb.

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.5

1.4

.4

.3

.3

.2

.1

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.1

1.1

1. ,

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.1

40.1

54.3

15.3

7.1

5.8

1986 water year 

Mar. Apr. May

5.7

5.2

5.0

5.9

6.3

5.6

13.0

8.9

5.3

4.0

3.1

2.6

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

.8

.9

.6

.5

.3

1.3

2.8

16.5

7.8

4.5

3.3

2.7

2.2

2.1i

2.0

1.6

1.9

4.8

8.6

7.0

6.3

4.4

3.2

2.5

2.1

1.8

1.4

1.3

1.1

0.9

3.9

17.7

13.0

5.7

3.7

2.7

2.1

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.1

0.9

1.3

2.4

2.2

1.5

2.4

4.1

3.5

3.1

2.4

1.9

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

3.4

22.4

24.8

24.8

10.5

5.7

4.1

11.8

34.2

33.0

31.9

31.9

40.1

46.0

40.1

June

38.9

31.9

29.5

22.4

24.8

18.9

16.5

14.2

17.7

20.1

21.2

20.1

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

July

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

- -99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

8.3

4.6

3.8

3.2

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.6

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.3

1.1

0.9

Aug.

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.6

0.6

Sepl

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

17.7

3.9

0.9

2.0

3.3

3.8

5.9

4.4

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

1.9

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.6

20.1

15.3

7.6

2.6

4.4

3.4

Nov.

1.6

1.3

1.1

1.1

5.6

3.1

2.4

1.9

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

0.9

0.7

1.1

1.1

0.9

20.1

6.7

2.5

60.2

14.2

4.5

3.0

2.4

1.9

1.5

1.3

Dec.

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

5.1

5.2

1.8

1.2

0.9

0.8

0.7

1.2

3.3

1.5

0.9

Jan.

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

6.1

9.3

3.3

2.2

1.9

1.4

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Feb.

0.3

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

1987 wa

Mar. A

0.2

0.2

6.1

21.2

13.0

6.0

2.8

1.9

1.3

1.1

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.5

1

3

4

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

6

3

2

1

0

0

0

2

4

4

4

7

17

23

22

30

SUM 210.3 110.8 23.9 103.7 151.8 127.3 112.0 396.6 13.2 46.2 SUM 62.2 148.3 36.5 39.8 7.0 61.4 168
Table 12. Runoff from Salix Basin Continued

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.3

Nov

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

14.2

4.3

4.6

2.5

1.3

1.1

0.7

3.7

4.1

3.2

2.8

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

Dec.

0.5

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

7.0

3.0

1.3

5.0

16.5

2.7

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Jan.

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

3.5

4.7

2.5

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.3

0.9

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

Feb.

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.6

1.8

3.3

1988 water year 

Mar. Apr. May

2.4

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.6

1.3

1.1

2.2

3.2

1.9

.4

.3

.2

.1

.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.6

2.0

1.9

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

1.5

1.8

1.2

1.1

0.9

2.2

5.0

14.2

20.1

23.6

20.1

13.0

8.4

7.8

13.0

14.2

14.2

9.0

5.6

3.8

3.7

5.7

11.1

10.4

5.0

3.2

2.4

2.0

1.6

1.6

1.9

2.8

9.1

13.0

14.2

28.3

54.3

34.2

13.0

15.3

22.4

11.8

7.1

6.5

11.8

24.8

30.7

17.7

16.5

17.7

16.5

24.8

26.0

11.8

7.3

6.0

June

6.1

8.7

20.1

11.2

6.3

7.0

11.0

13.0

16.5

17.7

15.3

18.9

23.6

34.2

38.9

37.8

26.0

36.6

26.0

27.1

29.5

31.9

27.1

26.0

26.0

20.1

16.5

11.3

9.1

8.0

July

11.4

26.0

11.2

10.9

10.6

7.7

8.4

10.4

9.7

9.2

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

Aug.

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

Sept.

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

0.1

0.2

0.5

3.5

1.3

0.6

0.3

4.1

11.8

34.2

4.3

9.2

5.0

2.6

1.3

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

0.8

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.7

27.1

59.0

66.1

11.4

14.2

7.6

4.7

6.1

4.5

3.1

3.0

2.2

3.1

1.9

1.5

1.3

7.2

3.4

Nov.

11.6

11.8

9.3

4.5

44.8

17.7

7.3

4.7

3.2

3.5

2.6

2.4

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

Dec.

0.6

-99.9

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.2

1.3

0.9

1.3

0.9

0.9

4.6

26.0

6.6

3.8

2.2

1.9

1.8

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.6

Jan.

0.6

-99.9

1.2

1.5

1.2

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.9

6.5

3.7

1989 wat

Feb. Mar. Ap

3.3

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.2

.2

.1

3.3 0.8

3.3 0.7

3.3 0.6

3.3 0.6

3.3 0.6

3.3 0.6

3.3 0.6

3.3 0.6

3.3 0.6

2.7 0.6

1.6 0.5

1.3 0.5

1.3 0.5

1.3 0.5

1.3 0.5

1.3 0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

2.0

8.9

8.7

6.4

4.5

3.4

4.0

6.5

10.1

13.0

11.4

9.1

10.0

11.8

13.0

10.9

6.4

5.9

7.0

8.4

7.2

7.2

8.5

10.4

15.3

SUM 3.3 50.9 53.2 31.4 15.1 43.7 220.6 456.3 607.5 SUM 233.4 142.1 25.4211.5 
Table 12. Runoff from Salix Basin-Continued

1990 water year

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.9

8.0

15.3

15.3

5.0

2.2

1.4

1.1

2.0

1.4

1.4

3.1

2.1

10.0

6.6

3.4

2.7

2.4

2.0

1.6

1.5

1.3

Nov.

1.2

1.2

29.5

13.0

4.6

2.4

3.5

5.8

118.0

92.0

22.4

11.8

7.8

6.0

5.0

4.5

4.1

3.9

27.1

23.6

11.7

6.7

4.5

4.1

3.8

3.4

2.8

2.5

2.2

2.0

Dec. Jan. Feb.

1.9

8.9

50.7

129.8

22.4

11.8

8.4

7.4

6.0

5.0

4.6

4.1

3.1

2.5

2.4

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

1.9

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.9

2.6

2.5

2.1

2.2

3.3

3.3

2.0

.4

.3

.2

.2

.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

'l.l

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

Mar.

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0,9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

1.5

2.7

3.0

2.7

2.2

1.8

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

Apr.

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

May

-99.9

6.8

9.9

16.5

37.8

27.1

11.2

8.0

8.0

9.1

13.0

11.3

9.2

7.6

6.3

7.1

11.8

8.5

7.7

11.1

7.8

22.4

14.2

8.3

5.9

5.2

29.5

29.5

31.9

21.2

23.6

June

14.2

15.3

41.3

22.4

14.2

23.6

26.0

18.9

24.8

29.5

14.2

10.7

10.5

18.9

27.1

21.2

27.1

22.4

24.8

34.2

53.1

51.9

47.2

42.5

36.6

30.7

24.8

28.3

33.0

31.9

July

26.0

26.0

30.7

35.4

23.6

31.9

29.5

30.7

28.3

29.5

33.0

33.0

24.8

20.1

17.7

15.3

13.0

10.7

9.3

8.7

8.1

7.6

6.8

6.0

6.4

5.1

4.1

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.0

Aug.

2.8

2.5

2.2

2.0

1.8

.6

.4

.4

.3

.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

1.3

3.0

1.4

1.1

4.8

4.1

2.2

2.8

7.6

3.1

1.8

1.2

2.2

13.0

8.6

Sept.

3.2

2.1

1.4

1.2

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.7

1.1

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Oct.

1.8

2.1

54.3

59.0

11.8

6.6

5.4

5.6

21.2

10.6

5.4

8.1

5.6

4.6

7.4

6.5

4.3

5.8

4.0

3.4

41.3

9.7

5.8

6.4

40.1

16.5

14.2

14.2

7.7

7.2

5.2

Nov.

4.1

3.4

13.0

10.5

5.2

3.9

3.4

3.1

118.0

138.1

46.0

26.0

41.3

15.3

8.9

6.3

5.1

4.1

3.9

3.3

3.0

3.1

13.0

160.5

22.4

6.3

4.5

3.7

2.6

2.1

Dec.

1.8

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.3

3.2

3.7

2.0

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

Jan.

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

1.3

2.6

2.7

1.9

1.3

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

Feb.

1.3

11.2

9.4

9.8

15.3

9.7

5.6

6.8

7.3

5.4

4.4

3.7

3.1

4.8

9.1

9.2

6.0

5.0

4.1

3.9

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.2

2.6

2.0

2.1

2.6

1991

Mar.

2.8

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.4

2.2

2.1

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

.9

.9

.8

.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

water 

Apr

3.0

3.4

3.1

2.7

2.4

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.5

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

-99.9

SUM 93.2 431.1 297.8 46.5 27.3 821.3 534.3 82.5 23.9 SUM 401.8 684.1 37.6 31.0 157.5 56.8 
Table 13. Values used to interpolate snow depth (in meters) at any altitude (in meters) 

1986 1987 1988

Altitude

1,600

1,650

1,700

1,750

1,800

1,850

1,900

1,950

2,000

2,050

2,100

2,150

2,200

Altitude

1,600

1,650

1,700

1,750

1,800

1,850

1,900

1,950

2,000

2,050

2,100

2,150

2,200

Snow Depth

1.2

2.4

3.3

4.0

4.6

5.2

5.6

6.0

6.4

6.8

7.2

7.6

7.9

1989

Snow Depth

1.0

2.3

3.2

3.8

4.3

4.7

5.0

5.3

5.5

5.7

5.9

6.0

6.1

Altitude

1,600

1,650

1,700

1,750

1,800

1,850

1,900

1,950

2,000

2,050

2,100

2,150

2,200

Altitude

1,600

1,650

1,700

1,750

1,800

1,850

1,900

1,950

2,000

2,050

2,100

2,150

2,200

Snow Depth

0.9

2.6

3.3

3.8

4.2

4.5

4.7

4.8

4.9

5.0

5.1

5.1

5.1

1990

Snow Depth

0.6

2.1

3.3

4.2

5.0

5.6

6.2

6.7

7.1

7.5

7.9

8.3

8.6

Altitude

1,600

1,650

1,700

1,750

1,800

1,850

1,900

1,950

2,000

2,050

2,100

2,150

2,200

Altitude

1,600

1,650

1,700

1,750

1,800

1,850

1,900

1,950

2,000

2,050

2,100

2,150

2,200

Snow Depth

-0.5

1.0

2.6

3.7

4.6

5.3

5.9

6.5

6.9

7.4

7.7

8.1

8.5

1991

Snow Depth

1.6

3.1

4.5

5.5

6.3

6.9

7.5

7.8

8.2

8.5

8.8

9.0

9.2

Table 14. Linear interpolations used to 

determine the bulk snowpack density at any 

altitude near the spring snowpack maximum 

depth

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

-0.0002 * altitude + 0.83

-0.000255 * altitude + 0.942

-0.000277 * altitude + 0.964

-0.0002 * altitude + 0.884

-0.0002* altitude+ 0.818

-0.000468 * altitude + 0.584

75
Table 15. Values used to interpolate net balance (in meters) at any altitude (in meters)

1986 1987 1988

Altitude Net Balance Altitude Net Balance Altitude Net Balance

1,637

1,645

1I656

1,666

1,677

1,688

1,701

1,717

1,738

1,770

1,813

1,856

1,913

1,973

2,030

2,085

2,143

2,177

-6.90

-6.30

-5.68

-5.04

-4.41

-3.78

-3.17

-2.60

-2.00

-1.37

-0.78

-0.40

-0.08

0.09

0.18

0.22

0.25

0.26

1,609

1,635

1,661

1,690

1,718

1,753

1,789

1,829

1,872

1,919

1,973

2,024

2,083 

2,137

2,200

-6.36

-5.79

-5.21

-4.63

-4.11

-3.53

-3.03

-2.56

-2.10

-1.68

-1.29

-1.01

-0.77

-0.59

-0.43

1,639

1,650

1,664

1,677

1,692

1,709

1,730

1,754

1,789

1,830

1,877

1,935

1,996

2,056

2,120

2,178

2,214

-6.78

-6.16

-5.54

-4.96

-4.33

-3.71

-3.11

-2.56

-2.01

-1.51

-1.12

-0.76

-0.52

-0.36

-0.22

-0.14

-0.11

1989 1990 1991

Altitude Net Balance Altitude Net Balance Altitude Net Balance

1,643

1,654

1,667

1,679

1,689

1,700

1,716

1,740

1,771

1,804

1,848

1,900

1,958

2,013

2,079

2,137

2,180

-6.67

-6.07

-5.44

-4.83

-4.22

-3.60

-2.97

-2.32

-1.70

-1.26

-0.81

-0.48

-0.23

-0.09

-0.02

0.04

0.05

1,613

1,623

1,632

1,642

1,652

1,665

1,679

1,696

1,718

1,744

1,776

1,818

1,859

1,909

1,958

2,012

2,070

2,123

2,168

2,196

-6.81

-6.27

-5.67

-5.10

-4.49

-3.88

-3.29

-2.70

-2.15

-1.66

-1.17

-0.69

-0.24

0.20

0.57

0.90

1.20

1.43

1.59

1.68

1,631

1,638

1,644

1,651

1,658

1,668

1,677

1,687

1,700

1,722

1,749

1,790

1,837

1,891

1,950

2,009

2,074

2,136

2,197

-6.94

-6.32

-5.71

-5.08

-4.43

-3.81

-3.18

-2.52

-1.88

-1.28

-0.71

-0.21

0.18

0.46

0.62

0.69

0.76

0.79

0.82

76
Table 16. Dates of South Cascade Glacier measured snow balance, bm (s) , and net balance, bn , number of 

measurement sites, and errors

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Date of bm (s)

Number of probes

bm (s')

estimated error in bm (s)

May 17

5

2.45

0.25

May 6

8

2.04

0.25

May 19

19

2.44

0.30

May 4

32

2.43

0.20

May 1

31

2.60

0.20

May 2

35

3.54

0.20

Date of bn Nov5 Nov 12 Nov 5 early Nov Oct 16 Oct 15

Number of measurements 461 425

bn _ -0.61 -2.06 -1.34 -0.91 -0.11 0.07

estimated error in bn 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.25 0.020

77

 fru.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000 - 589-121 / 03020 REGION NO. 10
Krimmel -- SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, 1986-1991 BALANCE YEARS - WRIR