OCS Study MMS 2004-030

Annual Assessment of Subsistence Bowhead Whaling Near

Cross Island, 2001 and 2002: ANIMIDA Task 4

Final Report

Contract Number 1435-01-99-CT-30998, TO 10904

Final Report

Prepared for:

U.S. Department of the Interior

Minerals Management Service

Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region

Anchorage, AK

Prepared by:

Applied Sociocultural Research

Anchorage, AK

LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc.

Anchorage, AK

 U.S. Department of the Interior

 Minerals Management Service

 Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region

Annual Assessment of Subsistence Bowhead Whaling Near Cross Island, 2001

and 2002: ANIMIDA Task 4 Final Report

Final Report

for:

U.S. Department of the Interior

Minerals Management Service

Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region

Anchorage, AK

by:

Michael Galginaitis1, Dale W. Funk2

1Applied Sociocultural Research

608 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31

Post Office Box 99510-1352

Anchorage, AK 99510-1352

2

LGL Alaska Research Associates Inc.

1101 East 76th Avenue, Suite B

Anchorage, AK 99518

This study was funded by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service

(MMS), Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region, Anchorage, Alaska under Contract No. 1435-

01-99-CT-30998, TO 10904, as part of the MMS Alaska Environmental Studies Program

The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the

authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of the Interior, nor does

mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for

use by the Federal Government.

August, 2004
Back of Title Page

Intentionally left blank (except for this notice) for purposes of pagination
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page iii

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................................................III

LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................................IV

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................IV

NOTE ON ORGANIZATON OF THE REPORT .............................................................................. V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................VI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... VII

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES OF THE TASK ORDER..................................................... 1

AN OVERVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY SUBSISTENCE WHALING IN ALASKA..................... 2

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF CROSS ISLAND WHALING .................................................. 4

WHALE HARVEST SUMMARY, 2001 AND 2002............................................................................. 9

METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................................. 11

HYPOTHESES GUIDING DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................................ 11

DESCRIPTIVE DATA CATEGORIES....................................................................................................... 12

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION....................................................................................................... 13

GPS Data....................................................................................................................................... 13

Systematic Daily Protocols............................................................................................................. 17

Whalers’ Observations................................................................................................................... 22

CONSULTATION ................................................................................................................................. 22

RESULTS............................................................................................................................................ 23

QUANTITATIVE MEASURES ................................................................................................................ 23

Whaling and Boat Crew Characteristics......................................................................................... 29

Whaling Effort (Boat Days)............................................................................................................ 30

“Non-Whaling” Boat Activity......................................................................................................... 32

GPS Information ............................................................................................................................ 33

Other Subsistence Activities............................................................................................................ 49

NUIQSUT WHALERS’ OBSERVATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS OF WHALE BEHAVIOR ................................ 49

The 2001 Cross Island Whaling Season .......................................................................................... 49

The 2002 Cross Island Whaling Season .......................................................................................... 50

Cross Island Whaling Seasons Prior to 2001 .................................................................................. 51

PLANNED FUTURE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................... 52

REFERENCES CITED....................................................................................................................... 53

ELECTRONIC APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 55
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page iv

List of Tables

Table 1: Recent Harvest of Bowhead Whales Near Cross Island .............................................................. 7

Table 2: Summary Characteristics of Whales Struck Near Cross Island, 2001-2002............................... 10

Table 3: Summary of Boat Activity, Cross Island Whaling, 2001........................................................... 25

Table 4: Summary of Boat Activity, Cross Island Whaling, 2002........................................................... 26

Table 5: Waypoints Noted by Nuiqsut Whaling Crews, 2001 Cross Island Whaling Season ................... 43

Table 6: Waypoints Noted by Nuiqsut Whaling Crews, 2002 Cross Island Whaling Season ................... 46

List of Figures

Figure 1: Location Map. Landmarks, and Routes Between Nuiqsut and Cross Island ............................... 5

Figure 2: GPS Track for Ahkiviana2 Boat, September 10, 2001............................................................. 15

Figure 3: GPS Track for Napageak2 Boat, September 15, 2002 ............................................................. 16

Figure 4: Example Daily Boat Report Form (2001 Field Season)........................................................... 19

Figure 5: Example Daily Boat Report Form (2002 Field Season)........................................................... 20

Figure 6: Daily Boat Report Form for 2003 ........................................................................................... 21

Figure 7: Cross Island Population, 2001 ................................................................................................ 27

Figure 8: Cross Island Population, 2002 ................................................................................................ 28

Figure 9: Example Composite Scouting Tracks for a Single Day, September 10, 2001........................... 34

Figure 10: Example Composite Scouting Tracks for a Single Day, September 13, 2002......................... 35

Figure 11: Composite GPS Tracks for All Whaling Trips for All Boats, 2001 Whaling Season .............. 37

Figure 12: Composite GPS Tracks for All Whaling Trips for All Boats, 2002 Whaling Season .............. 38

Figure 13: Composite GPS Tracks for All Whaling Trips for All Boats, 2001-2003............................... 39

Figure 14: Whale Sightings Marked or Reported by Nuiqsut Whalers, 2001 .......................................... 40

Figure 15: Whale Sightings Marked or Reported by Nuiqsut Whalers, 2002 .......................................... 41

Figure 16: Composite Whale Sightings Marked or Reported by Nuiqsut Whalers, 2001-2003................ 42
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page v

Note on Organization of the Report

This report has become much more voluminous and bulky than initially planned, as the graphic

display of the GPS data requires many pages. Due to the experience of producing the internal

annual reports for 2001 and 2002, where this information was printed, that material is handled in

this report as attached electronic appendices. This was only one of many helpful suggestions

from the Scientific Review Board and the sponsor. Due to the number of electronic appendices,

this note is intended as a simple guide to the report and its accompanying CD-ROM.

The basic description of the project’s purpose, methods, data to be collected, mode of data

presentation, and general discussion compose the body of the printed report. Only summary or

examples of more detailed data are included in the body of the report. The electronic appendices

on the labeled CD-ROM include the processed data collected, as well as other materials. This

CD-ROM contains the following files:

File Name Description or Contents and Format

CrossIs_Final Main descriptive body of the final report, in PDF format

AnRpt2001 Annual report for the 2001 field season, with detailed data appendices

(complete daily report forms, complete figures of daily individual boat GPS

tracks), in PDF format

AnRpt2002 Annual report for the 2002 field season, with detailed data appendices

(complete daily report forms, complete figures of daily individual boat GPS

tracks), in PDF format

Trak01_m.zip Complete track and waypoint files for the 2001 field season for all individual

scouting trips, in Mapsource (mps) format, archived in a zip file

Trak01_d.zip Complete track and waypoint files for the 2001 field season for all individual

scouting trips, in DFX format, archived in a zip file

Trak02_m.zip Complete track and waypoint files for the 2002 field season for all individual

scouting trips, in Mapsource (mps) format, archived in a zip file

Trak02_d.zip Complete track and waypoint files for the 2002 field season for all individual

scouting trips, in DFX format, archived in a zip file

CI2002WF Time series of weather readings from the weather station for the 2002 field

season, in Excel spreadsheet form

Days2001.zip Composite track and waypoint files for each day on which scouting occurred

during the 2001 field season (for all boats that went scouting that day), in PDF

format, archived in a zip file

Days2002.zip Composite track and waypoint files for each day on which scouting occurred

during the 2001 field season (for all boats that went scouting that day), in PDF,

archived in a zip file
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page vi

Acknowledgments

This work would not have been possible without the assistance of a great number of people.

Foremost among them must be the whalers and other residents of Nuiqsut. While it is unfair to

single out individuals when all provided essential information and support in what is after all a

communal and cooperative undertaking, I would be remiss if I did not explicitly thank those

whaling captains and their crews who extended me the hospitality of their cabins. Paul Kittick, as

my host for the first year when the project was still an unknown quantity to the whalers, has my

utmost appreciation. Archie Ahkiviana and his crew hosted me the second year, and also have

my profound thanks. I of course am also grateful to the other crews who were out on Cross

Island for the 2001 and 2002 seasons (Napageak and Nukapigak), and David Pausanna for all the

help he gave me over the phone and while I was in Nuiqsut. I cannot begin to list the other

residents of Nuiqsut who shared much more of their time and knowledge than I had any reason

to expect. Maggie Ahmaogak of the AEWC must also be cited for her advice, support, and

cooperation.

Industry also provided a good deal of help in various forms, from advice to more concrete

logistical support. Ray Jakubczak, and Concie Rock at BPXA were especially notable in this

regard, and several individuals at Alaska Clean Seas were also very helpful. BPXA is also

assisting with the transformation of the GPS track information into more usable figures for this

report, and thanks are due to their cartography department.

MMS, as the sponsor of the project, also deserves a formal “Thank you.” Dick Prentki has been

an ideal COTR, even though the course of the project has not always been smooth, nor progress

uninterrupted.

The Scientific Review Board provided many helpful comments and suggestions, most of which

have been incorporated into, and greatly improved, this final report. These included the full

range of possible concerns – editorial, stylistic, organizational, and substantive. While it has not

been possible to incorporate pictures into the text of the document, the public presentation

(PowerPoint97) of the final report is attached as an electronic appendix.

Lastly, the entities for which ASR performed this work as a subcontractor, LGL Alaska Research

Associates, Inc., and Batelle of Boston, must be thanked for their willingness to trust that the

work would be accomplished with a minimum of oversight on their part. The budget for this

limited task would not support a good deal of administrative overhead, and both worked with me

to make it work. I am especially grateful to Dale Funk at LGL. Dr. Funk is listed as the second

author in recognition of his and LGL’s role in this project.

The above notwithstanding, all errors and shortcomings of this report are the responsibility of

Michael Galginaitis and ASR. Please advise MMS or ASR of as many as you find, so that

continuing monitoring effort can bear as much fruit as possible. In this regard, a third year of

fieldwork (2003) was funded by MMS, and their intent is to continue the collection of this

information into the future as well (2004-2006). Data and results from 2003 are not included in

this report, but will be contained in a separate annual report. I am very grateful to Billy Oyagak

and his crew for allowing me to share their cabin for the 2003 whaling season.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page vii

Executive Summary

This Task Order, funded by the Minerals Management Service (MMS) describes subsistence whaling as

currently conducted near Cross Island by residents of Nuiqsut. While “traditional” subsistence whaling

has been well documented in a number of locations, contemporary subsistence whaling is not as well

documented, especially in terms of change over time. This effort is designed to measure basic parameters

of Cross Island whaling so that observed changes (if any) can in the future be analyzed in relation to such

factors as oil and gas activities, weather and ice conditions, or other variables. Observations, and the

narrative annual report summarizing them, focus on descriptive measures of activities associated with

whaling. Special attention is devoted to geospatial information through the sharing of GIS information by

participating whaling crews. Project reports are only for the purposes of reporting information collected,

with no analysis of the information either as a self-contained database or in conjunction with the many

pertinent external databases (for example, weather records, sea ice condition remote sensing photographs,

AEWC historical bowhead whale harvest records). Also, the project is designed as a collaborative effort

of MMS and its contractor, Applied Sociocultural Research (ASR), the subsistence whalers from Nuiqsut,

and the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC). Beyond the goal of two (now expanded to six)

years of descriptive information on Cross Island subsistence whaling activities, the project will develop a

system for collecting such information that local whalers themselves can adopt, adapt, and maintain.

Three methods of information collection were employed – systematic observations, collection of daily

vessel locational information from handheld GPS units, and whalers’ self-reports and perceptions.

Emphasis has been placed on such measures as:

• Number of crews actively whaling (observation)

• Size and composition of crews, and fluctuation over the whaling season (observation)

• Number of whales harvested (observation, self-report)

• Days spent whaling, and days prevented from whaling (observation, self-report)

• Days suitable for whaling when whaling did not occur (observation, self-report)

• Subsistence activities occurring other than whaling (self-report, observation)

• Location of whale searching, whale sightings, and whale harvest (GPS, self-report)

• Local weather and ice conditions (observation, self-report)

• Bowhead whale behavior in the Cross Island area, and differences from past experience (self-report)

• Changes in access or other issues related to the whale hunt, such as increased effort for the same (or

reduced) harvest, increased risk, increased cost (self-report)

In 2001, four whaling crews from Nuiqsut whaled from Cross Island. At least 1 boat went whaling on 12

different days. Whalers were on Cross Island a total of 24 days (counting day of arrival and day of

departure). Weather prevented whaling on 7-8 days, 3 days were devoted to butchering a whale taken the

prior day, and 2 days were devoted to travel. Three whales were harvested. The report and attached daily

vessel trip forms present information on boat crew size (3 to 6 per boat per day) and daily trip

characteristics (duration, GPS track, marked points, self-report of sightings and other perceptions). In

2002, three whaling crews from Nuiqsut whaled from Cross Island. At least 1 boat went whaling on 15

different days. Whalers were on Cross Island a total of 24 days (counting day of arrival and day of

departure). Weather prevented whaling on 3 to 5 days, 3 days were devoted to butchering a whale taken

the prior day, and 2 days were devoted to travel. Four whales were harvested, and one was struck and lost.

Two of the harvested whales sank when killed, and were recovered later as “stinkers”. The report and

attached daily vessel trip forms present information on boat crew size (2 to 6 per boat per day, most

commonly 3 to 5) and daily trip characteristics (duration, GPS track, marked points, self-report of

significant sightings and other perceptions). The report also summarizes Nuiqsut whalers’ observations

and perceptions on how whale behavior in 2001 and 2002 was different from that of other years, and the

implications of those differences for subsistence whaling.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page viii

Intentionally left blank (except for this notice) for purposes of pagination
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 1

Introduction and Objectives of the Task Order

This Task Order, funded by the Minerals management Service (MMS) has as its broad objective

the description of subsistence whaling as currently conducted near Cross Island by residents of

Nuiqsut. While “traditional” subsistence whaling has been well documented in a number of

locations, contemporary subsistence whaling is not as well documented, and changes in

contemporary subsistence whaling have not been well documented. This effort is designed to

measure basic parameters of Cross Island whaling so that observed changes (if any) can in the

future be analyzed in relation to such factors as oil and gas activities, weather and ice conditions,

or other variables. Observations, and the narrative annual report summarizing them, focused on

descriptive measures of activities associated with whaling. Special attention is devoted to

geospatial information through the sharing of GIS information by participating whaling crews.

Project reports are only for the purposes of reporting information collected, with no analysis of

the information either as a self-contained database or in conjunction with external databases.

Among the many external databases of potential pertinence to the descriptive information

collected under this task order are the Human Activities Database (another MMS project) and

remote sensing information on ice cover or other geophysical parameters. Other linkages for

future analysis (AEWC records, untranscribed IHLC tapes, etc.) also exist.

As a second broad objective, the project was designed as a collaborative effort among MMS (and

its contractor, Applied Sociocultural Research), the subsistence whalers from Nuiqsut, and the

Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC). Beyond the initial goal of two (now expanded

to three and possibly more) years of descriptive information on Cross Island subsistence whaling

activities, the project will develop a system for collecting information that local whalers

themselves can adopt, adapt, and maintain.

This report discusses project activities over the span of four years. Consultation trips to the North

Slope were conducted in all years. Initially fieldwork was planned for each of the first three

years, but the timing of the contract award precluded a field effort in the first project year (2000).

Thus, the major effort during the first year of the project was to gain local support for the

research effort and to organize the logistics required for its implementation. Successful field

collection efforts were mounted in 2001 and 2002, and brief annual reports for each summarized

this information (these reports are included as digital appendices to this report). This is the final

overall report, produced during the last year (2003) of the project. Field work for the 2003

whaling season was added to the project as a contract amendment. This has delayed the

production of this final report, even though the 2003 information is not included in it. The data

collected in 2003 will be summarized in its own annual report (in preparation).

This report presents a synthesis and summary of the results from the 2001 and 2002 field

seasons. More detailed information for those years can be found in the digital appendices

attached to or provided with this document. These electronic appendices include the revised

annual reports for 2001 and 2002 (with boat report forms and daily GPS boat tracks), MapSource

files of all boat tracks for 2001 and 2002, and the data logger file from the weather station used

on Cross Island for the 2002 whaling season.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 2

An Overview of Contemporary Subsistence Whaling in Alaska

The Inupiat of the North Slope maintain and live a vital culture -- with kinship, dependence on

hunting wildlife resources, and a respectful relationship to the land as fundamental values.

Hunting provides most of the meat consumed by Inupiat. Whaling not only provides a significant

part of this food, but is also a key social organizational activity for North Slope Inupiat. Whaling

is also a central ideological idiom for the expression of key cultural values, and an important

vehicle for the transmission of those values (Worl 1980, Rexford 1997). Subsistence whaling has

been (and continues to be) a key focus for Inupiat and Yupik culture and society (Bering Straits

area, Northern coastal Alaska) for at least 1,000 to 1,500 years (Dumond 1984, Krupnik and

Stoker 1993, McCartney 1994). However, nothing more than a brief orientation to contemporary

subsistence whaling in Alaska is attempted in this report, and references are illustrative, not

exhaustive. This discussion provides only a general description of some key aspects of the

organization of subsistence whaling, within the context of its management regime, that are

important for an understanding of this project’s methods and results. This discussion proceeds

from the general to the more specific.

In Alaska, ten coastal communities currently field whaling crews and are members of the Alaska

Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC). The AEWC was formed in 1977 in direct response to

the International Whaling Commission’s (IWC) decision to ban the Alaskan subsistence

bowhead whale hunt. The IWC had two main concerns – that the bowhead whale population was

too small to sustain a regular harvest, and that subsistence hunting methods were too wasteful

(too many animals were killed but then “lost”). As a result of a complicated series of

negotiations, the United States and the AEWC convinced the IWC to allocate an initially small

quota of bowheads that could be harvested in 1978. This quota was accompanied by an data

collection program to measure and monitor the bowhead whale population and the efficiency of

subsistence whaling harvest. This has resulted in an increased confidence in the robust size of the

bowhead whale population and an ever-increasing quota of animals available for harvest. It has

also created an incentive for the reduction of “struck and lost” whales which has been quite

successful. Currently AEWC co-manages the Alaskan subsistence bowhead whale hunt with the

United States Government, and this management regime is consistently cited as one of the most

successful examples of such management. Huntington 1992 provides a useful analytical

discussion of these developments. The original decision documents for the 1978 IWC action

(U.S. Department of Commerce 1978, FEIS) also contain much of interest.

The IWC sets an overall quota for the hunt, and the AEWC in turn allocates that quota among

the whaling communities. Each whaling community is represented by a local Whaling Captains

Association (WCA) at the AEWC, and each local WCA is responsible for managing the hunt in

its respective community. Nuiqsut initially received an allocation of one whale or one strike

(whichever occurred first) for 1978. Its current allocation is three whales or three strikes. Unused

strikes and quota can be transferred between communities, quota is now allocated in multi-year

blocks, and there can be some “roll-over” of quota from one year to the next. Thus, the harvest in

some years for any given community may be greater than the “normal” quota allocated.

Subsistence whaling in Alaska occurs in the spring (generally April-May) and the fall (generally

September-October), when the bowhead whale migration brings them reasonably close to the

whaling communities. In the spring, bowhead whales migrate north through the Bering Straits
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 3

and then, in Alaskan waters, east of Point Barrow into Canadian waters, where they spend the

summer (some also go west into Russian waters). In the fall they reverse this course. Spring

whaling differs from fall whaling. In the spring whales are migrating through relatively narrow

open leads in the ice whereas in the fall the water is generally more open (although there is often

thick floating ice). Spring leads do not open up close enough to Nuiqsut or Kaktovik to allow

these communities to whale in the spring. In the fall, because whales are not confined by leads, it

is difficult in most years for whaling communities south of Barrow to whale (although St.

Lawrence Island and Wainwright whalers have taken a few whales in the fall), since the whales

are so far offshore at those points. Thus most whaling communities whale in the spring. Barrow

whales in both the spring and the fall. Nuiqsut and Kaktovik whale only in the fall. Spring

whalers have traditionally and historically used only skin boats (until recently), whereas fall

whalers use more durable wood, aluminum, and fiberglass boats. This is related to three general

seasonal differences: the greater need to avoid unnecessary noise in the spring, the harsher

environmental conditions of fall whaling (rougher seas, more floating ice), and the greater need

for speed in the fall to find and pursue whales in more open water. Recent changes in spring

whaling, especially in Barrow, have been described and discussed in Wohlforth (2004), and

interested readers are referred to that source. This report concentrates on fall whaling by Nuiqsut

residents, currently conducted from and near Cross Island.

Subsistence whalers use essentially the same technology used by commercial whalers at the time

of contact. Although aboriginal Alaskan whalers used toggle harpoons made from bone or ivory,

commercial whalers first used a toggle iron harpoon in 1848. The Inupiat quickly adopted this

material improvement on the technology. The whale bomb, shot from a shoulder gun, was

invented around 1850. While effective in increasing the number of whales taken, many still

escaped into nearby ice. The darting gun, designed to attach a harpoon, line, and float to the

whale at the same time as shooting it with a bomb, was invented in 1865. Subsistence whalers

also quickly adopted these innovations, and still use these weapons essentially as they were

invented (Bockstoce 1986:61-64 further illustration on pages 65-69).

The Management Plan of the AEWC provides definitions, rules or guidelines of conduct, and

management mechanisms for subsistence whaling. Only those most pertinent for this report are

discussed here. The AEWC requires that subsistence whalers must use “traditional weapons.” As

defined by the AEWC:

“[T]raditional weapons” means a harpoon with line attached, darting gun, shoulder gun,

lance or any other weapon approved by the AEWC as such a weapon in order to improve

the efficiency of the bowhead whale harvest. “[H]arpoon with line attached” means a

harpoon with a rotating head which is attached to a line and float and which has no

explosive charge. ... “[D]arting gun harpoon” means a harpoon with an explosive charge

and with a line and float attached. ... “[S]houlder gun” means a whaling gun, adapted

from the era of commercial whaling in the 19th century, which has an explosive charge

and which has no attached line and float. “[L]ance means a non-explosive sharply pointed

weapon without a harpoon head. “[E]xplosive charge” ... means for initial strikes a

penthrite-based explosive charge developed, approved, and issued to a whaling captain

by the AEWC, unless such explosive charge has not been issued or is not compatible with

the darting gun harpoon ... (AEWC 1995:3-4).
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 4

In practice, most whalers still use black powder explosive bombs rather than penthrite-based

bombs, which are still under development and have so far only been used on an experimental

basis in Barrow. Whalers assemble these bombs themselves with black powder, fuse, and primer.

The AEWC defines a “whaling crew” as “...those persons who participate directly in the harvest

or attempted harvest of the bowhead whale and are under the supervision of a captain” (AEWC

1995:4). This will be distinguished in this report from “boat crew,” since it is not uncommon for

Nuiqsut whaling crews to consist of several boat crews, all under the supervision of a single

captain. “Boat crew” is thus a subset or a part of a larger whaling crew. When “crew” is used

with no modification in this report it will refer to the whaling crew. For this report, “whaling

crew” refers to all those persons on Cross Island directly under the supervision of a whaling

captain. Note that not all such persons will necessarily actively scout for or hunt whales on the

water, but all will help in butchering and other support activities and are important for the

success of Cross Island whaling. “Boat crew” will refer to those persons who actually go out in a

given boat on a given day, and will generally be a subset of a whaling crew, even for those

whaling crews with only one boat. Boat crews can, and do, vary from day to day, although they

tend to be stable in at least the primary skill positions (driver and harpooner). The number and

composition of the other people on a boat crew on a given day can be much more variable, and is

more variable for some Nuiqsut whaling crews than for others. Whaling crews also change over

time, as people do sometimes leave or arrive at Cross Island separate form the rest of the crew. In

recent years most Nuiqsut whaling crews have used more than one boat, although this was

evidently not as common in the past when more whaling captains (and crews) were active.

The AEWC Management plan states that all subsistence whaling must be conducted in “the

traditional harvesting manner”, meaning that only traditional weapons may be used. The first

strike on a bowhead whale must be made with a harpoon or a darting gun with line and float

attached. A shoulder gun may be used only after a line has been secured to a whale, or when

pursuing a wounded whale with a float already attached to it. A lance may be used after a line

has been secured to the whale (AEWC 1995:7).

The Historical Context of Cross Island Whaling

The present community of Nuiqsut has a relatively short history, having been resettled in 1973.

However, Inupiat use and occupation of the Nuiqsut area has a very long history, which is the

basis for Nuiqsut’s status as a village recognized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act

(ANCSA). Nuiqsut is located about 12 miles inland on the Colville River (Figure 1), which is not

a typical location for a whaling community. However, its residents trace their ancestry to people

who whaled in the mid-Beaufort Sea (including near Cross Island) in the first half of the

twentieth century, as well as prior to that time. Treatments of the complex and dynamic history

of the North Slope region in general, and the Nuiqsut area in particular, can be found in Brown

1979, Galginaitis et al. 1984, Hoffman et al. 1987, Galginaitis 1990, and Long 1996. These

sources are the basis for the information in this section. Figure 1 shows the location of Nuiqsut

on the Colville River, and Cross Island in the Beaufort Sea, as well as typical routes between

Nuiqsut and Cross Island and some significant landmarks in between. Cross Island is about 73

miles northeast of Nuiqsut “as the crow flies” and from 92 to 109 miles away by boat, depending
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 5

Thetis Island

Oliktok

Point

Pingok Island

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island Bullen

Point

Nuiqsut

Deadhorse

Liberty

Dalton

Highway

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Spy Island

Kuparuk River Prospect Oil Field

Milne Point

Oil Field

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Alpine

Oil Field Island

Island

Pole

West Dock Simpson Lagoon

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Kuparuk River

Bay

Gwydyr Bay

Foggy Island

 Nechelik Channel

Harrison

Bay

Location Map, Landmarks, and Routes 

Between Nuiqsut and Cross Island

August 2004

Figure 1

Route between Nuiqsut 

& Cross Island

ms14953_location.mxd

0 10 20 40 Km

0 5 10 20 Miles
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 6

on which channel of the Colville River can be used to reach the ocean. When the water level in

the river is high, the more direct route can be used. When the water level is low, the more direct

river channel is too shallow for most boats, so the longer route is used. Cross Island itself is

about eleven miles offshore, but more importantly from a logistical point of view is ten miles

from the Endicott causeway and fifteen miles from West Dock.

Prehistoric use of Cross Island has not been well documented or investigated archaeologically,

but documentation for more recent use is quite extensive. Families who lived on and used Cross

Island seasonally during the first half of the twentieth century included the Woods, Pausanna,

Saavgaq, Ulaaq, Ahsoak, Ahgook, Ikpikuk, Ahvakana, Akpik, Sovalik, Kaigelak, Tigulak,

Ahsogeak, Ahkivgak, Ekolook, and Ekowana (Smith 1980). Perhaps most important in terms of

whaling was Taaqpak, who used Cross Island as a whaling base from the early twentieth century

through the late 1940s. Documentation for his whaling harvests is quite incomplete, but include

accounts of whales taken near Cross Island in 1922, 1927, 1928, and 1938. Many of today’s

active whalers learned from Taaqpak or those who were on his crews. In turn, Taaqpak

maintained that Inupiat had hunted whales near Cross Island for centuries (Carnahan 1979:21-

31). Thus whaling near Cross Island has a strong cultural continuity.

When Nuiqsut was resettled in 1973, many of the original settlers traveled from Barrow with the

supplies necessary for their life in tents for a year or more. They used a variety of means – sleds

towed by a small Cat (a tractor with tracks), snow machines, and weasels (another sort of tracked

vehicle, of WW II vintage). One of these original founders took the first whale for Nuiqsut that

fall, while on his way to Kaktovik to obtain some muktuk and meat to take back to the village.

He and his crew had been looking for whales and had been out about six weeks. They had not

seen any whales in that time, although they had seen a great number of seals, which was about

their only source of food after the third week of their trip. By the sixth week the whaling captain

had concluded that they were too late – that the whales had either passed them by or were too far

from the shore. On the chance that Kaktovik whalers had been more successful, he decided to go

to Kaktovik to obtain some muktuk and meat to take back to Nuiqsut. They then came upon a

whale in the Brownlow Point/Flaxman Island area, in shallow water. They took this whale,

butchered it, and returned to Nuiqsut with as much as possible.

Most of the six members of this 1973 crew are now active Nuiqsut whalers, and the captain

remains one of the most active Nuiqsut whalers. In the years after 1973 relatively few crews

whaled from Nuiqsut, with relatively infrequent success. Nuiqsut whalers regularly went to other

communities in the spring to participate in spring whaling (a pattern that some continue up

through the present – Pausanna, personal communication). The next Nuiqsut whale was not

taken until 1982, although crews whaled from various locations between 1973 and 1982 –

Pingok Island, Narwhal Island, and Cross Island among them. A summary of whale harvest by

Nuiqsut crews is presented in Table 1 below. Nuiqsut whalers attribute at least part of their

relative lack of success in the 1970s and 1980s to interference from oil and gas exploration, as

well as poor weather and ice conditions in some years, and a difficult logistical situation. These

factors are also evident in the three years with the greatest incidence of “struck and lost” whales

(1989- 1991 or 1992). Once Cross Island was established as a logistical center for Nuiqsut

whaling, and Nuiqsut whalers gained experience there, harvest success became much more

regular – although another factor is more moderate ice conditions.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 7

Table 1: Recent Harvest of Bowhead Whales Near Cross Island

Whales

Year Quota Landed Struck & Lost Notes

1973 NA 1 0

1982 1 1 0

1986 1 0

1987 1 0

1989 2 2 Oil industry vessel disturbance noted

1990 0 1 Oil industry disturbance, also rough seas

1991 3 1 2 Poor weather, bad ice conditions

1992 3 2 1

1993 3 3 0 Very favorable conditions

1995 4 4 0

1996 4 2 0

1997 4 3 1

1998 4 4 1

1999 4 3 0

2000 4 4 0 Very favorable conditions

2001 4 3 0

2002 4 4 1

2003 4 4 0

Notes: Years of no harvest and no “struck and lost” are not listed. This does not imply that

no whaling effort was made that year. “Quota” was not applicable in 1973.

Source: Compiled from AWC records, personal communications from Nuiqsut whalers,

and field notes from the 2001-2003 whaling seasons

Cross Island is a low sandy barrier island with an artificial higher area built from gravel. This

higher area was constructed for past oil and gas exploratory drilling. Cross Island is about 3

miles long and 150 yards wide, and is constantly changing due to erosion and redeposition.

Especially in the earlier years logistical support for whaling on Cross Island was very difficult.

Whalers had to haul or find their own gas and water, and hunted and fished to provide most or all

of their food. There was at most one cabin for however many people were whaling. Since the

mid-1980s, with the advent of the Oil-Whalers Agreement (OWA) in 1986 between the oil

industry and fall whalers (primarily Nuiqsut and Kaktovik, with little participation from Barrow

whalers), logistical considerations have become somewhat easier. The oil and gas industry (and

especially BPXA) has been providing logistical support of various sorts to Nuiqsut whalers as a

mitigation measure for potentially disrupting subsistence whaling by seismic or development

activities.

At the most basic level, the OWA provides for the constant communication between industry and

the whalers about all of their respective ongoing activities, so that each can avoid interfering with

the other. The mechanism for this mutual communication is the Whaling Communication Center

(WCC – also referred to as the Conflict Avoidance Communication Center or the Oil/Whalers

Communications Center) in Deadhorse. The WCC operates during each fall whaling season and
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 8

is staffed by bilingual radio operators, with at least one from Nuiqsut and one from Kaktovik. All

industry and whaling vessels are required to report their activities to the WCC in real time

(purpose, time left, time returned, significant events as they occur), and the WCC maintains a log

of these reports which is archived by the AEWC. This provides a record of activities as they take

place, and also documents to some extent the whaling activities. It also allows the WCC to

advise industry of planned industry activities that may interfere with ongoing whaling, or to

suggest windows of opportunity (when whaling is not taking place) when industry activity may

have minimal potential effects. Unfortunately, vessel activity not associated with the oil and gas

industry (for example, commercial barge traffic) need not coordinate with the WCC in the same

way, so that this is not a totally effective mechanism for mitigation. Other sorts of logistical

support have been supplied at least in part by industry. These have included low-cost connex

units (converted into seasonal cabins on Cross Island); a winch to help haul whales up at Cross

Island; assistance with a steadier supply of gasoline; a generator system to supply electricity to

the cabins during the whaling season; diesel fuel (for the winch and generator); water, and other

supplies; help with transporting the butchered whale to Nuiqsut; at least limited phone service for

one or two crews; help with mobilization and demobilization; and the assurance of available

emergency assistance.

Preparations for whaling, in one form or another, take place during the entire year. This report

focuses on the activities during the harvest season. The final preparation of boats and equipment

happens in August, and a meeting of the NWCA is conducted to set a date for the start of the

hunting effort and to review the rules and regulations. Labor Day is the normative date for

whaling crews to go to Cross Island, but it is not unusual for individual crews to go out earlier,

especially if Labor Day is “late.” In 2002, one crew went out in August. Crews prefer to go out

together, for safety. One day is spent in transit to and from Cross Island. Once on Cross Island

the focus is on whaling. Boats go scouting for whales on all possible days unless a whale was

taken the prior day, in which case butchering usually has priority. When a whale is taken, it is

towed to Cross Island, hauled up on the gravel beach, and butchered. Select parts of the whale

are sent to Nuiqsut via whaling boat the same or the next day “to feed the village.” The rest of

the meat, muktuk, organs, and baleen is packed into plastic fish totes and transported to West

Dock and then to Nuiqsut (most recently via ACS barge and air freight). What is left of the

whale is taken to the bone yard. Once the quota is taken or conditions threaten to prevent

returning to Nuiqsut (formation of ice), the whalers clean up the island, pack, and leave. Most

will return to Nuiqsut together. Captains who have taken whales that season will fly their flags.

Whaling will generally be completed by mid- to late-September.

Nuiqsut whalers first used wood boats and relatively small motors. Although they remember

these vessels with fondness, and long for the economy of those motors, they also remember that

they were limited in terms of speed and towing capability. Currently Nuiqsut whalers all use

aluminum or fiberglass boats, 18 to 24 feet long, with motors of 80 to 225 horsepower. It is

possible that a 16-foot boat may be used as a whale boat on occasion, but it would not be

considered a primary boat. A few boats have cabins, but most are open. Boats typically scout for

whales with a complement of three or four people, although some boat crews are as small as two

and as big as six.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 9

In the recent past, Nuiqsut had as many as eleven active whaling captains. Currently, the number

is smaller than that. Some captains who do not expect to go whaling do not register with the

AEWC each year, and others have retired. When eight or more crews went out whaling there

was little reason for captains to run multiple boats. When relatively few (three or four) captains

go whaling, the number of boats available to assist in chasing and towing the whale are too

limited unless some crews use multiple boats. Also, the only way that a whaler who is not

registered as a whaling captain can take his boat out whaling is as the boat (usually a second or

third boat) for a registered captain. Thus part of the reason that most crews in 2001 and 2002 ran

multiple boats was no doubt due to the fact that only four crews whaled in 2001, and only three

in 2002. Although single boats do take whales on occasion, it is not encouraged and Nuiqsut

boats almost always scout for whales in pairs, in case of mechanical break downs or other

emergencies. Whaling crews with two or three boats are willing to whale on their own, but it is

commonly agreed that five to seven boats is a preferable number to have available for whaling

on a given day. More boats would be useful, and the availability of fewer boats decreases the

efficiency, safety, and overall chance for success of the hunt.

Whale Harvest Summary, 2001 and 2002

For both the 2001 and 2002 field seasons, Galginaitis accompanied a whaling crew to and from

Cross Island. However, he was not on Cross Island for the totality of the whaling season either

year, as not all crews go out to Cross Island or return to Nuiqsut at the same time. Galginaitis

“missed” the harvest of the first whale each year, although arriving in time to collect information

about the whale and recover some additional information (GPS tracks and so on). Galginaitis

was present on Cross Island though the end of each of these seasons, although one crew stayed

one more day on Cross Island for 2002 than any of the other crews (including the one Galginaitis

accompanied).

Table 2 summarizes some information about the whales struck by the Cross Island whalers in

2001 and 2002 (Tables 3 and 4, discussed below in the “Results” section, are more detailed dayby-day presentation of daily whaling activity for each Cross Island whaling season). For 2001,

Nuiqsut whalers struck and harvested three whales, from a quota of four. In 2001 Nuiqsut

whalers saw fewer whales than expected (based on their historical experience) and left Cross

Island when it appeared that freezeup could be imminent. The unused strike for 2001 went into

the AEWC “bank” for use by another community or in another year. Whales were taken on

9/05/01 by the Napageak crew, and on 9/10/01 and 9/22/01 by the Ahkiviana crew. Weather

prevented whaling on eight of 24 days (33 percent of the available days).

For 2002, four whales were taken and one was struck and lost (Nuiqsut whalers were given one

strike above their normal quota from the AEWC ”bank”). On 9/05/02, two whales were struck.

The Napageak crew struck and lost a whale in the morning, while the Nukapigak crew struck and

landed a whale in the afternoon. The Nukapigak crew struck their second whale on 9/12/02, but

it sank (lose of buoyancy) and the float came off. When whales sink, they typically resurface in

one to three days, due to the generation of internal gases. Such whales are called “stinkers”

because of these gases, and in most cases only the muktuk and baleen are recovered, as the meat

is spoiled for most purposes. Although crews did search for this whale, it was not found until the

9/18/02 and was not recovered until the 9/19/02. It had drifted 19 to 21 miles south southeast of
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 10

Table 2: Summary Characteristics1 of Whales Struck Near Cross Island, 2001-2002

Date

Time

Struck Length Sex

Whale

ID

Miles from

Cross Island

Bearing from

Cross Island Notes

9/05/01 5:40 PM 40’8” F 01N1 18.6 41° true Napageak crew

9/10/01 3:44 PM 38’ F 01N2 21.9 92° true Ahkiviana crew

9/22/01 1:42 PM 41’6” M 01N3 17.9 58° true Ahkiviana crew

9/05/02

9:45

AM Small ? none216.5 21° true

Struck and Lost –

Napageak crew

9/05/02 2:47 PM 29’ M 02N1 15.1 59° true

Struck and Landed –

Nukapigak crew

9/12/02 1:46 PM 38’7” M 02N2 10.3 83° true

Sank 2:45 PM, 10.4

miles from Cross

Island; recovered

9/19, initially found

on Tigvariak Island

on 9/18 – Nukapigak

crew

9/13/02 5:07 PM 28’ M 02N3 18.1 92° true

Struck with harpoon

and float, killed with

shoulder gun, landed

– Nukapigak crew

9/15/02 12:20

PM

46’6” F 02N4 7.0 82° true

Sank 2:04 PM, 6.9

miles from Cross

Island; recovered

9/17, 8.25 miles due

east of Cross Island –

Napageak crew

1All characteristics are from direct observations or GPS records made on the day of the activity, other

than the WhaleID number. WhaleID numbers are assigned by the North Slope Borough Department of

Wildlife Management (NSB DW). Times are approximate and are derived from the recorded GPS tracks

and/or radio logs, combined with whalers’ accounts, as are the distances from Cross Island.

2Whales that are struck and lost are not assigned WhaleID numbers by the NSB DWM.

where it had sunk, and was actually sighted by a barge in the area of Tigvariak Island. Nuiqsut

whalers went out to recover this whale on the 9/18/02 in marginal sea conditions, but had to cut

the tow short due to deteriorating conditions and safety considerations, and beached the whale at

Narwhal Island. A barge from Alaska Clean Seas towed this whale from Narwhal to Cross Island

the next day (the 9/19/02), when butchering started. The Nukapigak crew struck a third whale on

the 9/13/02, which was landed and butchered that day and the next. The Napageak crew struck

their second whale on 9/15/02, but it sank and the float came off. It was found and recovered by

Cross Island whalers on 9/17/02, and butchered that day and the next. As would be the case with

the other “stinker”, only the muktuk and baleen were taken from this whale. Weather prevented

whaling on only 3 days in 2002 (13 percent of the available days).
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 11

Methodology

Each component of the project will be discussed in terms of methods, with emphasis on the

actual collection of descriptive information. Project components are defined primarily by the

three main types of information to be collected – systematic GPS observations, systematic daily

protocols, and narrative observations from whalers. Each will be discussed below. First,

however, it is important to address the issue of “hypothesis testing” in relation to the products of

this research effort, and then to discuss the descriptive data categories required to test those

hypotheses.

Hypotheses Guiding Data Collection

MMS explicitly required, as part of the proposal submission, the formulation of several

hypotheses related to potential changes in Cross Island subsistence whaling. These hypotheses

can then eventually be tested using the information collected by this research effort. Several such

hypotheses were formulated. As examples:

• H1: Subsistence whaling activity and behaviors in the vicinity of Cross Island are

significantly changed by offshore oil developments at Northstar and/or Liberty, and

• H2: General subsistence activities on/near Cross Island are significantly changed by oil and

gas activities associated with Northstar and/or Liberty.

These hypotheses were initially stated in the null hypothesis form, but were revised into more

conventional language due to unfamiliarity with this scientific convention among the North

Slope project participants.

The hypotheses have been formulated as examples of possible relationships that are testable after

empirical (and ideally quantitative) measures of Cross Island whaling have been compiled for a

number of years. The hypotheses thus guide the practical methods of collecting and archiving the

information, to ensure that they will be useful for testing these hypotheses (as well as others as

they are developed).

It was explicitly recognized that the contracted effort would not be able to test these hypotheses.

Such tests will require more data (in terms of longer time series) and significant effort devoted to

analysis. The continuation of this effort as part of the cANIMIDA program will provide for the

collection of at least three more years of data, as well as a final synthetic report incorporating

information from 2001-2006.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 12

Descriptive Data Categories

The primary goal of data collection is the compilation of quantified measures of subsistence

whaling behavior. Emphasis for the first field season was placed on such measures as:

• Number of whaling crews actively whaling

• Size and composition of whaling crews

• Size and composition of boat crews (as components of whaling crews)

• Fluctuations in active crew (both types) size and composition over the whaling season

• Number of whales harvested

• Days spent whaling

• Days prevented from whaling (weather, equipment failure or repair, etc.)

• Days suitable for whaling when whaling did not occur

• Subsistence activities occurring other than whaling

• Location of whale sightings and whale harvest (distance and bearing from Cross Island)

• Location of whale searching (GPS track)

• Local weather and ice conditions

These measures are a mixture of descriptive characteristics suggested by MMS and factors

derived from or related to the perceptions of whalers on how and why whale behavior has

changed, requiring that whalers change their behavior in hunting whales. For instance, size and

composition of whaling crews are fundamental descriptive characteristics that probably have

some relationship with the availability of whales. That is, the greater the perceived availability of

whales and the greater the probability of taking a whale, the more likely it would seem that more

crews would be mobilized and the larger that such crews would be. However, crew

characteristics also depend on the alternative (non-Cross Island) activities available to the crew

members (such as alternative subsistence activities, wage labor and education opportunities, and

so on), as well as on personal whaling captain and crew member characteristics and preferences.

Because of the focus on Cross Island activities, information on the “full” range of factors that

may be affecting the data collected was not compiled, but the range of possibilities was generally

elicited from whalers during discussions of topics such as crew composition or crew recruitment.

In this sense, these generally descriptive measures are thus also characteristics identified by

Nuiqsut whalers as potentially significant and variable measures from year-to-year. The locations

of whale sightings, harvests, and general whale searching behavior are all important in the

examination of whether whales can be found in the same locations every season, or if this

changes from year-to-year. If the latter, the causes of such shifts in location are important.

Nuiqsut whalers have experienced such variation and have suggested a number of factors to

account for it (for example, ice conditions, industry activities, killer whale activity, global

warming). This project develops information to examine these questions about variation and

changes in Cross Island whaling behavior. For instance, this information will allow for a

preliminary examination of “catch per unit effort” as well as factors associated with the distance

whalers need to travel from Cross Island to whale.

Nuiqsut whalers generally agreed the suggested measures were significant and pertinent to the

issues to be addressed, and should be retained for the second and all subsequent field seasons.

During and after the first field season Nuiqsut whalers also wanted to ensure that their more

general perceptions and observations of whale behavior, and especially changes in whale
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 13

behavior that had implications for hunting success or safety, were adequately noted. Such

perceptions are also the most likely way for Nuiqsut whalers to contribute to future hypothesis

formation and testing. Thus, information categories were added to ensure that whalers’

perceptions and observations were noted concerning:

• Bowhead whale behavior in the Cross Island area, and indicated differences from past

experience; and

• Changes in access or other issues related to the whale hunt, such as increased effort for the

same (or reduced) harvest, increased risk, increased cost, and so on.

Whalers had no additional suggestions after the second field season.

MMS and the Scientific Review Board also had several suggestions for additional measures or

the refinement of those already included during the first and/or second field seasons. Weather

conditions were recorded during the first field season, but this met with limited success. A

weather station was not obtained in time to be placed in the field. For the second field season a

weather station was deployed in the field and was successful in collecting a time series of

weather observations (with some gaps), and was perceived as very useful by the whalers during

the whaling season. Whalers’ weather and sea observations were also to be recorded, but were

not implemented either year. This was due to a combination of the whalers’ need to become

more familiar with the research and the need for (and importance of) this information, with some

inadequacies in the initial design of the form used to record the daily observations. The SRB

suggested some revisions of this form after the second field season, and this revised form was

used in the third field season. The SRB also suggested that “days spent whaling” was a very

gross measure of level of hunting effort, and that more refined measures were desirable. The

form was also modified with this goal in mind. This form is discussed below in the methodology

section.

Methods of Data Collection

Three types of data were collected during each of the field seasons. As listed above, these are

GPS information; systematic observations of various components of subsistence whaling

activity; and whalers’ observations on whale behavior (and especially changes in such behavior).

This last sort of information is often accompanied by perceptions of possible causes for such

changes and the implications such changes may have for subsistence whaling activities. Each

method of information collection will be discussed below, often in terms of the type of

information sought, as the two are intimately related.

GPS Data

GPS information – the location of whale strikes, whale kills, and other subsistence activities –

was considered to be the most basic and fundamental data to be collected. Before (or early in) the

first field season each participating Nuiqsut whaling boat was issued, through the whaling

captain of the crew for which it was being used, a handheld GPS unit (Garmin 12) so that they

could record these observations. These GPS units became the property of the whaling captains.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 14

Three of four Nuiqsut whaling crews used more than one boat for whaling in 2001, so that three

captains received more than one GPS unit, although in most cases only one boat actually

belonged to the whaling captain. In such cases the GPS often became the property of the person

who ran such a “number 2” or “number 3” boat for the whaling captain of the crew. In any event,

these GPS were generally available for use in 2002. All whaling captains (crews) who whaled in

2002 had also whaled in 2001. However, they used several boats in 2002 that they had not in

2001. In part this was due to the absence in 2002 of one of the captains who whaled in 2001

(mechanical problems). Aside from the absence of this crew in 2002, crew membership

displayed a great deal of continuity form 2001 to 2002.

Because of those boats that had not whaled in 2001, a few additional GPS units were required for

the 2002 field season. The use of a single type of GPS unit was intended to ensure the

compatibility of data and software. However, several crews had members who owned other types

of GPS units (Garmin 3, Garmin Etrex, Magellan) and sometimes used them instead of the

Garmin 12 each boat had been issued. For 2001, all boat crews were encouraged to use the

Garmin 12 (or Garmin 3, compatible with the Garmin 12). For 2002 the researcher also had a

data cable for the Garmin Etrex, allowing some boat crews to use the Etrex if they preferred to

do so. This provided some redundancy for the GPS records for some boats.

Many boat crews had at least one member already familiar with GPS units, but not all crews used

them as a matter of course prior to the project. By the end of the first third of the whaling season,

all boat crews had agreed to carry these units. All boat crews were instructed to keep the

“tracking” feature on, which recorded the path the boat traveled each time it went out. Example

tracks from each season are provided below as Figures 2 and 3. However, often these daily travel

records were incomplete or composed of several separate tracks. Possible causes included

periods of inadequate satellite coverage or availability, the unit being turned off, depleted battery

power, or loss of satellite coverage because of the GPS position or its being put in a pocket.

Whalers were also instructed how to mark points, and told to mark the points where whales were

seen, as well as other events such as “blows,” other animals (polar bears, seals) and key points in

their trip (ice in an otherwise iceless trip, place where weather conditions change). Positions

where whales were seen, struck, or killed were marked by a number of crews, but were seldom if

ever labeled and so required additional discussion with the crew and additional processing of the

“track” file. Points for other events were marked less often. As would be expected, the overall

quality of GPS information for the second year was better than for the first. The whalers were

more familiar with the GPS units and the research. Also, boat mounts and power cords for the

GPS units improved their reliability.

For both seasons the researcher visited each crew that had gone out whaling for the day, as soon

after they came back as possible, in order to download the information from each boat crew’s

GPS unit into a laptop computer (using MapSource, Garmin’s software package). This ensured

that the GPS units were always available should the whaling crew decide to go out at short

notice. This also enabled whaling crews to immediately see where they had been that day with

the mapping software, and gave each boat crew an opportunity to discuss their trip with the

researcher while it was very fresh in their minds. The utility of this information, as concretely

mapped by the computer, was obvious to the whalers and appeared to be a major reason for the

high degree of participation.
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 15

#*

!(

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

GPS Track for Ahkiviana 2 Boat

9/10/01

August 2004

Figure 2

Ahkiviana 2 Boat Tract

!( Whale Strike

#* Whale Sightings

ms14953_091001.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 16

#*!(

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TA

PS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

GPS Track for Napageak 2 Boat

9/15/02

August 2004

Figure 3

Napageak 2 Boat Track

!( Whale Strike 

#* Whale Sighting

ms14953_091502.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 17

Hunters were also asked to report non-whaling subsistence efforts and results, in terms of time

spent, species, number, and location in terms of GPS coordinates. Little such activity was

reported for either year – two or three seals, and a polar bear shot each year on Cross Island

itself. No GPS information was obtained for these activities.

Daily boat report forms were used to capture this and other information. Forms for all days for

all boats are included as appendices accompanying copies of the annual reports prepared after the

201 and 2002 field seasons, which are themselves included as digital appendices to this report.

These forms are discussed, and examples provided, in the section below. Whaling boat activity is

summarized and discussed in a separate section below, with indications for the boats and days

for which GPS tracks were collected. Images of all the individual tracks that were collected are

also provided as appendices in the electronically attached annual reports. These show the output

from the MapSource GPS software (warts and all), whereas Figures 2 and 3 have been

graphically enhanced. For figures 2 and 3, black triangles mark documented whale sightings and

black dots mark whale strikes, and represents a simplification of the MapSource data. In the

appendices of MapSource data, black boxes represent whale sightings made by the boat that

made the track, while whale sightings or coordinates from another boat (since whalers exchange

and record such coordinates while on the water) are represented by white or clear boxes. In the

appendices the “fish” symbol marks a whale strike, and the “flag” symbol marks the location of a

whale kill. The GPS point information obtained is presented both graphically and in tabular form

in the “Results” section.

Systematic Daily Protocols

Systematic daily protocols were developed as standardized recording forms (daily boat report

forms) in order to capture key quantifiable measures of whaling activity. Examples of the daily

boat report forms appear below as Figures 4-6. Figures 4 and 5 are the daily report forms use for

2001 and 2002, respectively, and correspond to the boats whose tracks are shown in Figures 2

and 3. The complete series of forms are included as components of the 2001 and 2002 Annual

Reports, which are included as digital appendices to this document. These forms record notes on

the measures discussed above, including which crews went scouting for whales each day. In

most cases it was possible to note who went out in each boat. For both field seasons these

observations were checked against the radio logs kept by the Whaling Communication Center,

which were especially useful for those days when the researcher was not on Cross Island. These

observations are the basis for the summary tables that appear in the “Results” section below, as

well as the completed daily vessel activity forms. From this information it was possible to make

a basic “census” of the crews on the island, and to track changes as people came to Cross Island

and left. From these basic observations can be derived some of the most basic measures of

subsistence whaling activity – number of active crews (and boats), size and composition of

whaling crews, fluctuations in whaling and boat crew size and composition, and days spent

whaling. This information is presented and discussed in the “Results” section below. Figure 6

presents the daily report form as it was modified for the 2003 field season, for the reasons

discussed later in this section.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 18

Very basic weather observations were made during the first field season (temperature, wind

direction and strength, degree of fogginess or clarity, barometric pressure). This information was

not as systematic as it could have been, due in part to the difficulty in locating affordable and

transportable weather measurement devices. For the second field season a portable weather

station was installed on Cross Island, with a remote data logger to record the information. The

data logger functioned for the period 9/07/02 (2:10 PM) through 9/17/02 (8:57 AM), with

readings every five minutes for temperature, wind speed, wind direction, barometric pressure,

and relative humidity (file “CI2002WF.xls”). Prior to 9/07/02 weather observations are not

systematic, and do not exist prior to 9/05/02 (the date the researcher arrived on Cross Island).

The remote data logger ceased operation on 9/17/02, so that weather observations for 9/17-

9/20/02 are not systematic, consisting of manual notations of weather readings made at irregular

intervals. Manual notations could not be made at regular intervals due to the nature of participant

observation. The weather station readings end on 9/20/02, when the it was packed for transport

to Nuiqsut.

Since January 1, 2001 MMS has maintained a weather station at Endicott, which is close enough

to Cross Island to be pertinent. The datalog is available at www.resdat.com/mms. This is another

potential data set of interest for the analysis of the whaling data (MMS also maintains weather

stations at Northstar, Badami, Milne Point, and Cottle Island). Other sources are the

communications logs of the Whaling Communication Center. Since the researcher could not go

out in the boat during whaling activities, he had little ability to judge the degree of ice cover,

although the Nuiqsut whalers did report their observations in a general way. The daily report

forms were modified for the 2003 field season to facilitate the collection of more detailed

information on ice conditions. Reliable information on ice conditions may be obtainable from

remote sensing sources or the MMS aerial bowhead survey program.

The need for more detailed, and ideally quantitative, information about environmental conditions

affecting whaling prompted other revisions of the daily boat report form, to encourage the

collection of richer information. These modifications provide prompts or reminders to collect

specific information in a number of areas:

• Documentation of waypoints marked – reason for marking the point, and if a whale sighting,

the number of animals, direction of travel, and behavioral observations;

• Description of the day’s activity – prompts for the initial direction of travel for scouting, for a

finer accounting (if possible) for activity time on the water, and more general notes on that

day’s whaling activities;

• Short answer blocks to record whalers’ observations on visibility (fog, clouds, clear, and so

on), wind direction and speed, percentage of ice coverage and type, and wave height. In

addition, prompts for noting longer responses if volunteered are provided. These

observations are generally made from the beach or on the water prior to embarking on a

scouting trip, but may also include observations made out on the water – especially if

different. Ice and fog conditions especially can vary depending on location (for 2001 and

2002 fog varied much more than ice cover, as not much ice was present)

• More general Cross Island weather conditions have been deleted from the daily boat report

form and will be collected in a separate file. These observations will consist of the datalog

record from the weather station and other limited personal observations.

Further refinements will be made in the form as data collection continues past 2003.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 19

Figure 4: Example Daily Boat Report Form (2001 Field Season)

ANIMIDA Task 4 Data Collection Form Use one form for each vessel/day

Date: 09/10/01 Crew: Ahkiviana GPS Type: Garmin-12

Vessel Type Length HP Motor # crew aboard

Ahkiviana2 Fiberglass 18 130 4

Whaling today? Yes If not, why not?

Time departed: 6:43 AM Time returned: 11:30 PM

Waypoints or Coordinates noted

Lat/Long Way Point # Time Notes

N70 37 17.3 W146 54 05.2 AA2_91001a 12:51 PM Whale Ahkiviana1 spotted and chased

N70 28 37.6 W147 00 51.8 AA2_91001b 3:44 PM Mark for the whale they struck and killed

Weapons Used/Whales Struck/Whales Killed

Lat/Long Way Point # Time Notes

N70 28 37.6 W147 00 51.8 AA2_91001b 3:44 PM Mark for the whale they struck and killed (one shot)

Describe the day's activity (traveling, hours searching for whales)

Most if not all crews start looking where whale was missed 09/09 (26 miles NE of Cross Island). Whale struck by

Ahkiviana2 (their waypoint 004) and all boats assisted before and/or after. Saw few whales, but struck and took

whale at waypoint 004. About 92 miles total. Kill tow about 3:44 PM.

Weather, sea state, ice-conditions

Time No weather observations – but seems very mild (36 F), slight west wind. BP 30.2 (not much

change). Not as cloudy as yesterday – some blue skies. Only slight chop.

Wind Speed

Wind Direction

Temperature (F)

Wave Height

% Ice Cover

Barometric Pres.

Engaged in any other subsistence activities?

If yes, describe

GPS track collected and downloaded? Yes GPS File Name: /2001_Tracks/AA2_0910.MPS

Notes:
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 20

Figure 5: Example Daily Boat Report Form (2002 Field Season)

ANIMIDA Task 4 Data Collection Form Use one form for each vessel/day

Date: 09/15/02 Crew: GPS Type: GPS-12

Vessel Type Length HP Motor # crew aboard

Napageak2 fiberglass 18’ 130 Honda 3

Whaling today? Yes If not, why not?

Time departed: 8:28 AM Time returned: 5:52 PM

Waypoints or Coordinates noted

Lat/Long Way Point # Time Notes

N70 28 13.7 W147 36 20.4 NAP2_91502b 10:07 AM Coordinates given by Ahkiviana1

N70 30 36.0 W147 43 12.0 NAP2_91502a 9:23 AM Coordinates given by Ahkiviana1

N70 30 01.3 W147 38 12.6 NAP2_91502c 11:43 AM Prior point used as “GoTo” coordinates

N70 30 29.6 W147 39 59.8 NAP2_91502d 12:11 PM Whale seen

N70 3024.3 W147 39 34.1 NAP2_91502e 12:20 PM Whale struck

N70 31 16.5 W147 40 27.1 NAP2_91502f 2:04 PM Float comes off whale/whale sunk

N70 27 47.8 W147 33 14.4 NAP2_91502g 6:17 PM UNK

Describe the day's activity (traveling, hours searching for whales)

Seas glassy and all available boats go out. ACS barge brings 20 drums of gas. Another whale was struck and sunk

(position marked). Specifics for this boat:

Scouting for whales more north from Cross Island than other boats. Then head east and see a whale (actually 2

whales) 6.8 miles from Cross Island. Strike one, follow it, and kill it – but it sinks. After trying to pull it up, the float

comes off. They mark the spot and then continue to scout for whales, but see no other whales. Total trip of about 60

miles.

Weather, sea state, ice-conditions

Time 7:00 AM 8:04 AM 9:03 AM 2:02 PM 3:12 PM 5:26 PM

Fog/Clear/Clouds

Wind Speed 0.0 0.1 3.9 4.2 6.6 9.9

Wind Direction ENE E SE SW SW SW

Temperature (F) 35.2 35.9 37.4 41.4 40.6 39.0

Relative Humidity 95% 95% 94% 81% 82% 87%

Barometric Pressure 29.26 S 29.26 S 29.26 S 29.29 S 29.32 S 29.32 S

Water Conditions

Readings every 5 minutes available for 9/07 2:10 PM – 9/17 8:57 AM (with some missing values) – file

“CI_Weather0917.xls”. Remote unit ceased functioning 9/17 for unknown reason.

7:14 PM weather readings: 38.8 F, rel. hum. 88%, BP 29.32, wind 5.4 mph from the WSW

Engaged in any other subsistence activities?

 If yes, describe

GPS track collected and downloaded? Yes GPS File Name: /2002_TRACKS/NAP2_0915.MPS

Notes:
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 21

Figure 6: Daily Boat Report Form for 2003

ANIMIDA Task 4 Data Collection Form Use one form for each vessel/day

Date: Crew: GPS Type:

Vessel Type Length HP Motor # crew aboard/notes

Whaling today? If not, why not?

Time departed: Time returned:

Waypoints or Coordinates noted

Lat/Long Way Point # Time Notes (if whale - # of animals, direction of travel, behavior)

Describe the day's activity (traveling, hours searching for whales)

Direction of initial search (and explanation):

Time spent actively scouting/# people looking:

Time spent in travel/tow/assistance to other boats/on “break”:

Other notes:

Observations of Whaling Crew - weather, sea state, ice-conditions

Fog or clouds? Atmospheric notes:

Wind Direction: Wind speed and other notes:

% Ice Coverage: Ice Type: Other Notes:

Wave Height: Other notes on sea conditions:

Other pertinent notes:

Note: Cross Island weather observations are compiled in a separate file (weather station + observer)

Engaged in any other subsistence activities? If yes, describe below

GPS track collected and downloaded? GPS File Name:

If not, why not?
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 22

Whalers’ Observations

Whalers would often make observations on whale behavior or give their thoughts on how and

why whale behavior in the Cross Island area was different in 2001 and 2002 than it had been in

the past. Much of this was recorded in the daily fieldnotes. Much is of limited immediate

relevance to the central aims of this project. A summary of the most pertinent information is

included in the “Results” section.

Consultation

Consultation is more a process than a result. The goal is that through consultation and a

collaborative effort, Nuiqsut whalers will wish to continue at least part of this program as their

own. A great deal of time and effort has been devoted to the consultation process, but this final

report will provide a summary rather than a blow-by-blow account. More detail is provided in

the two annual reports, which are attached as digital appendices.

Telephone and Fax communications with the AEWC and the Nuiqsut Whaling Captains

Association (NWCA) were initiated in late 2000, after award of the contract and prior to

consultation (face-to-face) trips. These contacts have continued through the present, both through

“official” contacts and individual whalers and whaling captains. Contacts were also renewed

with the Inupiat History, Language, and Culture (IHLC) Commission by telephone (and later inperson), in regard to tapes and transcripts related to Cross Island archived at their facility.

Several tapes reportedly contain information on whaling from Cross Island in the 1930s and

1940s. They remain unprocessed at this date and are likely to remain so until funds for that

specific purpose can be procured.

The first consultation trip was arranged for June 25-30, 2001. The main contacts in Barrow were

with AEWC and IHLC. Galginaitis continued on to Nuiqsut on June 27 and talked with a

number of people (several whaling captains, city and corporate officials, and contacts from

previous visits to Nuiqsut) about the project. However, the overall opinion was that it would be

best to discuss this project in the context of all the whaling captains meeting together. Local

experts suggested that this be accomplished at the Alaska Gas Producers Pipeline Team

(AGPPT) meeting with the Nuiqsut and Kaktovik whaling captains, planned for July 6 at Service

Area 10, and plans were modified to this effect.

The second consultation trip, to meet with Nuiqsut and Kaktovik whaling captains, took place

July 5-7, 2001. The whaling captains delayed their departure for 30 minutes from their meeting

to hear a presentation on the project and to ask some questions. The NWCA, through its officers,

then invited Galginaitis to come to Cross Island. During the next several months, Galginaitis

arranged to accompany the Kittick crew to Cross Island, through a series of phone calls with

Thomas Napageak, Archie Ahkiviana, and Paul Kittick. Galginaitis arrived in Nuiqsut (via

Barrow) 8/30/01, traveled to Cross Island with the Kittick crew 9/06/01, returned to Nuiqsut with

the whalers on 9/26, and arrived back in Anchorage (again via Barrow) 9/29/01.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 23

Consultation for the second field season built on that for the first. The 2002 effort included

periodic phone calls (primarily to the Native Village of Nuiqsut and whaling captains), trips to

Nuiqsut to present results and discuss the project during the periods 3/27-3/29 and 6/05-6/07, and

phone calls to arrange for the final logistics of the actual field work. Galginaitis arrived in

Nuiqsut 8/30/02 (via Deadhorse) and traveled to Cross Island with the Ahkiviana crew 9/05/02.

He returned to Nuiqsut with most of the whalers on 9/20/02, and returned to Anchorage (via

Deadhorse) 9/24/02. A trip to present the results of the 2002 field season was made to Barrow

and Nuiqsut 6/28/03-7/02/03. Nuiqsut whaling captains suggested the incorporation of

information for previous years into the final project report, and two trips were made to Barrow to

use AEWC records for this purpose (7/09-7/11/03 and 7/15-7/16/03). Much of this information is

incorporated into the discussion of the historical context of Cross Island whaling above. A trip

was also made to Fairbanks 7/18/03 to present the methodology and results of the project to the

Commissioners of the AEWC at their quarterly meeting, at the invitation of the Executive

Director of the AWEC. A final trip will be made to Barrow and Nuiqsut to present the final

report for the project, once it is finalized. Consultation for the collection of data for future

whaling seasons (as part of the cANIMIDA program) has also continued, but is not covered by

this report.

Results

Results are discussed in this section in terms of the quantitative observations designed as

measures of subsistence whaling activity and the less quantifiable observations and perceptions

of Nuiqsut whalers about how whale behavior in 2001 and 2002 differed from that of previous

years. To a limited extent, the 2001 and 2002 whaling seasons are also compared with each

other. These results are strictly preliminary, and are in no sense complete. The project was

funded and implemented solely as a data gathering effort. Because this report has been delayed

and data from the 2003 field season is available, some preliminary summary information from

2003 is included for comparative purposes. More detailed information for the 2003 Cross Island

whaling season has not been incorporated into this document, and can be found in the 2003 draft

annual report.

Quantitative Measures

A day-by-day summary of basic descriptive information is presented for the 2001 and 2002

Cross Island whaling seasons in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. They, with the addition of Figures

7 and 8, address the primary descriptive characteristics of Cross Island subsistence whaling of

most concern for MMS.

In 2001, four crews from Nuiqsut whaled from Cross Island. Three of these crews initially

started with two whaling boats, and one had a third support vessel. The fourth crew used a single

boat. The multi-boat crews were larger than the single-boat crew. Each of the multi-boat crews

started whaling with a total crew of ten, and the other crew with five, although all crew members

were not necessarily present at the start of whaling. Furthermore, as the whaling season

progressed, crews tended to become smaller as individuals left Cross Island for Nuiqsut or other

destinations, for a variety of reasons. Younger (20s and younger) crew members were much
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 24

more likely to leave before the end of whaling than were adult (25 and older) crew members.

Adult crew members left primarily because of boat or equipment failure, whereas younger crew

members left primarily from “homesickness” or health problems. All crews had a majority of

adult members, but differed greatly in the age of the youngest member. One of the largest crews

had no members younger than a high school graduate, and the smallest crew similarly was

composed of three adults and two young adults. The other two crews each contained at least one

member who was young (young teens or below) and delegated only limited duties. The crew

with the largest number of adults also had the most sub-adult crew members.

In 2001, the Cross Island whaling season was 24 days long (from the arrival of the first crew at

Cross Island to the departure of the last). Weather prevented scouting on 8 days, 2 days were

devoted to butchering whales, and 2 days were spent in transit. Scouting for whales occurred on

12 separate days, with a total of 57 boat-days devoted to this activity (each boat scouting for any

amount of time on any given day counts as 1 boat-day). The median number of boats scouting on

each of these 12 days was 5, with an average of 4.75 boats. The average boat crew was 3.95

people, with a range of 3 to 6 people. Whales were struck an average of 19.5 miles from Cross

Island. An average scouting trip lasted 10 hours, 20 minutes, with a median of 10 hours, 32

minutes. The range was 3 hours, 57 minutes to 17 hours, 5 minutes. The total effort on the water

was about 589 boat-hours. These time estimates include as components:

• transit time (at high speed en route to a search area or on the way back to Cross Island)

• scouting time (when actually looking for whales)

• following and chasing time (after finding a whale)

• towing time (after killing a whale)

• other miscellaneous activities (assistance to other boats, mechanical breakdown, rest breaks,

and so on).

A detailed breakout of such separate activities is not easily done, although it is possible through

close analysis of the GPS track information. Rough breakouts could be compiled with a

reasonable level of effort. More exact accounting would require a high level of effort.

In 2002, three crews from Nuiqsut whaled from Cross Island. All had whaled in 2001. One of

these crews initially started with two whaling boats, and the others used three vessels. One crew

used all three vessels as whaling boats, while the other crew used the third vessel mainly for

support activities. The crew with two boats did “add” a third small boat late in the whaling

season, used mainly in a support capacity. All three crews started with nine to eleven members,

comparable to the multi-boat crews of 2001. The size of crews did not vary as much in 2002 as

in 2001, although the same general dynamics were evident The number of individuals (not all

necessarily on Cross Island at the same time) per crew ranged from nine to fourteen. The biggest

difference was the greater number of “visitors” from Nuiqsut to help with butchering and other

tasks in 2002. In most cases such visitors were not labeled as members of one crew rather than

another, although a visitor often had closer relations with one crew than with the other.

In 2002, the Cross Island whaling season was 23 days long (from the arrival of the first crew at

Cross Island to the departure of the last). Weather prevented scouting on 3 days, 2 days were

devoted to butchering whales, and 3 days were spent in transit. Scouting for whales occurred on

15 separate days, with a total of 65 boat-days devoted to this activity. The median number of
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 25

Table 3: Summary of Boat Activity, Cross Island Whaling, 2001

Ahkiviana1 Ahkiviana2 Napageak1 Napageak2 Napageak3 Nukapigak1 Nukapigak2 P.Kittick

Date

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Notes

03-Sep-01 NA NA To CI/3 To CI/3 To CI/2 To CI/5 To CI/5 NA 19 people on CI

04-Sep-01 NA NA No Apparent Scouting NA 19 people on CI

05-Sep-01

tow 7:31?

NA NA 5 14:54 4 14:53 No Apparent

Scouting

4 15:09 5 15:09 NA 19 people on CI

Harvest/tow 5:40 PM

06-Sep-01 To CI/4 To CI/4 Butcher Butcher To NQT/2 6 5:22 Butcher To CI/4 30 people on CI

07-Sep-01 4 10:08 4 10:08 4 9:45 3 10:08 From NQT/3 4 12:57 3 or 4 11:45 4 13:17 33 people on CI

08-Sep-01 4 12:10 4 12:10 4 11:42 3 11:30 Weather 5 11:52 Disabled 4 11:36 35 people on CI

09-Sep-01 5 10:32 5 11:08 3 9:08 4 9:47 Weather 4 9:18 4 9:19 4 9:58 35 people on CI

10-Sep-01

tow 6:57

5 16:47 4 16:47 3 16:44 3 16:31 Support only 4 17:05 6 16:59 3 14:14 35 people on CI

Harvest/tow 3:44 PM

11-Sep-01 Butcher To NQT/2 Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher Butcher Disabled 31 people on CI

12-Sep-01 Weather From NQT/2 Weather Weather Weather Weather Weather Disabled 31 people on CI

13-Sep-01 5 8:01 5 7:50 3 9:55 3 10:44 Support only 4 7:55 4 13:00 Disabled 31 people on CI

14-Sep-01 Weather Weather 3 9:02 Disabled Weather Weather To Westdock/3 4 4:54 30 people on CI

15-Sep-01 5 4:22 5 4:22 3 7:06 Disabled Weather 5 5:01 4 8:12 30 people on CI

16-Sep-01 Weather Weather Weather To Westdock/2 To Westdock/2 Weather Weather 30 people on CI

17-Sep-01 Weather Weather Westdock trip To NQT/1 To NQT/1 Weather Westdock trip 31 people on CI

18-Sep-01 Weather Weather Weather Weather Weather 29 people on CI

19-Sep-01 Weather Weather Weather 3 to 5 7:30 3 7:09 24 people on CI

20-Sep-01 3 3:57 3 3:59 4 4:57 4 or 5 3:32 In Repair 3 3:09 24 people on CI

21-Sep-01 Weather Weather Weather In NQT In NQT Weather Weather 24 people on CI

22-Sep-01

tow 7:50?

3 11:44 3 11:24 3 10:45 4 10:17 3 10:57 24 people on CI

Harvest/tow 1:42 PM

23-Sep-01 Butcher Butcher Butcher From NQT/2 Butcher Butcher 25 people on CI

24-Sep-01 Weather Weather Weather Weather Weather Weather 25 people on CI

25-Sep-01 Weather Weather Weather Weather Weather Weather 25 people on CI

26-Sep-01 To NQT/4 To NQT/4 To NQT/4 To NQT/3 To NQT/6 To NQT/4 25 people

See text for discussion of other vessel activity, or qualifications on entries above.

"Weather" indicates that conditions were deemed by whalers to be too marginal for productive scouting. See discussion ion test. SHADED cells are boats potentially out whaling

Travel days (not primarily devoted to scouting for whales) indicated by "To" or "From" with an indication of the number on board. GPS Track NOT Collected

For whale scouting days, "Crew" is the number of people that went out in a given boat. "Trip" is the duration (hours:minutes) for a daily trip. GPS Track Collected

NOTES

On days whales harvested, see individual boat daily reports for duration of scouting versus duration of tow. 09/05 Partial tracks: Napageak1 & Napageak2
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 26

Table 4: Summary of Boat Activity, Cross Island Whaling, 2002

Date Ahkiviana1 Ahkiviana2 Ahkiviana3 Napageak1 Napageak2 Napageak3 Nukapigak1 Nukapigak2 Nukapigak3

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Boat

Crew

Trip

Time

Notes

8/30/02 To CI/3 To CI/3 To CI/2 9 people on CI

8/31/02 2 10:18 3 10:21 3 10:18 Still in Nuiqsut Still in Nuiqsut 9 people on CI

Scouting/small whales

9/01/02 4 3:42 To WD w/3 No Scouting Try for CI/4 To CI 5/6 16 people on CI

9/02/02 4 7:35 4 7:40 No Scouting To CI/3 or 4 No Scouting 20 people on CI

9/03/02 Weather 20 people on CI

9/04/02

Still in Nuiqsut

4 3:09 3 1:57 No Scouting 3 3:10 6 3:10 20 people on CI

9/05/02 To CI/4 To CI/4 To CI/3 3 10:43 3 10:58 3 10:43 4 10:42 6 10:30 30 people on CI

1 struck & lost, 1 taken

9/06/02 3 10:55 3 10:44 3 13:45 3 13:50 2 13:07 To NQT 4/3 Butcher 36 people on CI

2 NQT vessels in

9/07/02 6 4:40 5 4:37

Support Vessel

3 5:21 3 4:56 2 4:05 To CI/3 6 4:52 39 people on CI

9/08/02

Weather 32 people on CI

2 ves out, 1 ves in, 2 ACS

9/09/02 4 12:07 5 11:57 Support 3 10:42 2 11:07 2 7:12 4 12:05 4 or 5 12:10 32 people on CI

9/10/02 3 1:52 3 5:15 Remodel 3 6:10 West Dock Trip Rest Day 31 people on CI

ACS barge

9/11/02 5 10:29 4 10:24 3 10:34 3 10:28

Disabled

5 10:28 4 10:22 31 people on CI

9/12/02 5 11:34 2 7:28 West Dock Trip 3 12:55 3 11:07 6 6:15

Still in

Nuiqsut

32 people on CI

1 whale struck & sunk

9/13/02 To CI/2 4 9:32 Disabled Weather

Disabled

3 8:12

Unreliable

4 8:44 5 8:45 2 4:11

34 people on CI

1 whale harvested

9/14/02 Butcher West Dock Trip Butcher 37 people on CI

1 NQT vessel in

9/15/02

5 9:59 Weather 3 9:36 3 9:20 5 8:21 ToNQT/2

30 people on CI

whale struck & sunk

I NQT ves out, ACS

9/16/02 Weather Weather West Dock Trip Weather In NQT 29 people on CI

9/17/02 5 5:12

Disabled

West Dock Trip 3 5:00 3 5:00 5 4:58 To CI/2 30 people on CI

sunk whale found/towed

9/18/02 3 4:04 3 4:04 Weather 2 3:55 To NQT and

back w/3-10:53

Unreliable

5 8:03 3 7:07 30 people on CI

1

st sunk whale found

9/19/02 Butchering & waiting for 2nd “stinker” whale Butcher/waiting 30 people on CI

sunk whale towed/ACS

9/20/02 To NQT 3/5 To NQT 3/0 To NQT 3/4 Pack Pack To NQT/2 To NQT/9 To NQT/2 9 people on CI

most boats leave

9/21/02 Tow AA2 from

Oliktok Point

Towed by AA1

from Oliktok In NQT To NQT/? To NQT/? In NQT

Disabled

In NQT In NQT 2 people on CI

(polar bear researchers)

See text for discussion of other vessel activity, or qualifications on entries above. SHADED cells: boats potentially whaling – see text

“UNK” indicates that the information is not available. It is not known if whaling took place on 9/01 or 9/02. GPS Track NOT Collected

“Weather” indicates that conditions were deemed by whalers to be too marginal for productive scouting. See discussion in text. GPS Track Collected

Travel days (not primarily devoted to scouting for whales) indicated by “to” or “From” with an indication of the number on board. A slash (“/”) indicates

uncertainty in this number or a change during the trip. For whale scouting days, “Crew” is the number of people that went out on a given boat. “Trip” is the

duration (in hours:minutes) for a daily trip. On days whales are harvested, see individual daily boat reports for duration of scouting versus duration of tow.

Some GPS tracks are partial, some “non-whaling

GPS tracks were collected (see daily boat report

forms)
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 27

Figure 7: Cross Island Population, 2001

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

9/3/20019/4/20019/5/20019/6/20019/7/20019/8/20019/9/2001

9/10/20019/11/20019/12/20019/13/20019/14/20019/15/20019/16/20019/17/20019/18/20019/19/20019/20/20019/21/20019/22/20019/23/20019/24/20019/25/20019/26/2001

Date

Number (People or Boats)

Cross Island Population Boats Out Whaling Persons in Boats
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 28

Figure 8: Cross Island Population, 2002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

8/30/20028/31/2002

9/1/20029/2/20029/3/20029/4/20029/5/20029/6/20029/7/20029/8/20029/9/2002

9/10/20029/11/20029/12/20029/13/20029/14/20029/15/20029/16/20029/17/20029/18/20029/19/20029/20/20029/21/2002

Date

Number (People or Boats)

Cross Island Population Boats Out Whaling Persons in Boats
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 29

boats scouting on each of these 15 days was 5, with an average of 4.33 boats. The average boat

crew was 3.6 people, with a range of 2 to 6 people. Whales were struck an average of 13.4 miles

from Cross Island. An average scouting trip lasted 8 hours, 12 minutes, with a median of 8 hours,

3 minutes. The range was 1 hour, 57 minutes to 13 hours, 7 minutes. The total effort on the water

was about 532 boat-hours. These time estimates include the same components as for 2001.

Similarly, a detailed breakout of such separate activities is not yet available.

Whaling and Boat Crew Characteristics

The definitions of, and relationships between, “whaling crew” and “boat crew” have been

discussed above. For 2001 and 2002, the number of people who actually manned each boat while

whaling (and manned is the proper term on Cross Island, as few total crew members were

women) varied for different whaling crews, and could also differ from day to day. A whaling

boat normally requires a minimum of three crew members – a driver, a harpooner, and a person

in charge of the float – although boats will sometimes go out with only two crew members. In

2001, all Cross Island whaling boats went out with at least three crew members. The maximum

number in a Cross Island whaling boat in 2001 was six crew members. The boats of one crew

most commonly (63 percent of their trips) had three crew members in a boat, with more on all

other scouting trips. Boats of two crews seldom had fewer than four (78 percent of the time). The

fourth crew averaged 3.56 crew members per trip. A number of factors were advanced by

whalers to explain their boat crew composition. For example, when conditions were rougher or

more marginal, or on days when a captain felt a greater need for speed than other days, he would

go out with fewer crew members in each boat. When conditions were optimal or when a captain

wished to act more in support of other boats rather than to more aggressively seek a first strike,

he may take more crew members in a boat. Those crews with younger crew members not yet

fully proficient in the skills required for whaling tended to be larger, to facilitate the transmission

of whaling knowledge. When a crew member slept late, he was left on shore. None of these

relationships or reasons was determinant, however. Many interacting factors affected how many

crew members went scouting in each boat on any given day.

The “typical” whaling crew on Cross Island in 2001 started with about five crew members per

boat used by that whaling crew. Generally each whaling crew would have three crew members

per boat who would be expected to go out with that boat each whaling day. Such crew members

would be adult males (21+ years old) or responsible young adults (mature teenagers). The two

“extra” crew members ranged widely in their characteristics. Some young (perhaps as young as 8

to immature teenager) crew members usually went out in the boat, while others usually did not.

Adult crew members usually did go out in the boat whaling. Some crews had one or two adults

who were principally “support” crew members and did not usually go out scouting. These adults

were nonetheless important crew members.

In 2002, all crews had a majority of adult members, but differed in the age of the youngest

member and the ratio of older to younger members. Two crews had no members younger than a

high school student, while a boy of 13 was a member of the third. For all crews, “mature adults”
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 30

(over the age of 25) only narrowly outnumbered other crew members (by only 1 or 2). Kinship

and kin relations were clearly important for the composition of all three crews, but differed in the

way they were expressed in each crew. One crew was composed of more “immediate” family,

with in-laws perhaps more important for another, and less immediate and friendship relationships

were important for the third.

Crews again differed in the number of people who actually manned the boat while whaling. The

boats of one crew again seldom went out with more than 3 crew members (only 14 percent of

their trips). Another crew most commonly had 4 or more crew members per boat (87 percent of

the time). The third crew was more variable in this regard. Generally, female crew members only

went in the boat when the captain deemed there was space available. Depending on conditions

and intuition, a whaling captain may desire to take as few crew members as possible (to have a

light, fast boat) or as many extra as possible (to have as many eyes watching for whales as

possible). As discussed above, many factors interact in each whaling captain’s decision on boat

crew size.

Unlike 2001, when all Cross Island whaling boats went out with at least three crew members, in

2002 one boat commonly (3 of 5 trips) went out with two. This boat was a special case, as it was

an 18-foot Lund and the crew carried only a harpoon and a float (no bombs). This boat generally

stayed close to its whaling captain’s boat and appeared to be a way for its crew members to

acquire direct, firsthand, whaling experience in the “skill positions” of driver and harpooner.

Other whaling boats also at times went out with only two crew members, but not often (5 of 32

trips). Some boats never went out with fewer than 3 crew members (27 total trips). Thus, the

typical case for all boats, 56 of the 64 whaling trips made, was for crews to be three or larger.

The maximum number in a Cross Island whaling boat was six crew members, although that was

relatively uncommon (5 of 64 trips). Crews of 3 to 5 were most common.

Two whaling crews had an “excess” of crew members to man their boats while whaling. The

third whaling crew was minimally manned until they experienced engine problems that disabled

one (and for a time two) of their boats. Generally, each boat would have three or four crew

members per boat who would be expected to go out with that boat each whaling day. Such crew

members would be adult males or responsible young adults. The “extra” crew members ranged

widely in their characteristics. Some young crew members usually went out in the boat, while

others usually did not. Adult crew members usually did go out in the boat whaling. Some crews

again had one or two adults who were principally “support” crew members and did not usually

go out whaling. These adults were nonetheless vitally important crew members.

Whaling Effort (Boat Days)

For a variety of reasons (mainly mechanical or structural problems), only five of the seven boats

fielded by crews in 2001 whaled on a regular basis, and one of those five also missed part of the

season while being repaired. Such variability was reported to have been a normal part of the

whaling season in the past (personal communication from Nuiqsut whalers 2001), although some

boats may have experienced more problems in 2001 than “normal.”
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 31

Of the 24 days that composed the Nuiqsut whaling season in 2001, at least one boat scouted for

whales on 12 different days. Different numbers of boats scouted for whales on each of these

days. A “boat day” is defined as one boat scouting for whales for any amount of time during one

24-hour day. In 2001, a total of 57 boat days were expended during the 12 days on which

scouting activity took place. Whaling did not take place on 12 days. Of these 12 days, 2 were

devoted to butchering and were not available for whaling (except in the most favorable of

circumstances, for a limited number of boats – on one of the whaling days only one boat did go

out while others were butchering). The 2 days spent in transit to and from Cross Island also

cannot be considered as fully available for whaling. Weather prevented scouting for whales on 8

days. Reasons other than weather kept some boats from whaling on other days (predominately

need for repairs), and sometimes a boat chose not to whale on an otherwise suitable day. Table 3

above presents this information.

For the 2002 Cross Island whaling season, each crew had two primary whaling boats, and a third

boat as discussed above. For two crews, the third boat was primarily for support and actively

whaled only one or two days. For the remaining crew, the third boat whaled regularly until its

motor became unreliable on September 9, about halfway through the season. Of the six primary

whaling boats, three (one from each crew) were disabled for at least three whaling days each.

Three boats had the opportunity to whale every day that conditions were appropriate while they

were at Cross Island. This variability has been a normal part of the whaling season in the past,

including 2001 (personal communication from Nuiqsut whalers 2001).

Of the 23 days that composed the Nuiqsut whaling season in 2002, at least one boat scouted for

whales on 15 different days. As in 2001, different numbers of boats scouted for whales on each

of these days. A total of 65 boat days were expended during the 15 days on which scouting

activity took place in 2002. Whaling did not take place on 8 days. Of these 8 days, 1 was devoted

to butchering and not available for scouting, except in the most favorable of circumstances for a

limited number of boats. The two days spent in transit to and from Cross Island also cannot be

considered as fully available for whaling. Two other days were spent butchering and preparing to

leave Cross Island after Nuiqsut’s full quota of whales was taken and scouting for whales had

ceased. Only 3 of the 23 days were considered unsuitable for whaling because of weather.

Weather or sea conditions did prevent the “third” boat of some crews from whaling on days

when their two primary boats did go out. Reasons other than weather kept some boats from

whaling on other days (mainly need for repairs), and sometimes a captain chose not to whale on

an otherwise suitable day. Table 4 above presents this information.

Some generalizations about the factors influencing these decisions are possible, although no

systematic model was developed. If the weather is suitable for successful scouting of whales

(slight or no wind, slight or no chop, good visibility), all boats physically able to whale will go

out. Some captains will go out in more marginal weather than others, and such decisions are

quite situational in nature. A crew that has not been out recently seems more likely to go out in

marginal weather than those crews that have been out more recently. Crews that have not

harvested whales seem more likely to go out whaling than those crews that have landed whales.

A captain may call a “rest day” for a crew that has been working hard, especially if conditions

are marginal. Trips on days with marginal weather conditions tend to be shorter than on days

with better weather. After the harvest of a whale the butchering must reach a well-defined point
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 32

before whaling can resume. For Nuiqsut whalers this is generally the next day for all crews other

than that which took the whale. The crew which takes a whale has more responsibilities in terms

of butchering, but can also fully discharge these duties during the day after the whale is landed.

All crews generally go whaling in suitable weather and any deviation from that pattern has an

explanation.

“Non-Whaling” Boat Activity

In addition to searching for whales, several Nuiqsut whaling vessels made trips between Cross

Island and West Dock on a fairly regular basis. These trips were to pick up packages and

supplies, or to do other errands. Generally, after a whale is butchered, one of the harvesting

crew’s boats made the trip between Cross Island and Nuiqsut to transport the “fresh kill” meat

and muktuk to feed the village. Few, if any, other boats went to Cross Island from Nuiqsut other

than the whaling boats. There were visitors of other sorts in 2001. In 2002, four different (“nonwhaling”) vessels from Nuiqsut did make visits to Cross Island during the whaling season. The

people from these boats generally stayed a day or two before returning to Nuiqsut, and helped

with whatever tasks needed to be done (especially the butchering of the second whale). One

“visitor” joined a crew and stayed for the remainder of the whaling season.

This project focuses explicitly on Cross Island whaling activity, so little attempt was made to

collect information on preparation, support, or other crew member activities that occurred

elsewhere (primarily in Nuiqsut, one would assume). Similarly, although whaling support

activities from non-Nuiqsut sources (mainly oil and gas industry support) were quite evident,

both in terms of island infrastructure as well as the frequency of Alaska Clean Seas (ACS) barge

activity, they were not logged in detail. During the 24 day whaling season of 2001, one or more

ACS barges landed on Cross Island at least nine times, primarily to provide logistical support to

the whalers (including demobilization). It can be assumed that ACS barges also landed on Cross

Island at least one day to mobilize the generator, bring over the loader, and other support

materials. Thus, on average, at least one ACS barge landed on Cross Island just under every 3

days during the 2001 season. In addition, there were other visitors to Cross Island, ranging from

visits from oil and gas facilities (most often in conjunction with or in addition to other activities

such as training) to other passersby (such as adventurers from Greenland in 2001). During the

2002 (23-day) whaling season, one or more ACS barges landed on Cross Island at least four

times, primarily to provide logistical support to the whalers. In addition, at least one (and

probably several) ACS barges landed on Cross Island on 8/28 in order to mobilize the generator,

bring over the loader, and other support materials. ACS barges of course were used to

demobilize these items after the Nuiqsut whalers left. This is an average of 4 to 5 days between

barge visits. There were also two phones on the island (which, like the generator, operate only

during Nuiqsut’s whaling season), as well as a FAX. Thus, important business need not be put on

hold while corporation and other officials are whaling on Cross Island. Contacts and interactions

through telephone, FAX, or non-whaling non-Nuiqsut vessel were not fully documented, and

such information was only collected as contextual background.
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 33

GPS Information

In terms of GPS locational information, all whaling crews agreed to carry and use GPS units.

The level of information obtained varied from boat to boat, as discussed above, but for most

boats and for all crews at least partial tracking information (where most boats went each day)

was obtained, along with the locations where whales were observed (or struck). In Tables 2 and 3

(above), the days that boats went out whaling are shaded. Dark shading indicates that a GPS

track was not obtained for that day from that boat. Light shading indicates that a GPS track was

obtained from that boat for that day. Examples of GPS tracks for individual boats on a single day

have been presented above (Figures 2 and 3) and complete tracks for both seasons are available

as appendices to the annual reports, which are attached to this report as digital appendices.

All electronic track files have been transferred to MMS and the Native Village of Nuiqsut. These

electronic tracks are in several forms. As originally collected, the tracks must be viewed with

Garmin’s proprietary software “MapSource” (“mps” format for 2001-2003, but Garmin modified

their format to “gdb” format). These tracks were exported as “DXF” files so that the cartography

department of BPXA could import them into their system and produce better quality figures. All

mapped figures in the body of this report have been produced by BPXA, as a contribution to

improve the report. The figures in the electronic appendices are, for the most part, direct products

produced with MapSource. All track and waypoint information is available from MMS in either

MPS (MapSource) or DXF format (and both are included on the Final Report CD). DXF format

can, if desired, be imported into a number of GIS programs and saved as .E00 (ArcGIS) format.

For 2001, there was a total of 57 different whaling “boat days” (on 12 different days) for which

GPS tracks could have been collected. GPS tracks were collected for 47, or 82 percent, of these.

Of the 10 whaling “boat days” (18 percent of the total) for which GPS tracks were not collected,

3 were for days before the observer was on Cross Island. Further, the remaining 7 whaling boat

days for which GPS information was not collected were all early in the research (the first third of

the whaling season). From September 10 to the end of the 2001 season GPS information was

collected for all whaling trips. For 2002, there were 65 different “boat days” (on 15 different

days) for which GPS tracks could have been collected. GPS tracks were collected for 50 boat

days, or 77 percent of all 65 boat days. Of the 15 “boat days” (23 percent of all potential boat

days) for which GPS tracks were not collected, 10 were for days before the observer was on

Cross Island. Of the 5 boat days after 9/05 for which GPS information is lacking, 4 are for the

same boat. As discussed above, this boat generally accompanied a second boat for which GPS

information is available. The other case was for a boat that had come from Nuiqsut without a

GPS unit that went out to assist in towing a whale.

There are several ways to use the collected GPS to describe, compare, and otherwise analyze

Cross Island whaling activities. While the primary purpose of this project so far has been the

collection of this information, this report can make some suggestions in this regard. Displaying

all GPS tracks for all boats whaling on a single day, combining individual tracks on a daily basis,

provides a visual measure of the cooperation among boats from the same and different crews.

Examining such figures for different days is a quick way to compare day-to-day variability, both

within and between years. Examples of such daily summary figures are presented in Figures 9

and 10 for 2001 and 2002, respectively. Figures for all days on which at least one boat went
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 34

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

Example Composite Scouting Tracks 

for a Single Day, September 10, 2001 

August 2004

Figure 9

Ahkiviana 1 Boat Track

Ahkiviana 2 Boat Track

Napageak 1 Boat Track

Napageak 2 Boat Track

Nukapigak 1 Boat Track

Nukapigak 2 Boat Track

Kittick 1 Boat Track

!( Whale Strike

#* Whale Sighting

ms14953_all91001.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 35

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

Example Composite Scouting Tracks 

For a Single Day, September 13, 2002

August 2004

Figure 10

Ahkiviana 1 Boat Track

Napageak 2 Boat Track

Nukapigak 1 Boat Track

Nukapigak 2 Boat Track

Nukapigak 3 Boat Track

!( Whale Strike

#* Whale Sightings

ms14953_all91302.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 36

scouting for whales in 2001 and 2002 are presented in the electronic appendices to this document

(files “Days2001.zip” and “Days2002.zip”) and will be incorporated into the annual reports for

2003 and future years. Similarly, GPS tracks can be aggregated and displayed on an annual basis.

Composite maps of all daily GPS boat tracks (scouting trips) for 2001 and 2002 are presented in

Figures 11 and 12, respectively. A map displaying all daily tracks for all boats for all three

documented whaling seasons (2001, 2002, 2003), coded by year, is presented in Figure 13. It

clearly shows the year-to-year variability in distance traveled to find and harvest whales, both in

terms of “total daily round trip” as well as “straightline distance from Cross Island.” The density

of tracks also is an indicator of the concentration of whales in certain areas, or at least of the

concentration of scouting effort in certain areas. This is especially useful in conjunction with

displays of marked whale sightings.

Figures 14 and 15 display this point type of GPS information in a comparative way – all

significant waypoints noted by Nuiqsut whaling crews in 2001 and 2002 are shown, respectively.

Tables 5 and 6 list these points and their characteristics. Figure 16 displays all whale sightings

for 2001, 2002, and 2003 on the same map. It codes each year by color, and so is a vivid

comparison of the three years. Not all of these points were actually marked by crews while they

were out on the water. Some points were located on GPS tracks on the basis of the recollection

of a person looking at the track as displayed on the computer screen. That is, the locations of all

whale sightings were not marked by the whalers, nor were all unmarked whale sightings later

described to the researcher. Duplicate points (whether marked by the same of different boats)

were eliminated as far as possible for these figures and are not displayed. The daily boat report

forms (and individual boat GPS files) thus include some additional likely whale sightings that are

not included in the tables, but these additional points are either duplicative or based on whalers’

general accounts, and not specific locational information tied to daily GPS vessel tracks. It is

almost certain that not all whale sightings by all crews are included on the daily report forms,

although it is more likely that most individual whales (or group of whales) sighted are

represented by at least one sighting by one of the crews which observed it. All of the individuals

in a group of whales may not be represented as such, since it was not always clear how many

whales were in a group and such groups were marked with a single waypoint. This was

especially true for multiple blows observed at a distance. Multiple sightings of the same whale

were usually reported as such by most crews, but most crews only marked a single position for a

whale unless they followed it for a significant period of time and/or struck it. Different crews

commonly marked the position of the same whale, so the number of different whales observed

would be difficult to determine without an analysis of all points and tracks in relation to each

other, which would be a time-consuming process. For this report, as discussed above, the most

obvious of such “duplicate” points have not been included in the summary whale observation

graphics or tables, so these figures are far from definitive.
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 37

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

!(

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

Composite GPS Tracks for 

All Whaling Trips for All Boats

2001 Whaling Season

August 2004

Figure 11

Boat Tract Lines

Ahkiviana 1

Ahkiviana 2

Napageak 1

Napageak 2

Nukapigak 1

Nukapigak 2

Kittick 1

!( Whale Strike 

#* Whale Sighting

ms14953_01.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 38

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*!(

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

!(

!(

#*

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TA

PS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

Composite GPS Tracks for 

All Whaling Trips for All Boats

2002 Whaling Season

August 2004

Figure 12

Boat Tract Lines

Ahkiviana 1

Ahkiviana 2

Ahkiviana 3

Napageak 1

Napageak 2

Napageak 3

Nukapigak 1

Nukapigak 2

Nukapigak 3

#* Whale Sighting

!( Whale Strike

ms14953_02.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 39

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

Comparison of Composite GPS Tracks 

for 2001, 2002, and 2003

August 2004

Figure 13

2003 Boat Tract Lines

2002 Boat Tract Lines

2001 Boat Tract Lines

ms14953_all.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 40

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

!(

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

PK_91501b

PK_91501a

PK_90901c

PK_90901b

PK_90901a

AA2_92201c

AA2_91301a

AA2_91001b

AA2_91001a

AA2_90901a

AA2_90801a

AA1_91001b

AA1_91001a

NUK2_91001b

NUK2_90701b

NUK1_92201a

NAP2_91301a

NAP2_90901a

NAP2_90801b

NAP1_92001b

NAP1_92001a

NAP1_91401a

NAP1_91301a

NAP1_90801c

NAP1_90801b

NAP1_90801a

AA1_91001c

NUK2_91001c

NUK2_91001a

NUK2_90701a

NUK1_91001a

NUK1_90901a

NAP2_91001a

NAP2_90901d

NAP2_90901c

NAP2_90901b

NAP2_90801a

NAP1_90901c

NAP1_90901b

NAP1_90901a

NAP1_90801d

NAP1_90501b

NAP1_90501a

Whale Sightings Marked or Reported 

by Nuiqsut Whalers, 2001

August 2004

Figure 14

!( Whale Strike 

#* Whale Sighting

ms14953_wp01.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 41

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*!(

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

!(

!(

#*

#*

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

AA2_91202c

AA2_90902b

AA2_90902a

AA2_90602d

AA2_90602c

AA1_91502a

AA1_91202a

NUK2_90502b

NUK1_90502c

NAP2_91202c

NAP2_91202b

NAP2_91202a

NAP2_90602b

NAP2_90602a

NAP2_90202a

NAP1_91502a

NAP1_90502b

AA2_90602f

AA1_91502g

AA1_91502b

AA1_91302c

AA1_91302b

AA1_91302a

NUK2_91702a

NUK2_91302c

NUK2_91302a

NUK2_91202b

NUK2_91202a

NUK2_90902c

NUK2_90502a

NAP2_91502f

NAP2_91502e

NAP2_91502d

NAP2_91302a

NAP2_90902e

NAP2_90702a

NAP1_90502a

Whale Sightings Marked or Reported 

by Nuiqsut Whalers, 2002

August 2004

Figure 15

#* Whale Sighting

!( Whale Strike

ms14953_wp02.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
 Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 42

#*

#*

#* #* #*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

#* !(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#* #*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*!(

#*

#*

!(

#*

#*

!(

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

!(

#*

!(

#*

!(

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

#*

Cross

Island

Tigvariak

Island

Bullen

Point Deadhorse

Liberty

TAPS

Niakuk

Narwhal

Stockton

Islands

Maguire Islands

Prospect

Prudhoe Bay

Oil Field

Badami

Oil Field

Northstar

Oil Field

Endicott

Oil Field

Island

Island

Pole

West Dock

Bay

Prudhoe

Bay Mikkelsen

BEAUFORT SEA

Bay

Foggy Island

Comparson of Whale Sighting 

by Nuiqsut Whalers

2001, 2002, and 2003

August 2004

Figure 16

#* 2001 Whale Sighting

!( 2001 Whale Strike

#* 2002 Whale Sighting

!( 2002 Whale Strike

#* 2003 Whale Sighting

!( 2003 Whale Strike

ms14953_wp_all.mxd

0 3 6 12 Miles

0 5 10 20 Km
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 43

Table 5: Waypoints Noted by Nuiqsut Whaling Crews, 2001 Cross Island Whaling Season

Date Crew Lat/Long Point # Time Notes

09/05/2001 Napageak1 N70 42 30.7 W147 49 55.9 NAP1_90501a 12:42 PM No explanation – likely whale sighting

09/05/2001 Napageak1 N70 41 09.1 W147 27 18.5 NAP1_90501b 4:41 PM Marked at the whale – probably where struck

09/05/2001 Napageak2 N70 41 16.5 W147 23 36.8 NAP2_90501a 5:39 PM Marked at the whale – probably near start of the tow

09/07/2001 Nukapigak2 N70 33 36.3 W146 59 46.7 NUK2_90701a 11:30 AM Possible whale sighting

09/07/2001 Nukapigak2 N70 30 02.6 W147 00 01.9 NUK2_90701b 12:07 PM Possible whale sighting

09/07/2001 Nukapigak2 N70 33 43 W147 16 26 3:47 PM Where they developed motor problems

09/07/2001 Napageak1 N70 42 05 W147 49 28 NAP1_90701a NA Whale sighting (or blow)

09/07/2001 Napageak1 N70 42 07 W147 25 30 NAP1_90701b 1:39 PM Whale sighting (or blow)

09/07/2001 Napageak1 N70 27 34 W146 55 05 NAP1_90701c NA Whale sighting (or blow)

09/08/2001 Napageak1 N70 31 20.1 W147 47 35.0 NAP1_90801a 9:36 AM Blow or whale

09/08/2001 Napageak1 N70 28 41.5 W147 23 14.1 NAP1_90801b 10:33 AM Blow or whale

09/08/2001 Napageak1 N70 30 33.2 W147 15 32.3 NAP1_90801c 10:55 AM Blow or whale

09/08/2001 Napageak2 N70 39 10.5 W147 36 20.4 NAP2_90801a 12:51 PM Blow/whale OR coordinates from another boat

09/08/2001 Napageak1 N70 22 35.1 W147 15 55.9 NAP1_90801d 3:34 PM Blow or whale

09/08/2001 Ahkiviana2 N70 25 52.0 W147 03 03.1 AA2_90801a 6:27 PM Whale sighting – date & time on waypoint incorrect

09/08/2001 Pakotak1 N70 21 17.1 W147 07 28.5 7:28 PM Probable coordinates of boats meeting before return to Cross Island

09/08/2001 Napageak1 N70 28 28.6 W147 22 15.2 NAP1_90801e 10:38 PM Blow or whale – same as NA1_90801b

09/08/2001 Napageak2 N70 23 01.3 W147 17 06.8 NAP2_90801b 3:57 PM Blow/whale OR coordinates from another boat

09/09/2001 Napageak2 N70 44 55.4 W147 44 45.8 NAP2_90901a 1:36 PM Sighting ?

09/09/2001 Napageak2 N70 47 11.9 W147 20 45.8 NAP2_90901b 3:22 PM Waypoints NA2_90901b-d represent following the same whale

09/09/2001 Napageak2 N70 46 52.6 W147 16 54.1 NAP2_90901c 3:26 PM May be more in Whaling Communication Center log

09/09/2001 Nukapigak2 N70 46 49.0 W147 10 47.3 3:37 PM Farthest point reached this day

09/09/2001 Napageak2 N70 46 31.6 W147 10 39.7 NAP2_90901d 3:45 PM Probable whale sighting (same area as AA2_90901a)

09/09/2001 Ahkiviana2 N70 46 15.4 W147 11 10.2 AA2_90901a 4:59 PM Whale – searched area a bit, but soon lost it

09/09/2001 Nukapigak1 N70 44 09.0 W147 19 19.6 5:22 PM Undocumented

09/09/2001 Nukapigak1 N70 40 02.6 W147 30 31.0 5:42 PM Boat EAST of this point – coordinates of ?

09/09/2001 Napageak1 N70 46 30 W147 11 53 NAP1_90901a 3:30-5:00 Missed striking whale in this area – not marked

09/09/2001 Nukapigak1 N70 46 30 W147 11 53 NUK1_90901a 3:30-5:00 Missed striking whale in this area – not marked

09/09/2001 Pakotak1 N70 46 30 W147 11 53 PK_90901d 3:30-5:00 Missed striking whale in this area – not marked

09/09/2001 Napageak1 N70 35 17 W147 32 36 NAP1_90901b C6:54 PM Whale sighting (or blow)

09/09/2001 Napageak1 N70 35 95 W147 37 53 NAP1_90901c 6:54 PM Whale sighting (or blow)

09/09/2001 Pakotak1 N70 34 17.1 W147 05 15.1 PK_90901a 12:01 PM May be blow or sighting – or only reference mark

09/09/2001 Pakotak1 N70 42 31.1 W147 43 42.1 PK_90901b 3:00 PM May be blow or sighting – or only reference mark

09/09/2001 Pakotak1 N70 47 26.8 W147 19 25.2 PK_90901c 3:18 PM May be blow or sighting – or only reference mark
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 44

Table 5 (Continued): Waypoints Noted by Nuiqsut Whaling Crews, 2001 Cross Island Whaling Season

Date Crew Lat/Long Point # Time Notes

09/10/2001 Ahkiviana1 N70 38 28.8 W147 49 53.6 AA1_91001a 7:40 AM May be a sighting

09/10/2001 Napageak2 N70 42 29.9 W147 46 02.0 NAP2_91001a 7:57 AM Not explained – may be a sighting

09/10/2001 Ahkiviana1 N70 40 00.4 W146 55 01.7 AA1_91001b 10:31 AM May be a sighting or a reference point

09/10/2001 Ahkiviana1 N70 37 17.3 W146 54 05.2 AA1_91001c 11:51 AM Probable sighting

09/10/2001 Napageak2 N70 40 06.0 W146 56 29.0 NAP2_91001b 12:40 PM Ahkiviana1 whale

09/10/2001 Napageak2 N70 38 30.8 W146 56 46.7 NAP2_91001c 12:42 PM Ahkiviana1 whale

09/10/2001 Ahkiviana2 N70 37 17.3 W146 54 05.2 AA2_91001a 12:51 PM Whale Ahkiviana1 spotted and chased

09/10/2001 Napageak2 N70 30 53.7 W146 59 34.5 NAP2_91001d 3:19 PM Ahkiviana2 whale

09/10/2001 Pakotak1 N70 30 31.0 W146 59 31.6 3:31 PM Not on track – reference point

09/10/2001 Ahkiviana2 N70 28 37.6 W147 00 51.8 AA2_91001b 3:44 PM Mark for the whale they struck and killed

09/10/2001 Pakotak1 N70 29 21.5 W146 54 56.6 5:16 PM Not on track – reference point

09/10/2001 Napageak1 N70 29 14.3 W147 15 10.7 6:57 PM Event during tow

09/10/2001 Nukapigak1 N70 37 39.0 W146 55 26.0 NUK1_91001a 1:15-1:45 Ahkiviana1 whale

09/10/2001 Napageak2 N70 29 18.5 W146 55 27.3 NAP2_91001e 4:19PM Ahkiviana2 whale

09/10/2001 Nukapigak2 N70 37 23.9 W146 55 112 NUK2_91001c 1:58 PM Whale sighting (or blow)

09/10/2001 Nukapigak2 N70 41 12 W147 45 069 NUK2_91001a 7:13 AM Whale sighting (or blow)

09/10/2001 Nukapigak2 N70 47 046 W147 19 023 NUK2_91001b 8:59 AM Whale sighting (or blow)

09/13/2001 Napageak2 N70 36 25.0 W147 12 58.2 NAP2_91301a 1:39 PM Possible sighting

09/13/2001 Ahkiviana2 N70 38 44.7 W147 19 01.3 AA2_91301a 2:30 PM Whale sighting

09/13/2001 Napageak1 N70 41 13.1 W147 32 16.5 NAP1_91301a 3:50-4:00 Possible sighting

09/14/2001 Napageak1 N70 31 39.6 W147 05 28.2 NAP1_91401a 12:57 PM Possible sighting

09/15/2001 Ahkiviana1 N70 35 47.9 W147 54 01.0 9:24 AM Not explained – boat may have stopped here

09/15/2001 Pakotak1 N70 44 17.1 W147 11 20.4 PK_91501a 11:11 AM Possible sighting

09/15/2001 Pakotak1 N70 45 14.2 W147 11 12.4 PK_91501b 11:13 AM Possibly following whale

09/20/2001 Ahkiviana1 N70 32 28.0 W148 10 01.0 AA1_92001a 1:37 AM Reference?

09/20/2001 Napageak1 N70 35 37.2 W147 50 28.5 NAP1_92001a 1:22 PM Possible sighting, but not explained

09/20/2001 Napageak1 N70 30 32.0 W148 13 17.0 NAP1_92001b 1:50 PM May have seen something, but not on the track
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 45

Table 5 (Continued): Waypoints Noted by Nuiqsut Whaling Crews, 2001 Cross Island Whaling Season

Date Crew Lat/Long Point # Time Notes

09/22/2001 Ahkiviana1 N70 35 03.4 W147 37 02.3 AA1_92201a 10:14 AM Roughly area of Nukapigak1 sighting/following – reference?

09/22/2001 Ahkiviana2 N70 26 51.2 W147 29 07.0 AA2_92201a 8:48 AM Reference point ?

09/22/2001 Napageak1 N70 35 26.8 W147 34 36.3 NAP1_92201a 9:59 AM Nukapigak1 whale chase event

09/22/2001 Napageak1 N70 35 09.0 W147 35 50.1 NAP1_92201b 10:05 AM Nukapigak1 whale chase event

09/22/2001 Nukapigak1 N70 35 08.8 W147 36 01.8 NUK_92201c 10:08 AM Area where they found whales and had a chance

09/22/2001 Ahkiviana2 N70 36 00.5 W147 35 08.3 AA2_92201b 10:30 AM Whale Nukapigak1 had a chance at

09/22/2001 Napageak1 N70 37 06.4 W147 19 39.9 NAP1_92201c 12:36 PM Ahkiviana2 whale chase event

09/22/2001 Napageak1 N70 38 00.4 W147 18 49.5 NAP1_92201d 1:28 PM Ahkiviana2 whale chase event

09/22/2001 Napageak1 N70 37 48.1 W147 17 55.7 NAP1_92201e 1:38 PM Close to AA2_92201c – kill or last strike location?

09/22/2001 Ahkiviana2 N70 37 49.0 W147 17 57.2 AA2_92201c 1:42 PM Whale Ahkiviana2 found and followed and struck

NOTES: Shaded waypoint number indicates the point was not marked, but was described when the crew reviewed their track

Lack of a time for a waypoint indicates that the track for that day was flawed

Only those unmarked points specifically noted by crew members are included in this table -- others may be noted on daily boat report forms
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 46

Table 6: Waypoints Noted by Nuiqsut Whaling Crews, 2002 Cross Island Whaling Season

Date Crew Lat/Long Way Point # Time Notes

09/04/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 32 01.9 W147 53 08.1 NUK2_90402a 5:49 PM Not on track – reference point for Nukapigak1

09/04/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 31 57.8 W147 52 44.1 NUK2_90402b 5:49 PM Not on track – reference point for Nukapigak1

09/05/2002 Napageak1 N70 42 20.8 W147 42 27.1 NAP1_90502a 9:46 AM Area of whale strike – where 1st seen or struck

09/05/2002 Napageak1 N70 42 56.6 W147 43 28.6 NAP1_90502b 10:47 AM Area of whale strike/following

09/05/2002 Nukapagak1 N70 34 56.1 W146 50 27.3 NUK1_90502c 10:14 AM Whale sighting

09/05/2002 Nukapagak1 N70 31 23.8 W147 50 18.5 NUK1_90502a 6:52 AM GPS turned on after being off for a short time – unknown significance

09/05/2002 Nukapagak1 N70 27 24.4 W147 10 30.7 NUK1_90502b 8:28 AM Significance not documented

09/05/2002 Nukapagak1 N70 34 55.9 W147 28 45.6 NUK1_90502d 2:55 PM? Not on track – very near Nukapigak2 strike

09/05/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 36 48.3 W147 14 54.5 NUK2_90502a 9:38 AM Saw whale

09/05/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 36 14.0 W147 23 55.0 NUK2_90502b 2:47 PM Struck whale

09/06/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 36 52.8 W147 40 25.3 AA1_90602a 11:39 Not explained – reference coordinate for whale chase?

09/06/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 41 19.4 W147 19 17.6 AA1-90602b 6:48 PM Reference Point from another boat?

09/06/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 47 53.9 W147 42 55.5 AA2_90602a 11:25 AM Coordinates from Napageak2 for whale, AA2 in the area 3:44 PM

09/06/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 36 49.6 W147 44 23.3 AA2_90602b 11:28 AM Reference point from Napageak2 boat – significance not documented

09/06/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 42 21.5 W147 29 30.9 AA2_90602c 1:04 PM Whale, a little bigger than AA2_90602f

09/06/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 45 21.4 W147 03 05.2 AA2_90602d 4:50 PM Whale, maybe dif. from AA290602a – too big (40+ feet) [ref. 2:05 PM]

09/06/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 40 09.6 W147 27 06.9 AA2_90602f 8:07 PM Small whale, last place whale seen

09/06/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 44 13.0 W147 07 15.0 AA2_90602e 5:25 PM Not on track – reference coordinate from Napageak2 [marked 1:06 PM]

09/06/2002 Napageak2 N70 46 10.0 W147 34 24.7 NAP2_90602a 9:22 AM Whale sighting

09/06/2002 Napageak2 N70 41 08.9 W147 20 04.7 NAP2_90602b 7:04 PM Whale sighting

09/06/2002 Napageak2 N70 39 49.9 W147 28 42.9 NAP2_90602c 7:34 PM Whale sighting

09/06/2002 Napageak2 N70 40 08.8 W147 26 42.1 NAP2_90602d 8:10 PM Location where whale was seen last

09/06/2002 Napageak3 N70 48 06.7 W147 23 27.1 NAP3_90602a 1:21 PM Not on track – reference point?

09/06/2002 Napageak3 N70 45 37.7 W147 10 55.9 NAP3_90602b 2:29 PM Not on track – reference point – in the area about 6PM

09/07/2002 Napageak2 N70 40 03.3 W147 23 40.6 NAP2_90702a 6:41 Possible whale sighting

09/09/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 35 05.6 W147 39 08.5 AA2_90902a 8:02 AM Small whale near ice – chance for Napageak3

09/09/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 39 58 W147 21 46.4 AA2_90902b 10:24 AM Saw many blows in this area

09/09/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 29 33.4 W147 43 12.0 AA2_90902c 4:32 PM Larger whale (45 feet) – seen by Napageak3 first

09/09/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 32 19.2 W147 46 15.4 AA2_90902d 5:57 PM Larger whale (45 feet) – probably same as AA2_90902c

09/09/2002 Napageak2 N70 34 42.5 w147 31 27.0 NAP2_90902a 8:12 AM Ahkiviana2 saw whale and broadcast coordinates. W coordinates ?

09/09/2002 Napageak2 N70 34 39.5 w147 38 29.7 NAP2_90902b 8:15 AM Ahkiviana2 saw whale and broadcast coordinates.

09/09/2002 Napageak2 N70 33 57.0 w147 24 12.2 NAP2_90902c 12:22 PM Took break on an ice floe – saw big polar bear

09/09/2002 Napageak2 N70 29 40.0 w147 23 44.4 NAP2_90902b 4:49 PM Ahkiviana2 saw whale, broadcast coordinates. Napageak2 was 22 miles out.

09/09/2002 Napageak2 N70 35 27.4 W147 35 37.6 NAP2_90902a 2:39 PM Reference point – meaning not known

09/09/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 34 55.0 W147 28 56.9 NUK2_90902a 8:00 AM Near where GPS turned on, but not on track – may be reference point

09/09/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 30 24.9 W147 35 16.0 NUK2_90902b 2:35 PM On track, significance not documented

09/09/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 30 09.0 W147 42 34.4 NUK2_90902c 5:13 PM Whale sighting – search area
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 47

Table 6: Waypoints Noted by Nuiqsut Whaling Crews, 2002 Cross Island Whaling Season (continued)

Date Crew Lat/Long Way Point # Time Notes

09/10/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 29 51.4 W148 18 36.7 5:32 PM Point marked 5:32 PM, in the area 5:52 PM – help disabled boat

09/11/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 31 35.6 W147 08 05.1 AA1_91102a 1:57 PM Reported seeing a whale, 12.8 miles NE of Narwhal

09/11/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 33 40.4 W146 49 40.5 AA1_91102b 4:48 PM Possible chance at whale [?]

09/11/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 34 52.4 W147 34 30.5 AA2_91102a 9:38 AM 1st whale of the day seen, est. at 30 feet

09/11/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 39 13.7 W147 21 08.5 AA2_91102b 10:57 AM 2nd whale of the day seen (could be same whale)

09/11/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 30 55.6 W147 16 22.4 AA2_91102c 2:43 PM Another whale seen

09/11/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 31 01.5 W147 19 24.2 AA2_91102d 3:40 PM Same whale as AA2_91102c

09/11/2002 Ahkiviana3 N70 34 50.9 W147 32 17.1 AA3_91102a 9:55 AM No explanation

09/11/2002 Ahkiviana3 N70 30 38.7 W147 07 17.4 AA3_91102b 2:11 PM Whale sighting – probably Ahkiviana1 whale NE of Narwhal Island

09/11/2002 Nukapagak1 N70 35 40.5 W147 06 49.5 NUK1_91102a 1:20 PM Whale sighting

09/11/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 33 07.3 W147 18 23.7 NUK2_91102a 10:46 AM 1st whale sighting (Ahkiviana2 – their AA2_91102a)

09/12/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 29 28.6 W147 20 46.1 AA1_91202a 12:47 PM whale sighting

09/12/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 30 32.8 W147 30 49.7 AA2_91202c 2:13 PM NA2 whale

09/12/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 30 42.3 W147 27 19.4 AA2_91202d 5:12 PM Probable whale sighting (may be same animal as AA2_91202c)

09/12/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 32 14.5 W147 31 19.8 AA2_91202e 7:41 PM Probable whale sighting (may be same animal as AA2_91202c)

09/12/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 29 21.5 W147 23 22.5 AA2_91202a 1:16 PM Coordinates from Ahkiviana1, not on track (close to AA1_91202a)

09/12/2002 Ahkiviana2 N70 30 03.6 W147 31 41.3 AA2_91202b 1:40 PM Coordinates from Nukapigak , not on track (closest to NA2_91202d)

09/12/2002 Napageak2 N70 25 24 W147 06 09 NA2_91202a 10:03 AM 1st whale seen (by Nukapigak2) , not marked

09/12/2002 Napageak2 N70 23 40.0 W146 52 07.3 NAP2_91202b 11:09 AM 2nd whale seen (by Nukapigak2) – on track

09/12/2002 Napageak2 N70 25 36.3 W146 46 09.9 NAP2_91202c 11:23 AM Blow seen

09/12/2002 Napageak2 N70 30 02.0 W147 31 41.0 NAP2_91202d 1:42 PM Coordinates entered for Nukapigak2 whale strike

09/12/2002 Napageak2 N70 30 37.1 W147 30 08.3 NAP2_91202e 2:52 PM Nukapigak2 whale after the strike

09/12/2002 Napageak2 N70 30 39.8 W147 16 30.1 NAP2_91202f 4:04 PM Where whale sunk (?)

09/12/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 30 19.6 W147 22 31.3 NUK2_91202a 12:44 PM Whale 1st seen

09/12/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 30 33.5 W147 31 05.7 NUK2_91202b 1:46 PM Whale struck with darting gun

09/12/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 30 33.1 W147 30 55.5 NUK2_91202c 2:02 PM Waypoint intermediate to NU2_91202b and NU2_91202d to mark whale

09/12/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 30 35.4 W147 30 48.6 NUK2_91202d 2:45 PM Whale sank (float came off)

09/13/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 30 31.7 W147 41 51.5 AA1_91302a 12:49 PM Blow seen 6.71 miles from CI – seen nearly every day

09/13/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 31 04.5 W147 41 05.0 AA1_91302b 12:56 PM 1st whale seen, followed, lost

09/13/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 30 03.6 W147 28 26.1 AA1_91302c 1:57 PM Whale observation

09/13/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 30 28.1 W147 28 30.1 AA1_91302d 2:00 PM Whale followed N – seen here or further N. Whale seen in same area 09/12

09/13/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 29 06.0 W147 11 12.6 AA1_91302e 5:33 PM Kill site/start of tow (Nukapigak2 whale)

09/13/2002 Napageak2 N70 29 37.4 W147 27 22.8 NAP2_91302a 2:09 PM Whale followed N seen here or further north

09/13/2002 Napageak2 N70 28 55.0 W147 10 33.0 NAP2_91302b NA Coordinates for Nukapigak whale

09/13/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 28 55.0 W147 10 43.6 NUK2_91302a 5:07 PM Whale struck with darting gun

09/13/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 29 16.7 W147 11 59.6 NUK2_91302b 6:05 PM Whale struck again – maybe killed

09/13/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 29 16.9 W147 12 00.3 NUK2_91302c 6:07 PM Whale killed/tow site
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 48

Table 6: Waypoints Noted by Nuiqsut Whaling Crews, 2002 Cross Island Whaling Season (continued)

Date Crew Lat/Long Way Point # Time Notes

09/15/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 30 13.4 W147 44 56.3 AA1_91502a 8:59 AM Area 1st whale seen (estimate)

09/15/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 30 52.4 W147 39 45.9 AA1_91502b 9:40 AM Two whales seen together

09/15/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 29 55.5 W147 37 59.9 AA1_91502c 11:43 AM Whaling event

09/15/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 31 09.3 W147 39 34.8 AA1_91502d 12:27 PM Whaling event with whale that was struck

09/15/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 31 00.2 W147 40 12.3 AA1_91502e 12:35 PM Whaling event with whale that was struck

09/15/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 30 57.2 W147 40 26.7 AA1_91502f 12:56 PM Whaling event with whale that was struck

09/15/2002 Ahkiviana1 N70 31 14.1 W147 40 28.2 AA1_91502g 2:03 PM Where whale sank (and when)

09/15/2002 Napageak1 N70 28 23.5 W 147 36 28.7 NAP1_91502a 9:57 AM 1st whale seen

09/15/2002 Napageak1 N70 31 14.8 W147 40 28.3 NAP1_91502b 2:03 PM Marks where struck whale sunk (2nd whale seen)

09/15/2002 Napageak2 N70 30 36.0 W147 43 12.0 NAP2_91502a 9:23 AM Coordinates given by Ahkiviana1

09/15/2002 Napageak2 N70 28 13.7 W147 36 20.4 NAP2_91502b 10:07 AM Coordinates given by Ahkiviana1

09/15/2002 Napageak2 N70 30 01.3 W147 38 12.6 NAP2_91502c 11:43 AM Prior point used as “GoTo” coordinates

09/15/2002 Napageak2 N70 30 29.6 W147 39 59.8 NAP2_91502d 12:11 PM Whale seen

09/15/2002 Napageak2 N70 3024.3 W147 39 34.1 NAP2_91502e 12:20 PM Whale struck

09/15/2002 Napageak2 N70 31 16.5 W147 40 27.1 NAP2_91502f 2:04 PM Float comes off whale/whale sunk

09/15/2002 Napageak2 N70 27 47.8 W147 33 14.4 NAP2_91502g 6:17 PM UNK

09/17/2002 Nukapigak2 N70 29 54.2 W147 35 59.9 NUK2_91702a 12:08 PM Dead whale position (Napageak whale)

NOTES: Shaded waypoint number indicates the point was not marked, but was described when the crew reviewed their track

Lack of a time for a waypoint indicates that the track for that day was flawed

Only those unmarked points specifically noted by crew members are included in table -- others may be noted on daily boat report forms
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 49

Other Subsistence Activities

Very little non-whaling subsistence activity was documented in either 2001 or 2002. For 2001,

hunters had been asked to report their other subsistence efforts and results, in terms of time

spent, species, number, and location in terms of GPS coordinates. Little such activity was

reported, other than for two or three seals taken by boat and a polar bear shot on Cross Island

itself. No GPS information was obtained for these activities. In 2002, only a few waypoints were

marked where other subsistence resources (mostly polar bear) were observed. Whalers did note

that they had seen seals and birds, but did not mark these points and generally described such

sightings as taking place where ice was encountered. While scouting for bowhead whales in

2002, Nuiqsut whalers saw a gray whale and a big polar bear in the same general area on 9/09/02

(near an ice floe), and noted a polar bear on 9/18/02. Relatively few polar bear were observed in

2002, even after whales had been landed and butchered on Cross Island. Two researchers

interested in observing polar bear behavior arrived on Cross Island 9/10/02, but the first polar

bear to be seen on Cross Island arrived 9/15. It was attracted to the fresh meat and blubber in the

boneyard. A whaler who had expressed a desire to take a bear, should the chance present itself,

shot this bear. Other polar bears were not seen on Cross Island until 9/18/02, when several were

seen on various parts of the island. At least one bear was seen on 9/19/02, and bears were no

doubt present from that point on. A few boat trips were taken to look around for seal or ducks,

but no harvest occurred.

Nuiqsut Whalers’ Observations and Perceptions of Whale Behavior

This section for the most part simply reproduces the material presented in the annual reports for

2001 and 2002. No additional effort has been expended in augmenting or reprocessing this

information. Nuiqsut whaling captains have requested that some treatment of their observations

from earlier whaling seasons be included in this or subsequent reports. Some effort was

expended in examining existing AEWC records for this purpose, and is reported below. Funding

limitations prevented much effort in this regard, and precluded any targeted interviewing on

these topics altogether. If MMS and the Nuiqsut whalers continue this research effort, this task

should be incorporated into the goals of the project.

The 2001 Cross Island Whaling Season

Weather and ice conditions in 2001 were much more challenging than in recent years, especially

when compared to 2000 (personal communication from Nuiqsut whalers during the 2001

whaling season). There was more ice, more marginal and outright poor whaling weather in terms

of fog and wind, and the whales themselves were fewer and farther out than in the past. The year

previous, Nuiqsut whalers had taken four whales in eight days total, with no days during which

they could not go out whaling. Nuiqsut whalers believe that whales in 2001 were behaving

differently than they had in past years. The following summary of their observations was

prepared upon their request (for submission as part of their report on the 2001 whaling season to
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 50

the AEWC), and was reviewed by the President of the NWCA prior to its inclusion in this report.

It is based on discussions with Nuiqsut whalers during 2001 (Galginaitis 2001).

• Nuiqsut whalers reported seeing far fewer whales during whale hunting trips in 2001 than in

previous years. When whales were observed, they were alone or with one or two other

animals. In previous years it was not unusual to see ten or twelve whales at one time.

• Nuiqsut whalers had to travel farther to find the relatively few whales that they did see. That

is, Nuiqsut whalers traveled farther from Cross Island than has been necessary in recent

years, and total miles traveled each day were greater in 2001 than in previous years.

• Those whales observed in 2001 were more skittish or “spookier” than in previous years.

There were at least three components mentioned as part of this pattern of behavior. First,

whales were observed to be staying around ice floes, rather than spending more time in open

water. That is, whales were described as “playing hide-and-seek” amidst the floating ice,

even though there was a significant amount of open water. Second, whales seemed to be

staying more on the surface, and swimming more on the surface, than in previous years. The

normal pattern from previous years was described as one where a whale would surface

briefly, with a noticeable “blow,” dive and swim for perhaps twenty minutes or so, surface

briefly again, dive, and so on. Third, the underwater paths of whales in 2001 were more

unpredictable than in previous years. In past years, whales tended to swim in straight paths

when they dived, and thus surfaced in predictable places. In 2001, they tended to turn when

underwater and thus surfaced in unpredictable locations.

• Perhaps related to this, whales were more difficult to spot in 2001 than in previous years.

“Blows” were not as observable, even in flat or calm waters, as in past years and at times

whalers could hear the “blows” from whales but still could not see them. Whalers reported

that the only time they observed “blows” was when they spooked whales out of the ice.

Whalers prefer not to hunt in this way, but found this was the only way to spot and follow

whales in 2001.

• Some whalers reported that, to them, the whales appeared to be skinnier (not as round) than

they had been in previous years. The second whale taken had an empty stomach.

• Whalers mentioned several possible causes for these differences in whale behavior:

• Oil and gas activities (and especially survey work for the offshore route for a natural gas

pipeline);

• Barge traffic associated with the Kaktovik Sewer and Water project;

• Killer whales offshore and to the east of Cross Island somewhere (these were not

observed, but it was hypothesized that they could be present, based on accounts by Elders

and past experience);

• Ice conditions in Canadian waters; and/or

• Other air or water traffic to the east of Cross Island.

The 2002 Cross Island Whaling Season

Weather and ice conditions in 2002 were more moderate than in 2001. There was not much ice

cover, or at least whalers reported encountering ice only sporadically. Ice cover was reported as

contributing to not being able to follow certain whales, but not to the same extent as in 2001.

Weather prevented scouting for whales on three days, as opposed to eight or nine in 2001. Thus,

while conditions were not as optimal as they had been in 2000, they were much more favorable
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 51

to whaling than in 2001. In terms of the same factors about which Nuiqsut whalers made

observations in 2001:

• Nuiqsut whalers reported seeing more whales during hunting trips in 2002 than in 2001.

While there were days when few or no whales were observed, there were also cases when

numerous whales were observed at the same time. This was reported to be more the “normal”

case than what was observed in 2001.

• Nuiqsut whalers could find whales relatively close to Cross Island (6 to 8 miles) but could

not always follow these whales. Whales could consistently be found within 15 to 20 miles.

At least one whale was consistently observed and reported at the same location on several

different days. Whales were harvested closer to Cross Island in 2002 than in 2001, but

whalers probably traveled as far on their trips in 2002 as in 2001.

• There were some observations of skittish or “spooky” whales. These behaviors were not

explicitly compared to those observed in 2001, however. It was noted that some whales

stayed around ice floes (as they had in 2001). No observations on surface versus subsurface

swimming were noted. Several crews were able to follow individual whales for several dives

before either losing the whale or being able to strike it, so that it seemed that crews were

better able to track whales in 2002 than in 2001.

• Two whales sunk after they were killed, and whalers did discuss what could account for this,

but no consensus (other than loss of buoyancy) was reached.

Cross Island Whaling Seasons Prior to 2001

Nuiqsut whalers specifically requested that some discussion of Cross Island whaling seasons

prior to 2001 be included in this final report. They reasoned that the two years of data collected

for this project, while useful, would not be adequate to demonstrate the variability they had

experienced while whaling near Cross Island. They recognize that the nature of the information

available for earlier whaling seasons is quite variable and is of a different nature than that

collected for this project, but are confident that it will enrich the interpretation of the data

obtained through this research effort. Nuiqsut whalers have been especially concerned with the

potential effects of oil and gas activities upon whale behavior and subsistence whaling success,

but also report on such limiting factors as poor weather, rough seas, and/or bad ice conditions.

Thus, although it was beyond the scope of this project, this information has been incorporated to

the limited extent possible (see “The Historical Context of Cross Island Whaling” above). Little

time and resources were devoted to its development, although additional effort in this regard will

add important historical contextual information for any continued monitoring effort.

Several days in Barrow were devoted to looking through the archival records of AEWC,

primarily reading statements of Nuiqsut whalers on their observations about whale behavior

during past Cross Island whaling seasons. Many or most of these focussed on the detrimental

effects of industrial activities on subsistence whaling, mainly through effects on whale behavior

(changing the migration route, making whales more nervous or difficult to approach, and so

forth). These reports also included notes on other factors (weather, sea conditions, and ice) that

the reporting whaler perceived as affecting the success of whaling for that particular season.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 52

Planned Future Activities

The original project was amended to include a third year of field work, for 2003. This fieldwork

has been completed. The information for the 2003 field season is not included in this “final”

report (except in comparative, summary form), nor was it expected to be. The information is

being processed and an annual report for the 2003 field season will be submitted to MMS in

August, 2004.

Results of the third field season and this “final” report will be presented to the North Slope

participants in the project some time in the last half of 2004 or early 2005. Galginaitis will make

a trip to Barrow and Nuiqsut for this purpose, but timing will depend on the completion of the

draft 2003 field season report and the advice of the Nuiqsut whalers. The most probable timing is

the fall/winter of 2004/05, after the 2004 fall whaling season. All information and software to

make use of it (MapSource) will also be transferred to the Nuiqsut whalers at this time, if it has

not already taken place in connection with the 2004 field season.

The Core Contractor has the responsibility for transferring the data collected into a standardized

data base. These data will be made available to MMS scientists and other researchers for

analysis. The GPS files on the included CD-ROM should suffice for this purpose.

The MMS intends to continue this research effort for an additional number of years through the

cANIMIDA project. This effort has been funded for at least three additional field seasons (2004,

2005, and 2006) and an inclusive final synthetic report incorporating the data from 2001-2006.

Annual reports for individual field seasons, reporting data collected, will also be produced as

internal documents.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 53

References Cited

Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC)

1995 Management Plan. Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission: Barrow.

Bockstoce, John R.

1986 Whales, Ice, and Men: The History of Whaling in the Western Arctic. University of

Washington Press: Seattle.

Brown, William E.

1979 Nuiqsut Paisanich: Nuiqsut Heritage, a Cultural Plan. Prepared for the Village of Nuiqsut

and the North Slope Borough Planning Commission and Commission on History and

Culture: Barrow.

Carnahan, John

1979 Cross Island: Inupiat Cultural Continuum. North Slope Borough: Anchorage.

Dumond, Don E.

1984 Prehistory of the Bering Sea region. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 5:

Arctic (pages 94-105). David Damas, editor. Smithsonian Institution: Washington D.C.

Galginaitis, Michael

1990 Subsistence Resource Harvest Patterns: Nuiqsut. Special Report No. 8. OCS Study MMS

90-0038. Prepared by Impact Assessment Inc. for the United States Department of the

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region: Anchorage.

Galginaitis, Michael; Claudia Chang; Kathleen M. MacQueen; Albert A. Dekin; and David

Zipkin

1984 Ethnographic Study and Monitoring Methodology of Contemporary Economic Growth,

Socio-Cultural Change and Community Development in Nuiqsut, Alaska. Technical

Report No. 96. Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region,

Leasing and Environment Office, Social and Economic Studies Unit. Anchorage.

Hoffman, David; David Libbey; and Grant Spearman

1987 Nuiqsut: Land Use Values Through Time in the Nuiqsut Area. North Slope Borough:

Barrow. Originally published in 1978 as Occasional Paper No. 12 by Anthropology and

Historic Preservation Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Alaska: Fairbanks.

Huntington, Henry P.

1992 Wildlife Management and Subsistence Hunting in Alaska. University of Washington

Press: Seattle.

Krupnik, Igor and Sam Stoker

1993 Subsistence Whaling. In J.J.Burns and J.J.Montague (eds.). The Bowhead Whale. Society

for Marine Biology, Special Publication 2, p.579-630.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 54

Long, Frank Jr.

1996 History of Subsistence Whaling by Nuiqsut in Proceedings of the 1995 Arctic Synthesis

Meeting. OCS Study MMS 95-0065, pages 73-76. United States Department of the

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region: Anchorage.

McCartney, Allen P.

1994 Whale size selection by precontact hunters of the North American western arctic and

subarctic. In Hunting the Largest Animals: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic and

Subarctic, edited by A.P. McCartney, pp. 83-108, Studies in Whaling No. 3, Occasional

Paper No. 36, Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

Rexford, Burton

1997 A Native’s View. Presented at a workshop sponsored by the Department of the Interior,

Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, in Barrow, Alaska.

http://www.mms.gov/alaska/native/rexford/rexford.htm

Smith, Roy J. (editor)

1980 Qiniqtuagaksrat Utuqqanaat Inuuniagninisiqun: The Traditional Land Use Inventory for

the Mid-Beaufort Sea, Volume 1. North Slope Borough Commission on History and

Culture: Barrow.

United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

National Marine Fisheries Service

1977 International Whaling Commission’s Deletion of Native Exemption for the Subsistence

Harvest of Bowhead Whales: Final Environmental Impact Statement. Two Volumes.

United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, np.

1978 Bowhead Whales: A Special Report to the International Whaling Commission. United

States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: np.

Wohlforth, Charles P.

2004 The Whale and the Supercomputer: On the Northern Front of Climate Change. North

Point Press, PLACE.

Worl, Rosita

1979 The North Slope Inupiat whaling complex in Alaska Native Culture and History.

Yoshinobu Kotani and William B. Workman, editors. Papers presented at the

International Symposium on the Culture History of the Alaska Natives (1978). Senri

Ethnological Studies, Volume 4. National Museum of Ethnology: Osaka.
Annual Assessment of Cross Island Whaling, 2001 and 2002: Final Report Page 55

Electronic Appendices

Annual Assessment of Subsistence Bowhead Whaling Near Cross Island, 2001 Annual Report

(ANIMIDA Task 4) – PDF file “AnRpt2001.pdf”

Annual Assessment of Subsistence Bowhead Whaling Near Cross Island, 2002 Annual Report

(ANIMIDA Task 4) – PDF file “AnRpt2002.pdf”

Individual Boat Track and Waypoint files for the Cross Island 2001 Whaling Season – “zip” file

“Trak01_m.zip” (Mapsource “mps” format) and “Trak01_d.zip” (dfx format).

Individual Boat Track and Waypoint files for the Cross Island 2002 Whaling Season – “zip” file

“Trak02_m.zip” (Mapsource “mps” format) and “Trak02_d.zip” (dfx format).

Data Logger file from Cross Island weather station for 2002 in Excel format – file

“CI2002WF,xls”

PDF format files containing displays of combined whale boat GPS tracks for all days on which at

least one boat went scouting for whales:

File “Days2001.pdf” for 2001 and file “Days2002.pdf” for 2002

MapSource (gdb) files for the combined whale boat GPS tracks for all days on which at least one

boat went scouting for whales, archived in “zip” files:

“Days01_m.zip”

“Days02_m.zip”