OCS Study 

MMS 96-0057 

Ecosystem Analysis of the 

Louisiana Bight and 

Adjacent Shelf Environments 

Volume II : Bibliography of Ecological Studies 

LOUISIANA 

M1ssissiPPl River 

LOUISIANA BIGHT 

U.S. De partment of the Interior 

bw Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 
OCS Study 

MMS 96-0057 

Ecosystem Analysis of the 

Louisiana Bight and 

Adjacent Shelf Environments 

Volume II : Bibliography of Ecological Studies 

Author 

Robert R . Twilley 

Prepared under MMS Cooperative Agreement 

14-35-0001-30696 

by 

University of Southwestern Louisiana 

Department of Biology 

Lafayette, Louisiana 70506 

Published by 

U .S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service New Orleans 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region November 1996 
DISCLAIMER 

This report was prepared under a cooperative agreement between the University of 

Southwestern Louisiana (USL) and the Minerals Management Service (MMS). This report 

has been technically reviewed by USL and MMS, and it has been approved for publication. 

Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the 

Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement 

or recommendation for use. It is, however, exempt from review and compliance with 

MMS editorial standards. 

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Extra copies of this report may be obtained from the Public Information Office (Mail Stop 

5034) at the following address: 

U.S . Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 

Attention : Public Information Office (MS 5034) 

1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, Louisiana 70123-2394 

Telephone: (504) 736-2519 or 

1-800-200-GULF 

CITATION 

Suggested citation : 

Twilley, R.R. 1996. Ecosystem Analysis of the Louisiana Bight and Adjacent Shelf 

Environments. Volume II : Bibliography of Ecological Studies. OCS Study MMS 

96-0057 . U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of 

Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, La. 124 pp. 

m 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vu 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Annotated Bibliography 

Benthos and Other Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Bibliographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

Biogeochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Birds and Mammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

Ecosystem Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

Geology of the Gulf of Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

Hypoxia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

Macroalgae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

Microbial Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

Nekton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

Physical Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

Phytoplankton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

Zooplankton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 

Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 

v 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

I would like to especially thank Ms. Claudia Munoz for her skills in organizing and 

producing this bibliography . Claudia did an excellent job of keeping the sources in order 

and directing the graduate students in search of missing citations. This project supported 

several graduate students that were responsible for gathering the bibliographic materials in 

this report . They include John Bourgeois, Washington Cardenas, and Jorge Espinoza. 

John and Washington both completed Master of Science degrees at USL during this project 

with significant contributions to understanding nutrient dynamics in continental margin 

ecosystems. Dr. Silvia Pelegri, a post doctoral associate supported by NECOP funding, 

also assisted on the project providing summaries of most of the articles on benthic biology. 

The Interlibrary loan office at Dupree Library on the campus of University of Southwestern 

Louisiana was very helpful in assisting with this bibliography . Other library resources for 

this project include the National Biological Service Southern Science Center in Lafayette, 

and LUMCON library located at the LUMCON Marine Center in Chauvin, Louisiana. 

Both of these libraries offered CD-rom search facilities and citation indices. 

vu 
INTRODUCTION 

This second volume of a report to the Mineral Management Service (MMS) is to support 

efforts toward a focus on understanding ecosystem processes and environmental impacts of 

the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) in the Gulf of Mexico. Three of the six 

recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC) panel for future Environmental 

Studies Programs (ESP) of MMS refer to the use of ecosystem analysis to evaluate 

environmental impacts of oil exploration in the OCS. 

1) The ESP should support more ecological process-oriented studies and studies of 

ecological relationships designed to predict environmental impacts of OCS oil and 

gas activities . 

2) Models are important for understanding ecosystem processes and environmental 

impacts of OCS activities . However, the development of models requires 

observational data for verification, and use of models does not replace the need for 

further work in the assessment of environmental impacts of OCS activities . 

3) MMS should sharpen its focus on the specific scientific hypotheses underlying 

its strategies for the acquisition of information so that the information can be 

incorporated into regional study plans, and should strive to integrate regional study 

plans across disciplines and regions. 

Information needs as described in this NRC report to develop process-oriented research 

programs include evaluations of mechanisms that control the distribution of populations 

and communities such as trophic links between benthic habitats and pelagic communities. 

In addition, one of the major goals of this process-oriented program should be to improve 

predictive capability for ecosystem modeling. These ecosystem models should help 

identify critical data gaps and processes that must be understood to predict accurately the 

possible environmental impacts of OCS activities . 

This bibliography was designed to help evaluate background information on many of the 

ecological processes of the OCS ecosystem of the Louisiana-Texas coast. There have been 

several excellent reviews and bibliographies concerning the ecology of the Gulf of Mexico, 

with particular focus on specific trophic levels or environmental impacts (Geyer 1950; 

Galtsoff 1954; El-Sayed et al . 1972; Gallaway and Lewbel 1982; Gallaway 1981 ; Renaud, 

1985 ; Johnson et al . 1989). The more ecological of these reviews are the classic works by 

Galtsoff (1954) and El Sayed et al . (1972), that include information on the ecological 

processes of the OCS. In most of these reviews, ecological processes are not given 

specific categories or indices, but are imbedded in more trophic level categories of the 

ecosystem. Gallaway (1981) reviewed the characteristic biological assemblages and trophic 

processes of OCS to develop an ecosystem overview of these ecological processes. While 

this study focussed specifically on faunal assemblages, it is an example of how information 

on the ecology of OCS can be organized into the process-oriented approach to understand 

ecosystem dynamics and impacts. In the bibliography in this volume, ecological processes 

such as Biogeochemistry, Ecosystem Analysis, and Microbial Ecology are included as 

specific groups of citations along with more traditional entries such as Nekton, Benthos, 

and Zooplankton. In the subject index, many specific ecological processes are listed with 

cross reference to the citations in all the major groups . To help find a specific reference, 

also included is an Author Index. The conceptual model used as a focus of this project is 

given in Figure 1 . A couple of recent research programs have been developed to focus on 
these and other processes of the OCS ecosystem in the Louisiana-Texas region ; and some 

of the recent products of these programs are described in this review (e.g . NECOP 

program, volume 17 of Estuaries, 1994). 

Not all of the 571 entries in this bibliography are annotated. Those considered more 

significant to understanding ecological process rather than systematic or chemical 

nomenclature are described as to their contribution to understanding ecosystem dynamics. 

This review is certainly not intended as a bibliographic list of taxonomic entries or reviews, 

with more emphasis on ecological processes. Physical, chemical, and geologic 

oceanography of the OCS are considered fundamental processes of any shelf ecosystem 

and an attempt was made to include those citations that contribute to understanding the 

Louisiana-Texas OCS. Geologic and physical oceanography are given individual 

categories, while chemical oceanography is included in the Biogeochemistry section. 

Impacts such as hypoxia, and oil and gas contamination are listed throughout the individual 

categories depending on trophic level or ecological process that is affected. The Subject 

Index can be used to find entries that deal with these interactions (eg. Petroleum Operations 

or Hypoxia). Thus the Subject Index rather than the broad categories used to organize the 

citations may be most useful in finding citations concerning a particular ecological process 

or impact by oil and gas activities . The objective of this bibliography is to present a 

summary of available references that focus on ecological processes of contiental shelf 

ecosystems. 

This analysis does not include citations that describe the ecology of estuarine areas but only 

OCS. However, there are a few citations that include information on the coupling of 

nearshore environments with OCS. There is a wealth of information on the ecosystem 

processes of Louisiana and Texas estuaries, but only those that may impact shelf processes 

are included . There are citations from the Mississippi Sound and OCS of Alabama as part 

of the Central Gulf of Mexico Region. These studies were included since they also 

represent some of the ecological processes of OCS as influenced by the Mississippi River 

plume. 

To use this bibliography, the reader may want to first peruse the basic categories of 

references using the Table of Contents. Within each category, the references are listed in 

alphabetical order and then chronologically. A reference locator number is assigned to each 

citation under the categories in sequence. Second, location of references that deal with a 

specific ecological process may be found by using the Subject Index. Each citation in the 

Subject Index is listed by reference number (reference locator) along with authors last name 

and date of publication. A full reference and annotation can be found for that citation by 

finding the entry using the reference number (again by sequence of presentation in the 

bibliography). Finally, citations made be found by Author Index, where again the 

reference number is used along with authors last name and date. The use of a general 

category system along with a more specific Subject Index, along with reference locator 

number, was decided as the best presentation of the literature with the theme of describing 

ecological processes of ecosystems. A copy of all citations are also organized on computer 

disk with Pro-Cite (PC version) and Endnotes (Macintosh version). A list of keywords is 

given for each citation that allows for more subject indexing than presented in this 

bibliography . This may also improve locating specific topics of the literature reviewed. 

2 
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

BENTHOS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES 

1 . Andersen, H.V. 1961 . Foraminifera of the mudlumps, lower Mississippi River 

delta. Geological Bulletin 35 : 1-208. 

2 . Bandy, O.L. 1956. Ecology of foraminifera in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 274-G. 

3 . Barret, B.B. and M.C. Gillespie. 1973 . Primary factors which influence 

commercial shrimp production in coastal Louisiana. Technical Bulletin 9: 1-28. 

The effects of environmental factors such as water temperature, freshwater discharge, 

and salinity are related to the commercial shrimp production of Louisiana. A 

prediction of the May brown shrimp production can be made based on total hours 

surface water temperatures are below 20°C. 

4 . Carlgren, O. and J.W. Hedgpeth. 1951 . Actiniaria, Zoantharia and Ceriantharia 

from shallow water in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute 

of Marine Science 2: 143-172 . 

Three orders of anemones from Texas and Louisiana shallow waters are described. 

Environmental characteristics associated to each order is also discussed, and key to 

species identification is provided. 

5 . Chapman, P.M., E.A. Power, R.N. Dexter, and H.B. Andersen. 1991 . Evaluation 

of effects associated with an oil platform, using the sediment quality triad. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10: 407-424. 

The authors studied the effects of oil and gas production platforms, near Matagorda 

Bay (Gulf of Mexico), on the macrobenthic community. Heavy metals and 

hydrocarbons were measured at various stations . Stations within 25 m of the 

platforms showed a lower taxa richness, total abundance and specific taxa abundance 

compared to more remote stations . However, there was no evidence of depauperate 

fauna near the platforms, such as might be expected if significant adverse effects 

were manifest in situ . 

6. Chitwood, B.G. 1954. Echinoderida of the Gulf of Mexico . Fishery Bulletin No. 

89. 55 : 311 . 

7. Chitwood, B.G. and R.W. Timm. 1954. Free-living nematodes of the Gulf of 

Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55: 313-323. 

Clark, A.H. 1954. Echinoderms (other than holothurians) of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 373-379. 

9. Coe, W.R. 1954. The nemertean fauna of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 

89 . 55 : 303-309. 

3 
10. Cooper, G.A. 1954. Brachiopods occurring in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery 

Bulletin No 89 . 55 : 363-365. 

11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M.E. and G.T. Rowe. 1991 . Benthic biomass gradients on the TexasLouisiana shelf, pp. 145-149 . In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . 

Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M 

University, Galveston, Texas. 

This study reports preliminary results of macrofauna and bacterial biomass related to 

environmental factors such as depth, distance from the Mississippi River, primary 

productivity, and organic carbon concentration in the sediments. 

12 . Defenbaugh, R. E. 1976. A study of the benthic macroinvertebrates of the 

continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D.Thesis. Texas A&M 

University . 476 pp. 

An extensive study is presented on the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. The fauna was described for four subareas that covered 

from the Mexican coast to the northeastern Gulf. Bathymetric distribution of each 

species has been indicated as occurring in shallow (0-30 m), mid-depth (30-90 m), 

and deep (90-200 m) water. 

13. Deichman, E. 1954. The holothurians of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 

89. 55: 381-410. 

14. Dortch, Q., C. Pham, N.N. Rabalais, and R.E. Turner . 1991 . Respiration rates in 

bottom waters of the Louisiana shelf, pp. 140-144. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal 

Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, 

Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas . 

This study presents a preliminary description of the spatial and temporal variability 

of water column respiration rates measured enzymatically on the Louisiana 

continental shelf. 

15 . Farrell, D. 1974. Benthic communities in the vicinity of oil producing wells on the 

shallow Louisiana continental shelf. Gulf Univ. Res. Consortium. Offshore 

Ecological Investigation. 52 pp. 

16. Farrell, D.H. 1974. Benthic ecology of Timbalier Bay, Louisiana, and adjacent 

offshore areas in relation to oil production . Ph.D. Thesis . Florida State University . 

Tallahassee, Fl. 

17. Farrell, D.H. 1979. Benthic molluscan and crustacean communities in Louisiana, 

pp. 401-436. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology 

investigation. William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing the species diversity, faunal similarities and 

biomass relations of benthic communities in the study region . 

18. Flint, R.W. 1981 . Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf benthos: 

macroinfaunal-environmental relationships. Biological Oceanography 1 : 135-155. 

4 
Several environmental variables were identified that may be influencing the 

distribution of macroinfauna off the coast of Texas. The sediment characteristics 

played a major role in structuring the benthos. However, other factors such as water 

depth, temperature and food sources influenced the infaunal assemblages. 

19 . Flint, R.W. and J.S . Holland. 1980. Benthic infaunal variability on a transect in the 

Gulf of Mexico. Estuarine, Coastal and Marine Science 10: 1-14. 

20 . Fotheringham, N. 1981 . Observations on the effects of oil field structures on their 

biotic environment: platform fouling community. In B.S . Middleditch. 

Environmental effects of offshore oil production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field 

study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

The fouling community, its planktonic larvae, and its predators were investigated at 

the Buccaneer Field (Texas), in an effort to determine the structure of the fouling 

community and its regulating factors. 

21 . Franks, J.S ., J.Y. Christmas, W.L. Siler, R. Corns, and C. Burns. 1972. A study 

of nektonic and benthic faunas of the shallow Gulf of Mexico off the State of 

Mississippi. Gulf Research Reports iv-148 . 

This article is a seasonal study of the nektonic and benthic faunas of the Gulf of 

Mexico off Mississippi, from January 1967 to May 1969. Data of the salinity, 

temperature, water nutrients, light penetration depth and sediment characteristics are 

given together with the species composition, abundance and distribution . 

22 . Gaston, G.R. and J.C . Young. 1992 . Effects of contaminants of macrobenthic 

communities in the upper Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 49: 922-928 . 

The macrobenthic population of the Calcasieu Estuary, near Lake Charles (Louisiana) 

was studied. The area was stressed by low dissolved oxygen and concentrations of 

several metal contaminants . The benthic community (species number and number of 

individuals) and presence of heavy metals generally were inversely correlated. 

23 . George, R.Y. and P.J . Thomas. 1979. Biofouling community dynamics in 

Louisiana shelf oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 553-574. In C.H. Ward, 

M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh 

Rice University, Houston, TX . 

Research results of the OEI describing the standing stock and population densities of 

the fouling communities on submerged oil platforms in the study region . 

24. Greiner, G.O.G. 1970. Distribution of major benthonic foraminiferal groups in the 

Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. Micropalaeontology 16 : 83-101 . 

Distribution of three major groups of benthonic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico 

Holocene continental shelf sediments is presented and discussed in relation to broad 

environmental factors, temperature, salinity and depth. 

5 
25 . Harper, D.E., Jr., D.L. Potts, R.R. Salzer, R.J . Case, R.L. Jaschek, and C.M. 

Walker. 1981 . Distribution and abundance of macrobenthic and meiobenthic 

organisms. In B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore oil production . 

The Buccaneer gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

This study was directed to determine if the Buccaneer Field (Texas) structures or 

associated production activities had an effect on the population size, faunal 

composition, or distribution of the benthic organisms . Some aspect of the platforms 

effected a macrobenthic abundance decrease, restricted to an area within 50-100 m of 

the platform. However, it was not clear whether the effect was due to toxic 

substances, substrate disturbance due to currents eddying around the platform, or 

some other cause. 

26 . Hartman, O. 1954. Polychactous annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 

No 89. 55: 413-417. 

27 . Hedgpeth, J.W. 1953 . An introduction to the zoogeography of the northwestern 

Gulf of Mexico with reference to the invertebrate fauna. Publications of the Institute 

of Marine Science 3: 107-223 . 

An extensive review of the invertebrate zoogeography of the northwestern Gulf of 

Mexico from the cretaceous to present time is described. Different geomorphologic 

and hydrodynamics characteristics are related to observed faunistic communities 

present in this region . 

28 . Hedgpeth, J.W. 1954. Bottom communities of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery 

Bulletin No 89. 55: 203-214 . 

Summary of existing information on the benthic communities of the Gulf of Mexico 

in the shelf margin zones. 

29 . Hopper, B.E. 1961a. Marine nematodes from the coast line of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Canadian Journal of Zoology 39: 183-199 . 

A collection of marine nematodes from two locations, the Alabama and the Florida 

coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and collected during the years 1957-1958, were reported 

in this article. From the 14 species described, 9 were described as new. Changes in 

the taxonomic classification of some of the species were included . 

30. Hopper, B.E. 1961b. Marine nematodes from the coast line of the Gulf of Mexico 

II . Canadian Journal of Zoology 39 : 359-365 . 

Marine nematoda from the Alabama coast of the Gulf of Mexico are reported in this 

article. A new species was described, and changes in the taxonomic classification of 

other species were included . A key for the species of the genus Rhynchonema was 

provided. 

31 . Hopper, B.E. 1963. Marine nematodes from the coast line of the Gulf of Mexico 

III. Additional species from Gulf Shores, Alabama. Canadian Journal of Zoology 

41 : 841-863 . 

6 
Ten free-living marine nematoda, including two new genera, seven new species, and 

a new subspecies were recorded from the coast of Alabama. Keys to the genera 

Ditlevsenella, Axonolaimus and Synodontium were presented. 

32. Kornfeld, M.M. 1931 . Recent Gulf coastal foraminifera of Texas and Louisiana. 

Bull. Geol . Soc. Am. 42 : 371 . 

33. Lankford, R.R. 1959. Distribution and ecology of foraminifera from east 

Mississippi Delta margin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 

43 : 2068-2099. 

34. MacDonald, I.R., G.S . Boland, J.S . Baker, J.M. Brooks, I. Kennicutt M.C., and 

R.R. Bidigare. 1989. Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seep communities. II .Spatial 

distribution of seep organisms and hydrocarbons at Bush Hill . Marine Ecology 101 : 

235-245 . 

The distribution of a chemosynthetic tube worms and a methane-oxidizing mussel 

was studied in a seep community on the continental slope off Louisiana. The authors 

found a significative correlation between abundance of tube worms and extractable 

organic matter and, between mussels abundance and methane concentrations . 

35 . Manter, H.W. 1954. Trematoda of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 

55 : 335-350. 

36 . Ostrom, C.L. 1979. The distribution of recent foraminifera in Timbalier Bay, 

Louisiana, pp . 447-471 . In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore 

ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing the distribution and abundance of foraminifera 

in the study region . 

37 . Parker, R.H. 1956. Macroinvertebrate assemblages as indicators of sedimentary 

environments in east Mississippi Delta region . American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Bulletin 40: 295-376. 

38 . Parker, R.H., A.L. Crowe, and L.S. Bohme. 1980. Describe living and dead 

benthic (macro-meio) communities. Vol I, pp. 103. In W.B . Jackson and G.M. Faw. 

Biological/chemical survey of Texoma and Capline sector salt dome brine disposal 

sites off Louisiana, 1978-1979. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFC-25 Natl. Tech. 

Inf. Serv., Springfield, VA. 

39. Parker, R.H. and J .R. Curray . 1956. Fauna and bathymetry of banks on the 

continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists 40 : 2428-2439. 

A more detailed account of the bathymetry and fauna characteristics of several 

calcareous banks on the continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico is 

presented. These characteristics are used to speculate the original formation of these 

banks . 

7 
40. Pequegnat, W.E. and et . al . 1983 . The ecological communities of the continental 

slope and adjacent regimes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Minerals Management 

Service. PB84-113406. 

This study describes and discusses the ecological nature and distribution of the 

macroepibenthic assemblages that occur in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the 

significance of the potential impacts on the deep macrobenthic communities of oil and 

gas exploration and production . 

41 . Phleger, F.B . 1939. Foraminifera cores from the continental slope . Bull. Geol. 

Soc. Amer. 50: 1395 . 

42 . Phleger, F.B . 1951 . Ecology of foraminifera, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Part I. 

Foraminifera distribution . Geological Society of America, Memoir 46: 1-88. 

43 . Phleger, F.B. 1954. Ecology of foraminifera and associated microorganisms from 

Mississippi Sound and environments. American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Bulletin 38 : 584-647 . 

44 . Phleger, F.B. 1955. Ecology of foraminifera in southeastern Mississippi Delta area. 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 39: 712-752. 

45 . Phleger, F.B. 1956. Significance of living foraminiferal populations along the 

central Texas coast. Contributions, Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research 

9: 106-151 . 

46. Phleger, F.B. and F.L. Parker . 1954. Gulf of Mexico foraminifera. Fishery 

Bulletin No 89. 55: 235-241 . 

Summary of information concerning both benthic and planktonic foraminifera in the 

Gulf of Mexico. 

47 . Price, W.A. 1954. Oyster reefs of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 

491. 

48 . Pulley, T.E. 1952. A zoogeographic study based on the bivalves of the Gulf of 

Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis . Harvard University . Cambridge, Mass. 

49. Ragan, J.G. 1975. Benthic macroinvertebrates, pp. 40. In J.G. Gosselink, et al. 

Environmental assessment of a Louisiana offshore oil port and appurtenant pipeline 

and storage facility, Vol. n, Append. Final report to Louisiana Offshore Oil, New 

Orleans, LA. 

Benthic macroinvertebrates were surveyed once every two months from June 1973 to 

March 1974 off Louisiana coast. Mean number of benthic invertebrates decreased as 

sampled depth increased. Polychaetes numerically dominated the samples . Greatest 

density appears to be from nearshore stations closest to the Mississippi River. 

50. Rehder, H.A. 1954. Mollusks . Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 469-474. 

8 
51 . Rezak, R., S.R. Gittings, and T.J . Bright . 1990. Biotic assemblages and ecological 

controls on reefs and banks of the northwest Gulf of Mexico. American Zoologist 

30: 23-35 . 

This paper summarizes the results of investigations of the ecology of reefs and banks 

in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The authors classified and characterized the 

banks in function of geologic and biologic criteria. Biotic zonation of the banks was 

primarily depth related. However substrate characteristics and, climatical and 

hydrological factors affected the community structure of the various zones. 

52 . Rowe, G.T. 1971 . Benthic biomass and surface productivity, pp. 441-454. In 

J.J .D. Costlow. Fertility of the sea. Gordon & Breach Science, New York, 

London, Paris. 

The rate of decrease in animal biomass with depth was studied in waters of the 

Pacific off Peru, the Atlantic off Brazil and the temperate north Atlantic (southern 

Gulf of Mexico), in order to infer the effects of surface production on the bottom 

fauna. The rates of decrease in animal density were greatest where surface 

productivity varied markedly in an offshore direction (Brazil), compared to areas 

where productivity varied to a lesser degree (Gulf of Mexico, Peru) . The data, and 

comparable literature data from other regions, suggested that while depth exerts the 

most stringent effects, surface productivity ranked second in controlling benthic 

biomass. The authors discuss as well the effect of the oxygen minimum zone in the 

upwelling region off Peru on benthic biomass . 

53 . Rowe, G.T., G.S. Boland, and W.C. Phoel. 1991 . Benthic community oxygen 

demand and nutrient regeneration in sediments near the Mississippi River plume, pp. 

136-139. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number 

TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas . 

Benthic community oxygen consumption and nutrient regeneration were measured in 

cores incubated aboard ship and in situ benthic chambers. This study was done to 

quantify net carbon and nitrogen remineralization in bottom waters near the 

Mississippi River plume. 

54. Rowe, G.T. and D.W. Menzel. 1971 . Quantitative benthic samples from the deep 

Gulf of Mexico with some comments on the measurement of deep-sea biomass. 

Bulletin of Marine Science 21 : 556-566. 

Benthic fauna communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico were surveyed from anchor 

dredge samples and by photography . Survey showed that deep-sea benthos of the 

Gulf is depauperate in number and biomass relative to other basins . 

55. Rowe, G.T ., P.T. Polloni, and S .G. Homer. 1974. Benthic biomass estimates 

from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and the northern Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea 

Research 21 : 641-650. 

Estimates have been made of the biomass and abundance of macrobenthic 

invertebrates off the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of the United States . Based 

on these estimates, it is concluded that deep-sea life is more abundant in the Atlantic 

than in the Gulf. 

9 
56. Smith, F.G.W. 1954. Biology of commercial sponges . Fishery Bulletin No 89 . 

55 : 263-266. 

57. Stanton, R.J ., Jr. and I. Evans . 1972. Recognition and interpretation of modern 

molluscan biofacies, pp. 203-222. In R. Rezak and V.J . Henry. Contributions on 

the geological and geophysical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing 

Company, Houston, TX. 

This study presents an analysis of the community distribution of shelled mollusks 

south and east of the Mississippi delta. Community distribution is also related to 

hydrology and sedimentary processes. 

58. Tierney, J.Q. 1954. The porifera of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 

55 : 259-261 . 

59. U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. 1992. Executive 

summary. Chemosynthetic ecosystems study literature review and data synthesis. 

OCS Study MMS 92-0033 . U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management 

Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office, New Orleans, La. 

60. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. 1993 . Interim Report. 

Chemosynthetic ecosystems studies. OCS Study MMS 93-0032. U.S . Dept. of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office, New 

Orleans, La. 

61 . Waller, R.S. 1979. Pelagic, epibenthic, and infaunal invertebrates of Timbalier Bay 

and offshore environment, pp. 529-536. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . 

Reish. The offshore ecology investigation. William Marsh Rice University, 

Houston, TX . 

Research results of the OEI describing the distribution and biomass of invertebrate 

fauna in benthic and water column environments of the study region . 

62. Willis, E.R. 1942. Some mud shrimps of the Louisiana coast. Occasional Papers, 

Marine Laboratory, Louisiana State University 2: 1-6. 

63 . Yingst, J.Y. and D.C . Rhoads . 1985 . The structure of soft-bottom benthic 

communities in the vicinity of the Texas Flower Garden Banks, Gulf of Mexico. 

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 20: 569-592. 

Benthic community structures and associated sediments were studied in the vicinity 

of the Texas Flower Garden Banks from box cores in June 1980. Moderate to low 

standing stocks of benthos, dominated by meiofaunal-size taxa suggest that the Gulf 

of Mexico area is relatively oligotrophic for infaunal benthic consumers. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIES 

64. Geyer, R.A. 1950. A bibliography on the Gulf of Mexico. The Texas Journal of 

Science 2:44-93 . 

10 
65. Johnson II, W.C., D.J . DiCristoforo, and N.W. Clayton. 1989. Environmental 

studies program bibliography 1973-1987 . OCS Study MMS 89-0087 . U.S. Dept. 

of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Branch of Environmental Studies. 

This report updates citations from the Minerals Management Service headquarters and 

the four regional offices of Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific, and Alaska. Citations 

include reports and publications created from MMS-funded studies. 

66 . Russell, R. and C.F. Dohm. 1936. Bibliography. Louisiana Geological Survey 

Bulletin 8: 279-320. 

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 

67 . Adams, C.E., J.T. Wells, and J.M. Coleman. 1982. Sediment transport on the 

central Louisiana continental shelf: implications for the developing Atchafalaya River 

delta. Contributions in Marine Science 25 : 133-148. 

The purpose of this paper is to report on the implications of some near-bottom current 

measurements made on the continental shelf offshore of the developing Atchafalaya 

River delta. Analysis of the paper includes a relationship between the flow and the 

sediment transport fields . 

68 . Aizenshtat, Z., M.J . Baedecker, and I.R. Kaplan. 1973 . Distribution and diagenesis 

of organic compounds in JOIIDES sediment from Gulf of Mexico and western 

Atlantic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37: 1881-1898 . 

The results of this study indicate that degradation and diagenesis of organic matter 

occurs in steps. The different factors controlling the fate of the organic matter in the 

aquatic environment are discussed. The authors reported land-derived organic matter 

at distances over 1000 km from the coast, suggesting that terrigenous organic matter 

may be more common at great distance from continents than previously assumed. 

69. Alberts, J. 1970. Inorganic controls of dissolved phosphorus in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Ph.D. Thesis. Florida State University . 89 pp. 

70. Alcazar, F., M.C. Kennicutt II, and J.M. Brooks . 1989. Benthic tars in the Gulf of 

Mexico: chemistry and sources. Organic Geochemistry 14: 433. 

Benthic tars were collected in the Gulf of Mexico, between Texas and Florida, and 

analyzed. The composition of these tars indicated that they source were oils produced 

in other areas of the world that have been transported into the Gulf of Mexico by man 

or natural agents . 

71 . Ammerman, J.W. 1991 . Seasonal variation in phosphate turnover in the Mississippi 

River plume and the inner Gulf shelf: rapid summer turnover, pp. 69-75. In Nutrient 

Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea 

Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

Evidence of seasonal variation of phosphate turnover rates and alkaline phosphatase 

activity is presented for the Mississippi River plume and inner Gulf of Mexico shelf. 

11 
72 . Anderson, J.B., R.B. Wheeler, and R.R. Schwarzer. 1981 . Sedimentology and 

geochemistry of recent sediments. In B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of 

offshore oil production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New 

York, NY. 

This investigation reports the effect that exploration/production activities at the 

Buccaneer Gas and Oil Field (Texas), have in trace metal contamination of the 

surrounding environment. The authors found that what little potential impact was 

identified in the zone, is being mitigated by natural processes. 

73. Anderson, P.S ., G.J . Wasserburg, J. Ingri, and M.C. Stordal . 1994 . Strontium, 

dissolved and particulate loads in fresh and brackish waters : the Baltic Sea and 

Mississippi Delta. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 124: 195-210. 

The isotopic composition of Sr and major elements in dissolved and suspended loads 

of fresh and brackish waters of the Baltic Sea and Mississippi Delta is presented. 

The contribution of different parent rocks and minerals to Sr during weathering and 

the role of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides in the redistribution of Sr in the water column is 

also analyzed. 

74. Armstrong, D.W. 1974. Some dynamics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the 

marine shelf environment of the Mississippi fan. Master Thesis . Texas A&M 

University . 79 pp. 

75. Armstrong, R.S . 1981 . Transport and dispersion of potential contaminants . In: 

B.S. Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore oil production . The Buccaneer 

gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

The author created a model to describe the spread and movement of potential 

contaminants that enter the water from petroleum operations, at the Buccaneer Gas 

and Oil Field (Texas). The distribution of three kinds of pollutants : dissolved and 

suspended materials, floating and surface pollutants and, sinking particulate 

contaminants is discussed under different hydrologic regimes . The importance of 

sediment resuspension is evaluated. 

76. Baskaran, M. and P.H. Santschi . 1993 . The role of particles and colloids in the 

transport of radionuclides in coastal environments of Texas. Marine Chemistry 43: 

95-114. 

The role of colloidal material in the scavenging of Z1oPb and 7Be was tested in an 

ultrafiltration experiment using spiked 7Be and z1oPb isotopes . Filtration through 0.5 

gm pore size filters was used to separate radionuclides associated with particles. 

77 . Behrens, E.W. 1981 . Total organic carbon and carbon isotopes of sediments. In 

B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore oil production . The Buccaneer 

gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

The author assesses the alterations of the sedimentary organic matter at the Buccaneer 

Gas and Oil Field (Texas), resulted from drilling and producing operations, by using 

stable carbon isotopes . The most obvious effect of the oil field studied was the 

erosion of sediments within the field. 

12 
78. Behrens, E.W. and et . al . 1979. Sediment texture. In R.W. Flint and C.W. 

Griffin. Environmental studies, south Texas outer continental shelf, biology and 

chemistry, chapter 7. 1977 Final Report to the Bureau of Land Management. 

The purpose of this study was to provide substrate textural data for benthic organism 

studies . 

79. Benner, R., G. Chin-Leo, W. Gardner, B. Eadie, and J . Cotner. 1991 . The fates 

and effects of riverine and shelf-derived DOM on Mississippi River plume/Gulf shelf 

processes, pp. 84-94. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication 

number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, 

Galveston, Texas. 

This study describes the fate of DOM in the Mississippi River plume/Gulf shelf and 

its relationship with biological processes such as phytoplankton and bacterioplankton 

production . 

80. Benoit, G., S .D. Oktay-Marshall, A. Cantu n, E.M . Hood, C.H. Coleman, M.O. 

Corapcioglu, and P.H. Santschi . 1994. Partitioning of Cu, Pb, Ag, Zn, Fe, Al, and 

Mn between filter-retained particles, colloids, and solution in six Texas estuaries. 

Marine Chemistry 45 : 307-336. 

Trace metals concentrations were 5-10 times higher than at the open ocean. Trace 

metals on suspended particles were derived from resuspended bottom sediments. 

81 . Betzer, P.R. and M.E. Pilson . 1971 . Particulate iron and the nepheloid layer in the 

western north Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research 18: 

753-761 . 

Particulate iron concentration was measured in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean 

Sea. Increased concentration of particulate iron near the bottom is related to the 

presence of a nepheloid layer. 

82 . Biggs, D.C. 1992. Nutrients, plankton, and productivity in a warm-core ring in the 

Western Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 : 2143. 

83 . Biglane, K.E. and R.A. Lafleur. 1967. Notes on estuarine pollution with emphasis 

on the Louisiana Gulf coast, pp. 690-692. In G.H. Lauff, ed. Estuaries . American 

Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. 

This short note presents an account on the status of estuarine pollution with emphasis 

on the Louisiana Gulf coast. 

84. Boone, P.A. 1973. Depositional systems of the Alabama, Mississippi, and western 

Florida coastal zone. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 

23 : 266-277 . 

Description of the coastal depositional environments of the Alabama, Mississippi, 

and west Florida from Chandeleur islands to De Soto Canyon. Also, includes 

descriptions of the estuarine systems along this coast. 

13 
85. Bratkovich, A. and S .P. Dinnel . 1991 . Lower Mississippi River historical nitrate 

flux and Mississippi River outflow buoyancy flux, pp. 37-42. In Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant 

Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This study reports hydrographic data of the Mississippi River outflow region from 

two NECOP cruises. Spatial distributions of hydrographic data are compared 

seasonally and with historical data from an analysis of 35-year time sequences of 

Lower Mississippi River water discharge, nitrate concentration and nitrate flux. 

86 . Bratkovich, A., S.P. Dinnel, and D.A. Goolsby. 1994. Variability and prediction of 

freshwater and nitrate fluxes for the Louisiana-Texas shelf: Mississippi and 

Atchafalaya River source functions. Estuaries 17 : 766-778. 

Historical analysis of riverine water discharge, nitrate concentration, and nitrate flux 

for the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers . Forecasting of discharge and nitrate 

loadings are described. 

87 . Brent, C.R., H.P. Williams, W.A. Bergin, J.L. Tyvoll, and T.E. Myers. 1979. 

Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and related variables in offshore oil production 

areas of the northern Gulf of Mexico, pp. 245-264. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, 

and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice 

University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing the organic carbon and BOD characteristics of 

the water column during 1972-73 in the study region . 

88 . Brooks, J .M., B.B. Bernard, and W.M. Sackett. 1977 . Input of 

low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons from petroleum operations into the Gulf of 

Mexico, pp. 373-384. In D.A. Wolfe. Fate and effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in 

marine ecosystems and organisms. Pergamon Press, New York, NY. 

Six years of surveying and thousands of analyses indicate that offshore petroleum 

operations are contaminating the Gulf of Mexico coastal waters with 

low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. The chief input from offshore operations in 

Louisiana waters is the underwater venting of gases. 

89. Brooks, J.M. and W.M. Sackett. 1973. Sources, sinks, and concentrations of light 

hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Geophysical Research 78: 

5248-5258 . 

According to this study, the Gulf of Mexico acts as a sink for atmospheric methane 

mainly in the Yucatan area, where there is a major upwelling of deep water with low 

hydrocarbon levels . 

90. Brooks, J.M., D.A. Wiesenburg, C.R. Schwab, E.L. Estes, and R.F. Shokes. 

1981 . Surficial sediments and suspended particulate matter. In B.S . Middleditch. 

Environmental effects of offshore oil production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field 

study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

14 
This paper reports surficial sediment and suspended particulate studies undertaken at 

the Buccaneer Gas and Oil Field (Texas) . The platform did not measurably alter the 

bulk composition of suspended particulates of biological activity in their immediate 

vicinity . Surficial sediment data indicated that there was a considerable movement of 

the fine grain material in the area. Higher productivity and sediment erosion was 

associated with the platform. 

91 . Burchfield, H.P., R.J . Wheeler, and W. Subra. 1979 . Nutrient concentrations in 

Timbalier Bay and the Louisiana oil patch, pp. 223-233. In C.H. Ward, M.E. 

Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology investigation. William Marsh Rice 

University, Houston, TX. 

Research report of OEI describing seasonal nutrient concentrations in water column 

and sediments in the study region (includes values for interstitial waters). Phosphate 

values are suspect with concentrations above 50 mg/L. 

92. Calder, J.A. 1977. Seasonal variations of hydrocarbons in the water column of the 

Mafla lease area, pp. 432-441. In D.A. Wolfe. Fate and effects of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in marine ecosystems and organisms. Pergamon Press, New York, 

NY. 

A series of 15 stations in the northeast Gulf of Mexico were occupied during 

summer, fall and winter 1975-1976. Samples were collected and analyzed by gas 

chromatography for dissolved hydrocarbons and those associated with suspended 

particulate material. Total particulate hydrocarbons did not correlate with particulate 

organic carbon or chlorophyll a. 

93. Chan, L.H. and J.S. Hanor. 1982 . Dissolved barium in some Louisiana offshore 

waters : problems in establishing baseline values . Contributions in Marine Science 

25 : 149-159. 

Dissolved barium was analyzed in offshore water samples of Louisiana from 1972 to 

1974. Unusually high concentration of barium in coastal waters are related either to 

offshore drilling platforms or to simple desorption from river-borne suspended 

material during estuarine mixing . 

94. Cogen, W.M. 1940. Heavy mineral zones of Louisiana and Texas Gulf coast 

sediments. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 24: 

2069-2101 . 

95 . Coleman, J.M. and S .M. Gagliano. 1964. Cyclic sedimentation in the Mississippi 

River deltaic plain. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association Geological Societies 14: 

67-80. 

Describes and summarizes previous work on the Mississippi River delta with 

emphasis on the cycling nature or orderly repetition of depositional events leading to 

formation of modern sediments in the region . 

96 . Division of Water Pollution Control, Shellfish Branch, and Department of Sanitation. 

1954. Aspects of water pollution in the coastal area of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery 

Bulletin No 89. 55: 555-573 . 

15 
97. Davies, D.K. 1972. Deep sea sediments and their sedimentation, Gulf of Mexico. 

Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 56: 2212-2239. 

This paper describes Quarternary sediments in the Gulf of Mexico, and interprets the 

dominant sedimentary processes. 

98. Davies, D.K. and W.R. Moore. 1970. Dispersal of Mississippi sediment in the Gulf 

of Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 40: 339-353. 

Traced the relative influence of basinward and longshore dispersal patterns of 

sediments to Gulf of Mexico as influenced by Mississippi River. 

99. Davis, D.R. 1968. The measurement and evaluation of certain trace metal 

concentrations in the nearshore environment of the northwest Gulf of Mexico and 

Galveston Bay. Ph.D. Thesis . Texas A&M University . 

100. Dickeson, M.W. and A. Brown. 1848. The sediments of the Mississippi. Proc. 

Am. Assn . Adv. Sci. 1 : 42-55. 

101 . Dortch, Q., A. Bode, and R.R. Twilley. 1991 . Nitrogen uptake and regeneration in 

surface waters of the Louisiana continental shelf of northwest Gulf of Mexico, pp. 

52-56. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number 

TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

Nitrogen uptake and regeneration in surface water of the Louisiana continental shelf 

influenced by the Mississippi River was studied to assess the effect of regeneration 

on the impact of new nitrogen river input on productivity . 

102. Eadie, B.J ., B.A. McKee, M.B . Lansing, J.A. Robbins, S. Metz, and J.H. Trefry . 

1994. Records of nutrient-enhanced coastal ocean productivity in sediments from the 

Louisiana Continental Shelf. Estuaries 17 : 754-765. 

Shelf sediment cores in vicinity of the Mississippi River plume were collected and 

analyzed for organic matter, carbon and nitrogen isotopes, and organic tracers, to 

determine the impact of anthropogenic effects in shelf processes. Increased loading 

of organic matter to shelf sediments is linked to eutrophication of the shelf. 

103 . Entzeroth, L.C. 1982. Particulate matter and organic sedimentation on the 

continental shelf and slope of the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis . 

University of Texas. Austin, TX. 

104. Fairbank, N.G. 1962 . Minerals from the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea 

Research 9: 307-338. 

Analysis of minerals from surface sediment samples coarser than 0.074 mm of the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico is presented. Four sedimentary provinces were characterized 

by their distinct mineral assemblage: Mississippi River Province, eastern Gulf 

Coastal Province, Florida Plateau Province, and Central Province. 

16 
105. Fanning, K.A., K.L. Carder, and P.R. Betzer. 1982 . Sediment resuspension by 

coastal waters : a potential mechanism for nutrient re-cycling on the ocean's margins . 

Deep-Sea Research 29: 953-965. 

Provides evidence from field observations and laboratory study that resuspension of 

1 mm of sediment into the euphotic zone could enhance productivity in shelf waters 

in northeastern Gulf of Mexico suggesting the importance of recycled nutrients from 

resuspended sediments. 

106. Fanning, K.A. and M.E.Q. Pilson . 1973 . The lack of inorganic removal of 

dissolved silica during river-ocean mining. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37: 

2405-2415 . 

Experimental investigation of the inorganic removal of dissolved silicate from 

estuarine zones at three river mouths : the Orinoco, the Savannah and the Mississippi . 

Sampling done in 1969 at the principal passes : South Pass, Southwest Pass, and 

Pass a Loutre. 

107. Feely, R.A., W.M. Sackett, and J.E. Harris . 1971 . Distribution of particulate 

aluminum in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Geophysical Research 76: 5893-5902. 

Horizontal and vertical distribution of particulate aluminum in the Gulf of Mexico 

were surveyed to understand its source, origin, and transport in this region . 

108. Fisk, H.N., E. McFarlan, Jr., C.R. Kolb, and L.J . Wilbert. 1954. Sedimentary 

framework of the modern Mississippi Delta. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 24: 

76-99 . 

Presents a more accurate correlation between subsurface sediments and sedimentary 

facies in the Mississippi River delta and revisions of earlier maps are presented. 

Excellent review of processes at the river delta and discharge of materials to the shelf 

based on early 1950 statistics . 

109. Flint, R.W. and D. Kamykowski. 1984. Benthic nutrient regeneration in south 

Texas coastal waters . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 18 : 221-230. 

The authors reported that benthic regeneration rates can supply 69% of the nitrogen 

required to support phytoplankton primary production, in south Texas coastal waters . 

Nutrient regeneration rates were significantly decreased by the elimination of benthic 

fauna, which role is discussed, from the sediments . 

110. Flint, W.R., G.L. Powell, and R.D. Kalke. 1986. Ecological effects from the 

balance between new and recycled nitrogen in Texas coastal waters . Estuaries 9: 

284-294. 

The importance of benthic nitrogen recycling on primary production of Corpus 

Christy Bay (Texas) was assessed, along a transect from Nueces River upper estuary 

to coastal waters . The authors suggested that the combined effects of new and 

recycled nutrient sources buffered coastal productivity against long periods of low 

nutrient input from fluvial flow. 

17 
111 . Fox, L.E., F. Lipschultz, L. Kerkhof, and S.C. Wofsy. 1987 . A chemical survey 

of the Mississippi estuary. Estuaries 10: 1-12. 

A single survey of nutrients of the Mississippi River estuary was accomplished in 

1983 during a period of low river flow. Sampling was restricted to delta channels of 

Southwest Pass and South Pass. Estimates of nutrient loading rates were calculated. 

112. Fox, L.E., S . Sager, and S .C . Wofsy. 1985 . Factors controlling the concentrations 

of soluble phosphorus in the Mississippi estuary . Limnology and Oceanography 30: 

826-832. 

Laboratory and field experiments of Mississippi River and estuary sediments were 

performed to study the factors controlling soluble phosphorus. Data indicated a 

spatial difference in mechanisms responsible for variable phosphate concentrations in 

this system. 

113. Frank, D.J ., W. Sackett, R. Hall, and A. Fredericks . 1970. Methane, ethane, and 

propane concentrations in Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists 54: 1933-1938 . 

The results suggest that one method of offshore petroleum-seep detection is to survey 

and map the concentrations of hydrocarbons in near-bottom waters 

114. Frazier, D.E. 1967. Recent deltaic deposits of the Mississippi River: their 

development and chronology . Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological 

Societies 17:287-315 . 

Present study describes the genesis and chronology of recent Mississippi River 

deltaic deposits and to understand the stratigraphic relationships of the several 

contiguous and overlapping lobes . 

115. Fredericks, A.D. and W.M. Sackett. 1970. Organic carbon in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Journal of Geophysical Research 75 : 2199-2206 . 

DOC and POC were higher in surface waters except at Yucatan Straits where there 

was evidence for upwelling. There was a continual loss of DOC to the main stream 

through Florida Straits and renewal through the Yucatan Strait . Sharp DOC gradient 

on the USA Gulf coast to the edge of the continental shelf, probably due to mixing of 

near-shore derived DOC with open gulf surface waters . The resident time of the 

DOC in the Gulf surface waters was 10 years. 

116 . Fucik, K.W., K.A. Carr, and B.J . Balcom. 1994. Dispersed oil toxicity tests with 

biological species indigenous to the Gulf of Mexico. OCS Study MMS 94-0021 . 

U.S . Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Regional Office, New Orleans, La. 

117 . Gardner, W.S. and D.W. Menzel. 1974. Phenolic aldehydes as indicators of 

terrestrially derived organic matter in the sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 38: 

813-822 . 

18 
Lignin degradation products were measured at the Georgia and Texas coast, as 

indicators of terrigenous derived organic matter. The data suggested that the greatest 

deposition of lignin-derived organic materials occurs at the interface of fresh and sea 

water. Only minimal quantities of the terrestrially derived organic matter are 

transported great distances seaward. 

118 . Gearing, P., F.E. Plucker, and P.L. Parker . 1977. Organic carbon stable isotope 

ratios of continental margin sediments. Marine Chemistry 5 : 251-266. 

Sediment samples for analysis of stable carbon isotopes were taken in the Gulf of 

Mexico (from the Mississippi Delta to Veracruz, Mexico), the Beaufort Sea (Alaska) 

and the Niger Delta (Nigeria). The authors concluded that the bulk of organic carbon 

in recent sediments from nearshore to outer continental shelves is marine derived. 

119. Gearing, P.J . 1975 . Stable carbon isotope ratios of continental margin sediments. 

Ph.D. Thesis . University of Texas. Austin, TX. 

120. Gearing, P.J ., J.N . Gearing, T.F. Lytle, and J .S . Lytle. 1976. Hydrocarbons in 60 

northeast Gulf of Mexico shelf sediments: a preliminary survey . Geochimica et 

Cosmochimica Acta 40:1005-1017 . 

Hydrocarbon composition of recent sediment and benthic algae samples delineated 

two distinct shelf environments in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: 1) sediments of 

Florida with moderate amounts of lipids and low hydrocarbon levels, mainly of 

marine origin and, 2) sediments close to the Mississippi River with large amounts of 

lipids and hydrocarbons, mainly coming from the oil industry and 

terrigenous-derived organic matter . 

121 . Giammona, C.P . and R.M. Darnell. 1990. Environmental effects of the strategic 

petroleum reserve program on Louisiana continental shelf communities. American 

Zoologist 30: 37-43 . 

The present article is based upon results obtained off the west Hackberry site, and it 

is focus upon three topics : 1) description of the natural physical and biological 

setting, 2) impacts of brine disposal in the area, and 3) consideration of impact 

analysis in coastal waters in general. 

122. Griffin, G.M. 1979. Evaluation of the effects of oil production platforms on the 

turbidity of Louisiana shelf waters, pp. 159-179. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and 

D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice University, 

Houston, TX. 

Research report of the OEI describing the turbidity of shelf waters in the vicinity of 

the study area; and comparison to other shelf regions. 

123. Guo, L., C.H. Coleman, Jr ., and P.H. Santschi . 1994. The distribution of colloidal 

and dissolved organic carbon in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Chemistry 45 : 

105-119. 

This study reports results from determinations of the horizontal and vertical 

distributions of DOC and colloidal organic carbon in the Gulf of Mexico, as 

19 
measured using HTCO techniques corrected for blanks . In addition the relationships 

between DOC and AOU and other hydrographic parameters are discussed. 

124. Hanor, J.S . and L.H. Chan. 1977. Non-conservative behavior of barium during 

mixing of Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico waters . Earth Planet Letters 37 : 

242-250. 

125. Happ, G., J .G. Gosselink, and J.W. Day, Jr. 1977. The seasonal distribution of 

organic carbon in a Louisiana estuary. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 5 : 

695-705 . 

This paper describes: 1) the seasonal distribution of organic carbon in Barataria Bay 

and nearshore Gulf waters of Louisiana, 2) the relationship among dissolved organic 

carbon, total organic carbon, and chlorophyll a and 3) the export of organic carbon in 

the Gulf. 

126. Harris, J.E. 1972. Characterization of suspended matter in the Gulf of Mexico. 

I.Spatial distribution of suspended matter. Deep-Sea Research 19: 719-726. 

Survey of suspended particulate matter collected on 0.45 micron filters at stations 

throughout the Gulf of Mexico during five cruises from 1968 to 1970. Also 

includes unpublished values from Fredericks surveys of suspended total and organic 

particulate material in the Gulf of Mexico. 

127. Hedges, J.I . and P.L. Parker. 1976 . Land-derived organic matter in surface 

sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 40: 

1019-1029. 

The authors found that lignin distribution was dependent upon freshwater discharge 

what suggested that rivers are the major transporters of organic matter from land to 

sea. The results obtained by analyzing lignin were in agreement with the results 

obtained by using stable isotopes . This suggested that the remains of terrestrial 

organic matter were thoroughly homogenized during transport. 

128. Ho, C.L. and B. Barrett. 1977 . Distribution of nutrients in Louisiana's coastal 

waters influenced by the Mississippi River. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 5 : 

173-195. 

Nutrient surveys of the nearshore environment from Quatre Bayou Pass and mouth 

of Mississippi River were made in May and September 1973. This water year was 

one of highest on record for last 35 yrs . Total nutrient loading to the shelf ecosystem 

are estimated by the author . 

129. Horowitz, A. and B.J . Presley. 1977. Trace metal concentrations and partitioning in 

zooplankton, neuston, and benthos from the south Texas outer continental shelf. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 5 : 241-255. 

Marine biota were analyzed for heavy metals along the south Texas outer continental 

shelf. Patterns of concentration varied according to the area sampled and the 

biological makeup of the sample . 

20 
130. Huang, T.C . and H.G. Goodell. 1970. Sediments and sedimentary processes of 

eastern Mississippi Cone, Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists 54: 2070-2100. 

Discussion of turbidity-current hypothesis as responsible for the transportation of 

sediments downslope onto submarine fans and across abyssal plains . 

131 . Jacobs, M.B . and M. Ewing. 1969. Mineral source and transport in waters of the 

Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean sea. Science 163 : 805-809. 

Concentration and distribution of different clay minerals in sediments of the Gulf of 

Mexico are used to describe the relative influence of terrigenous materials from 

Mississippi River on the greater area of the region . 

132. Kamykowski, D.L., C. Van Baalen, and W. Pulich . 1976. Chemical and biological 

survey component of the environmental assessment of the south Texas outer 

continental shelf. University of Texas Marine Science Institute. Third quarterly. 

133. Kan, D.L. 1970. Isotopic variations of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Gulf of 

Mexico. Master Thesis . Texas A&M University . 

134. Keown, M.P., E. Dardeau, Jr., and E.M . Causey. 1986. Historic trends in the 

sediment flow regime of the Mississippi River. Water Resources Research 22: 

1555-1564. 

Sediment sample collection stations established to characterize the 

suspended-sediment flow regime and bed material gradation of the Mississippi River 

basin. 

135 . Kesel, R.H. 1988. The decline in the suspended load of the lower Mississippi River 

and its influence on adjacent wetlands. Environmental Geology Water Science 11 : 

271-281 . 

The purpose of this study was to document the historic change in the magnitude of 

suspended sediments in the lower Mississippi River regime and this effect on wetland 

loss in southeast Louisiana. 

136. Krumbein, W.C. 1939. Tidal lagoon sediments on the Mississippi Delta, pp. 189. 

In Recent marine sediments. Am. Assn. Petrol . Geols., Tulsa, Okla. 

137. Laseter, J. L. and E. J. Ledet. 1979. Hydrocarbons and free fatty acids associated 

with the air/water interface, sediments, and beaches of the Timbalier Bay and 

offshore Louisiana area, pp. 265-286. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. 

The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing fatty acids and hydrocarbons including 

techniques to collect and assay samples from the study region . 

138 . Lopez-Veneroni, D. and L. A. Cifuentes. 1991 . Dissolved organic nitrogen 

distribution and transport in the continental shelf of the northwest Gulf of Mexico, 

21 
pp. 57-68. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number 

TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

The distribution of DON in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya Plume region and in two 

transects perpendicular to the Louisiana and Texas continental shelf are documented 

for summer 1990. DON were compared to other nitrogen species and showed to be 

the most important nitrogen form transported from the MAP region in the 

westward-flowing plume. 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D. and L.A. Cifuentes. 1994. Transport of dissolved organic 

nitrogen in Mississippi River plume and Texas-Louisiana continental shelf 

near-surface waters. Estuaries 17 : 796-808. 

Dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen were measured during four cruises in the 

Louisiana Bight to investigate the seasonal patterns of concentrations on the shelf 

relative to the temporal variations of input from the rivers . Fine scale resolution of 

DON concentrations in outflow region was also analyzed. 

140. Lowman, S .W. 1951 . The relationship of the biotic and lithic facies in the recent 

Gulf coast sedimentation. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 21 : 233-237. 

141 . Lytle, J.S . and T.F. Lytle. 1977. Sediment hydrocarbons indicators in the northeast 

Gulf of Mexico, pp. 404-412. In D.A. Wolfe. Fate and effects of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in marine ecosystems and organisms. Pergamon Press, New York, 

NY. 

Surface sediment samples were collected in 1975-1976 from 45 locations in the Gulf 

of Mexico along the continental shelf from Pascagoula, Mississippi to Fort Myers, 

Florida. Hydrocarbons were analyzed in the sediments for the Bureau of Land 

Management in an effort to survey hydrocarbons in the northeast Gulf and detect 

man-induced and seasonal effects in Hydrocarbon profiles . 

142 . Macko, S.A., L. Entzeroth, and P.L. Parker . 1984. Regional differences in 

nitrogen and carbon isotopes on the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Naturwissenshaften 71 : 374-375. 

The isotopic composition of nitrogen and carbon of particulate organic matter, 

zooplankton, sediment and shrimp, collected along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, 

from Yucatan (Mexico) to Florida, was measured. The authors discussed the isotopic 

composition of the samples in relation to the nutrient source for primary producers in 

the water column. 

143. Manheim, F.T ., J.C . Hathaway, and E. Uchupi . 1972. Suspended matter in surface 

waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnology and Oceanography 17: 17-27. 

Synoptic studies of the suspended matter in the surface waters in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico to complement work accomplished along the Atlantic continental margin. 

Information on ranges of total and combustible organic matter in suspended material 

and major mineral species found in the suspensates. 

22 
144. Maurer, L.G. and P.L. Parker. 1972. The distribution of dissolved organic matter 

in the nearshore waters of the Texas coast. Contributions in Marine Science 16 : 

109-124. 

River waters containing higher DOC concentrations are being diluted with less rich 

marine waters. 

145. Menzies, R.J ., J.P. Morgan, C.H. Oppenheimer, S .Z. El-Sayed, and J.M. Sharp . 

1979. Design of the offshore ecology investigation, pp. 19-32. In C.H. Ward, M.E. 

Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice 

University, Houston, TX. 

Description of the problem statement, rationale, and experimental design of the OEI. 

146. Middleditch, B.S . 1981 . Biocides . In B.S. Middleditch. Environmental effects of 

offshore oil production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field study . Plenum Press, New 

York, NY. 

147. Middleditch, B.S . 1981 . Hydrocarbons and sulfur . In B.S . Middleditch. 

Environmental effects of offshore oil production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field 

study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

148 . Middleditch, B.S . and B.J . Gallaway. 1981 . Prologue. In B.S. Middleditch. 

Environmental effects of offshore oil production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field 

study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

149 . Miller-Way, T., G.S . Boland, G.T. Rowe, and R.R. Twilley. 1994. Sediment 

oxygen consumption and benthic nutrient fluxes on the Louisiana continental shelf: a 

methodological comparison. Estuaries 17: 809-815. 

Sediment oxygen demand and nutrient fluxes were compared between in situ 

chamber measurements and shipboard chemostatic chambers. Rates of benthic 

processes were mostly similar between the two methods; except when ambient 

conditions were artificially altered in the shipboard measurements. 

150. Montalvo, J.G., Jr. and D.V. Brady. 1979. Concentrations of Hg, Pb, Zn, Cd, and 

As in Timbalier Bay and the Louisiana oil patch, pp. 235-243. In C.H. Ward, M.E. 

Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice 

University, Houston, TX. 

Research report of OEI describing concentrations of trace metals in the water column 

of the study region. 

151 . Morrison, J.M ., W.J . Merrell, R.M. Key, and T.C. Key. 1983 . Property 

distributions and deep chemical measurements within the western Gulf of Mexico. 

Journal of Geophysical Research 88 : 2601-2608 . 

152 . Morrison, J.M. and W.D. Nowlin, Jr. 1976. Repeated nutrient, oxygen, and 

density sections through the Loop Current. Journal of Marine Research 35 : 

105-128. 

23 
Based on observations made in May 1972, the nutrient and dissolved oxygen 

concentrations in the offshore waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico are described and 

related to the Loop Current and anticyclonic rings. Different water masses are 

identified and estimates of water transport are presented for the currents. 

153 . Nelsen, T.A ., P. Blackwelder, T. Hood, B. McKee, N. Romer, C. 

Alvarez-Zarikian, and S . Metz. 1994 . Time-based correlation of biogenic, lithogenic 

and inputs in the Gulf of Mexico NECOP study area. Estuaries 17 : 873-885 . 

Three sediment cores along cross shelf transect within Mississippi River plume 

region were examined for stratigraphy, radioisotope based geochronology, organic 

and inorganic chemical analyses, detailed characterization of the sediment's 

coarse-grained fraction, and foraminifera biostratigraphy . This information was used 

to test the linkage of nutrient enrichment to enhanced hypoxia and shift in community 

composition of shelf food webs . 

154. Nelsen, T.A. and J.H. Trefry . 1986. Pollutant-particle relationships in the marine 

environment: a study of particulates and their fate in a major river-delta-shelf system. 

Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions, Consiel International pour 1'Exploration 

de la Mer 186: 115-127 . 

The interactions and fate of particles in the Mississippi river-delta-shelf system is 

presented. Interaction of biogenic and lithogenic particles with heavy metals and 

burial is also analyzed. 

155 . Newman, J.W., P.L. Parker, and E.W. Behrens. 1973 . Organic carbon isotope 

ratios in quaternary cores from the Gulf of Mexico. Geochimica et Cosmochimica 

Acta 37 : 225-238 . 

This study examines the aC13 and % organic carbon in cores from all of the deep 

water provinces of the Gulf of Mexico. 

156. Oppenheimer, C.H., R. Miget, and H. Kator. 1979 . Ecological relationships 

between marine microorganisms and hydrocarbons in the OEI study area, Louisiana, 

pp. 287-324. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish . The offshore ecology 

investigation . William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing the response of indigenous microorganisms to 

various added hydrocarbon molecules; also studies of metabolism (BOD) of the water 

column in the study region . 

157. Parker, P.L., E.W. Beherns, J.A. Calder, and D. Shultz . 1972. Stable carbon 

isotope ratio variations in the organic carbon from Gulf of Mexico sediments. 

Contributions in Marine Science 16: 139-147 . 

The author describes the relationship between the stable isotopes results and the 

geology of eastern Gulf of Mexico deep sediments . 

158 . Paskausky, D.F. and W.D. Nowlin. 1968. Measured and performed phosphate in 

the Gulf of Mexico region . Texas A&M Res. Foundation, Tech. Rept. Ref. 68-12T. 

24 
159. Pequegnat, L.H. 1979. Pelagic tar concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico over the 

south Texas continental shelf. Contributions in Marine Science 22 : 31-39. 

The present study reports upon dry weight of floating tar from 189 neuston samples 

collected in the Gulf of Mexico over the South Texas continental shelf from 12 station 

locations sampled monthly during the two-year period from February 1976 through 

December 1977. 

160. Phoel, W.C., G.T. Rowe, B. May, and S . Fromm. 1993. Sediment characteristic 

of the continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 

41 : 49-52. 

Paper reports sediment grain size characteristics and per cent carbon, and makes 

preliminary associations between these variables and carbon utilization by the benthos 

based on sediment oxygen consumption, and macrofauna biomass. 

161 . Pratt, W.E. 1947. Petroleum on continental shelves. Bulletin of the American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists 31 : 657-672. 

162. Presley, B.J ., J.H. Trefry, and R.F. Shokes. 1980 . Heavy metal inputs to 

Mississippi Delta sediments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 13 : 481-494. 

Heavy metal concentrations from suspended particles, filtered water, and sediments 

from the Mississippi River and its marine delta. Particle-metal interaction and water 

chemistry are considered to explain the fate of heavy metal concentrations . 

163. Rabalais, N.N. 1992 . An updated summary of status and trends in indicators of 

nutrient enrichment in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Water. Gulf of Mexico Program. Publication No. EPA/800-R-92-004 . 

This report summarizes the status and trends of Gulf of Mexico coastal environments 

with respect to the effects of nutrient enrichment. 

164. Rabalais, N.N., R.E. Turner, and Q. Dortch. 1991 . Louisiana continental shelf 

sediments: indicators of riverine influence, pp. 131-135 . In Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant 

Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This study reports a long term study of Louisiana continental shelf sediment 

characteristic of chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, biogenic silica, phytoplankton, and 

fecal pellets. Seasonal and spatial distribution are discussed. 

165 . Rogers, M.A. and C.B. Koons. 1969. Organic carbon aC13 values from 

quaternary marine sequences in the Gulf of Mexico: a reflection of paleotemperature 

changes. Trans . Gulf Coast Assoc . Geol. Soc. 19: 529-534. 

166. Rose, C.D. and T.J . Ward. 1981 . Acute toxicity and aquatic hazard associated with 

discharged formation water. In B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore 

oil production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New York, 

NY. 

25 
167. Russell, R. 1937 . Mineral composition of Mississippi River bed materials . 

Geological Society of America Bulletin 48 : 1307. 

168. Sackett, W.M. 1964. The depositional history and isotopic organic carbon 

composition of marine sediments. Marine Geology 2: 173-185. 

According to this paper, the isotopic compositions of the total organic carbon in 

Recent marine sediments have a considerable range. This variation is primarily due to 

the relative amounts of terrestrial and marine derived organic material in a given 

sediment. Evidence is presented indicating that the 13C-content of the total organic 

carbon does not change after deposition and that the same variations as observed in 

the Recent should also be observed in sediments back through Upper Paleozoic age. 

169. Sackett, W.M. and G. Cook. 1969 . Uranium geochemistry of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 19: 233-238 . 

This study present a preliminary attempt to completely monitor uranium geochemistry 

in the Gulf of Mexico. 

170. Sackett, W.M. and R.R. Thompson. 1963 . Isotopic organic carbon composition of 

recent continental derived clastic sediments of eastern Gulf coast, Gulf of Mexico. 

Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 47: 525-528. 

171 . Sahl, L.E. 1984. Suspended sediment on the upper Texas continental shelf. Ph.D. 

Thesis . Texas A&M University . 92 pp. 

This study has established that two grain size modes are present in the substrate of 

the upper Texas shelf, a fine to very fine sand mode and a clay mode. Currents on 

the shelf for most of the year are oriented in such way as to cause offshore transport 

of sediment in the bottom nepheloid layer. 

172 . Sahl, L.E., W.J . Merrel, and D.C. Biggs. 1993 . The influence of advection on the 

spatial variability of nutrient concentration on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf. 

Continental Shelf Research 13: 233-251 . 

Chemical surveys of three cross shelf transects at Atchafalaya Bay, Galveston, and 

Port Aransas were done from 8 to 12 March 1989. Includes hydrographic data for 

each transect and discusses three sources of nutrients on the Texas-Louisiana shelf. 

173 . Scruton, P.C. 1956. Oceanography of Mississippi Delta sedimentary environments. 

Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 40: 2864-2952. 

Excellent description of the general oceanography in the region of the Mississippi 

River plume to explain the sedimentary processes in this continental margin. 

Objective is to understand older sedimentary rocks through study of their 

now-forming modern counterparts. 

174 . Sharp, J.M. 1979. The cumulative effects of petroleum drilling and production in 

coastal and near-shore areas, pp. 3-15. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. 

The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

26 
An overview of the OEI volume, which was written to present the final reports of the 

23 principal investigators, the consensus opinion by the OEI Council, and the 

conclusions drawn from the independent appraisal of the data made in 1978-79. 

175. Shigley, C.M. 1954. The recovery of minerals from sea water. Fishery Bulletin No 

89 . 55: 153-159. 

The purpose of this review is to trace the history of the extraction of minerals from 

the seas, to describe recent large commercial projects for recovering elemental 

bromine and magnesium from sea water, and to briefly discuss a few of the economic 

factors in such sea water extraction operations. 

176. Shiner, A.M. and E.A. Boyle. 1987. Variability of dissolved trace metals in the 

Mississippi River. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51 : 3273-3277. 

Dissolved trace metals were analyzed for the Mississippi River at different stages of 

river flow during a two-year interval . Metal variability and similar concentrations to 

less disturbed systems were evident in this study. 

177. Shinn, E.A. 1975 . Effects of oil field brine, drilling mud, cuttings and oil platforms 

on the offshore environment, pp. 243-255 . In Estuarine Research Federation. 

Marine environmental implications of offshore oil and gas development in the 

Baltimore Canyon region of the Mid-Atlantic coast. 

This paper discusses briefly some known environmental effects of oil field brine, 

drilling mud, and cuttings discharge on marine organisms in the Gulf of Mexico and 

infers similar effects for the western Atlantic continental shelf. Also discussed are the 

benefits of artificial reefs posed by the presence of offshore oil platforms in areas 

with few natural hard substrates. 

178. Shokes, R.F . 1976. Rate-dependent distributions of lead-210 and interstitial sulfate 

in sediments of the Mississippi River delta. Ph.D. Thesis . Texas A&M University . 

123 pp. 

Vertical distributions of excess Pb-210 and interstitial sulfate were measured in a 

suite of sediment cores from the Mississippi River delta. Although geochemically 

independent, both species have kinetically-controlled distributions which can be 

related to the high and extremely variable sedimentation rates in this area. 

179 . Simons, L.H., P.H. Monaghan, and M.S. Taggart, Jr . 1953. Aluminum and iron 

in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico surface waters . Analytical Chemistry 25: 989-990. 

Seawater samples collected during April 1952 from Baytown, Texas, to Halifax, 

Nova Scotia were analyzed from soluble aluminum and iron . Two chemical 

procedures were employed to analyzed these two metals that claimed to be more 

sensitive and suitable for seawater samples. 

180. Slowery, J.F. and D.W. Hood. 1971 . Copper, manganese and zinc concentrations 

in Gulf of Mexico waters . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35 : 121-138. 

27 
Neutron activation analysis techniques were used to measure Cu, Mn, and Zn 

concentrations in water samples collected from 1958 to 1965 in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Surface water samples showed to be higher and more variable in all three metals than 

deeper waters . Mn coastal values were higher than open sea. Cu and Zn values were 

often higher in open sea than coastal regions. 

181 . Stetson, H.C. and P.D . Trask. 1953. The sedimentation of the western Gulf of 

Mexico. Papers in Physical Oceanography and Meteorology 12 : 1-46. 

182. Thayer, G.W., J.J . Govoni, and D.W. Connally. 1983 . Stable carbon isotope 

ratios of the planktonic food web in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine 

Science 33: 247-256. 

The present study indicates that in the northern Gulf of Mexico the carbon of the 

highest trophic level examined, larval fishes, is derived from marine phytoplankton 

either directly or through zooplankton; not from terrigenous carbon sources. 

183. Tieh, T.T. and T.E. Pyle. 1972. Distribution of elements in Gulf of Mexico 

sediments, pp. 129-152. In R. Rezak and V.J . Henry. Contributions on the 

geological and geophysical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing 

Co., Houston, TX. 

An extensive reconnaissance of eleven trace elements analyzed by X-ray fluorescence 

spectrometry in Gulf of Mexico sediments is presented. Sediment samples ranged 

from Miocence to Holocene and the Miocence-Pliocene boundary is suggested to be 

in the vicinity of 345 cm. 

184 . Trask, P.D. 1953 . The sediments of the western Gulf of Mexico, Part II . Chemical 

studies of sediments in the western Gulf of Mexico. Papers in Physical 

Oceanography and Meteorology 12: 47-120. 

185 . Trask, P.D., F.B . Phleger, Jr., and H.C. Stetson. 1947 . Recent changes in 

sedimentation in the Gulf of Mexico. Science 106: 460-461 . 

Results of cruises aboard the Atlantis during months of February and March in 1947 

in the northwest part of the Gulf of Mexico for the purpose of investigating the 

environmental conditions of deposition of sediments. 

186. Trefry, J.H., R.P. Trocine, and D.B. Meyer. 1981 . Tracing the fate of petroleum 

drilling fluids in the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Oceans 81 2: 732-736 . 

187. Trefry, J.H., S. Metz, T.A. Nelsen, R.P. Trocine, and B.J . Eadie. 1994. Transport 

of particulate organic carbon by the Mississippi River and its fate in the Gulf of 

Mexico. Estuaries 17: 839-849. 

188. Trefry, J .H., S. Metz, and R.P. Trocine. 1985. A decline in lead transport by the 

Mississippi River. Science 230: 439-441 . 

Input of pollutant lead to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River have 

declined by about 40 percent within the past decade, possibly associated to lead 

28 
reduction in gasoline consumption. More than 90 percent of riverborne lead is 

associated to suspended sediments and is deposited within 50 km of the river mouth. 

189. Trefry, J.H., T.A. Nelsen, R.P. Trocine, S. Metz, and T.W. Vetter. 1986. Trace 

metal fluxes through the Mississippi River delta system. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux 

des Reunions/ Conseil Permanent International pour 1' Exploration de la Mer 186: 

277-288 . 

The transport mechanisms of trace metals as bound to particles were measured in the 

Mississippi River delta (70-90% Cd, Cu, Ni and >95% Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb were found 

bound to particles) . 

190. Trefry, J.H. and B.J . Presley. 1976. Heavy metals in sediments from San Antonio 

Bay and the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Geology 1 : 283-294. 

Heavy metals from acid leached sediment samples were analyzed from the 

Mississippi Delta to the San Antonio Bay region . Metal concentrations were 

normalized to Fe in order to assess metal pollution in the region . 

191 . Trefry, J.H. and B.J. Presley. 1976 . Heavy metal transport from the Mississippi 

River to the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 39-76. In H.L. Windom and R.A. Duce. Marine 

pollutant transfer . Lexington Books. 

Estimates of total flux of particulate and dissolved heavy metals from waters of the 

Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico are presented. These estimates assess the 

anthropogenic metal input to this system, especially for Pb and Cd. 

192. Trefry, J.H. and R.J . Presley. 1982. Manganese fluxes from Mississippi Delta 

sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46: 1715-1726. 

The reducing conditions created by the massive sediment deposition at the 

Mississippi River delta, were responsible for bringing manganese from the top 

millimeters of Delta sediment into dissolution. Manganese was then actively 

transported away from the Delta area, thereby providing excess of manganese to the 

deep Gulf of Mexico at the expenses of the Delta sediments. 

193 . Trefry, J.H. and R.F. Shokes . 1981 . History of heavy-metal inputs to Mississippi 

Delta sediments, pp. 193-208. In R.A. Geyer. Marine environmental pollution 2. 

Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. 

Sediment samples were collected at the Mississippi Delta in order to assess heavy 

metals concentration and accumulation. Sediment Pb and Cd pollution was observed 

throughout the Mississippi Delta. No clear evidence of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn or Ni 

pollution was found, possibly a function of the high river particulate flux which can 

dilute away large anomalous inputs . 

194. Trefry, J.H., R.P. Trocine, S . Metz, T.A. Nelson, and N. Hawley. 1991 . 

Suspended particulate matter on the Louisiana shelf: concentrations, composition, and 

transport pathways, pp. 126-130. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . 

Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M 

University, Galveston, Texas. 

29 
This study describes the distribution, transport, and chemical composition of 

suspended particulate matter on the Louisiana shelf. 

195. Turner, E.R. and N.N. Rabalais. 1991 . Changes in Mississippi River water quality 

this century. BioScience 41 : 140-147. 

Documents changes in the water quality of the Mississippi River using historical data 

bases for nutrients at different sampling stations along the river. Relates changes in 

nutrient concentration to land use change in the watershed; and implications to 

ecology of continental shelf ecosystem. 

196. Turner, H.J . 1903. Examination of mud from Gulf of Mexico. Bull. U.S. Geol. 

Survey 212 : 107-112. 

197. Turner, R.E. and N.N. Rabalais . 1994. Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi 

River delta. Nature 368 : 619-621 . 

198. Van Andel, T.H . and D.M. Poole. 1960. Sources of recent sediments in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 30: 91-122. 

Summary of the sources of sediments (mainly sands and the sand fractions) to the 

northern Gulf of Mexico (Mississippi River and Rio Grand) and areas of deposition 

along with mixing of this material with detritus from other sources. Also includes 

analysis of sources of sediments to bays of Texas coast. 

199. Walker, S .H. 1976. An environmental survey of fatty acids in the northeastern Gulf 

of Mexico. Master Thesis . Louisiana State University and Agricultural and 

Mechanical College. Baton Rouge, La. 140 pp. 

Unsaturated fatty acids were significant components in all environments with greatest 

concentration based on total fatty acid composition being off the Florida coast. This 

was a major difference encountered in this study as opposed to other studies in which 

unsaturated acids were reported as being depleted in sediments. 

200. Wa1sh, J.J ., D.A. Dieterle, M.B. Meyers, and F.E. Muller-Karger. 1989. Nitrogen 

exchange at the continental margin: a numerical study of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Progress in Oceanography 23 : 245-301 . 

Models of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Gulf of Mexico 

are described and simulation results presented to emphasize the ecological importance 

of nitrogen exchange at the continental margins in the productivity of the Gulf of 

Mexico. Contour maps and figures of compiled nutrient and carbon numbers for the 

Gulf of Mexico. 

201. Walsh, J.J ., G.T. Rowe, R.L. Iverson, and C.P. McRoy. 1981 . Biological export 

of shelf carbon is a sink of the global COZ cycle. Nature 291 : 196-201 . 

Based in measurements of carbon metabolism, production and exchange along food 

webs, this study suggests that large fractions of the organic matter produced on 

continental shelves must be exported to continental slopes . The annual loss of 

organic matter from continental shelf ecosystems is far greater than in the open ocean. 

30 
The analyses suggest that up to half of the estimated 1 .50 x 10 9 tons C yr-1 of the 

slope carbon sink could result from increased eutrophication since the industrial 

revolution. 

202. Williams, R.H. 1954. Distribution of chemical constituents of sea water in the Gulf 

of Mexico . Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 143-151 . 

Review of existing data on the chemical characteristics of waters in the Gulf of 

Mexico. 

203. Wright, L.D. and J.M. Coleman. 1974. Mississippi River mouth processes: effluent 

dynamics and morphologic development. Journal of Geology 82 : 751-778 . 

Results of repeated observations from the mouths of the Mississippi River from 1968 

to 1973 indicating the relative contributions of outflow inertia, turbulence, bottom 

friction, buoyancy, and marine forces to river outflow dynamics. 

BIRDS AND MAMMALS 

204. Aumann, G.D. 1981. The effect of structures on migratory and local marine birds . 

In B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore oil production . The 

Buccaneer gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of the Buccaneer Gas and Oil 

Field (Texas), if any, on migratory birds passing through in the Spring and Fall, and 

to determine the effects of the platform structures on feeding habits of resident marine 

birds . The collection and analysis of data did not warrant definitive conclusions 

concerning the overall effects of the oil structures on avian species. The effect of the 

structures ranged from insignificant for some species to beneficial for others . 

205. Fritts, T.H. and R.P. Reynolds. 1981 . Pilot study of the marine mammals, birds 

and turtles in OCS areas of the Gulf of Mexico. The Bureau of Land Management 

Fish and Wildlife Service. FWS/OBS-81/36. 

This study shows the distribution, relative abundance, and ecology of 13 mammals, 

35 bird, and 5 turtle taxa, including several endangered and threatened species in the 

Gulf of Mexico. 

206. Gunter, G. 1954. Mammals of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 

543-551 . 

Summary of existing information on the mammals of the Gulf of Mexico. 

207. Lowery, G.H., Jr. and R.J . Newman . 1954. The birds of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 517-540. 

Summary of existing information on the birds in the Gulf of Mexico. 

208. Smith, F.G.W. 1954. Taxonomy and distribution of sea turtles. Fishery Bulletin 

No 89. 55: 513-515. 

31 
209. Price, W.A. 1954 . Shorelines and coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 

No 89. 55: 39-65. 

Summary of structural and regional geo-oceanographic approach to shoreline 

description and classification for the Gulf of Mexico including the influence of 

oceanographic processes on these formations . 

ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 

210. Bedinger, C.A., Jr. 1979. Ecological investigations of petroleum production 

platforms in the central Gulf of Mexico - Preliminary findings. In 11th Annual 

Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings OT 3605. Houston, TX. 

Preliminary review of project to assess the long term cumulative effects of production 

platform operation on the outer continental shelf (OCS) environment, and further 

define their artificial reef effect . Collections and analyses of 24 stations (platforms) 

include basic hydrography; hydrocarbons in water, sediments, and biota; trace metals 

from similar samples; sediment physical characterization ; benthic microbiology; 

benthic biota; histopathology in fish and invertebrates; and platform associated 

fouling organisms and fish . 

211 . Bender, M.E., D.J . Reish, and C.H. Ward. 1979. Re-examination of the offshore 

ecology investigation, pp. 35-116. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. 

The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Review of the ecological information collected during the OEI and the conclusions of 

the study. Offers criticism of the experimental design and ecological conclusions of 

the OEI. 

212. Berryhill, H.L., Jr . 1977. The sea floor. Environmental studies, south Texas outer 

continental shelf, 1975: an atlas and integrated summary, pp. 226-267. A Report to 

The U.S. Bureau of Land Management by the Geological Survey. 

213. Berryhill, H.L., Jr. and et. al . 1977 . Environmental studies, south Texas outer 

continental shelf, 1975: an atlas and integrated summary. A Final Report to the U.S. 

Bureau of Land Management by the Geological Survey. 303 pp. 

This is an integrated report on the biogeochemical and climatological characteristics of 

the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies for the year 1975. 

214. Bierman, V.J ., Jr., S.C. Hinz, W.J . Wiseman, Jr ., N.N. Rabalais, and R.E. 

Turner. 1991 . Mass balance modeling of water quality constituents in the 

Mississippi River plume/inner Gulf shelf region, pp. 27-36. In Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant 

Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This paper describes preliminary calibration of a mass balance water quality model 

for the Mississippi River plume/inner Gulf shelf region . State variables include 

salinity, phytoplankton, phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, and carbonaceous 

biological oxygen demand. 

32 
215. Boesch, D.F., J.N. Butler, D.A. Cacchione, J.R. Geraci, J.M. Neff, J.P. Ray, and 

J.M. Teal. 1987 . An assessment of the long-term environmental effects of U.S . 

offshore oil and gas development activities : future research needs, pp. 1-53 . In D.F. 

Boesch and N.N. Rabalais . Long-term environmental effects of offshore oil and gas 

development. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. 

A chapter that presents a critical evaluation on the large body of information 

assembled and reviewed in succeeding chapters of a book edited by Boesch and 

Rabalais on the long-term effects of oil and gas activities on continental shelf 

ecosystems. 

216. Boesch, D.F. and N.N. Rabalais. 1987 . Long-term environmental effects of 

offshore oil and gas development. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. 

This book presents a large body of information describing the long-term effects of oil 

and gas activities on continental shelf ecosystems. 

217. Bright, T.J ., R. Rezak, A.H. Bouma, W.R. Bryant, and W.E. Pequegnat. 1976. A 

biological and geological reconnaissance of selected topographical features on the 

Texas continental shelf. Texas A&M Research Foundation and Texas A&M 

Department of Oceanography. A Final Report to the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 

Bureau of Land Management, Outer Continental Shelf Office, New Orleans, La. 377 

PP. 

The goal of this study was to provide a biological and geological baseline information 

required to facilitate judgments as to the extent and nature of restrictive regulations on 

drilling operations near coral reef and fishing banks which might be required to 

insure their protection. 

218. Carney, R.S . 1987 . A review of study designs for the detection of long-term 

environmental effects of offshore petroleum activities, pp. 651-696. In D.F . Boesch 

and N.N. Rabalais. Long-term environmental effects of offshore oil and gas 

development. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. 

Critical review of five long-term effect studies of the outer continental shelf focussing 

on ability of experimental designs to evaluate impacts of oil and gas activities on the 

ecology of benthic fauna. The review is divided into three major parts (a review, 

discussion of design problems and conclusions) on five studies revealing major 

design strengths and weaknesses. Recommendations and considerations for 

establishing studies of long-term effects on benthic communities. 

219. Conner, W.H., J.W. Day, Jr., R.H. Baumann, and J.M . Randall. 1989. Influence 

of hurricanes on coastal ecosystems along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Wetlands 

Ecology and Management 1 : 45-56. 

As reviewed by this paper, the immediate impact of hurricanes may be to reduce 

populations of some species but these populations generally recover rapidly. Overall, 

productivity in natural systems seems to be increased by periodic hurricanes. 

220. Dagg, M., C. Grimes, S. Lohrenz, B. McKee, R. Twilley, and W. Wiseman, Jr. 

1991 . Continental shelf food chains of the northern Gulf of Mexico, pp. 67-106 . In 

33 
K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander, and B.D. Gold. Food chains, yields, models, and 

management of large marine ecosystems. Westview Press. 

Purpose of the paper is to present preliminary results of several studies to understand 

the ecological processes that support the high biological productivity of the northern 

Gulf of Mexico. Values for various ecological processes are given for region of the 

Mississippi River plume region of the Louisiana Bight. 

221 . Dagg, M.J. and P.B . Ortner . 1991 . Mesozooplankton grazing and the fate of carbon 

in the northern Gulf of Mexico, pp. 117-121 . In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean 

Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas 

A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This paper reports on the effect mesozooplankton grazing on phytoplankton 

communities on the continental shelf west of the Mississippi River delta, and its 

effect on the fate of primary production stimulated by river nutrient inputs . 

222. Darnell, R.M. 1992. Ecological history, catastrophism, and human impact on the 

Mississippi/Alabama continental shelf and associated waters : a review. Gulf 

Research Reports 8 : 375-386. 

Summary of the ecological characteristics of coastal ecosystems including estuaries 

and continental shelf of the Mississippi/Alabama region . Provides a focus on the 

larger system by reviewing pertinent literature concerning ecological history, natural 

catastrophic events, and human impacts. Includes analysis of Mississippi Sound, 

east of the river delta. 

223. Darnell, R.M. and T.M. Soniat . The estuary/continental shelf as an interactive 

system. 487-525. 

Conceptual model of the estuary/pass/continental shelf ecosystem with information 

from several shelf studies, including the Mississippi Delta, to characterize these 

ecosystems. Describes large river-shelf systems as unique, using the Mississippi as 

an example. 

224. Defenbaugh, R.E. 1990. The Gulf of Mexico: a management perspective. American 

Zoologist 30:7-13. 

This paper provides the general management perspective and discusses the 

application of this perspective within the several regions of the Gulf of Mexico that 

are of particular interest to the Mineral Management Services. Summarizes that there 

has been little deterioration of the marine environment by the oil and gas activities ; 

and that biota has been enhanced due to physical substrate afforded by the platforms. 

225 . Dortch, Q., D. Milsted, N.N. Rabalais, S.E. Lohrenz, D.G . Redalje, M.J . Dagg, 

R.E. Turner, and T.E. Whitledge. 1991 . Role of silicate availability in 

phytoplankton species composition and the fate of carbon, pp. 76-83. In Nutrient 

Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea 

Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

34 
An ecological analysis is presented on the effect of nitrogen and silicone on 

phytoplankton size and species composition and its influence on the severity and 

extent of hypoxia on the Louisiana continental shelf. 

226. Drucker, B. and et . al . 1990. The offshore environmental studies program 

(1973-1989). OCS Report MMS 91-0028. U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Environmental Policy and Program Division. 

This report presents an overview of 15 years of the Environmental Studies Program 

conducted initially by the Bureau of Land Management and now as part of the 

Minerals Management Service. 

227 . Eadie, B.J ., J.A. Robbins, P. Blackwelder, 5. Metz, J.H. Trefry, B. McKee, and 

T.A. Nelson . 1991 . A retrospective analysis of nutrient enhanced coastal ocean 

productivity in sediments, pp. 7-14. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean 

Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas 

A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This study reports analysis of sediment cores representing approximately 100 years 

to trace possible anthropogenic nutrient loading to coastal waters that changes water 

quality and increases productivity . 

228 . El-Sayed, S.Z., W.M. Sackett, L.M. Jeffrey, A.D. Fredericks, R.P. Saunders, P.S . 

Conger, G.A. Fryxell, K.A. Steidinger, and S.A. Earle. 1972. Serial atlas of the 

marine environment. 29 pp. 

A folio that summarizes the state of knowledge with regard to the chemistry of 

seawater, its primary production, and the pelagic and benthic flora of the Gulf, based 

primarily on data from continuing research programs at Texas A&M University 

School of Oceanography. Covers the entire Gulf of Mexico region with some detail 

measures of the Louisiana Bight. Discussion of available information on structure 

and function of coastal, shelf and gulf ecosystems with excellent bibliography . 

229. Fahnenstiel, G.L., M.H. Marcovitz, M.J . McCormick, D.G. Redalje, S.E. Lohrenz, 

H.J . Carrick, and M.J . Dagg. 1991 . High growth and microzooplankton-grazing 

loss rates for phytoplankton populations from the Mississippi River plume region, 

pp. 111-116. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number 

TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

Microzooplankton grazing, taxon-specific growth, and sedimentation loss rates 

measured on the dominant phytoplankton populations in the plume/hypoxia region of 

the Mississippi River plume showed that during summer phytoplankton production 

rates are high and most of this production is recycled within the surface layer. 

230. Flint, R.W. and C.W. Griffin. 1978. Executive Summary. 1977 Draft final report 

to the Bureau of Land Management, Washington D.C. 

The information contained within this report is a summary of a multidisciplinary 

study conducted during 1977 on the South Texas outer continental shelf to obtain a 

better definition of some of these processes within a marine ecosystem. 

35 
231 . Flint, R.W. and C.W. Griffin. 1979. Environmental studies, south Texas outer 

continental shelf, chemistry and biology . Final Report to the Bureau of Land 

Management, Washington, D.C . 

This is the final report of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf Marine 

Environmental Study Plan created by the Bureau of Land Management. This volume 

reports on the biogeochemistry aspects of the project during its third year initiated in 

January 1977 and completed in December 1977. 

232. Flint, W., N.N. Rabalais, J.M. Brooks, D.L. Kamykowski, P.L. Paeker, R.S . 

Scalars, N.P. Smith, and J.K. Winters . 1981 . Marine pelagic environment, pp. 

15-35. In W. Flint and N.N . Rabalais. Environmental studies of the marine 

ecosystem south Texas outer continental shelf. University of Texas Press, Austin, 

TX. 

233 . Fucik, K.W. and I.T. Show. 1981 . Environmental synthesis using an ecosystems 

model. In B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore oil production . The 

Buccaneer gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

The authors discuss an ecosystem model for marine environmental assessment of the 

oil contamination produced by the Buccaneer Gas and Oil Field. This model is 

comprised of a physical hydrodynamics component, a chemical component, and a 

biological system component. Model parameters are estimated from sampling data. 

The authors discuss the outputs of the model in relation to the field data available. 

234. Gallaway, B.J . and G.S . Lewbel. 1982. The ecology of petroleum platforms in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico: a community profile. U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Office of Biological Services, Washington, D.C. FWS/OBS-82/27. 

This document describes the structure and ecological function of petroleum platforms 

in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Review of literature pertaining to the interaction 

between petroleum platforms and resident biota. Excellent descriptions of biota 

include biofouling and fish communities using trophic food web approach. Little 

specific information on ecological function . 

235 . Gallaway, B.J . 1981 . An ecosystem analysis of oil and gas development on the 

Texas-Louisiana continental shelf. U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of 

Biological Services, Washington, D.D. FWS/OBS-81/27 . 89 pp. 

The ecosystem is first characterized in terms of major forcing functions, characteristic 

faunal assemblages are described, followed by summary of trophic processes, and 

finally a review of impacts of oil and gas on ecosystem components. Includes 

conceptual model of OCS ecosystem with emphasis on faunal components and 

interactions . 

236. Galtsoff, P.S . 1954. Historical sketch of the explorations in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 3-36. 

A brief historical sketch of scientific discoveries and explorations in the Gulf of 

Mexico based on publications available in the U.S . Early maps of the Gulf of 

Mexico are included. 

36 
237 . Galtsoff, P.S. 1954. Gulf of Mexico - Its origin, waters, and marine life . U.S . Fish 

and Wildlife Service 604. 

A classic treatise on the physical, chemical and biological oceanography of the Gulf 

of Mexico. 

238 . Giam, C.S . and et. al . 1979 . Heavy molecular weight hydrocarbons in 

macroepifauna and macronekton sample, chapter 5. In R.W. Flint and C.W. Griffin. 

Environmental studies, south Texas outer continental shelf, biology and chemistry. 

1977 Final Report to the Bureau of Land Management. 

The hydrocarbon profiles for a large number of species were obtained. These 

profiles provided a wide data base for determining the effects of petroleum 

exploration and production on the hydrocarbon content of biota from the stocks . 

239. Groover, R.D. and et . al . 1977. Environmental studies, south Texas outer 

continental shelf, rig monitoring program. 1976 Final Report for the Bureau of Land 

Management, Washington D.C . 

This report provides results on the monitoring program that determine any spatial and 

temporal impact on the immediate environment resulting from exploratory drilling 

activities on the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf. Results of this report cover the 

period from September 1976 through March 1977 . 

240. Handing, J.L. and W.D. Nowlin, Jr. 1966. Gulf of Mexico, pp. 324-330. In R.W. 

Fairbridge . The encyclopedia of oceanography. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 

New York, NY. 

This paper presents a brief description of the geomorphology, regional 

oceanography, and hydrology of the Gulf of Mexico. 

241 . Hitchcock, G. and T. Whitledge. 1991 . Nutrient/pigment variability in the 

Mississippi River plume and adjacent waters, pp. 43-51 . In Nutrient Enhanced 

Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant 

Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This study examines the spatial distribution of salinity, temperature, pigments, and 

nutrients in the vicinity of the Mississippi River delta and contiguous coastal waters 

in Summer 1990 and Spring 1991 . Large scale movement of plume water appears to 

be the dominant factor determining the temporal and spatial variability in surface 

properties in the Louisiana Bight. 

242. Holland, J.S . and et . al . 1979. Benthic invertebrates : macroinfauna and epifauna. In 

R.W. Flint and C.W. Griffin. Environmental studies, south Texas outer continental 

shelf, biology and chemistry. 1977 Final Report to the Bureau of Land Management. 

Three major distribution patterns of benthic infaunal invertebrates were observed with 

nine distinct species groups composing the various pattern . 

37 
243 . Parker, P.L. and et . al . 1979. High-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in zooplankton, 

sediment and water, chapter 4. In R.W. Flint and C.W. Griffin. 

Environmental studies, south Texas outer continental shelf, biology and chemistry . 

1977 Final Report to the Bureau of Land Management. 

This study describes an extensive survey of the level of natural and petroleum type 

hydrocarbons in seawater, zooplankton and sediment from the south Texas outer 

Continental shelf. 

244. Pequegnat, W.E. 1976. Ecological aspects of the upper continental slope of the Gulf 

of Mexico. Bureau of Land Management 08550-CT4-12. 

245 . Pequegnat, W. E. and et . al . 1979. Meiofauna project. In R.W. Flint and C.W. 

Griffin. Environmental studies, south Texas outer continental shelf, biology and 

chemistry, chapter 16 . 1977 Final report to the Bureau of Land Management. 

This paper determines in a relatively small geographical area of the south Texas outer 

continental shelf including two hard banks, the distributions, abundances, and 

environment of the taxonomic components of the meiofauna. 

246. Pequegnat, W.E. and F.A. Chace, Jr. 1970. Contributions on the Gulf of Mexico. 

Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 270 pp. 

This book provides a collection of papers dedicated to different aspects of the 

biological oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Taxonomic, systematic and 

environmental aspects are covered, especially related to crustaceans. 

247 . Price, W.A. and G. Gunter. 1942. Certain recent geological and biological changes 

in South Texas with consideration of probable causes . Proc. and Trans. Tex. Acad. 

Sci. 26: 138-156. 

248 . Qureshi, N.A., N.N . Rabalais, and Q. Dortch. 1991 . Seasonal differences in the 

sedimentation of zooplankton fecal pellets in the northern Gulf of Mexico, pp. 122-

125 . In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMUSG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This paper describes the seasonal and vertical distribution of zooplankton fecal pellets 

in the northern Gulf of Mexico within the core of the hypoxic area. Observed 

hypoxia in bottom waters in this region is believed to be fueled by carbon transported 

to bottom waters through zooplankton feces. 

249. Rabalais, N.N. 1990. Biological communities of the south Texas continental shelf. 

American Zoologist 30: 77-87. 

A multi-disciplinary study of the south Texas continental shelf in 1975-1977 

investigated physical, chemical, geological, and biological characteristics over spatial 

and temporal scales, and the results are briefly summarized here. 

250. Rabalais, N.N. and D.F. Boesch. 1987 . Dominant features and processes of 

continental shelf environments of the United States, pp. 71-147. In D.F. Boesch and 

38 
N.N. Rabalais . Long-term environmental effects of offshore oil and gas 

development. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. 

251 . Rabalais, N.N., B.A. McKee, D.J . Reed, and JC. Means. 1991 . Appendices . 

Fate and effects of nearshore discharges of OCS produced waters . OCS Study MMS 

91-0006 U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico 

OCS Regional Office, New Orleans, La. 225 pp. 

252. Rabalais, N.N., B.A. McKee, D.J . Reed, and J.C. Means. 1991 . Technical 

Report. Fate and effects of nearshore discharges of OCS produced waters . OCS 

Study MMS 91-0005. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office, New Orleans, La. 337 pp. 

253 . Rabalais, N.N., B.A. McKee, D.J . Reed, and J.C. Means. 1991 . Executive 

Summary. Fate and effects of nearshore discharges of OCS produced waters . OCS 

Study MMS 91-0004. U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office, New Orleans, La. 48 pp. 

254. Rabalais, N.N., L.E. Smith, E.B . Overton, and A.L. Zoeller. 1993 . Influence of 

hypoxia on the interpretation of effects of petroleum production activities . OCS 

Study MMS 93-0022. U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service . 

Environmental impact of offshore petroleum development on the Louisiana 

continental shelf was assessed as caused by hypoxic bottom waters . Oxygen 

concentration, bottom water temperature and salinity, and sediments showed to be 

important environmental factors that explained the variation in benthic community 

parameters of species richness and abundance. 

255 . Redalje, D.G., S .E. Lohrenz, and G.L. Fahnenstiel . 1991 . The relationship 

between primary production and the export of POM from the photic zone in the 

Mississippi River plume and inner Gulf of Mexico shelf regions, pp. 105-110. In 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-

109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

Relationship of phytoplankton primary production and export of POM from the 

photic zone in the Mississippi River plume and inner Gulf of Mexico shelf was 

studied during high and low river discharge. Differences in POC export was 

attributed to temporal variability in phytoplankton species composition and 

zooplankton grazing. 

256. Schwarz, J.R. and et. al . 1979. Benthic bacteriology . In R.W. Flint and C.W. 

Griffin. Environmental studies, south Texas outer continental shelf, biology and 

chemistry, chapter 10. 1977 Final Report to the Bureau of Land Management. 

According to this study, the addition of oil to sediment increased bacterial populations 

and changed the composition of the population to one more capable of degrading oil. 

257. Szaniszlo, P.J . and et . al . 1979. Water column and benthic 

microbiology-mycology. In R.W. Flint and C.W. Griffin. Environmental studies, 

south Texas outer continental shelf, biology and chemistry, chapter 9. 1977 Final 

Report to the Bureau of Land Management. 

39 
Results show that crude oil was initially toxic to the petroleum-degrading fungi, but 

in general served to stimulate fungal growth after a period of one to several weeks . 

258. Twilley, R.R. and W.J . Day, Jr . The coupling of wetlands to ecological processes in 

shallow bays of coastal Louisiana. In Data Inventory Workshop Proceedings. 1991 . 

BTNEP Publication 5. 

This review describes the conceptual framework for studies of shallow coastal bays 

of Louisiana as land-margin ecosystems coupled to shelf processes. Describes 

various research programs investigating subsystems of the Mississippi Deltaic plain 

region . 

259. Vittor, B.A. and I & Associates . 1985. Tuscaloosa trend regional data search and 

synthesis Volume I-Synthesis report . OCS Study MMM 85-0056. U.S. Dept. of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, 

La. 477 pp . 

260. Vittor, B.A. and I & Associates . 1985. Tuscaloosa trend regional data search and 

synthesis study, Volume II-Supplemental Reports. OCS Study MMM 85-0057. 

U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, La. 349 pp. 

261 . Williams, H.F. 1951 . The Gulf of Mexico adjacent to Texas. The Texas Journal of 

Science 3: 237-250. 

Ecological analysis of the Gulf of Mexico from Sabine River to Rio Grande, 

northwestern region of shelf margin. Includes information on physical, geological, 

and biological oceanography. Characterizes some of the scientific issues of the 

region . 

262. Wiseman, W.J ., Jr., R.E. Turner, F.J . Kelly, L.J . Rouse, Jr., and R.F. Shaw . 

1986. Analysis of biological and chemical associations near a turbid coastal front 

during winter 1982. Contributions in Marine Science 29: 141-151 . 

Biological and chemical analysis of at the intense front separating the west Louisiana 

nearshore waters from the adjacent inner-shelf waters . Test hypothesis that 

phytoplankton are light limited in the shallow, turbid coastal boundary layer and 

nutrient limited seaward, where zooplankton biomass is higher owing to exploitation 

of increased food resources. 

GEOLOGY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO 

263 . Antoine, J.W. 1972. Structure of the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 1-34. In R. Rezak and 

V.J . Henry. Contributions on the geological and geophysical oceanography of the 

Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 

Seismic reflection profiles together with coring, dredging, magnetic and gravity 

investigation were used to theorize on the evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and 

formation of its seven provinces. 

40 
264. Antoine, J.W., R.G. Martin, Jr., T.G. Pyle, and W.R. Bryant. 1974. Continental 

margins of the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 683-693 . In C.A. Burk and C.L. Drake. The 

geology of continental margins. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 

A structural description of the geology of the Gulf of Mexico including the four major 

ideas concerning the formation of the Gulf, and two distinct physiographic and 

sedimentological provinces . 

265 . Ballard, R.D. and E. Uchupi. 1970. Morphology and quaternary history of the 

continental shelf of the Gulf coast of the United States . Bulletin of Marine Science 

20: 547-559. 

A detailed bathymetric chart was made of the continental shelf off the Gulf coast 

region . Description of three continental provinces based on geomorphic features of 

the Gulf. 

266 . Bouma, A.H. 1972. Distribution of sediments and sedimentary structures in the 

Gulf of Mexico, pp. 35-65 . In R. Rezak and V.J . Henry. Contributions on the 

geological and geophysical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing 

Company, Houston, TX. 

Piston core analysis in the Gulf of Mexico were used to study sediment distribution 

and sedimentary processes in the upper 7 m of the sediment column. 

267 . Carsey, J.B . 1950. Geology of Gulf coastal area and continental shelf. Bulletin of 

the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 34: 361-386. 

268 . Doyle, L.J . and T.N. Sparks. 1980. Sediments of the Mississippi, Alabama, and 

Florida (MAFLA) continental shelf. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 50: 905-916. 

Focus on the Gulf of Mexico continental margins east of the Mississippi River delta 

and north of Cape Romano in Florida. Description of the sediment characteristics in 

this region of the continental shelf based on four year study. 

269. Ewing, M., D.B. Ericson, and B.C . Heezen. 1958 . Sediments and topography of 

the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 995-1053 . In L.G. Weeks. Habit of oil. American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 

The purpose of the paper is to present a preliminary account of the sediment cores 

and interpretation of the sounding records about the recent and pleistocene sediments 

in deep basins of Gulf of Mexico ; but also to present evidence that turbidity currents 

have played a leading part in sediment accumulation in the deep Gulf and in the 

evolution of its bottom topography. Nice explanation of the continental provinces 

with maps. 

270. Feely, R.A. 1974. Chemical characterization of the particulate matter in the near 

bottom nepheloid layer of the Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis . Texas A&M 

University . 145 pp. 

This study describes the survey of near bottom suspended matter samples for their 

chemical characteristics in the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean Sea. 

41 
Results indicated that a nepheloid layer is present in the Gulf of Mexico but not in the 

northwestern Caribbean Sea. It appeared that sediments are the most probable source 

of the increased concentrations of suspended matter in the nepheloid layer. 

271 . Greenman, N.N. and R.J . Leblanc. 1956. Recent marine sediments and 

environments of northwest Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists 40: 813-847 . 

This paper presents results of a megascopic study of 85 sediment cores in the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico. About 10 cores are within the Louisiana Bight in less 

than 100 m of water. 

272. Hilgard, E.W. 1871 . On the geological history of the Gulf of Mexico. Amer. Jour. 

Sci . III. II : 391-404. 

273 . Hilgard, E.W. 1871 . On the geology of the delta and the mud lumps of the passes 

of the Mississippi. Amer. Jour. Sci. II . 

274. Hilgard, E.W. 1881 . The basin of the Gulf of Mexico. Amer. Jour. Sci. III . XXI: 

283-291 . 

275 . Hilgard, E.W. 1891 . The late tertiary of the Gulf of Mexico. Amer. Jour. Sci . III. 

XXII: 58-65 . 

276. Hilgard, E.W. 1906. The exceptional nature and genesis of the Mississippi Delta. 

Science 24: 861-866. 

277. Jones, J.I . and S.E. Williams. 1979. The distribution and origin of bottom 

sediments in Timbalier Bay, Louisiana, and the adjacent offshore area, pp. 201-221 . 

In C.H . Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology investigation. 

William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research report of the OEI describing some of the physical and chemical 

characteristics of the sediments in the study area. 

278. Kennicutt II, M.C., W.W . Schroeder, and J.M. Brooks. 1995. Temporal and 

spatial variations in sediment characteristics on the Mississippi-Alabama continental 

shelf. Continental Shelf Research 15: 1-18. 

This paper reports the examination of surficial sediments to determine the sources, 

distribution and variability of selected sediment characteristics. Three transect of four 

stations on the Mississippi-Alabama continental shelf were sampled five times over 

26 month period January 1987-February 1989. The inorganic and organic chemistry 

of sediments and their temporal and spatial variability were documented. 

279. Lehner, P. 1969. Salt tectonics and pleistocene stratigraphy on the continental slope 

of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists 53:2431-2479. 

Deep-water sedimentary beds were cored on the continental slope of the Texas and 

Louisiana shelf to determine finer scale resolution of slope topography, particularly 

42 
related to salt structures . This study gives insight to topography of the slope 

boundary of the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf. 

280. Ludwick, J.C. 1964. Sediments in northeastern Gulf of Mexico, pp. 204-238. In 

R.L. Miller. Papers in marine geology. MacMillan Company, New York, NY. 

The purpose of this paper is to describe and interpret the distribution pattern of 

modern surficial sediment deposits on the continental shelf and in nearshore areas in a 

previously little-studied area in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Includes area just 

east of Mississippi River delta to St. Vincent Island in Florida. 

281 . Lynch, S .A. 1954. Geology of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55: 

67-86. 

A synoptic description of historic and current knowledge of the Gulf of Mexico 

geology is presented. 

282. Morgan, J.P. 1979. Recent geological history of the Timbalier Bay area and 

adjacent continental shelf, pp. 575-589. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . 

Reish. The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice University, 

Houston, TX. 

Historical description of the geologic evolution of coastal environments in the vicinity 

of the OEI study region . 

283. Oetking, P., R. Back, R. Watson, and C. Merks. 1979. Surface and shallow 

subsurface sediments of the near-shore continental shelf of south central Louisiana, 

pp. 181-200 . In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology 

investigation . William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research report of the OEI describing the sediments and bathymetry of the study 

region . 

284 . Poag, C.W. and W.E. Sweet. 1972. Claypile Bank, Texas continental shelf, pp. 

223-261 . In R. Rezak and V.J . Henry. Contributions on the geological and 

geophysical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing Company, 

Houston, TX. 

This paper describes the geological characteristics and biostratigraphic distribution of 

foraminifera in Claypile Bank, Texas continental shelf. 

285 . Prior, D.B., E.H. Doyle, and M.J . Kaluza. 1989. Evidence for sediment eruption 

on deep sea floor, Gulf of Mexico. Science 243 : 517-519 . 

A large crater has been discovered on the sea floor, Gulf of Mexico, in a water depth 

of 2176 meters . Deep-tow high-resolution imagery shows that the crater is cut into a 

low hill surrounded by near-surface concentric faults . A recent eruption evacuated 

sediments from the crater, apparently because of release of overpressured petrogenic 

gas. 

43 
286. Shepard, F.P. 1955. Delta-front valleys bordering the Mississippi distributaries . 

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 66 : 1489-1498 . 

Investigation of the submarine valleys found in the slopes bordering the most 

advanced portions of the Mississippi River delta. 

287 . Shepard, F.P. 1956. Marginal sediments of Mississippi Delta. Bulletin of the 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists 40: 2537-2623 . 

The paper discusses primarily the characteristics of the surface sediment based on 

cores east of the Mississippi River delta (1,000 samples), the continental slopes to 

550 ft, and Breton sound. These results are compared with core samples from South 

and Southwest Pass of the Mississippi River delta. 

288 . Trowbridge, A.C. 1930. Building of Mississippi Delta. Bulletin of the American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists 14: 867-901 . 

This paper is based on a season of field work at and below New Orleans with the 

United States Geological Survey in 1921 ; a season of field and laboratory work in the 

same area in 1922 with the United States Engineering Department, and a large 

amount of analytical work on collected samples in the sedimentation laboratory of the 

University of Iowa since 1921 . An explanation of the method and rate of Delta 

building is attempted. 

290. Upshaw, C.F., W.B . Creath, and F.L. Brooks. 1966. Sediments and microfauna 

off the coasts of Mississippi and adjacent states . Mississippi Geological, Economic 

and Topographical Survey Bulletin 106: 54-76. 

291 . Wilhelm, O. and M. Ewing. 1972 . Geology and history of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Geological Society of America Bulletin 83 : 575-600. 

Principal aim of study is a comprehensive interpretation of the historical development 

of the Gulf of Mexico. Analysis based primarily on an extensive examination of the 

seismic profiler records. 

HYPOXIA 

291 . Bierman, V.J ., Jr., S.C. Hinz, D.W. Zhu, W.J . Wiseman, Jr., N.N. Rabalais, and 

R.E. Turner. 1994. A preliminary mass balance model of primary productivity and 

dissolved oxygen in the Mississippi River plume/ inner Gulf shelf region . Estuaries 

17 : 886-899. 

Water quality model used to synthesize information on physical, chemical, and 

biological processes in the Mississippi River plume region and Louisiana Bight. The 

coarse grid, deterministic model for phytoplankton, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen 

was calibrated with field data from NECOP; and sensitivity runs form discussion of 

possible mechanisms controlling hypoxia in the region . 

292. Boesch, D.F. 1983. Implications of oxygen depletion on the continental shelf of the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. Coastal Ocean Pollution Assessment News 2: 25-28 . 

A brief review of the spatial and temporal extent of the bottom oxygen depletion in the 

44 
northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf is presented. Assessment of lately oxygen 

depletion severity and potential causes is also addressed. 

293 . Boesch, D.F. 1985. Oxygen depletion on the inner continental shelf of the northern 

Gulf of Mexico: distribution, causes and effects . Louisiana Universities Marine 

Consortium Chauvin, Louisiana. 

This brief report is intended as a guideline for future research on the inner shelf of 

northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. Strategic mapping, monitoring, and guiding 

hypothesis are suggested to address the causes and effect of this phenomenon on 

living resources . 

294. Dortch, Q., N.N. Rabalais, R.E. Turner, and G.T. Rowe. 1994. Respiration rates 

and hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf. Estuaries 17: 862-872. 

Spatial and temporal estimates of water column respiration based on concentrations of 

enzymatic respiratory electron-transport-system activity during monthly cruises from 

May to October 1991 . In July 1991, water column and benthic respiration measured 

at four cross shelf stations . Relative contribution of water column and benthic 

respiration to development of hypoxia is discussed. 

295. Fotheringham, N., G.H. Weissberg, and D. Moore . 1979. Some causes, 

consequences and potential environmental impacts of oxygen depletion in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. Offshore Technology Conference Proceedings OT 3611 4: 

2205-2207 . 

A description of some causes and consequences of oxygen depletion in bottom 

waters on the continental shelf off central Louisiana coast. Environmental impact of 

hypoxic layer to bottom fauna is also described. 

296. Gaston, G.R. 1985 . Effects of hypoxia on macrobenthos of the inner shelf off 

Cameron, Louisiana. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 20: 603-613 . 

The author documents the effects of hypoxia on macrobenthos populations of the 

inner shelf off Cameron (Louisiana). Burrowing species were less affected by the 

hypoxia. Opportunistic species constituted the majority of the macrofaunal 

population . 

297 . Gaston, G.R. and K.A. Edds. 1994. Long-term study of benthic communities on 

the Continental shelf off Cameron, Louisiana: a review of brine effects and hypoxia. 

Gulf Research Reports 9 : 57-64. 

The effects of brine (concentrated salt water) discharge on benthic organisms of the 

coast off Cameron (Louisiana) was studied. The effects were minimal, because the 

study area was numerically dominated by opportunistic species, due to frequent 

bottom waters hypoxic conditions in the zone. 

298. Gaston, G.R., P.A. Rutledge, and M.L. Walther. 1985 . The effects of hypoxia and 

brine on recolonization by macrobenthos off Cameron, Louisiana (USA). 

Contributions in Marine Science 28: 79-93 . 

45 
Recolonization studies were conducted at two different sites of the southwest coast of 

Cameron (Louisiana). Recolonization was primarily established by larval settlement 

rather than adult immigration. The authors concluded that discharged brine had no 

obvious effects on species combined into feeding groups (suspension feeders, 

surface deposit feeders, subsurface deposit feeders and carnivores). However, 

hypoxia was responsible for a 2 weeks delay in colonization in one of the stations . 

299. Harper, D.E., Jr., L.D. McKinney, R.R. Salzer, and R.J . Case. 1981 . The 

occurrence of hypoxic bottom waters off the upper Texas coast and its effects on the 

benthic biota. Contributions in Marine Science 24: 53-79. 

The authors describe an hypoxic event in bottom waters off the upper Texas coast, 

caused by a diatom bloom, the response of the benthic community, and the posterior 

reestablishment of normal conditions after a storm. Species diversity and abundance 

decreased during hypoxia. The author refers to hypoxia in the Louisiana shelf during 

1973-1976, between 6 and 37 m isobaths . 

300. Munell, M.C. and J.W. Fleeger. 1989. Meiofauna abundance on the Gulf of 

Mexico continental shelf affected by hypoxia. Continental Shelf Research 9: 

1049-1062. 

This paper reports the abundance of meiofauna in the coast waters off Louisiana 

(Terrebone Bay), and the effect of hypoxic conditions on their abundance . Meiofauna 

was comprised by nematoda, copepoda and kinorhyncha. Copepoda were more 

affected by low oxygen conditions. 

301 . Nowlin, W.D., Jr., D.F. Paskausky, and H.J . McLellan. 1969. Recent 

dissolved-oxygen measurements in the Gulf of Mexico deep waters . Journal of 

Marine Research 27 : 39-44. 

Oxygen data obtained in 1966 and 1967 indicate that there is no clearly discernable 

horizontal variation in dissolved oxygen in the Gulf of Mexico basin waters . 

302. Pavela, J.S ., J.L. Ross, and M.E. Chittenden, Jr. 1983 . Sharp reductions in 

abundance of fishes and benthic macroinvertebrates in the Gulf of Mexico off Texas 

associated with hypoxia. Northeast Gulf Science 6: 167-173 . 

Low abundance or the total elimination of both fishes, shrimps and other 

macroinvertebrates occurred in bottom waters associated with hypoxic conditions. 

The authors suggested that the abundance of larger pelagic fishes on the zone was 

due to the exceptional food opportunity given by an unusually vulnerable bottom 

fauna. 

303. Pokryflci, L. and R.E. Randall. 1987. Nearshore hypoxia in the bottom water of the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico from 1981 to 1984. Marine Environmental Research 

22 : 75-90. 

Dissolved oxygen concentrations were surveyed in coastal waters of the northwestern 

Gulf of Mexico from 1981 to 1984. Statistical models are used to predict bottom 

dissolved oxygen concentrations using temperature, salinity, river discharge, and 

density gradient as variables in their respective model. 

46 
304. Rabalais, N.N. and D.E. Harper, Jr . 1991 . Studies of benthic biota in areas affected 

by moderate and severe hypoxia, pp. 150-153. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean 

Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas 

A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This study describes the temporal variability of benthic communities impacted by 

hypoxia on the Louisiana continental shelf. 

305 . Rabalais, N.N., R.E. Turner, and W.J . Wiseman, Jr. 1991 . Distribution and 

characteristics of hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf in 1990 and 1991, pp. 15-20. In 

Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-

109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This study reports the presence and distribution of near bottom hypoxia on the 

Louisiana shelf during 1990 and 1991 . Hypoxia in 1990 was mainly restricted to the 

southeastern Louisiana coast but in 1991 it was wide spread to the southwestern 

shelf, as well . 

306. Rabalais, N.N ., R.E. Turner, W.J . Wiseman, Jr., and D.F. Boesch. 1991 . A brief 

summary of hypoxia on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf: 1985-1988, 

pp. 35-47 . In R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson. Modern and ancient continental shelf 

anoxia . The Geological Society Special Publication, London. 

A description of the extent and timing of oxygen-deficient conditions in the northern 

Gulf of Mexico during 1985-1988 is presented. Physical processes, water 

eutrophication, and phytoplankton organic matter production are the forcing functions 

that determine the fate of hypoxic water formation. 

307. Rabalais, N.N., W.J . Wiseman, Jr., and R.E. Turner. 1994. Comparison of 

continuous records of near-bottom dissolved oxygen from the hypoxia zone along the 

Louisiana coast. Estuaries 17: 850-861 . 

Analysis of two continuously recording oxygen meters deployed in the Mississippi 

River plume region to analyze the forcings that control the variability in development 

of hypoxia in these two regions of the shelf. 

308 . Ragan, J.G., A.H. Harris, and J.H. Green. 1978. Temperature, salinity, and 

oxygen measurements of surface and bottom waters on the continental shelf off 

Louisiana during portions of 1975 and 1976. Nicholls State University Prof. Pap. 

Ser. (Biology) 3 : 1-29. 

This study reports a wide range of depth contours (6-110 m) sampling of 

temperature, salinity, and oxygen during 1975 and 1976 in the Louisiana shelf 

waters . 

309. Renaud, M.L. 1985. Hypoxia in Louisiana coastal waters during 1983: implications 

for fisheries. Fishery Bulletin 84 : 19-26. 

This study report the locations and extent of Louisiana coastal hypoxia in 1983 and 

discuss the interrelationships of fish and shrimp abundance and distribution with 

environmental parameters . 

47 
310. Stuntz, W.E., N. Sanders, T.D. Leming, K.N. Baxter, and R.M. Barazotto. 1982. 

Area of hypoxic bottom water found in northern Gulf of Mexico. Coastal 

Oceanography News 4: 37-38 . 

A layer of low dissolved oxygen is reported in bottom waters along the Louisiana 

coast during June-July of 1982. The area of low oxygen concentration was found in 

depths of 9-46 m along the coast. This layer had an impact on demersal fish and 

invertebrate distribution . 

311 . Turner, R.E. and R.L. Allen. 1982. Bottom water oxygen concentration in the 

Mississippi River delta bight. Contributions in Marine Science 25: 161-172. 

Survey of the bottom and water column oxygen concentration was done in the 

Mississippi River delta bight and cross-shelf transects. Hypoxic conditions were 

more likely associated to decomposition of material sinking from surface layers and 

to water column stratification in summer. 

312. Turner, R.E., W.W. Schroeder, and W.J . Wiseman, Jr. 1987 . The role of 

stratification in the deoxygenation of Mobile Bay and adjacent shelf bottom waters . 

Estuaries 10: 13-19. 

Oxygen depletion in shallow bottoms waters of Mobile Bay, Al, and adjacent 

nearshore and continental shelf waters were studied in relation to water column 

stratification for a period of ten years from 1974 to 1984. 

MACROALGAE 

313. Taylor, W.R. 1954. Sketch of the character of the marine a1ga1 vegetation of the 

shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55: 177-192 . 

Review of information on the distribution of macro algae in the Gulf of Mexico. 

314 . Taylor, W.R. 1954. Distribution of marine algae in the Gulf of Mexico. Pap. Mich. 

Acad. Sci, Arts Lett. 39: 85-109 . 

Review of information on the distribution of macro algae in the Gulf of Mexico. 

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 

315 . Balech, E. 1967b. Microplankton of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Texas 

A&M Res. Foundation 67-10-T. 

316. Biddanda, B., S . Opsahl, and R. Benner. 1994. Plankton respiration and carbon 

flux through bacterioplankton on the Louisiana shelf. Limnology and Oceanography 

39: 1259-1275 . 

The authors measured bacterial respiration and bacterial production in highly 

productive shelf and less productive slope waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico. 

These parameters are discussed in relation to the carbon flow processed through the 

bacterioplankton . 

48 
317 . Chin-Leo, G. and R. Benner. 1992. Enhanced bacterioplankton production and 

respiration at intermediate salinities in the Mississippi River plume. Marine Ecology 

Progress Series 87 : 87-103. 

Bacteria abundance and production was studied for a wide range of salinities from the 

Mississippi River to open waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Bacteria abundance and 

production seemed to be coupled to season and type of nutrient source . 

318 . Gardner, W.S., R. Benner, G. Chin-Leo, J.B . Cotner, B.J . Eadie, J.F . Cavaletto, 

and M. B. Lansing. 1994. Mineralization of organic material and bacterial dynamics 

in Mississippi River plume water. Estuaries 17 : 816-828 . 

Net remineralization rates of organic matter and bacterial growth rates were measured 

in dark-bottle incubation experiments conducted in July-August and February in 

water samples collected in the Mississippi River plume. Objectives were to measure 

site-specific degradation rates of labile dissolved and particulate organic matter, 

quantify the potential importance of bacteria in these processes, and examine the 

kinetics of degradation over time. 

319. Hanson, R.B . 1982. Influence of the Mississippi River on the spatial distribution of 

microheterotrophic activity in the Gulf of Mexico. Contributions in Marine Science 

25: 181-198 . 

The spatial distribution of microheterotrophic activity in the water column of the 

Mississippi Delta bight and the Gulf of Mexico was investigated in April and May 

1977. Microheterotrophic activity in relation to particulate organic carbon and 

hydrographic conditions, especially as influenced by the Mississippi River's plume is 

presented. 

320. Oujesky, H., W. Brooks, B. Smith, and B. Hamilton. 1979. Water column 

bacteriological studies of the south Texas and continental shelf. Developments in 

Industrial Microbiology 20: 695-703. 

Water column bacteriological samples were collected from February 1977 to 

December 1977 on the south Texas outer continental shelf. Heterotrophic and 

hydrocarbonoclastic microbial populations were surveyed. The effect of south 

Louisiana crude oil on bacterial growth was also studied. 

321 . Pomeroy, L.R., L.P. Atkinson, J.O. Blanton, W.B . Campbell, T.R. Jacobsen, 

K.H. Kerrick, and A.M. Wood. 1983. Microbial distribution and abundance in 

response to physical and biological processes on the continental shelf of southeastern 

U.S .A. Continental Shelf Research 2: 1-20. 

322. Sizemore, R.K., C.H. Hsu, and K.D. Olsen. 1981 . Bacterial community 

composition and activity . In B.S. Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore oil 

production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field study . Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of oil pollutants on the normal 

bacterial population of uncontaminated sites, and to estimate the success of the 

microbial population around the production platforms to cope with the pollutants . 

49 
323 . ZoBell, C.E. 1954. Marine bacteria and fungi in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery 

Bulletin No 89. 55: 217-222 . 

This paper summarizes personal observations by the author in the Gulf of Mexico 

along with published reports for the region . 

NEKTON 

324. Al-Yamani, F.Y. 1988. Distribution ecology of zooplankton and fish larvae (spot, 

croaker, and menhaden) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D.Thesis. University of 

Miami. 269 pp. 

This study reports the spatial and temporal correspondence between the highest 

average density of nauplii and highest average density of spot and menhaden larvae . 

Significant positive correlations were found between the three target species and 

nauplii, small copepods and pelecypod larvae, suggesting an ecological relationship . 

325 . Berry, R.J . and K.N. Banter. 1967 . Predicting brown shrimp abundance in the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico. In Proceedings of the World Scientific Conference on 

the Biology and Culture of Shrimps and Prawns . Food and Agriculture Organization 

of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. 

Brown shrimp postlarvae and juvenile abundance are used as indices to predict the 

size of brown shrimp annual crops along Gulf of Mexico coasts . Predictions based 

on postlarval indices have greater potential value because the information is available 

4 to 6 weeks sooner. 

326. Brasher, H.A., W.C. Renfro, and R.A. Neal. 1972 . Notes on distribution, size and 

ovarian development of some penaeid shrimps in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, 

1961-62. Contributions in Marine Science 16: 75-87. 

This report contains information concerning the penaeid shrimp distribution, size and 

ovarian development during the 2-year period (between January 1961 and December 

1962). General seasonal changes in catch per hour were reported for the more 

abundant species, and size distributions for each species were presented. 

327 . Burkenroad, M.D. 1939. Further observations on Penaeidae of the northern Gulf of 

Mexico. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 6: 1-62. 

This study describes the relative abundance and bathymetric distribution of Penaeidae 

family taken in 35 trawl-hauls on the continental shelf in the neighborhood of the 

Mississippi River. 

328 . Caillouet, C.W., Jr. and K.N . Baxter. 1973. Gulf of Mexico shrimp resource 

research . Marine Fisheries Review 35 : 21-24. 

This paper describes shrimp resource research conducted by the Galveston 

Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service Gulf Coastal Fisheries Center. 

Discussed are plans for development of a mathematical model capable of explaining 

and predicting changes in shrimp catch, and ongoing mark-recapture experiments, 

predation of catch, stock identification studies, and study of spawning grounds . 

50 
329. Caldwell, D.K. 1959. Observations on tropical marine fishes from the northeastern 

Gulf of Mexico. Quarterly Journal Florida Academy of Science 22: 69-74. 

Observations on tropical marine fishes have been assembled to record one species 

each from Panama City and Destin (northeastern Gulf of Mexico) for the first time. 

330. Chittenden, M.E., Jr . and D. Moore. 1977. Composition of the ichthyofauna 

inhabiting the 110-meter bathymetric contour of the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi 

River to the Rio Grande. Northeast Gulf Science 1 : 106-114. 

The ichthyofauna inhabiting the 110-m bathymetric contour from the Mississippi 

River to the Rio Grande was very diverse in comparison to the inshore fauna, 

although the number of species collected decreased off south Texas . Dominant taxa 

were the families Sparidae, Lutjanidae, Triglidae, Serranidae and Synodontidae. 

331 . Christmas, J.Y. and R.S . Waller. 1975. Location and time of menhaden spawning 

in the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf Coast Research Laboratory 03-4-042-24. 

A total of 1439 plankton samples from Gulf of Mexico coastal waters from 

Brownsville, Texas to the Everglades in Florida were examined for menhaden eggs 

larvae . Eggs were found in samples taken in October-March with peak collections in 

December-February. 

332. Connell, C.H. and J.B. Cross. 1950. Mass mortality of fish associated with the 

protozoan Gonyaulax in the Gulf of Mexico. Science 112: 359-363. 

The episode (mass mortality of fish) occurred in the summer of 1949 in a salt water 

lagoon known as Offatt Bayou along Galveston Island . Extraordinarily high values 

of BOD and consequent anaerobic conditions in the water were attributable to the 

Gonyaulax and were important contributing factors in the mass mortality of fish . 

333. Cook, H. 1966. A generic key to the protozoan, mysis, and postlarval stages of the 

littoral penaeidae of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 65: 437-447. 

An illustrated key presents criteria for differentiating the stages and substages of Gulf 

of Mexico penaeid larvae (and post larvae) from comparable stages of the more 

common nonpenaeids. A second key permits generic identification of penaeid 

protozoean, mysis, and postlarval stages . 

334. Cowan, J.H., Jr. 1988 . Age and growth of atlantic croaker, Micropogonias 

undulatus, larvae collected in the coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico as 

determined by increments in saccular otoliths . Bulletin of Marine Science 42: 

349-357. 

The age and growth rate of larval Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus, 

collected in the coastal water of the northern Gulf of Mexico were estimated from 

growth increments in saccular otoliths Wild-caught larvae of Atlantic croaker 

collected in the coastal waters off west Louisiana appear to deposit daily growth 

increments in their saccular otoliths . Although the Atlantic croaker's spawning 

season was not delineated, analysis of the data suggests that little spawning occurred 

after January even though it reportedly occurs until March. 

51 
335 . Cowan, J.H ., Jr. and R.F. Shaw. 1988. The distribution, abundance, and transport 

of larval sciaenids collected during winter and early spring from the continental shelf 

waters of west Louisiana. Fishery Bulletin 86 : 129-142. 

The larvae of six species of Scianidae were collected in continental shelf waters off 

west Louisiana on five midmonthly cruises from December 1981 to April 1982. 

Total larvae density was highest in April, and by the high densities were associated 

with the coastal boundary layer, a horizontal density front caused by an intrusion of 

fresher water onto the inner shelf that probably issued from the Atchafalaya River 

east of the study area. West-northwest alongshore advection within and just outside 

of a horizontally stratified coastal boundary layer seems to be the major mechanism 

transporting sciaenid larvae . 

336. Darnell, R.M. and A.B . Williams. 1956. A note on the occurrence of the pink 

shrimp Penaeus duorarum in Louisiana waters . Ecology 37: 844-846. 

The presence of the pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) in autumn 1953 collections 

from Lake Pontchartrain, and in spring 1954 collections from the Chandeleur 

Islands, indicates that the species was present in Louisiana waters at least a year 

before it began to appear frequently in the Pontchartrain collections . Observed 

fluctuations in the physical environment appear to outweigh postulations of 

interspecific competition as the possible causative factors of the observed changes in 

distributional pattern . 

337 . Dawson, C.E. 1962. New records and notes on fishes from the north central Gulf 

of Mexico. Copeia 26: 442-444. 

The present study extends the known ranges of four species previously recorded 

from the north-central Gulf and adds six species to the known fish fauna. 

338 . Ditty, J.G. 1986 . Ichthyoplankton in neritic waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico 

off Louisiana. Fishery Bulletin 84 : 935-946. 

Ichthyoplankton samples were collected monthly between November 1981 and 

October 1982 in neritic continental shelf waters off Louisiana. The survey provided 

the first quantitative data on abundance and seasonal occurrence of larval fishes from 

open coastal waters of this area. Larval densities were lowest during the winter and 

highest during the summer. 

339. Finucane, J.H., L.A. Collins, and L.E. Barger. 1978. Spawning of the striped 

mullet, Mugil cephalus, in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science 

2: 148-151 . 

Pelagic eggs of striped mullet, Mugil cephalus were identified from ichthyoplankton 

samples taken on December 2, 1977, from 89 to 98 km off the Texas coast in the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico. This was the first reported spawning of striped mullet 

in this area. 

340. Gallaway, B.J ., L.R. Martin, R.L. Howard, G.S . Boland, and G.D. Dennis . 1981 . 

Effects on artificial reef and demersal fish and macrocrustacean communities. 

52 
In B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore oil production. The 

Buccaneer gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

This paper provides a synthesis of the observed effects of the Buccaneer Gas and Oil 

Field (Texas) on biological systems and fisheries of the study area. Demersal fishes 

and macrocrustaceans, the biofouling community, and reef and pelagic fishes were 

used as indicators of impact. The major effect of the platforms was to provide 

substrate allowing the development of a rich and diverse reef community. The 

toxicity effects of the contaminant discharge were restricted to within only few meters 

of the outfall. No important indirect effects of the contaminants or bioaccumulation 

was detected . 

341 . Govoni, J.J ., A.J . Chester, D.E . Hoss, and P.B . Ortner . 1985. An observation of 

episodic feeding and growth of larval Leiostomus xanthurus in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico. Journal of Plankton Research 7 : 137-146. 

The interaction of a high density aggregation of larval Leiostomus xanthurus and the 

principal microzooplanktonic food of these larvae was described. It was suggested 

that the spatial distribution of L. xanturus larvae and their microzooplanktonic food is 

patchy and that interactions of larvae an microzooplankton may be episodic . 

342. Govoni, J.J ., D.E. Hoss, and A.J . Chester. 1983. Comparative feeding of three 

species of fish in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Brevoortia patronus, Leiostomus 

xanthurus, and Micropogonias undulatus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 13 : 

189-199. 

Gulf menhaden larvae (Brevoortia patronus) showed a diverse diet that included 

phytoplankton (diatoms and dinoflagellates) and zooplankton (tintinnids, pelecypods, 

pteropods, and copepods) . Diets of larval spot and Atlantic croaker (Leiostomus 

xanthurus and Micropogonias undulatus, respectively) were largely restricted to 

zooplankton. Evidence indicate that these species do not compete for food. 

343 . Govoni, J.J ., D.E. Hoss, and D.R. Colby. 1989. The spatial distribution of larval 

fishes about the Mississippi River plume. Limnology and Oceanography 34: 

178-187 . 

The distribution of larval fishes is shaped by the Mississippi River plume at both 

coarse (kilometers) and fine (tens to hundreds of meter) spatial scales . Density 

estimates of larval fishes, based upon ichthyoplankton samples collected about the 

Mississippi River plume in February 1982, December 1982, and November 1983, 

were often greater by a factor of 10, and sometimes by several orders of magnitude, 

at the plume front than they were inside (within) or outside of the plume. 

344. Govoni, J.J ., P.B. Ortner, F. Al-Yamani, and L.C. Hill . 1986. Selective feeding of 

spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, and Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus, larvae 

in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 28: 175-183. 

The present study indicates that the planktonic larvae of spot and Atlantic croaker feed 

selectively, but they do not allow a quantitative assessment of the relative contribution 

of the factors that influence food selection. Nonetheless, these observations do 

53 
indicate that while food selection is constrained by prey size, it is also influenced by 

prey perception, recognition, and capture. 

345 . Grimes, C.B . and J.H. Finucane. 1991 . Spatial distribution and abundance of larval 

and juvenile fish, chlorophyll and macrozooplankton around the Mississippi River 

discharge plume, and the role of the plume in fish recruitment. Marine Ecology 

Progress Series 75 : 109-119 . 

Water samples collected during September 1986 in the Mississippi River plume 

water, Gulf of Mexico shelf water, and frontal water were analyzed for neuston, 

chlorophyll a, and hydrographic characteristics . Neuston abundance and chlorophyll 

a values were all significantly greater in frontal waters . 

346. Gunter, G. 1938 . Seasonal variations in abundance of certain estuarine and marine 

fishes in Louisiana, with particular reference to life histories. Ecological Monographs 

8 : 313-346. 

The data presented in this paper are chiefly descriptive and are more valuable in this 

aspect than for purposes of analyses . Many unanswered questions were presented 

and offered a starting point for future work. 

347. Gunter, G. 1938. Notes on invasion of freshwater by fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, 

with special reference to the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River systems. Copeia 2: 

69-72. 

348. Gunter, G. 1938. The relative number of species of marine fish off the Louisiana 

coast. American Naturalist 72: 79-83. 

349. Gunter, G. 1941 . Relative numbers of shallow water fishes of the northern Gulf of 

Mexico with some records of rare fishes from the Texas coast. American Midland 

Naturalist 26: 194-200. 

350. Gunter, G. 1967 . Some relationships of estuaries to the fisheries of the Gulf of 

Mexico, pp. 621-638. In G.H. Lauff, ed. Estuaries. American Association for the 

Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. 

This paper is concerned, primarily, with the Gulf Coast of the United States . It is 

suggested that organic materials buried in the sediments act as a reserve food supply 

for estuarine organisms . 

351 . Gutherz, E.J . 1977. The northern Gulf of Mexico groundfish fishery, including a 

brief life history of the croaker (Micropogon undulatus) . Gulf Carbb Fish Inst Proc 

29th Ann. Sess: 87-101 . 

352. Henwood, T., P. Johnson, and R. Heard. 1978 . Feeding habits and food of the 

longspined porgy, Stenotomus caprinus bean . Northeast Gulf Science 2: 133-137. 

According to this study, long-spined porgy is an opportunistic bottom feeder with a 

diet composed mainly of smaller invertebrates, with crustaceans and polychaetes 

predominant. Distribution of the population within the study area (offshore waters of 

Mississippi, Alabama and Florida) did not appear to be limited to specific zones due 

54 
to availability of food items. Feeding occurred over all bottom types encountered, 

and no preference for a particular area was noted. There was a marked tendency for 

smaller individuals to inhabit shallower waters . 

353 . Herron, R.C., T.D. Leming, and J. Li. 1989. Satellite-detected fronts and butterfish 

aggregations in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Continental Shelf Research 9: 

569-588. 

Satellite imagery collected in April and May 1985, 1986 and 1987 suggested a spatial 

relationship of large schools of Gulf butterfish with fronts between warmer, lower 

chlorophyll, offshore waters, and cooler, high-chlorophyll shelf and slope waters in 

the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Catch rates increased at or near the fronts and 

remained high until the fronts receded off the shelf and slope or dispersed. 

354. Kutkuhn, J.H., H.L. Cook, and K.N. Baxter . 1969 . Distribution and density of 

prejuvenile Penaeus shrimp in Galveston entrance and the nearby Gulf of Mexico 

(Texas). FAO Fishery Report 57 : 1075-1099. 

Analysis of over 3,000 samples collected systematically during one biological year 

revealed that the frequency of sampling, although high, was insufficient to trace the 

rapid onshore movements of recently hatched broods of Penaeus; that the gross 

horizontal distribution of Penaeus larvae and postlarvae in the Gulf and vertical 

distribution of postlarvae in Galveston entrance changed markedly from season to 

season; that Penaeus larvae, rarely occurring within 10 km of shore, were not 

bottom-dwellers ; and that Penaeus postlarvae did not frequent the bottom in winter 

and otherwise were usually more abundant at mid-depths than at the bottom. 

355. Lindner, M.J . 1956. Growth, migrations, spawning, and size distribution of 

shrimp, Penaeus setiferus. Fishery Bulletin 56: 555-645. 

Tagged shrimp of Penaeus setiferus were measured both at release and after 

recapture. From November to April very little growth was observed. During the rest 

of the year, growth was rapid. Tagged shrimp released along the major portion of 

the Gulf coast showed no indication of coastwise migration. Ripe ovaries were taken 

in most areas from April through September. Judging from size at maturity, shrimp 

spawned in the spring or summer probably spawn in the corresponding season of the 

following year. 

356. Lindner, M.J . and W.W. Anderson. 1954. Biology of commercial shrimps. 

Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55: 457-461 . 

357. Lukens, R.R. 1981 . Ichthyofaunal colonization of a new artificial reef in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research Reports 7 : 41-46. 

Ichthyofaunal colonization of a new artificial reef was monitored from June 1975 

through September 1977. Direct observations were accomplished using SCUBA. 

Data indicate that ichthyofaunal communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico are 

heavily influenced by seasonal changes in temperature, and that colonization by reef 

fish in that area does not conform to theories of immigration and extinction for island 

biotas . 

55 
358. Modde, T. 1980. Growth and residency of juvenile fishes within a surf zone habitat 

in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research Reports 6: 377-385. 

The present study points out that the surf zone habitat of an exposed sand beach 

represents a significant spatial resource to the early life stages of certain fishes within 

the northern Gulf of Mexico. Nearly half of the fishes collected from the surf zone of 

Horn Island used this area as a residence. In addition, this habitat appeared to attract 

a large number of immature migrant fish which may briefly utilize this environment 

either as a refuge or an orientation site . 

359. Modde, T.C. and S .T. Ross. 1981 . Seasonality of fishes occupying a surf zone 

habitat in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 78: 911-922. 

Surf zone habitat of Horn Island, Mississippi was dominated by immature clupeiform 

fishes, such as Anchoa lyolepis and Harengula jaguana which together constituted 

80.2°Io of the 154,469 fishes collected during 1975 and 1977. Differences in number 

of these species were closely associated to diel changes, such as tidal regime and time 

of day . 

360. Modde, T.C. and S .T. Ross. 1983 . Trophic relationships of fishes occurring within 

a surf zone habitat in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science 6 : 

109-120 . 

In summary, the surf zone of Horn Island, Mississippi provides trophic and spatial 

resources to certain juvenile fishes . This study suggests that Menticirrhus littoralis, 

and Trachinotus carolinus utilize this habitat as a nursery in exploiting both 

resources . 

361 . Moore, D., H. Brasher, and L. Trent. 1970. Relative abundance, seasonal 

distribution, and species composition of demersal fishes off Louisiana and Texas, 

1962-1964. Contributions in Marine Science 15: 45-70. 

The information was analyzed: (1) to provide the fishing industry with information of 

the relative abundance and seasonal distribution of the demersal fishes caught 

(species combined) and (2) to denote species composition of the catches . Catches 

were generally two to five times greater off Louisiana than off Texas, with the 

greatest differences occurring in the shallowest waters . 

362 . Moseley, F.N. 1966. Biology of the red snapper, Lutjanus aya Bloch, of the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science 11 : 

90-101 . 

The present study had two objectives . One was to ascertain the general biology and 

ecology of red snappers . The other was to compare the food habits of adults and 

juvenile snappers from Louisiana and Texas waters . The spawning season for red 

snappers off the Texas coast was found to be June to Mid-September, with the peak 

occurring in August. Adults were primarily piscivorous while juveniles fed primarily 

on crustaceans . 

56 
363 . Overstreet, R.M. and R.W. Heard. 1978. Food of the Atlantic croaker, 

Micropogonias undulatus, from Mississippi Sound and the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf 

Research Reports 6: 145-152. 

In this study, the stomach and intestinal contents of specimens of the Atlantic 

croaker, Micropogonias undulatus, was determined. The frequency of occurrence of 

items revealed primarily crustaceans followed by polychaetes, molluscs, and fishes, 

and less common items, and, in the open Gulf, molluscs appeared slightly more often 

than inshore croaker and than polychaetes in offshore fish . 

364. Perry, A. 1979. Fish of Timbalier Bay and offshore Louisiana environments 

collected by trawling, pp. 537-545. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. 

The offshore ecology investigation . William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing the distribution and biomass of fish in the 

study region . 

365. Perry, H., R. Waller, C. Trigg, J. McBee, R. Erdman, and N. Blake. 1995 . A note 

on bycatch associated with deepwater trapping of Chaceon in the northcentral Gulf of 

Mexico. Gulf Research Reports 9: 139-142. 

Four crustacean and five finfish species were collected in association with Chaceon 

trap sets. Bycatch associated with deepwater trapping of Chaceon was dominated by 

isopod, Bathynomus giganteus. Other crustacean megafauna consisted of the majid 

crab, Rochinia crassa, and the portunid crabs, Benthochascon schimitti and 

Bathynectes longispina. 

366. Price, W.W., A.P . McAllister, R.M. Towsley, and M. DerRe. 1986. Mysidacea 

from continental shelf waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Contributions in 

Marine Science 29 : 45-58. 

This paper documents the species composition, ecology and morphology of three 

collections of mysids from continental shelf waters off Texas and Louisiana. This 

information supplements scanty knowledge of offshore mysids in the northwestern 

Gulf of Mexico. In addition, a preliminary zoogeographical comparison of the mysid 

fauna of the northwestern and northeastern Gulf is made. 

367 . Ragan, J.G., E.J . Melancon, A.H. Harris, R.N. Falgout, J.D. Gann, and J.H. 

Green. 1978. Bottomfishes of the continental shelf off Louisiana. Professional 

Paper Series (Biology) 2 : 1-34. 

Trawl samples of demersal fishes were collected from September 1975 through 

August 1976 at the continental shelf of Louisiana. Catches were heaviest 

immediately adjacent to both sides of the Mississippi River delta, and lightest on the 

state's western shelf. The heaviest fish concentrations appeared to be centered over 

bottoms with fine granular components (mainly clay-silt) and high organic content. 

368. Rivas, L.R. 1954. The origin, relationships, and geographical distribution of the 

marine fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55: 503-505. 

57 
369 . Rogers, R.M. 1977. Trophic interrelationships of selected fishes on the continental 

shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis . Texas A&M. 229 pp. 

This study presents information on the trophic interrelationships of demersal fishes of 

the northern Gulf of Mexico between Brownsville, Texas and St. Andrew's Bay, 

Florida in depths of approximately 3 to 200 meters . Information gathered was used 

to propose trends in the life history and food habits of continental shelf fishes . 

370. Roithmayr, C.M. 1965. Industrial bottomfish fishery of the northern Gulf of 

Mexico, 1959-63 . U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 518. 

Distribution of fishing effort, composition of landings, harvesting operations, and 

processing methods are described for the industrial bottomfish fishery of the northern 

Gulf of Mexico. The more important fishing grounds are located between the 

Mississippi River delta and the entrance to Mobile Bay. The Atlantic croaker 

contributed, on the average, 56 percent by weight to the total annual bottomfish 

landing during 1959-1963. Recommendations concerning complete utilization of the 

bottomfish resource of the area are suggested. 

371 . Rosas, C., A. Sanchez, L. Soto, E. Escobar, and A. Bologaro-Crevenna. 1992. 

Oxygen consumption and metabolic amplitude of decapod crustaceans from the 

northwest continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. Comparative Biochemistry and 

Physiology 101A: 491-496. 

This study analyzed seasonal fluctuations in the respiration rate of pre-adults decapod 

crustaceans. The respiration rates of seven species revealed uni-, bi- and trimodal 

pattern during the 24 hr cycle during both season . Metabolic amplitude of the 

shrimp species was reduced by 42% during the coldest months of the year. 

372. Ross, S.T., R.H. McMichael, Jr., and D.L. Ruple. 1987. Seasonal and diel 

variation in the standing crop of fishes and macroinvertebrates from a Gulf of Mexico 

surfzone. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25: 391-412. 

The present study suggests that factors governing the occurrence and abundance of 

surf zone organisms may be visualized as a hierarchy ranging from: (1) climatic 

events which may result in annual variation in year-class strength; (2) the timing of 

reproduction or feeding movements, which results in seasonal patterns of occurrence 

and abundance; (3) short-term physicochemical factors such as wave height, salinity, 

temperature, and wind speed, which may govern point abundance. 

373 . Rounsefell, G.A. 1954. Biology of the commercial fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55: 507-512 . 

374. Russell, M. 1977. Apparent effects of flooding on distribution and landings of 

industrial bottomfish in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science 1 : 

77-78. 

Evidence is presented that suggests river discharge affected bottomfish distribution 

from January through June 1972 and 1973 . Comparison between river runoff and 

annual bottomfish landings for the last 17 years. However, flooding may be 

58 
beneficial to annual production by increasing availability of nutrients and extending 

the estuarine nursery boundaries . 

375 . Shaw, R.F., J.H. Cowan, Jr., and T.L. Tillman. 1985 . Distribution and density of 

Brevoortia Patronus (Gulf Menhaden) eggs and larvae in the continental shelf waters 

of western Louisiana. Bulletin of Marine Science 36: 96-103 . 

Eggs and larvae of Gulf menhaden were identified from 179 oceanic samples taken 

during the five monthly ichthyoplankton cruises from December 1981 to April 1982. 

A peak in average egg density occurred in December between the 10 and 23 m 

isobaths where surface temperatures and salinities ranged from 15 to 18 °C and 30 

o. The peak in average larval density (120/100 m3) occurred in February. 

376. Shaw, R.F., W.J . Wiseman, Jr., R.E. Turner, L.J . Rouse, R.E. Condrey, and F.J . 

Kelly, Jr. 1985. Transport of larval Gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus in 

continental shelf waters of western Louisiana: a hypothesis. Transactions of the 

American Fisheries Society 114: 452-460. 

The present study hypothesizes that longshore advection within the horizontally 

stratified coastal boundary layer is the major mechanism transporting larvae to the 

Calcasieu nursery ground rather than cross-shelf transport from immediately offshore 

of the estuary. The data collected during this study, at least, support this model. 

377. Smith, F.G.W. 1954. Biology of the spiny lobster. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 

463-465 . 

378. Sogard, S .M., D.E. Hoss, and J.J . Govoni . 1987 . Density and depth distribution 

of larval Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia Patronus, Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias 

Undulatus, and spot, Leiostomus Xanthurus, in the northern Gulf of Mexico. 

Fishery Bulletin 85: 601-609. 

This study examined the density and depth distribution of larval Gulf menhaden, 

spot, and Atlantic croaker at three locations in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Both 

species were most abundant off Southwest Pass, Louisiana, which is a major outlet 

of the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. 

379 . Sonnier, F., J. Teerling, and H.D. Hoese. 1976. Observations on the offshore reef 

and platform fish fauna of Louisiana. Copeia 105-111 . 

Observations, photographs and collections of fishes on the western reefs of the outer 

Louisiana continental shelf and around oil platforms verified the presence of an 

extensive tropical fish fauna. Of 105 species recorded, about 50% were tropical 

species either unreported or rarely reported from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. 

380. Soto, L.A. 1972. Decapod shelf-fauna of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. 

Distribution and zoogeography. Master Thesis . The Florida State University . 129 

ppThis study reports the distribution and zoography of the decapod shelf-fauna of the 

NE Gulf of Mexico. One hundred and twenty decapod species divided into 26 

families were recorded. 

59 
381 . Springer, S. and H.R. Bullis, Jr . 1956. Collections by the Oregon in the Gulf of 

Mexico . Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 196: 1-134. 

The present report summarizes a part of the data obtained during cruises of the 

Oregon from 1950 through the end of 1955. Entries noting time, position, water 

depth, weather conditions, type of fishing gear used, and total weight of the catch, 

and other details were recorded for most stations . In addition to these entries, a list 

of species, the number of each species in the catch and other details were recorded for 

most stations . 

382. St Amant, L.S ., J.G. Broom, and T.B . Ford. Studies of the brown shrimp, Penaeus 

aztecus, in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, 1962-1965 . In Proceedings of the Gulf and 

Caribbean Fisheries Institute. 1965. Miami Beach, Florida. Institute of Marine 

Science of the University of Miami. 

Data analyses representing four complete brown shrimp cycles between 1962 and 

1965 in Barataria Bay, Louisiana are presented. Intensive and broadened sampling 

was made to assess brown shrimp life cycle timing and ultimate production . 

383. Subrahmanyan, C.B. 1971 . The relative abundance and distribution of penaeid 

shrimp larvae off the Mississippi coast. Gulf Research Reports 3: 291-345 . 

The vertical distribution of protozoeal, mysis and postlarval stages of all the genera 

has been studied. Protozoeal and mysis stages showed similar patterns in their 

vertical spread . In general, they showed a tendency to aggregate in mid-water layers 

and sometimes at the surface. When maximal numbers of larvae were considered, 

definite inshore and offshore movements within the bathymetric range of species 

were obvious. 

384 . Sutter In, F.C. and J.Y. Christmas. 1983 . Multilinear models for the prediction of 

brown shrimp harvest in Mississippi waters . Gulf Research Reports 7 : 205-210. 

A multilinear regression analysis of water temperature, salinity, and number of 

postlarval brown shrimp in nursery areas was used to predict the June and July 

commercial harvest of brown shrimp in Mississippi waters . A total of 80.2°Io of the 

variation in harvest was accounted by this model. When an effort variable was added 

to the equation, the amount of variation explained by these parameters increased to 

85 .4% . The results indicate that predictive models of brown shrimp harvest in 

Mississippi Sound may be a practical management tool . 

385 . Temple, R.F. and C.C. Fischer. 1967 . Seasonal distribution and relative abundance 

of planktonic-stage shrimp (Penaeus spp.) in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, 1961 . 

Fishery Bulletin 66: 323-334. 

Planktonic stages of shrimp (Penaeus spp.) were sampled systematically in the Gulf 

of Mexico near Galveston, Texas during January-December 1961 . Trends in 

seasonal abundance of larvae varied with depth. Stations at 14 m observed a 

unimodal trend and the peak abundance was during May to September. In deeper 

waters a bimodal trend was apparent; peak abundance extended from late summer 

through fall . Postlarvae were taken in plankton tows during January to April but 

were most abundant during August to December. 

60 
386. Thompson, J.R. 1979. A study of the temporal changes in offshore macrofauna in 

the northern Gulf of Mexico during the development of the offshore oil industry, pp . 

547-551 . In C.H . Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology 

investigation. William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results to supplement the OEI describing the nekton communities of the 

study region . 

387. Waller, R., H. Perry, C. Trigg, J. McBee, R. Erdman, and N. Blake. 1995 . 

Estimates of harvest potential and distribution of the deep sea red crab, Chaceon 

quinquedens, in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research Reports 9: 75-84. 

A commercial harvest potential of crabs in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico, east of 

the Mississippi River was suggested. However, fishery development must take into 

consideration the preponderance of females on the defined fishing grounds and the 

high incidence of ovigerous females during much of the year. Females generally 

dominated at all depth strata, but the proportion of males to females increased with 

depth. 

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 

388. Adams, R.M. and E.F. Sorgnit. 1951 . Comparison of summer and winter sea 

temperatures, Gulf of Mexico. Dept. of Oceanography, Texas Agricultural and 

Mechanical College . 

389. Allen, R.L. and R.E. Turner. 1977a. Hydrographic data: July 15-24, 1975. Center 

for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University . Baton Rouge, La. 

390. Allen, R.L. and R.E. Turner. 1977b. Hydrographic data: October 28-November 7, 

1975. Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University . Baton Rouge, La. 

391 . Allen, R.L., R.E. Turner, and L.J . Rouse . 1977c . Hydrographic data: March 

11-27, 1975 . Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University . Baton 

Rouge, La. 

392 . Angelovic, J.W. 1976 . Physical oceanography . U.S. Department of Commerce. 

393 . Barrett, B. B., J. W. Tarver, W. R. Latapie, J. F. Pollard, W. R. Mack, G. B. 

Adkins, W. J. Gaidry, C. R. White, and J. S . Mathio. 1971 . Cooperative Gulf of 

Mexico estuarine inventory and study. Louisiana Phase II, hydrology, and Phase III, 

sedimentology. 191 pp. 

394. Beard, J.H. 1969. Pleistocene paleotemperature record based on planktonic 

foraminifers, Gulf of Mexico. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological 

Societies 19 :535-553 . 

Planktonic foraminifers from sediment cores in the northern Gulf of Mexico were 

used as paleotemperature records of the pleistocene epoch. 

395. Blaha, J. and W. Sturges. 1981 . Evidence for wind-forced circulation in the Gulf of 

Mexico. Journal of Marine Research 39: 711-734. 

61 
The study explores the correlations among winds, coastal sea level, and dynamic 

heights in the western Gulf of Mexico for those periods greater than a few months per 

cycle. Description of the influence of wind stress curls on circulation of Gulf of 

Mexico. 

396. Brown, R.M. 1910. Maximum, minimum and average hydrographs of the 

Mississippi River. Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc . 42: 107-110. 

397. Capurro, L.R.A. and J .L. Reid. 1972. Contribution on the physical oceanography 

of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX . 288 pp. 

This book published by Texas A & M University presents a comprehensive review of 

the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. General circulation of the Gulf 

waters, major currents and its variability, numerical and experimental modeling, 

effect of hurricanes and tides are the major points described in the book. 

398. Chew, F. 1964. Sea-level changes along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 45: 272-280. 

Information provided on the mean monthly sea levels along the northern shores of 

Gulf of Mexico (1952-1956), with explanations of the seasonal and spatial variation. 

Focus on the July sea-level minimum. 

399 . Chew, F., K.L. Drennan, and W.J . Demoran. 1962. Some results of drift bottle 

studies off the Mississippi Delta. Limnology and Oceanography 7 : 252-257. 

Surface water circulation off the Mississippi Delta was monitored by drifting bottles 

released in fall 1960 and summer 1961 . Data obtained by this method was supported 

with other means such as wind effect . 

400. Chew, F., K.L. Drennan, and W.J . Demoran. 1962. On the temperature field east 

of the Mississippi Delta. Journal of Geophysical Research 67: 271-279. 

In the area east of the Mississippi Delta strong surface temperature fronts were 

common in the winter of 1960-1961 . They separated surface streaks of cold river 

discharge from the surrounding warmer Gulf water. 

401 . Chuang, W. and W.J . Wiseman, Jr . 1983. Coastal sea level response to frontal 

passages on the Louisiana-Texas shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: 

2615-2620 . 

Sea level variations resulting from wind forcing were analyzed on a 5-month winter 

records along the Louisiana-Texas shelf. Sea level response showed considerable 

variability associated to alongshore and cross-shelf wind and water depths over the 

inner shelf. 

402. Clarke, G.L. 1938. Light penetration in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. 

Journal of Marine Research 1 : 85-94. 

62 
403 . Cochrane, J.D. and F.J . Kelly. 1986. Low-frequency circulation on the 

Texas-Louisiana continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 : 

10645-10659. 

Description of the prevailing low-frequency circulation on the Texas-Louisiana 

continental shelf on the basis of several sources of information. Tables and maps 

with summaries of prevailing shelf currents based on several studies of the region . 

Emphasis on the relative influence of winds and river discharge. 

404. Collier, A. and J.W. Hedgpeth. 1950. An introduction to the hydrography of tidal 

waters of Texas. Publications at the Institute of Marine Science l : 121-194. 

405. Crout, R.L., W.J . Wiseman, Jr., and W.S . Chuang. 1984. Variability of 

wind-driven currents, west Louisiana inner continental shelf: 1978-1979. 

Contributions in Marine Science 27: 1-11 . 

Two-month summer time series of winds and currents from the west Louisiana inner 

shelf show little evidence of local wind forcing. Longer records from the fall and 

winter indicate a strong local current response to the winds associated with cold 

fronts . 

406. Daddio, E. 1977. Response of coastal waters to atmospheric frontal passage in the 

Mississippi Delta regions. Coastal Stud. Inst ., Louisiana State University . Technical 

Report 234. 

407. Daddio, E., W.J . Wiseman, Jr., and S.P. Murray. 1978. Inertial currents over the 

inner shelf near 30°N. Journal of Physical Oceanography 8: 728-733 . 

Analysis of two month-long current records, one in February and one in May, from 

the inner shelf (28.9 °N) west of the Mississippi River delta show strong oscillations 

in the diurnal-inertial frequency band. Lack of correlation of these currents with the 

predicted or measured tide and strong association with frontal passages suggest that 

they are wind-induced inertial oscillations . 

408 . Danek, L.J . and M.S . Tomlinson. 1981 . Currents and hydrography of the 

Buccaneer field and adjacent waters . In B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of 

offshore oil production . The Buccaneer gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New 

York, NY. 

The authors provide a description of the existing hydrographic environment in and 

around the Buccaneer Gas and Oil Field (Texas). The bottom sediments in the 

vicinity of the Buccaneer Field were subjected to considerable erosional stress . Thus, 

most unconsolidated sediments and particulate matter resulting from oil production 

will be periodically flushed from the area. 

409. DiMego, G.J ., L.F . Bosart, and G.W. Endersen. 1976. An examination of the 

frequency and mean conditions surrounding frontal incursions into the Gulf of 

Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Monthly Weather Review 104: 709-718. 

Maps of mean monthly frequency and duration of frontal incursions into the Gulf of 

Mexico and Caribbean Sea are presented for the 1965-72 period . The transition from 

63 
the low-frequency regime of summer to the high-frequency regime of winter is quite 

sharp in the fall, occurring between September and October. 

410. Dinnel, S .O. and W.J . Wiseman, Jr. 1986. Fresh water on the Louisiana and Texas 

shelf. Continental Shelf Research 6: 765-784. 

Hydrographic data collected on monthly cruises over the west Louisiana and Texas 

shelf from 1963 to 1965 were analyzed and the volume of fresh water on the shelf 

was estimated for each data set. Fill times for fresh water on the Louisiana Bight are 

estimated, assuming a continuous throughput system. Study made during two 

extremely low discharge years. 

411 . Dinnel, S .P . 1988. Circulation and sediment dispersal on the Louisiana, 

Mississippi, Alabama continental shelf. Ph.D.Thesis. Louisiana State University . 

Baton Rouge, La. 145 pp . 

412. Dowgiallo, M.J . 1994. Coastal oceanographic effects of 1993 Mississippi River 

flooding . Special NOAA Report . NOAH Coastal Ocean Office/ National Weather 

Service, Silver Spring, MD. 76 pp. 

This report presents a comprehensive summary of the meteorology, hydrology, and 

oceanographic effects related to the extreme Mississippi River flooding during 

summer of 1993. 

413. Drennan, K.L. 1963. Surface circulation in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf 

Coast Research Laboratory # 1 . 

This study describes the surface circulation features east and west of the Mississippi 

River delta and the seasonal changes in the area considered. 

414. Duxbury, A.C. 1962. Averaged dynamic topographies of the Gulf of Mexico . 

Limnology and Oceanography 7: 428-431 . 

Dynamic height anomalies were calculated using pressure levels of 500 db and 1,000 

db as reference, covering the entire Gulf of Mexico. These calculations were used to 

produce a set of dynamic topographies which are indicative of the mean circulation 

pattern of the Gulf. 

415. Ebbesmeyer, C.C., G.N. Williams, R.C. Hamilton, C.E. Abbott, B.G. Collipp, and 

C.F . McFarlane. 1982. Strong persistent currents observed at depth off the 

Mississippi River delta. In Proceedings of the 14th International Offshore Technical 

Conference . Houston, TX. 

416. Eleuterius, C.K. 1978. Location of the Mississippi Sound oyster reefs as related to 

salinity of bottom waters during 1973-1975. Gulf Research Reports 6: 17-23. 

Maps provided with contours of the average salinity in Mississippi Sound during 

1973-1975 . 

417. Elliott, B.A. 1982 . Anticyclonic rings in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Physical 

Oceanography 12: 1291-1309. 

64 
418 . Emiliani, C., S. Gartner, K. Eldridge, D.K. Elvey, T.C. Huang, J.J . Stipp, and 

M.F. Swanson. 1975. Paleoclimatological analysis of late quaternary cores from the 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Science 189: 1083-1088 . 

A report is presented describing the paleoclimate of northeastern Gulf of Mexico by 

the analysis of late quaternary cores . Core analysis presented evidences of a rapid ice 

melting and sea-level rise at about 9,600 years B. C. 

419. Emiliani, C., C. Rooth, and J.J . Stipp. 1978 . The late Wisconsin flood into the 

Gulf of Mexico. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 41 : 159-162. 

Oxygen and carbon natural isotope abundance in deep-sea cores from Gulf of Mexico 

were used to determine the discharge of Mississippi River between 12,000 and 

11,000 years ago. Evidence for the occurrence of major flooding of ice meltwater 

into the Gulf of Mexico. 

420. Etter, P.C. 1983 . Heat and freshwater budgets of the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of 

Physical Oceanography 13:2058-2069. 

Heat and freshwater budgets are calculated for the Gulf of Mexico in an attempt to 

provide more refined assessments of the heat and hydrologic balances in support of 

contemporary investigations into the impact of anticyclonic rings on the heat and salt 

budgets of the Gulf. 

421 . Etter, P.C. and J.C. Cochrane. 1975. A summary of water temperature on the 

Texas-Louisiana shelf. Institute of Applied Geoscience Texas A&M University . 

422. Etter, P.C . and J.D. Cochrane. 1975 . Water temperature on the Texas-Louisiana 

shelf. Texas A&M Univ. Sea Grant Program Mar. Adv. Bull. SG75-604 : 24. 

423. Everett, D.E. 1971 . Hydrologic and quality characteristics of the lower Mississippi 

River. Technical Report 5: 48. 

424. Florida A&M University . 1988. Meteorological database and synthesis for the Gulf 

of Mexico. OCS Study/MMS 83-0064. U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, New Orleans, La. 

This meteorological summary consists of a compilation of data from a number of 

sources and a statistical description by month, season and year of the pertinent 

meteorological variables affecting oceanographic operations in the Gulf of Mexico. 

425 . Forshey, C G. 1873 . The delta of the Mississippi - The physics of the river, etc . 

Proc. Amer. Soc. Adv. Sci. 21 : 78-111 . 

426. Gaul, R.O. 1967. Circulation over the continental margin of the northeast Gulf of 

Mexico. Ph.D . Thesis . Texas A&M University . 

427. Grace, S .F. 1932. The principal constituent of the tidal motion in the Gulf of 

Mexico. Monthly Notices Roy Astr. Soc . Geophysic. Sup. May: 70-83. 

65 
428 . Grubb, H. Freshwater inflow planning in Texas . In Proceedings of the National 

Symposium on Freshwater Inflow to Estuaries. 1981 . Slidell, La. 

This article presents a short discussion of the socio-economic, ecologic, and 

legislative aspects of freshwater inflow planning in Texas. 

429. Gunter, G. 1952. Historical changes in the Mississippi River and the adjacent 

marine environment. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science 11: 120-139. 

According to this study, in certain large estuarine areas on the Louisiana Coast, 

alluviation, sedimentation and the influx of river flood waters in the spring have 

ceased. This probably lowered the amount of nutrient salts draining from land. 

Certain general changes that have taken place in the fauna can be predicted with some 

surety . 

430. Gunter, G. 1979. The annual flows of the Mississippi River. Gulf Research 

Reports 6: 283-290. 

Analysis of discharge data for the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers for the period 

1900 to 1978. Discusses low and high flow events and changes in discharge patterns 

in the two river systems. 1927 and 1973 are described as two 50-yr floods during 

this period . 

431 . Halper, F.B . and W.W. Schroeder. 1990. The response of shelf waters to the 

passage of tropical cyclones-observation from the Gulf of Mexico. Continental Shelf 

Research 10:777-793. 

A set of unusual circumstances in the summer of 1979 provided an opportunity to 

observe flow on the continental shelves of the northern Gulf of Mexico during the 

passage of several tropical cyclones. 

432 . Henry, W.K. 1979. Some aspects of the fate of cold fronts in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Monthly Weather Review 107: 1078-1082. 

This paper summarizes the frontal activity in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean 

Sea based on the fronts rather than on the more standard climatological summary of 

frequency in latitude-longitude squares 

433 . Hofmann, E.E. and S.J . Worley. 1986. An investigation of the circulation of the 

Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 : 14221-14236. 

434. Hubertz, J.M., R.O. Reid, and A. Garcia. 1972 . Objective analysis of oceanic 

surface currents, pp. 139-148. In L.R.A. Capurro and J.L. Reid. Contribution on 

the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing Company, 

Houston, TX. 

Physical oceanographic surveys of the eastern Gulf of Mexico were made in June 

1966, and June 1967. The purpose here is to demonstrate a technique for obtaining a 

description of the nondivergent part of the surface velocity field using a 

quasi-synoptic, discrete set of surface current. 

66 
435 . Huh, O.K., W.J . Wiseman, Jr., and L.J . Rouse, Jr. 1981 . Intrusion of Loop 

current waters onto the west Florida continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical 

Research 86:4186-4192. 

From analysis of remote sensing data for west Florida shelf, estimates were made of 

the time scale of an intrusion event of the Loop current onto shelf, area of shelf 

affected, and induced modification of shelf waters . 

436. Huh, O.K., W.J . Wiseman, Jr ., and L. J . Rouse. 1978. Winter cycle of sea surface 

thermal patterns, northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Geophysical Research 

83 : 4523-4529 . 

437. Hurlburt, H.E. and J.D. Thompson. 1980. A numerical study of Loop current 

intrusions and eddy shedding. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10: 1611-1651 . 

This paper attempts to simulate and understand the dynamics of the Loop Current and 

its eddy shedding using an ensemble of numerical models, including two-layer, 

barotropic and reduced gravity prototypes . 

438. Ichiye, T. 1962. Circulation and water mass distribution in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Geofisica Internacional 2 : 47-76. 

439. Ichiye, T. 1972. Experimental circulation modeling within the Gulf and the 

Caribbean, pp. 213-226. In L.R.A. Capurro and J.L. Reid. Contributions on the 

physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX. 

Experiments were carried out with scale models of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean 

Sea in a circular plexiglass tank with a diameter of 120 cm mounted on a turntable 

rotated at speeds between 4 and 8 rpm. The driving force for the Gulf was the inflow 

and outflow system maintained with a reservoir or a circulating pump. The driving 

force for the Caribbean model was wind. 

440. Ichiye, T. 1972. Circulation changes caused by Hurricanes, pp. 229-257 . In 

L.R.A. Capurro and J.L. Reid. Contribution on the physical oceanography of the 

Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 

Observations in the Gulf of Mexico of temperature and salinity changes due to 

passing hurricanes are reviewed. Observations for Hurricane Carla and for 

Hurricane Inez were made on the continental slope in the northwestern and the 

western Gulf, respectively . Theoretical models are also reviewed. 

441 . Kennett, J.P. and N.J . Shackleton. 1975 . Laurentide ice sheet meltwater recorded 

in Gulf of Mexico deep-sea cores. Science 188: 147-150. 

According to this study, oxygen isotopic measurement in three Late Quaternary 

deep-sea cores from Gulf of Mexico record a major anomaly between about 15,000 

and 12,000 years ago superimposed on a more characteristic oceanic oxygen isotopic 

curve. This resulted from major influx of isotopically light glacial meltwater via the 

Mississippi River from disintegrating Late Wisconsin Laurentide Ice Sheet 2000 km 

to the north. 

67 
442. Kimsey, J.B . and R.F. Temple. 1963 . Currents on the continental shelf of the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico. U.S . Bur. Commer. Fish. Circ . 161 : 23-27. 

443. Kimsey, J.B . and R.F. Temple. 1964. Currents on the continental shelf of the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico. U.S . Bur. Commer. Fish. Circ . 183: 25-27. 

444. Leipper, D.F. 1954. Marine meteorology of the Gulf of Mexico, a brief review. 

Fishery Bulletin No 89 . 55 : 89-98. 

Overview of marine meteorology in the Gulf of Mexico. 

445. Leipper, D.F. 1954. Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery 

Bulletin No 89. 55 : 119-137. 

This paper reviews the general physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. 

446. Leipper, D.F. 1970. A sequence of current patterns in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal 

of Geophysical Research 75: 637-657. 

Results of a series of eight cruises during 16 month period beginning in May 1964 

conducted in the Gulf of Mexico with the objective of studying changes in the thermal 

structure throughout the year. Initial suggestion of a systematic development and 

breakdown of the loop current in Gulf of Mexico ; with some possible seasonal 

aspects. 

447. Leipper, D.F., J.D. Cochrane, and J.F. Hewitt. 1972 . A detached eddy and 

subsequent changes (1965), pp. 107-117 . In L.R.A. Capurro and J.L. Reid. 

Contribution on the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing 

Company, Houston, TX. 

This paper describes the effect of the Hurricane Betsy on an isolated eddy observed 

in the Gulf of Mexico in August 1965. 

448. Mariner, H.A. 1954. Tides and sea level in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 

No 89. 55: 101-118. 

Tides and sea level of the Gulf of Mexico are reviewed in this study. 

449. Maul, G.A. 1977 . The annual cycle of the Gulf Loop current. Part I: observations 

during a one-year time series . Journal of Marine Research 35 : 29-47. 

Shipboard observations of the seasonal variation of the Gulf Loop current is 

described at 36-day intervals for fourteen months during 1972-1973 . Values are 

given for excess inflow of Yucatan Current required to make the loop current grow. 

450. McLellan, H.J. and W.D. Nowlin. 1963 . Some features of the deep water in the 

Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Research 21 : 233-245 . 

Sampling of waters having depths greater than 1500 m at 52 stations in central 

portion of Gulf of Mexico measuring temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. 

68 
Analysis of the stability of the water column and evidence of exchange of deep waters 

in central region with adjacent channels. 

451 . Molinari, R.L. 1977. Synoptic and mean monthly 20 °C topographies in the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico. NOAH Technical Memorandum ERL AMOL-27. 

452. Molinari, R.L., S . Baig, D.W. Behringer, G.A. Maul, and R. Legeckis . 1977. 

Winter intrusions of the Loop current. Science 198 : 505-507 . 

A report is given on the considerably north extension of the Loop Current in the Gulf 

of Mexico as sea-surface satellite and subsurface ship temperatures analysis have 

shown. 

453. Molinari, R.L., J .F . Festa, and D.W. Behringer. 1978 . The circulation in the Gulf 

of Mexico derived from estimated dynamic height fields . Journal of Physical 

Oceanography 8: 987-996. 

Geostrophic circulation in the Gulf of Mexico was calculated from extensive 

temperature data. Dynamic height topographies computed relative to various depths 

and averaged over time intervals ranging from monthly to annual are presented. 

Geostrophic transports are also calculated . 

454. Molinari, R.L. and D.A. Mayer. 1982 . Current meter observations on the 

continental slope at two sites in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Physical 

Oceanography 12: 1480-1492. 

455. Murray, S.P. 1970. Bottom currents near the coast during Hurricane Camille. 

Journal of Geophysical Research 75: 4579-4582. 

The present record, although incomplete, provides some knowledge of the structure 

of the coastal circulation during storms . 

456. Murray, S.P . 1972 . Observations on wind, tidal, and density-driven currents in the 

vicinity of the Mississippi River delta, pp. 127-142. In D.J .P. Swift, D.B. Duane, 

and O.H. Pilkey . Shelf sediment transport: process and pattern. Dowden, 

Hutchinson and Ross, Inc ., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania . 

This paper describes the time-variant velocity profiles of nontidal component of the 

observed current, and the role played by the density gradient forces in determining 

the current structure. 

457 . Murray, S .P . 1976 . Currents and circulation in the coastal waters of Louisiana. Sea 

Grant Publication No LSU-T-76-003: 33 . 

458. Nowlin, W.D., Jr. 1972. Winter circulation patterns and property distributions, pp . 

3-51 . In L.R.A. Capurro and J.L. Reid. Contribution on the physical oceanography 

of the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 

459. Nowlin, W.D., Jr . and J.M. Hubertz. 1972. Contrasting summer circulation 

patterns for the Eastern Gulf, pp. 119-137. In L.R.A. Capurro and J.L. Reid. 

69 
Contribution on the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing 

Company, Houston, TX. 

This study illustrates two contrasting summer circulation patterns of the eastern Gulf 

of Mexico and provide the first detailed description of an anticyclonic ring detached 

from the Loop current. 

460. Nowlin, W.D., Jr. and H.J . McLellan. 1967. A characterization of the Gulf of 

Mexico waters in winter. Journal of Marine Research 25: 20-59. 

The results of a rapid survey of the Gulf of Mexico in the winter of 1962 are 

presented. In the eastern Gulf, water enters through Yucatan Strait and leaves 

through Florida strait, flowing in an anticyclonic loop that extends well into the Gulf. 

In the western Gulf, circulation is anticyclonic around an elongeted cell oriented 

NE-SW over the Gulf basin. 

461 . Nowlin, W.D., Jr . and C.A. Parker . 1974 . Effects of a cold-air outbreak on shelf 

waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Physical Oceanography 4: 467-486. 

Two surveys of the waters over an area of the continental shelf in the northwestern 

Gulf of Mexico were made during January 1966. The first observation period was 

just before a major outbreak of cold, dry air; the second was about 15 days later with 

the region still under the influence of this outbreak 

462. Oetking, P., R. Back, R. Watson, and C. Merks. 1979. Physical studies of the 

near-shore continental shelf of south central Louisiana: currents and hydrography, 

pp . 119-143 . In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The offshore ecology 

investigation. William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research report of the OEI describing the currents and hydrography of the study 

area. 

463 . Parr, A.E. 1935 . Report on hydrographic observations in the Gulf of Mexico and 

the adjacent straits made during the Yale Oceanographic Expedition on the "Mabel 

Taylor" in 1932. The Bigham Oceanographic Collection 5 : 1-93 . 

This study reports one of first extensive surveys on the hydrographic conditions of 

the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent straits made during the Yale oceanographic 

expedition on the 'Mabel Taylor' in 1932. 

464. Physical Oceanography Panel, Committee to Review the Outer Continental Shelf 

Environmental Studies Program, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, 

and E. A. R. Commission on Geosciences. 1990. Assessment of the U.S . outer 

continental shelf environmental studies program. I.Physical Oceanography. National 

Research Council, Washington D.C. 

This report reviews the current state of the Environmental Studies Program executed 

through the Minerals Management Service on the physical oceanography of the U.S . 

Outer Continental Shelf that includes the Gulf of Mexico region. 

70 
465 . Price, K.C. 1979. Onshore hydrography of Timbalier Bay, Louisiana, pp. 

145-157 . In C.H . Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The Offshore Ecology 

Investigation. William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research report of the OEI describing the currents and hydrography of the study area 

in Timbalier Bay, Louisiana. 

466. Rickman, D., M.C . Ochoa, K.W. Holladay, and O.K. Huh. 1989. Georeferencing 

airborne imagery over new deltas in Louisiana. Photogrammetric Engineering and 

Remote Sensing 55 : 1161-1165. 

Description of a new system to geometrically integrate different data sets using 

CAMS images. The technique is applied to analysis of the Atchafalaya Delta. 

467. Rouse, L.J . and J.M . Coleman. 1976. Circulation observations in the Louisiana 

Bight using LANDSAT imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 5 : 55-66 . 

Describes a method for quantifying the turbidity of offshore water masses using 

LANDSAT imagery and presents the results of applying this method to images of the 

Louisiana bight. Contours of suspended sediment depend on the speed and direction 

of the wind as well as the amount of fresh water discharged by the Mississippi River. 

468. Russell, R.J . 1936. Physiography of lower Mississippi River delta. Geology 

Bulletin 8: 3-199. 

469. Sackett, W.M. and J.G. Rankin. 1970. Paleotemperatures for the Gulf of Mexico. 

Journal of Geophysical Research 75: 4557-4560. 

An analysis of the water temperatures in the region of the Sigsbee knoll based on 

oxygen isotopes indicating a range of 5 °C during the Pleistocene. The anomalous 

temperature range predicted based on carbon isotopes (35 °C) is due to the increased 

influence of terrigenous input on sediment carbon during Wisconsin period . 

470. Salas de Leon, D.A. and M.A. Monreal-Gomez. 1986. The role of the Loop current 

in the Gulf of Mexico fronts, pp. 295-300. In J.J . Nihoul . Marine interface 

hydrodynamics. Elsevier Oceanography Series 42, Amsterdam. 

This study presents a numerical model used to describe the Loop Current dynamics 

and its role in many features of the Gulf of Mexico front. 

471 . Schroeder, W.W., S .P . Dinnel, W.J . Wiseman, Jr., and W.J . Merrell, Jr. 1987 . 

Circulation patterns inferred from the movement of detached buoys in the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico. Continental Shelf Research 7: 883-894. 

Describes surface circulation patterns on the east Louisiana-Mississippi-Alabama 

shelf and in the eastern Gulf of Mexico based upon the movement of buoys which 

detached accidentally from moorings on the Alabama inner shelf. The results show 

that the inner-shelf circulation is strongly wind-driven. 

71 
472. Schroeder, W.W., O.K. Huh, L.J . Rouse, Jr ., and W.J . Wiseman, Jr . 1985. 

Satellite observation of the circulation east of the Mississippi Delta: cold air outbreak 

conditions . Remote Sensing of Environment 18: 49-58 . 

This paper, based on 12 year of Landsat multispectral scanner images, reports a 

recurrent pattern of westward flow immediately south of the Mississippi-Alabama 

barrier islands under northerly winds. 

473. Science Applications International Corporation. 1987. Technical Report. S.A.I . 

Corporation. Gulf of Mexico physical oceanography program, final report : year 4. 

OCS Study MMS 87-0007 . U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management 

Service, New Orleans, La. 

This reports describes the Gulf circulation patterns and the mechanisms producing 

these patterns. It is expected that insights from this study will provide an expanded 

basis for making informed management decisions related to outer continental shelf oil 

and gas exploration. 

474. Science Applications International Corporation. 1987. Executive Summary. S.A.I . 

Corporation. Gulf of Mexico physical oceanography program, final report : year 4. 

OCS Study MMS 87-0006. U.S . Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management 

Service, New Orleans, La. 

This report presents results from three years of observations in the eastern Gulf. It 

contains a description of conditions and processes governing Gulf circulation. 

475. Seim, H.E., B. Kjerfve, and J .E. Sneed. 1987. Tides of Mississippi Sound and the 

adjacent continental shelf. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25: 143-156. 

Hourly water level and current data were collected for one year in the Mississippi 

Sound and adjacent continental shelf to analyze large-scale tidal features of the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. 

476. Shoemaker, W.S . 1954 . Light penetration in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 

No 89. 55: 139-141 . 

This paper summarizes the present knowledge and recent efforts in Gulf of Mexico 

underwater illumination . 

477 . Smedes, G. W., R.P. Herbst, and J. Calman. 1981 . Hydrodynamic modeling of 

discharges . In B.S . Middleditch. Environmental effects of offshore oil production . 

The Buccaneer gas and oil field study. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

478 . Smith, N.P. 1975. Seasonal variations in nearshore circulation in the northwestern 

Gulf of Mexico. Contributions in Marine Science 19: 49-65 . 

Sub-surface current data from a late winter and midsummer period are used to 

describe the nearshore circulation in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Comparison 

of simultaneously collected wind and current data suggests that many features of the 

nearshore current patterns can be explained as a response to surface windstress . 

72 
479. Smith, N.P. 1978 . Low-frequency reversals of nearshore currents in the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Contributions in Marine Science 21 : 103-115. 

This study describes features of the near shore circulation in the northwestern Gulf of 

Mexico by analysis of sub-surface current time series from midwinter and 

midsummer periods. 

480. Smith, N.P. 1980. On the hydrography of shelf waters off the central Texas Gulf 

coast. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10: 806-813. 

Gulf of Mexico shelf waters off the central Texas coast showed minimum salinities in 

late spring with values as low as 18 %o over the inner shelf. The rest of the year 

salinities average 31-32 %o. Outer shelf surface salinities may decrease to 32-33 %o 

in late spring, but deviate little from 36 %o at other times. Freshwater runoff is 

restricted largely to inner and mid-shelf waters . 

481 . Smith, N.P. 1980. Temporal and spatial variability in longshore motion along the 

Texas Gulf coast. Journal of Geophysical Research 85: 1531-1536. 

Longshore motion along the central and lower Texas Gulf coast was studied during 

summer 1977 . Data recorded simultaneously with current meters at three sites 

provided information on the coherence and phase relationships in a predominantly 

wind driven current. 

482 . Soong, Y. 1978. A study of the northward intrusion of the Loop current in the Gulf 

of Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis. Florida State University. Tallahassee, Fl. 

483 . Sturges, W. and J.P. Blaha. 1976. A western boundary current in the Gulf of 

Mexico. Science 192 :367-369. 

Description of a western boundary current in the Gulf of Mexico and an internal flow 

field similar to principal mid-latitude anticyclonic gyres. 

484. Sturges, W. and J.C. Evans. 1983. On the variability of the Loop current in the 

Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Research 41 : 639-653 . 

This paper examines Loop current variability for application to questions of the rate 

of ring formation by comparing the positions of the Loop current with sea-level data 

485. Sugimoto, T. and T. Ichiye . 1988 . On seasonal and year-to-year variations of the 

Loop current and eddy formation in the Gulf of Mexico based on rotating model 

experiments. Deep-Sea Research 35 : 569-594. 

486. Temple, R.F., D.L. Harrington, and J.A. Martin . 1977 . Monthly temperature and 

salinity measurements of continental shelf waters of the northwestern Gulf of 

Mexico. U.S . Department of Commerce NMFS SSRF-707. 

Monthly temperature and salinity measurements in surface and bottom waters of 

continental shelf waters of northwestern Gulf of Mexico were done during 1963 to 

1965 . Vertical temperature and salinity structures were associated to spatial and 

seasonal effects. 

73 
487. Thompson, P.A., Jr. and T.D . Lemming. 1978. Seasonal description of winds and 

surface and bottom salinities and temperatures in the northern Gulf of Mexico, 

October 1972 to January 1976. U.S. Department of Commerce NMFS SSRF-719 . 

Seasonal surface and bottom salinities and temperatures in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico during October 1972 to January 1976 are described. Seasonal patterns are 

deducted from variations in temperatures and salinities coupled to shift in wind speed 

and direction. 

488. Tolbert, W.H. and G.G. Salsman. 1964. Surface circulation of the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico as determined by drift-bottle studies. Journal of Geophysical Research 69 : 

223-230 . 

According to this paper, drift-bottle studies conducted to date in the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico not only indicate the prevailing surface circulation pattern and its seasonal 

variation but also provide evidence for the existence of subsurface water movements 

toward the northern Gulf. 

489. Uchupi, E. 1967 . Bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 161-178 . Transactions of 

Gulf Coast Association Geological Societies. 

An excellent description of the bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico including the major 

topographic provinces. Based on some of the first comprehensive bathymetric 

studies of the continental margins initiated in 1966. 

490. Vukovich, F.M., B.W. Crissman, M. Bushnell, and W.J . King. 1979. Some 

aspects of the oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico using satellite and in situ data. 

Journal of Geophysical Research 84: 7749-7768. 

This paper describes the results of a synoptic-scale study of the oceanography in the 

Gulf of Mexico. The primary data source for this analysis was satellite infrared 

images for the period 1973-1977. 

491 . Waddell, E. and P. Hamilton . 1981 . Physical oceanography. Vol I, pp. 130. In 

C.E. Comiskey and T.A. Farmer. Characterization of baseline oceanography for the 

Texoma region brine disposal sites. DOE, Strategic Reserve Office, Washington, 

D.C. 

492 . Watson, R.L. and E.W. Behrens. 1970. Nearshore surface currents, southeastern 

Texas Gulf coast. Contributions in Marine Science 15 : 133-143 . 

Surface current patterns was studied along the Texas Gulf coast by releasing monthly 

drifting bottles at 18 stations from October 1966 to December 1967. Data analysis 

showed that nearshore surface circulation in depths of 8 fathoms and less is strongly 

influenced by local wind circulation. 

493. Wiseman, W.J ., Jr., J.M. Bane, S .P . Murray, and M.W. Tubman . 1976. 

Small-scale temperature and salinity structure over the inner shelf west of the 

Mississippi River delta. Memoires Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege 10: 

277-285 . 

74 
This paper reports the result of many STD profiles collected immediately west of the 

Mississippi River delta to determine the fate of the effluent plume from Southwest 

Pass . 

494. Wiseman, W.J ., Jr ., V.J . Bierman, Jr., N.N. Rabalais, and R.E. Turner. 1991 . 

Physical structure of the Louisiana shelf hypoxic region, pp . 21-26. In Nutrient 

Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG-92-109, Sea 

Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

Time and length scale variability of water circulation and stratification patterns over 

the west Louisiana-Texas inner shelf are discussed in relation to the presence of 

summer hypoxia. 

495. Wiseman, W.J ., Jr. and S .P. Dinnel. 1988 . Shelf currents near the mouth of the 

Mississippi River. Journal of Physical Oceanography 18: 1287-1291 . 

This paper suggests that minimal flow occurs around the front of the Mississippi 

River delta during normal conditions. The observed currents exhibit variations on 

time scales of days to months. Much of this variability is attributed to an intrusion of 

the Loop current into the northern Gulf of Mexico during the deployment . 

496. Wiseman, W.J ., Jr., S .P. Murray, J.M. Bane, and M.W. Tubman. 1982. 

Temperature and salinity variability within the Louisiana Bight. Contributions in 

Marine Science 25 : 109-120. 

The purpose is to characterize the hydrography of the inner continental shelf 

immediately west of Southwest Pass, the Louisiana Bight, and the interactions of 

freshwater discharge with physical processes affecting that hydrography . Data 

collected during June 1973 and April 1974, following 50-yr flood in 1973 . 

Differences between mixing patterns of Texas shelf waters and those of Louisiana 

Bight are noted. 

497 . Wright, L.D. and J.M. Coleman. 1971 . Effluent expansion and interfacial mixing in 

the presence of a salt wedge, Mississippi River delta. Journal of Geophysical 

Research 76: 8649-8661 . 

Describes the mode of river effluent expansion and deconcentration in the zone 

immediately seaward of the mouth of the Mississippi River at South Pass. These 

processes are fundamental to determining deposition and development of subaqueous 

river mouth and prodeltaic morphology. Effluent expansion is primarily a response 

to the buoyancy of the lighter river water in south pass. 

498. Zetler, B.D . and D.V. Hansen. 1972. Tides in the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 265-275. In 

L.R.A. Capurro and J.L. Reid. Contribution on the Physical Oceanography of the 

Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 

A hypothesis is proposed to explain the observed diurnal tide in the Gulf of Mexico. 

The tide in the Gulf is believed to be co-oscillating with the tide in the nearby Atlantic 

Ocean with amphidromic points in the Florida Strait near Miami and in Yucatan 

Channel. 

75 
PHYTOPLANKTON 

499. Arnold, E.L., Jr. 1958 . Gulf of Mexico plankton investigations, 1951-53. U.S . 

Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 269. 

An extensive two years survey from March 1951 to July 1953 of Gulf of Mexico 

plankton is presented. Emphasis was put on plankton distribution related to 

hydrography in deeper waters than shallow inshore areas. 

500. Balech, E. 1967. Dinoflagellates and tintinnids in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. 

Bulletin of Marine Science 17 : 280-298. 

Plankton collected between May and September 1964 in the northeastern Gulf of 

Mexico gave about 115 species of dinoflagellates and 55 species of tintinnids, 

recorded for the first time in this region . 

501 . Bert, T.M. and H.J . Humm. 1979 . Checklist of the marine algae on the offshore oil 

platforms of Louisiana, pp. 437-446. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. 

The Offshore Ecology Investigation . William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing the distribution and community composition 

of marine macro algae on oil platforms in the study region . 

502 . Bianchi, T.S ., C. Lambent, and D.C. Biggs. 1995. Distribution of chlorophyll a 

and phaeopigments in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: a comparison between 

fluorometric and high-performance liquid chromatography measurements. Bulletin of 

Marine Science 56: 25-32. 

The authors compare the use of HPLC and fluorometric methods for analysis of 

chlorophyll a, b and c and, phaeopigments. The former appeared to provide more 

accurate measurements both in the inner and outer shelf. 

503 . Bogdanov, D.V., V.A. Sokolov, and N.S . Khromov. 1968. Regions of high 

biological and commercial productivity in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean sea. 

Oceanology 8: 371-381 . 

In this article hydrological and hydrochemical conditions, plankton distribution, and 

the commercial possibilities of the common species of fishes in the Gulf of Mexico 

and the Caribbean Sea are discussed. Certain recommendations are made on 

commercial possibilities in certain productive regions in the Gulf of Mexico and the 

Caribbean Sea. 

504. Conger, P. 1954. Present status of diatom studies in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery 

Bulletin No 89. 55 : 227-232. 

Summary of existing information on the occurrence of diatoms in the Gulf of 

Mexico. 

505. Davis, C.C. 1954. Phytoplankton of the Gulf of Mexico . Fishery Bulletin No 89. 

55 : 163-169. 

76 
This paper is a review of previous studies on phytoplankton and macroalgae in the 

Gulf of Mexico. The author gives some recommendations for further investigations . 

506. Dortch, Q. and T.T. Packard. 1989. Differences in biomass structure between 

oligotrophic and eutrophic marine ecosystems . Deep-Sea Research 36 : 223-240. 

The authors discuss in this paper the proportion of plant and non-plant biomass, 

integrating the plankton of eutrophic and oligotrophic areas, in function of the 

chlorophyll alprotein ratio of the particulate organic matter, a relative index of 

phytoplankton to total biomass. They indicate that ecosystem structure must be 

different between eutrophic and oligotrophic areas. 

507. Dortch, Q. and T.E. Whitledge. 1992. Does nitrogen or silicon limit phytoplankton 

production in the Mississippi River plume and nearby regions. Continental Shelf 

Research 12: 1293-1309. 

Phytoplankton was not nitrogen limited in the area of the Mississippi River plume. 

Silica was more likely a limiting nutrient than nitrogen, resulting in changes in 

phytoplankton size and species composition, and ultimately influencing 

trophodynamics, regeneration, the fate of carbon, and the severity and extent of 

hypoxia. 

508 . Ednoff, M.E. 1974. Surface phytoplankton communities and their relationship to 

the loop current in the Gulf of Mexico. Master Thesis . Florida State University . 

Tallahassee, Fl. 187 pp. 

Surface phytoplankton samples were collected along transects in the Florida Straits, 

Yucatan Straits and open Gulf of Mexico. High species diversity and cell 

concentrations were observed in February. Minimum values were recorded in June 

and July. Rhizozsolenia alata was the most abundant diatom in the Gulf surface 

waters during summer of 1973 . 

509. Edwards, P. and D.F. Kapraun. 1973. Benthic marine algal ecology in the Port 

Aransas, Texas area. Contributions in Marine Science 17: 15-52. 

The benthic marine algal flora in the vicinity of the University of Texas Marine 

Science Institute at Port Aransas, was considered in terms of spatial and seasonal 

distribution of the species. Correlations were sought between the observed 

distribution of each local species in the area and various environmental factors. 

510. Eiseman, N.J . and S.M. Blair. 1982. New records and range extensions of 

deepwater algae from east Flower Garden bank, northwestern Gulf of Mexico. 

Contributions in Marine Science 25: 21-26. 

The authors give a benthic algae species inventory of the Gulf of Mexico, made with 

a research submersible. Some of the species were reported for the first time in the 

Gulf of Mexico. 

511 . Franceschini, G.A. and S .Z. El-Sayed. 1968. Effect of hurricane Inez (1966) on the 

hydrography and productivity of the western Gulf of Mexico. Deutsche Hydrogr. Z. 

21 : 193-202. 

77 
512. Fucik, K.W. 1974. The effect of petroleum operations on the phytoplankton 

ecology of the Louisiana coastal water. Texas A&M University. 81 pp. 

513. Fucik, K.W. and S.Z. El-Sayed. 1979. Effect of oil production and drilling 

operations on the ecology of phytoplankton in the OEI study area, pp. 325-353 . In 

C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The Offshore Ecology Investigation. 

William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing phytoplankton community composition, 

biomass, and productivity along with nutrient concentrations in the study region . 

Nutrient concentrations seem suspect with very high concentrations (200 mg-at 

N03/L) . 

514. Graham, H.W. 1954. Dinoflagellates of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 

89. 55: 223-226. 

Summary of existing information on the occurrence of dinoflagellates in the Gulf of 

Mexico. 

515. Gunter, G. 1951 . Mass mortality and dinoflagellate blooms in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Science 113 :250-251 . 

The author discusses the occurrence of Gonyaulax blooms in the Gulf of Mexico, 

responsible for large mass mortality of fishes, as a recurring phenomena over the 

years . 

516 . Gunter, G. and C.H. Lyles. 1979. Localized plankton blooms and jubilees on the 

Gulf coast. Gulf Research Reports 6: 297-299. 

A short description of plankton blooms related to fish killing in localized places of the 

Gulf of Mexico coast is given. Two phytoplankton genera Chaetoceros and 

Gonyaulax are mentioned as organisms involved in these plankton blooms . Runoff 

after a heavy rain could be associated to the appearance of these blooms. 

517 . Hawes, S .R. and H.M. Perry. 1978. Effects of 1973 floodwaters on plankton 

populations in Louisiana and Mississippi. Gulf Research Reports 6: 109-124. 

Studies to assess the impact of floodwater diversion on plankton populations in 

coastal waters of Mississippi and Louisiana were conducted by the authors. Data are 

presented on changes in species composition of zooplankton subsequent to the 

opening of floodways in these areas. 

518. Hobson, L.A. and C.J . Lorenzen. 1972. Relationships of chlorophyll maxima to 

density structure in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research 19 : 

297-306 . 

Chlorophyll maxima distribution were studied in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of 

Mexico. There seems to be a relationship between chlorophyll maxima and 

pycnoclines. Light adaptation may be related to chlorophyll maxima variability, and a 

possible relationship of this layer to microzooplankton abundance is discussed. 

78 
519. Ivanov, A.I . 1966. Some data on phytoplankton of the Gulf of Mexico and Florida 

Strait, pp. 81-90. Studies on the Central American Seas. 

520. Iverson, R. L. and T. L. Hopkins. 1979 . A summary of knowledge of plankton 

production in the Gulf of Mexico : recent phytoplankton and zooplankton research. In 

Proceedings of Symposium of Environmental Research Needs in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Key Biscayne, Fl. 

521 . Justic, D., N.N. Rabalais, R.E. Turner, and W.J . Wiseman, Jr. 1993. Seasonal 

coupling between riverborne nutrients, net productivity, and hypoxia. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 26: 184-189. 

The authors demonstrate a close coupling between riverborne nutrients, net 

productivity and hypoxia in the northern Adriatic Sea and the northern Gulf of 

Mexico. Anthropogenic nutrient loads in their major rivers, Po River and Mississippi 

River respectively, can easily overcome the homeostatic potential of a coastal marine 

ecosystem. 

522 . Kamykowski, D. and J.L. Bird. 1981 . Phytoplankton associations with the variable 

nepheloid layer on the Texas continental shelf. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 

13 : 317-326. 

The nepheloid layer of Texas continental shelf was sampled during June, July, 

September, and November 1978 at a fixed station for 24-h. Physico-chemical 

characteristics of this layer was related to phytoplankton biomass and its ecological 

importance to higher trophic levels. 

523 . Kapraun, D.F . 1974. Seasonal periodicity and spatial distribution of benthic marine 

algae in Louisiana. Contributions in Marine Science 18: 139-167. 

An investigation was conducted of the seasonal and spatial distribution of benthic 

marine algae from several locations differing in respect to salinity, wave action and 

substrate. The respiration/photosynthesis ratio for the area is compared with other 

Gulf and Atlantic floras, and the nature and affinity of the local flora are discussed. 

This article includes some taxonomic studies on the benthic algae, and 31 new 

records for Louisiana. 

524. Khromov, N.S . 1969. Distribution of plankton in the Gulf of Mexico and some 

aspects of its seasonal dynamics, pp. 36-56. In A.S . Bogdanov. Soviet-Cuban 

Fishery Research. Jerusalem. 

A comprehensive survey of plankton distribution in the Gulf of Mexico between 

1962 and 1964 is presented. Gulf of Mexico is poor in plankton, but localized areas 

on the shelf showed a rich abundance of plankton. These areas are northern part of 

the western Florida shelf, and areas east and west of the mouth of the Mississippi. 

525 . Lasker, R. and F.G.W. Smith. 1954. Red tide . Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 

173-176. 

Occurrence of red tides and fish mortalities in the Gulf of Mexico. 

79 
526. Lawler, A.R. 1980. Studies of Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellata) in 

Mississippi Sound: natural and experimental hosts. Gulf Research Reports 6: 

403-413. 

This study describes the occurrence of the parasitic dinoflagellate Amyloodinium 

ocellatum in fishes of the Mississippi Sound, the characteristics of the infection and 

mortality rates. 

527. Lohrenz, S .E., M.J . Dagg, and T.E. Whitledge. 1990. Enhanced primary 

production at the plume/oceanic interface of the Mississippi River. Continental Shelf 

Research 10:639-664. 

Mechanistics and empirical models were used to examine relationships between 

primary production and environmental variables along the Mississippi River 

plume/oceanic gradient off Southwest Pass during April 1988. A large portion of 

variation in primary production could be explained by light availability and biomass. 

Production was controlled by nutrient supply at salinities above 30 %o. 

528 . Lohrenz, S .E., G.L. Fahnenstiel, and D.G. Redalje. 1994. Spatial and temporal 

variations of photosynthetic parameters in relation to environmental conditions in 

coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries 17: 779-795. 

On a series of eight cruises conducted in the northern Gulf of Mexico in the vicinity 

of the Mississippi River plume, efforts were made to characterize temporal and spatial 

variability in parameters of the photosynthesis-irradiance saturation curve and to 

relate the observed variations to environmental conditions (such as temperature, 

nutrients, salinity, turbidity, mixed layer depth) . 

529 . Lohrenz, S.E., D.G. Redalje, G.L. Fahnenstiel, and G.A. Lang. 1991 . Regulation 

and distribution of primary production in the northern Gulf of Mexico, pp. 95-104. 

In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity . Publication number TAMU-SG92-109, Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas. 

This study reports the regulation and distribution of phytoplankton production, 

growth, and photosynthesis associated to levels of nutrients in coastal Gulf of 

Mexico waters affected by the Mississippi River outflow. 

530. Lowe, G.C., Jr. and E.R. Cox. 1978. Species composition and seasonal periodicity 

of the marine benthic algae of Galveston Island, Texas. Contributions in Marine 

Science 21 : 9-24. 

Sampling of benthic algae from selected sites on Galveston Island, Texas, was 

carried out to determine species composition and seasonal periodicity of the 

communities. Results of the study regarding species composition are compared to 

similar Gulf coast studies. 

531 . Madden, C.J ., J.W. Day, Jr., and J.M. Randall. 1988 . Freshwater and marine 

coupling in estuaries of the Mississippi River deltaic plain. Limnology and 

Oceanography 33:982-1004. 

80 
A comparison of three estuaries, Atchafalaya Bay, Fourleague Bay and Barataria 

Bay, offers an excellent opportunity to observe coupling of freshwater and marine 

environments at the extremes of their scale of interaction. The authors suggest that 

deltaic ecosystems are centers of high production throughout their life cycles . 

Through adjustments in the interaction of morphology, chemistry, and biology, high 

production is maintained throughout the life cycle of a delta lobe; evolution of the 

delta allows efficient exploitation of the changing river and marine subsidies. 

532. Marshall, N. 1956. Chlorophyll a in the phytoplankton in coastal waters of the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Research 15: 14-32. 

Chlorophyll a was surveyed twice a month during one year in coastal waters of the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico. Phytoplankton species composition is also presented. Light 

history of natural phytoplankton cells was explored with light and dark bottles. 

533. Ortner, P.B ., R.L. Ferguson, S.R. Piotrowicz, L. Chesal, L. Berberian, and A.V. 

Palumbo. 1984. Biological consequences of hydrographic and atmospheric 

advection within the Gulf Loop intrusion. Deep-Sea Research 31 : 1101-1120. 

Changes in plankton productivity, abundance, vertical distribution, and relative 

sensitivity to added copper are discussed in terms of hydrographic and atmospheric 

advection within the Gulf Loop intrusion in the Gulf of Mexico during February 

1981 . 

534. Pecora, R.A. 1980. Observations on the Genus Vaucheria (Xanthophyceae, 

Vaucheriales) from the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research Reports 6: 387-391 . 

Habitat preference, distribution, and morphology of the genus Vaucheria 

(Xanthophyceae, Vaucheriales) were surveyed along the Gulf of Mexico from 

February 1979 to February 1980. Five species of Vaucheria are first reports for the 

Gulf of Mexico coastal region, and one is reported for the first time in North America 

from coastal Mississippi. 

535 . Perry, H.M., K.C. Stuck, and H.D . Howse. 1979 . First record of a bloom of 

Gonyaulax monilata in coastal waters of Mississippi. Gulf Research Reports 6: 

313-316. 

Data are presented on a bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax monilata in 

coastal waters of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. The paper 

documents the first record of a bloom of this species in Mississippi Sound and 

adjacent Gulf of Mexico. 

536. Randall, J.M. and J.W. Day, Jr. 1987 . Effects of river discharge and vertical 

circulation on aquatic primary production in a turbid Louisiana (USA) estuary. 

Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 21 : 231-242. 

Aquatic primary production spatial and seasonal patterns in Fourleague Bay, was 

found to be strongly influenced by the Atchafalaya River discharge. At low 

salinities, production was light-limited because of the extreme turbidity of the river 

water. At high salinities, production declined, apparently due to nitrogen limitation . 

81 
537. Ray, S.M. and D.V. Aldrich. 1966. Ecological interactions of toxic dinoflagellates 

and molluscs in the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 75-83. In F.E. Russell and P.R. Saunders. 

Animal Toxins. Pergamon Press, New York, NY. 

Laboratory experiments of shellfish with red tide forming dinoflagellates were 

performed to explained the scarcity of shellfish poisoning in the Gulf of Mexico. The 

infrequent incidence of toxic dinoflagellates blooms and failure of molluscs to filter 

them were suggested as the main cause of shellfish poisoning scarcity . 

538. Redalje, D.G., S.E. Lohrenz, and G.L. Fahnenstiel. 1994. The relationship 

between primary production and the vertical export of particulate organic matter in a 

river-impacted coastal ecosystem. Estuaries 17: 829-838. 

Part of continuing effort to examine the temporal variability in the relationship 

between depth integrated primary productivity and the export of POM from the 

euphotic zone of the Mississippi River plume region . Zonal rates of primary 

production during four cruises in the region are given along with vertical transport of 

POM from the water column. 

539 . Riley, G.A. 1937. The significance of the Mississippi River drainage for biological 

conditions in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Research 1 : 60-74. 

The large amount of phosphorus carried by the Mississippi River stimulated marine 

primary and secondary production around the mouth of the River. However, the 

zone of high primary production and high phosphorus content do not exactly 

coincide . The author suggested that there must be another nutrient in the river water 

which is a limiting factor in this region . 

540. Simmons, E.G. and W.H. Thomas. 1962. Phytoplankton of the eastern Mississippi 

Delta. Publication of the Institute of Marine Sciences 8: 269-298. 

Phytoplankton populations at the Mississippi River delta are described in relation to 

meteorological and hydrological conditions. The phytoplankton species composition 

changed from riverine to seawater locations. 

541 . Sklar, F.H. and R.E. Turner . 1981 . Characteristics of phytoplankton production off 

Barataria Bay in an area influenced by the Mississippi River. Contributions in Marine 

Science 24 :93-106. 

Seasonal changes in the Mississippi riverflow volume altered the nutrient supply, 

water color, turbidity and salinity/temperature regimes in the coastal waters off 

Barataria Bay. Changes in nutrient concentrations were indicative of nitrogen 

limitation in this area. 

542. Smith, S .M. 1993. Nutrient regulation of phytoplankton on the Louisiana shelf. 

Master Thesis . University of Miami. Miami, Fl. 

543. Smith, S.M. and G.L. Hitchcock. 1994. Nutrient enrichments and phytoplankton 

growth in the surface waters of the Louisiana Bight. Estuaries 17 : 740-753 . 

82 
Bioassays were performed with nutrient additions to surface waters collected from the 

Louisiana shelf to examine the potential for specific nutrient limitation . Experiments 

were conducted in March and September 1991, and May 1992. 

544. Steele, J.H. 1964. A study of production in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine 

Research 22 : 211-222. 

The authors give theoretical reasons to show that midwater chlorophyll maxima may 

be due to an increase in the chlorophyll content of the phytoplankton rather than to an 

accumulation of primary producers due to sinking. Data from the Gulf of Mexico 

were used to support this explanation. 

545 . Thomas, W.H. and E.G. Simmons. 1960. Phytoplankton production in the 

Mississippi Delta, pp . 103-116. In F.P. Shepard, F.B. Phleger, and T.H .Van 

Andel. Recent sediments, northwest Gulf of Mexico. The American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 

Phytoplankton production and species composition and, hydrological and chemical 

parameters at the Mississippi River delta, are discussed in this paper. Phytoplankton 

production increased during high river discharge periods. Primary producers, most 

likely limited by nitrogen, were not an important contributor to organic carbon in the 

sediment. 

546. Turner, R.E. and R.L. Allen. 1982. Plankton respiration rates in the bottom waters 

of the Mississippi River Delta bight. Contributions in Marine Science 25 : 173-179 . 

The authors measured community plankton respiration rates in the bottom waters of 

the Mississippi River Delta bight. They concluded that low oxygen values were 

influenced by sinking phytoplankton, benthic respiration, and water stratification . 

The nepheloid layer appeared to have a minor importance in the oxygen consumption 

rates. 

547. Turner, R.E., S.W. Woo, and H.R. Jitts. 1979. Estuarine influences on a 

continental shelf plankton community. Science 206: 218-220. 

The authors reported that the gross zooplankton community of the South Carolina 

and Georgia continental shelf, was dominated by couplings with the local estuaries 

and shallow nearshore zone. 

548. Zernova, V.V. 1970. On phytoplankton in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. 

Oceanography Research 20: 69-104. 

ZOOPLANKTON 

549. Burke, W.D. 1975 . Pelagic cnidaria of Mississippi Sound and adjacent waters . 

Gulf Research Reports 5 : 23-38 . 

Investigations were made in Mississippi Sound and adjacent waters from March 1968 

through March 1971 to record the occurrence and seasonaliry of planktonic 

cnidarians. Sixty-one species of cnidarians were collected from Mississippi Sound 

and the adjacent Gulf of Mexico. Open Gulf waters south of a barrier islands 

83 
displayed considerably greater faunal diversity than the relatively impoverished 

sound. Present in the samples were 26 species of hydromedusae, 25 species of 

siphonophores, and 10 species of scyphomedusae . 

550. Cummings, J.A. 1983. Habitat dimensions of calanoid copepods in the western 

Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Research 41 : 163-188 . 

The vertical distributions of 49 species (53 taxa) of calanoid copepods were 

determined in cyclonic and anticyclonic hydrographic features in the western Gulf of 

Mexico for three seasons of the year. It is proposed in this study that on a broad 

scale the observed constancy of copepod species and vertical spatial structure is 

related to the "nutrient-limited" and "light-limited" physiological regimens 

documented for oceanic phytoplankton species. 

551 . Dagg, M.J . 1988 . Physical and biological responses to the passage of a winter 

storm in the coastal and inner shelf waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. 

Continental Shelf Research 8: 167-178. 

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether biological responses 

sufficient to affect intermediate trophic levels such as zooplankton or ichthyoplankton 

could occur on the time scale of winter storms on the northern Gulf of Mexico. 

Nearshore waters were monitored over a 3 day period immediately after the passage 

of a maritime Polar cold front to measure some of the physical and biological 

response. No biological responses were observed at the copepod level in this study. 

552 . Dagg, M.J ., P.B. Ortner, and F. Al-Yamani. 1987 . Winter-time distribution and 

abundance of copepod nauplii in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 86: 

319-330. 

According to the present study, large freshwater inflow of the Mississippi River 

during the wintertime spawning period of the Gulf menhaden contributes to the 

feeding success and survival of larval fish by providing physical stratification which 

in turn results in a vertical stratification of phytoplankton and microzooplankton in 

layers or patches of relatively high concentrations . 

553 . Dagg, M.J . and T.E. Whitledge . 1991 . Concentrations of copepod nauplii 

associated with the nutrient-rich plume of the Mississippi River. Continental Shelf 

Research 11 : 1409-1423 . 

During spring and summer, discharge plumes of the Mississippi River were located 

visually by water color. Temperature, salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll a and copepod 

nauplii were sampled coincidentally in a cross-plume direction. Strong seasonality in 

zooplankton production is suggested, with greatest production in summer. 

554. Deevey, E.S ., Jr. 1950. Hydroids from Louisiana and Texas, with remarks on the 

pleistocene biogeography of the western Gulf of Mexico. Ecology 31 : 334-367. 

Examination of two small collections of marine hydroids, mostly from Texas, has 

yielded results of interest quite out of proportion to the size of the collections and the 

number of species identified . The hydroid fauna of Texas and Louisiana, so far as it 

is now known, is dominated numerically by tropical and subtropical species. A 

84 
significant proportion of species, however, are of boreal rather than tropical 

distribution . 

555. Fleminger, A. 1956 . Taxonomic and distributional studies on the epiplankton 

calanoid copepods (Crustacea) of the Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D.Thesis. Harvard 

University . Cambridge, Mass. 

556. Gunter, G. and R.A. Geyer. 1955. Studies on fouling organisms of the northwest 

Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science 4: 38-67. 

The work reported here was carried out on the Louisiana and Texas coast between 

July 1949 and February 1950. Barnacles, a fuzz of hydroids, the horse oyster, 

Ostrea equetris and the bryozoan, Acanthodesia, dominated the complex on the lower 

25 feet of the Texas platforms. Common oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were 

present at upper levels . The Louisiana platforms were similar, except that one had no 

oyster, and the other had C. virginica at upper levels with O. equestris and O. frons, 

the tree oyster ., at lower levels . 

557. Hopkins, T.L. 1982. The vertical distribution of zooplankton in the eastern Gulf of 

Mexico. Deep-Sea Research 29 : 1069-1083. 

This paper reports on the diel vertical distribution, biomass, and taxonomic 

composition of zooplankton in the upper 1000 m at a location in the east central Gulf 

of Mexico. The investigation provides estimates of the zooplankton food energy 

available to higher trophic levels and a data base for future trophodynamic modelling 

of the pelagic ecosystem of the eastern Gulf. 

558 . Marum, J.P. 1979. Significance of distribution patterns of planktonic copepods in 

Louisiana coastal waters and relationships to oil drilling and production, pp. 

355-377. In C.H. Ward, M.E. Bender, and D.J . Reish. The Offshore Ecology 

Investigation. William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX. 

Research results of the OEI describing zooplankton community composition and 

biomass in the study region . 

559. McLelland, J.A. 1980. Notes on the northern Gulf of Mexico occurrence of Sagina 

Friderici ritter-zahony (Chaetognatha) . Gulf Research Reports 6: 343-348. 

This paper discusses the occurrence of Sagita friderici in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico, and the methods currently used to separate the species from S. tenuis . This 

work is based, in part, on a thesis concerning the distribution of chaetognaths in the 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico. 

560. Minello, T. J. 1980. The neritic zooplankton of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. 

Ph.D. Thesis. Texas A&M University . 240 pp. 

This study examines in detail the temporal and spatial distributional patterns for major 

groups of zooplankton and common species of calanoid and cyclopoid copepods. 

The relationships between the densities of these groups and various physical and 

chemical factors were also examined. 

85 
561 . Moore, D.R. 1962. Occurrence and distribution of Nemopsis Bachei Agassiz 

(Hydrozoa) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf 

and Caribbean 12: 399-402. 

Nemopsis bachei was collected or observed on a number of occasions during the 

years 1958 through 1960. N. bachei was found to be an abundant species in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. It ranges from Florida to Texas, and appears in the 

plankton from January to May. 

562. Moore, H.B. 1954. The zooplankton of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 

89. 55 : 171-172. 

This paper is a review of previous studies on zooplankton of the Gulf of Mexico. The 

author gives some recommendations for further investigations . 

563. Ortner, P.B., L.C. Hill, and S.R. Cummings. 1989. Zooplankton community 

structure and copepod species composition in the northern Gulf of Mexico. 

Continental Shelf Research 9 : 387-402. 

Zooplankton community structure and copepod species composition are analyzed in 

samples obtained during spring and winter from three areas of the northern Gulf of 

Mexico: near the Mississippi River outflow, off Cape San Blas, and in the central 

Gulf of Mexico. 

564 . Osburn, R.C. 1954. The bryozoa of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 

55 : 361-362. 

565 . Park, C., J.H. Wormuth, and G.A. Wolff. 1989. Sample variability of zooplankton 

in the nearshore off Louisiana with consideration of sampling design . Continental 

Shelf Research 9: 165-179. 

Variability in zooplankton samples was examined to identify a proper sampling 

design for unbiased zooplankton abundance estimation. Samples were selected in the 

nearshore about 16 km south of Louisiana during one night and 2 days in October 

1985 using a 1 M2 multiple opening/closing net and environmental sensing system 

fitted with 0.333 mm mesh nets. 

566. Park, T.S . 1970. Calanoid copepods from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. 

2. New species and new records from plankton samples. Bulletin of Marine Science 

20: 472-546. 

Twenty-eight new species of calanoid copepods and the male of Bathypontia minor 

(Wolfenden, 1906) are described from specimens found in vertically collected 

samples of plankton obtained in the Caribbean sea and Gulf of Mexico. Diagnoses or 

systematic remarks are presented for 16 other species of calanoid copepods. 

Fifty-eight species of calanoid copepods not previously known from the Caribbean 

Sea and Gulf of Mexico are reported. A key is included for the identification of the 

species of Spinocalanus. 

86 
567 . Phillips, P.J . and W.D. Burke. 1970. The occurrence of sea wasps (Cubomedusae) 

in Mississippi Sound and the northern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 

20: 853-859 . 

Two species of Cubomedusae, Chiropsalmus quadrumanus and Tamoya haplonema 

are reported from the northern Gulf of Mexico in Mississippi coastal waters . C 

quadrumanus was commonly taken in Mississippi Sound in August and September. 

Conditions of high salinity and temperature in Mississippi Sound probably allow the 

development of populations of these bottom-dwelling medusae in the estuary. 

568. Phleger, F.B . 1960. Sedimentary patterns of microfaunas in northern Gulf of 

Mexico, pp. 267-301 . In F.P. Shepard, F.B. Phleger, and T.H.Van Andel. Recent 

sediments, northwestern Gulf of Mexico. American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 

This article is a summary of the major features of the microfaunal in the northern Gulf 

of Mexico. Foraminiferal sedimentary patterns are related to rates of sedimentation 

and to certain other sedimentary processes. 

569 . Schmitt, W.L. 1954. Copepoda. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 439-442. 

570. Sprague, V. 1954. Protozoa. Fishery Bulletin No 89. 55 : 243-256 . 

571 . Stuck, K.C., H.M. Perry, and A.G. Fish. 1980. New records of Hyperiidea 

(crustacea: amphipoda) from the north central Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research 

Reports 6: 359-370. 

Records of 54 species of amphipods of the suborder Hyperiidea from the Gulf of 

Mexico are presented. The first time forty-seven species are recorded from the Gulf. 

Previous records of occurrence in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and associated 

North Atlantic waters are provided for each species. 

87 
SUBJECT INDEX 

Abyssal Plain 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958. 

130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970 

286. Shepard, F. P. 1955 . 

183. Tieh, T. T., et al. 1972 . 

Advection 

335. Cowan, J. H., Jr., et al . 1988. 

270. Feely, R. A. 1974. 

343. Govoni, J. J., et al . 1989. 

138. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 

533 . Ortner, P. B., et al. 1984 . 

171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984. 

172 . Sahl, L. E., et al. 1993 . 

376. Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985 . 

Bacteria 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

317 . Chin-Leo, G., et al . 1992. 

11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 

506. Dortch, Q., et al . 1989. 

230. Flint, R. W., et al . 1978. 

340. Gallaway, B. J ., et al . 1980. 

318 . Gardner, W. S., et al . 1994. 

146. Middleditch, B. S . 1980. 

156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979 

320. Oujesky, H., et al . 1979. 

256. Schwarz, J . R., et al . 1979. 

322. Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 

199. Walker, S. H. 1976. 

323. ZoBell, C. E. 1954. 

Bacterioplankton 

79. Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

317. Chin-Leo, G., et al . 1992. 

533 . Ortner, P. B., et al . 1984. 

Bacteria Production 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

146. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

Basin 

264. Antoine, J. W., et al . 1974. 

98. Davies, D. K., et al . 1970. 

269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958 . 

271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956. 

240. Handing, J . L., et al . 1966. 

276. Hilgard, E. W. 1881 . 

134. Keown, M. P., et al . 1986 . 

279. Lehner, P. 1969. 

460. Nowlin, W. D., Jr ., et al . 1967 . 

301 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr ., et al . 1969 . 

54. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1971 . 

Bathymetry 

265. Ballard, R. D., et al . 1970. 

217. Bright, T. J., et al . 1976. 

327. Burkenroad, M. D. 1939. 

330. Chittenden, M. E., Jr., et al . 1977 . 

12. Defenbaugh, R. E. 1976. 

25. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 

130. Huang, T. C., et al. 1970. 

279 . Lehner, P. 1969. 

282 . Morgan, J. P. 1979. 

283 . Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

39 . Parker, R. H., et al . 1956. 

383 . Subrahmanyan, C. B. 1971 . 

489 . Uchupi, E. 1967. 

Benthic Fauna 

218 . Carney, R. S . 1987. 

18 . Flint, R. W. 1981 . 

109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984 . 

20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 

21 . Franks, J . S ., et al . 1972. 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

298. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1985 . 

297. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994. 

25. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 

302. Pavela, J . S ., et al . 1983 . 

52. Rowe, G. T. 1971 . 

54. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1971 . 

Benthos 

1 . Andersen, H. V. 1961 . 

2 . Bandy, O. L. 1956. 

3 . Barnet, B. B., et al . 1973. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979 . 

4. Carlgren, O., et al . 1951 . 

5 . Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 

6. Chitwood, B. G. 1954. 

7. Chitwood, B. G., et al . 1954. 

89 
Benthos (coot.) 

8 . Clark, A. H. 1954. 

9. Coe, W. R. 1954. 

10. Cooper, G. A. 1954. 

11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 

12. Defenbaugh, R. E. 1976. 

13 . Deichman, E. 1954. 

14. Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

509. Edwards, P., et al . 1973 . 

16. Farrell, D. H. 1974. 

15 . Farrell, D. 1974. 

17. Farrell, D. H. 1979. 

19. Flint, R. W., et al . 1980. 

18. Flint, R. W. 1981 . 

20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 

21 . Franks, J. S., et al . 1972. 

296. Gaston, G. R. 1985 . 

298. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1985. 

22. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1992. 

23. George, R. Y., et al . 1979. 

121 . Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 

24. Greiner, G. O. G. 1970. 

25. Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1980. 

26. Hartman, O. 1954. 

27. Hedgpeth, J. W. 1953. 

28. Hedgpeth, J. W. 1954. 

29. Hopper, B. E. 1961a. 

30. Hopper, B. E. 1961b. 

31 . Hopper, B. E. 1963. 

129. Horowitz, A., et al . 1977 . 

523. Kapraun, D. F. 1974. 

32 . Kornfeld, M. M. 1931 . 

33 . Lankford, R. R. 1959 . 

530. Lowe, G. C., Jr., et al . 1978. 

34 . MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989. 

35 . Manter, H. W. 1954. 

36 . Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 

39 . Parker, R. H., et al . 1956. 

37 . Parker, R. H. 1956 . 

38 . Parker, R. H., et al . 1980. 

40. Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1983. 

41 . Phleger, F. B. 1939 . 

42. Phleger, F. B. 1951 . 

46. Phleger, F. B., et al . 1954. 

43. Phleger, F. B. 1954. 

44. Phleger, F. B. 1955 . 

45. Phleger, F. B. 1956. 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993. 

47. Price, W. A. 1954. 

48. Pulley, T. E. 1952. 

49. Ragan, J . G. 1975. 

50. Rehder, H. A. 1954. 

51 . Rezak, R., et al . 1990. 

52. Rowe, G. T. 1971 . 

54. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1971 . 

55 . Rowe, G. T., et al . 1974. 

53 . Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 

56. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

57. Stanton, R. J., Jr., et al . 1972. 

58 . Tierney, J. Q. 1954. 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

59. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, et al . 

1992. 

60. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, et al . 

1993 . 

61 . Waller, R. S. 1979. 

62. Willis, E. R. 1942. 

63. Yingst, J. Y., et al . 1985. 

Biogenic 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

164. Rabalais, N. N., et a1 . 1991 . 

Biogeochemistry 

67. Adams, C. E., et al . 1982. 

68. Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973. 

69. Alberts, J . 1970. 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989. 

71 . Ammerman, J. W. 1991 . 

72. Anderson, J. B., et al. 1980. 

73. Anderson, P. S ., et al . 1994. 

74. Armstrong, D. W. 1974. 

75. Armstrong, R. S. 1980. 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993. 

78. Behrens, E. W., et al . 1979. 

77. Behrens, E. W. 1980. 

79. Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 

81 . Betzer, P. R., et al . 1971 . 

82 . Biggs, D. C. 1992 . 

83 . Biglane, K. E., et al . 1967. 

84. Boone, P. A. 1973 . 

85 . Bratkovich, A., et al . 1991 . 

86. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1994. 

87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

89. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1973. 

88. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1977. 

90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 

91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979. 

92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 

93. Chan, L. H., et al . 1982. 

90 
Biogeochemistry (cont.) 143. Manheim, F. T., et al . 1972 . 

94. Cogen, W. M. 1940. 144. Maurer, L. G., et al . 1972 . 

95. Coleman, J. M., et al . 1964. 145. Menzies, R. J., et al . 1979 . 

96. Control, D.W . P., et al . 1954. 147. Middleditch, B. S . 1980. 

98. Davies, D. K., et al . 1970. 146. Middleditch, B. S . 1980. 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972 . 148. Middleditch, B. S ., et al . 1980. 

99. Davis, D. R. 1968 . 149. Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 

100. Dickeson, M. W., et al . 1848 . 150. Montalvo, J . G., Jr ., et al . 1979. 

101 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 152. Morrison, J. M., et al. 1976. 

102. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994. 151 . Morrison, J. M., et al . 1983 . 

103. Entzeroth, L. C. 1982. 154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

104. Fairbank, N. G. 1962. 153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

106. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1973. 155. Newman, J. W., et al . 1973 . 

105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

107. Feely, R. A., et al . 1971 . 157. Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

108 . Fisk, H. N., et al . 1954. 158. Paskausky, D. F., et al . 1968. 

231 . Flint, R. W., et al. 1979 . 159. Pequegnat, L. H. 1979. 

109 . Flint, R. W., et al. 1984. 160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993 . 

110. Flint, W. R., et al. 1986. 161 . Pratt, W. E. 1947 . 

112 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1985 . 162. Presley, B. J., et al . 1980. 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987 . 164. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

113 . Frank, D. J., et al . 1970. 163. Rabalais, N. N. 1992. 

114. Frazier, D. E. 1967. 165 . Rogers, M. A., et al . 1969. 

115 . Fredericks, A. D., et al . 1970. 166 . Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

116. Fucik, K. W., et al. 1994. 167 . Russell, R. 1937. 

117 . Gardner, W. 5 ., et al. 1974. 170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963. 

119. Gearing, P. J. 1975 . 168 . Sackett, W. M. 1964. 

120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 169. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1969. 

118 . Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984. 

121 . Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993. 

122. Griffin, G. M. 1979. 173 . Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

123 . Guo, L., et al. 1994. 174. Sharp, J. M. 1979. 

124. Hanor, J. S ., et al . 1977. 175 . Shigley, C. M. 1954. 

125. Happ, G., et al . 1977. 176. Shiner, A. M., et al . 1987 . 

126. Harris, J. E. 1972. 177. Shinn, E. A. 1975. 

127. Hedges, J. I., et al . 1976. 178. Shokes, R. F. 1976. 

128. Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 179. Simons, L. H., et al . 1953 . 

129. Horowitz, A., et al. 1977 . 180. Slowery, J. F., et al . 1971 . 

130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 181 . Stetson, H. C., et al . 1953 . 

131 . Jacobs, M. B., et al . 1969 . 182. Thayer, G. W., et al . 1983 . 

132. Kamykowski, D. L., et al . 1976. 183. Tieh, T. T., et al . 1972. 

133. Kan, D. L. 1970. 185. Trask, P. D., et al . 1947. 

134. Keown, M. P., et al . 1986 . 184. Trask, P. D. 1953 . 

135. Kesel, R. H. 1988. 186. Trefray, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

136. Krumbein, W. C. 1939. 190. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

137 . Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979. 191 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

138 . Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 193 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994 . 192 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

140. Lowman, S. W. 1951 . 188 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1985. 

141 . Lytle, J. S., et al . 1977. 189. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 

142. Macko, S . A., et al . 1984. 194. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1991 . 

91 
Biogeochemistry (cont.) 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

196. Turner, H. J. 1903 . 

195. Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 

197. Turner, R. E., et al . 1994. 

198. Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960 

199. Walker, S . H. 1976. 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 

202. Williams, R. H. 1954 . 

203. Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

Birds 

204. Aumann, G. D. 1980. 

205. Fritts, T. H., et al . 1981 . 

206. Gunter, G. 1954. 

207. Lowery, G. H., Jr., et al . 1954. 

208. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

Burial 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

188. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1985. 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

Carbon 

68. Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973. 

670 . Alcazar, F., et al . 1989. 

72 . Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 

263 . Antoine, J. W. 1972 . 

264 . Antoine, J. W., et al . 1974. 

74 . Armstrong, D. W. 1974. 

75 . Armstrong, R. S. 1980. 

204. Aumann, G. D. 1980. 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr . 1979 . 

77 . Behrens, E. W. 1980. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 

87 . Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

89. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1973 . 

88 . Brooks, J . M., et al . 1977. 

90. Brooks, J . M., et al . 1980. 

92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 

5. Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 

11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 

221 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

408. Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

225. Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

507. Dortch, Q., et al . 1992. 

268. Doyle, L. J., et al. 1980. 

227. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1991 . 

102. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994. 

419. Emiliani, C., et al . 1978 . 

269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958. 

20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987. 

113. Frank, D. J ., et al . 1970. 

114. Frazier, D. E. 1967 . 

115. Fredericks, A. D., et al . 1970. 

233. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1980. 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

234. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1982 . 

117. Gardner, W. S., et al . 1974 . 

120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 

118. Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 

238. Giam, C. S ., et al . 1979. 

123. Guo, L., et al . 1994. 

319. Hanson, R. B. 1982. 

125. Happ, G., et al . 1977. 

25. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 

126. Harris, J. E. 1972. 

127. Hedges, J. I., et al . 1976. 

128. Ho, C. L., et al . 1977 . 

277. Jones, J . I., et al . 1979. 

133. Kan, D. L. 1970. 

137. Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979. 

141 . Lytle, J. S., et al . 1977. 

34. MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989. 

142. Macko, S . A., et al . 1984. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988 . 

147. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

146. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

148. Middleditch, B. S., et al . 1980. 

153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

155. Newman, J. W., et al . 1973. 

156 . Oppenheimer, C. H. et al . 1979. 

320. Oujesky, H., et al . 1979. 

157 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

243 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1979. 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993. 

248 . Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 

254. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993 . 

165 . Rogers, M. A., et a1 . 1969 . 

166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980 . 

53 . Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 

170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963 . 

168. Sackett, W. M. 1964 . 

169. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1969. 

Carbon (cont.) 

469. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

92 
322. Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 459. Nowlin, W. D., Jr ., et al. 1972 . 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al. 1981 . 460. Nowlin, W. D., Jr ., et al. 1967 . 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

544. Steele, J. H. 1964. 568. Phleger, F. B. 1960. 

182. Thayer, G. W., et al . 1983. 465. Price, K. C. 1979. 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 306. Rabalais, N. N., et a1 . 1991 . 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 536. Randall, J. M., et al . 1987 . 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 51 . Rezak, R., et al . 1990 . 

547. Turner, R. E., et al . 1979. 467. Rouse, L. J., et al . 1976. 

489. Uchupi, E. 1967. 171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984. 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 470. Salas de Leon, D. A., et al . 1986. 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 471 . Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1987. 

290. Wilhelm, O., et al . 1972. 472. Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1985 . 

202. Williams, R. H. 1954. 473 . Science Applications International 

Corporation 1987. 

Circ ulation 474. Science Applications International 

75. Armstrong, R. S. 1980. Corporation 1987. 

395. Blaha, J., et al . 1981 . 481 . Smith, N. P. 1975. 

503. Bogdanov, D. V., et al . 1968 . 480. Smith, N. P. 1978. 

397. Capurro, L. R. A., et al . 1972. 478. Smith, N. P. 1980. 

399 . Chew, F., et al . 1962. 483. Sturges, W., et al. 1976. 

401 . Chuang, W., et al . 1983 . 484. Sturges, W., et al . 1983 . 

403 . Cochrane, J. D., et al. 1986. 488. Tolbert, W. H., et al. 1964. 335 . Cowan, J . H., Jr., et al . 1988. 547. Turner, R. E., et al . 1979. 

405. Crout, R. L., et al . 1984. 198. Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960. 

550. Cummings, J. A. 1983 . 200. Walsh, J . J., et al . 1989 . 

407. Daddio, E., et al . 1978 . 492. Watson, R. L., et al . 1970. 

408 . Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 261 . Williams, H. F. 1951 . 

97 . Davies, D. K. 1972. 494. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al. 1991 . 

413 . Drennan, K. L. 1963 . 495 . Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al. 1988. 

414. Duxbury, A. C. 1962. 497 . Wright, L. D., et al . 1971 . 

420. Etter, P. C. 1983 . 203 . Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958. 411 . Dinnel, S. P. 1988 . 

109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 415 . Ebbesmeyer, C. C., et al . 1982. 

271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956. 417 . Elliott, B. A. 1982. 

431 . Halper, F. B., et al . 1990. 426. Gaul, R. O. 1967. 

240. Handing, J. L., et al . 1966. 433 . Hofmann, E. E., et al . 1986. 

25 . Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 439. Ichiye, T. 1962 . 

130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 442. Kimsey, J. B., et al . 1963. 

434. Hubertz, J. M., et al . 1972. 443 . Kimsey, J. B., et al . 1964. 

438. Ichiye, T. 1972. 455 . Murray, S. P. 1976. 

440. Ichiye, T. 1972. 

445. Leipper, D. F. 1954. Chlorophyll 

446. Leipper, D. F. 1954 . 502. Bianchi, T. S., et al . 1995 . 

449. Maul, G. A. 1977 . 316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

147. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 90. Brooks, J . M., et al . 1980. 

453. Molinari, R. L., et al . 1978. 92. Calder, J. A. 1977 . 

152. Morrison, J. M., et al . 1976. 553. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

457 . Murray, S . P. 1970. 505. Davis, C. C. 1954. 

456. Murray, S . P. 1972. 

458 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr. 1972 . 

93 
Chlorophyll (cont.) 408. Danek, L. J ., et al . 1980. 

506. Dortch, Q., et al . 1989 . 97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

18. Flint, R. W. 1981 . 508. Ednoff, M. E. 1974. 

345. Grimes, C. B., et al . 1991 . 420. Etter, P. C. 1983. 

125. Happ, G., et al . 1977. 269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958 . 

353. Herron, R. C., et al . 1989. 109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

518. Hobson, L. A., et al . 1972. 295. Fotheringham, N., et al. 1979 . 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956. 

532. Marshall, N. 1956. 431 . Halper, F. B., et al . 1990 . 

563. Ortner, P. B., et al . 1989. 240. Harding, J. L., et al . 1966 . 

164. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 25. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937. 130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 434. Hubertz, J. M., et al. 1972. 

544. Steele, J. H. 1964. 435. Huh, O. K., et al . 1981 . 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982 . 437. Hurlburt, H. E., et al . 1980. 

446. Leipper, D. F. 1954. 

Clay 444. Leipper, D. F. 1970. 

268. Doyle, L. J., et al . 1980. 447. Leipper, D. F., et al . 1972. 

131 . Jacobs, M. B., et al . 1969. 281 . Lynch, S. A. 1954. 

65. Johnson II, W. C., et al . 1989. 449. Maul, G. A. 1977 . 

284. Poag, C. W., et al . 1972 . 559. McLelland, J. A. 1980. 

367 . Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 147. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984. 452. Molinari, R. L., et al . 1977. 

453. Molinari, R. L., et al . 1978. 

Continental Margins/Provinces 454. Molinari, R. L., et al . 1982. 

263 . Antoine, J. W. 1972. 152. Monison, J. M., et al . 1976. 

264 . Antoine, J. W., et al . 1974. 457. Murray, S. P. 1970. 

265 . Ballard, R. D., et al . 1970. 456. Murray, S. P. 1972. 

97 . Davies, D. K. 1972. 459 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1972. 

268 . Doyle, L. J., et al . 1980. 462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

269 . Ewing, M., et al . 1958 . 464. Physical Oceanography Panel, et al . 

104. Fairbank, N. G. 1962 . 1990. 

105 . Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 465 . Price, K. C. 1979. 

155 . Newman, J. W., et al. 1973 . 366. Price, W. W., et al . 1986 . 

286. Shepard, F. P. 1955 . 306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

287. Shepard, F. P. 1956. 51 . Rezak, R., et al . 1990. 

489. Uchupi, E. 1967. 171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984. 

198 . Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960 . 470. Salas de Leon, D. A., et al . 1986. 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al. 1989. 471 . Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1987. 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 472. Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1985 . 

290. Wilhelm, O., et al . 1972 . 473. Science Applications International 

Corporation 1987. 

Currents 474. Science Applications International 

67. Adams, C. E., et al . 1982. Corporation 1987. 

75. Armstrong, R. S. 1980. 173. Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

329. Caldwell, D. K. 1959. 475. Seim, H. E., et al . 1987 . 

397. Capurro, L. R. A., et al. 1972 . 481 . Smith, N. P. 1975. 

400. Chew, F., et al . 1962 . 480 . Smith, N. P. 1978. 

403 . Cochrane, J. D., et al . 1986. 478 . Smith, N. P. 1980. 

405 . Crout, R. L., et al . 1984. 483 . Sturges, W., et al . 1976. 

407 . Daddio, E., et al . 1978. 484. Sturges, W., et al . 1983. 

94 
Currents (cont.) 

488. Tolbert, W. H., et al . 1964. 

198. Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960. 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al. 1989. 

492. Watson, R. L., et al . 1970. 

261 . Williams, H. F. 1951 . 

495. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1988 

203 . Wright, L. D., et al . 1974 . 

415. Ebbesmeyer, C. C., et al . 1982. 

442. Kimsey, J. B., et al . 1963. 

443. Kimsey, J. B., et al . 1964. 

455. Murray, S. P. 1976. 

482. Soong, Y. 1978. 

485. Sugimoto, T., et al. 1988 . 

Delta 

67. Adams, C. E., et al. 1982 . 

389. Allen, R. L., et al. 1977a. 

390. Allen, R. L., et al . 1977b. 

391 . Allen, R. L., et al. 1977c . 

1 . Andersen, H. V. 1961 . 

73. Anderson, P. S ., et al . 1994. 

84. Boone, P. A. 1973. 

399. Chew, F., et al . 1962. 

400. Chew, F., et al . 1962. 

95 . Coleman, J. M., et al . 1964. 

406. Daddio, E. 1977 . 

407. Daddio, E., et al . 1978 . 

221 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

223. Darnell, R. M., et al . 

222 . Darnell, R. M. 1992. 

268 . Doyle, L. J., et al . 1980. 

413 . Drennan, K. L. 1963 . 

415 . Ebbesmeyer, C. C., et al . 1982. 

108 . Fisk, H. N., et al . 1954 . 

425 . Forshey, C. G. 1873. 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987 . 

114. Frazier, D. E. 1967. 

118. Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 

319. Hanson, R. B. 1982. 

275. Hilgard, E. W. 1871 . 

273. Hilgard, E. W. 1906. 

241 . Hitchcock, G., et al . 1991 . 

135. Kesel, R. H. 1988. 

136. Krumbein, W. C. 1939. 

33. Lankford, R. R. 1959. 

280. Ludwick, J. C. 1964. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 

282. Morgan, J. P. 1979. 

456. Murray, S. P. 1972. 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

37. Parker, R. H. 1956. 

44. Phleger, F. B. 1955 . 

162. Presley, B. J., et al . 1980. 

367. Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 

466. Rickman, D., et al . 1989. 

370. Roithmayr, C. M. 1965 . 

468. Russell, R. J. 1936. 

472. Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1985 . 

173. Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

286. Shepard, F. P. 1955 . 

287. Shepard, F. P. 1956. 

178. Shokes, R. F. 1976. 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

57. Stanton, R. J., Jr., et al. 1972 . 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

190. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

193. Trefry, J . H., et al . 1981 . 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982 . 

188. Trefry, J . H., et al . 1985 . 

189. Trefry, J . H., et al . 1986. 

288. Trowbridge, A. C. 1930. 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

311 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

197. Turner, R. E., et al . 1994. 

258. Twilley, R. R., et al . 1991 . 

493. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1976. 

495. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1988. 

497. Wright, L. D., et al . 1971 . 

Deposition 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993. 

84 . Boone, P. A. 1973 . 

95 . Coleman, J. M., et al . 1964 . 

114 . Frazier, D. E. 1967. 

117 . Gardner, W. S., et al . 1974. 

135 . Kesel, R. H. 1988 . 

280. Ludwick, J. C. 1964. 

281 . Lynch, S. A. 1954. 

568 . Phleger, F. B. 1960. 

168 . Sackett, W. M. 1964. 

185 . Trask, P. D., et al . 1947. 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

198 . Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960. 

497. Wright, L. D., et al . 1971 . 

203 . Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

Dinoflagellate 

500. Balech, E. 1967 . 

332. Connell, C. H., et al . 1950. 

342. Govoni, J. J., et al . 1983 . 

514. Graham, H. W. 1954. 

95 
515 . Gunter, G. 1951 . 

526. Lawler, A. R. 1980. 

535 . Perry, H. M., et al . 1979 

537. Ray, S . M., et al . 1966. 

Discharge (river flow) 

67 . Adams, C. E., et al . 1982. 

3 . Barret, B. B., et al . 1973. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

85. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1991 . 

86. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1994. 

400. Chew, F., et al . 1962. 

403. Cochrane, J. D., et al . 1986. 

95. Coleman, J. M., et al. 1964. 

552. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1987. 

553. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

410. Dinnel, 5. O., et al . 1986. 

413. Drennan, K. L. 1963. 

510. Eiseman, N. J., et al. 1982 . 

419. Emiliani, C., et al . 1978. 

108 . Fisk, H. N., et al . 1954. 

110. Flint, W. R., et al . 1986. 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987 . 

234. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1982. 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

297 . Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994. 

298 . Gaston, G. R., et al . 1985 . 

345 . Grimes, C. B., et al . 1991 . 

428 . Grubb, H. 1981. 

430. Gunter, G. 1979. 

431 . Halper, F. B., et al . 1990. 

127. Hedges, J. I., et al . 1976. 

128. Ho, C. L., et al. 1977. 

438. Ichiye, T. 1972. 

134. Keown, M. P., et al . 1986. 

135. Kesel, R. H. 1988. 

444. Leipper, D. F. 1970. 

529. Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1991 . 

138. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994. 

449. Maul, G. A. 1977 . 

147. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

152. Morrison, J. M., et al . 1976. 

460. Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1967 . 

563 . Ortner, P. B., et al . 1989. 

303 . Pokryfki, L., et al . 1987. 

252. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

251 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

253. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

536. Randall, J. M., et al . 1987 . 

255. Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 

166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

467 . Rouse, L. J., et al . 1976. 

374. Russell, M. 1977. 

172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993. 

472. Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1985 . 

173 . Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

176. Shiller, A. M., et al . 1987 . 

177. Shinn, E. A. 1975. 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

478. Smith, N. P. 1980. 

483. Sturges, W., et al . 1976 . 

486. Temple, R. F., et al . 1977 . 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

495. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1988 . 

496. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1982. 

497. Wright, L. D., et al . 1971 . 

203. Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

63. Yingst, J. Y., et al . 1985 . 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

Dissolved Organic Matter 

79 . Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

330. Chittenden, M. E., et al . 1977 . 

550. Cummings, J. A. 1983. 

97 . Davies, D. K. 1972. 

554. Deevey, E. S ., Jr. 1950. 

229. Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al. 1991 . 

115 . Fredericks, A. D., et al . 1970. 

234. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1982 . 

296. Gaston, G. R. 1985 . 

297. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994 . 

556. Gunter, G., et al . 1955 . 

123 . Guo, L., et al . 1994. 

125. Happ, G., et al . 1977 . 

352. Henwood, T., et al . 1978 . 

241 . Hitchcock, G., et al . 1991 . 

278. Kennicutt II, M. C., et al . 1995. 

135. Kesel, R. H. 1988. 

279. Lehner, P. 1969 . 

138 . Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 

144. Maurer, L. G., et al . 1972. 

359 . Modde, T., et al . 1981 . 

365 . Perry, H., et al . 1995 . 

535 . Perry, H. M., et al . 1979. 

284. Poag, C. W., et al . 1972. 

366. Price, W. W., et al . 1986. 

250. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1987 . 

49. Ragan, J. G. 1975. 

478. Smith, N. P. 1980. 

96 
Dissolved Organic Matter (cont.) 229. Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

189. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 230. Flint, R. W., et al . 1978. 

191 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 231 . Flint, R. W., et al . 1979. 

195 . Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 232. Flint, W., et al . 1981 . 

547. Turner, R. E., et al . 1979. 233 . Fucik, K. W., et al . 1980. 

387. Waller, R., et al . 1995. 234. Gallaway, B. J ., et al . 1982. 

63 . Yingst, J. Y., et al . 1985. 237. Galtsoff, P. S. 1954. 

38 . Parker, R. H., et al . 1980. 236. Galtsoff, P. S. 1954. 

238 . Giam, C. S., et al . 1979. 

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen 239. Groover, R. D., et al . 1977. 

215. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 240. Handing, J . L., et al . 1966. 

216. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 241 . Hitchcock, G., et al . 1991 . 

218. Carney, R. S . 1987. 128. Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 

330. Chittenden, M. E., Jr ., et al . 1977. 242. Holland, J. S., et al . 1979. 

106. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1973. 557. Hopkins, T. L. 1982. 

31 . Hopper, B. E. 1963. 521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993 . 

138. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 141 . Lytle, J. S ., et al . 1977 . 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994. 531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988 . 

34. MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989. 153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

250. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1987. 243. Parker, P. L., et al . 1979 . 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 245. Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1979. 

52 . Rowe, G. T. 1971 . 246. Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1970. 

53 . Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 248. Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 172 . Sahl, L. E., et al. 1993 . 249. Rabalais, N. N. 1990. 

486. Temple, R. F., et al . 1977 . 250. Rabalais, N. N., et a1 . 1987 . 

311 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 252. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

251 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

Ecosystems 253. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr . 1979 . 254. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 307 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1994. 

212. Berryhill, H. L., Jr . 1977 . 255 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 

213 . Berryhill, H. L., Jr., et al . 1977 . 538 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994 . 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 256. Schwarz, J . R., et al . 1979. 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1994. 477 . Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

215. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 257 . Szaniszlo, P. J., et al . 1979. 

216. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 187 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

217. Bright, T. J., et al . 1976. 195 . Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 

88. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1977. 258 . Twilley, R. R., et al . 1991 . 

92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 59. U. S . Dept. of the Interior, et al . 

218. Carney, R. S. 1987. 1992. 

219. Conner, W. H., et al . 1989. 60. U. S . Dept. of the Interior, et al . 

220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 1993. 

221 . Dagg, M. J., et al. 1991 . 260. Vittor, B. A., et al . 1985 . 

222. Darnell, R. M. 1992. 259. Vittor, B. A., et al . 1985. 

223. Darnell, R. M., et al . 201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 

224. Defenbaugh, R. E. 1990. 261 . Williams, H. F. 1951 . 

225 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 262 . Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1986. 

506. Dortch, Q., et al . 1989. 235 . Gallaway, B. J., 1981 . 

226. Drucker, B., et al . 1990. 244. Pequegnat, W. E. 1976. 

227. Eadie, B. J ., et al . 1991 . 247 . Price, W. A., et al . 1942. 

228. El-Sayed, S . Z., et al . 1972. 

97 
Environmental Impacts 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989 . 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al. 1979. 

501 . Bert, T. M., et al . 1979 . 

83. Biglane, K. E., et al . 1967. 

293. Boesch, D. F. 1983. 

87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979. 

5. Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 

96. Control, D. o. W. P., et al . 1954. 

17. Farrell, D. H. 1979. 

295. Fotheringham, N., et al . 1979. 

513. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1979. 

297. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994. 

23. George, R. Y., et al . 1979 . 

122. Griffin, G. M. 1979. 

277. Jones, J. I., et al . 1979. 

521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993 . 

137 . Laseter, J . L., et al . 1979 . 

141 . Lytle, J. S ., et al . 1977 . 

558 . Marum, J. P. 1979 . 

145 . Menzies, R. J ., et al . 1979. 

148 . Middleditch, B. S., et al . 1980. 

150. Montalvo, J. G., Jr., et al . 1979 . 

462 . Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

283 . Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

156 . Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

36. Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 

364. Perry, A. 1979 . 

162. Presley, B. J., et al. 1980. 

465 . Price, K. C. 1979 . 

174. Sharp, J. M. 1979. 

386. Thompson, J. R. 1979. 

190. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

193. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

61 . Waller, R. S. 1979. 

Eutrophication 

221 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

102. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994. 

227. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1991 . 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987. 

128. Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 

521 . Justic, D., et al. 1993 . 

153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

163. Rabalais, N. N. 1992 . 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

543 . Smith, S. M., et al . 1994. 

195 . Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 

197. Turner, R. E., et al . 1994. 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al. 1989. 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 

Facies 

84. Boone, P. A. 1973. 

95. Coleman, J. M., et al. 1964. 

108. Fisk, H. N., et al . 1954. 

114. Frazier, D. E. 1967 . 

271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956. 

280. Ludwick, J. C. 1964. 

287. Shepard, F. P. 1956. 

57. Stanton, R. J., Jr ., et al. 1972 . 

140. Lowman, S. W. 1951 . 

Fatty Acids 

68. Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973. 

137. Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979. 

199. Walker, S. H. 1976. 

Fish 

324. Al-Yamani, F. Y. 1988. 

499. Arnold, E. L., Jr . 1958. 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr . 1979. 

325. Berry, R. J., et al . 1967 . 

83. Biglane, K. E., et al . 1967. 

292 . Boesch, D. F. 1985 . 

503 . Bogdanov, D. V., et al . 1968. 

217 . Bright, T. J., et al . 1976. 

328 . Caillouet, C. W., Jr., et al . 1973. 

329 . Caldwell, D. K. 1959. 

6 . Chitwood, B. G. 1954. 

7 . Chitwood, B. G., et al . 1954 . 

8 . Clark, A. H. 1954. 

9 . Coe, W. R. 1954. 

504. Conger, P. 1954. 

332. Connell, C. H., et al . 1950. 

219. Conner, W. H., et al . 1989 . 

96. Control, D. o. W. P., et al . 1954. 

333 . Cook, H. 1966. 

10. Cooper, G. A. 1954. 

335. Cowan, J. H., Jr., et al . 1988. 

220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

552. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1987 . 

222. Darnell, R. M. 1992. 

505. Davis, C. C. 1954. 

337. Dawson, C. E. 1962. 

13. Deichman, E. 1954. 

338 . Ditty, J. G. 1986 . 

205 . Fritts, T. H., et al . 1981 . 

234. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1982. 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

237 . Galtsoff, P. S. 1954. 

98 
Fish (cont.) 369. Rogers, R. M. 1977. 

236. Galtsoff, P. S. 1954. 370. Roithmayr, C. M. 1965 . 

341 . Govoni, J . J., et al. 1985 . 166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980 . 

342. Govoni, J . J., et al. 1983 . 372. Ross, S. T., et al . 1987. 

343. Govoni, J . J., et al. 1989. 373. Rounsefell, G. A. 1954. 

344. Govoni, J . J., et al . 1986. 374. Russell, M. 1977. 

514. Graham, H. W. 1954. 569. Schmitt, W. L. 1954. 

345. Grimes, C. B., et al . 1991 . 376. Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985. 

349. Gunter, G. 1938. 175. Shigley, C. M. 1954. 

515. Gunter, G. 1951 . 476. Shoemaker, W. S. 1954. 

206. Gunter, G. 1954. 56. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

348. Gunter, G. 1967. 208. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

516. Gunter, G., et al . 1979. 377. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

26. Hartman, O. 1954. 378. Sogard, S. M., et al . 1987 . 

28. Hedgpeth, J. W. 1954. 379. Sonnier, F., et al . 1976. 

352. Henwood, T., et al . 1978. 570. Sprague, V. 1954 . 

353. Herron, R. C., et al . 1989. 381 . Springer, S ., et al . 1956. 

524. Khromov, N. S. 1969. 382. St Amant, L. S ., et al . 1965 . 

354. Kutkuhn, J. H., et al . 1969. 571 . Stuck, K. C., et al . 1980. 

525. Lasker, R., et al . 1954. 310. Stuntz, W. E., et al . 1982. 

526. Lawler, A. R. 1980. 314. Taylor, W. R. 1954. 

445. Leipper, D. F. 1954. 385. Temple, R. F., et al. 1967 . 

446. Leipper, D. F. 1954. 182. Thayer, G. W., et al . 1983 . 355. Lindner, M. J . 1956. 386. Thompson, J . R. 1979. 

356. Lindner, M. J., et al . 1954. 58. Tierney, J . Q. 1954. 

207. Lowery, G. H., Jr., et al . 1954. 547. Turner, R. E., et al. 1979. 

357. Lukens, R. R. 1981 . 258. Twilley, R. R., et al . 1991 . 

281 . Lynch, S . A. 1954. 387. Waller, R., et al . 1995 . 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 261 . Williams, H. F. 1951 . 

35 . Manter, H. W. 1954. 202. Williams, R. H. 1954. 

448. Mariner, H. A. 1954. 323. ZoBell, C. E. 1954. 

358 . Modde, T. 1980. 235. Gallaway, B. J., 1981 . 

359 . Modde, T., et al . 1981 . 347. Gunter, G. 1938 . 

360. Modde, T. C., et al . 1983 . 350. Gunter, G. 1938 . 

361 . Moore, D., et al . 1970. 346. Gunter, G. 1941 . 

562 . Moore, H. B. 1954 . 351 . Gutherz, E. J. 1977 . 

362 . Moseley, F. N. 1966. 442. Kimsey, J. B., et al . 1963 . 

564. Osburn, R. C. 1954. 443. Kimsey, J. B., et al . 1964. 

363 . Overstreet, R. M., et al . 1978. 

302. Pavela, J. S ., et al . 1983 . Fora minifera 

40. Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1983. 211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 

364. Perry, A. 1979 . 269 . Ewing, M., et al . 1958. 

365 . Perry, H., et al . 1995 . 271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956. 

46. Phleger, F. B., et al . 1954. 24. Greiner, G. O. G. 1970. 

47. Price, W. A. 1954. 153 . Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

209. Price, W. A. 1954. 36. Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 

367. Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 568 . Phleger, F. B. 1960. 

537. Ray, S. M., et al . 1966. 46. Phleger, F. B., et al . 1954. 

50. Rehder, H. A. 1954. 287. Shepard, F. P. 1956. 

309. Renaud, M. L. 1985. 185 . Trask, P. D., et al . 1947. 

368. Rivas, L. R. 1954. 261 . Williams, H. F. 1951 . 

99 
1 . Andersen, H. V. 1961 . 84. Boone, P. A. 1973 . 

2. Bandy, O. L. 1956. 85. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1991 . 

32. Kornfeld, M. M. 1931 . 86. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1994. 

41 . Phleger, F. B. 1939. 87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

42. Phleger, F. B. 1951 . 89. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1973. 

43 . Phleger, F. B. 1954. 88. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1977. 

44. Phleger, F. B. 1955. 90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 

45 . Phleger, F. B. 1956. 91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979. 

92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 

Fronts 93. Chan, L. H., et al . 1982. 

400. Chew, F., et al . 1962. 94. Cogen, W. M. 1940. 

401 . Chuang, W., et al . 1983. 95. Coleman, J. M., et al. 1964. 

335. Cowan, J. H., Jr., et al . 1988 . 96. Control, D. o. W. P., et al . 1954. 

405. Crout, R. L., et al . 1984. 98. Davies, D. K., et al . 1970. 

407. Daddio, E., et al . 1978 . 97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

551 . Dagg, M. J. 1988. 99. Davis, D. R. 1968. 

409. DiMego, G. J., et al . 1976. 100. Dickeson, M. W., et al . 1848. 

105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 101 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

343. Govoni, J. J., et al . 1989. 102. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994 . 

345. Grimes, C. B., et al . 1991 . 103. Entzeroth, L. C. 1982. 

432. Henry, W. K. 1979. 104. Fairbank, N. G. 1962. 

353. Herron, R. C., et al . 1989. 106. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1973 . 

533. Ortner, P. B., et al . 1984. 105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982 . 

470. Salas de Leon, D. A., et al . 1986. 107. Feely, R. A., et al . 1971 . 

473 . Science Applications International 108. Fisk, H. N., et al. 1954. 

Corporation 1987. 231 . Flint, R. W., et al. 1979. 286. Shepard, F. P. 1955. 109. Flint, R. W., et al. 1984. 

194. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1991 . 110. Flint, W. R., et al. 1986. 

490. Vukovich, F. M., et al . 1979 . 112. Fox, L. E., et al . 1985 . 

495. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1988. 111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987 . 

262 . Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1986. 113. Frank, D. J., et al . 1970. 

406. Daddio, E. 1977 . 114. Frazier, D. E. 1967. 

115. Fredericks, A. D., et al . 1970. 

Geochemistry 116. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1994. 

67 . Adams, C. E., et a1 . 1982. 117. Gardner, W. S., et al . 1974. 

68 . Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973. 119 . Gearing, P. J. 1975 . 

69 . Alberts, J . 1970. 120. Gearing, P. J., et al. 1976. 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989. 118 . Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 

71 . Ammerman, J. W. 1991 . 121 . Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 

72. Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 122 . Griffin, G. M. 1979. 

73 . Anderson, P. S., et al . 1994. 123 . Guo, L., et al . 1994. 

74. Armstrong, D. W. 1974. 124. Hanor, J . S ., et al . 1977. 

75 . Armstrong, R. S . 1980. 125 . Happ, G., et al. 1977. 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993. 126. Harris, J . E. 1972. 

78. Behrens, E. W., et al . 1979. 127 . Hedges, J . I., et al. 1976. 

77. Behrens, E. W. 1980. 128 . Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 

79. Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 129. Horowitz, A., et al . 1977 . 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970 . 

81 . Betzer, P. R., et al . 1971 . 131 . Jacobs, M. B., et al . 1969 . 

82. Biggs, D. C. 1992. 132. Kamykowski, D. L., et al. 1976. 

83. Biglane, K. E., et al. 1967 . 133. Kan, D. L. 1970 . 

100 
Geochemistry (cont.) 

134. Keown, M. P., et al. 1986. 

135. Kesel, R. H. 1988 . 

136. Krumbein, W. C. 1939. 

137. Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979. 

138 . Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994. 

140. Lowman, S . W. 1951 . 

141 . Lytle, J. S., et al . 1977. 

142. Macko, S . A., et al . 1984. 

143. Manheim, F. T., et al. 1972. 

144. Maurer, L. G., et al . 1972. 

145. Menzies, R. J., et al . 1979. 

147. Middleditch, B. S . 1980. 

146. Middleditch, B. S . 1980. 

148. Middleditch, B. S., et al . 1980. 

149. Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 

150. Montalvo, J. G., Jr., et al . 1979. 

152. Morrison, J. M., et al . 1976 . 

151 . Morrison, J. M., et al . 1983 . 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

155. Newman, J. W., et al . 1973 . 

156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

157. Parker, P. L., et al . 1972 . 

158 . Paskausky, D. F., et al . 1968 . 

159 . Pequegnat, L. H. 1979 . 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993 . 

161 . Pratt, W. E. 1947 . 

162 . Presley, B. J., et al . 1980. 

164. Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1991 . 

163 . Rabalais, N. N. 1992 . 

165 . Rogers, M. A., et al . 1969. 

166. Rose, C. D., et al. 1980. 

167 . Russell, R. 1937 . 

170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963. 

168 . Sackett, W. M. 1964. 

169. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1969. 

171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984. 

172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993. 

173 . Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

174. Sharp, J. M. 1979. 

175. Shigley, C. M. 1954. 

176. Shiller, A. M., et al . 1987 . 

177. Shinn, E. A. 1975. 

178. Shokes, R. F. 1976. 

179. Simons, L. H., et al . 1953. 

180. Slowery, J. F., et al . 1971 . 

181 . Stetson, H. C., et al . 1953. 

182. Thayer, G. W., et al. 1983 . 

183. Tieh, T. T., et al . 1972. 

185 . Trask, P. D., et al . 1947. 

184. Trask, P. D. 1953 . 

186. Trefray, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

190. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

191 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

193. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

188. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1985. 

189. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 

194. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1991 . 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

196. Turner, H. J. 1903 . 

195. Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 

197. Turner, R. E., et al . 1994. 

198. Van Andel, T. H., e t al . 1960. 

199. Walker, S . H. 1976. 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 

200. Walsh, J. J ., et al . 1989 . 

202. Williams, R. H. 19 54. 

203. Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

Grain Size 

78. Behrens, E. W., et al. 1979. 

88. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1977 . 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

268. Doyle, L. J ., et al . 1980. 

130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 

131 . Jacobs, M. B., et al . 1969. 

65. Johnson II, W. C., et al. 1989. 

277 . Jones, J. I., et al . 1979 . 

134. Keown, M. P., et al . 1986. 

358. Modde, T. 1980. 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993. 

284 . Poag, C. W., et al . 1972. 

367 . Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 

171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984. 

57 . Stanton, R. J., Jr., et al . 1972. 

310. Stuntz, W. E., et al . 1982. 

198 . Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960. 

Hydrocarbons 

68 . Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973 . 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989. 

72. Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 

75. Armstrong, R. S. 1980. 

204. Aumann, G. D. 1980. 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr . 1979. 

77. Behrens, E. W. 1980. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 

88. Brooks, J . M., et al . 1977 . 

89. Brooks, J . M., et al . 1973 . 

101 
Hydrocarbons (cont.) 

90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 

92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 

5. Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 

408. Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 

113. Frank, D. J., et al . 1970. 

233. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1980. 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 

238. Giam, C. S., et al . 1979. 

25. Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1980. 

137. Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979. 

141 . Lytle, J. S ., et al . 1977 . 

34. MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989. 

147. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

146 . Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

148 . Middleditch, B. S., et al . 1980. 

156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

320. Oujesky, H., et al. 1979 . 

243 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1979 . 

254. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993 . 

166 . Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

322 . Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

Hydrography 

263 . Antoine, J. W. 1972. 

499 . Arnold, E. L., Jr . 1958 . 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr . 1979 . 

404 . Collier, A., et al . 1950. 

552. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1987 . 

408 . Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958 . 

238 . Giam, C. S ., et al. 1979. 

299. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1981 

130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 

141 . Lytle, J. S., et al . 1977. 

152. Morrison, J. M., et al . 1976. 

456. Murray, S. P. 1972. 

462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

465. Price, K. C. 1979. 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

307. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1994. 

172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993 . 

479. Smith, N. P. 1980. 

310. Stuntz, W. E., et al . 1982. 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982 . 

311 . Turner, R. E., et al. 1982 . 

312. Turner, R. E., et al . 1987 . 

290. Wilhelm, O., et al . 1972. 

493. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1976 . 

494. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 

496. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1982 . 

262. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1986 . 

511 . Franceschini, G. A., et al . 1968 . 

Hypoxia 

79. Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1994. 

293. Boesch, D. F. 1983. 

292. Boesch, D. F. 1985. 

225. Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

294. Dortch, Q., et al . 1994. 

412. Dowgiallo, M. J. 1994. 

102. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994 . 

227. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1991 . 

229. Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

295. Fotheringham, N., et al . 1979. 

296. Gaston, G. R. 1985. 

297. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994. 

298. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1985 . 

22. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1992 . 

299. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1981 . 

521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993 . 

300. Murrell, M. C., et al . 1989. 

153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

301 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1969. 

302. Pavela, J. S ., et al . 1983 . 

303. Pokryflci, L., et al . 1987. 

248 . Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 

304 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

254 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993. 

305 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

307 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1994. 

308 . Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 

309. Renaud, M. L. 1985. 

310. Stuntz, W. E., et al . 1982. 

187 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

311 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1982 . 

312. Turner, R. E., et al . 1987 . 

494. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 

507. Dortch, Q., et al . 1992. 

Ichthyoplankton 

334. Cowan, J . H., Jr . 1988 . 

551 . Dagg, M. J. 1988 . 

338. Ditty, J. G. 1986. 

339. Finucane, J. H., et al . 1978 . 

343 . Govoni, J. J ., et al . 1989 . 

375 . Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985 . 

102 
Iron 271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956. 

68 . Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973 . 24. Greiner, G. O. G. 1970. 

72. Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 122. Griffin, G. M. 1979. 

392. Angelovic, J. W. 1976. 239. Groover, R. D., et al . 1977. 

74. Armstrong, D. W. 1974. 429. Gunter, G. 1952. 

75. Armstrong, R. S . 1980. 25. Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1980. 

204. Aumann, G. D. 1980. 128. Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 

3 . Barnet, B. B., et al . 1973. 242. Holland, J. S., et al . 1979. 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993. 129. Horowitz, A., et al . 1977 . 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr. 1979. 520. Iverson, R. L., et al . 1979. 

78. Behrens, E. W., et al . 1979. 65. Johnson II, W. C., et al . 1989 . 

77. Behrens, E. W. 1980. 277. Jones, J. I., et al. 1979. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 132. Kamykowski, D. L., et al . 1976. 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 135. Kesel, R. H. 1988. 

325. Berry, R. J., et al . 1967. 137. Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979 . 

212. Berryhill, H. L., Jr. 1977. 527. Lohrenz, S. E., et al. 1990. 

213. Berryhill, H. L., Jr., et al . 1977. 528. Lohrenz, S. E., et al. 1994. 

501 . Bert, T. M., et al . 1979 . 531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988 . 

81 . Betzer, P. R., et a1 . 1971 . 558. Marum, J. P. 1979. 

215. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 145. Menzies, R. J ., et al . 1979. 

216 . Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 147. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

84 . Boone, P. A. 1973. 146. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

87 . Brent, C. R., et al . 1979 . 148. Middleditch, B. S., et al . 1980 . 90 . Brooks, J . M., et al . 1980. 358. Modde, T. 1980. 

91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979 . 150. Montalvo, J. G., Jr., et al . 1979. 

328 . Caillouet, C. W., Jr ., et al . 1973 . 282. Morgan, J. P. 1979. 

4. Carlgren, O., et al . 1951 . 154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

218 . Carney, R. S. 1987 . 462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

5 . Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 283. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

408 . Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 36. Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 

336. Darnell, R. M., et al . 1956. 565 . Park, C., et al . 1989. 

99 . Davis, D. R. 1968 . 37 . Parker, R. H. 1956. 

224. Defenbaugh, R. E. 1990. 243 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1979. 

226. Drucker, B., et al . 1990. 246 . Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1970. 

509. Edwards, P., et al. 1973 . 245 . Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1979. 

228 . El-Sayed, S . Z., et al . 1972. 364. Perry, A. 1979. 

17 . Farrell, D. H. 1979. 43 . Phleger, F. B. 1954. 

231 . Flint, R. W., et al . 1979. 464. Physical Oceanography Panel, et al . 

18. Flint, R. W. 1981 . 1990. 

232. Flint, W., et al . 1981 . 303 . Pokryfki, L., et al . 1987. 

295. Fotheringham, N., et al. 1979. 465 . Price, K. C. 1979. 

20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 250. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1987 . 

513. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1979. 163. Rabalais, N. N. 1992. 

233. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1980. 254. Rabalais, N. N., et a1 . 1993 . 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 49. Ragan, J. G. 1975. 

22. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1992. 309. Renaud, M. L. 1985 . 

120. Gearing, P. J ., et al . 1976. 166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

23. George, R. Y., et al . 1979 . 467. Rouse, L. J ., et al . 1976. 

238 . Giam, C. S ., et al . 1979 . 472. Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1985. 

121 . Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 256. Schwarz, J. R., et al . 1979. 

103 
Iron (cont.) 

173. Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

174. Sharp, J. M. 1979. 

177. Shinn, E. A. 1975. 

179. Simons, L. H., et al . 1953 . 

322. Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

257. Szaniszlo, P. J ., et al . 1979. 

386. Thompson, J. R. 1979. 

185. Trask, P. D., et al . 1947. 

190. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

193. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

189. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 

59. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, et al 

1992. 

60. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, et al 

1993 . 

199. Walker, S . H. 1976. 

61 . Waller, R. S. 1979 . 

Isotopes 

68. Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973. 

670 . Alcazar, F., et al . 1989. 

71 . Ammerman, J. W. 1991 . 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993 . 

77 . Behrens, E. W. 1980. 

102 . Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994. 

419. Emiliani, C., et al . 1978. 

269 . Ewing, M., et al . 1958 . 

114. Frazier, D. E. 1967. 

118 . Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 

120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 

127 . Hedges, J. I., et al . 1976 . 

142. Macko, S. A., et al . 1984. 

153 . Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

155 . Newman, J. W., et al . 1973 

157. Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

469. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963. 

182. Thayer, G. W., et al . 1983. 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

119. Gearing, P. J. 1975. 

Larvae 

324. Al-Yamani, F. Y. 1988 . 

325. Berry, R. J., et al . 1967. 

329. Caldwell, D. K. 1959 . 

331 . Christmas, J. Y., et al . 1975. 

333. Cook, H. 1966. 

334. Cowan, J. H., Jr . 1988. 

335. Cowan, J. H., Jr ., et al . 1988. 

20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 

342. Govoni, J. J., et al . 1983 . 

341 . Govoni, J. J., et al . 1985. 

344. Govoni, J. J., et al. 1986. 

354. Kutkuhn, J. H., et al . 1969. 

375. Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985. 

376. Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985. 

378. Sogard, S. M., et al . 1987. 

383. Subrahmanyan, C. B. 1971 . 

384. Sutter III, F. C., et al . 1983 . 

385. Temple, R. F., et al . 1967 . 

Lead 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 

95. Coleman, J . M., et al . 1964. 

269. Ewing, M., et al. 1958 . 

178. Shokes, R. F. 1976. 

188. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1985 . 

189. Trefry, J . H., et al . 1986 . 

Lignin 

117. Gardner, W. S ., et al . 1974. 

127. Hedges, J. I., et al . 1976. 

Lithogenic 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

Loop Current 

397 . Capurro, L. R. A., et al . 1972 . 

400. Chew, F., et al . 1962. 

508 . Ednoff, M. E. 1974. 

420. Etter, P. C. 1983 . 

295 . Fotheringham, N., et al. 1979 . 

435 . Huh, O. K., et al . 1981 . 

437 . Hurlburt, H. E., et al . 1980. 

444. Leipper, D. F. 1970. 

447 . Leipper, D. F., et al . 1972 . 

449. Maul, G. A. 1977. 

452. Molinari, R. L., et al . 1977 . 

453 . Molinari, R. L., et al . 1978 . 

152. Morrison, J. M., et al . 1976. 

459. Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1972 . 

366. Price, W. W., et al . 1986. 

470. Salas de Leon, D. A., et al . 1986 . 

471 . Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1987. 

473 . Science Applications International 

Corporation 1987. 

474. Science Applications International 

Corporation 1987. 

104 
Loop Current (cont.) 

482. Soong, Y. 1978. 

484. Sturges, W., et al . 1983. 

485. Sugimoto, T., et al . 1988. 

488. Tolbert, W. H., et al . 1964. 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 

495. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1988. 

Mammals 

204. Aumann, G. D. 1980. 

205. Fritts, T. H., et al . 1981 . 

206. Gunter, G. 1954. 

207. Lowery, G. H., Jr., et al . 1954. 

208. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

Manganese 

180. Slowery, J. F., et al . 1971 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

189. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 

Meiofauna 

217. Bright, T. J., et al . 1976. 

300 . Murrell, M. C., et al . 1989. 

245. Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1979 

63 . Yingst, J. Y., et al . 1985 . 

Metals 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989. 

72 . Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr . 1979 . 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 

5 . Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 

22. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1992 . 

129. Horowitz, A., et al . 1977. 

146. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

150. Montalvo, J. G., Jr., et al . 1979. 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

162. Presley, B. J., et al . 1980. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937. 

176. Shiller, A. M., et al . 1987. 

179. Simons, L. H., et al . 1953 . 

180. Slowery, J. F., et al . 1971 . 

189. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 

190. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

191 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

193. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

99. Davis, D. R. 1968. 

Meteorology 

67. Adams, C. E., et al . 1982. 

73. Anderson, P. S ., et al . 1994. 

395. Blaha, J., et al . 1981 . 

397. Capurro, L. R. A., et al . 1972 . 

398. Chew, F. 1964. 

403. Cochrane, J. D., et al . 1986 . 

219. Conner, W. H., et al . 1989. 

405. Crout, R. L., et al . 1984. 

409. DiMego, G. J., et al . 1976 . 

412. Dowgiallo, M. J. 1994. 

105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 

424. Florida A&M University 1988 . 

431 . Halper, F. B., et al . 1990 . 

432. Henry, W. K. 1979. 

440. Ichiye, T. 1972 . 

445. Leipper, D. F. 1954. 

456. Murray, S. P. 1972. 

472. Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1985. 

173. Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

481 . Smith, N. P. 1975. 

381 . Springer, S ., et al . 1956. 

487. Thompson, P. A., Jr., et al . 1978 . 

Mississippi Sound 

549. Burke, W. D. 1975 . 

222. Darnell, R. M. 1992. 

416. Eleuterius, C. K. 1978. 

526. Lawler, A. R. 1980. 

363. Overstreet, R. M., et al . 1978. 

535. Perry, H. M., et al. 1979. 

567. Phillips, P. J., et al . 1970. 

43. Phleger, F. B. 1954. 

170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963. 

475 . Seim, H. E., et al . 1987. 

384. Sutter III, F. C., et al . 1983. 

Model 

75 . Armstrong, R. S . 1980. 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1991 . 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1994. 

328 . Caillouet, C. W., Jr., et al . 1973 . 

397 . Capurro, L. R. A., et al . 1972 . 

220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

223 . Darnell, R. M., et al. 

233 . Fucik, K. W., et al . 1980. 

557. Hopkins, T. L. 1982. 

437. Hurlburt, H. E., et al . 1980. 

438. Ichiye, T. 1972 . 

440. Ichiye, T. 1972 . 

527. Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1990. 

303. Pokryfki, L., et al . 1987 . 

470. Salas de Leon, D. A., et al . 1986. 

105 
Model (cont.) 

376. Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985 . 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

384. Sutter III, F. C., et al . 1983 . 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al. 1989. 

235 . Gallaway, B. J., 1981 . 

485 . Sugimoto, T., et al . 1988. 

Nekton 

324. Al-Yamani, F. Y. 1988 . 

325. Berry, R. J., et al . 1967. 

326. Brasher, H. A., et al . 1972. 

327. Burkenroad, M. D. 1939. 

328. Caillouet, C. W., Jr ., et al . 1973. 

329. Caldwell, D. K. 1959 . 

330. Chittenden, M. E., Jr ., et al . 1977. 

331 . Christmas, J. Y., et a1 . 1975 . 

332. Connell, C. H., et al . 1950. 

333. Cook, H. 1966. 

334. Cowan, J. H., Jr. 1988 . 

335. Cowan, J. H., Jr., et al . 1988. 

336. Darnell, R. M., et al . 1956. 

337. Dawson, C. E. 1962. 

338. Ditty, J. G. 1986 . 

339 . Finucane, J. H., et al . 1978 . 

21 . Franks, J. S ., et al . 1972. 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

238 . Giam, C. S ., et al . 1979 . 

121 . Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 

342 . Govoni, J. J., et al . 1983. 

341 . Govoni, J. J., et al . 1985 . 

344. Govoni, J. J., et al . 1986 . 

343 . Govoni, J. J ., et al . 1989 . 

345 . Grimes, C. B., et al . 1991 . 

349. Gunter, G. 1938 . 

347. Gunter, G. 1938 . 

350. Gunter, G. 1938 . 

346. Gunter, G. 1941 . 

348. Gunter, G. 1967 . 

351 . Gutherz, E. J. 1977. 

352. Henwood, T., et al . 1978. 

353. Herron, R. C., et al . 1989. 

557. Hopkins, T. L. 1982. 

354. Kutkuhn, J. H., et al . 1969. 

356. Lindner, M. J., et al . 1954. 

355. Lindner, M. J. 1956. 

357 . Lukens, R. R. 1981 . 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988 . 

358 . Modde, T. 1980. 

359. Modde, T., et al . 1981 . 

360. Modde, T. C., et al . 1983. 

361 . Moore, D., et al . 1970. 

362. Moseley, F. N. 1966. 

363 . Overstreet, R. M., et al . 1978 . 

364. Perry, A. 1979. 

365 . Perry, H., et al . 1995 . 

366. Price, W. W., et al . 1986. 

367. Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 

368. Rivas, L. R. 1954. 

369. Rogers, R. M. 1977. 

370. Roithmayr, C. M. 1965. 

371 . Rosas, C., et al . 1992. 

372. Ross, S . T., et al . 1987. 

373. Rounsefell, G. A. 1954. 

374. Russell, M. 1977. 

375. Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985. 

376. Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985. 

377. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

378. Sogard, S. M., et al . 1987 . 

379. Sonnier, F., et al . 1976. 

380. Soto, L. A. 1972. 

381 . Springer, S ., et al . 1956. 

382. St Amant, L. S ., et al . 1965. 

383. Subrahmanyan, C. B. 1971 . 

384. Sutter III, F. C., et al . 1983 . 

385. Temple, R. F., et al . 1967. 

386. Thompson, J. R. 1979 . 

61 . Waller, R. S . 1979. 

387. Waller, R., et al . 1995. 

Nitrogen 

78 . Behrens, E. W., et al . 1979. 

212 . Berryhill, H. L., Jr. 1977. 

213 . Berryhill, H. L., Jr ., et al . 1977. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 

215 . Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 

216. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 

85 . Bratkovich, A., et al . 1991 . 

86. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1994. 

218. Carney, R. S . 1987. 

330. Chittenden, M. E., Jr., et al . 1977. 

101 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

225. Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

506. Dortch, Q., et al . 1989. 

226. Drucker, B., et al . 1990. 

102. Eadie, B. J., et al. 1994. 

106. Fanning, K. A., et al. 1973 . 

230. Flint, R. W., et al . 1978 . 

231 . Flint, R. W., et al . 1979. 

109 . Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

110. Flint, W. R., et al . 1986. 

106 
Nitrogen (cont.) 291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et a1 . 1994. 

205. Fritts, T. H., et al . 1981 . 87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

318. Gardner, W. S., et al . 1994. 88. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1977. 

238. Giam, C. S., et al . 1979. 89. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1973. 

239. Groover, R. D., et al . 1977. 90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 

242. Holland, J. S., et al . 1979. 91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979 . 

31 . Hopper, B. E. 1963 . 92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 

138. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 5 . Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994. 504. Conger, P. 1954. 

141 . Lytle, J. S., et al . 1977. 11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 

34. MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989 . 220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

142. Macko, S . A., et al . 1984. 221 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 553. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

149. Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 408. Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

243. Parker, P. L., et al . 1979. 97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

245. Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1979 . 505. Davis, C. C. 1954. 

250. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1987. 101 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 225. Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

536. Randall, J. M., et al. 1987. 506. Dortch, Q., et al . 1989. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937. 268. Doyle, L. J., et al . 1980. 

52. Rowe, G. T. 1971 . 102. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994 . 

53. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 227. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1991 . 

172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993. 419. Emiliani, C., et al . 1978 . 256. Schwarz, J. R ., et al . 1979. 269. Ewing, M., et al. 1958 . 

543. Smith, S. M., et al . 1994. 105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982 . 

257. Szaniszlo, P. J ., et al . 1979. 106. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1973 . 

486. Temple, R. F., et al . 1977. 270. Feely, R. A. 1974 . 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 107. Feely, R. A., et al . 1971 . 

311 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1982 . 109. Flint, R. W., et al. 1984. 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 110. Flint, W. R., et al. 1986. 

202. Williams, R. H. 1954. 20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 

74. Armstrong, D. W. 1974. 111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987 . 

244 . Pequegnat, W. E. 1976. 113. Frank, D. J., et al . 1970. 

507 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1992. 21 . Franks, J. S., et al . 1972 . 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 114. Frazier, D. E. 1967. 

115. Fredericks, A. D., et al . 1970. 

Nutrients 513. Fucik, K. W., et al. 1979. 

68. Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973. 233. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1980. 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989. 234. Gallaway, B. J ., et al . 1982. 

71 . Ammerman, J. W. 1991 . 340. Gallaway, B. J ., et al . 1980. 

72 . Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 318 . Gardner, W. S., et al . 1994. 

263 . Antoine, J. W. 1972. 117 . Gardner, W. S., et al . 1974. 

264. Antoine, J. W., et al . 1974. 118 . Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 

75 . Armstrong, R. S . 1980. 120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 

204. Aumann, G. D. 1980. 238 . Giam, C. S., et al . 1979. 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr. 1979. 514. Graham, H. W. 1954. 

77. Behrens, E. W. 1980. 123 . Guo, L., et al . 1994. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 319. Hanson, R. B. 1982. 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 125 . Happ, G., et al . 1977. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 299. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1981 . 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1991 . 25. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 

107 
Nutrients (cont.) 

126. Harris, J . E. 1972. 

127. Hedges, J . I., et al . 1976. 

241 . Hitchcock, G., et al . 1991 . 

128. Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 

277. Jones, J. I., et al. 1979. 

521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993. 

278. Kennicutt II, M. C., et al . 1995 . 

137. Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979. 

528. Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1994. 

529. Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1991 . 

138. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994. 

141 . Lytle, J . S ., et al . 1977 . 

34. MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989. 

142. Macko, S. A., et al . 1984. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 

143. Manheim, F. T., et al . 1972 . 

144 . Maurer, L. G., et al . 1972. 

147. Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

146 . Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

148 . Middleditch, B. S., et al . 1980. 

149. Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 

152 . Morrison, J. M., et al . 1976. 

153 . Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

155 . Newman, J. W., et al . 1973 . 

156 . Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

320. Oujesky, H., et al . 1979 . 

243 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1979 . 

157 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1972 . 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993 . 

248 . Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 

254. Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1993 . 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1991 . 

536 . Randall, J. M., et al . 1987. 

538 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937 . 

165 . Rogers, M. A., et al . 1969. 

166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

53 . Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 

374. Russell, M. 1977. 

168 . Sackett, W. M. 1964. 

169. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1969. 

469. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963. 

172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993. 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

322. Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

543. Smith, S . M., et al . 1994. 

544. Steele, J. H. 1964. 

182. Thayer, G. W., et al . 1983. 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960 . 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

195. Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 

547. Turner, R. E., et al . 1979. 

258. Twilley, R. R., et al . 1991 . 

489. Uchupi, E. 1967. 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 

201 . Walsh, J. J ., et al . 1981 . 

290. Wilhelm, O., et al . 1972. 

202. Williams, R. H. 1954. 

262. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1986. 

69. Alberts, J . 1970. 

74. Armstrong, D. W. 1974. 

82. Biggs, D. C. 1992. 

133. Kan, D. L. 1970. 

507. Dortch, Q., et al . 1992. 

112. Fox, L. E., et al . 1985 . 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

Nutrient Recycling/Regeneration 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

85. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1991 . 

86. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1994. 

105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 

109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

110. Flint, W. R., et al . 1986. 

318. Gardner, W. S ., et al . 1994. 

429. Gunter, G. 1952 . 

441. Kennett, J. P., et al . 1975. 

529. Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1991 . 

149. Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 

53 . Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 

189 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 

191 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

192 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

193 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

Organic Carbon 

68 . Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973 . 

394. Beard, J. H. 1969. 

77. Behrens, E. W. 1980. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al. 1979 . 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al. 1994. 

87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 

92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 

504. Conger, P. 1954. 

11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 

108 
Organic Carbon (cont.) 

550. Cummings, J. A. 1983 . 

506. Dortch, Q., et al. 1989. 

102. Eadie, B. J ., et al . 1994. 

227. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1991 . 

109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

115 . Fredericks, A. D., et al. 1970. 

234. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1982. 

318. Gardner, W. S., et al . 1994. 

117. Gardner, W. 5., et al . 1974. 

296. Gaston, G. R. 1985 . 

118. Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 

120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 

514. Graham, H. W. 1954. 

123. Guo, L., et al . 1994. 

319. Hanson, R. B. 1982. 

125. Happ, G., et al . 1977. 

299. Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1981 . 

126. Harris, J. E. 1972. 

127. Hedges, J . I., et al . 1976. 

128. Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 

277. Jones, J. I., et al. 1979. 

521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993 . 

278. Kennicutt II, M. C., et al . 1995 . 

135. Kesel, R. H. 1988. 

138. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 

34. MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989. 

142. Macko, S. A., et al . 1984. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 

143. Manheim, F. T., et al . 1972 . 

144. Maurer, L. G., et al . 1972. 

155 . Newman, J. W., et al . 1973 . 

157 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

535 . Perry, H. M., et al . 1979. 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993 . 

366. Price, W. W., et al . 1986. 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1991 . 

255 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 

538 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937 . 

165 . Rogers, M. A., et al . 1969. 

168 . Sackett, W. M. 1964. 

469. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963. 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

194. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1991 . 

195. Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 

258. Twilley, R. R., et al . 1991 . 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al. 1981 . 

133 . Kan, D. L. 1970. 

Oxygen 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979 . 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1994. 

293 . Boesch, D. F. 1983 . 

292. Boesch, D. F. 1985. 

87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

317. Chin-Leo, G., et al . 1992. 

408. Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

294. Dortch, Q., et al . 1994 . 

419. Emiliani, C., et al . 1978 . 

17. Farrell, D. H. 1979. 

109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

295. Fotheringham, N., et al. 1979. 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987. 

296. Gaston, G. R. 1985 . 

297. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994. 

298. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1985. 

22. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1992. 

299. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1981 . 

521 . Justic, D., et al. 1993 . 

441 . Kennett, J. P., et al . 1975. 

450. McLellan, H. J., et al . 1963 . 

149. Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 

152. Morrison, J. M., et al. 1976. 

300. Murrell, M. C., et al . 1989. 

301 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1969. 

462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979 . 

302. Pavela, J. S ., et al . 1983 . 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al. 1993 . 

303. Pokryfki, L., et al . 1987. 

465. Price, K. C. 1979 . 

304. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

254. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993. 

306 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

307 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1994. 

49 . Ragan, J. G. 1975 . 

308 . Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978 . 

371 . Rosas, C., et al . 1992. 

52. Rowe, G. T. 1971 . 

53 . Rowe, G. T., et al. 1991 . 

469. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993. 

310. Stuntz, W. E., et al . 1982. 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

311 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

109 
312. Turner, R. E., et al . 1987. 

202. Williams, R. H. 1954. 

Particulate Organic Matter 

394. Beard, J. H. 1969. 

92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 

506. Dortch, Q., et al . 1989. 

115. Fredericks, A. D., et al . 1970 

318. Gardner, W. S ., et al . 1994. 

319. Hanson, R. B. 1982. 

126. Harris, J. E. 1972. 

142. Macko, S. A., et al . 1984. 

321 . Pomeroy, L. R., et al . 1983. 

255. Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 

538. Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994. 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

194. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1991 . 

Petroleum Operations - Impacts 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr . 1979 . 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 

501 . Bert, T. M., et al . 1979. 

87 . Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979. 

17 . Farrell, D. H. 1979. 

295 . Fotheringham, N., et al . 1979. 

513 . Fucik, K. W., et al . 1979. 

120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 

23 . George, R. Y., et al . 1979. 

122 . Griffin, G. M. 1979 . 

277 . Jones, J. I., et al . 1979 . 

137 . Laseter, J . L., et al . 1979. 

558 . Marum, J. P. 1979 . 

145 . Menzies, R. J., et al . 1979. 

150. Montalvo, J. G., Jr., et al . 1979 . 

462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

283 . Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

36. Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 

364. Perry, A. 1979. 

465. Price, K. C. 1979. 

254. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993. 

174. Sharp, J. M. 1979. 

386. Thompson, J. R. 1979. 

61 . Waller, R. S. 1979. 

186. Trefray, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

Phosphorus 

69. Alberts, J. 1970. 

74. Armstrong, D. W. 1974. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1991 . 

505. Davis, C. C. 1954. 

507. Dortch, Q., et al . 1992. 

112. Fox, L. E., et al . 1985 . 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988 . 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937 . 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

544. Steele, J. H. 1964. 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

202. Williams, R. H. 1954. 

Photic Zone (turbidity, light) 

89. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1973 . 

550. Cummings, J. A. 1983 . 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

509. Edwards, P., et al . 1973 . 

269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958 . 

105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 

107. Feely, R. A., et al . 1971 . 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987 . 

21 . Franks, J. S., et al . 1972 . 

271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956. 

122. Griffin, G. M. 1979 . 

518. Hobson, L. A., et al . 1972. 

130. Huang, T. C., et al. 1970. 

522. Kamykowski, D., et al . 1981 . 

523. Kapraun, D. F. 1974. 

441 . Kennett, J. P., et al . 1975. 

527 . Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1990. 

528 . Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1994. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 

532 . Marshall, N. 1956. 

462 . Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

363 . Overstreet, R. M., et al . 1978. 

157 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

465 . Price, K. C. 1979. 

367 . Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 

536. Randall, J. M., et al . 1987 . 

255 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 

538 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937. 

467. Rouse, L. J., et al . 1976. 

374. Russell, M. 1977. 

173 . Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

286. Shepard, F. P. 1955. 

476. Shoemaker, W. S. 1954. 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

262. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1986. 

497. Wright, L. D., et al . 1971 . 

110 
203. Wright, L. D., et al . 1974 

402. Clarke, G. L. 1938. 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

Phytoplankton 

499. Arnold, E. L., Jr. 1958. 

500. Balech, E. 1967. 

79. Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 

501 . Bert, T. M., et al . 1979 . 

502. Bianchi, T. S., et al . 1995. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994 . 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1991 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1994 

503. Bogdanov, D. V., et al . 1968 . 

90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 

92. Calder, J. A. 1977. 

504 . Conger, P. 1954. 

550. Cummings, J. A. 1983 . 

220 . Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

551 . Dagg, M. J . 1988 . 

221 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

552 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1987 . 

553 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

223. Darnell, R. M., et al . 

505 . Davis, C. C. 1954. 

225 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

506 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1989. 

508 . Ednoff, M. E. 1974. 

509. Edwards, P., et al . 1973 . 

510. Eiseman, N. J., et al . 1982. 

229. Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

18 . Flint, R. W. 1981 . 

109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al. 1987 . 

513 . Fucik, K. W., et al . 1979. 

318. Gardner, W. S., et al . 1994. 

121 . Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 

514. Graham, H. W. 1954. 

345. Grimes, C. B., et al . 1991 . 

515. Gunter, G. 1951 . 

516. Gunter, G., et al . 1979. 

125. Happ, G., et al . 1977. 

517. Hawes, S. R., et al . 1978. 

353. Herron, R. C., et al . 1989. 

518. Hobson, L. A., et al . 1972 . 

521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993 . 

522. Kamykowski, D., et al . 1981 . 

523. Kapraun, D. F. 1974 . 

524. Khromov, N. S . 1969. 

525 . Lasker, R., et al . 1954. 

526. Lawler, A. R. 1980. 

527. Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1990. 

528. Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1994. 

529. Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1991 . 

530. Lowe, G. C., Jr., et al . 1978. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988 . 

532. Marshall, N. 1956. 

533. Ortner, P. B., et al . 1984 . 

563. Ortner, P. B., et al . 1989 . 

534. Pecora, R. A. 1980 . 

535. Perry, H. M., et al . 1979 . 

164. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

536. Randall, J . M., et al. 1987 . 

537. Ray, S. M., et al . 1966. 

255. Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 

538. Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937 . 

55. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1974 . 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

543. Smith, S. M., et al. 1994. 

544. Steele, J. H. 1964 . 

182. Thayer, G. W., et al . 1983 . 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al. 1960. 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

547. Turner, R. E., et al . 1979. 

262. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al. 1986. 

511. Franceschini, G. A., et al . 1968 . 

512 . Fucik, K. W. 1974. 

519 . Ivanov, A. I. 1966. 

520. Iverson, R. L., et al . 1979. 

542 . Smith, S . M. 1993 . 

548 . Zernova, V. V. 1970. 

507 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1992 . 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

Plume 

71 . Ammerman, J. W. 1991 . 

79. Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1991 . 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1994 . 

317. Chin-Leo, G., et al . 1992. 

220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

553. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

507. Dortch, Q., et a1 . 1992. 

102. Eadie, B. J., et al. 1994. 

229. Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

106. Fanning, K. A., et al. 1973 . 

318. Gardner, W. S ., et al . 1994. 

343 . Govoni, J. J., et al . 1989 . 

345 . Grimes, C. B., et al. 1991 . 

319 . Hanson, R. B. 1982 . 

111 
Plume (cont.) 553 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

241 . Hitchcock, G., et al . 1991 . 408 . Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

527. Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1990. 101 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

528. Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1994. 225 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

138 . Lopez-Veneroni, D., et a1 . 1991 . 14. Dortch, Q., et al. 1991 . 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994. 102. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994. 

153 . Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 227. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1991 . 

563 . Ortner, P. B., et al . 1989. 228. El-Sayed, S . Z., et al . 1972 . 

307. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1994. 229. Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

255 . Redalje, D. G., et al. 1991 . 105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 

538. Redalje, D. G., et al. 1994. 16. Farrell, D. H. 1974. 

53. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 17. Farrell, D. H. 1979. 

173. Scruton, P. C. 1956. 109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984 . 543. Smith, S . M., et a1 . 1994. 110. Flint, W. R., et al . 1986. 

493. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1976. 20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 

496. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1982. 513. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1979 . 

233. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1980. 

Pollutant 340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

75. Armstrong, R. S. 1980. 118. Gearing, P., et al . 1977 . 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993 . 23. George, R. Y., et al. 1979. 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 238. Giam, C. S ., et al . 1979 . 

322 . Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 122. Griffin, G. M. 1979 . 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980 . 25. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 

191 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976 . 241 . Hitchcock, G., et al . 1991 . 

188 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1985. 277. Jones, J. I., et al . 1979 . 

521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993 . 

Productivity 137. Laseter, J. L., et a1 . 1979. 

71 . Ammerman, J. W. 1991 . 527. Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1990. 

72 . Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 529. Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1991 . 

75 . Armstrong, R. S. 1980. 138 . Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 

204. Aumann, G. D. 1980. 531 . Madden, C. J ., et al . 1988. 

3 . Barret, B. B., et al . 1973 . 558 . Marum, J. P. 1979. 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr. 1979. 145 . Menzies, R. J., et al . 1979 . 

77 . Behrens, E. W. 1980. 147 . Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 146. Middleditch, B. S . 1980. 

79. Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 148 . Middleditch, B. S ., et al . 1980. 

501 . Bert, T. M., et al . 1979. 150. Montalvo, J. G., Jr ., et al . 1979 . 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 283 . Oetking, P., et al . 1979 . 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1994. 156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

503 . Bogdanov, D. V., et al . 1968. 533 . Ortner, P. B., et al . 1984. 

85. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1991 . 36. Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 

87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 40. Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1983 . 

90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 364. Perry, A. 1979. 

91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979 . 465. Price, K. C. 1979. 

5. Chapman, P. M., et al. 1991 . 248. Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 

317. Chin-Leo, G., et al . 1992. 304. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

219. Conner, W. H., et al . 1989. 254. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993 . 

11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 164. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 305 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

221 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 306 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

112 
Productivity (cont.) 

536. Randall, J. M., et al . 1987. 

255 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 

538 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937. 

166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

372. Ross, S. T., et al . 1987. 

52. Rowe, G. T. 1971 . 

53 . Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 

55 . Rowe, G. T., et al . 1974. 

374. Russell, M. 1977. 

174. Sharp, J. M. 1979. 

322. Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

543. Smith, S. M., et al . 1994. 

382. St Amant, L. S ., et al . 1965 . 

544. Steele, J . H. 1964. 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

386. Thompson, J. R. 1979. 

194. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1991 . 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982 . 

258. Twilley, R. R., et al. 1991 . 

61 . Waller, R. S. 1979 . 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 

494. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1991 . 

262. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1986. 

82 . Biggs, D. C. 1992. 

511 . Franceschini, G. A., et al . 1968 . 

235 . Gallaway, B. J., 1981 . 

520. Iverson, R. L., et al . 1979 . 

507 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1992. 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

Respiration 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1994. 

215. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 

216. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 

87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

317. Chin-Leo, G., et al . 1992. 

332. Connell, C. H., et al . 1950. 

101 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

14. Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

294. Dortch, Q., et al . 1994. 

318. Gardner, W. S ., et al . 1994. 

523. Kapraun, D. F. 1974. 

149. Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 

156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993. 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

536. Randall, J. M., et al . 1987 . 

371 . Rosas, C., et al . 1992. 

53. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

Salinity 

3 . Barret, B. B., et al . 1973. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979 . 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1991 . 

327. Burkenroad, M. D. 1939. 

400. Chew, F., et al . 1962. 

317. Chin-Leo, G., et al . 1992. 

331 . Christmas, J. Y., et al . 1975. 

403. Cochrane, J. D., et al . 1986. 

551 . Dagg, M. J. 1988. 

552. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1987 . 

553. Dagg, M. J., et al. 1991 . 

408. Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

337. Dawson, C. E. 1962 . 

410. Dinnel, S . O., et al . 1986. 

413. Drennan, K. L. 1963 . 

509. Edwards, P., et al . 1973 . 

416. Eleuterius, C. K. 1978 . 

419. Emiliani, C., et al. 1978. 

105. Fanning, K. A., et al. 1982. 

17. Farrell, D. H. 1979. 

18. Flint, R. W. 1981 . 

109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

21 . Franks, J. S., et al . 1972. 

318 . Gardner, W. S., et al . 1994. 

297 . Gaston, G. R., et al. 1994. 

298 . Gaston, G. R., et al. 1985. 

24. Greiner, G. O. G. 1970. 

429. Gunter, G. 1952. 

348 . Gunter, G. 1967. 

299. Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1981 . 

25 . Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1980 . 

241 . Hitchcock, G., et al. 1991 . 

128 . Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 

440. Ichiye, T. 1972 . 

523 . Kapraun, D. F. 1974. 

446. Leipper, D. F. 1954. 

444. Leipper, D. F. 1970. 

527. Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1990. 

528. Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1994. 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988 . 

113 
Salinity (coot.) 394. Beard, J . H. 1969. 

450. McLellan, H. J., et al . 1963 . 210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr . 1979. 

559. McLelland, J. A. 1980. 77. Behrens, E. W. 1980. 

560. Minello, T. J. 1980. 78. Behrens, E. W., et al . 1979 . 

453. Molinari, R. L., et al . 1978 . 80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994 . 

561 . Moore, D. R. 1962 . 291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1994. 

459. Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1972. 84. Boone, P. A. 1973. 

461 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1974. 266. Bouma, A. H. 1972. 

462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 

563. Ortner, P. B., et al . 1989. 91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979. 

36. Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 5. Chapman, P. M., et al. 1991 . 

463. Parr, A. E. 1935. 95. Coleman, J . M., et al . 1964. 

567. Phillips, P. J., et al . 1970. 219. Conner, W. H., et al . 1989. 

303 . Pokryfki, L., et al . 1987 . 11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 

465. Price, K. C. 1979. 220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

254 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993. 408. Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

49 . Ragan, J . G. 1975. 97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

308 . Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 98. Davies, D. K., et al . 1970. 

536 . Randall, J. M., et al . 1987 . 268. Doyle, L. J., et al . 1980. 

51 . Rezak, R., et al . 1990. 102. Eadie, B. J., et al. 1994. 

539 . Riley, G. A. 1937 . 227. Eadie, B. J., et al. 1991 . 

166 . Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958 . 

372 . Ross, S . T., et al . 1987. 229. Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993 . 104. Fairbank, N. G. 1962 . 

173 . Scruton, P. C. 1956. 105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 

375 . Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985. 270. Feely, R. A. 1974. 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 108. Fisk, H. N., et al . 1954. 

479 . Smith, N. P. 1980. 18. Flint, R. W. 1981 . 

383 . Subrahmanyan, C. B. 1971 . 109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

384. Sutter III, F. C., et al . 1983 . 21 . Franks, J. S., et al . 1972 . 

486. Temple, R. F., et al . 1977. 114. Frazier, D. E. 1967. 

545 . Thomas, W. H., et al. 1960. 340. Gallaway, B. J ., et al . 1980. 

487. Thompson, P. A., Jr., et al . 1978. 117. Gardner, W. S., et al . 1974. 

261 . Williams, H. F. 1951 . 296 . Gaston, G. R. 1985 . 

202 . Williams, R. H. 1954. 297 . Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994. 

493 . Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1976. 118 . Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 

496. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1982. 120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 

262. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1986. 121 . Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 

497 . Wright, L. D., et al . 1971 . 271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956. 

507 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1992. 24. Greiner, G. O. G. 1970. 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 122. Griffin, G. M. 1979. 

429. Gunter, G. 1952. 

Sedi ments 348 . Gunter, G. 1967. 

67. Adams, C. E., et al . 1982. 240. Handing, J. L., et al . 1966. 

68. Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973 . 25 . Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1980. 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989 . 126. Harris, J. E. 1972. 

72. Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 127. Hedges, J. I., et al . 1976. 

264. Antoine, J. W., et al. 1974 . 130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 

75. Armstrong, R. S. 1980. 131 . Jacobs, M. B., et al . 1969 . 

265. Ballard, R. D., et al . 1970. 277. Jones, J . I., et al . 1979. 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993 . 441 . Kennett, J . P., et al . 1975 . 

114 
Sediments (cont.) 

278 . Kennicutt n, M. C., et al . 1995. 

134. Keown, M. P., et al . 1986 . 

135 . Kesel, R. H. 1988 . 

137 . Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979. 

279. Lehner, P. 1969. 

280. Ludwick, J. C. 1964. 

281 . Lynch, S. A. 1954. 

141 . Lytle, J. S., et al . 1977. 

34. MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989 . 

142. Macko, S . A., et al . 1984. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 

143. Manheim, F. T., et al . 1972 . 

147. Middleditch, B. S . 1980. 

149. Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 

456. Murray, S . P. 1972. 

153 . Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

283 . Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

36 . Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 

243 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1979 . 

157 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1972 . 

245 . Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1979. 

568 . Phleger, F. B. 1960. 

160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993 . 

162. Presley, B. J., et al . 1980. 

209. Price, W. A. 1954. 

285. Prior, D. B., et al . 1989. 

248. Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 

254. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993. 

164. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

538. Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994 . 

51 . Rezak, R., et al . 1990. 

467. Rouse, L. J., et al . 1976. 

53. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 

168. Sackett, W. M. 1964. 

469. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963 . 

171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984. 

256. Schwarz, J. R., et al . 1979. 

173 . Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

286. Shepard, F. P. 1955 . 

287. Shepard, F. P. 1956. 

178. Shokes, R. F. 1976. 

322. Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 

477. Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

57. Stanton, R. J., Jr., et al . 1972. 

257. Szaniszlo, P. J., et al . 1979 . 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al. 1960. 

183 . Tieh, T. T., et al . 1972. 

185 . Trask, P. D., et al . 1947. 

187 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

189. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 

190. Trefry, J . H., et al . 1976. 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

193 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

288 . Trowbridge, A. C. 1930. 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

489. Uchupi, E. 1967. 

289. Upshaw, C. F., et al . 1966. 

198. Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960. 

199. Walker, S . H. 1976. 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 

290. Wilhelm, O., et al . 1972. 

203. Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

63. Yingst, J. Y., et al . 1985 . 

393. Barrett, B. B., et al . 1971 . 

94. Cogen, W. M. 1940. 

100. Dickeson, M. W., et al . 1848. 

411 . Dinnel, S. P. 1988 . 

103. Entzeroth, L. C. 1982. 

119 . Gearing, P. J. 1975. 

136. Krumbein, W. C. 1939. 

140. Lowman, S. W. 1951 . 

37 . Parker, R. H. 1956. 

181 . Stetson, H. C., et al . 1953 . 

184. Trask, P. D. 1953 . 

112. Fox, L. E., et al . 1985 . 

Sedimentation (deposition and 

accumulation) 

265 . Ballard, R. D., et al . 1970. 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993 . 

84. Boone, P. A. 1973 . 

95. Coleman, J. M., et al . 1964. 

219. Conner, W. H., et al . 1989. 

220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

98. Davies, D. K., et al . 1970. 

269 . Ewing, M., et al . 1958. 

229 . Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

108 . Fisk, H. N., et al . 1954. 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

117 . Gardner, W. S., et al . 1974. 

343 . Govoni, J. J., et al. 1989. 

271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956 . 

429. Gunter, G. 1952. 

126. Harris, J. E. 1972. 

130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 

441 . Kennett, J. P., et al . 1975 . 

278. Kennicutt II, M. C., et al . 1995 . 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988. 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 

115 
Sedimentation (cont.) 

157. Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

568. Phleger, F. B. 1960. 

209. Price, W. A. 1954. 

248. Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 

166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

168. Sackett, W. M. 1964. 

178. Shokes, R. F. 1976. 

544. Steele, J . H. 1964. 

185. Trask, P. D., et al . 1947. 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

188. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1985. 

192. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982. 

193. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

288. Trowbridge, A. C. 1930. 

546 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1982 . 

198 . Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960 

497. Wright, L. D., et al . 1971 . 

203 . Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

103 . Entzeroth, L. C. 1982. 

140. Lowman, S. W. 1951 . 

181 . Stetson, H. C., et al . 1953 . 

Shrimp 

3 . Barret, B. B., et al . 1973 . 

325 . Berry, R. J., et al . 1967 . 

326. Brasher, H. A., et al . 1972. 

328 . Caillouet, C. W., Jr., et al . 1973 

336. Darnell, R. M., et al . 1956. 

429. Gunter, G. 1952 . 

348 . Gunter, G. 1967 . 

27 . Hedgpeth, J. W. 1953 . 

242. Holland, J. S ., et al . 1979. 

354. Kutkuhn, J. H., et al . 1969. 

355. Lindner, M. J. 1956. 

356. Lindner, M. J., et al . 1954. 

142. Macko, S . A., et al . 1984. 

302. Pavela, J. S., et al . 1983. 

309. Renaud, M. L. 1985. 

371 . Rosas, C., et al . 1992. 

166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

381 . Springer, S ., et al . 1956 . 

382. St Amant, L. S ., et al . 1965 . 

383. Subrahmanyan, C. B. 1971 . 

384. Sutter III, F. C., et al . 1983 . 

385 . Temple, R. F., et al . 1967 . 

62 . Willis, E. R. 1942. 

Stratification 

552. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1987. 

299. Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1981 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 

307. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1994 . 

310. Stuntz, W. E., et al . 1982 . 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

311 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1982 . 

312. Turner, R. E., et al . 1987. 

496. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1982 . 

494. Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 

Suspended Sediments 

75. Armstrong, R. S. 1980 . 

93. Chan, L. H., et al . 1982. 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972 . 

269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958 . 

105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 

270. Feely, R. A. 1974 . 

107. Feely, R. A., et al . 1971 . 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987 . 

271 . Greenman, N. N., et a1 . 1956. 

122. Griffin, G. M. 1979 . 

126 . Harris, J. E. 1972 . 

130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 

523. Kapraun, D. F. 1974. 

134 . Keown, M. P., et al . 1986. 

135 . Kesel, R. H. 1988. 

528 . Lohrenz, S . E., et al . 1994. 

143 . Manheim, F. T., et al . 1972 . 

462 . Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

157 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

465 . Price, K. C. 1979. 

536. Randall, J. M., et al . 1987 . 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937. 

467 . Rouse, L. J., et al . 1976. 

374. Russell, M. 1977. 

173 . Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

286. Shepard, F. P. 1955. 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

545 . Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

187. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

203 . Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

Temperature 

388. Adams, R. M., et al . 1951 . 

3. Barret, B. B., et al . 1973 . 

394 . Beard, J. H. 1969. 

316 . Biddanda, B., et al . 1994. 

503 . Bogdanov, D. V., et al . 1968. 

327 . Burkenroad, M. D. 1939. 

400. Chew, F., et al. 1962. 

331 . Christmas, J. Y., et al . 1975. 

116 
Temperature (cont.) 

553. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

408. Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

337. Dawson, C. E. 1962. 

409. DiMego, G. J., et al . 1976. 

413. Drennan, K. L. 1963. 

509. Edwards, P., et al . 1973. 

422. Etter, P. C., et al . 1975. 

421 . Etter, P. C., et al . 1975 . 

18. Flint, R. W. 1981 . 

109. Flint, R. W., et al . 1984. 

21 . Franks, J. S ., et al . 1972. 

24. Greiner, G. O. G. 1970. 

123. Guo, L., et al . 1994. 

431 . Halper, F. B., et al . 1990. 

25. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 

299 . Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1981 . 

241 . Hitchcock, G., et al . 1991 . 

440. Ichiye, T. 1972 . 

523 . Kapraun, D. F. 1974. 

446. Leipper, D. F. 1954. 

444. Leipper, D. F. 1970. 

528 . Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1994. 

357 . Lukens, R. R. 1981 . 

450. McLellan, H. J., et al . 1963 . 

452 . Molinari, R. L., et al . 1977. 

453 . Molinari, R. L., et al . 1978. 

561 . Moore, D. R. 1962. 

155 . Newman, J. W., et al. 1973 . 

459. Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1972 . 

461 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1974. 

462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

563 . Ortner, P. B., et al . 1989. 

157. Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

463. Parr, A. E. 1935. 

567. Phillips, P. J., et al . 1970. 

303. Pokryfki, L., et al . 1987. 

465. Price, K. C. 1979. 

254. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1993. 

308. Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978. 

51 . Rezak, R., et al . 1990. 

165. Rogers, M. A., et al. 1969 . 

371 . Rosas, C., et al . 1992 . 

372. Ross, S. T., et al . 1987. 

374. Russell, M. 1977 . 

469 . Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993 . 

474. Science Applications International 

Corporation 1987 . 

173 . Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

375. Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985 . 

540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

479. Smith, N. P. 1980. 

544. Steele, J. H. 1964. 

383. Subrahmanyan, C. B. 1971 . 

384. Sutter III, F. C., et al . 1983 . 

385. Temple, R. F., et al . 1967 . 

486. Temple, R. F., et al . 1977 . 

545. Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

487. Thompson, P. A., Jr ., et al . 1978 . 

261 . Williams, H. F. 1951 . 

493. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1976. 

496. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1982. 

Terrigenous 

68. Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973. 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972. 

117. Gardner, W. S ., et al . 1974. 

120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 

126. Harris, J. E. 1972. 

127. Hedges, J. I., et al . 1976. 

131 . Jacobs, M. B., et al . 1969. 

157. Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

469. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

182 . Thayer, G. W., et al . 1983. 

187 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

489 . Uchupi, E. 1967. 

Toxicity 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989 . 

75 . Armstrong, R. S . 1980. 

83 . Biglane, K. E., et al . 1967 . 

293 . Boesch, D. F. 1983 . 

5 . Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 

96. Control, D.W. P., et al . 1954. 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980. 

297. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994. 

22. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1992. 

25. Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 

129. Horowitz, A., et al . 1977 . 

521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993 . 

525. Lasker, R., et al. 1954. 

141 . Lytle, J. S ., et al . 1977 . 

148. Middleditch, B. S., et al . 1980. 

535. Perry, H. M., et al . 1979. 

464. Physical Oceanography Panel, et al . 

1990. 

162 . Presley, B. J., et al . 1980. 

537 . Ray, S. M., et al . 1966. 

166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 

257 . Szaniszlo, P. J ., et al . 1979. 

117 
190. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

193 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

116 . Fucik, K. W., et al . 1994. 

Trophic Dynamics 

325 . Berry, R. J., et al . 1967. 

550. Cummings, J. A. 1983 . 

220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

222. Darnell, R. M. 1992. 

336. Darnell, R. M., et al . 1956. 

18. Flint, R. W. 1981 . 

234. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1982. 

341 . Govoni, J . J., et al . 1985. 

342. Govoni, J . J., et al . 1983 . 

344. Govoni, J . J., et al . 1986. 

348. Gunter, G. 1967. 

352. Henwood, T., et al . 1978. 

557. Hopkins, T. L. 1982. 

522. Kamykowski, D., et al . 1981 . 

358. Modde, T. 1980. 

359. Modde, T., et al . 1981 . 

360. Modde, T. C., et al . 1983 . 

362. Moseley, F. N. 1966. 

153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

363. Overstreet, R. M., et al . 1978 . 

302. Pavela, J. S., et al . 1983 . 

534. Pecora, R. A. 1980. 

369. Rogers, R. M. 1977. 

182. Thayer, G. W., et al . 1983 . 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 

262. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al . 1986. 

Upwelling 

89 . Brooks, J. M., et al . 1973. 

551 . Dagg, M. J. 1988 . 

115 . Fredericks, A. D., et al . 1970. 

524 . Khromov, N. S . 1969. 

52 . Rowe, G. T. 1971 . 

172 . 5ah1, L. E., et al. 1993 . 

200. Walsh, J. J ., et al . 1989 . 

Water Quality 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1991 . 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr ., et al . 1994. 

227 . Eadie, B. J., et al . 1991 . 

191 . Trefry, J . H., et al . 1976. 

195 . Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 

Zooplankton 

324. Al-Yamani, F. Y. 1988 . 

549. Burke, W. D. 1975. 

550. 

552. 

551 . 

221 . 

553. 

223. 

554. 

506. 

229. 

555. 

121 . 

342. 

341 . 

345. 

556. 

517. 

518. 

557. 

129. 

520. 

142. 

143. 

558. 

559. 

560. 

562. 

561 . 

563. 

564. 

566. 

565. 

243. 

567. 

568. 

248. 

249. 

255. 

569. 

570. 

571 . 

182 . 

547 . 

262 . 

118 

Cummings, J. A. 1983 . 

Dagg, M. J., et al. 1987 . 

Dagg, M. J . 1988 . 

Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

Dagg, M. J., et al. 1991 . 

Darnell, R. M., et al . 

Deevey, E. S., Jr. 1950 . 

Dortch, Q., et al . 1989. 

Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

Fleminger, A. 1956. 

Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 

Govoni, J. J., et al . 1983. 

Govoni, J. J., et al . 1985. 

Grimes, C. B., et al . 1991 . 

Gunter, G., et al . 1955 . 

Hawes, S. R., et al . 1978 . 

Hobson, L. A., et al . 1972. 

Hopkins, T. L. 1982. 

Horowitz, A., et al . 1977. 

Iverson, R. L., et al . 1979. 

Macko, S. A., et al . 1984. 

Manheim, F. T., et al . 1972. 

Marum, J. P. 1979. 

McLelland, J. A. 1980. 

Minello, T. J. 1980. 

Moore, H. B. 1954 . 

Moore, D. R. 1962. 

Ortner, P. B., et al. 1989. 

Osburn, R. C. 1954. 

Park, T. S. 1970. 

Park, C., et al . 1989 . 

Parker, P. L., et al . 1979. 

Phillips, P. J., et al . 1970. 

Phleger, F. B. 1960. 

Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 

Rabalais, N. N. 1990. 

Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 

Schmitt, W. L. 1954. 

Sprague, V. 1954. 

Stuck, K. C., et al . 1980. 

Thayer, G. W., et a1 . 1983. 

Turner, R. E., et al . 1979. 

Wiseman, W. J., Jr ., et al . 1986 . 
AUTHOR INDEX 

388. Adams, R. M., et al. 1951. 

67. Adams, C. E., et al . 1982 . 

68. Aizensthat, Z., et al . 1973 . 

324. Al-Yamani, F. Y. 1988. 

69. Alberts, J. 1970. 

670. Alcazar, F., et al . 1989. 

389 . Allen, R. L., et al. 1977a. 

390 . Allen, R. L., et al . 1977b. 

391 . Allen, R. L., et al. 1977c. 

71 . Ammerman, J. W. 1991 . 

1 . Andersen, H. V. 1961 . 

72 . Anderson, J. B., et al . 1980. 

73 . Anderson, P. S ., et al . 1994 . 

392 . Angelovic, J. W. 1976. 

263 . Antoine, J. W. 1972 . 

264 . Antoine, J. W., et al . 1974. 

74 . Armstrong, D. W. 1974. 

75 . Armstrong, R. S. 1980. 

499 . Arnold, E. L., Jr . 1958 . 

204. Aumann, G. D. 1980. 

500. Balech, E. 1967. 315 . Balech, E. 1967b. 

265 . Ballard, R. D., et al . 1970. 

2. Bandy, O. L. 1956 . 

3 . Barret, B. B., et al. 1973 . 

393 . Barrett, B. B., et al . 1971 . 

76. Baskaran, M., et al . 1993 . 

394. Beard, J . H. 1969 . 

210. Bedinger, C. A., Jr. 1979. 

78 . Behrens, E. W., et al . 1979. 

77 . Behrens, E. W. 1980. 

211 . Bender, M. E., et al . 1979. 

79. Benner, R., et al . 1991 . 

80. Benoit, G., et al . 1994. 

325 . Berry, R. J., et al. 1967. 

212. Berryhill, H. L., Jr. 1977. 

213 . Berryhill, H. L., Jr., et al . 1977 

501 . Bert, T. M., et al . 1979. 

81 . Betzer, P. R., et al . 1971 . 

502. Bianchi, T. S ., et al . 1995. 

316. Biddanda, B., et al. 1994 . 

214. Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1991 . 

291 . Bierman, V. J., Jr., et al . 1994. 

82. Biggs, D. C. 1992. 

83. Biglane, K. E., et al . 1967 . 

395. Blaha, J., et al . 1981 . 

293. Boesch, D. F. 1983. 

292. Boesch, D. F. 1985. 

215 . Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 

216. Boesch, D. F., et al . 1987. 

503 . Bogdanov, D. V., et al . 1968. 

84. Boone, P. A. 1973. 

266. Bouma, A. H. 1972 . 

85. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1991 . 

86. Bratkovich, A., et al . 1994. 

87. Brent, C. R., et al . 1979. 

217. Bright, T. J., et al . 1976. 

89. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1973 . 

88. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1977. 

90. Brooks, J. M., et al . 1980. 

396. Brown, R. M. 1910. 

326. Brasher, H. A., et al . 1972. 

91 . Burchfield, H. P., et al . 1979. 

549. Burke, W. D. 1975 . 

327. Burkenroad, M. D. 1939. 

328. Caillouet, C. W., Jr., et al . 1973. 

92 . Calder, J . A. 1977 . 

329 . Caldwell, D. K. 1959. 

397 . Capurro, L. R. A., et al . 1972. 

4 . Carlgren, O., et al . 1951 . 

218 . Carney, R. S. 1987 . 

267 . Carsey, J . B. 1950. 

93 . Chan, L. H., et al . 1982. 

5 . Chapman, P. M., et al . 1991 . 

399 . Chew, F., et al . 1962. 

400. Chew, F., et al . 1962. 

398 . Chew, F. 1964. 

317 . Chin-Leo, G., et al . 1992. 

330. Chittenden, M. E., Jr ., et al . 1977. 

6. Chitwood, B. G. 1954. 

7 . Chitwood, B. G., et al . 1954. 

331 . Christmas, J. Y., et al . 1975 . 

401 . Chuang, W., et al . 1983. 

8 . Clark, A. H. 1954. 

402. Clarke, G. L. 1938. 

403 . Cochrane, J. D., et al . 1986. 

9. Coe, W. R. 1954. 

94. Cogen, W. M. 1940. 

95. Coleman, J. M., et al . 1964. 

404. Collier, A., et al . 1950. 

504. Conger, P. 1954. 

332. Connell, C. H., et al . 1950. 

219. Conner, W. H., et al . 1989. 

96. Control, D. o. W. P., et al . 1954. 

333 . Cook, H. 1966. 

10. Cooper, G. A. 1954 . 

334 . Cowan, J. H., Jr. 1988. 

335 . Cowan, J . H., Jr., et al . 1988 . 

119 
405. Crout, R. L., et al . 1984. 

11 . Cruz-Kaegi, M. E., et al . 1991 . 

550. Cummings, J. A. 1983. 

406. Daddio, E. 1977 . 

407. Daddio, E., et al . 1978 . 

552. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1987. 

551 . Dagg, M. J. 1988. 

220. Dagg, M., et al . 1991 . 

221 . Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

553. Dagg, M. J., et al . 1991 . 

408. Danek, L. J., et al . 1980. 

223. Darnell, R. M., et al . 

336. Darnell, R. M., et al . 1956. 

222. Darnell, R. M. 1992. 

98. Davies, D. K., et al . 1970. 

97. Davies, D. K. 1972 . 

505. Davis, C. C. 1954. 

99. Davis, D. R. 1968 . 

337. Dawson, C. E. 1962. 

554. Deevey, E. S., Jr . 1950. 

12. Defenbaugh, R. E. 1976. 

224. Defenbaugh, R. E. 1990. 

13. Deichman, E. 1954. 

100. Dickeson, M. W., et al . 1848 . 

409. DiMego, G. J., et al . 1976. 

410. Dinnel, S. O., et al . 1986. 

411 . Dinnel, S . P. 1988. 

338 . Ditty, J. G. 1986 . 

506 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1989. 

101 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

225 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

14 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1991 . 

507 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1992. 

294 . Dortch, Q., et al . 1994. 

412 . Dowgiallo, M. J. 1994. 

268 . Doyle, L. J ., et al . 1980. 

413 . Drennan, K. L. 1963 . 

226. Drucker, B., et al . 1990. 

414. Duxbury, A. C. 1962. 

227 . Eadie, B. J., et al . 1991 . 

102. Eadie, B. J., et al . 1994. 

415 . Ebbesmeyer, C. C., et al . 1982 

508. Ednoff, M. E. 1974. 

509. Edwards, P., et al . 1973. 

510. Eiseman, N. J., et al . 1982. 

228. El-Sayed, S . Z., et al . 1972. 

416. Eleuterius, C. K. 1978. 

417. Elliott, B. A. 1982 . 

418. Emiliani, C., et al . 1975 . 

419. Emiliani, C., et al . 1978 . 

103. Entzeroth, L. C. 1982. 

422. Etter, P. C., et al . 1975 . 

421 . Etter, P. C., et al . 1975 . 

420. Etter, P. C. 1983. 

423. Everett, D. E. 1971 . 

269. Ewing, M., et al . 1958. 

229. Fahnenstiel, G. L., et al . 1991 . 

104. Fairbank, N. G. 1962. 

106. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1973 . 

105. Fanning, K. A., et al . 1982. 

16. Farrell, D. H. 1974. 

15. Farrell, D. 1974. 

17. Farrell, D. H. 1979 . 

107. Feely, R. A., et al . 1971 . 

270. Feely, R. A. 1974 . 

339. Finucane, J. H., et al . 1978 . 

108. Fisk, H. N., et al . 1954. 

555. Fleminger, A. 1956. 

230. Flint, R. W., et al . 1978 . 

231 . Flint, R. W., et al . 1979 . 

19. Flint, R. W., et al . 1980. 

18. Flint, R. W. 1981 . 

232. Flint, W., et al . 1981 . 

109. Flint, R. W., et al. 1984. 

110. Flint, W. R., et al . 1986. 

424. Florida A&M University 1988. 

425 . Forshey, C. G. 1873. 

295. Fotheringham, N., et al . 1979 . 

20. Fotheringham, N. 1980. 

112. Fox, L. E., et al . 1985 . 

111 . Fox, L. E., et al . 1987 . 

511 . Franceschini, G. A., et al . 1968 . 

113 . Frank, D. J., et al . 1970. 

21 . Franks, J. S., et al . 1972. 

114. Frazier, D. E. 1967. 

115 . Fredericks, A. D., et al . 1970. 

205 . Fritts, T. H., et al . 1981 . 

512. Fucik, K. W. 1974. 

513 . Fucik, K. W., et al . 1979. 

233 . Fucik, K. W., et al . 1980. 

116. Fucik, K. W., et al . 1994. 

235 . Gallaway, B. J., 1981 . 

340. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1980 . 

234. Gallaway, B. J., et al . 1982 . 

237. Galtsoff, P. S. 1954. 

236. Galtsoff, P. S . 1954. 

117. Gardner, W. S., et al . 1974. 

318. Gardner, W. S., et al . 1994. 

296. Gaston, G. R. 1985. 

298. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1985 . 

22. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1992. 

297. Gaston, G. R., et al . 1994. 

120 
426. Gaul, R. O. 1967. 276. Hilgard, E. W. 1881 . 

119. Gearing, P. J . 1975. 272. Hilgard, E. W. 1891 . 

120. Gearing, P. J., et al . 1976. 273 . Hilgard, E. W. 1906 . 

118. Gearing, P., et al . 1977. 241 . Hitchcock, G., et al . 1991 . 

23. George, R. Y., et al . 1979. 128. Ho, C. L., et al . 1977. 

64. Geyer, R. A. 1950. 518. Hobson, L. A., et al . 1972 . 

238. Giam, C. S., et al . 1979. 433. Hofmann, E. E., et al. 1986. 

121 . Giammona, C. P., et al . 1990. 242. Holland, J. S ., et al . 1979. 

342. Govoni, J . J., et al . 1983 . 557. Hopkins, T. L. 1982. 

341 . Govoni, J. J., et al . 1985. 29. Hopper, B. E. 1961a. 

344. Govoni, J. J., et al . 1986. 30. Hopper, B. E. 1961b. 

343. Govoni, J. J., et al . 1989. 31 . Hopper, B. E. 1963. 

427. Grace, S. F. 1932. 129. Horowitz, A., et al . 1977. 

514. Graham, H. W. 1954. 130. Huang, T. C., et al . 1970. 

271 . Greenman, N. N., et al . 1956 . 434. Hubertz, J. M., et al. 1972. 

24 . Greiner, G. O. G. 1970. 436. Huh, O. K., et al . 1978 . 

122 . Griffin, G. M. 1979. 435. Huh, O. K., et al . 1981 . 

345 . Grimes, C. B., et al . 1991 . 437. Hurlburt, H. E., et al . 1980. 

239 . Groover, R. D., et al . 1977 . 439. Ichiye, T. 1962 . 

428. Grubb, H. 1981 . 438. Ichiye, T. 1972 . 

349 . Gunter, G. 1938. 440. Ichiye, T. 1972 . 

347 . Gunter, G. 1938. 519. Ivanov, A. I. 1966. 

350. Gunter, G. 1938 . 520. Iverson, R. L., et al . 1979. 346. Gunter, G. 1941 . 131 . Jacobs, M. B., et al . 1969. 

515 . Gunter, G. 1951 . 65. Johnson II, W. C., et al . 1989. 

429. Gunter, G. 1952 . 277 . Jones, J. I., et al . 1979 . 

206. Gunter, G. 1954 . 521 . Justic, D., et al . 1993. 

556. Gunter, G., et al . 1955 . 132 . Kamykowski, D. L., et al . 1976 . 

348 . Gunter, G. 1967 . 522 . Kamykowski, D., et al . 1981 . 

430. Gunter, G. 1979 . 133 . Kan, D. L. 1970. 

516. Gunter, G., et al . 1979 . 523 . Kapraun, D. F. 1974. 

123 . Guo, L., et al . 1994 . 441 . Kennett, J. P., et al . 1975. 

351 . Gutherz, E. J. 1977 . 278 . Kennicutt II, M. C., et al . 1995. 

431 . Halper, F. B., et al . 1990. 134. Keown, M. P., et al . 1986. 

124. Hanor, J. S., et al . 1977 . 135 . Kesel, R. H. 1988 . 

319. Hanson, R. B. 1982 . 524. Khromov, N. S. 1969. 

125 . Happ, G., et al . 1977 . 442. Kimsey, J. B., et al . 1963. 

240. Harding, J. L., et al . 1966. 443 . Kimsey, J . B., et al . 1964. 

25 . Harper, D. E., Jr., et al . 1980. 32. Kornfeld, M. M. 1931 . 

299. Harper, D. E., Jr ., et al . 1981 . 136. Krumbein, W. C. 1939. 

126. Harris, J. E. 1972. 354. Kutkuhn, J . H., et al . 1969. 

26. Hartman, O. 1954. 33 . Lankford, R. R. 1959. 

517. Hawes, S . R., et al. 1978. 137. Laseter, J. L., et al . 1979 . 

127. Hedges, J . I., et al . 1976. 525. Lasker, R., et al . 1954. 

27. Hedgpeth, J. W. 1953. 526. Lawler, A. R. 1980 . 

28. Hedgpeth, J. W. 1954. 279. Lehner, P. 1969. 

432. Henry, W. K. 1979. 445. Leipper, D. F. 1954. 

352. Henwood, T., et al . 1978. 446. Leipper, D. F. 1954. 

353. Herron, R. C., et al . 1989. 444. Leipper, D. F. 1970. 

274. Hilgard, E. W. 1871 . 447. Leipper, D. F., et al . 1972. 

275. Hilgard, E. W. 1871 . 356. Lindner, M. J ., et al . 1954. 

121 
355 . Lindner, M. J. 1956 . 153. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1994. 

527 . Lohrenz, S. E., et al. 1990. 155. Newman, J. W., et al . 1973 . 

529 . Lohrenz, S. E., et al. 1991 . 460 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1967. 

528 . Lohrenz, S. E., et al . 1994. 301 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1969. 

138. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1991 . 458 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr . 1972 . 

139. Lopez-Veneroni, D., et al . 1994. 459 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1972. 

530. Lowe, G. C., Jr., et al . 1978. 461 . Nowlin, W. D., Jr., et al . 1974. 

207 . Lowery, G. H., Jr., et al . 1954. 462. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

140. Lowman, S. W. 1951 . 283. Oetking, P., et al . 1979. 

280. Ludwick, J . C. 1964 . 156. Oppenheimer, C. H., et al . 1979. 

357 . Lukens, R. R. 1981 . 533. Ortner, P. B., et al . 1984. 

281 . Lynch, S. A. 1954 . 563. Ortner, P. B., et al . 1989. 

141 . Lytle, J. S ., et al . 1977 . 564. Osburn, R. C. 1954. 

34. MacDonald, I. R., et al . 1989. 36. Ostrom, C. L. 1979. 

142 . Macko, S. A., et al . 1984. 320. Oujesky, H., et al . 1979. 

531 . Madden, C. J., et al . 1988 . 363. Overstreet, R. M., et al . 1978 . 

143 . Manheim, F. T., et al . 1972. 566 . Park, T. S. 1970. 

35 . Manter, H. W. 1954. 565 . Park, C., et al . 1989. 

448 . Mariner, H. A. 1954. 39 . Parker, R. H., et al . 1956. 

532 . Marshall, N. 1956. 37 . Parker, R. H. 1956 . 

558 . Marum, J. P. 1979 . 157 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1972. 

449. Maul, G. A. 1977 . 243 . Parker, P. L., et al . 1979. 

144. Maurer, L. G., et al . 1972. 38 . Parker, R. H., et al . 1980. 

450. McLellan, H. J., et al . 1963 . 463 . Parr, A. E. 1935 . 

559 . McLelland, J . A. 1980. 158 . Paskausky, D. F., et al . 1968. 

145 . Menzies, R. J., et al . 1979. 302 . Pavela, J. S., et al. 1983. 

147 . Middleditch, B. S. 1980. 534. Pecora, R. A. 1980. 

146. Middleditch, B . S. 1980. 246. Pequegnat, W. E., et al. 1970. 

148 . Middleditch, B. S., et al. 1980. 244. Pequegnat, W. E. 1976. 

149 . Miller-Way, T., et al . 1994. 159. Pequegnat, L. H. 1979. 

560. Minello, T. J. 1980. 245 . Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1979. 

358 . Modde, T. 1980. 40. Pequegnat, W. E., et al . 1983 . 

359. Modde, T., et al . 1981 . 364. Perry, A. 1979. 

360. Modde, T. C., et al . 1983. 535 . Perry, H. M., et al . 1979. 

452. Molinari, R. L., et al . 1977. 365 . Perry, H., et al . 1995. 

451 . Molinari, R. L. 1977. 567 . Phillips, P. J., et al . 1970. 

453 . Molinari, R. L., et a1 . 1978. 41 . Phleger, F. B. 1939. 

454. Molinari, R. L., et al . 1982. 42. Phleger, F. B. 1951 . 

150. Montalvo, J. G., Jr., et al . 1979. 46. Phleger, F. B., et al . 1954. 

562. Moore, H. B. 1954. 43 . Phleger, F. B. 1954. 

561 . Moore, D. R. 1962. 44. Phleger, F. B. 1955. 

361 . Moore, D., et al . 1970. 45. Phleger, F. B. 1956. 

282. Morgan, J. P. 1979. 568. Phleger, F. B. 1960. 

152. Morrison, J. M., et al . 1976. 160. Phoel, W. C., et al . 1993 . 

151 . Morrison, J. M., et a1 . 1983. 464. Physical Oceanography Panel, et al . 

362. Moseley, F. N. 1966. 1990. 

457. Murray, S. P. 1970. 284. Poag, C. W., et al . 1972. 

456. Murray, S. P. 1972. 303. Pokryfki, L., et al. 1987 . 

455. Murray, S. P. 1976. 321 . Pomeroy, L. R., et al . 1983 . 

300. Murrell, M. C., et al . 1989. 161 . Pratt, W. E. 1947 . 

154. Nelsen, T. A., et al . 1986. 162. Presley, B. J., et al . 1980. 

122 
247. Price, W. A., et al . 1942. 169 . Sackett, W. M., et al . 1969. 

47 . Price, W. A. 1954. 469. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1970. 

209. Price, W. A. 1954. 171 . Sahl, L. E. 1984 . 

465 . Price, K. C. 1979. 172. Sahl, L. E., et al . 1993 . 

366. Price, W. W., et al . 1986. 470. Salas de Leon, D. A., et al . 1986. 

285 . Prior, D. B., et al . 1989 . 569. Schmitt, W. L. 1954. 

48 . Pulley, T. E. 1952. 472. Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1985. 

248 . Qureshi, N. A., et al . 1991 . 471 . Schroeder, W. W., et al . 1987. 

250. Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1987 . 256. Schwarz, J. R., et al . 1979. 

249 . Rabalais, N. N. 1990. 473. Science Applications International 

304. Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1991 . Corporation 1987 . 

252 . Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1991 . 474. Science Applications International 

251 . Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1991 . Corporation 1987 . 

253 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 173. Scruton, P. C. 1956. 

164. Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1991 . 475. Seim, H. E., et al . 1987. 

305 . Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 174. Sharp, J. M. 1979 . 

306. Rabalais, N. N., et al . 1991 . 375 . Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985 . 

163 . Rabalais, N. N. 1992 . 376 . Shaw, R. F., et al . 1985 . 

254. Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1993 . 286 . Shepard, F. P. 1955 . 

307 . Rabalais, N. N., et al. 1994. 287 . Shepard, F. P. 1956 . 

49 . Ragan, J. G. 1975. 175. Shigley, C. M. 1954. 308 . Ragan, J . G., et al . 1978 . 176 . Shiller, A. M., et al . 1987. 

367 . Ragan, J. G., et al . 1978 . 177 . Shinn, E. A. 1975 . 536. Randall, J . M., et al . 1987 . 476 . Shoemaker, W. S . 1954. 

537 . Ray, S . M., et al . 1966. 178 . Shokes, R. F. 1976. 

255 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1991 . 540. Simmons, E. G., et al . 1962. 

538 . Redalje, D. G., et al . 1994. 179 . Simons, L. H., et al . 1953. 

50. Rehder, H. A. 1954 . 322 . Sizemore, R. K., et al . 1980. 

309 . Renaud, M. L. 1985 . 541 . Sklar, F. H., et al . 1981 . 

51 . Rezak, R., et al . 1990. 180. Slowery, J. F., et al . 1971 . 

466. Rickman, D., et al . 1989. 477 . Smedes, G. W., et al . 1980. 

539. Riley, G. A. 1937 . 56. Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

368 . Rivas, L. R. 1954. 208 . Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

165 . Rogers, M. A., et al . 1969. 377 . Smith, F. G. W. 1954. 

369. Rogers, R. M. 1977 . 481 . Smith, N. P. 1975 . 

370. Roithmayr, C. M. 1965. 480. Smith, N. P. 1978 . 

371 . Rosas, C., et al . 1992. 478 . Smith, N. P. 1980. 

166. Rose, C. D., et al . 1980. 479. Smith, N. P. 1980. 

372. Ross, S. T., et al . 1987 . 542. Smith, S . M. 1993 . 

373 . Rounsefell, G. A. 1954. 543 . Smith, S. M., et al . 1994. 

467. Rouse, L. J., et al . 1976. 378 . Sogard, S . M., et al . 1987. 

52. Rowe, G. T. 1971 . 379. Sonnier, F., et al . 1976. 

54. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1971 . 482. Soong, Y. 1978. 

55. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1974. 380. Soto, L. A. 1972. 

53. Rowe, G. T., et al . 1991 . 570. Sprague, V. 1954. 

468. Russell, R. J. 1936. 381 . Springer, S ., et al . 1956. 

66. Russell, R., et al . 1936. 382. St Amant, L. S., et a1 . 1965 . 

167. Russell, R. 1937. 57. Stanton, R. J., Jr., et al . 1972. 

374. Russell, M. 1977. 544. Steele, J. H. 1964. 

170. Sackett, W. M., et al . 1963 . 181 . Stetson, H. C., et al . 1953. 

168. Sackett, W. M. 1964. 571 . Stuck, K. C., et al . 1980. 

123 
310. Stuntz, W. E., et al . 1982. 

483 . Sturges, W., et al. 1976. 

484. Sturges, W., et al. 1983 . 

383 . Subrahmanyan, C. B. 1971 . 

485. Sugimoto, T., et al . 1988 . 

384. Sutter III, F. C., et al . 1983 . 

257 . Szaniszlo, P. J., et al . 1979 . 

314. Taylor, W. R. 1954. 

313 . Taylor, W. R. 1954. 

385 . Temple, R. F., et al . 1967. 

486. Temple, R. F., et al . 1977. 

182 . Thayer, G. W., et al. 1983 . 

545 . Thomas, W. H., et al . 1960. 

487 . Thompson, P. A., Jr., et al . 1978. 

386. Thompson, J. R. 1979. 

183 . Tieh, T. T., et al . 1972. 

58 . Tierney, J. Q. 1954. 

488. Tolbert, W. H., et al . 1964. 

185 . Trask, P. D., et al . 1947 . 

184. Trask, P. D. 1953 . 

186. Trefray, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

190. Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

191 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1976. 

193 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1981 . 

192 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1982 . 

188 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1985 . 

189 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1986. 

194 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1991 . 

187 . Trefry, J. H., et al . 1994. 

288 . Trowbridge, A. C. 1930. 

196. Turner, H. J. 1903. 

547 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1979. 

546. Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

311 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1982. 

312. Turner, R. E., et al . 1987. 

195 . Turner, E. R., et al . 1991 . 

197 . Turner, R. E., et al . 1994. 

258 . Twilley, R. R., et al . 1991 . 

59 . U.S . Dept. of the Interior, et al . 

1992. 

60. U.S . Dept. of the Interior, et al . 

1993. 

489. Uchupi, E. 1967 . 

289. Upshaw, C. F., et al . 1966. 

198 . Van Andel, T. H., et al . 1960 . 

260. Vittor, B. A., et al . 1985. 

259. Vittor, B. A., et al . 1985. 

490. Vukovich, F. M., et al . 1979. 

491 . Waddell, E., et al . 1981 . 

199. Walker, S. H. 1976. 

61 . Waller, R. S. 1979. 

387. Waller, R., et al . 1995. 

201 . Walsh, J. J., et al . 1981 . 

200. Walsh, J. J., et al . 1989. 

492. Watson, R. L., et al . 1970. 

290. Wilhelm, O., et al . 1972. 

261 . Williams, H. F. 1951 . 

202. Williams, R. H. 1954. 

62. Willis, E. R. 1942. 

493. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al. 1976 . 

496. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al. 1982 . 

262. Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al. 1986 . 

495 . Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al. 1988 . 

494 . Wiseman, W. J., Jr., et al. 1991 . 

497. Wright, L. D., et al . 1971 . 

203 . Wright, L. D., et al . 1974. 

63. Yingst, J. Y., et al . 1985. 

548. Zernova, V. V. 1970. 

498. Zetler, B. D., et al . 1972. 

323. ZoBell, C. E. 1954. 

124 
"T of y~y The Department of the Interior Mission 

a`' ~ p As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for 

most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use 

of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity ; preserving the 

environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing for the 

,RCM 7 ~~ enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral 

resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by 

encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department also has a major 

responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories 

under U .S . administration . 

The Minerals Management Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS) primary 

responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer Continental Shelf 

(OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian lands, and distribute 

s ~ those revenues. 

Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program 

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally sound 

exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral resources. The 

MMS Royalty Management Program meets its responsibilities by ensuring the efficient, timely and 

accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and production due to Indian 

tribes and allottees, States and the U.S. Treasury. 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being 

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially affected 

parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the quality of life for 

all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic development and environmental 

protection.