Pest List for Fresh Pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., 

from Malaysia to the Continental United States

August 24, 2010

Rev. 03

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 2

1. Introduction

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of 

Agriculture (USDA) prepared this pest list to examine plant pest risks associated with the 

importation of fresh pineapple fruit, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., into the United States from 

Malaysia. The commodity will be imported to the continental United States and Alaska, but not 

to Hawaii, Guam, or the other U.S. territories. For the analysis, we assumed the fruit would 

arrive with some or all of the crown (leaf) material. The taxonomy for pineapple includes the 

following synonyms: Ananas ananas (L.) Voss, A. sativus Schult. and Schult. f., Bromelia 

ananas L., and Bromelia comosa L.

2. Pest Categorization

Below we list the pests associated with pineapple reported in Malaysia (Table 1). In that list we 

identify the presence or absence of these pests in the United States; the generally affected plant 

part or parts; the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States; whether the pest 

is likely to follow the pathway and enter the United States on commercially exported pineapple 

fruit; and pertinent references. Pests highlighted with a gray background are quarantine pests 

identified for potential further analysis, as we consider them reasonably likely to follow the 

pathway of commercial fruit shipments. We summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). 

Quarantine pests not following the pathway could harm U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were 

not further analyzed because either they are associated with plant parts other than the 

commodity, or they are unlikely to remain with the fruit through standard harvest and postharvest processing. 

Generally, we do not analyze organisms not identified to the species level. Often many species 

occur within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the United States 

and, therefore, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest. Lack of specific identification 

may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, or the life stage or quality of the 

specimen submitted for identification. By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on organisms for 

which biological information is available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the 

possibility that a high risk quarantine pest was intercepted. Despite that, the development of 

detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal 

fruit feeders or foliage pests, allow effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known 

organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If 

pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 3

Table 1. Pests in Malaysia associated with pineapple, Ananas comosus.

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

ARTHROPODS

ACARI

Acaridae

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

(Schrank)

MY, US L, R No Yes CABI, 2005; Furumizo and

Thomas, 1977; Sanches 

and Flechtmann, 1982

Tenuipalpidae

Dolicotetranychus sp. MY L, S Yes Yes MDOA, 2004

Dolicotetranychus floridanus

(Banks)

MY, US L, S No Yes Jeppson et al., 1975; 

MDOA, 2004

Dolicotetranychus sp. nr. 

vandergooti (Oudemans)

MY L Yes Yes Yunus and Ho, 1980

Tetranychidae

Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) MY L Yes Yes Bolland et al., 1998; 

Jeppson et al., 1975

BLATTODEA

Blaberidae

Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.) MY, US R No No AFFA, 2002; Atkinson et 

al., 1990; Fullaway and

Krauss, 1945

COLEOPTERA

Anthribidae

Araecerus fasciculatus (De 

Geer)

MY, US F No No4 CABI, 2005; Carter, 1967

Bostrichidae

Dinoderus minutus (F.) MY, US F No No5 CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008

Curculionidae

Rhabdoscelus obscurus

(Boisduval)

MY, US (HI) F Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Petty et al., 

2002

Sitophilus oryzae (L.) MY, US F No No6 Muda, 1985; PestID, 2008; 

Toews et al., 2006

Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky MY, US F No No7 CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008

 

1 Distribution: HI = Hawaii, MY = Malaysia, US = United States

2

Plant Parts: F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaf (including crown; Morton, 1987), R = Root, S = Stem

3 Organisms listed at the level of genus, although regarded as quarantine pests because of their uncertain identity, are not 

considered for further analysis as their identity is not defined clearly enough to ensure that the risk assessment is 

performed on a distinct organism (IPPC, 2004). Brackets indicate that the species, although not fitting the definition of a 

quarantine pest (IPPC, 2002), is considered actionable (APHIS, PPQ, National Identification Services).

4

Species is a stored-products pest (CABI, 2005), and is unlikely to be associated with fresh pineapple fruit at harvest.

5 Hosts are primarily species of bamboo (Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys) and other Poaceae (CABI, 2005). The 

two port-of-entry interceptions (PestID) are not indicative of a true host association.

6

Species is primarily a stored-products pest, but will attack cereals (Poaceae) in the field (CABI, 2005). The two port-ofentry interceptions (PestID) are not indicative of a true host association.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 4

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Hydrophilidae

Cyclonotum (= Dactylosternum) 

abdominale (F.)

MY, US F No No8 Hansen et al., 2004; 

Staines, 2007; Yunus and

Ho, 1980

Mycetophagidae

Litargus sp. MY I Yes No Lim and Lowings, 1977

Nitidulidae

Carpophilus sp. MY F, I Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Carpophilus dimidiatus (F.) MY, US F No No10 CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004

Carpophilus foveicollis Murray MY F, I Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) MY, US (HI) F Yes No10 CABI, 2005; Ewing and

Cline, 2005

Carpophilus humeralis (F.) MY, US F No No11 CABI, 2005

Carpophilus maculatus Murray MY, US F, I No No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977; 

Williams et al., 1992

Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson MY, US F, I No No9 CABI, 2005; Lim and

Lowings, 1977

Carpophilus obsoletus Erichson MY, US F No No4 AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005

Cryptarcha ocularis Rtt. MY F Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Epuraea luteola Erichson (= 

Haptoncus luteolus

[Erichson])

MY, US F, I No No9 Bartelt et al., 1994; Ewing 

and Cline, 2005; Lim and

Lowings, 1977; MDOA, 

2004; Nagel et al., 1989

Epuraea ocularis Fairmaire (= 

Haptoncus ocularis

[Fairmaire])

MY, US (HI) F Yes No9 Ewing and Cline, 2005; 

Yunus and Ho, 1980

Lasiodactylus pictus (MacLeay) MY F Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Scarabaeidae

Adoretus sinicus Burmeister MY, US (HI) L, R Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Illingworth, 

1929; Rohrbach and

Johnson, 2003

Glycyphana sinuata Wallace MY F, I Yes Yes Yunus and Ho, 1980

Lepidiota stigma (F.) MY R Yes No CABI, 2005; Petty et al., 

2002

Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) MY L Yes No12 CABI, 2005

 

7 Hosts are primarily cereals and various stored commodities (CABI, 2005). The two port interceptions (PestID) are not 

indicative of a true host association.

8

Species is associated with decaying organic matter (Staines, 2007), and is unlikely to be found on market quality fruit.

9

Pest is associated with diseased or overripe fruit (Lim and Lowings, 1977), and is unlikely to be found on market quality 

fruit.

10 Pest is associated with decaying fruit (Ewing and Cline, 2005), and is unlikely to be found on market quality fruit.

11 Pest is associated with decaying or diseased fruit (CABI, 2005; Morton, 1987), and is unlikely to be found on market

quality fruit.

12 Adults, large (3.5-5.0 × 2.0-2.3 cm) and conspicuous (shiny brown to black) beetles, may attack leaves (CABI, 2005), but 

are unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and processing.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 5

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Scirtidae

Prionocyphon sp. MY I Yes No Lim and Lowings, 1977

Scolytidae

Stephanoderes sp. MY F Yes Yes Yunus and Ho, 1980

Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.) MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008

Xyleborus volvulus (F.) MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008

Silvanidae

Ahasverus advena (Waltl) MY, US F No No13 CABI, 2005; Yunus and

Ho, 1980

Tenebrionidae

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) MY, US F No No4 CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004

DIPTERA

Drosophilidae

Drosophila sp. MY F, I Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Drosophila ananassae

Doleschall

MY, US F No Yes Bharathi et al., 2003; Stone 

et al., 1965; Yunus and Ho, 

1980

Lonchaeidae

Lamprolonchaea smaragdi

(Walker) (= Lonchaea aurea

Macquart)

MY, US (HI) F Yes No14 Nishida, 2002; Pitkin, 

1996; Yunus and Ho, 1980

Lonchaea sp. MY F, I Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Micropezidae

Gymnonerius sp. MY F, I Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann MY F Yes No15 Yunus and Ho, 1980

Mimegralla sp. MY F Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Mimegralla leucopeza albitarsis

Wiedemann

MY F Yes No16 Yunus and Ho, 1980

Muscidae

Atherigona sp. MY F, I Yes No9 Lim and Lowings, 1977

Atherigona orientalis Schiner (= 

A. excisa Thoms.)

MY, US All parts No Yes CABI, 2005; MDOA, 

2004; Yunus and Ho, 1980

Tephritidae

Bactrocera cucurbitae

(Coquillett)

MY, US (HI) F Yes No17 AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005;

Py et al., 1987

 

13 Pest feeds preferentially on damaged foods, particularly if they are moldy (CABI, 2005).

14 Larvae develop in damaged fruit (Pitkin, 1996), and are unlikely to infest market quality fruit.

15 Species breeds in decaying organic matter (Preston-Mafham, 2001), and is unlikely to be associated with market quality 

fruit.

16 Adult Micropezidae are attracted to decaying fruit (Evenhuis, 1998), and are unlikely to be associated with market quality 

fruit.

17 Evidence indicates that pineapple is not a usual field host of the pest (Seo et al., 1973; Armstrong et al., 1979; Armstrong 

and Vargas, 1982).
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 6

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

HEMIPTERA

Aleyrodidae

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MY, US L No Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005

Trialeurodes vaporariorum

(Westwood)

MY, US F No Yes Mound and Halsey, 1978; 

PestID, 2008

Aphididae

Aphis gossypii Glover MY, US I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Carter, 1967

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) MY, US I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Carter, 1967

Pentalonia nigronervosa

Coquerel

MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

(Sasaki)

MY, US L, R No Yes CABI, 2005; CTAHR, 

2006

Coccidae

Coccus viridis (Green) MY, US F, L, S [Yes] Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

CABI, 2005; Ibrahim et al., 

1993

Coccus hesperidum L. MY, US L, S No Yes AFFA, 2002; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2006; CABI, 2005

Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) MY, US F, L, S No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

Gould and Raga, 2002; 

Swirski et al., 1997

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) MY, US L, S No Yes CABI, 2005

Coreidae

Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) MY I, L Yes Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005

Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) MY, US F, L No Yes CABI, 2005; Hill, 1983

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret MY, US All parts No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

MDOA, 2004

Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret MY, US L No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

MDOA, 2004

Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) MY, US F, L No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; Hill, 

1983; MDOA, 2004

Melanaspis bromiliae (Leonardi) MY, US F, L No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; Petty 

et al., 2002

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) MY, US F No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; PPQ, 

interception

Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) MY, US L No Yes AFFA, 2002; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2006; Watson, 2005

Pinnaspis dysoxyli (Maskell) (= 

P. minor [Maskell])

MY L Yes Yes18 Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

MDOA, 2004; Yunus and

Ho, 1980

 

18 Armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but they are not expected to become established via this 

pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). See notes following pest list.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 7

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) MY, US L, S No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

CABI, 2005

Unaspis citri (Comstock) MY, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005

Pentatomidae

Nezara viridula (L.) MY, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Carter, 1967

Pseudococcidae

Antonina graminis (Maskell) MY, US S No No Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

CTAHR, 2006

Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana) MY, US L No Yes AFFA, 2002; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2006

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell)

MY, US All parts No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

MDOA, 2004

Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi) MY, US F No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

Miller and Miller, 2002; 

PestID, 2008

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes

Beardsley

MY, US F, I, L [Yes] Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; Jahn 

et al., 2003; Miller and

Miller, 2002

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) MY, US F, L No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

CABI, 2005

Geococcus coffeae Green MY, US R No No Ben-Dov et al., 2006

Maconellicoccus hirsutus

(Green)

MY, US

(CA, FL)

F [Yes] Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008

Planococcus citri (Risso) MY, US F, L No Yes CABI, 2005

Planococcus lilacinus

(Cockerell)

MY F Yes No19 Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

PestID, 2008

Planococcus minor (Maskell) MY F, I Yes Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; Ooi 

et al., 2002

Pseudococcus sp. MY L Yes Yes Yunus and Ho, 1980

Pseudococcus elisae

Borchsenius

MY F Yes No20 PestID, 2008; Williams, 

1988

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi

Gimpel and Miller

MY, US F, L, S No Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2006; 

Pantoja et al., 2002

Pseudococcus longispinus

(Targioni Tozzetti)

MY, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005

Saccharicoccus sacchari

(Cockerell)

MY, US L, R, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Meagher et 

al., 1993

Tingidae

Stephanitis typica (Distant) MY L Yes Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005

 

19 We found no evidence from available sources (e.g., Cox, 1989; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992; Petty et al., 2002;

CABI, 2005; Ben-Dov et al., 2006) that Ananas comosus is a host. The single port-of-entry interception on pineapple 

(PestID) is an anomaly.

20 Records of occurrence outside of the neotropics likely refer to P. jackbeardsleyi (Ben-Dov et al., 2006).
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 8

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

LEPIDOPTERA

Limacodidae

Darna trima (Moore) MY L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Li et al., 1997

Parasa (= Latoia) lepida

(Cramer)

MY L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Butani, 1975

Setothosea asigna (van Eecke) MY L Yes Yes Lay, 1996; Li et al., 1997

Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) MY, US L No Yes CABI, 2005; Petty et al., 

2002

Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) MY, US (HI) F Yes No21 CABI, 2005

Ischyja manlia Cramer MY F Yes No22 Gater, 1925; Robinson et 

al., 2001

Spodoptera exempta (Walker) MY, US L, S No Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) MY, US L No Yes CABI, 2005; Petty et al., 

2002

Spodoptera (= Prodenia) litura

(F.)

MY, US (HI) L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Takahashi, 

1939

Pyralidae

Cadra cautella (Walker) MY, US F No No4 CABI, 2005; Robinson et 

al., 2005

Spoladea recurvalis (F.) MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008

Satyridae

Melanitis leda (L.) MY L Yes Yes CABI, 2005

Tineidae

Neodecadarchis flavistriata

(Walsingham) (= Erechthias 

flavistriata Walsingham)

MY, US (HI) I Yes No CABI, 2005; Corbett, 1929; 

Petty et al., 2002; Robinson 

et al., 2005

ORTHOPTERA

Acrididae

Locusta migratoria (L.) MY All parts Yes No23 MDOA, 2004

Oxya chinensis (Thunberg) MY, US (HI) L Yes No24 CABI, 2005; Petty et al., 

2002

Stenocatantops splendens

(Thunberg)

MY L Yes No25 Anonymous, 1969; Nafus 

and Schreiner, 1999

 

21 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth only (CABI, 2005), which is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and 

processing.

22 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth only (Ngampongsai et al., 2005), which is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest 

and processing.

23 Pest is a large (adult ♀ length: 50-75 mm; adult ♂ length: 40-55 mm), active, external feeder (CABI, 2005), and is unlikely 

to remain with fruit through harvest and processing.

24 Pest is a large (adult ♀ length: 24.5-39.5 mm; adult ♂ length: 18.3-27 mm), external feeder (CABI, 2005), and is unlikely 

to remain with fruit through harvest and processing.

25 Pest is an external feeder (Anonymous, 1969), and is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and processing.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 9

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Valanga nigricornis

(Burmeister)

MY L Yes No26 MDOA, 2004

THYSANOPTERA

Thripidae

Frankliniella occidentalis

(Pergande)

MY, US I, L No Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005

Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) MY, US I, L No Yes CABI, 2005; Willers, 1992

Thrips flavus Schrank MY I, L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Hua, 2000

Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) MY, US I No No CABI, 2005; Rohrbach and

Johnson, 2003

VIRUSES

Cucumber mosaic 

(Bromoviridae)

MY, US All parts No Yes CABI, 2005; Thornberry, 

1966

Pineapple wilt-associated 

(Closteroviridae)

MY, US F, L, R No Yes CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004

Tomato spotted wilt 

(Bunyaviridae)

MY, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 

2005

BACTERIA

Acetobacter sp. (Clostridiales) MY F Yes Yes Lim, 1985

Enterobacter sp. 

(Enterobacteriales)

MY F, L Yes Yes Lim, 1985

Erwinia ananas Serrano 

(Enterobacteriales)

MY, US F No Yes Bruton et al., 1991; 

MDOA, 2004

Erwinia carotovora (Jones) 

Bergey et al. 

(Enterobacteriales)

MY, US F No No27 Bradbury, 1977; CABI, 

2005

Erwinia chrysanthemi (Burkh.) 

Young et al. (= E. 

chrysanthemi pv. 

chrysanthemi Burkholder et 

al.) (Enterobacteriales)

MY, US F, L, S No No28 Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 

2005; MDOA, 2004

Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae

(Sabet) Victoria et al. 

(Enterobacteriales)

MY, US S No No Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 

2005

Gluconobacter sp. 

(Rhodospirillales)

MY F Yes Yes Lim, 1985

Pantoea agglomerans

(Beijerinck) Gavini et al. 

(Enterobacteriales)

MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005

 

26 Pest is a large (adult length ≈ 65 mm; PNHS, 2007) external feeder (Nair and Sumardi, 2000), and is unlikely to remain 

with fruit through harvest and processing.

27 Apparently a misidentification of E. chrysanthemi. Erwinia carotovora does not attack pineapple in Malaysia (Lim, 1974).

28 Pathogen attacks white, basal portion of leaves in the central whorl; fruit collapse usually occurs on maturing fruit twothree weeks prior to normal ripening (Ploetz et al., 1994). It is unlikely to be associated with market quality fruit.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 10

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Pantoea ananas pv. ananas

(Serrano) Mergaert et al. (= 

Erwinia herbicola var. ananas

[Serrano] Dye, E. ananas

Serrano) (Enterobacteriales)

MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; Eayre et al., 

1995; MDOA, 2004; Ploetz 

et al., 1994

Pseudomonas ananas

(Takimoto) Young et al. 

(Pseudomonadales)29

MY, US F No Yes McMillan, 1986; MDOA, 

2004; Watson, 1971

FUNGI

Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.)

Keissl. (Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Antennularia sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MY L Yes Yes MDOA, 2004

Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) P. 

Kumm. (Basidiomycetes: 

Agaricales) (= Armillariella 

mellea [Vahl:Fr.] P. Karst.)

MY, US R No No Farr et al., 2006

Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. 

(Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)

MY, US F No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Rohrbach 

and Johnson, 2003

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. 

(Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)

MY, US F, L, R No Yes CABI, 2005; Duke, 1983; 

Farr et al., 2006

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu and

Kimbr. (Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales) (= Corticium 

rolfsii Curzi) (anamorph: 

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)

MY, US L, R, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Farr et al., 

2006

Beltrania rhombica Penz. (= B. 

indica Subram.) 

(Ascomycetes)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Candida guilliermondii (Castell.) 

Langeron and Guerra 

(Saccharomycetes: 

Saccharomycetales)

MY, US F No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Ngeow 

and Soo-Hoo, 1989; 

Rohrbach and Apt, 1993; 

Rohrbach and Johnson, 

2003

Capnodium sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Capnodiales)

MY L Yes No30 AFFA, 2002; MDOA, 2004

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis and

Halst. (Ascomycetes: 

Microascales)

MY, US L, R, S No Yes AFFA, 2002; Farr et al., 

2006

 

29 Name apparently has no standing (Bradbury, 1986).

30 Species is one of the non-pathogenic sooty mold fungi, which grow superficially in insect honeydew on plant surfaces 

(Agrios, 1997). It is unlikely to remain with the commodity through post-harvest processing.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 11

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. 

Moreau (Ascomycetes: 

Microascales) (anamorph: 

Thielaviopsis paradoxa [De 

Seynes] Höhn. [= Chalara 

paradoxa (De Seynes) Sacc.])

MY, US F, L, S No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. 

and M.A. Curtis 

(Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Clonostachys sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MY L Yes Yes MDOA, 2004

Clonostachys rosea f. rosea

(Link:Fr.) Schroers et al. 

(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) 

(= Gliocladium roseum

Bainier)

MY, US L, R, S No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Cochliobolus geniculatus R.R. 

Nelson (Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales) (anamorph: 

Curvularia geniculata [Tracy 

and Earle] Boedijn)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. 

Nelson and Haasis 

(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) 

(anamorph: Curvularia lunata

[Wakker] Boedijn)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Cochliobolus verruculosus

(Tsuda and Ueyama) Sivan. 

(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)

MY, US F, L No Yes Sivanesan, 1990

Colletotrichum sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

MY L Yes Yes MDOA, 2004

Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) 

E.J. Butler and Bisby 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. 

and M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei 

(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Curvularia brachyspora Boedijn 

(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)

MY, US F, L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Kore and

Bhide, 1976; Mesturino, 

1988; Salleh et al., 1996
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 12

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Curvularia eragrostidis (Henn.) 

J.A. Mey. (= C. maculans

[C.K. Bancr.] Boedijn) 

(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales) (= 

Cladosporium fulvum Cooke)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Fusarium sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MY R Yes No Farr et al., 2006

Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G. 

Sm.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MY, US R, S No No AFFA, 2002; Farr et al., 

2006

Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. 

(= F. scirpi Lambotte and

Fautrey) (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MY, US L, R, S No Yes Duke, 1983; Farr et al., 

2006

Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. 

(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)

MY, US F No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.:Fr. 

(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)

MY, US F No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Fusarium semitectum Berk. and

Ravenel (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MY, US F No Yes AFFA, 2002; Farr et al., 

2006

Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 

(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)

MY, US R No No Farr et al., 2006

Fusarium subglutinans

(Wollenw. and Reinking) P.E. 

Nelson, Toussoun and

Marasas (= F. moniliforme

var. subglutinans Wollenw. 

and Reinking) (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales) (teleomorph: 

Gibberella subglutinans [E. 

Edwards] P.E. Nelson, 

Toussoun and Marasas [= G. 

fujikuroi var. subglutinans

Edwards])

MY, US F, S No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Krüger, 

1977; Ploetz et al., 1994

Fusicoccum dimidiatum (Penz.) 

D.F. Farr (Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales) (= Hendersonula 

toruloidea Nattrass)

MY, US F, L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) 

Ito (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

MY, US R, S No No Farr et al., 2006

Gliomastix luzulae (Fuckel) 

E.W. Mason (Ascomycetes)

MY L Yes Yes Farr et al., 2006
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 13

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Glomerella cingulata

(Stoneman) Spauld. and H. 

Schrenk (Ascomycetes) 

(anamorph: Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. 

and Sacc.)

MY, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Farr et al., 

2006

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) 

Griffon and Maubl. 

(Ascomycetes: Dothideales) 

(= Botryodiplodia theobromae

Pat.)

MY, US F, L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Macrophoma sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Dothideales)

MY L Yes Yes Farr et al., 2006

Macrophomina phaseolina

(Tassi) Goidanich (= 

Macrophomina phaseoli

[Maubl.] S.F. Ashby) 

(Ascomycetes)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Kirk, 

2004a; MDOA, 2004

Marasmiellus scandens (Massee) 

Dennis and D.A. Reid 

(Basidiomycetes: Agaricales)

MY L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004

Marasmius crinis-equi F. Muell. 

ex Kalchbr. (= M. equicrinis

F. Muell. ex Berk.) 

(Basidiomycetes: Agaricales)

MY L Yes Yes Farr et al., 2006; Kirk, 

2004e; MDOA, 2004

Marasmius palmivorus Sharples 

(Basidiomycetes: Agaricales)

MY F Yes Yes CABI, 2005; MDOA,

2004; Thompson, 1937

Marasmius sacchari Wakker 

(Basidiomycetes: Agaricales)

MY, US S No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al., 

2006

Mariannaea elegans (Corda) 

Samson (Ascomycetes) (= 

Paecilomyces elegans [Corda] 

E.W. Mason and S. Hughes)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Kirk, 

2004b; MDOA, 2004

Microsphaeropsis fuckelii

(Sacc.) Boerema 

(Ascomycetes: Dothideales) 

(= Coniothyrium fuckelii

Sacc.)

MY, US S No No Farr et al., 2006

Muyocopron sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Microthyriales)

MY L Yes Yes Farr et al., 2006

Mycosphaerella sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales)

MY L Yes Yes Farr et al., 2006

Myrothecium roridum Tode:Fr. 

(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 14

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) 

E.W. Mason (Ascomycetes: 

Trichosphaeriales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Penicillium sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

MY F Yes Yes Farr et al., 2006

Penicillium funiculosum Thom 

(Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)

MY, US F No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Penicillium vermiculatum P.A. 

Dangeard (Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

MY, US F No Yes Farr et al., 2006; 

Splittstoesser et al., 1971

Periconia byssoides Pers. 

(Ascomycetes)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Pestalotiopsis adusta (Ellis and

Everh.) Steyaert 

(Ascomycetes: Xylariales)

MY, US L, S No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) 

Steyaert (Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales) (= Pestalotia 

guepinii Desm.)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Kirk, 

2004c; Wan Ishlah and

Gendeh, 2005

Pestalotiopsis neglecta (Thüm.) 

Steyaert (Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales) (= Pestalotia 

neglecta Thüm.)

MY, US L, S No Yes AFFA, 2002; Farr et al., 

2006

Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) 

Steyaert (Ascomycetes: 

Xylariales) (= Pestalotia theae

Sawada)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Kirk, 

2004d

Phialophora richardsiae

(Nannf.) Conant 

(Ascomycetes)

MY, US S No No Farr et al., 2006; Williams, 

1998

Phomopsis sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Diaporthales)

MY L Yes Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert 

and Cohn) J. Schröt. 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R, S No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al., 

2006

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US F, L No Yes Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; 

Farr et al., 2006

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. 

Sm. and E.H. Sm.) Leonian 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R, S No No Farr et al., 2006

Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al., 

2006

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) 

de Bary (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

MY, US F, I, L, S No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Marie, 

1995
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 15

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Phytophthora meadii McRae 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US (HI) F, L, R, S Yes No31 Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; 

Farr et al., 2006; Sideris 

and Paxton, 1931

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda 

de Haan (= P. parasitica

Dastur) (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

MY, US F, L No Yes Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; 

Farr et al., 2006

Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. 

Butler) E.J. Butler 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US F, L No Yes Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; 

Farr et al., 2006

Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. 

and M.A. Curtis) M.B. Ellis 

(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Pithomyces maydicus (Sacc.) 

M.B. Ellis (Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Pithomyces sacchari (Speg.) 

M.B. Ellis (Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Kirk, 

1998a

Prillieuxina stuhlmannii (Henn.) 

Arx (Ascomycetes) (= 

Asterinella stuhlmannii

[Henn.] Theiss.)

MY L Yes Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Pythium sp. (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

MY L, S, R Yes No Lim, 1985

Pythium acanthicum Drechsler 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R No No Farr et al., 2006; Spencer, 

2005

Pythium aphanidermatum

(Edson) Fitzp. (= P. butleri L. 

Subra) (Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R No No Farr et al., 2006

Pythium arrhenomanes

Drechsler (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al., 

2006

Pythium debaryanum Auct. non 

R. Hesse (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

MY, US R No No Farr et al., 2006

Pythium graminicola Subram. 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al., 

2006

Pythium irregulare Buisman 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R No No Farr et al., 2006

Pythium myriotylum Drechsler 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R, S No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al., 

2006

Pythium splendens H. Braun 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R No No Farr et al., 2006

 

31 Fungus may cause rot of green fruit (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996), but is unlikely to be associated with market quality fruit.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 16

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Pythium vexans de Bary 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

MY, US R No No Farr et al., 2006

Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fisch. (= 

R. oryzae Went and Prins. 

Geerl.) (Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales)

MY, US F No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Rohrbach 

and Apt, 1993

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) 

Vuill. (Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales)

MY, US F No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Spegazzinia tessarthra (Berk. 

and M.A. Curtis) Sacc. 

(Ascomycetes)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Stachybotrys parvispora S. 

Hughes (Ascomycetes)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; Kirk, 

1998b

Stachylidium bicolor Link:Fr. 

(Ascomycetes)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Stilbella annulata (Berk. and

M.A. Curtis) Seifert (= S. 

proliferans F. Stevens) 

(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006; MDOA, 

2004

Stomiopeltis sp. (Ascomycetes) MY L Yes Yes AFFA, 2002; MDOA, 2004

Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr. 

(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)

MY, US L, R No Yes Farr et al., 2006

Zygosporium oscheoides Mont. 

(Ascomycetes)

MY, US L No Yes Farr et al., 2006

NEMATODES

Aphelenchus avenae Bastian 

(Aphelenchidae)

MY, US R No No Handoo and Ellington, 

2005; Reddy, 1978; 

Wellman, 1977

Helicotylenchus dihystera

(Cobb) Sher (Hoplolaimidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005

Helicotylenchus erythrinae

(Zimmermann) Golden 

(Hoplolaimidae)

MY, US R No No Duke, 1983; Handoo and

Ellington, 2005; Sauer and

Winoto, 1975a

Helicotylenchus multicinctus

(Cobb) Golden 

(Hoplolaimidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Timm, 1965

Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus

(Steiner) Golden 

(Hoplolaimidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Handoo and

Ellington, 2005

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) 

Chitwood (Meloidogynidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Duke, 1983

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood 

(Meloidogynidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Duke, 1983
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 17

Pest Geographic

distribution1

Plant part

affected2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

pathway

References

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid 

and White) Chitwood 

(Meloidogynidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) 

Chitwood (Meloidogynidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005

Pratylenchus brachyurus

(Godfrey) Filipjev and

Schuurmans Stekhoven 

(Pratylenchidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005

Pratylenchus coffeae

(Zimmermann) Filipjev and

Schuurmans Steckhoven 

(Pratylenchidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Rama and

Dasgupta, 1987

Pratylenchus zeae Graham 

(Pratylenchidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Ryss and

Fam, 1989

Radopholus similis (Cobb) 

Thorne (Pratylenchidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005

Rotylenchulus reniformis

Linford and Oliveira 

(Hoplolaimidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005

Scutellonema brachyurus

(Steiner) Andrássy 

(Hoplolaimidae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005, 2006

Tylenchorhynchus annulatus

(Cassidy) Golden 

(Dolichodoridae)

MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Duke, 1983

Xiphinema ensiculiferum (Cobb) 

Thorne (Xiphinematidae)

MY, US R

32 No No Duke, 1983; Lehman, 

2002; Sauer and Winoto, 

1975b

Xiphinema insigne Loos 

(Xiphinematidae)

MY, US R

33 No No AFFA, 2002; Handoo and

Ellington, 2005; Razak and

Loof, 1998

Xiphinema radicicola Goodey 

(Xiphinematidae)

MY, US R

34 No No Lehman, 2002; Nath et al., 

1998; Razak and Loof, 

1998

MOLLUSCS

Achatina fulica Bowdich 

(Achatinidae)

MY, US (HI) L, S Yes Yes PPQ, 2002b; Bishop 

Museum, 2004

Bradybaena similaris (Ferussac) 

(Eulotidae)

MY, US L No Yes AFFA, 2002; Chang, 2002; 

Idris and Abdullah, 1999; 

Minton and Perez, 2005

 

32 Isolated from the rhizosphere of hosts (Sauer and Winoto, 1975b), and presumably associated with roots.

33 Isolated from the rhizosphere of hosts (Chen et al., 2004), and presumably associated with roots.

34 Isolated from the rhizosphere of pineapple (Nath et al., 1998), and presumably associated with roots.
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 18

3. Quarantine Pests Following the Pathway

After preliminary evaluation, we found 22 quarantine pests likely to follow the import pathway

(Table 2).

Armored scales identified in this risk analysis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) were not expected to 

follow the pathway because although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for 

consumption, they are not expected to become established, and therefore introduced, via this 

pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). A recent critical review of the literature, APHIS-PPQ 

operational data, and expert opinion concludes that even assuming high quantities of imported 

fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, 

polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and cause high 

level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit shipped 

without leaves, significant stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL, 

2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants 

from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of establishment 

(PERAL, 2007). The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor 

dispersal capabilities:

- Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess 

wings but are short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

- Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the 

most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long distance wind dispersal. 

Crawlers can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a time 

period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start 

feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deeply 

inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate.

Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind 

speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit 

peel. The probability of crawlers actively dispersing by walking from their natural host is low 

because they cannot move easily over bare soil or rough surfaces (PERAL, 2007).

We did not include Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (= Dacus dorsalis Hendel) in the pest list, because

despite some earlier reports (e.g., CABI, 2005) it is not known to occur in Malaysia. Records for the 

species in that country probably involve one or more closely related, sibling species (Drew & 

Hancock, 1994; Clarke et al., 2001).
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 19

Table 2. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway on fresh pineapple fruit from Malaysia.

Type Organism Taxonomy

Arthropods Adoretus sinicus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Coccus viridis Hemiptera: Coccidae

Darna trima Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Eutetranychus orientalis Acari: Tetranychidae

Glycyphana sinuata Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Leptocorisa acuta Hemiptera: Coreidae

Melanitis leda Lepidoptera: Satyridae

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Parasa lepida Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Planococcus minor Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Rhabdoscelus obscurus Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Setothosea asigna Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Spodoptera litura Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Stephanitis typica Hemiptera: Tingidae

Thrips flavus Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Fungi Gliomastix luzulae Ascomycetes

Marasmiellus scandens Basidiomycetes: Agaricales

Marasmius crinis-equi Basidiomycetes: Agaricales

Marasmius palmivorus Basidiomycetes: Agaricales

Prillieuxina stuhlmannii Ascomycetes

Mollusca Achatina fulica Achatinidae

4. Authors and Reviewers

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Author

Thomas Culliney, Entomologist

Reviewers

Stephanie Dubon, Plant Pathology

Shawn Robertson, Entomologist

Barney Caton, Asst. Lab Director
Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia

Rev. 03 August 24, 2010 20

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