2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES

MARKET REPORT

JUNE 2010
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

i

Authors

This report was written primarily by Bill Vincent of the Breakthrough Technologies Institute in 

Washington, DC, with significant assistance from Jennifer Gangi, Sandra Curtin, and Elizabeth 

Delmont. 

Acknowledgments

This report was the result of hard work and valuable contributions from government staff and the fuel 

cell industry. The authors especially wish to thank Sunita Satyapal, Nancy Garland, and the staff of 

the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fuel Cell Technologies Program for their support and guidance in 

the preparation of this report. The authors also wish to thank Robert Rose and Bud DeFlaviis of the 

U.S. Fuel Cell Council; Lisa Callaghan-Jerram of Fuel Cell Today; Alison Wise and Rachel Gelman 

of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Jennifer Gangi, Sandra Curtin, and Elizabeth Delmont 

from Fuel Cells 2000; and the many others who made this report possible. 
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Table of Contents

Authors....................................................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................................... i

Table of Contents......................................................................................................................................ii

List of Figures..........................................................................................................................................iii

List of Tables ...........................................................................................................................................iii

List of Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... iv

Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 1

Trends and Developments in 2008............................................................................................................. 2

Revenues................................................................................................................................................... 4

Costs.......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Net Income, Total Assets, and R&D Expenses......................................................................................... 4

Venture Capital and Private Equity .......................................................................................................... 6

Shipments.................................................................................................................................................. 7

Government Policy ................................................................................................................................... 9

Select Company Profiles........................................................................................................................... 11

Public Companies ................................................................................................................................... 11

Ballard Power Systems....................................................................................................................... 11

FuelCell Energy .................................................................................................................................. 12

Hydrogenics........................................................................................................................................ 12

IdaTech ............................................................................................................................................... 13

Plug Power.......................................................................................................................................... 14

SFC Smart Fuel Cell AG .................................................................................................................... 15

UTC Power ......................................................................................................................................... 15

Private Companies .................................................................................................................................. 16

ClearEdge Power ................................................................................................................................ 16

Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies......................................................................................................... 17

NedStack............................................................................................................................................. 17

Nuvera Fuel Cells ............................................................................................................................... 18

Automotive Companies........................................................................................................................... 19

Daimler AG......................................................................................................................................... 19

General Motors................................................................................................................................... 19

Honda.................................................................................................................................................. 21

Toyota ................................................................................................................................................. 22

Appendix 1: Examples of Pre-Production Fuel Cell Vehicles from Major Auto Manufacturers .... 23

Appendix 2: Examples of Commercially Available Fuel Cell Products.............................................. 25
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

iii

List of Figures

Figure 1: Estimated Annual U.S. Stationary Fuel Cell Installations ......................................

Figure 2: Declining Transportation Fuel Cell System Costs ...............................................

Figure 3: Global Investment in Fuel Cell Companies (2007-2008) .......................................

Figure 4: Global Fuel Cell Shipments by Application (2006-2008).......................................

Figure 5: Annual APU and Marine Shipments (2005-2008)................................................

Figure 6: North American Shipments by Application (2006-2008).......................................

Figure 7: Worldwide Small Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments (2004-2008)...............................

Figure 8: Large Stationary Installations Per Annum, by Number and MW (1996-2008)...............

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List of Tables

Table 1: Gross Revenues for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies ........................................

Table 2: Total Assets for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies ..............................................

Table 3: R&D Expenditures for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies .....................................

Table 4: Top Ten Venture Capital and Private Equity Investors ..........................................

Table 5: States Referencing Fuel Cells and Hydrogen in Energy Standards ...........................

Table 6: Ballard Power Systems Overview .................................................................

Table 7: Ballard Power Systems Sales .........................................................................

Table 8: FuelCell Energy Overview ..............................................................................

Table 9: Hydrogenics Overview ....................................................................................

Table 10: Hydrogenics Sales ...........................................................................................

Table 11: IdaTech Overview ...........................................................................................

Table 12: Plug Power Overview ......................................................................................

Table 13: Plug Power Shipments and Orders ......................................................................

Table 14: SFC Fuel Cell AG Overview ..............................................................................

Table 15: UTC Power Overview .......................................................................................

Table 16: ClearEdge Power Overview ................................................................................

Table 17: Horizon Fuel Cells Overview ..............................................................................

Table 18: NedStack Overview ...........................................................................................

Table 19: Nuvera Overview ..............................................................................................

Table 20: Daimler AG Overview .....................................................................................

Table 21: General Motors Co. Overview .........................................................................

Table 22: Honda Motor Co. Overview ............................................................................

Table 23: Toyota Motor Co. Overview ............................................................................

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11

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2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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List of Acronyms

APU auxiliary power unit

BTU British thermal unit

CARB California Air Resources Board

CHP combined heat and power

CNG compressed natural gas

CO2 carbon dioxide

DMFC direct methanol fuel cell

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

FCEV fuel cell electric vehicle

FCV fuel cell vehicle

HCNG hydrogen/natural gas blend

ILEV inherently low emission vehicle

ITC Investment Tax Credit

kg kilogram

kW kilowatt

kWh kilowatt-hour

LPG liquefied petroleum gas

MCFC molten carbonate fuel cell

mpg miles per gallon

MW megawatt

NGO non-governmental organization

OEM original equipment manufacturer

PAFC phosphoric acid fuel cell

PE private equity

PEM proton exchange membrane fuel cell

PIPE private investment in public equities

PV photovoltaic

R&D research and development
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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RD&D research, development and demonstration

SOFC solid oxide fuel cell

UAV unmanned aerial vehicle

VC venture capital

ZEV Zero Emission Vehicle

2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Introduction

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that combine hydrogen 

and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. Unlike 

batteries, fuel cells continuously generate electricity, as long as 

a source of fuel is supplied. Moreover, fuel cells do not burn

fuel, making the process quiet, pollution-free and two to three 

times more efficient than combustion. Fuel cell systems can 

be a truly zero-emission source of electricity, if the hydrogen is 

produced from non-polluting sources. 

Global concerns about climate change, energy security, and air 

pollution are driving demand for fuel cell technology. More 

than 630 companies and laboratories in the United States are 

investing $1 billion a year in fuel cells or fuel cell component 

technologies.1

There are three main markets for fuel cell technology: 

stationary power, transportation power, and portable power. 

Stationary power includes any application in which the fuel 

cells are operated at a fixed location, either for primary or for 

backup power, or for combined heat and power (CHP). 

Transportation applications include motive power for cars, 

buses and other fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and auxiliary power 

units (APUs) for highway and off-road vehicles, as well as 

specialty vehicles (e.g. forklifts). Portable power applications 

include the use of fuel cells not permanently installed or fuel 

cells in a portable device. Within these categories, and 

sometimes defying categorization, are an exceptional number 

of fuel cell applications being developed or demonstrated 

worldwide. 

 

This report provides an overview of trends in the fuel cell 

industry and markets, including product shipments, market 

development, and corporate performance. It also provides 

snapshots of select fuel cell companies, including general 

business strategy and market focus, as well as, financial 

information for select publicly-traded companies. It is 

important to note that the performance of these companies may 

not reflect the performance of the industry as a whole. Many

fuel cell companies are privately-held, with limited financial 

data publicly available. Similarly, other companies are 

business units or subsidiaries within much larger companies, 

such as United Technologies Corporation, Honda, Toyota, and 

General Motors. In such cases, financial and other information 

regarding the fuel cell business unit typically is not available. 

 

1 Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Notable Stationary 

Power Applications

 A Pepperidge Farm bakery in 

Connecticut is using two fuel 

cells to meet 70 percent of its 

electricity needs. 

 Fuel cells provide 1.4 MW of 

electricity and 6.3 million BTUs 

of heat for a Verizon call-routing 

center in New York, reducing 

carbon dioxide emissions by 

8,000 metric tons annually and 

saving more than $600,000 in 

utility bills during the first year. 

 1.2 MW of fuel cells (four units), 

along with a 1.4 MW solar array, 

provide the majority of the 

electricity requirements for a

Sierra Nevada brewery and 

capture waste methane gas, 

substantially reducing the 

brewery’s greenhouse gas 

emissions. 

 A Whole Foods Market in 

Dedham, Massachusetts 

derives nearly 100 percent of its 

electricity and hot water from a 

400 kW fuel cell. 

 Gills Onions’ processing facility 

captures waste biogas to 

generate 600 kW of power 

through a fuel cell. 

 In Japan, more than 3,000 

residential combined heat and 

power fuel cell units are in use, 

reducing household carbon 

dioxide emissions by more than 

30 percent. 
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Figure 1: Estimated Annual U.S. Stationary Fuel 

Cell Installations

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

2005 2006 2007 2008

Installed Capacity in kW

Year

SOFC PEM MCFC PAFC

Trends and Developments in 2008

There were significant positive developments in the fuel cell industry in 2008. A number of companies 

received large orders for fuel cells and related equipment, as segments of the industry continue to 

transition from a demonstration-phase to commercialization. Among publicly-traded companies, some 

grew revenues and improved net income, although most continue to experience significant operating 

losses. In October 2008, the United States’ investment tax credit for fuel cells was extended for eight 

years, enabling business owners to claim a tax credit of 30 percent of the cost of the fuel cell, up to 

$3,000/kilowatt (kW), increased from the previous provision of up to $1,000/kW. Homeowners can also 

claim a tax credit of 30 percent of the cost of the fuel cell, up to $1,000/kW. 

The stationary market experienced significant growth for both primary and backup power. FuelCell 

Energy, a Connecticut-based producer of stationary power fuel cells, reported a 2008 order backlog of 

32.5 megawatts (MWs), more than double the backlog from 2007, as well as a substantial increase in its 

production rate, to 30 MW annually. In 2008, FuelCell Energy also booked its single largest order in 

company history – a $70 million sale of 26.5 MW of fuel cell power to POSCO Power, a South Korean 

company. 

Fuel cell companies also appear to be making significant inroads in the telecommunications industry. For 

example, IdaTech, with its primary facilities based in Oregon, signed a contract in 2008 to deliver up to 

30,000 units to provide back-up power for wireless communications towers in India. 

In the U.S., the annual installed generating 

capacity appears to be increasing. As shown 

in Figure 1, the generating capacity of new 

stationary fuel cells installed in the U.S. in 

2008 was significantly higher than in 2007 

and 2006. Although the installed capacity in 

2005 was greater than in 2008, many of the 

2005 installations were associated with a 

Department of Defense Residential 

Demonstration Project for proton exchange 

membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The final 

installations under this program occurred in 

2006. Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) 

appear prominent in Figure 1, because MCFC 

installations were large-scale, thus 

representing a high percentage of the total 

installed generating capacity.
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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The transportation and motive power sector also appears to be 

growing. Daimler AG and Honda operate production lines 

for fuel cell vehicles, and most major automakers plan to 

introduce fuel cell cars by 2015. Fuel cell buses continue to 

operate in cities around the world, including five fuel cell 

buses in California (AC Transit) and Connecticut (CTTransit) 

that logged nearly 72,000 miles and more than 7,500 hours of 

service between August 2007 and August 2008.2

There were roughly 9,000 shipments worldwide of portable 

fuel cells in 2008, a slight increase over 2007.

 The AC 

Transit fuel cell buses achieved fuel economy 84 percent 

greater than diesel buses and the CTTransit fuel cell buses 

achieved a fuel economy 131 percent greater than compressed 

natural gas (CNG) buses, operating on the same route. 

Finally, a number of fuel cell companies are targeting the 

materials handling industry, offering fuel cells as a 

replacement for batteries in lift trucks. Plug Power, one of the 

main fuel cell suppliers for forklifts, sold at least 367 units in 

2008, according to company filings with the Securities 

Exchange Commission. 

3

 The portable 

fuel cell market continues to be limited largely to toys, battery 

chargers, and educational units, although a significant number 

of shipments were made in 2008 for military applications.4

There also were a small number of units produced in 2008 for 

the consumer electronics market, mainly for cell phones, 

cameras, and laptops. In some cases, such as mobile phones, 

the fuel cells are designed as battery replacements. In other 

cases, like laptops, the trend appears toward the fuel cell 

acting as a battery charger. The consumer electronic units 

were pre-commercial, shipped for testing purposes. However, 

it appears that a number of advances have been made in 

miniaturization, power density, and durability, suggesting that 

commercial shipments could begin within a few years.

 

Many of these military applications were for soldier power 

systems and other light applications, such as unmanned aerial 

vehicles. 

5

It appears that 2009 will be another positive year for fuel cells. 

A number of major orders have been received for fuel cells in 

the telecommunications and materials handling industries. 

 

Device makers such as Toshiba have announced 

commercialization schedules.

 

2 Fuel Cell Buses in US Transit Fleets: Current Status 2008, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (available at 

http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/tp44133.pdf) 3 Portable Fuel Cell Survey 2009, Fuel Cell Today (available at http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online) 4 Ibid.

5 Portable Fuel Cell Survey 2009, Fuel Cell Today (available at http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online)

Notable Transportation 

Developments in 2008

 Honda commissioned the world’s 

first dedicated fuel cell production 

facility for the Clarity and began 

leasing a limited number of FCX 

Claritys in California. 

 General Motors launched “Project 

Driveway”, the first real world 

road test of its fuel cell-powered 

Equinox by volunteers across the 

United States. 

 Toyota’s fuel cell Highlander 

achieved over 300 miles on a 

single tank of compressed 

hydrogen in a real world road 

test. 

 AC Transit in Oakland, California 

ordered eight hybrid fuel cell 

buses for revenue service, the 

largest fuel cell bus order to date 

in the United States. 

 Fuel cell buses in California 

achieved fuel economy 84 

percent greater than diesel buses

and 131 percent greater than 

CNG buses.

 BC Transit in British Columbia, 

Canada ordered 20 fuel cell 

buses.

 Twenty fuel cars were used in the 

Beijing Olympics to provide 

shuttle services. 

 Nine major automakers drove a 

fleet of fuel cell cars from 

Portland, Maine to Los Angeles, 

California. 
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Similarly, several major companies have ordered stationary units for combined heat and power 

applications. The U.S. stimulus package (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) also allocated more 

than $40 million specifically for fuel cell projects. 

Revenues

Fuel cell companies generally derive 

revenue from the sale and support of 

fuel cells and related equipment, such 

as hydrogen generators, and from 

contract research and development. 

As shown in Table 1, major publicly 

traded fuel cell companies have

experienced revenue growth over the 

last four years. SFC Smart Fuel Cells 

(SFC) leads the group on a percentage 

basis, increasing revenues more than 

five-fold. FuelCell Energy more than 

tripled gross revenues during the same 

period. As discussed above, a 

significant portion of this growth 

appears to be from the sale and 

installation of new units. 

Costs

There have been significant reductions 

in the cost of fuel cell systems. Figure 

2 shows the estimated cost of a 

transportation fuel cell system (2008 

technology) for high volume 

manufacturing (500,000 units per year) 

is $73/kW.6

Net Income, Total Assets, and R&D Expenses

This is a reduction of more 

than $200/kW, or 75 percent, since 

2002 and close to the target of $30/kW 

established for 2015. Research and 

development efforts appear to be on 

track to achieve cost-competitiveness 

with internal combustion engines 

within the next few years. 

Most fuel cell companies remain development stage companies, focused on product improvement, 

reducing product cost, and market development. As a result, most companies operate at a loss, and these 

losses have been growing in recent years. For example, despite significant revenue growth, FuelCell 

Energy has seen losses climb from $68.2 million in 2005 to $93.4 million in 2008, and Plug Power losses 

 

6 Fuel Cell System Costs for Transportation – 2008 Cost Estimate, US Department of Energy (May 2009) (available at: 

http://hydrogendoedev.nrel.gov/pdfs/45457.pdf)

Table 1: Gross Revenues for Select Public Fuel Cell 

Companies (Thousand USD)

Company 2008 2007 2006 2005

FuelCell Energy 100,735 48,234 33,288 30,370

Ballard Power Systems 59,580 65,532 49,832 42,248

Plug Power 17,901 16,271 7,836 13,487

SFC Smart Fuel Cells AG 21,394 19,661 8,025 4,031

Hydrogenics Corp. 39,340 37,990 30,059 37,191

TOTALS 238,950 187,688 129,040 127,327

These companies were selected because their primary product is fuel cells and 

because they are publicly owned and traded on major stock exchanges. 

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Figure 2: Declining Transportation Fuel Cell System Costs
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

5

grew from $51.7 million in 2005 to $121.7 million in 2008.7

There are a few companies showing improvement. Ballard Power Systems has gone from a loss of $87 

million in 2005 to positive net income of $43.9 million in 2008. Hydrogenics has trimmed its losses from 

$37.3 million in 2005 to $14.3 

million in 2008. 

Many fuel cell companies therefore have 

placed a significant focus on cost reduction. 

Some fuel cell companies also 

have experienced reductions in 

total assets between 2005 and 

2008 (see Table 2). A notable 

exception is SFC, which grew net 

assets substantially during the 

period. As discussed in the Select 

Company Profiles section of this 

report, SFC is experiencing 

significant growth in the leisure 

(recreational vehicles, yachts, and 

cabins) and military markets. 

Moreover, some of the reductions 

in net assets likely are the result of 

cost reduction activities, such as 

the sale by Ballard Power Systems 

of some of its automotive fuel cell 

assets. 

Finally, as shown in Table 3, R&D 

expenditures appear to have either 

been trimmed or remain flat in 

several fuel cell companies. In 

many cases, this is a reflection of a 

transition to increased 

manufacturing and commercialization. In other cases, this may be related to the sale of research-related 

assets, such as Ballard, which cut its R&D expenses nearly in half between 2005 and 2008. 

 

7 Source: Information compiled by Fuel Cells 2000

Table 2: Total Assets for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies 

(Thousand USD)

Company 2008 2007 2006 2005

FuelCell Energy 185,476 253,188 206,652 265,520

Ballard Power Systems 208,443 298,691 350,038 524,874

Plug Power 209,112 268,392 307,920 139,784

SFC Smart Fuel Cells AG 80,613 82,124 16,714 2,929

Hydrogenics Corp. 47,579 67,940 97,173 214,657

TOTALS 731,223 970,335 978,497 1,147,764

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Table 3: R&D Expenditures for Select Public Fuel Cell 

Companies (Thousand USD)

Company 2008 2007 2006 2005

FuelCell Energy 16,059 13,438 24,714 21,840

Ballard Power Systems 37,172 58,478 52,274 64,891

Plug Power 34,987 39,218 41,577 36,319

SFC Smart Fuel Cells AG 1,143 865 501 3,336

Hydrogenics Corp. 7,296 9,690 9,379 7,745

TOTALS 96,657 121,689 128,445 134,131

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Worldwide Venture Capital (VC), Private Equity (PE), Over-the-Counter (OTC), and Private 

Investment in Public Equities (PIPE) Investments in Fuel Cell Companies (2007 – 2008)

Source: New Energy Finance

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2007 2008

$USD (millions)

PIPE OTC PE VC

Venture Capital and Private Equity

Cumulative global investment in fuel 

cell companies totaled roughly $367 

million in 2007 and 2008 (see Figure 

3). Roughly 66 percent of this 

amount was venture capital (VC) and 

28 percent was private investment in 

public equities (PIPE). 

Total investments increased by nearly 

37 percent between 2007 and 2008, 

rising from roughly $155 million to 

nearly $212 million. As shown in 

Figure 3, most of the increase is 

attributable to an increase in PIPE 

financing. PIPE deals provide 

companies with quick access to cash, 

because they enable private investors to 

purchase securities directly from 

publicly traded companies, usually at a discount to the market price. PIPE transactions were popular 

during the credit crisis of 2008, with a record $123 billion raised through PIPES in 2008.8

Table 4 shows that U.S. investors have made the greatest cumulative investment in fuel cells since 2000, 

totaling $760.9 million, followed by United Kingdom investors, at $232 million. U.S. and UK companies 

collectively comprise six of the top ten largest fuel cell investors during the same period. 

 

 

8 See PrivateRaise Announces Record PIPE Investment; Releases 2008 League Tables (January 14, 2009), available at 

http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20090114005670&newsLang=en

Table 4: Top Ten Venture Capital and Private Equity Investors, By Company and By Country

(1/1/2000 – 12/31/2008)

Company and Headquarters Country Amount (million 

USD)

Country Total All VC and PE 

Investment (million USD)

Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (US)

World Gold Council (UK)

GreenShift Corp (US)

Investec (South Africa)

Mobius Venture Capital (U.S.)

EnerTek Singapore Ptd Ltd (Singapore)

Rolls Royce Plc (UK)

Jolimont Ventures (AUS)

Chrysalix Energy LP (CAN)

Conduit Ventures Ltd (UK)

$63.8

$60.0

$58.1

$57.1

$51.5

$50.0

$50.0

$45.5

$44.6

$28.1

US

UK

Canada

Germany

South Africa

Singapore

Australia

Denmark

Switzerland

Netherlands

$760.9

$232.4

$152.7

$101.4

$57.1

$50.0

$46.5

$29.3

$27.8

$23.3

TOTAL $508.7 TOTAL $1,481.4

Source: New Energy Finance

Figure 3: Global Investment in Fuel Cell Companies (2007-2008)
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Figure 4: Global Fuel Cell Shipments by Application (2006-2008)

Source: Fuel Cell Today (Copyright 2009)

Figure 6: North American Shipments by Application (2006-2008)

Source: Fuel Cell Today (Copyright 2009)

Figure 5: Annual APU and Marine Shipments (2005-2008)

Source: Fuel Cell Today (Copyright 2009)

Shipments

As shown in Figure 4, the total volume of 

fuel cell shipments continued to increase in 

2008, reflecting an ongoing trend toward 

commercialization. Between 2006 and 

2008, total global fuel cell shipments nearly 

tripled, with the largest percentage increase 

in the transport sector. This increase appears 

due largely to increased shipments of APUs, 

such as SFC’s battery charger product for 

recreational vehicles (see Figure 5), as well 

as battery-replacement fuel cells for 

materials handling equipment, such as 

forklifts. The portable power sector also 

showed significant growth, driven largely by 

educational toys, battery chargers, and 

military applications, like unmanned aerial 

vehicles. 

In North America, total shipments more 

than doubled between 2006 and 2008, with 

the largest increase in the small stationary 

sector (see Figure 6). This increase appears 

driven largely by increases in shipments of 

fuel cells for back-up power, primarily in 

telecommunications applications. There is a 

similar trend globally, where the total 

number of small stationary fuel cell 

shipments has increased roughly seven-fold 

since 2004, again driven largely by the 

telecommunications market (see Figure 7).

Finally, the power output of shipped large 

stationary units continues to increase. Since 

1996, roughly 600 large stationary units 

have been shipped and installed, with a total 

capacity of 183 MW (see Figure 8).

Between 2006 and 2008, however, installed 

capacity per year increased sharply while 

the number of installed units per year 

remained roughly constant, suggesting that 

the capacity of each unit is increasing.
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Figure 8: Large Stationary Installations Per Annum, by Number and MW (1996-2008). Number of units is represented by bars (left 

scale) and number of megawatts represented by the line (right scale).

Source: Fuel Cell Today (Copyright 2009)

Figure 7: Worldwide Small Stationary Fuel Cell Shipments (2004-2008)

Source: Fuel Cell Today (Copyright 2009)
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Government Policy

The federal and state governments have been important partners in the development of the fuel cell 

industry. In 2008, the U.S. federal government’s Investment Tax Credit (ITC) for fuel cell technology

was extended for eight years, until 2016. The ITC entitles the taxpayer to subtract the amount of the 

credit (dollar-for-dollar) from total federal tax liability. For businesses, the credit was increased to 30 

percent of the cost of the fuel cell, up to $3,000/kW, compared to 10 percent or $1,000/kW prior to the 

revised legislation. The business credit is available for a variety of applications, including forklifts and 

other industrial equipment. For residences, the credit also is 30 percent of the cost of the fuel cell, but up 

to $1,000/kW.9

Federal government agencies also released significant studies related to fuel cells in 2008. A study 

funded by the U.S. Department of Energy estimates that up to 677,000 jobs could be created by 2035 in 

the fuel cell and hydrogen sector.

 

10 The Oak Ridge National Laboratory issued a report finding, among 

other things, that fuel cell vehicle market share could grow to 50 percent by 2030 and 90 percent by 2050, 

if appropriate policies are put in place between 2012 and 2025 to encourage the development of hydrogen 

infrastructure to support these vehicles.11

Nearly half of U.S. states and the District of Columbia specifically referenced fuel cells in their renewable 

portfolio standards, net metering rules, and/or interconnection standards. Several states encouraged fuel 

cell deployment through incentive funding. For example, the California Public Utility Commission's 

Self-Generation Incentive Program 

(SGIP) is one of the largest 

distributed generation incentive 

programs in the United States. As of 

January 1, 2008, qualifying 

technologies included only wind 

turbines and fuel cells. 

According to the California 

Stationary Fuel Cell Collaborative, 

50 percent of U.S. installed fuel cell 

capacity is in California. This 

includes fuel cells at the City of 

Tulare Wastewater Treatment Plant, 

the Santa Rita Jail, four power plants 

in the San Diego area, the University 

of California, Irvine, the Turlock 

Regional Water Quality Control 

Facility, and Gills Onions, to name a 

few.

 

9 The 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) provided additional incentives for fuel cells and related 

infrastructure, including increasing the dollar cap of the 30% hydrogen fueling infrastructure tax credit from $30,000 to 

$200,000. The ARRA will be discussed in greater detail in the 2009 edition of this report. 10 Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States, US Department of Energy (July 2008, 

available at http://hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/epact1820_employment_study.pdf)

11 Analysis of the Transition to Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and the Potential Energy Infrastructure Requirements, Oak Ridge 

National Laboratory (March 2008, available at http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/Reports/ORNL_TM_2008_30.pdf)

Table 5: States Referencing Fuel Cells and Hydrogen in 

Energy Standards

Standard or Rule Number 

(including 

DC)

List of States

Renewable 

Portfolio Standard

26 AZ, CA, CO, CT, DC, DE, HI, KS, ME, 

MD, MA, MN, MO, MT, NH, NJ, NM, 

NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, RI, WV, WI

Net Metering 28 AR, CA, CO, CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, HI, 

ID, IL, KS, LA, ME, MA, MI, MO, NJ, 

NM, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, UT, VT, WA, 

WV

Interconnection 

Standard

26 AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DC, GA, HI, ID, 

KS, LA, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, NJ, NM, 

NY, OH, OR, PA, TX, UT, WA, WI

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

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Foreign governments also are taking an active interest in hydrogen and fuel cells. According to the U.S.

Fuel Cell Council, major international initiatives in 2008 include:

 A measure approved in 2008 by India’s Standing Committee on Emission Regulation for the 

addition of up to 20 percent hydrogen to compressed natural gas (HCNG) for use in motor 

vehicles, making India the first country to approve this mixture for widespread use.

 A $15 billion plan by the Abu Dhabi city government (United Arab Emirates) to develop clean 

energy technologies that will include construction of the world's largest hydrogen power plant 

(500 MW) by 2014.

 Investment of about $500 million by China’s government for hydrogen production, storage and 

delivery and fuel cell research. The Chinese government also offers roughly $37,000 per vehicle 

for purchase of fuel cell vehicles in 13 cities. China’s 11th Five Year Plan on Energy 

Development lists hydrogen and fuel cells as a “key frontier technology.” 

 A subsidy by the government of Japan of nearly half of the cost of purchasing a fuel cell for 

residential use. 

 An 80 percent subsidy by the government of South Korea to offset a portion of the cost of 

purchasing and installing residential fuel cells, gradually diminishing to a 30 percent subsidy in 

2020. 

 Significant fuel cell bus deployments in Europe, Asia, and Canada, including 20 fuel cell buses 

for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. 
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

11

Select Company Profiles

There are hundreds of companies involved in various aspects of the fuel cell industry, including original 

equipment manufacturers (OEMs), component suppliers, and integrators. This section provides a 

snapshot of select fuel cell OEMs and other significant players in the industry. 

Public Companies

Ballard Power Systems

Ballard Power Systems, Inc. operates in three 

segments: Stationary Power, Motive Power 

and Material Products. The Stationary Power 

segment offers fuel cell products and 

solutions for backup power, supplemental 

power and distributed generation. The 

Motive Power segment offers fuel cell 

products for material handling and heavyduty applications. The Material Products 

division of the business offers carbon fiber 

products, primarily for automotive 

transmissions, and gas diffusion layers, for 

fuel cells. 

Ballard focuses on PEM fuel cell technology, providing fuel cell stacks to leading fuel cell companies 

including IdaTech, LLC, Plug Power Inc., Baxi Innotech GmbH, Heliocentris Fuel Cells AG and FutureE 

Fuel Cell Solutions GmbH. These manufacturers- of buses, lift trucks, backup power and cogeneration 

systems – integrate Ballard’s fuel cell stacks into end-user products. Ballard also provides power modules 

to system integrators seeking a 'plug-and-play' approach including, for example, ISE Corporation which 

integrates Ballard power modules with hybrid electric drives on transit buses. 

Ballard has been decreasing its participation in the automotive fuel cell markets. In early 2008, Ballard 

sold its automotive fuel cell research and development assets to Daimler AG and Ford Motor Company, 

forming AFCC, a joint venture among the three 

companies (see section on Daimler for more details).

Previously, Ballard had been involved in systems 

development for the residential cogeneration market 

through a joint venture with the EBARA Corporation of 

Japan. Although this joint venture has since ended, 

opportunities continue to exist in Japan and elsewhere 

for fuel cell stack sales into residential cogeneration 

markets. 

Table 6: Ballard Power Systems

Company Type Public (Symbol: BLDP)

Fuel Cell Type PEM 

Primary Market 

Interest

Backup power, supplemental power, 

distributed generation, material handling,

heavy duty

Employees Approximately 390

Headquarters Burnaby, Canada

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Table 6: Ballard Power Systems

Table 7: Ballard Power Systems Sales

Ballard Products 2008 2007

Material Handling 508 204

Back-up power 720 200

Residential Cogeneration 403 445

Automotive & Others 224 186

Total Shipments 1855 1035

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

12

FuelCell Energy

FuelCell Energy (FCE) manufactures and 

installs high temperature MCFCs, some of 

which operate at efficiencies almost twice 

that of conventional fossil fuel power plants.

FCE products reform natural gas internally, 

or use industrial and municipal wastewater 

treatment gas, biogas, propane, or coal gas to 

produce both electricity and substantial 

amounts of heat for use in combined heat and 

power applications. FCE products have been 

certified as “ultra-clean” under California Air 

Resources Board standards.

FCE was founded as the Energy Research Corporation in 1969, initially focusing upon fuel cells but later 

expanding into batteries. In 1992, ERC demonstrated a 120 kW high temperature carbonate fuel cell 

system. In 1996, a two MW power plant went online in Santa Clara, California. In 1999, ERC split the 

advanced battery component into a new company, and renamed what was left FuelCell Energy.

FCE focuses on the stationary market with its line of high temperature carbonate fuel cells, marketed as 

“Direct Fuel Cells” (DFC). FCE offers four models: a 300 kW, 1.4 MW and a 2.8 MW power plant, with 

47 percent electrical efficiency, and a hybrid multi-megawatt system for natural gas letdown facilities, 

with approximately 60% electrical efficiency. FCE has operations for a wide variety of applications, 

including grid-support, wastewater treatment plants, food and beverage processing, manufacturing, 

hospitals and prisons, hospitality, colleges and universities. FCE currently has more than 55 installations 

globally.

FCE also conducts contract research and development that has targeted biofuels, carbon sequestration, 

logistic fuels, hybrid power systems, hydrogen co-production, and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The 

company has contracts with several U.S. government organizations, including the U.S. Navy for marine 

applications of DFC technology, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Energy.

FCE has developed various distribution partners, including large companies like Enbridge Inc. and 

POSCO Power. 

Hydrogenics

Hydrogenics designs, manufactures, and 

installs industrial and commercial fuel cell 

and hydrogen systems. The company has 

more than 1,700 installations in more than 

100 countries. 

Hydrogenics focuses on three markets: fuel 

cell power systems, renewable energy 

systems, and hydrogen generation. Key 

products include hydrogen generators, fuel 

cells for electric vehicles, stationary and 

backup power supplies, and fuel cell systems designed to optimize solar and wind power systems. 

Table 8: FuelCell Energy

Company Type Public (Symbol:FCEL)

Fuel Cell Type MCFC

Primary Market 

Interest

Large stationary power

Employees Approximately 500

Headquarters Danbury, Connecticut

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Table 9: Hydrogenics

Company Type Public (Symbol: HYGS)

Fuel Cell Type PEM 

Primary Market 

Interest

Renewable energy storage, transportation, 

back-up power, hydrogen generation

Employees Approximately 125

Headquarters Mississauga, Canada

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

13

Hydrogenics works with early technology 

adopters and original equipment 

manufacturers such as Andrew/CommScope, 

American Power Conversion, EVAmerica, 

Proterra, Crown, NACCO Material Handling 

Group, Vision Industries, Toro, John Deere.

Customers include Shell Hydrogen, Chevron 

Hydrogen, Linde, Air Liquide, Air Products, 

and Powertech.

Hydrogenics’ fuel cell systems are currently 

powering over ten fuel cell hybrid MidiBuses operating in Europe. Hydogenics also has contracts to 

provide fuel cell power modules to other bus manufacturers for hydrogen hybrid transit buses around the 

U.S. and Europe, including Proterra, EVAmerica, and MAN.

IdaTech

IdaTech designs and manufactures backup 

power fuel cell products for the 

telecommunications market and other 

critical applications. Founded in 1996, 

IdaTech was acquired by IDACORP in 

1999 and sold to South African firm, 

Investec Asset Management, in 2006. 

IdaTech’s main telecom backup power fuel 

cell product is the ElectraGenTM, which is 

available in both 3 kW and 5 kW outputs. 

There are three different products within the ElectraGenTM Product Family – The ElectraGenTM which is 

fueled by hydrogen, and the ElectraGenTM XTR Skid System and ElectraGenTM XTi System, both include 

a proprietary fuel reformer that converts methanol and water liquid fuel into hydrogen gas to power the 

system. By generating its own hydrogen, the need for delivery and storage of bottled hydrogen is 

eliminated.

IdaTech also manufactures a 250 watt iGenTM System designed to be integrated with photovoltaic (PV), 

wind, and grid power to recharge batteries in industrial applications including traffic signaling and 

portable traffic signage. The iGenTM System includes IdaTech’s proprietary fuel reformer that converts 

methanol and water liquid fuel into hydrogen gas to power the system. 

In October 2008, IdaTech signed a large-volume supply agreement with ACME Telepower to deliver fuel 

cell systems for telecommunications deployment in India with the initial 310 system order scheduled for 

delivery in 2009 and further deployment in 2010. Ballard Power Systems is supplying the fuel cell stacks 

to IdaTech for this project.

IdaTech is also participating in Germany’s National Programme for Innovation through its German 

original equipment manufacturer (OEM) partner and distributor, b+w Electronic Systems GmbH.

IdaTech received an order for 30 ElectraGenTM systems from b+w for delivery in 2009 and early 2010. 

This order is in addition to a 30 systems order received from b+w at the end of 2008. 

IdaTech sells fuel cell systems worldwide and has participated in notable projects, including partnerships 

with the Oregon State Police, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Pennsylvania Turnpike 

Table 10: Hydrogenics Sales (Millions)

Product or Service 2008 2007 2006

Hydrogen Generation $31.2 $19.6 $12

Power Systems $5.6 $6.1 $7

Fuel Cell Test Equipment $2.5 $12.3 $11.1

TOTAL SALES $39.3 $38 $30.1

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Table 11: IdaTech

Company Type Public (Symbol:IDA London Stock)

Fuel Cell Type PEM

Primary Market 

Interest

Backup power for telecommunications

Employees Approximately 90

Headquarters Bend, Oregon

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

14

Commission to provide backup power. According to IdaTech’s 2008 annual report, the company 

experienced significant growth between 2007 and 2008, including:

 A 16.8 percent increase in sales, to $5.9 million;

 A 250 percent increase in product revenue, to $2.4 million; 

 A 24.7 percent increase in R&D investment, to $12 million.

Plug Power

Plug Power focuses on the design, 

development and manufacture of PEM fuel 

cell systems in the material handling, remote 

prime power, residential combined heat and

power, and telecommunications markets. 

More than 1,000 Plug Power units have been 

deployed worldwide. The company was 

incorporated in 1997 as a joint venture 

between Edison Development Corporation and 

Mechanical Technology Inc. and, in 2007, 

merged with Cellex Power Products and 

General Hydrogen Corporation.

The company considers itself to be a development stage enterprise,

because nearly all of its resources are devoted to improving fuel cell 

reliability and durability and to building and expanding markets. The 

company posted a net loss of $22.8 million in the second quarter of 2008. 

In June 2008, Plug Power adopted a restructuring plan to become a 

market and sales driven organization, focusing on its GenDriveTM, a 

hydrogen-fueled PEM fuel cell system designed for industrial vehicles, 

especially material handling and automated guided vehicles at high

volume manufacturing and distribution facilities. Customers include WalMart, Bridgestone Firestone, Nestle Waters, Central Grocers, and Sysco 

Foods.

The company’s GenSys line offers a low temperature, liquid petroleum 

gas (LPG)-fueled system designed for continuous power in remote 

applications, focusing on the telecommunications sector. In 2008, this 

product successfully completed a field trial on a cell phone tower in India 

operated by Tata Teleservices Limited. 

Plug Power is also developing the residential GenSys®, a high temperature, PEM fuel cell system that 

reforms natural gas on-site, providing combined heat and power for residential and light commercial 

applications. The company estimates that it will save consumers 20-40 percent off of utility bills and 

reduce carbon dioxide emissions by fifteen to 15-25 percent over incumbent technologies. The residential 

GenSys is not commercially available at this time. 

Table 12: Plug Power

Company Type Public (Symbol: PLUG)

Fuel Cell Type PEM 

Primary Market 

Interest

Materials handling, telecommunications, 

residential

Employees Approximately 200

Headquarters Latham, New York

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Table 13: Plug Power 

Shipments and Orders

Product 2008 2007

GenDrive

 Shipments

 Orders

132

358

77

94

GenCore

 Shipments

 Orders

146

109

180

106

TOTAL

 Shipments

 Orders

278

467

257

200

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

15

SFC Smart Fuel Cell AG 

SFC Smart Fuel Cell (SFC) manufactures 

low temperature fuel cells that use direct 

methanol fuel cell (DMFC) technology. 

Founded in 2000, the company is based in 

Germany and listed in the Prime Standard on 

the German stock exchange (WKN 756857). 

SFC targets the leisure, industrial and defense 

markets and has fuel cells deployed around 

the world in a variety of applications, 

including recreational vehicles, yachts, vacation homes, traffic monitoring systems, observation stations, 

measurement- and early-warning stations, soldier power and light electric vehicles. 

SFC markets its fuel cells for the leisure markets under the "EFOY" ("energy for you") brand and offers 

four models, the EFOY 600, 900, 1200 and 1600, with charging capacities ranging from 600 to 1600 watt 

hours/day. EFOY fuel cells provide electrical current to appliances on mobile homes, trailers, sailboats, 

and in holiday cabins. The EFOY fuel cell is offered as standard or optional equipment by 37 

international motor home manufacturers. 

SFC also offers the EFOY Pro Series, which is designed to meet the needs of professional and 

government users. The EFOY Pro series consists of three models: the EFOY Pro 600, 1200 and 1600 

(600 to 1600 watt hours charging capacity/day). If more power is needed, several EFOY Pro fuel cells can 

be combined. EFOY Pro Series fuel cells are sold exclusively to professionals for use in remote mobile 

and stationary applications where they deliver power for traffic control, security and surveillance, among 

other applications. 

SFC also focuses on the military market. SFC and DuPont received an order from the U.S. Army for the 

development of the M-25 fuel cell, a portable power supply designed to extend soldier mission times over 

conventional power sources. The M-25 is part of an integrated body-worn power source that can be 

carried by the soldier, and is up to 80 percent lighter than conventional power sources. The M-25 program 

was awarded $1 million through the U.S. Department of Defense Wearable Power Prize in October 

2008.12

UTC Power

UTC Power, a unit of United Technologies 

Corp., is a Connecticut-based developer 

and producer of fuel cells that generate 

energy for buildings and for transportation, 

defense and space applications. Formerly 

known as International Fuel Cells, the 

company has been in business for more 

than 50 years.

UTC Power manufactured the first 

commercially available stationary fuel cell 

to provide on-site building power in 1991. Since that time it has installed units worldwide that have 

 

12 See http://www.sfc.com/en/wpp-man-portable.html

Table 14: SFC Smart Fuel Cell AG

Company Type Public (Symbol: F3C.DE)

Fuel Cell Type DMFC

Primary Market 

Interest

Portable, small stationary, APUs

Employees Approximately 95

Headquarters Brunnthal, Germany

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Table 15: UTC Power

Company Type Public (Symbol: UTX)

Fuel Cell Type PAFC, PEM

Primary Market 

Interest

Large stationary, transportation, aerospace

Employees Approximately 600

Headquarters South Windsor, Connecticut

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

16

accumulated more than one billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of experience. The company’s presently 

markets phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) and PEM units, but its work over the years has focused on five 

of the major fuel cell technologies.

UTC Power’s stationary fuel cells have operated more than nine million operating hours, with more than 

260 units deployed in 19 countries. Current users of the company’s fuel cell products include public 

safety facilities, schools, hospitals, banks, supermarkets, and telecommunications companies, including 

high profile units for Whole Foods, Hilton Hotels, and Verizon. UTC Power’s PAFC stationary fuel cell 

product, the Pure Cell®, is available in both a 200 and a 400-kW version suitable for providing combined 

cooling, heating and power. Both products are designed to meet or exceed the most stringent air emission 

standards in the United States as established by the California Air Resources Board in 2007.

The company’s transportation PEM fuel cell product, the PureMotion® Model 120 fuel cell power plant, 

is powering six transit buses in commercial service in the U.S. and in Europe. The company has also 

worked with Hyundai-Kia Motor Company, Chevron Technology Ventures, Nissan, BMW and the U.S. 

Department of Energy to develop fuel cell power plants and fuel cell technology for automotive 

applications.

UTC has provided fuel cell-generated electrical power and drinking water for all manned space flights 

since 1966. The company also works on defense applications, with a focus on marine undersea and 

shipboard applications. 

Private Companies

ClearEdge Power

ClearEdge Power was formed in 2003 as 

Quantum Leap Technology to design and 

build combined heat and power fuel cell 

systems. The company changed its name to 

ClearEdge Power in 2005 and started 

installing products with customers in 2009.

ClearEdge Power manufactures and markets 

the ClearEdge5 (CE5) a compact, 5 kW

combined heat and power PEM fuel cell 

energy system for use in residential and small 

commercial buildings. The CE5 operates at up to 90 percent efficiency, generating 3,650 kWh per month 

and 20,000 BTUs per hour. It can be installed in less than 35 square feet in most applications.

The CE5 is designed to operate 24 hours per day, seven days per week, either indoors or outdoors, and 

can use either natural gas or propane. The company claims that operating costs are as low as six cents

per kWh based on $1.20 per therm for natural gas, assuming full electrical and heat load utilization. The 

purchase price of the CE5 is in the $50,000 - $56,000 range, before state and federal incentives. This 

includes maintenance and warranty for the first five years. The CE5 is designed to run for more than 10 

years, with servicing of the fuel cell stack and fuel processor required about every five to seven years.

ClearEdge is initially targeting the California market; California utilities charge higher per kWh rates as 

energy consumption rises above a certain baseline, to discourage consumption at those levels. The 

company advertises that the CE5 reduces customer exposure to the top tier rates, saving an average of 

$8,000 annually in energy costs. The CE5 is eligible for California Self Generation Incentive Program 

instant rebate totaling $12,500 as well as a federal ITC in the $5,000-$15,000 range.

Table 16: ClearEdge Power

Company Type Private 

Fuel Cell Type PEM

Primary Market 

Interest

Residential and

small commercial applications

Employees Approximately 145

Headquarters Hillsboro, Oregon

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

17

Prototype CE5 units have been deployed at a variety of sites, including hotels, fire stations, restaurants, 

offices, multi-unit apartment buildings, commercial buildings, and private residences. ClearEdge is 

ramping up its manufacturing facility and expanding its regional customer support, creating jobs in 

California and Oregon. ClearEdge claims that the CE5 can reduce residential carbon dioxide (CO2) 

emissions by more than 33 percent and can reduce utility bills by up to 50 percent.13

Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies

Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies was founded in 2003. The company produces compact and lightweight 

PEM fuel cells as well as hydrogen storage and generation systems. 

Horizon’s strategy was to start with small and simple products, such as fuel cell educational kits, then 

expand into larger applications. In 2005, Horizon began applying its fuel cell technology to consumer 

products and, in 2006, launched its “H-Racer” toy fuel cell car. TIME Magazine named the H-Racer one 

of the best inventions of 2006. As a result the company began commercial sales of various micro-fuel 

cell powered toys to over 60 countries and in the hundreds of thousands of units.

In 2007, the company announced that an 5

kilogram (kg) unmanned aerial vehicle 

(UAV) powered by a Horizon fuel cell flew 

for 78 miles, a world record for electricpowered aircraft of this category, according 

to the World Records Academy and the FAI 

(Federation Aeronautique Internationale). Its 

fuel cells also powered the world’s first fuel 

cell electric jet-wing UAV (HY-Fish), in a 

development led by DLR in Germany.

In 2008, Horizon unveiled a first version of its Hydropak, a portable fuel cell power system capable of 

producing 60 W using ultra-light 200 watt-hour (Wh) cartridges, as well as the first version of a small 3

W micro-fuel cell power extender for consumer devices called MiniPAK.In the same year, the company 

announced a fuel cell electric bicycle capable of 25 kilometers per hour and a range of 300 kilometers 

before requiring a hydrogen refill. 

NedStack

NedStack fuel cell technology BV is a 

privately-owned company that produces both 

PEM fuel cells and systems. NedStack was 

founded in 1998 to continue the fuel cell 

activities of AKZO Nobel, a multi-national 

corporation dealing in healthcare products, 

coatings and chemicals. Employees and 

founders own 55 percent of NedStack’s 

shares. NedStack holds more than 20 patents 

and patent-pending applications, and 

describes itself as the “the biggest producer 

 

13 See http://www.clearedgepower.com/categories/home-owner/pages/home

Table 17: Horizon Fuel Cells

Company Type Private

Fuel Cell Type PEM

Primary Market 

Interest

Educational, portable, small stationary, 

transportation, aerospace

Employees Approximately 110

Headquarters Singapore

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Table 18: NedStack

Company Type Private

Fuel Cell Type PEM 

Primary Market 

Interest

Small stationary, large stationary, back up, 

heavy duty transport

Employees Approximately 50

Headquarters Arnhem, Netherlands

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

of PEM fuel cells in Europe.” 
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

18

NedStack targets the large and small stationary and automotive markets, with its PEM fuel cell stacks 

ranging from one kW up to a MW or more. Applications include on-site power generation and back-up 

power, auxiliary power units, material handling and large automotive. The company claims that its 

largest stationary unit, the 100 kW PS100, has an endurance of 20,000 hours. NedStack also is targeting 

the transportation market, including buses, trains, and ships. 

The company’s strategy is to focus on improving durability and performance and achieving cost 

reduction. To accomplish this, NedStack is developing partnerships with a wide range of customers, 

suppliers, co-developers, governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and universities. 

Through these partnerships, NedStack has completed a number of contracts through the European 

Community fifth framework program and with the government of the Netherlands, including research and 

development regarding:

 An autonomous energy supply system with reversible fuel cell as long-term storage system for 

PV stand-alone systems and uninterruptible power supplies; 

 A PEM fuel cell for automotive applications; 

 A PEM fuel cell system for public transport; 

 A PEM fuel cell based power plant with direct connection to a chlor-alkali plant; and on-site 

hydrogen storage. 

Nuvera Fuel Cells

Nuvera Fuel Cells was formed in April 2000 

through the merger of Epyx Corporation and 

De Nora Fuel Cells. Hess Corporation is the 

majority shareholder of Nuvera.

Nuvera focuses on the development of multifuel processing and fuel cell technology for 

the industrial utility vehicle market and 

stationary power applications. The company 

also develops natural gas fuel cell power 

systems for cogeneration applications, and 

onboard gasoline fuel processors and fuel cell stacks for automotive applications. 

Nuvera was the first company in the world to successfully demonstrate a gasoline fuel cell system. In 

addition, the company has developed a hydrogen generator and hydrogen station that uses steam 

reformation to produce hydrogen on-site, and unveiled Massachusetts’ first hydrogen station, called 

PowerTapTM, located at the Nuvera’s facility, in August 2008. In November 2008, Nuvera announced 

that Küsters Zima would be a manufacturing partner for its hydrogen generation product, PowerTapTM.

Nuvera is focused on the materials handling industry and has received funding from the Department of 

Energy. The company sold 14 fuel cell systems and a hydrogen refueling station to H-E-B in San 

Antonio, Texas to power Class II forklift trucks. Nuvera is also working with East Penn Manufacturing, 

deploying twenty fuel cell/battery units to the Susquehanna Defense Distribution Depot in New 

Cumberland, Pennsylvania. The fuel cells have been installed in Yale forklift trucks as part of a two year 

demonstration project run by the Defense Logistics Agency. 

Table 19: Nuvera

Company Type Private (subsidiary of Hess Corporation)

Fuel Cell Type PEM 

Primary Market 

Interest

Materials handling, transportation, hydrogen 

generation and delivery

Employees Approximately 110

Headquarters Billerica, Massachusetts

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

19

Automotive Companies

Daimler AG

Daimler AG is one of the largest 

manufacturer of commercial vehicles in the 

world. Daimler sells its products in nearly 

every country and has production facilities on 

five continents. 

Daimler has been developing fuel cell 

vehicles since the early 1990s. More than 20 

concept vehicles and prototypes have been 

produced, including cars, vans and buses. 

There are more than 100 Daimler fuel cell 

vehicles in use worldwide and these vehicles 

have been driven more than 2.7 million miles and have attained a fleet operating time of more than 

200,000 hours. The company anticipates commercialization of its fuel cell vehicle by 2015.

In 1997, Daimler, Ford, and Ballard founded the Fuel Cell Alliance, to produce fuel cell-powered 

drivetrains and components for cars, trucks and buses. In 2008, the Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation 

(AFCC) was formed as a private, joint venture among the three companies. AFCC conducts research and 

product development for automotive fuel cells. NuCellSys is a separate company that is part of AFCC. 

NuCellSys develops the components necessary for supplying the fuel cell stacks with hydrogen and 

oxygen as well as other hardware, creating the fuel cell system architectures for use in various vehicle 

platforms.

Daimler continues to actively develop fuel cell buses and has already deployed 36 Mercedes-Benz Citaro 

buses in 12 cities in Europe, Australia, and China. These buses traveled more than 1.25 million miles 

during 135,000 operating hours, serving more than eight million passengers. Since 2000, the company 

has invested approximately $111 million in their fuel cell bus program. 

 

General Motors

General Motors Corp. (GM) was founded in 

1908 and sells and services vehicles in 140 

countries, with the largest national markets in 

the United States, China, Brazil, the United 

Kingdom, Canada, Russia and Germany. 

GM has extensive fuel cell research and 

development facilities in the U.S. and Europe

and employed more than 600 people during 

2008 to work solely on the development of 

fuel cell vehicles.14

 Warren, Michigan - basic R&D

 GM’s fuel cell research 

is organized as follows: 

 

14 gmeurope.tv, http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1093266/dr_lars_peter_thiesen_hydrogen_fuel_cell_deployment_4/

Table 20: Daimler AG

Type Public (Symbol:DAI)

Product (s) Fuel cell vehicles

Primary Market 

Interest

Passenger cars and transit buses with 

commercialization by 2015

Employees Approximately 250

Headquarters Stuttgart, Germany

Source: Fuel Cells 2000

Table 21: General Motors Co.

Type Public (Symbol: GM)

Product (s) Fuel cell vehicles 

Primary Market 

Interest

Passenger cars with commercialization by 

2015

Employees Approximately 600

Headquarters Detroit, Michigan

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

20

 Honeoye Falls, New York - fuel cell development

 Torrance, California - electric drive development (motor and power electronics) 

 Mainz-Kastel, Germany - overall fuel cell propulsion system, including modeling, testing,

integration, and on-road testing. 

GM also has a fuel cell R&D facility in Tokyo that focuses on the Asian market.

GM produced the industry’s first operational fuel cell-powered passenger vehicle in 1968. The 1990s saw 

initiation of the Giner Stack Development Program (1995), debut of the Opel experimental fuel cell 

vehicle (1997), and introduction of the first drivable fuel cell concept passenger vehicle, the Opel Zafira

minivan (1998). In the following decade, a number of concept and demonstration fuel cell vehicles were 

developed, including the Sequel, Hy-Wire, AUTOnomy, HydroGen3, HydroGen1, and Precept FCEV. 

GM launched Project Driveway in 2008, the first large-scale market test of fuel cell vehicles with 

customers in daily, real-world driving conditions. More than 100 Chevrolet Equinox fuel cell vehicles 

have been placed with customers in southern California, the New York City area, and Washington DC. 

GM also has ventured into the stationary and auxiliary power markets. In 2001, GM and Hydrogenics 

unveiled a prototype fuel cell unit to provide back-up power to cell towers during power outages. That

same year, GM showcased a fuel cell stationary power unit capable of supplying electricity to homes and 

businesses. The company has also developed a fuel cell auxiliary power unit for a diesel military hybrid 

pickup truck.

GM has collaborated with many fuel cell RD&D partners over the years. In 1991, GM and the U.S.

Department of Energy co-founded the Los Alamos–General Motors Joint Development Center to conduct 

fuel cell R&D. The company formed relationships with ExxonMobil to conduct collaborative research on 

hardware and fuel options for advanced vehicles (1997) and with Toyota (1998) to develop advanced 

vehicle technologies, including fuel cells. In 2000, GM created Giner Electrochemical Systems (GES) 

with Giner, Inc. to perform fuel cell research and development. In 2001, GM formed additional 

partnerships, including collaborations with Suzuki Motor Corporation on fuel cells for small cars; 

ChevronTexaco to advance fuel cells using gasoline fuel; and General Hydrogen to accelerate hydrogen 

infrastructure and vehicle deployment in North America, Europe, Asia and emerging markets. The same 

year, GM also announced a substantial minority ownership position in QUANTUM Technologies to 

develop hydrogen handling and electronic control technologies for fuel cell applications. In 2003, GM 

formed a joint program with Federal Express to conduct a commercial fuel cell vehicle test in Japan, 

partnered with Shell Hydrogen on fuel cell vehicle testing and infrastructure in Washington, DC and 

agreed to work with the BMW Group to jointly develop refueling devices for liquid hydrogen vehicles. 

GM also partnered with Sandia National Lab (2005) to design and test an advanced method for storing 

hydrogen.

GM is developing its next generation fuel cell system that will reportedly be half the size, 220 pounds 

lighter, and use less than half the precious metal of the current system found in the Chevrolet Equinox. 

The goal is to develop a fuel cell power-train that will fit in about the same space as a four-cylinder 

engine. GM is targeting commercialization of fuel cell vehicles by 2015 and cost-competitiveness by 

2022.
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

21

Honda

Honda is a global producer of automobiles, 

motorcycles and other power equipment, 

such as outboard motors and generators. 

Honda is known for making fuel-efficient 

vehicles, maintaining the highest automobile 

fleet-average fuel efficiency of any U.S.

automaker over the past 15 years.16

Honda is focusing its R&D efforts on 

technologies that minimize environmental 

impacts, especially carbon dioxide emissions. 

Although the company is pursuing a variety 

of technologies, it believes that fuel cell electric vehicle technology offers the “ultimate zero emission 

car”17 and that their FCVs have already proved to be “full function” alternative fuel vehicles.18

Honda’s fuel cell research program was first established in 1989. In 1999, the company built fuel cell 

vehicles that reformed methanol onboard and that stored hydrogen in a metal alloy. The following year, 

Honda introduced a hybrid fuel cell/ultra-capacitor vehicle using compressed gaseous hydrogen. 

Honda has 

announced plans to begin mass production of fuel cell vehicles in 2018 and anticipates that the retail price 

will be comparable to gas-fueled cars by 2020. 

Shortly thereafter, Honda began developing its own proprietary fuel cell technology and built low-volume 

production lines for fuel cell electric vehicles, systems and stacks. In December 2002, Honda leased five 

fuel cell vehicles to the city of Los Angeles and delivered another in Japan. It was the first to lease a fuel 

cell vehicle to an individual retail consumer, the Spallinos in 2005.

The company introduced an advanced concept vehicle, the Kiwami, at the 2003 Tokyo Auto Show and 

developed a fuel cell scooter in 2004. Other concept fuel cell vehicles followed, including the two-seater 

Puyo in 2007 and the FC Sport in 2008. 

Honda’s current flagship fuel cell electric vehicle is the FCX Clarity, a hybrid powered by the 100 kW

Honda V Flow fuel cell stack and Lithium Ion battery. In 2008, Honda commissioned the world’s first 

dedicated fuel cell vehicle production facility for the Clarity, and 200 Claritys are being produced over 

three years for lease to select customers in Japan and southern California. Significant advances over 

Honda's previous generation FCX models include:

 an advanced four-door, four-passenger sedan design;

 a 270 mile (240 EPA certified) driving range, over 30 percent improvement;

 fuel efficiency of 68 miles/kg of hydrogen (60 mpg EPA certified), a 20 percent improvement;

 a 50 percent increase in fuel cell stack power density; and

 a 40 percent smaller and 50 percent lighter lithium-ion battery pack. 

 

15 Employment data solely for fuel cell activities not available. 16 Average sales-weighted fuel consumption for 1992-2007 mid-model year passenger-car and light-truck fleets sold in the U.S. 

based on final CAFE reports through 2006 and 2007 mid-year reports. 17 http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=afMZ1CSLb2EQ# 18 “Future of Transportation in the Carbon Constrained Environment Technical and Political Perspectives of American Honda 

Motor”, Ichiro Sakai, Assistant Vice President, Product Regulatory Office, American Honda Motor, PowerPoint presentation at 

Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies, March 25, 2009.

Table 22: Honda Motor Co.

Type Public (Symbol: HMC)

Product (s) Fuel cell vehicles, PEM home energy station

Primary Market 

Interest

Passenger cars (mass production in 2018), 

home energy stations

Employees N/A15

Headquarters Minato, Japan

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

22

The Clarity is the first fuel cell car to be certified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for everyday use. The FCX has been certified by both CARB 

and EPA as a Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) and also by EPA to its Zero Evaporative Emissions standard 

(ILEV). ZEV + ILEV is the lowest national emission rating. 

Honda also has developed two hydrogen refueling stations. One is the home energy station, developed in 

partnership with Plug Power. Currently in its fourth generation, this system reforms natural gas to 

provide hydrogen for the Clarity and produces both heat and electricity for the home. Honda estimates 

that CO2 emissions for a home using its energy station and a fuel cell vehicle would be 30 percent lower 

than a home using a gasoline car and conventionally-supplied electricity and heat. The second station is a 

solar powered water-electrolysis unit, providing hydrogen made from renewable, zero CO2 electricity via 

its own Honda Soltec photovoltaic panels. Both stations are right-sized to produce enough hydrogen fuel 

for a single car parked at the home.

Toyota

Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. was established in 

1937. Brands include the Toyota, Lexus and 

Daihatsu passenger vehicles and Hino heavy 

duty trucks and buses. Non-automotive 

applications focus on housing, financial 

activities, ITS (Intelligent Transport System 

for safe vehicles), GAZOO (multi-media 

kiosk for e-commerce), marine, 

biotechnology and afforestation, and new 

business enterprises.

From the start of its fuel cell vehicle effort in 

1992, Toyota has pursued development of its own fuel cell stack and system. In December 2002, the 

company started limited marketing of hybrid fuel cell vehicles in the United States and Japan. In 

September 2008, Toyota began leasing an improved vehicle, the FCHV-adv, based on the production 

Toyota Highlander Hybrid vehicle. In addition to the fuel cell stack and major system components, 

Toyota manufactures the 10,000 psi carbon fiber hydrogen tanks in-house. The company has announced 

commercial introduction of a fuel cell vehicle in the 2015 time frame.

Toyota’s fuel cell hybrid technology has also been deployed on buses through a joint development effort 

with Hino Motors. In September 2002, four FCHV-BUS2 vehicles were certified by Japan’s Ministry of 

Land, Infrastructure and Transport for road use and these are currently deployed in Japan. 

In January 2007, Toyota unveiled its hydrogen-powered fuel cell forklift prototype, the FCHV-F. The 

forklift uses a fuel cell designed and developed by Toyota Industries Corporation (TICO).

Toyota also is pursuing the stationary fuel cell market, focusing on development of PEM and solid oxide 

fuel cell cogeneration units for residential applications. The company participated in the Japanese 

government’s Stationary Fuel Cell Demonstration Project from 2002-2004, and the Large-scale Stationary 

Fuel Cell Demonstration Project from 2005-2008. 

 

19 Employment data solely for fuel cell activities not available.

Table 23: Toyota Motor Co.

Type Public (Symbol:TM)

Product (s) Fuel cell vehicles, PEM and SOFC for 

residential applications

Primary Market 

Interest

Passenger cars, transit buses, materials 

handling, residential

Employees N/A19

Headquarters Toyota City, Japan 

Source: Fuel Cells 2000
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

23

Appendix 1: Examples of Pre-Production Fuel 

Cell Vehicles from Major Auto Manufacturers

Daimler

A-Class FCellFuel cell/ 

battery hybrid 85kW/ PEM

Ballard 

Mark 900 

Series

90mi

145km 56 mpg equiv.

60 fleet 

vehicles in 

U.S., Japan, 

Singapore, and 

Europe started in 2003 – small fleet in 

Michigan operated by UPS.

NECAR 5.2

(A-class)

Fuel cell/ 

battery hybrid 85kW/ PEM

Ballard 

Mark 900 

Series

300mi

482km

N/A

Awarded a 

road permit for 

Japanese 

roads.

Completed 

drive from California to Washington, 

DC.

Ford

Edge FCPHEV hybrid

Fuel 

cell/plug-in 

battery hybrid

N/A Ballard

305mi

491km 80 mpg

FC is an onboard 

“generator” to 

recharge 

batteries during transit. Charged 

battery range is 25 mi, FC extends 

range an additional 280 mi.

Explorer 

FCV

Fuel cell/ 

battery hybrid

60kW/

PEM

Ballard

350mi

563km 35 mpg

Powered by a 

FC system. 

Uses a hybrid 

system with a 

secondary 

battery to augment power from the 

FC.

Advanced 

Focus FCV

Fuel cell/ 

battery hybrid 85kW/ PEM

Ballard 

Mark 900 

Series

180mi 

290km

~50 mpg 

equiv.

3-year demo in 

Vancouver 

started late 

2004. 30 fleet 

vehicles in Sacramento, Orlando and 

Detroit.

GM Equinox 

FCEV

Fuel 

cell/battery 

hybrid

93kW/

PEM

N/A

200mi

320km ~39 mpg

Leasing 

started in 2007 

– 100 vehicles 

in California, 

New York and Washington DC. In 

Berlin, leased as “HydroGen4” to 9 

companies starting in 2008.

Honda FCX Clarity

Fuel 

cell/battery 

hybrid

100kW/

PEM

Honda

354mi

570km

N/A

Small 

scale 

production 

of 200 vehicles between 2008-2010. 

Leasing in southern California and 

Japan.

Hyundai Tucson Fuel cell/ 

battery hybrid

100 kW PEM 

(2007 

version)

Kia N/A N/A Demonstrating 33 

Hyundai Tucsons and Kia Sportage

FCVs in the U.S. between 2004-2009 

and in Korea between 2006-2010.

Automaker Vehicle 

Type

Engine 

Type

Fuel Cell 

Size/type

Fuel Cell 

Mfr.

Range 

(mi/km)

MPG 

Equivalent* Details
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

24

Santa Fe 

SUV

Ambientpressure fuel 

cell

75kW/ PEM UTC Fuel 

Cells

250mi

402km

N/A

Hyundai’s first 

generation 

hydrogen 

vehicle. 

Kia

Borrego/

Mojave 

FCEV

Fuel cell/

battery hybrid

115kW/

PEM

Kia

426mi

685km 54 mpg

Leasing to 

Seoul, Korea 

residents 

starting in 

2009.

Nissan X-TRAIL 

(SUV)

Fuel cell/ 

battery hybrid 75kW/ PEM

UTC Fuel 

Cells

(Ambientpressure)

N/A N/A

Approved for 

Japanese 

Public road 

testing – 3 

leased to Japanese government.

Toyota FCHV-adv Fuel cell/ 

battery hybrid N/A Toyota

515mi

830km

N/A

Leasing, to 

government 

agencies and 

energy companies in Japan, started in 

late 2008.

Compiled by Fuel Cells 2000. For a more detailed chart, including the most recent vehicles, see http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/carchart.pdf
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

25

Appendix 2: Examples of Commercially 

Available Fuel Cell Products

Ballard Mark 902 Transportation PEM 85 kW

Mark 9 SSL Materials Handling / Light 

Mobility

PEM 4.4 - 19.3 kW

Mark 1030 Cogeneration PEM 1.3 kW

Mark 1020 ACS Back-up power / Light 

Mobility

PEM 300 - 5000 W

HD6 Transportation / Bus PEM 65 or 130 kW net

FuelCell Energy DFC 300MA Stationary MCFC 300 kW

DFC 1500MA Stationary MCFC 1200 kW

DFC 3000 Stationary MCFC 2400 kW

HyPM XR Power Modules Stationary PEM 4, 8, 12 kW

Hydrogenics HyPM XR (DC) Backup Power 

Systems

Stationary PEM 4, 8, 16 kW

FCXR Cabinet Stationary PEM 10, 20, 30 kW

FCXR System Stationary PEM 150 kW

HyPM HD Power Modules Mobility PEM 4, 8, 12, 16 kW

HyPX Power Packs Class 1 Forklift Trucks PEM / hybrid 8 - 12 kW

HySTAT Hydrogen Generator Hydrogen Refueling Alkaline Electrolysis 4 - 60 Nm3/hr 

ElectraGenTM 3XTR Backup PEM - Liquid Fuel 3 kW

ElectraGenTM 5XTR Backup PEM - Liquid Fuel 5 kW

IdaTech ElectraGenTM 3 XTi Backup PEM - Liquid Fuel 3 kW

ElectraGenTM 5 XTi Backup PEM - Liquid Fuel 5 kW

iGenTM Portable PEM 250 W

ElectraGen TM 3 Backup PEM - Hydrogen 3 kW

ElectraGen TM 5 Backup PEM - Hydrogen 5 kW

Medis Medis Power Pack Portable Direct Borohydride 1 W

MTI MicroFuel Cells Mobion30M Micro / Portable DMFC 30 W

Mobion 1M Micro / Portable DMFC 1 W

Nuvera PowerFlow PFV-5 Industrial Vehicles PEM 5 kW

Andromeda Fuel Cell Stack Transportation PEM 100 kW

Forza Industrial Power Large Industrial / Stationary PEM 250 kW

HDL-82 Power Module Transportation PEM 82 kW

GenDrive GD1—3000 Series Class I Lift Trucks PEM 9 - 11 kW

GenDrive GD1—5000 Series Class I Lift Trucks PEM 9 - 14 kW

Plug Power GenDrive GD1—8000 Series Class I Lift Trucks PEM 14 kW

GenDrive GD2—Series Class II NA Lift Trucks PEM 9 - 11 kW

GenDrive GD3—Series Class IIII Pallet Trucks PEM 3 kW

Manufacturer Product Name Application Type Output
2008 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT

26

GenDrive GD6—Series Class VI Tow Tractors PEM 3 - 11 kW

GenDrive GD—AGV Series Automated Guided Vehicles PEM 3 - 14 kW

GenCore® 5T Series Backup -Telecom PEM 5 kW

GenCore® 5U Series Backup -Utilities PEM 5 kW

ReliOn GenCore® 5B Series Backup - UPS PEM 5 kW

T-1000 Backup PEM 600 - 1200 W

T-2000 Backup PEM 600 W - 2kW

I-1000 Backup PEM 1 kW

Trulite KH4 Power System Portable PEM 150 W - 250 W

UltraCell XX25 Micro /Portable RMFC 25 W

UTC Power PureCell® System Model 400 Stationary PAFC 400 kW

PureMotion® 120 System Transportation PEM 120 kW

PureCell® System Model 5 Backup PEM 5 kW

Compiled by the U.S. Fuel Cell Council. For a more details see http://www.usfcc.com/resources/outreachproducts.html 
Fuel Cell Technologies Web Sites 

U.S. Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Program

www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/

Fuel Cells 2000

www.fuelcells.org

Fuel Cell Today

www.fuelcelltoday.com 

U.S. Fuel Cell Council

www.usfcc.com

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Research

www.nrel.gov/hydrogen

Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center

hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen

National Hydrogen Association

www.hydrogenassociation.org 

California Fuel Cell Partnership

www.fuelcellpartnership.org

Key Report Contacts 

For more information on this report, please contact: 

Sunita Satyapal, Fuel Cell Technologies Program

202-586-2336; Sunita.Satyapal@ee.doe.gov

Bill Vincent, Breakthrough Technologies Institute

202-785-4222, ext. 30; bill@fuelcells.org 

On the Cover

Fuel cells offer significant benefits for a wide range of applications such as forklifts, distributed power systems, backup 

power, automobiles, buses, auxiliary power units, and portable electronics. This shows fuel cell-powered lift trucks at 

Sysco of Houston, which are funded through one of DOE’s American Reinvestment and Recovery Act projects.

Photo Credit: Sysco of Houston

For more information contact:

EERE Information Center

1-877-EERE-INF (1-877-337-3463)

www.eere.energy.gov/informationcenter 

Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at 

least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste.

Prepared by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

DOE/GO-102010-3080

June 2010