[ DO NOT PUBLISH] 

## In the 

# United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________
No. 23

- 12126
Non

- Argument Calendar

____________________
JUANA ROSALINDA NOLASCO

- NOLASKO, SEBASTIAN OTTONIEL NOLASCO

- NOLASCO, Petitioners,

versus U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Respondent.

____________________ Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals Agency No. A209

- 425

- 927 USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 1 of 102 Opinion of the Court 23

- 12126

____________________ Before W ILSON , N EWSOM , and L UCK , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Juana Nolasco

- Nolasco and her minor son seek review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order adopting and affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) decision denying her application for asylum
, withhol ding of removal , and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”)

. 1 She raises two issues. First, she argues that substantial evidence does not support the IJ and BIA’ s finding that she was ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal because she showed a well

- founded fear of persecution on account of her indigenous Mayan Popti race. Specifically, she argues that: (1) the systemic discrimination and economic social d isparities facing indigenous Guatemalans constitute a pattern or practice of persecution, and (2) the agency should have found that her status as an indigenous Mayan was a central reason for the criminal violence she fears, as drug traffickers often targetindigenous Guatemalans. Second, she argues that substantial evidence does not support the IJ and BIA’s finding that she was ineligible for CAT relief, and also that the BIA failed to give reasoned

1 Nolasco

- Nolasco’s son is a derivative beneficiary of her asylum claim but did not file his own claims for relief from removal, so we primarily focus on Juana Nolasco

- Nolasco’s claims and arguments. USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 2 of 1023

- 12126 Opinion of the Court 3

consideration to her CAT claim. After careful considerat ion, we deny Nolasco

- Nolasco’s petition.

I
We review only the BIA ’s decision unless the BIA adopts the IJ’s decision, in which case we review the adopted portions of the IJ’s opinion in addition to the BIA’s decision. Tang v. U .S. Att’y Gen ., 578 F.3d 127 0, 1275 (11th Cir. 2009).

We review factual determinations under the substantial evidence standard, “which provides that the decision can be reversed only if evidence compels a reasonable fact finder to find otherwise.” Lyashchynska v. U.S. Att’y Gen
., 676 F.3d 962, 967 (11th Cir. 2012) (quotation marks omitted). We must affirm “[i]f the BIA’s decision is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id . (quotation marks omitted). “[T]he mere fact that the record may support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal of the administrative findings.” Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 492 F.3d 1223, 1230 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotation mark s omitted). W e “view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.” Id . (quotation marks and citation omitted). To establish eligibility for asylum, a noncitizen must, withspecific and credible evidence, establish (1) past persecution on account of a statutorily protected ground, or (2) a “well

- founded fear” that the noncitizen will be persecuted on account of a protected ground. Diallo v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 596 F. 3d 1329, 1332 (11th Cir. USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 3 of 104 Opinion of the Court 23

- 12126 2010); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a), (b). The protected grounds include, among other things, race and membership in a “particular social group.” Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) § 101(a)(42), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42); 8 C.F.R. § 12 08.13(a), (b).
A well

- founded fear of future persecution may be established by showing: (1) past persecution, which creates a presumption of a “well

- founded fear” of future persecution; (2) a reasonable possibility of being singled out for persecution on account of a protected ground that cannot be avoided by relocating within the subject country; or (3) a pattern or practice in the subject country of persecuting members of a group of which the alien is a part, such that the alien faces a reasonable possi bility of being persecuted. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1), (2). To establish a “pattern or practice” of persecution based on membership in a group, the applicant must show “extreme and pervasive” persecution. Lingeswaran v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 969 F.3d 1278, 12 90

– 91 (11th Cir. 2020). A government’s efforts to improve the situation for a minority group weigh againsta determination that the country has a pattern or practice of persecuting the group. See id

. at 1291 (concluding that the record did not compel a finding that there was a pattern of practice of persecuting Tamils in Sri Lanka after the end of the Sri Lankan civil war, despite evidence “that Tamils still encounter[ed] discriminationand mistreatment,” and noting the government’s “recognized efforts to improve the situation for Tamils and reconcile the country since the conclusion of the war, albeit slowly”). USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 4 of 1023

- 12126 Opinion of the Court 5Persecution is an extreme concept that is evaluated by considering the cumulative impact of the harms suffered by the petitioner. Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1353 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotation marks omitted). Economic deprivation that falls short of depriving a petitioner of any means to earn a living does not constitute persecution. Barreto

- Claro v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 275 F.3d
13 34, 1340 (11th Cir. 2001); see Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 992 F.3d 1283, 1292

– 93 (11th Cir. 2021)

.An alien must prove that he suffered, or will suffer, persecution that is “on account of” a protected ground, a connection known as the “nexus” requireme nt. Perez

- Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen
.,935 F.3d 1148, 1158 (11th Cir. 2019). To satisfy the nexus requirement, the protected ground must have been, or will be, “at least one central reason for persecuting the applicant.” INA § 208(b)(1)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). A reason is central if it is essential to the motivation of the persecutor, and if the protectedground is incidental, tangential, superficial, or subordinate to another reason for harm, it is not central. Sanchez

- Castro v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 998 F.3d 1281, 1286 (11th Cir. 2021). We have stated that “evidence that either is consistent with acts of private violence . . . or that merely shows that a person has been the victim of criminal activity, does not constitute evidence of persecutio n based on a statutorily protected ground.” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 440 F.3d 1247, 1258 (11th Cir. 2006)

. A noncitizen is eligible for withholding of removal if she shows that, upon return to her country, she more likely than not USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 5 of 106 Opinion of the Court 23

- 12126 will be persecuted there due to a protected ground, such as her race or membership in a particular social group. INA § 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b). Withholding of removal contains the same nexus requirement as asylum, and the “more likely than not” standard is higher than the “well

- founded fear” standard for asylum, so an applicant who fails to meet her bu rdenof meeting the asylum eligibility test necessarily fails to show eligibility for withholding of removal

. Sanchez

- Castro , 998 F.3d at 1286. Here, as an initial matter, Nolasco

- Nolasco does not challenge the IJ and BIA’s determination that the physic al violence she experienced from her father and Juan Nolasco or the emotional and financial abuse she experienced from her mother

- in

- law, as well as her fear of future harm at their hands, was not on account of her race or her membership in a particular so cial group

. When a noncitizen fails to offer an argument on an issue, or “makes only apassing reference” to it in her brief, that issue is deemed abandoned. Kazemzadeh , 577 F.3d at 1341 ; Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2 005). Therefore , she has abandoned any challenge to the IJ’s nexus finding as to harm inflicted by these three individuals. Substantial evidence supports the IJ and BIA’s conclusion that Nolasco

‐ Nolasco was ineligible for asylum and withholding of

remov al because she did not demonstrate an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution based on her race. Nolasco

- Nolasco’scontention that the severe poverty experienced by indigenous people is a part of a pattern or practice of persecution by the USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 6 of 1023

- 12126 Opinion of the Court 7

Guate malan government has some support from the Country Report and the OAS Report. But the record does not compel a finding either that indigenous peoples in Guatemala face extreme social and economic discrimination rising to the level of persecution, or that the alleged discrimination faced by indigenous peoples constitutes extreme and pervasive persecution sufficient to establish a pattern or practice. See Kazemzadeh , 577 F.3d 1353; Lingeswaran , 969 F.3d at 1290

- 91.
Nolasco

‐ Nolasco gave limited personal testimony as to theeconomic conditions faced by indigenous people, and the OAS Report states that the majority of Guatemalans are affected by poverty, violence, insecurity, and corruption

. Moreover, the record indicates that indigenous people were provided equal rights by law, and the government was required to recognize their customs and traditions. And the report notes the efforts of the Guatemalan government to address poverty and violence in indigenous communities with s upport programs like the National Housing Fund and model police precincts, and with expansions in primary education.Thus, the record as a whole does not compel a finding that the economic disadvantages experienced by indigenous person s are severe enough to constitute the deprivation of any means of earning a living, as required to rise to the level of persecution, or that there is a pattern or practice of persecution. See Barreto

- Claro , 275 F.3d at 1340; Lingeswaran , 969 F.3d at 1290

– 91. Substantial evid ence also supports the finding that the gang violence Nolasco

- Nolasco fears would not be on account of her USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 7 of 108 Opinion of the Court 23

- 12126
race or ethnicity. Though Nolasco

‐ Nolasco testified that drug traffickers use Mayan children to sell drugs and Mayan adults to cultivate drugs, the record does not compel a finding that the indigenous status of such persons is a central reason they are targeted by traffickers.

II
We review legal issues de novo, including whether the BIA afforded a petition “reasoned consideration.” Ali v. U.S. Att’y Gen .,931 F.3d 1327, 1333 (11th Cir. 2019). To show reasoned consideration, the BIA need only draft a decision that shows it has “consider[ed] the issues raised and announc[ed] its decision in terms sufficient to enable a reviewing court to perceive that it has heard and thought and not merely reacted.” Jeune v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 810 F.3d 792, 803 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Seck v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 663 F.3d 1356, 1364 (11th Cir. 2011)). While the agency has to consider all evidence submitted by a petition er, it need not specifically address every piece of evidence. Id

. To be eligible for CAT relief, an applicant must show that

s he more likely than not will be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2); Reyes

- Sanche z v. U.S. Att’y Gen ., 369 F.3d 1239, 1242 (11th Cir. 2004). In this context, “torture” means: any act by which severe pain or suffering, whetherphysical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or her or a third person information or a confession, punishing USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 8 of 1023

- 12126 Opinion of the Court 9 him or her for an act he or she or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or her or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination o f any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1). To acquiesce, an official must, prior to the torture, (1) actually know of the torture, or be aware of its high probability and deliberately avoid learning the truth, and (2) breach his legal responsibility to intervene. Id. § 1208 .18 (a)(7). An official does not acquiesce if he intervenes but is u nsuccessful. Id. ; Sanchez

Castro , 998 F.3d at 1288. Here, the record does not demonstrate that the BIA failed to give reasoned consideration to Nolasco

- Nolasco’s CAT claim. The BIA specifically rejected Nolasco

‐ Nolasco’s argument about willful blindness, noted that she reported no past torture, and concluded she had failed to establish that it was more likely than not that she would be tortured in the future. These findings are sufficient to demonstrate the BIA’ s reasoned consideration. See Jeune , 810 F.3d
at 803. Substantial evidence supports the determination that Nolasco

- Nolasco is ineligible for CAT protection because she did not demonstrate that she more likely than not would be tortured by or with the acqu iescence of the Guatemalan government. The USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 9 of 1010 Opinion of the Court 23

- 12126 widespread discrimination and poverty Nolasco

- Nolasco raises under her asylum claims does not constitute torture under the law. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1) . Furthermore, the record does not compel a finding tha t Nolasco

- Nolasco will more likely than not suffermistreatment “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of” a government official. 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1). The record indicates that the Guatemalan government has made efforts to combat poverty, discrimination, and violence. The limited success, or lack thereof, of these efforts do not support a finding of governmental acquiescence to torture. See Sanchez

- Castro , 998 F.3d at 1288.
* * * Substantial evidence support s the BIA’s finding that Nolasco

- Nolasco was ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal. The BI A gave reasoned consideration to Nolasco

- Nolasco’s CAT claim and s ubstantial evidence supports the determination that Nolasco

- Nolasco did not demonstrate that she more likely thannot would be tortured by or with the acquiescence of the Guatemalan government . Therefore, we deny Nolasco

- Nolasco’s petition.
PETITION DENIED. USCA11 Case: 23-12126 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 04/29/2024 Page: 10 of 10