Filed 8/13/15 In re Amy T. CA2/8

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION EIGHT

In re Amy T. et al., Persons Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

 B259832

LOS ANGELES COUNTY 

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN 

AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

SANDRA P.,

Defendant and Respondent;

AMY T. et al.,

Respondents.

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. DK05277)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Tony L. 

Richardson, Judge. Affirmed.

Mark J. Saladino, County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel, 

Kim Nemoy and Lisa Huerta, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Joseph T. Tavano, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Respondent Sandra P.

Michele Anne Cella, for Respondents Amy T. et al.

__________________________
2

The Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) appeals from the order 

dismissing its petition alleging that Jonathan T. and his sister Amy T. were dependent 

children, due to non-accidental rib fractures suffered by infant Jonathan, while in the care 

of his parents, Sandra P. (mother) and Jonathan T. (father).

1

 We conclude that substantial 

evidence supports the trial court’s finding that DCFS failed to establish that the injuries 

were non-accidental or the result of parental neglect, and therefore affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Jonathan is a medically fragile child. He was born prematurely, at only 29 weeks 

of gestation, at the end of January 2014. He remained at the hospital, in the neonatal 

intensive care unit, for two months. During this time, mother sat by his bedside every 

day. Before Jonathan was released home, doctors showed mother the correct way to hold 

him. Mother and father were required to take a CPR class, and watch a video teaching 

them not to shake the child. They were also permitted to stay overnight at the hospital 

with Jonathan, to learn what to expect when they brought him home. 

When Jonathan was released at the end of March 2014, he had osteopenia, a 

calcium deficiency which caused his bones to be brittle and easier to break. He was to be 

given Vitamin D to help resolve the issue. He also had trouble breathing; he would 

frequently stop breathing for a few seconds and mother or father would have to gently tap 

him to make sure he restarted breathing. Mother brought him back to the hospital only 

one week after his release, because his breathing was getting worse. Jonathan was 

diagnosed with a viral infection, prescribed albuterol, and discharged home the same day. 

Three weeks later, on April 30, 2014, mother again brought Jonathan back to the 

hospital, expressing further concerns regarding his breathing. That day, a chest x-ray was 

taken. The x-ray showed a “small right pleural effusion” – a fluid collection in the 

membrane around the lung – although no significance was attached to it at the time. 

 

1 Both the father and the child have the same name. We refer to the father as 

“father” and the child as “Jonathan.”
3

Contemporaneous notes regarding the April 30 x-ray state, “Bones are intact.” Jonathan 

remained in the hospital until May 2. He was released with a diagnosis of pneumonia. 

Another three weeks passed, and mother returned to the hospital with Jonathan for 

his continued breathing difficulties. This time, an x-ray revealed fractures to Jonathan’s 

ribs. Specifically, Jonathan had healing fractures to his lateral right third through tenth 

ribs, all in a row. The fractures were not new. They could not be definitively dated, but, 

due to the amount of healing, the fractures were determined to be at least two weeks old, 

and likely “several” weeks old. Given that the April 30 x-ray had been taken less than a 

month earlier, doctors reevaluated the findings from that x-ray. They concluded that the 

fractures might have been present but unseen on the x-ray, and that the pleural effusion 

“might have been a hematoma at the time of trauma.” 

Doctors suspected abuse, and a referral was made to DCFS. The doctors 

conducted further tests to determine whether medical causes (such as metabolic bone 

disease) could have been responsible for Jonathan’s fractured ribs, and also to check for 

any other signs of injury. All tests were negative;2there was no available explanation for 

the fractures, but there were also no other signs of abuse. Specifically, there were no 

retinal hemorrhages, no bleeding to the brain, no bruising, and no other fractures.

Neither mother nor father had any explanation for Jonathan’s rib fractures. They 

did not state that Jonathan had been involved in any sort of accident which might explain 

his broken ribs. Given the absence of any explanation for the injuries, and the doctors’ 

belief that injuries of this type could not occur without substantial physical force, several 

doctors at the hospital inferred abuse. Dr. Rachael Krause said, “I believe someone is 

hurting this child.” Dr. Aurora Chin concluded that the fractures “would likely have been 

intentional, as a simple sudden movement would not result in that type of fracture.” Dr. 

Karen Keller diagnosed Jonathan with “non-accidental trauma.” A child abuse referral 

 

2

Jonathan did have slightly insufficient Vitamin D levels; parents’ medical expert 

would testify that this “means that his bones are perhaps a little more susceptible [to 

injury] although not significantly so.” 
4

was made by the hospital to DCFS; the referral stated that someone must have lifted the 

child and thrown him down hard to cause this injury. 

Given this unanimous medical opinion, DCFS obtained an immediate order to 

detain Jonathan, as well as Amy, his 19-month-old sister. Jonathan was detained in the 

hospital; Amy was detained in the home of her maternal grandparents. 

On May 30, 2014, DCFS filed its petition, alleging that Jonathan was described by 

Welfare and Institutions Code section 300, subdivisions (a) [physical abuse] and (b)

[neglect], and that Amy was dependent under (a), (b) and (j) [sibling abuse].

3

 DCFS 

alleged, under each subdivision, that (1) Jonathan had sustained rib fractures; (2) the 

fractures were “consistent with non-accidental inflicted trauma”; (3) the parents gave no 

explanation for how Jonathan had sustained the injuries; (4) the injuries are of such a 

nature that would not ordinarily occur except as the result of deliberate, unreasonable, 

and neglectful conduct of the parents; and (5) the deliberate, unreasonable and neglectful 

acts of the parents endanger the children’s health and safety and place them at risk. 

The case proceeded toward an adjudication hearing, which was ultimately held in 

October 2014. In the interim, Jonathan was released from the hospital and placed with 

his sister at their maternal grandparents’ home.4 Parents had been granted monitored 

visitation three times a week for three hours a day; they never missed a visit. DCFS

interviewed several relatives with whom parents, Amy and Jonathan had lived. They all 

 

3 All undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code. In 

its petition, DCFS also alleged that Jonathan was described by section 300, subdivision 

(e), which pertains to “severe physical abuse.” The statute defines severe physical abuse 

as “any single act of abuse which causes physical trauma of sufficient severity that, if left 

untreated, would cause permanent physical disfigurement, permanent physical disability, 

or death.” (§ 300, subd. (e).) The dependency court would ultimately dismiss this 

allegation at the adjudication hearing, after DCFS’s own expert answered “No,” to 

DCFS’s question, “If these injuries had been left untreated, would they have caused 

disability, disfigurement, or death?” 

4

Jonathan was initially released to the maternal grandparents on May 30. Maternal 

grandmother observed his breathing to be getting worse and took him to the emergency 

room. He remained hospitalized until June 1, when he was again released with a 

diagnosis of viral pneumonia. 
5

indicated that mother, who had been Jonathan’s primary caretaker, was a wonderful 

parent. They also agreed that neither parent was ever seen acting improperly with the 

children, either before or after the detention. Amy had initially been assessed by DCFS 

as neat, clean, well-adjusted, and happy at home. Having been separated from her 

parents’ home, however, she began “having difficulties.” She was referred for therapy to 

help her deal with “difficulties related to separating from the parents.” Mother and father 

also completed parenting classes.

In short, by the time of the adjudication hearing, the sole evidence of parental 

abuse was the existence of Jonathan’s unexplained rib fractures. Against this evidence 

was the unanimous opinion of everyone who had seen them interact that mother and 

father did not, and would not, harm their children. Mother never missed a doctor’s 

appointment with Jonathan, and, in the two months that she had Jonathan in her custody, 

took him to the hospital three times with concerns for his health. She was always seen 

showing great care towards the fragile infant; and his toddler sister was happy and welladjusted in her home as well. Hospital personnel and law enforcement agreed that 

parents’ reactions on learning of Jonathan’s fractures were appropriate, and the child had 

sustained no other injuries indicative of abuse.

Against this background, the adjudication hearing became a battle of the experts. 

Although mother and father each briefly testified, the main testimony at the hearing 

consisted of that of DCFS’s expert, Dr. Sandra Murray, and parents’ expert, Dr. Thomas 

Grogan. 

Dr. Murray is an expert in Child Abuse Pediatrics. She testified that, based on the 

pleural effusion on the April 30 x-ray, it was likely that Jonathan’s injuries had occurred 

around that time, although they could have occurred earlier. She could not, however, 

testify as to how long before the April 30 x-ray the injuries would have occurred, saying 

it could have been no more than a week. She testified that, in the absence of a history of 

accident, it was “most likely” that Jonathan’s rib fractures were the result of “not 

accidental trauma.” When cross-examined as to details, Dr. Murray stated that the 

fractures could have been caused by forceful compression or direct blows to the chest. 
6

She believed that it was most likely front-to-back compression, although conceded it was 

possibly side-to-side compression. Dr. Murray stated that it takes “[l]ots of force” to 

break a child’s ribs, such as forcibly squeezing the baby’s chest or a direct blow that is 

similar in strength and force to an automobile accident. She testified that the necessary 

force is more force than generally happens “in any normal caregiving” or “common 

household accidents.” On the issue of whether Jonathan’s ribs could have been injured 

without parents’ knowing, Dr. Murray had two opinions. First, she testified that it is 

often that rib fractures are not noticed. They are painful when they first occur, but not 

when they start healing. “And it’s not uncommon for caregivers not to recognize that 

there are rib fractures.” However, she also testified that the mechanism of a rib fracture 

in a 3-month-old premature infant would have to be recognized. A child that small 

cannot get up and walk away; if Jonathan fell, he would remain where he fell. Nor could 

he cause this type of injury to himself. Because of that, and the amount of force 

necessary to cause the injuries, Dr. Murray believed someone would have had to know 

that something had happened to cause Jonathan’s injuries. 

Dr. Grogan is an expert in Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery. He has studied the 

available literature regarding the pressure necessary to cause bone fractures, and has also 

worked in a “fracture lab,” where he produced fractures with various types of force, to 

study the forces necessary to cause fractures and also to determine fracture patterns. He 

testified that the literature, as well as his clinical observations and work at the fracture 

lab, teaches that lateral rib fractures like Jonathan’s are caused by a lateral compression 

of the chest – that is, from side-to-side, rather than front-to-back. Front-to-back 

compression causes a different fracture pattern. This is significant because it is front-toback compression that is frequently associated with shaken babies. As the eight fractures 

perfectly line up, Jonathan’s ribs were fractured by a flat force rather than a pointed one 

(that is, a compression rather than a punch). Given the size and pattern of the breaks, 

they could have been caused by flat force exerted by the palm of an adult’s hand. Dr. 

Grogan also testified that, because Jonathan was premature, his ribcage at the time of the 

injury was physiologically the same as that of a newborn, which would require less force 
7

to cause a fracture. Considering Jonathan’s size, the fractures would have been caused by 

40 to 50 Newtons of force, which is about what is necessary to break a pencil. Dr. 

Grogan concluded the fractures could have been caused intentionally or accidentally. He 

stated, “I think it’s by someone who is unskilled or ignorant of the amount of force 

applied to a child of this size.” Dr. Grogan suspected someone might have picked up 

Jonathan by placing his hand under Jonathan’s armpit. Jonathan’s neck would have been 

very unstable, and the person “probably squeezed harder in order to stabilize him in 

lifting, and that force of squeezing from side to side is what caused this fracture line to 

occur.” Dr. Grogan agreed with Dr. Murray that the baby would have cried but would 

have been “very, very quickly consolable,” and that it is not at all unusual that parents are 

unaware of such an injury. Indeed, he testified that it was common that parents did not 

realize that an injury has been caused in a similar fashion. Dr. Grogan agreed that the 

injury probably occurred around April 30. 

While the court found both experts credible, it believed Dr. Grogan’s expertise in 

orthopedics was more relevant. The court turned to the allegations of the petition and

concluded that it could not find that Jonathan’s injuries were of such a nature that would 

ordinarily not occur except as a result of deliberate, unreasonable or neglectful acts of 

mother and father. The court was persuaded by Dr. Grogan’s testimony that a parent 

could have caused these injuries without knowing about it. The court specifically 

concluded that the Department had not established that the injuries were “nonaccidental.” 

The court therefore dismissed the petition with prejudice and released Jonathan and Amy 

to their parents. 

DCFS filed a timely notice of appeal. DCFS also filed a petition for writ of 

supersedeas, seeking to stay the court’s order dismissing the petition and to order the 

children re-detained pending appeal. We granted the petition in part, staying the 

dismissal, but declined to order the children re-detained.
8

DISCUSSION

1. Standard of Review

When the trier of fact has found that the party with the burden of proof has failed to 

carry its burden and that party appeals, “it is misleading to characterize the failure-ofproof issue as whether substantial evidence supports the judgment.” (In re I.W. (2009) 

180 Cal.App.4th 1517, 1528.) Where the issue on appeal turns on a failure of proof at 

trial, the question is simply “whether the evidence compels a finding in favor of the 

appellant as a matter of law. [Citations.] Specifically, the question becomes whether the 

appellant’s evidence was (1) ‘uncontradicted and unimpeached’ and (2) ‘of such a 

character and weight as to leave no room for a judicial determination that it was 

insufficient to support a finding.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) 

2. The Section 355.1 Presumption

Preliminarily, DCFS argues that “there is a presumption that a child, like Jonathan, is 

subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court” under section 355.1. Section 355.1, 

subdivision (a) provides that “[w]here the court finds, based upon competent professional 

evidence, that an injury, injuries, or detrimental condition sustained by a minor is of such 

a nature as would ordinarily not be sustained except as the result of the unreasonable or 

neglectful acts or omissions of either parent, the guardian, or other person who has the 

care or custody of the minor, that finding shall be prima facie evidence that the minor is a 

person described by subdivision (a), (b), or (d) of Section 300.”5 The section 355.1 

presumption applies only “[w]here the court finds, based upon competent professional 

evidence” that the child’s injury is of a nature as would not ordinarily occur without 

unreasonable or neglectful acts of the parent. (Emphasis added.) When the court does not 

make the finding, the presumption does not come into play. (In re Sheila B. (1993) 

 

5 DCFS is required to give notice to parents if it chooses to rely on this presumption. 

This can be satisfied by the language of the petition itself, if the petition borrows the 

language of the section 355.1 presumption. (In re D.P. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 898, 

904.) DCFS chose to follow this course in its petition in this case. 
9

19 Cal.App.4th 187, 200, fn. 7.) As the dependency court expressly refused to make this 

finding, the section 355.1 presumption is simply inapplicable to this case.

3. Insufficient Evidence that Jonathan is Necessarily Described by Section 300, 

Subdivision (a)

A child is described by section 300, subdivision (a) when the child “has suffered, or 

there is a substantial risk the child will suffer, serious physical harm inflicted 

nonaccidentally upon the child by the child’s parent or guardian.” DCFS argues that the 

dependency court applied the wrong standard, in that the court focused on whether 

Jonathan’s injuries were inflicted intentionally rather than whether they were inflicted 

nonaccidentally. Assuming, without deciding, that these terms do, in fact, mean different 

things, the court expressly found that it could not infer from the evidence “that the 

injuries were nonaccidental.” The court used the precise language of the statute; it did 

not use the wrong standard.

Moreover, it is clear that DCFS did not establish that parents “nonaccidentally” 

inflicted Jonathan’s rib injuries as a matter of law. Dr. Grogan specifically testified that 

such injuries could have been inflicted accidentally by someone lifting the child by the 

armpit and applying too much pressure in an effort to stabilize him.

4. Insufficient Evidence that Jonathan is Necessarily Described by Section 300,

Subdivision (b)

A child is described by section 300, subdivision (b) when the child “has suffered, 

or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm or illness, as a 

result of the failure or inability of his . . . parent or guardian to adequately supervise or 

protect [him].” This requires: (1) neglectful conduct by the parent; (2) causation; and 

(3) serious physical harm or illness or a substantial risk of such harm or illness. (In re 

Jesus M. (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 104, 111.) The court expressly found that DCFS did 

not establish that the injury was the result of a “neglectful act.” 
10

It is clear that DCFS did not establish that the injury was the result of a neglectful 

act as a matter of law. Dr. Grogan testified the injuries could have been inflicted 

accidentally, and an accident is not necessarily the result of neglect. (In re A.S. (2011) 

202 Cal.App.4th 237, 246.) DCFS argues that, even accepting Dr. Grogan’s testimony, 

parents must have known Jonathan suffered the rib injuries. DCFS notes that Dr. Grogan 

stated the necessary force was akin to that necessary to break a pencil, and DCFS infers 

that this “is enough force to be noticeable.” DCFS then concludes that parents either 

caused the injuries or knew how they occurred. But DCFS’s inference that the force is 

sufficient to be noticeable was entirely contradicted by the testimony at trial. Not only 

did Dr. Grogan testify that it was common that parents are unaware of this type of injury, 

Dr. Murray agreed, stating that it is often that rib fractures are not noticed. 

As a final argument, DCFS relies on a theory of res ipsa loquitur, reasoning that 

since Jonathan was never outside of his parents care, they must have either caused the 

injuries or reasonably should have known how he sustained them.6 (See In re 

E. H.(2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 659, 669-670.) But this inference is only appropriate when, 

in fact, there was some visible or other evidence of injury which would provide a basis to 

infer that the parents should have known the child was injured. (In re Roberto C. (2012) 

209 Cal.App.4th 1241, 1254-1255.) Here, that evidence was lacking. Not only did the 

experts agree that parents might miss rib fractures of this type, the evidence is undisputed 

that the medical professionals at the hospital also failed to notice the rib fractures at the 

April 30, 2014 admission, even though the fractures were fairly recent and the hospital 

possessed the additional x-ray evidence of the pleural effusion. Dr. Murray testified that 

it was not likely there was bruising at the time of the injury, and Dr. Grogan testified that 

 

6 We note, in this context, that even though mother and father testified Jonathan was 

never out of their care, there were numerous other adults who had access to the child. At 

times, mother and the children lived with Jonathan’s maternal grandparents. Mother’s 

adult brother and her 15-year-old sister also lived in that home. At other times, mother 

and Jonathan lived with father, father’s mother, and father’s grandmother. The hospital 

notes from the April 30 admission indicate that, at that time, mother and the children 

lived with “a friend,” who was otherwise unidentified. 
11

although Jonathan would have cried at the time of the injury, he would have been very 

quickly consolable. In short, DCFS failed to establish that, as a matter of law, there was 

sufficient evidence from which it could be inferred that parents reasonably should have 

known of Jonathan’s rib fractures.

DISPOSITION

The November 12, 2014 stay of the dismissal is hereby dissolved. The judgment 

of dismissal is affirmed. 

RUBIN, ACTING P. J.

WE CONCUR:

FLIER, J.

GRIMES, J.