NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OR&R 4 

Matrix Effects on Fluorometric Monitoring

and Quantification of Dispersed Oil in

the Open Ocean and Coastal Environment:

Results of the 1999 R/V Ferrel Research Project

M

A

O

N

NAL OCE I A C AND AT OSPHERIC ADMINISTR T OI N

I TA NU.S. DEPA EN T T M R

OF COM MERCE

Seattle, Washington

United States National Oceanic and NOAA Ocean Service

Department of Commerce Atmospheric Administration Margaret A. Davidson

Donald L. Evans Scott Gudes Assistant Administrator

Secretary Under Secretary for Oceans for Ocean Services and

and Atmosphere Coastal Zone Management
Office of Response and Restoration

NOAA Ocean Service

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U.S. Department of Commerce

NOAA is responsible for protecting and restoring marine and coastal environments impacted by spills and

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NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OR&R 4

Matrix Effects on Fluorometric Monitoring

and Quantification of Dispersed Oil in

the Open Ocean and Coastal Environment:

Results of the 1999 R/V Ferrel Research Project

December 2001

Charlie Henry

NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator

USCG 8th Dist. Office M-SSC

501 Magazine Street

New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-3396

Paulene O. Roberts, LTjg

South Pole Station Chief

NOAA/CMDL

R/CMDL-1

325 Broadway

Boulder, Colorado 80303
Hazardous Materials Response Division

Office of Response and Restoration

NOAA Ocean Service

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

U.S. Department of Commerce

Seattle, Washington

NOTICE

This report has been reviewed by the National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA) and approved for publication. Such approval does not signify that the contents of this report

necessarily represent the official position of NOAA or of the Government of the United States, nor does mention of

trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To achieve the study objectives, the investigation took advantage of the operational schedule of the

NOAA research vessel Ferrel’ between April and September 1999. During this period, the Ferrel conducted

coastal oceanographic studies in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico waters, including support for the

Sustainable Seas Project. The study also took advantage of the expertise of the Ferrel’'s Navigation Officer,

LTjg Paulene Roberts. Roberts helped develop the current SMART fluorometric protocols that were

modified and used for this investigation and provided field support in collecting and analyzing samples

when it did not conflict with shipboard duties. Without the support of RADM Evelyn Fields, Director of the

Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, and CDR Paul Moen, Commanding Officer of the NOAA Ship

Ferrel, this investigation would have been impossible. The fluorometric instrument used for this study was

provided by Roland Guidry, the Oil Spill Coordinator of the Office of the Governor, State of Louisiana. The

principal author wishes to acknowledge and thank Paulene Roberts, whose volunteer efforts were

provided gratis.
Table of Contents

Introduction

Background............................................................................................................................................1

Research Objectives..............................................................................................................................2

Experimental Design........................................................................................................................................6

Instrument Information........................................................................................................................6

Vessel Information ................................................................................................................................7

Methods Overview............................................................................................................................... 7

Sample Collection.................................................................................................................................7

Sample Analysis Procedure..................................................................................................................7

Oil/Dispersant Spiking Experiment .....................................................................................................8

Results ...............................................................................................................................................................9

Instrument Performance and Methodology....................................................................................12

Background Seawater Samples.........................................................................................................15

Matrix Effects........................................................................................................................................23

Discussion .......................................................................................................................................................27

Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................32

References.......................................................................................................................................................33

Figures

1 Fluorometric water-sample analysis by LTjg Roberts aboard the NOAA R/V Ferrel......................3

2 The Ferrel in port, Key West, Florida..................................................................................................3

3 Map showing sampling locations, May to September 1999, between Boston and

Galveston by the NOAA Ship Ferrel ...................................................................................................9

4 Comparison of the fluoroscein calibration standard (raw fluorescence units) plotted

against laboratory temperature. ........................................................................................................13

5 Comparison of the fluoroscein calibration standard (raw fluorescence units) plotted

against seawater temperature ...........................................................................................................14

6 Histogram plot of background fluorescence values sorted by sample ID from

samples collected in 1999 aboard the NOAA ship Ferrel at 52 locations in the

Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico ...................................................................................................17

7 Background fluorescence values vs. water depth (top) and water temperature

(bottom) at sampling location...........................................................................................................18

8 Background fluorescence values relative to salinity (top) and to turbidity as a function

of sechi disk depth (bottom).............................................................................................................20

9 Comparison between sechi disk depth and ocean depth..............................................................21

10 Comparison of sechi disc depths to background fluorescence (raw units).................................23

11 Histogram plot of the relative percent difference between control and matrix spikesorted by sample ID from samples collected in 1999 aboard the NOAA Ship Ferrel at

52 locations in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico ..................................................................25

12 Spiked seawater samples compared with salinity...........................................................................26
Figures, cont.

13 Plot of the background fluorometric values according to marine sanctuary location:

Dry Tortugas (DT), Flower Garden Banks (FG), Gray's Reef (GR), and Stellwagen Bank

(SB).......................................................................................................................................................30

14 Plot of the oil-spiked fluorometric values according to marine sanctuary location:

Dry Tortugas (DT), Flower Garden Banks (FG), Gray's Reef (GR), and Stellwagen

Bank (SB).............................................................................................................................................31

Tables

1 Summary of samples collected and analyzed...................................................................................4

2 Summary of fluorometry results.......................................................................................................10

3 Comparison of the range in physical-environmental parameters monitored

during the 1999 cruise of the NOAA Ship Ferrel at 52 locations in the Atlantic Ocean

and Gulf of Mexico .............................................................................................................................15

4 Background comparison of physical parameters by linear regression and ANOVA...................22

Addendum: Raw Data..................................................................................................................................34
1

INTRODUCTION

Background

For six months, scientific data were collected at 52 locations in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf

of Mexico aboard the NOAA Ship Ferrel, R-492. Sixty-two independent water samples were collected

and analyzed to evaluate background fluorescence by a long-wavelength fluorometric system. The

focus was to identify the potential for matrix effects related to monitoring of dispersed oil. The

fluorometric technique was similar to that used in marine environments during oil-spill responses.

A working hypothesis can be stated as follows: Variations in natural seawater composition will

negatively affect analytical precision and accuracy when using fluorometry to quantify dispersed oil.

in ambient marine waters. Quantifying the extent and environmental conditions that matrix effects

present to analytical problems was a primary research objective.

Seawater monitoring and fluorescence detection following aerial application of dispersants

to an oil slick can provide timely information on the proof of action of chemically enhanced

dispersion. Dispersants can enhance the transfer of oil from the water surface into the water

column, thereby mitigating potential injury to rafting birds and shoreline resources. The use of

dispersants is clearly a trade-off: increased short-term injury to water-column resources in order to

minimize injury to surface-water and shoreline resources. Dispersants are simply surfactants

dissolved in a solvent carrier; chemical surfactants reduce the interfacial tension between water and

oil, allowing the oil to break into tiny droplets that are dispersed into the water column. If properly

conducted, fluorometry can provide information on two critical elements of assessing and

managing dispersant use in coastal waters—concentration and transport of the dispersed oil plume.

A fluorometric technique was selected for field monitoring to support U.S. Coast Guard

(USCG) oversight and Regional Response Team (RRT) interests when dispersants are used in the

marine environment. One such plan developed for use in the Gulf of Mexico was adopted in 1994

as the Special Response Operations Monitoring Plan, or SROMP, but has since been replaced. The

older plan was used effectively during two spills in January 1998. SROMP has been updated to the

Special Monitoring of Applied Response Technologies, or SMART (SMART 2000). SMART provides

near real-time feedback to the Federal On-Scene Commander (FOSC) for decision-making. Like

SROMP, SMART monitoring utilizes a follow-through fluorometer deployed on a vessel of

opportunity. The task of implementing this program during oil spills is part of the U.S. Coast Guard

Strike Team mission. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides a

vital link in the process by providing scientific and technical support through the Scientific Support

Coordinator (SSC). This research initiative is consistent with NOAA's role in providing scientific

information to help evaluate new technology and field results.
2

Although fluorometric monitoring is a highly reliable and sensitive analytical technique,

there are inherent weaknesses when applying fluorescence dispersed-oil monitoring to estimations

of actual, or true, dispersed-oil concentration (Henry et al. 1999). 1) Dispersed-oil values detected

by a fluorometric system vary with oil composition and weathering changes; 2) dispersed oil is not

a true solution, but particles in suspension; and 3) natural waters contribute a wide range of matrix

effects and background fluorescence. This study was designed to investigate the latter two variables

(matrix effects, or changes in the liquid medium that can result in inaccurate measurements, and

background fluorescence) .

Very little investigation has been published on the interaction of seawater and dispersed oil

relative to changes in detector response. Since seawater is a complex mixture of dissolved

chemicals, particulates, and living plants and animals, archiving samples for future analysis is

problematic. Natural seawater samples change with time. Many seawater constituents contribute to

background fluorescence and matrix effects when dispersed oil is present with seawater in the

fluorometer's analytical cell. Since the water samples change with storage, only near real-time

analyses are valid to investigate this potential problem. Studying the problem required real-time, or

near real-time, analysis of actual seawater samples from a wide range of coastal environments.

Using the field study conducted on the Ferrel, we greatly enhanced our understanding of the range

of background seawater fluorescence and the degree to which seawater matrix effects might alter

quantitative dispersed-oil values detected by a fluorometric system.

Relative to a working hypothesis, the data suggest that the adverse fluorometric effects

observed for open-ocean environments were within typical quality-objective goals. Therefore, the

range of seawater composition changes observed in this investigation had very little effect on our

ability to detect dispersed oil and meet the SMART mission objective.

Research Objectives

With the focus of evaluating fluorometry as a valid detection method for dispersed oil in

the marine environment, the following research objectives were defined:

1. Instrument and method performance. Assesses instrument stability and method

reproducibility while operating under field conditions that are often less than ideal.

2. Background fluorescence range. In simplest terms, what values were detected in

ambient seawater using the long-wavelength fluorometric system. Evaluate any association

between the physical and chemical parameters monitored and background fluorescence detected.

3. Matrix effects. Evaluate natural seawater and natural fluorescence effects on quantifying

dispersed oil. Matrix effects are defined as any physical or chemical interaction between the bulk

seawater, chemically dispersed oil, and ultraviolet light (excitation and emission) that would result in

a measured value different than the true or control value.
3

Figure 1. Fluorometric water-sample analysis by LTjg Roberts aboard the NOAA R/V Ferrel.

Figure 2. The Ferrel in port, Key West, Florida.
Table 1. Summary of samples collected and analyzed.

ime General Location Lat. (North) Long. (West) De

pth(m) Salinity

Tem

p. (°C pH Sechi(m)

0:13 Near Dry Tortugas FL 24°37'99" 82° 52.78' W 1 5 3 7 28.0 7.0 4.50

6:55 Near Dry Tortugas FL 24°37'99" 82° 52.78' W 1 5 3 7 27.0 7.0 5.50

6:02 Near Dry Tortugas FL 24°38'04" 82° 52.86' W 1 5 3 7 28.0 7.0 5.75

6:05 Near Dry Tortugas FL 24°38'04" N 82° 52.86'W 1 5 3 7 28.0 7.0 5.750:40 Near Dry Tortugas FL 24°38'00" N 82° 52.85'W 1 6 3 7 28.0 7.0 -

7:28 Near Dry Tortugas FL 25°00'69" N 81° 54.90W 1 6 3 7 27.0 7.0 2.50

6:33 Near Dry Tortugas FL 25°03'97" N 81° 56.25W 2 0 3 7 28.0 7.0 6.50

0:30 Near Dry Tortugas FL 25°07'85" N 81° 45.21W 1 6 4 0 28.0 7.0 4.50

7:14 USCG Pier Key West FL 24°33'98" N 81° 48.02W 1 0 3 7 30.0 7.0 3.00

8:50 Near Dry Tortugas FL 25°06'00" N 82° 26.00W 3 4 4 0 29.0 8.0 >16

3:10 Near Dry Tortugas FL 24°51'00" N 82° 15.00W 2 5 3 8 29.0 8.0 >12

6:10 Near Dry Tortugas FL 24°51'00" N 81° 53.00W 1 8 3 8 29.0 7.5 5.50

4:57 off SW FL 24°51'00" N 81° 53.00W 1 4 3 6 29.5 7.5 -

5:14 off SW FL 24°51'00" N 81° 53.00W 1 4 3 6 30.0 7.5 -

5:40 off SW FL 24°51'00" N 81° 53.00W 1 4 3 6 30.0 7.5 -

0:20 off SE FL 25°29'48" N 79° 54.87W 420 3 6 29.0 7.5 -

0:30 off FL/GA Coast 30°36'25" N 80° 11.82W 5 4 3 7 27.5 7.5 -

8:08 St. Helena Sound SC 32°24'83" N 78° 23.99W 300 3 7 27.0 7.5 -

0:20 Lookout Bight NC 33°59'88" N 76° 37.88W 4 4 3 7 26.0 7.5 -

8:00 Cape Hatteras NC 35°42'58" N 75° 21.98W 3 1 3 5 25.0 7.0 -

0:14 Cheasapeake Bay 35°59'78" N 76° 03.28W 1 4 2 6 25.0 7.0 -

8:02 off Delaware Bay 38°35'94" N 74° 33.56W 3 5 3 3 21.0 7.0 -

0:12 off New York 40°08'04" N 72° 36.49W 5 8 3 2 20.8 7.0 -

8:11 off Rhode Island Sd. 41°35'00" N 70° 45.00W 1 7 3 1 23.0 7.0 -

9:42 Boston Harbor MA 42°22'14" N 71° 03.09W 1 2 3 0 20.0 7.0 -9:47 Boston Harbor MA 42° 22.14N 71° 03.09W 1 2 3 0 20.0 7.0 2.007:48 Nanhant Bay MA 42° 26.70N 70° 52.83W 3 0 3 3 15.3 7.0 -

9:00 Gloucester MA 42° 33.26N 70° 44.15W 3 3 3 3 15.7 7.0 -

0:22 USCG Pier Gloucester 42° 36.60N 70° 39.55W 6 3 4 18.0 7.0 3.000:43 USCG Pier Gloucester 42° 36.60N 70° 39.55W 6 3 4 18.0 7.0 3.006:32 Stellwagen Bank 42° 35.56N 70°13'00W 74 33 18.0 6.5 7.008:04 Stellwagen Bank 42° 35.56N 70°13'00W 83 33 19.0 6.5 9.008:07 Stellwagen Bank 42° 35.56N 70°13'00W 83 33 19.0 6.5 9.002:31 Stellwa

gen Bank 42° 29.45N 70°14'24W 87 34 19.0 6.5 -
Table 1. Summary of samples collected and analyzed.

ime General Location Lat. (North) Long. (West) De

pth(m) Salinity

Tem

p. (°C pH Sechi(m)

6:23 off New York Bay 39° 02.00N 73° 21'00W 6 3 3 3 25.4 6.5 -5:55 Cape Hatteras NC 35° 21.38N 75° 1199W 6 0 3 5 27.0 7.0 -6:02 off Georgetown 32° 56.98N 78° 50.02W 3 0 3 6 30.0 7.0 -

9:00 Charleston Harbor SC 32° 46.40N 79° 56.69W 7 2 3 30.0 7.0 0.50

1:13 Priest's Landing GA 31° 57.76N 81° 00.71W 1 0 2 4 32.0 6.5 1.00

9:45 Gray's Reef 31° 29.93N 80° 52.69W 1 9 3 7 30.0 7.0 >12

8:52 Gray's Reef 31° 24.21N 80° 53.76W 1 9 3 7 30.0 7.0 9.00

1:00 Priest's Landing GA 31° 57.76N 81° 00.72W 8 3 0 32.0 6.0 1.002:56 Atlantic Ocean 31° 05.88N 79° 56.56W 5 2 3 7 29.0 7.0 >12

- Great Dismal Swamp NC - - 3 0 - 5.0 0.40

5:40 off Georgia 31° 15.48N 80° 52.82W 1 7 3 6 30.0 7.0 -

8:20 off Cape Canaveral FL 28° 43.28N 80° 23.69W 2 3 3 7 27.0 7.5 -

2:35 off FL 28° 03.93N 80° 14.19W 2 5 3 7 29.0 8.0 -

1:35 off south FL 26° 25.56N 80° 02.84W 2 0 3 7 28.0 8.0 -

3:45 off Miami FL 25° 44.45N 80° 03.70W 140 3 8 30.1 8.0 -

6:09 S Entrance, Key West FL 24° 28.79N 81° 43.74W 1 0 3 6 32.0 7.0 5.50

0:01 W of Key West FL 24° 54.17N 82° 51.70W 4 6 3 7 30.0 8.0 -

3:50 Gulf of Mexico 25° 14.88N 84° 06.54W 150 3 5 31.2 8.0 -

8:14 Gulf of Mexico 25° 52.06N 86° 35.01W 3500 36 32.2 8.0 >17

3:53 Gulf of Mexico 26° 26.88N 88° 28.65W 3500 37 31.0 8.0 -

5:30 Gulf of Mexico 27° 03.89N 90° 39.66W 1600 37 31.0 8.0 -

4:05 Gulf of Mexico 27° 43.37N 92° 55.17W 520 3 7 30.0 8.0 -

9:47 E. Flower Gard. Banks 27° 54.51N 93° 35.96W 1 8 3 7 31.0 8.0 >18

8:01 W. Flower Gard. Banks 27° 52.59N 93° 40.92W 3 1 3 6 31.0 8.0 14.00

3:54 Gulf of Mexico 28° 28.05N 94° 04.20W 260 3 7 30.0 8.0 -

9:04 Galv. Shipping Channel 29° 12.38N 94° 27.62W 1 8 3 6 30.0 8.0 -

9:58 Galv. Shipping Channel 29° 17.78N 94° 36.49W 1 5 3 7 29.0 8.0 -

0:30 Galv. Shipping Channel 29° 20.61N 94° 42.20W 1 7 3 5 30.0 7.0 -7:30 USCG Stn. Galveston TX 29° 19.96N 94° 46.36W 5 3 3 31.4 8.0 0.50

ot collected aboard the FERREL, but collected off the M/V Strum

pet and trans

ported to the FERREL for anal

ysis.
6

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

A hypothesis for this investigation can be stated as follows: Changes in natural seawater

composition will adversely affect our ability to accurately quantify dispersed oil using fluorometry.

The null hypothesis could be stated as essentially the reverse: Seawater samples collected from

different locations and varying in biological and chemical composition will have no effect on

estimating dispersed-oil concentrations. One way to test this hypothesis is to compare natural

seawater samples with a control. For this study, the control was a solution of artificial seawater.

Both the control and seawater samples were spiked with dispersed oil and reanalyzed. All analyses

were conducted on the Ferrel under field conditions.

A bench-top fluorometer was set up in the ship's wet lab (see Figure 1), generally used by

divers to store equipment. At stations of opportunity—i.e., when the vessel was on-station during

its normal operations and as Roberts’ duties allowed—water samples were collected and analyzed to

characterize background fluorescence. The same samples were allowed to equilibrate to ambient

laboratory temperature, then spiked with a dispersed oil and reanalyzed to test our hypothesis.

The instrument was calibrated using the standard procedures established for the SMART program.

The only difference was in the cell configuration. The SMART program uses a flow-through cell. For

this investigation, a cuvette cell was installed so that discrete samples could be analyzed.

Fluorometric readings were made at ambient laboratory temperatures. Seawater samples were

analyzed immediately after collection.

Each sample was analyzed as a series of six replicates to assess sample variance. Where

possible, a measure of water quality (turbidity) was made using a standard sechi disk system. Each

water sample was analyzed for salinity using a light refractometer and for pH using an indicator

strip. A detailed log was maintained which included sample location (latitude, longitude), date,

time, and other information. During the course of investigation, 62 separate field samples were

analyzed.

Instrument Information

The SMART Program uses a Turner DesignTM Model 10-AU field fluorometer. The

instrument is relatively small, rugged, and field-portable (see Figure 1). The instrument was

configured with the long-wavelength UV optics kit and the optional, discrete sample cuvette system.

With this kit, the excitation energy is centered at 360 nautical miles (nm). The system is designed to

detect emissions between 410 and 600 nm. Note, reference to the Turner DesignTM system does

not constitute an endorsement. The instrument was used for this investigation since it is

appropriate for the task and is the current instrument used in the SMART program.
7

Vessel Information

The Ferrel, a 133-foot research vessel, is equipped specifically for oceanographic studies of

coastal and inshore waters (see Figure 2). The Ferrel has a 9-day endurance due to water capacity,

a range of 1,200 nm, and a cruising speed of 10 knots. Modified from a basic design for an

offshore oil-rig supply boat, she has twin screws and a bowthruster to improve maneuverability.

Various projects, including diving operations, status and trends sampling, and coastal sediment

coring make use of her large, open fantail. An aft crane, a midships’ trawl winch, and A-frame are

the standard mechanical equipment available for operations. The Ferrel is also equipped with a

70-ft2 wet oceanographic and 225-ft2 dry oceanographic lab. Based in Charleston, South Carolina,

the Ferrel works on projects along the East and Gulf coasts throughout the year. NOAA’s Office of

Marine and Aviation Operations operates the vessel .

Methods Overview

As previously stated, the fluorometric calibration procedures followed the SMART protocols

(SMART 2000) where appropriate, although the procedures were modified to accommodate the

cuvette sample and discrete samples. Standards, blanks, and duplicates provided information to

evaluate the instrument's stability, reproducibility, and reliability. The instrument was operated

shipboard for five months under various environmental conditions. Sampling protocols were

developed to obtain a grab sample without hindering the ship's rigorous schedule.

Sample Collection

Water grab samples were collected by one of two methods: 1) Using a clean,

polycarbonate, 1-L sample bottle affixed to a weighted and spring-operated sampling device and

using the ship's seawater pumping system. To collect a sample manually, the device was simply

lowered over the vessel’s side to a depth of 1 meter and triggered. This system could only be

operated while the ship was stationary. In an effort to develop a method to sample while the ship

was underway, one of the ship's seawater pumping systems with an intake located about 2 m

below the sea surface was compared with the manual method. The systems were comparable: no

differences in temperature or background fluorescence were observed by direct comparison of

samples. The seawater pump was allowed to purge (run) for 5–10 minutes before collecting a

sample. Immediately after collection, all samples were brought into the wet laboratory and placed

in a styrofoam holder to help maintain ambient water temperatures during preparation for analysis.

Sample Analysis Procedure

The fluoroscein calibration standard (at 90 parts per billion; ppb) was prepared according

to SMART protocols and kept refrigerated and in the dark when not used. Before calibration and
8

sample analysis, the instrument was allowed to equilibrate for a minimum of 15 minutes and the

room temperature was recorded. Standards with readings greater than ±30 raw fluorescent units

(±10%) were rejected and fresh standards made. Fresh standards were made every two months,

regardless, to ensure proper calibration.

During the fluorometer's 15-min. equilibration period, the latitude, longitude, and depth by

fathometer were recorded, the sechi disc was deployed when the vessel was stationary, and the

water sample collected. The 1-L bottle (remaining in a styrofoam holder) was assessed for actual

temperature and salinity. After the instrument equilibration period, six pre-cleaned vials were

screened as empty blanks and the values for each recorded. Following analysis of the standard to

validate instrument performance, the 1-L bottle was shaken and the six vials filled and capped for

analysis. The remaining sample was returned to the styrofoam holder to be spiked with an

oil/dispersant solution. All water samples collected shipboard were analyzed for fluorescence

background within one hour of collection (most within 10 minutes).

Oil/Dispersant Spiking Experiment

After making background fluorescence readings, five of the six vials were emptied (drained)

with the sixth vial maintained as a QA/QC check. A 200-mL subsample of the remaining sample

was placed in a 250-mL glass bottle with a foil liner, then the standard TeflonTM-lined lid. (Because

oil tends to stick to Teflon, the aluminum prevented this potential problem.) A standard of Exxon

Valdez reference oil was prepared initially at 3.6 g oil premixed with 0.4 g Corexit 9500 dispersant;

0.85 g of the mixture was added to 200 mL of artificial seawater to create a working stock solution.

One mL of the shaken, working-stock mixture was removed and placed into the 250-mL sample

bottle containing 200 mL of the field sample (the final concentration of dispersed oil at 100%

dispersion was ~19 ppm). The bottle containing the oil/dispersant/seawater was then vigorously

shaken for one minute. After shaking, the bottle was placed on the counter for 20 seconds and the

top 30–50 mL discarded. Aliquots of the spiked sample were then poured into the five previously

emptied cuvettes and reanalyzed. The same procedure was used for spiking the artificial seawater

control. The control seawater solution (sometimes referenced simply as "Instant Ocean" in this

report) was made with deionized water and Instant OceanTM at 34 parts per thousand; ppt (‰).

The solution was maintained at room temperature and remade often, although a check standard

of the initial Instant OceanTM was kept refrigerated and analyzed as a quality-assurance check. The

Instant Ocean and natural seawater matrix spikes were prepared and analyzed side-by-side to

reduce experimental variance.
9

RESULTS

A total of 62 independent water samples were collected and analyzed between Boston and

Galveston over a five-month period (Figure 3). Overall, a wide range of offshore and nearshore

waters were monitored. Table 2 summarizes the sample data collected and provides background

fluorescence values measured, as well as the difference between the control (Instant Ocean) and

natural, seawater-spiked samples. Ocean depths where samples were collected ranged from 16 to

>10,500 feet. Salinity, measured using a refractometer, was 23–40‰. Ambient water temperatures

were 15.3–32.2°C and pH 6.0–8.0. The raw data are attached as an addendum. The following

sections are organized according to the study's research objectives.

Figure 3. Map showing sampling locations, May to September 1999, between Boston and

Galveston by the NOAA Ship Ferrel.
Table 2. Summary of fluorometry results

ocal Time Depth(m) Salinity WT (°C) Lab (°C) Sechi(m) Bkg (raw) Spk (raw) Spk-Bkg Est.% Error

20:13 15 37 28.0 27.0 4.50 5.13 389.80 384.67 2.6

6:55 15 37 27.0 26.0 5.50 3.81 - - -6:02 15 37 28.0 28.0 5.75 -1.58 465.20 466.78 24.5

16:05 15 37 28.0 29.0 5.75 2.52 440.80 438.28 16.920:40 16 37 28.0 30.0 - 5.74 470.40 464.66 23.9

7:28 16 37 27.0 26.0 2.50 3.87 423.40 419.53 11.96:33 20 37 28.0 28.0 6.50 0.94 372.40 371.46 -0.9

20:30 16 40 28.0 26.0 4.50 4.75 403.80 399.05 6.417:14 10 37 30.0 28.0 3.00 27.47 459.80 432.33 15.3

8:50 34 40 29.0 25.0 >16 -2.68 443.00 445.68 18.8

13:10 25 38 29.0 25.0 >12 -1.77 449.00 450.77 20.216:10 18 38 29.0 25.0 5.50 0.43 415.40 414.98 10.714:57 14 36 29.5 24.5 - 11.17 396.40 385.23 2.715:14 14 36 30.0 24.5 - 6.49 403.00 396.52 5.715:40 14 36 30.0 24.5 - 3.50 390.60 387.10 3.220:20 420 36 29.0 24.0 - -0.65 332.20 332.85 -11.220:30 54 37 27.5 23.0 - -1.95 301.00 302.95 -19.2

8:08 300 37 27.0 23.0 - -1.92 356.60 358.52 -4.4

20:20 44 37 26.0 23.0 - -1.95 344.40 346.35 -7.6

8:00 31 35 25.0 23.0 - 3.16 292.00 288.84 -23.0

20:14 14 26 25.0 23.0 - 35.93 326.40 290.47 -22.5

8:02 35 33 21.0 22.0 - 4.89 426.80 421.92 12.5

20:12 58 32 20.8 21.0 - 2.51 390.20 387.69 3.4

8:11 17 31 23.0 21.0 - 11.63 353.20 341.57 -8.9

19:42 12 30 20.0 21.0 - 58.48 485.80 427.32 14.019:47 12 30 20.0 21.0 2.00 49.80 378.20 328.40 -12.417:48 30 33 15.3 21.0 - 7.07 - - -

9:00 33 33 15.7 19.0 - 5.75 363.80 358.05 -4.5

20:22 6 34 18.0 21.0 3.00 10.72 341.40 330.68 -11.820:43 6 34 18.0 21.0 3.00 10.75 381.40 370.65 -1.216:32 74 33 18.0 22.0 7.00 2.00 386.00 384.00 2.418:04 83 33 19.0 21.0 9.00 1.67 398.80 397.13 5.9
Table 2. Summary of fluorometry results

ocal Time Depth(m) Salinity WT (°C) Lab (°C) Sechi(m) Bkg (raw) Spk (raw) Spk-Bkg Est.% Error

18:07 83 33 19.0 21.0 9.00 1.65 371.40 369.75 -1.412:31 87 34 19.0 18.0 - 1.64 358.40 356.76 -4.916:23 63 33 25.4 23.0 - -1.70 288.80 290.50 -22.515:55 60 35 27.0 24.0 - 0.16 268.40 268.25 -28.516:02 30 36 30.0 25.0 - 1.83 254.20 252.37 -32.7

9:00 7 23 30.0 23.0 0.50 174.50 420.20 245.70 -34.5

11:13 10 24 32.0 25.0 1.00 138.83 401.40 262.57 -30.0

9:45 19 37 30.0 21.0 >12 3.65 330.20 326.55 -12.9

8:52 19 37 30.0 22.0 9.00 4.05 309.40 305.35 -18.6

21:00 8 30 32.0 23.0 1.00 124.67 432.00 307.33 -18.012:56 52 37 29.0 21.0 >12 -3.78 329.00 332.78 -11.3

- 3 0 - 21.0 0.40 2847.00 - - -

15:40 17 36 30.0 23.0 - 3.69 373.80 370.11 -1.3

8:20 23 37 27.0 18.0 - -2.80 380.70 383.50 2.3

12:35 25 37 29.0 19.0 - -3.67 404.60 408.27 8.9

11:35 20 37 28.0 20.0 - -3.20 362.80 366.00 -2.4

3:45 140 38 30.1 19.0 - -1.70 398.80 400.50 6.8

16:09 10 36 32.0 22.0 5.50 3.33 313.60 310.27 -17.3

20:01 46 37 30.0 28.0 - -2.32 319.20 321.52 -14.3

3:50 150 35 31.2 24.0 - -3.18 327.00 330.18 -12.0

18:14 3500 36 32.2 28.0 >17 -4.55 325.60 330.15 -12.0

3:53 3500 37 31.0 24.0 - -5.28 321.60 326.88 -12.8

15:30 1600 37 31.0 28.0 - -4.42 341.80 346.22 -7.7

4:05 520 37 30.0 23.0 - -4.40 333.00 337.40 -10.0

19:47 18 37 31.0 25.0 >18 -4.33 334.80 339.13 -9.618:01 31 36 31.0 25.0 14.00 -4.20 429.60 433.80 15.7

3:54 260 37 30.0 24.0 - -2.75 345.60 348.35 -7.19:04 18 36 30.0 24.0 - 2.28 403.00 400.72 6.99:58 15 37 29.0 22.0 - 23.28 420.60 397.32 6.0

10:30 17 35 30.0 22.0 - 14.52 371.20 356.68 -4.917:30 5 33 31.4 25.0 0.50 35.72 380.40 344.68 -8.1

mean raw fluorometer units. Fluorometer was calibrated in accordance to SMART.
1 2

Instrument Performance and Methodology

To assess overall precision and accuracy, several factors were investigated relative to the

instrument's performance as well as the methodology employed. First, the calibration standard

relative to instrument accuracy and reproducibility was examined with respect to time and

environmental conditions. Second, the oil-/dispersant-spiked standard was assessed to evaluate

procedural reproducibility under field conditions.

To validate instrument calibration, four separate fluoroscein standards (each 90ppb) were

analyzed before any unknown samples. No further calibration was required during the at-sea

deployment after the fluorometer was initially calibrated on 24 May 1999. The composite results

provided a measure of calibration, instrument stability, and reproducibility. A total of 248 standard

analyses were performed for this investigation. The statistical results were normally distributed. The

average raw fluorescence value of the fluoroscein standard was 316 units with a standard error of

the mean (SE) of only 0.54. The analytical variance was only 5%, well within the 20% variability

generally allowed for laboratory calibration standards used in environmental studies. Note, the

instrument was removed from the vessel in September 1999 and stored until May 2000, at which

time the instrument was checked and found to still be within calibration.

Figure 4 compares the calibration standard with temperature (Figure 5 is the same graph

with an expanded scale). The standards exhibited a slight trend of increasing values with cooler

laboratory temperatures. Fluorometry, in general, is sensitive to the effects of temperature. Any

field deployment must take temperature into consideration; the laboratory temperatures aboard

the Ferrel reflect one of the difficulties of field deployment. The temperature in the ship's space

where the fluorometer was operated varied between 18° and 30°C, reflecting a greater variability

than the natural seawater temperatures observed. Despite variable laboratory temperatures, the

statistical results for the calibration standard were consistent throughout the study and validate

instrument performance under these field conditions.
1 3

Fl uor escence St d vs. Temp

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Temp (°C)

Figure 4. Comparison of the fluoroscein calibration standard (raw fluorescence units) plotted

against laboratory temperature. The mean value of 316 is represented by the solid line.
1 4

Fl uor escence St d vs. Temp

290

300

310

320

330

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Temp (°C)

Linear Fit

Li near Fi t

Figure 5. Comparison of the fluoroscein calibration standard (raw fluorescence units) plotted

against seawater temperature. The apparent trend shows the effect of laboratory

temperature on fluorescence. In general, most solutions exhibit increased fluorescence at

cooler temperatures and reduced fluorescence at warmer temperatures. The observations

above are consistent with this trend.

In addition to the fluoroscein calibration standard, a second standard was prepared to

evaluate matrix effects. An oil/dispersant-spiked control standard (or spiked control) was fairly

difficult to prepare under field conditions because it involved accurate volumetric measurements

and a serial dilution each time it was used. Further, dispersed oil is not stable while in such

solutions since the tiny droplets tend to coalesce with one another and rise to the surface because

of their lower density relative to seawater (buoyancy). The statistical evaluation of the spiked

control reflects these inherent difficulties.

Despite the complexity noted, the spiked control results were well within the data-quality

objectives of ±30%. The mean value observed was 375 raw units with a SE of only 3.6 (n=27).

Each spiked control standard was analyzed five separate times. Variance within the five replicates

was significantly less, suggesting that manually manipulating the dispersed-oil solution in a field

environment was the main contributor to the variance observed .
1 5

Background Seawater Samples

Figure 6 plots the background fluorescence values measured using a long-wavelength

fluorometer system (360 nm excitation/410–600 nm emission) calibrated as previously reported.

The lowest value measured, –5.28 raw units, was in the deep-blue water of the Gulf of Mexico. The

sample collected from the Ferrel with the highest background fluorescence value, 174.5 raw units,

was collected nearshore in a harbor environment. The 62 natural seawater samples varied greatly;

the overall mean value for the study data set was 12 raw units with a SD of 33 and SE of 4.3.

Although distinct differences were observed at various sampling locations, the causes of the

observed differences were not always apparent. Table 3 compares the environmental parameters

that characterize the sample locations. To investigate whether any of these environmental factors

significantly influenced the observed background values, each was compared with the natural

seawater values observed both graphically and statistically.

Table 3. Comparison of the range in physical-environmental parameters monitored during the

1999 cruise of the NOAA Ship Ferrel at 52 locations in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of

Mexico.

Sea (°C) pH Sal. (ppt) Depth (m) Sechi (m) Lab (°C)

Lowest value 15.3 6.0 23 4.8 0.5 18.0

Highest value 32.2 8.0 40 3180 14.0 30.0

Mean 27.0 7.3 35 170 6.4 23.0

SD 4.56 0.52 3.30 590 4.2 2.8

SE 0.58 0.07 0.42 75 0.79 0.35

n 62 62 62 62 28 62

Water depth. All of the samples were collected in coastal waters ranging in depth from 4.8

to 3180 m. Only two samples were collected at ocean depths greater than 260 m. Figure 7 (top)

compares ocean depth with near-surface water fluorescence as measured with the long-wavelength

fluorometer. Although no clear trend was observed, the results do indicate that no deep-ocean

samples exhibit high background values. The high background values observed were only in

shallow environments and probably reflect influence from an adjacent estuary. High background

values in harbor environments may result from anthropogenic influences as well as estuary input.

Sea temperature. Seawater temperatures were 15–32°C. Of the 62 samples collected, 75%

of these samples were at or above 26°C and 39% were at 30°C or greater. Our sample population

was biased towards warm, tropical and semi-tropical, seawater conditions. Figure 7 (bottom)

compares the observed background values with seawater temperature. There is no apparent
1 6

correlation between background fluorescence and seawater temperature in this data set. Failure to

show a correlation with temperature does not dismiss the effect of temperature on fluorescence,

but rather indicates that the differences observed are not due to changes in temperature alone.

pH. The pH values of the seawater were consistent and within acceptable values; all

collected samples were between pH 6 and pH 8 as measured using pH indicator paper. No

significant correlation with pH was observed.
1 7

0 50 100 150

Background (raw units)

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Figure 6. Histogram plot of background fluorescence values sorted by sample ID from samples

collected in 1999 aboard the NOAA ship Ferrel at 52 locations in the Atlantic Ocean and

Gulf of Mexico.
1 8

0

5 0

100

150

200

Background (raw values)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Depth (m)

0

2 5

5 0

7 5

100

125

150

175

200

Background (raw values)

10 15 20 25 30 35

Water Temp. (°C)

Figure 7. Background fluorescence values vs. water depth (top) and water temperature (bottom) at

sampling location.
1 9

Salinity. Salinity values were representative of typical coastal waters. Open-ocean saltiness

were observed as high as 40 ppt to near-estuarine, 23 ppt. Of the 62 samples, 75% of the samples

were at 33 ppt or greater and 25% were at 37 ppt or greater. Figure 8 (top) compares background

fluorescence with salinity. While no strong statistical association was observed, it is of note that the

highest background values observed were in lower salinity waters, suggesting an estuarine influence.

Sechi disk Sechi disk depth measurements, an indicator of turbidity, represent the depth

of sunlight penetration in water. This parameter could be measured only during daylight, when the

ship was stationary and the procedure did not interfere with ship operations. This was possible

with 28 of the 62 samples collected. The average depth of light penetration was greater than 6.4 m.

Figure 8 (bottom) compares background fluorescence and sechi depth. Note, any values reported

as >12 m were rounded off to that value for graphic representation.

Figure 9 plots the sechi disc measurements against ocean depth (note the variability).

Although a general trend of decreasing sechi disc readings with decreasing ocean depths was

shown, the linear correlation is only r=0.26. The sechi disk results suggest a nearshore influence,

probably due to the turbidity typical of most estuarine waters.
2 0

0

2 5

5 0

7 5

100

125

150

175

200

Background (raw values)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Salinity (ppt)

0

2 5

5 0

7 5

100

125

150

175

200

Background (raw values)

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Depth (M)

Figure 8. Background fluorescence values relative to salinity (top) and to turbidity as a function of

sechi disk depth (bottom).
2 1

Sechi Depth vs. Ocean Depth Sechi (m)

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

0 25 50 75 100

Depth (m)

Figure 9. Comparison between sechi disk depth and ocean depth. For graphic purposes, the

sample at 3180 m (with a sechi disk depth of >12 m) was deleted.

Table 4 lists the statistical results for a linear regression analysis and analysis of variance

(ANOVA) for the background fluorescence values and the environmental parameters documented.

The results confirm the correlation observed with salinity, a weak linear correlation with an r

2 of 0.62

yet a highly significant F probability of 0.0000, indicating a relationship with salinity. Salinity itself

does not increase background values, as apparent by the background values of Instant OceanTM

and values of the higher-salinity, deepwater samples. Instead, the salinity relationship reflects the

lack of freshwater influence and common organic matter, a level of particulate contribution

associated with low-salinity water sources. Neither depth nor water-temperature parameters

correlate statistically with the background values. The sechi depth was not linearly correlated but

statistically significant through ANOVA. Examining the sechi depth by a 3° polynomial, the linear

correlation is stronger at 0.73 (Figure 10). Yet, it is not clear which additional factors are contributing.
2 2

Table 4. Background comparison of physical parameters by linear regression and ANOVA.

Depth Water temp. Salinity Sechi depth

Linear Regression:

r

2 0.0190 0.0078 0.6200 0.3700

ANOVA

Prob. >F (0.05)

significant

0.2800 0.5000 0.0000 0.0006

In addition to the samples collected during the Ferrel cruise, a sample collected from the

Great Dismal Swamp in North Carolina was sent to the ship for analysis of background fluorescence

(sample FER42). The background value measured in the neat (undiluted) sample was >1000 raw

units (off-scale). After a serial dilution of the sample, the background fluorescence using the longwavelength oil kit was estimated at 2847 raw units. A primary contributor to the extremely high

background value was thought to be tannic acid derived from the decay of tree bark within the

swamp. The Great Dismal Swamp sample provides evidence of the potential for very high

background fluorescence values near some riverine and estuarine environments.
2 3

Background vs. Sechi (m) Background

0

50

100

150

0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

Sechi (m)

Linear Fit

Polynomial Fit, degree=3

Linear Fit

Polynomial Fit, degree=3

Figure 10. Comparison of sechi disc depths to background fluorescence (raw units). Despite the

lack of linear correlation, there is a closer fit for a polynomial to the limited data set. This

implies a relationship with additional variable interactions.

Matrix effects

The histogram in Figure 11 compares the percent differences observed between the matrixspiked seawater samples and the mean control value of 375 units. Clearly, differences in the

concentration of dispersed oil-spiked natural seawater were comparable to the mean control spiked

with the same dispersant/oil. What is less clear is whether these differences are procedural or

methodological variances, changes in physical-oil chemistry, or other matrix effects. A paired t-test

indicates that the results are not correlated by instrument parameters and truly represent

experimental scatter.
2 4

Figure 12 compares spiked, natural-seawater values—with the background fluorescence

subtracted—with salinity. The regression analysis indicates a weak linear relationship with salinity. To

validate the SMART method for efficacy testing of dispersed oil, the actual mechanism is of less

value than the overall differences measured. The data-quality objective of ±30% was met by all but

two samples; for the two outliers, the maximum difference observed was only 34.5%. Comparisons

between spiked, natural-seawater samples and the control showed no statistical differences: the

data sets could not be resolved among themselves. The mean and SE for the spiked control were

375 raw units and 3.6, respectively. The mean and SE for the spiked natural seawater, after

background subtraction, were 374 raw units and 6.7, respectively.

The spiked, natural-seawater experiment supports the null hypothesis and suggests that

matrix effects have a limited impact on monitoring in most offshore marine waters. Significant

matrix effects are possible in some nearshore areas given the correlations with salinity and depth.

The results from the experiment suggested that riverine and estuarine environments can influence

the background values significantly through increased particulate suspension, or turbidity, and

dissolved organic matter.
2 5

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90

% diff

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Figure 11. Histogram plot of the relative percent difference between control and matrix spike-sorted

by sample ID from samples collected in 1999 aboard the NOAA Ship Ferrel at 52

locations in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.
2 6

Spike - Background vs. Salinity (ppt) Spike - Background

250

300

350

400

450

25 30 35 40

Salinity (ppt)

Linear Fit

Linear Fit

Summary of Fit

RSquare

RSquare Adj

Root Mean Square Error

Mean of Response

Observations (or Sum Wgts)

0.207854

0.194196

47.44068

 361.567

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Analysis of Variance

Source

Model

Error

C Total

DF

 1

 58

 59

Sum of Squares

 34251.78

 130535.85

 164787.63

Mean Square

 34251.8

 2250.6

F Ratio

 15.2188

Prob>F

 0.0003

Parameter Estimates

Term

Intercept

Salinity (ppt)

Estimate

108.12858

7.2273312

Std Error

 65.2534

1.852624

t Ratio

 1.66

 3.90

Prob>|t|

0.1029

0.0003

Figure 12. Spiked seawater samples compared with salinity.
2 7

DISCUSSION

Fluorometers have an excellent reputation as field monitoring devices for many marine

applications such as primary productivity monitoring and quantifying chlorophyll. Fluorometers

have been used in the marine environment to assess the fate and transport of dispersed oil as

early as the 1980s (Green et al. 1983; Page et al. 1983; Lunel et al. 1997). The current field results

derived from the 1999 Ferrel field cruise add significantly to the validation of the current SMART

protocols. Yet, the results of this study indicate potential problems when the system is used near

some estuarine waters. Decision-makers and technical support staff must understandi the

fundamentals and weaknesses of fluorometry as applied to monitoring dispersed oil in the water

column. The data collected during the Ferrel cruise have, in many ways, added confidence to the

use of fluorometry to measure dispersed oil plumes in the marine environment and have

expanded our understanding of which factors erode the value of fluorometry in coastal marine

environments.

A fluorometer's strength involves selectivity of different classes of molecules, specifically

aromatic hydrocarbons. When individual aromatic hydrocarbon molecules adsorb energy, electrons

are elevated to a higher energy level. The individual molecule is not stable in this excited state and

quickly reverts back to a more stable level, emitting the excess energy adsorbed; the result is

fluorescence. The light emitted by fluorescence is generally at a longer wavelength than that which

was adsorbed (the instrument used for this study had an emission wavelength of 360 nm and a

detector selective to a longer wavelength range, 410–600 nm and is selective for large aromatic

structures). Fluorometers essentially measure the natural tendency of some compounds to

fluoresce after adsorbing ultraviolet (UV) light. Fluorescence differs from bioluminescence in that

the latter doesn't require external excitation. Natural seawater "fluorescence" derived from

planktonic marine life may contribute to the background values detected.

No two compounds have the exact same adsorption and emission spectra; therefore,

fluorometry can be a highly selective analytical tool. Unfortunately, field fluorometers are generally

configured with rather broad wavelength emission and detection systems. In its simplest form, a

fluorometer is a black box containing a light, transparent cell to contain the sample, a UV lamp

(excitation source), a series of optical filters that increase selectivity, a photomultiplier, and a

recorder. From an engineering perspective, the physical elements are relatively stable and easily

controlled. From an analytical perspective, fluorometers are matrix-sensitive to the solvent type,

temperature, and a wide range of chemical interactions between the solute, or target molecules, and

solvent. For these investigations, the solvent matrix is natural seawater.

Natural seawater contributes a wide suite of constituents, including dissolved organic matter

(DOM) and salts (salinity) as well as extraneous non-target particle matter. Particulates include
2 8

suspended sediments, algae, and tiny biological animals that may contribute to background

fluorescence or adsorb fluorescence (an effect known as quenching). During the 1999 Ferrel cruise,

background fluorescence values measured using a long-wavelength fluorometer system were highly

variable. The lowest value measured, –5.28 raw units, was in the deep-blue water of the Gulf of

Mexico. The sample collected from the Ferrel with the highest background fluorescence value, 174.5

raw units, was collected nearshore in a harbor environment. When correlated to the physicalchemical parameters recorded at the time of sample collection (ocean depth, water temperature,

salinity, etc.), there are no strong statistical correlations, although there are several interesting

observations.

There is an apparent relationship between depth and background fluorescence in that all

of the deep-water (open-ocean, blue-water) samples demonstrated very low background

fluorescence values. All of the samples with elevated background fluorescence values were in

shallow, lower-salinity waters characteristic of estuaries. There is a third apparent correlation with

turbidity as measured using the sechi disk system. Again, however, this apparent correlation is

probably associated with more turbid estuarine waters that are enriched with a greater

concentration of plankton and DOM, both of which may contribute to background fluorescence.

Anthropogenic source pollution may have also contributed in the harbor sites investigated.

In past investigations, a trend has been identified when water samples were analyzed to

compare relative background fluorescence values (Mopper and Schultz 1993; Yentsch 1994; Henry

and Roberts unpubl. data). In general, the authors found that open-ocean waters fluoresce less

than most riverine waters. Estuarine and coastal-shelf waters (nearshore, green water) generally

ranked between open-ocean and riverine. DOM is clearly a contributor to nearshore fluorescence;

and in the case of the Great Dismal Swamp sample, a limiting factor to the applicability of

fluorometry. The minimum detection limit of dispersed oil is directly related to the ability of the

instrument to differentiate oil fluorescence from that of background fluorescence. If the

background level detected in the Dismal Swamp sample was quantified as dispersed crude oil, the

observed concentration would be 140 ppm (significantly greater than the 19 ppm standard used

for this investigation and typical of dispersed oil concentrations).

Dispersed oil contributes its own particular problems to fluorometry. Dispersed oil is not in

true solution, but rather exists as small particles or droplets suspended in the water column.

Fluorometers work best on analytes in solution with the matrix being analyzed. Monitoring the

fluorescence of dispersed oil droplets adds several additional variances, including changes in

fluorescence response due to changes in droplet size and oil composition. Petroleum is not a single

compound, but rather a mixture of hundreds of thousands of different chemicals. Oils from

different production locations are unique and, correspondingly, the fluorometry response to each is

different (Henry et al. 1999). Alaskan North Slope Crude and South Louisiana Crude, for example,
2 9

have different detector response values for the same concentration due to the relative difference in

aromatic hydrocarbon composition. For this study, only one oil was used—Alaskan North

Slope—thus, any variances observed in the spiked samples and control are not due directly to

differences in oil composition. Still, the same droplets of dispersed oil may behave differently in

waters of different ionic strength. Therefore, observed differences may be, in part, due to physicalchemical changes such as size of dispersed oil droplets.

Differences in water masses should be acknowledged and/or accounted for in future

fluorometry studies. An example of fluorescent responses that are interesting and unresolved is

shown in Figure 13. During the Ferrel cruise, many of the National Marine Sanctuaries were

sampled: Stellwagen Bank, Massachusetts; Gray's Reef, Georgia; the proposed sanctuary at Dry

Tortugas, Florida; and Flower Garden Banks, Texas. The date indicates that the surface waters at

most of the marine sanctuaries were below the mean background fluorescence value and typical of

the majority of the values recorded. Figure 14 shows the sanctuary water responses to

oil/dispersant spiked results without subtracting the background. It appears that some form of

matrix effects are observed. The true nature of the physical-chemical change is unknown and may

be worthy of further investigation.

With respect to the information collected during the 1999 Ferrel cruise, changes in natural

seawater composition did not have a significant negative effect on the ability to accurately quantify

dispersed oil using fluorometry. The null hypothesis is apparently true (at least within the limits of

the water bodies investigated by this study). Seawater samples collected from different locations

and varying in biological and chemical composition had little effect on estimating dispersed-oil

concentrations within our data-quality objectives that were statistically resolvable. By comparing

spiked, natural seawater samples with a control spiked sample, and processing it identically, any

observed differences would be related to matrix effects. Unfortunately, the degree of variance

observed in both the spiked seawater and spiked control reduced the potential for resolving subtle

matrix.

A fluorometric system is a highly effective tool in assessing the efficacy of dispersant use,

but converting fluorometric response values into “true” dispersed oil-in-water concentrations can be

problematic. This investigation was designed to evaluate potential problems encountered when

using fluorometers as monitoring tools offshore during dispersant operations. Based on this study,

in the context of potential limitations in nearshore waters, Green et al.’s (1983) conclusions are still

true today. If a field fluorometer is used with water sampling and subsequent laboratory analyses,

a good assessment of the true range of dispersant concentration is possible.
3 0

Background Raw Values By Sanctuary Background Raw Values

0

5 0

100

150

DT FG GR Other SB

Sanctuary

Means and Std Deviations

Level

DT

FG

GR

Other

SB

Number

 10

 2

 2

 43

 4

Mean

1.8640

-4.2650

3.8500

16.7886

1.7400

Std Dev

3.1703

0.0919

0.2828

39.0349

0.1738

Std Err Mean

1.0025

0.0650

0.2000

5.9528

0.0869

Figure 13. Plot of the background fluorometric values according to marine sanctuary location: Dry

Tortugas (DT), Flower Garden Banks (FG), Gray's Reef (GR), and Stellwagen Bank (SB).

All remaining samples are "other." Statistical values are included for comparison.
3 1

Oil Spike Raw Values By Sanctuary Oil Spike Raw Values

250

300

350

400

450

500

DT FG GR Other SB

Sanctuary

Means and Std Deviations

Level

DT

FG

GR

Other

SB

Number

 10

 2

 2

 42

 4

Mean

427.320

382.200

319.800

362.869

378.650

Std Dev

32.1852

67.0337

14.7078

49.7641

17.5373

Std Err Mean

10.178

47.400

10.400

 7.679

 8.769

Figure 14. Plot of the oil-spiked fluorometric values according to marine sanctuary location: Dry

Tortugas (DT), Flower Garden Banks (FG), Gray's Reef (GR), and Stellwagen Bank (SB).

All remaining samples are "other." Statistical values are included for comparison.
3 2

CONCLUSIONS

It would appear that the null hypothesis is, to some degree, true. For most offshore

waters, background fluorescence and matrix effects have only a minor effect on monitoring

dispersed oil with a long-wavelength, field fluorometer system. The authors believe that this same

statement would not hold true for all estuarine and freshwater systems significantly enriched with

dissolved and suspended materials. These materials may contribute to the fluorescence detected

and attenuate the UV light within the detector cell.

Additional research in the nearshore and inshore coastal zone is required to fully delineate

the practical limits for using fluorometers to track dispersed oil. Clearly, information collected during

the 1999 Ferrel cruise added significantly to our understanding and confidence in using a field

fluorometer to detect changes in dispersed oil concentration, as well as meeting the mission

objectives of the SMART program.
3 3

REFERENCES

Green, D., B. Humphrey, & B. Fowler. 1983. The use of flow-through fluorometry for tracking

dispersed oil. In Proceedings of the 1983 Oil Spill Conference, February 28-March 3, 1983, San

Antonio, Texas, pp. 473–478.

Henry and Roberts unpubl. data

Henry, C.B., P.O. Roberts, and E.B. Overton. 1999. A primer on in-situ fluorometry to monitor

dispersed oil. In Proceedings of the 1999 Oil Spill Conference, March 8-11, 1999, Seattle, pp. 225-

228.

Lunel, T., J. Rusin, N. Baily, C. Halliwell, & L. Davies. 1997. The net environmental benefit of a

successful dispersant operation at the Sea Empress Incident. In Proceedings of the 1997 Oil Spill

Conference, April 7-10, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, pp. 185-194.

Mopper, K. and C.A. Schultz. 1993. Fluorescence as a possible tool for studying the nature and

water column distribution of DOC components. Marine Chemistry 41:229–238.

Page, D.S., J.C. Foster, J.R. Hotham, E. Pendergast, S. Hebert, L. Gonzalez, E.S. Gilfillan, S.A. Hanson,

R.P. Gerber, and D. Vallas. 1983. Long-term fate of dispersed and undispersed crude oil in two

nearshore test spills. In Proceedings of the 1983 Oil Spill Conference, February 28-March 3, 1983, San

Antonio, Texas, pp. 479–482.

SMART. 2000. Special Monitoring of Applied Response Technologies. Seattle: U.S. Coast Guard,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention staff and scientists. Available at

http://response.restoration.noaa.gov. 55 pp.

Yentsch, C.S. 1994. Why is the measure of fluorescence important to the study of biological

oceanography? In Spinrad, R.W., K.L. Carder, and M.J. Perry (eds.), Ocean Optics, pp. 148–164,

Oxford University Press, New York.
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER00 24-May F Std. 1 6.27 299.00 299.00 301.00 -

FER00 24-May F Std. 2 6.45 294.00 291.00 296.00 -

FER00 24-May F Std. 3 6.22 301.00 302.00 299.00 -

FER00 24-May F Std. 4 6.81 308.00 307.00 305.00 -

FER00 24-May F Std. Mean 6.44 300.50 299.75 300.25 -

FER00 24-May DIW 5 - 0.11 0.28 0.00 -

FER00 24-May DIW 6 - -0.40 -0.10 0.30 -

FER00 24-May DIW 7 - -0.70 -0.40 -0.40 -

FER00 24-May DIW Mean - -0.33 -0.07 -0.03 -

FER01 24-May Sample FER-01A 14.60 2.43 3.40 - 390.00

FER01 24-May Sample FER-01B 13.70 9.83 7.30 - 388.00

FER01 24-May Sample FER-01C 14.60 4.48 5.20 - 384.00

FER01 24-May Sample FER-01D 15.30 4.40 5.22 - 398.00

FER01 24-May Sample FER-01E 14.60 4.50 5.06 - 389.00

FER01 24-May Sample Mean 14.56 5.13 5.24 - 389.80

FER01 24-May F Std. 1 - 312.00 - - -

FER01 24-May F Std. 2 - 305.00 - - -

FER01 24-May F Std. 3 - 308.00 - - -

FER01 24-May F Std. 4 - 314.00 - - -

FER01 24-May F Std. Mean - 309.75 - - -

FER01 24-May DIW 5 - 0.98 - - -

FER01 24-May IO Cont. O1 9.76 - - - 313.00

FER01 24-May IO Cont. O2 11.20 - - - 322.00

FER01 24-May IO Cont. O3 10.20 - - - 318.00

FER01 24-May IO Cont. O4 10.60 - - - 313.00

FER01 24-May IO Cont. O5 10.10 - - - 312.00

FER01 24-May IO Cont. Mean 10.37 - - - 315.60

FER02 25-May Sample FER-02A 14.50 0.28 1.13 - -

FER02 25-May Sample FER-02B 12.40 -0.10 1.51 - -

FER02 25-May Sample FER-02C 14.40 1.70 3.40 - -

FER02 25-May Sample FER-02D 13.60 0.10 -0.10 - -

FER02 25-May Sample FER-02E 13.80 10.70 12.60 - -

FER02 25-May Sample FER-02F 15.60 10.20 12.80 - -

FER02 25-May Sample Mean 14.05 3.81 5.22 - -

FER02 25-May F Std. 1 - 316.00 - - -

FER02 25-May F Std. 2 - 314.00 - - -

FER02 25-May F Std. 3 - 311.00 - - -

FER02 25-May F Std. 4 - 326.00 - - -

FER02 25-May F Std. Mean - 316.75 - - -

FER02 25-May DIW 5 - 2.00 - - -

FER02 25-May DIW 6 - 2.22 - - -

FER02 25-May DIW 7 - 3.56 - - -

FER02 25-May DIW Mean - 2.59 - - -

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03A 12.80 -1.50 -1.20 - -

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03B 9.45 -2.30 -2.00 - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03C 11.00 -1.00 -0.80 - -

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03D 10.10 -1.50 -1.80 - -

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03E 10.90 -1.90 -1.80 - -

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03F 11.40 -1.30 -1.20 - -

FER03 27-May Sample Mean 10.94 -1.58 -1.47 - -

FER03 27-May F Std. 1 - 314.00 - - -

FER03 27-May F Std. 2 - 307.00 - - -

FER03 27-May F Std. 3 - 309.00 - - -

FER03 27-May F Std. 4 - 321.00 - - -

FER03 27-May F Std. Mean - 312.75 - - -

FER03 27-May DIW 5 - 1.55 - - -

FER03 27-May DIW 6 - 1.34 - - -

FER03 27-May DIW 7 - 3.26 - - -

FER03 27-May DIW Mean - 2.05 - - -

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03A 10.60 - - - 467.00

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03B 8.83 - - - 456.00

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03C 10.10 - - - 464.00

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03D 9.32 - - - 476.00

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03E 8.75 - - - 463.00

FER03 27-May Sample FER-03F -----

FER03 27-May Sample Mean 9.52 - - - 465.20

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04A 13.10 2.10 2.97 3.61 -

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04B 13.70 2.07 2.66 2.78 -

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04C 14.50 0.56 0.94 1.47 -

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04D 14.80 3.24 4.88 5.40 -

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04E 12.50 2.57 3.82 4.82 -

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04F 12.80 4.57 5.34 6.07 -

FER04 27-May Sample Mean 13.57 2.52 3.44 4.03 -

FER04 27-May F Std. 1 - 306.00 311.00 - -

FER04 27-May F Std. 2 - 301.00 305.00 - -

FER04 27-May F Std. 3 - 303.00 310.00 - -

FER04 27-May F Std. 4 - 315.00 320.00 - -

FER04 27-May F Std. Mean - 306.25 311.50 - -

FER04 27-May DIW 5 - 1.26 - - -

FER04 27-May DIW 6 - 1.34 - - -

FER04 27-May DIW 7 - 2.82 - - -

FER04 27-May DIW Mean - 1.81 - - -

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04A 9.85 - - - 448.00

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04B 10.10 - - - 444.00

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04C 11.20 - - - 440.00

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04D 12.00 - - - 431.00

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04E 9.29 - - - 441.00

FER04 27-May Sample FER-04F -----

FER04 27-May Sample Mean 10.49 - - - 440.80

FER05 27-May Sample FER-05A 14.80 3.51 - - 458.00
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER05 27-May Sample FER-05B 11.70 3.99 - - 468.00

FER05 27-May Sample FER-05C 11.60 2.01 - - 485.00

FER05 27-May Sample FER-05D 14.00 5.03 - - 467.00

FER05 27-May Sample FER-05E 12.90 17.50 - - 474.00

FER05 27-May Sample FER-05F 11.80 2.38 - - -

FER05 27-May Sample Mean 12.80 5.74 - - 470.40

FER05 27-May IO Cont. O1 9.76 - - - 282.00

FER05 27-May IO Cont. O2 11.20 - - - 281.00

FER05 27-May IO Cont. O3 10.20 - - - 276.00

FER05 27-May IO Cont. O4 10.60 - - - 297.00

FER05 27-May IO Cont. O5 10.10 - - - 289.00

FER05 27-May IO Cont. Mean 10.37 - - - 285.00

FER05 27-May F Std. 1 - 316.00 - - -

FER05 27-May F Std. 2 - 307.00 - - -

FER05 27-May F Std. 3 - 312.00 - - -

FER05 27-May F Std. 4 - 322.00 - - -

FER05 27-May F Std. Mean - 314.25 - - -

FER05 27-May DIW 5 - 1.92 - - -

FER05 27-May DIW 6 - 1.22 - - -

FER05 27-May DIW 7 - 3.25 - - -

FER05 27-May DIW Mean - 2.13 - - -

FER06 2-Jun Sample FER-06A 13.60 1.82 2.24 2.24 428.00

FER06 2-Jun Sample FER-06B 9.45 3.78 4.50 5.07 427.00

FER06 2-Jun Sample FER-06C 11.00 1.27 2.75 2.69 430.00

FER06 2-Jun Sample FER-06D 10.10 7.19 8.54 10.30 409.00

FER06 2-Jun Sample FER-06E 10.90 4.54 6.34 7.36 423.00

FER06 2-Jun Sample FER-06F 11.40 4.61 5.46 5.76 7.38

FER06 2-Jun Sample Mean 11.08 3.87 4.97 5.57 423.40

FER06 2-Jun F Std. 1 - 317.00 - - -

FER06 2-Jun F Std. 2 - 316.00 - - -

FER06 2-Jun F Std. 3 - 316.00 - - -

FER06 2-Jun F Std. 4 - 323.00 - - -

FER06 2-Jun F Std. Mean - 318.00 - - -

FER06 2-Jun DIW 5 - 2.29 - - -

FER06 2-Jun DIW 6 - 1.68 - - -

FER06 2-Jun DIW 7 - 3.99 - - -

FER06 2-Jun DIW Mean - 2.65 - - -

FER07 4-Jun Sample FER-07A 14.70 1.27 1.91 3.38 370.00

FER07 4-Jun Sample FER-07B 12.60 -1.00 -0.80 -0.70 369.00

FER07 4-Jun Sample FER-07C 12.70 -1.20 -1.00 -0.60 372.00

FER07 4-Jun Sample FER-07D 14.00 1.80 1.40 2.47 377.00

FER07 4-Jun Sample FER-07E 14.10 2.68 3.37 4.25 374.00

FER07 4-Jun Sample FER-07F 14.80 2.10 2.41 2.96 3.08

FER07 4-Jun Sample Mean 13.82 0.94 1.22 1.96 372.40

FER07 4-Jun F std. 1 - 311.00 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER07 4-Jun F std. 2 - 309.00 - - -

FER07 4-Jun F std. 3 - 308.00 - - -

FER07 4-Jun F std. 4 - 322.00 - - -

FER07 4-Jun F std. Mean - 312.50 - - -

FER07 4-Jun DIW 5 - 2.57 - - -

FER07 4-Jun DIW 6 - 1.68 - - -

FER07 4-Jun DIW 7 - 3.94 - - -

FER07 4-Jun DIW Mean - 2.73 - - -

FER08 6-Jun Sample FER-08A 13.60 3.39 3.67 4.15 394.00

FER08 6-Jun Sample FER-08B 10.30 4.39 4.60 4.60 399.00

FER08 6-Jun Sample FER-08C 13.50 6.93 7.70 9.07 414.00

FER08 6-Jun Sample FER-08D 12.70 3.72 4.35 4.83 415.00

FER08 6-Jun Sample FER-08E 12.80 3.33 4.10 4.90 397.00

FER08 6-Jun Sample FER-08F 13.10 6.74 7.68 8.30 12.70

FER08 6-Jun Sample Mean 12.67 4.75 5.35 5.98 403.80

FER08 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0606A 13.90 - - - 406.00

FER08 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0606B 14.10 - - - 401.00

FER08 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0606C 13.80 - - - 406.00

FER08 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0606D 14.10 - - - 410.00

FER08 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0606E 11.10 - - - 402.00

FER08 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0606F 14.50 - - - 2.87

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. Mean 13.58 - - - 405.00

FER08 6-Jun F Std. 1 - 317.00 - - -

FER08 6-Jun F Std. 2 - 313.00 - - -

FER08 6-Jun F Std. 3 - 319.00 - - -

FER08 6-Jun F Std. 4 - 325.00 - - -

FER08 6-Jun F Std. Mean - 318.50 - - -

FER08 6-Jun DIW 5 - 2.89 - - -

FER08 6-Jun DIW 6 - 1.50 - - -

FER08 6-Jun DIW 7 - 3.93 - - -

FER08 6-Jun DIW Mean - 2.77 - - -

FER09 6-Jun Sample FER-09A 15.10 26.40 27.00 27.60 463.00

FER09 6-Jun Sample FER-09B 15.70 28.00 28.30 28.70 463.00

FER09 6-Jun Sample FER-09C 13.90 27.60 27.90 29.30 458.00

FER09 6-Jun Sample FER-09D 12.50 25.50 25.20 25.70 448.00

FER09 6-Jun Sample FER-09E 15.90 27.80 27.80 28.50 467.00

FER09 6-Jun Sample FER-09F 13.40 29.50 30.00 30.80 31.40

FER09 6-Jun Sample Mean 14.42 27.47 27.70 28.43 459.80

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0610A 13.90 - - - 384.00

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0610B 15.40 - - - 394.00

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0610C 13.20 - - - 377.00

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0610D 12.10 - - - 385.00

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0610E 12.70 - - - 384.00

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. IO0610F 16.20 - - - 27.20

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. Mean 13.92 - - - 384.80
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER09 6-Jun F Std. 1 - 316.00 - - -

FER09 6-Jun F Std. 2 - 310.00 - - -

FER09 6-Jun F Std. 3 - 311.00 - - -

FER09 6-Jun F Std. 4 - 323.00 - - -

FER09 6-Jun F Std. Mean - 315.00 - - -

FER09 6-Jun DIW 5 - 2.68 - - -

FER09 6-Jun DIW 6 - 1.55 - - -

FER09 6-Jun DIW 7 - 3.86 - - -

FER09 6-Jun DIW Mean - 2.70 - - -

FER10 18-Jun Sample FER-10A 16.10 -2.90 - - 453.00

FER10 18-Jun Sample FER-10B 12.20 -4.00 - - 439.00

FER10 18-Jun Sample FER-10C 12.30 -0.60 - - 436.00

FER10 18-Jun Sample FER-10D 15.70 -4.40 - - 442.00

FER10 18-Jun Sample FER-10E 16.40 -1.40 - - 445.00

FER10 18-Jun Sample FER-10F 16.50 -2.80 - - -2.60

FER10 18-Jun Sample Mean 14.87 -2.68 - - 443.00

FER10 18-Jun IO Cont. IO0618A 17.20 - - - 433.00

FER10 18-Jun IO Cont. IO0618B 13.30 - - - 422.00

FER10 18-Jun IO Cont. IO0618C 15.70 - - - 436.00

FER10 18-Jun IO Cont. IO0618D 14.30 - - - 423.00

FER10 18-Jun IO Cont. IO0618E 17.40 - - - 434.00

FER10 18-Jun IO Cont. IO0618F 15.40 - - - 6.06

FER09 6-Jun IO Cont. Mean 15.55 - - - 429.60

FER10 18-Jun F Std. 1 - 322.00 - - -

FER10 18-Jun F Std. 2 - 318.00 - - -

FER10 18-Jun F Std. 3 - 317.00 - - -

FER10 18-Jun F Std. 4 - 333.00 - - -

FER10 18-Jun F Std. Mean - 322.50 - - -

FER10 18-Jun DIW 5 - 3.71 - - -

FER10 18-Jun DIW 6 - 2.04 - - -

FER10 18-Jun DIW 7 - 4.74 - - -

FER10 18-Jun DIW Mean - 3.50 - - -

FER11 18-Jun Sample FER-11A 9.18 -0.40 - - 490.00

FER11 18-Jun Sample FER-11B 11.50 -1.80 - - 455.00

FER11 18-Jun Sample FER-11C 14.70 -1.70 - - 435.00

FER11 18-Jun Sample FER-11D 10.90 -3.30 - - 433.00

FER11 18-Jun Sample FER-11E 10.90 -0.90 - - 432.00

FER11 18-Jun Sample FER-11F 12.90 -2.50 - - -0.70

FER11 18-Jun Sample Mean 11.68 -1.77 - - 449.00

FER11 18-Jun F Std. 1 - 310.00 - - -

FER11 18-Jun F Std. 2 - 310.00 - - -

FER11 18-Jun F Std. 3 - 310.00 - - -

FER11 18-Jun F Std. 4 - 323.00 - - -

FER11 18-Jun F Std. Mean - 313.25 - - -

FER11 18-Jun DWI 5 - 2.92 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER11 18-Jun DWI 6 - 1.45 - - -

FER11 18-Jun DWI 7 - 3.78 - - -

FER11 18-Jun DWI Mean - 2.72 - - -

FER12 18-Jun Sample FER-12A 13.50 -0.40 - - 412.00

FER12 18-Jun Sample FER-12B 14.20 2.54 - - 421.00

FER12 18-Jun Sample FER-12C 14.90 -0.10 - - 417.00

FER12 18-Jun Sample FER-12D 15.60 0.00 - - 417.00

FER12 18-Jun Sample FER-12E 15.10 1.61 - - 410.00

FER12 18-Jun Sample FER-12F 12.10 -1.10 - - -1.00

FER12 18-Jun Sample Mean 14.23 0.43 - - 415.40

FER12 18-Jun F Std. 1 - 318.00 - - -

FER12 18-Jun F Std. 2 - 312.00 - - -

FER12 18-Jun F Std. 3 - 318.00 - - -

FER12 18-Jun F Std. 4 - 327.00 - - -

FER12 18-Jun F Std. Mean - 318.75 - - -

FER12 18-Jun DIW 5 - 2.96 - - -

FER12 18-Jun DIW 6 - 1.64 - - -

FER12 18-Jun DIW 7 - 3.85 - - -

FER12 18-Jun DIW Mean - 2.82 - - -

FER13 25-Jun Sample FER-13A 13.70 8.35 404.00

FER13 25-Jun Sample FER-13B 11.10 3.14 394.00

FER13 25-Jun Sample FER-13C 14.90 9.85 395.00

FER13 25-Jun Sample FER-13D 15.60 16.20 393.00

FER13 25-Jun Sample FER-13E 15.90 13.40 396.00

FER13 25-Jun Sample FER-13F 15.70 16.10 18.40

FER13 25-Jun Sample Mean 14.48 11.17 396.40

FER13 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625A 16.10 - - - 412.00

FER13 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625B 13.70 - - - 404.00

FER13 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625C 13.30 - - - 409.00

FER13 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625D 14.70 - - - 402.00

FER13 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625E 15.50 - - - 403.00

FER13 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625F 12.00 ----

FER13 25-Jun IO Cont. Mean 14.22 - - - 406.00

FER13 25-Jun F Std. 1 - 317.00 - - -

FER13 25-Jun F Std. 2 - 315.00 - - -

FER13 25-Jun F Std. 3 - 320.00 - - -

FER13 25-Jun F Std. 4 - 325.00 - - -

FER13 25-Jun F Std. Mean - 319.25 - - -

FER13 25-Jun DIW 5 - 3.95 - - -

FER13 25-Jun DIW 6 - 2.03 - - -

FER13 25-Jun DIW 7 - 4.23 - - -

FER13 25-Jun DIW Mean - 3.40 - - -

FER14 25-Jun Sample FER-14A 15.30 5.49 - - 419.00

FER14 25-Jun Sample FER-14B 15.60 3.85 - - 407.00

FER14 25-Jun Sample FER-14C 13.70 4.45 - - 395.00
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER14 25-Jun Sample FER-14D 12.70 4.97 - - 395.00

FER14 25-Jun Sample FER-14E 14.80 13.40 - - 399.00

FER14 25-Jun Sample FER-14F 15.90 6.75 - - 7.26

FER14 25-Jun Sample Mean 14.67 6.49 - - 403.00

FER14 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625A 16.10 - - - 412.00

FER14 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625B 13.70 - - - 404.00

FER14 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625C 13.30 - - - 409.00

FER14 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625D 14.70 - - - 402.00

FER14 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625E 15.50 - - - 403.00

FER14 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625F 12.00 ----

FER14 25-Jun IO Cont. Mean 14.22 - - - 406.00

FER14 25-Jun F Std. 1 - 317.00 - - -

FER14 25-Jun F Std. 2 - 315.00 - - -

FER14 25-Jun F Std. 3 - 320.00 - - -

FER14 25-Jun F Std. 4 - 325.00 - - -

FER14 25-Jun F Std. Mean - 319.25 - - -

FER14 25-Jun DIW 5 - 3.95 - - -

FER14 25-Jun DIW 6 - 2.03 - - -

FER14 25-Jun DIW 7 - 4.23 - - -

FER14 25-Jun DIW Mean - 3.40 - - -

FER15 25-Jun Sample FER-15A 14.50 2.52 - - 403.00

FER15 25-Jun Sample FER-15B 15.37 3.46 - - 391.00

FER15 25-Jun Sample FER-15C 12.60 0.94 - - 383.00

FER15 25-Jun Sample FER-15D 13.00 4.82 - - 382.00

FER15 25-Jun Sample FER-15E 14.60 6.75 - - 394.00

FER15 25-Jun Sample FER-15F 16.00 2.52 - - 5.70

FER15 25-Jun Sample Mean 14.35 3.50 - - 390.60

FER15 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625A 16.10 - - - 412.00

FER15 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625B 13.70 - - - 404.00

FER15 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625C 13.30 - - - 409.00

FER15 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625D 14.70 - - - 402.00

FER15 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625E 15.50 - - - 403.00

FER15 25-Jun IO Cont. IO0625F 12.00 ----

FER15 25-Jun IO Cont. Mean 14.22 - - - 406.00

FER15 25-Jun F Std. 1 - 317.00 - - -

FER15 25-Jun F Std. 2 - 315.00 - - -

FER15 25-Jun F Std. 3 - 320.00 - - -

FER15 25-Jun F Std. 4 - 325.00 - - -

FER15 25-Jun F Std. Mean - 319.25 - - -

FER15 25-Jun DIW 5 - 3.95 - - -

FER15 25-Jun DIW 6 - 2.03 - - -

FER15 25-Jun DIW 7 - 4.23 - - -

FER15 25-Jun DIW Mean - 3.40 - - -

FER16 27-Jun Sample FER-16A 17.10 -1.00 - - 348.00

FER16 27-Jun Sample FER-16B 17.30 -1.20 - - 339.00
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER16 27-Jun Sample FER-16C 15.80 -0.90 - - 319.00

FER16 27-Jun Sample FER-16D 16.60 0.94 - - 324.00

FER16 27-Jun Sample FER-16E 16.30 0.24 - - 331.00

FER16 27-Jun Sample FER-16F 16.60 -2.00 - - -1.10

FER16 27-Jun Sample Mean 16.62 -0.65 - - 332.20

FER16 27-Jun IO Cont. IO0627A 17.30 - - - 337.00

FER16 27-Jun IO Cont. IO0627B 16.30 - - - 340.00

FER16 27-Jun IO Cont. IO0627C 17.70 - - - 339.00

FER16 27-Jun IO Cont. IO0627D 17.40 - - - 338.00

FER16 27-Jun IO Cont. IO0627E 14.80 - - - 333.00

FER16 27-Jun IO Cont. IO0627F 16.20 - - - 1.60

FER16 27-Jun IO Cont. Mean 16.62 - - - 337.40

FER16 27-Jun F Std. 1 - 322.00 - - -

FER16 27-Jun F Std. 2 - 318.00 - - -

FER16 27-Jun F Std. 3 - 319.00 - - -

FER16 27-Jun F Std. 4 - 330.00 - - -

FER16 27-Jun F Std. Mean - 322.25 - - -

FER16 27-Jun DIW 5 - 4.04 - - -

FER16 27-Jun DIW 6 - 2.32 - - -

FER16 27-Jun DIW 7 - 4.75 - - -

FER16 27-Jun DIW Mean - 3.70 - - -

FER17 28-Jun Sample FER-17A 13.30 -1.40 - - 309.00

FER17 28-Jun Sample FER-17B 12.80 -1.70 - - 304.00

FER17 28-Jun Sample FER-17C 12.50 -2.50 - - 294.00

FER17 28-Jun Sample FER-17D 16.20 -1.80 - - 302.00

FER17 28-Jun Sample FER-17E 15.20 -2.30 - - 296.00

FER17 28-Jun Sample FER-17F 15.20 -2.00 - - -3.20

FER17 28-Jun Sample Mean 14.20 -1.95 - - 301.00

FER17 28-Jun IO Cont. IO0701A 17.80 - - - 323.00

FER17 28-Jun IO Cont. IO0701B 17.30 - - - 326.00

FER17 28-Jun IO Cont. IO0701C 18.10 - - - 334.00

FER17 28-Jun IO Cont. IO0701D 17.80 - - - 326.00

FER17 28-Jun IO Cont. IO0701E 16.80 - - - 331.00

FER17 28-Jun IO Cont. IO0701F 16.90 - - - 1.68

FER17 28-Jun IO Cont. Mean 17.45 - - - 328.00

FER17 28-Jun F Std. 1 - 318.00 - - -

FER17 28-Jun F Std. 2 - 317.00 - - -

FER17 28-Jun F Std. 3 - 323.00 - - -

FER17 28-Jun F Std. 4 - 333.00 - - -

FER17 28-Jun F Std. Mean - 322.75 - - -

FER17 28-Jun DIW 5 - 3.85 - - -

FER17 28-Jun DIW 6 - 2.10 - - -

FER17 28-Jun DIW 7 - 4.60 - - -

FER17 28-Jun DIW Mean - 3.52 - - -

FER18 29-Jun Sample FER-18A 17.50 -2.50 - - 357.00
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER18 29-Jun Sample FER-18B 15.90 -2.20 - - 364.00

FER18 29-Jun Sample FER-18C 17.10 -1.60 - - 359.00

FER18 29-Jun Sample FER-18D 14.90 -1.90 - - 351.00

FER18 29-Jun Sample FER-18E 16.80 -1.30 - - 352.00

FER18 29-Jun Sample FER-18F 15.50 -2.00 - - -1.70

FER18 29-Jun IO Cont. Mean 19.54 -2.30 - - 356.60

FER18 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701A 17.80 - - - 323.00

FER18 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701B 17.30 - - - 326.00

FER18 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701C 18.10 - - - 334.00

FER18 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701D 17.80 - - - 326.00

FER18 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701E 16.80 - - - 331.00

FER18 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701F 16.90 - - - 1.68

FER18 29-Jun IO Cont. Mean 17.45 - - - 328.00

FER18 29-Jun F Std. 1 - 322.00 - - -

FER18 29-Jun F Std. 2 - 321.00 - - -

FER18 29-Jun F Std. 3 - 326.00 - - -

FER18 29-Jun F Std. 4 - 333.00 - - -

FER18 29-Jun F Std. Mean - 325.50 - - -

FER18 29-Jun DIW 5 - 3.93 - - -

FER18 29-Jun DIW 6 - 2.46 - - -

FER18 29-Jun DIW 7 - 4.64 - - -

FER18 29-Jun DIW Mean - 3.68 - - -

FER19 29-Jun Sample FER-19A 16.60 -1.80 - - 346.00

FER19 29-Jun Sample FER-19B 18.60 -1.30 - - 343.00

FER19 29-Jun Sample FER-19C 17.70 -1.60 - - 343.00

FER19 29-Jun Sample FER-19D 16.80 -1.60 - - 344.00

FER19 29-Jun Sample FER-19E 17.50 -2.40 - - 346.00

FER19 29-Jun Sample FER-19F 17.00 -3.00 - - -3.20

FER19 29-Jun Sample Mean 17.37 -1.95 - - 344.40

FER19 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701A 17.80 - - - 323.00

FER19 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701B 17.30 - - - 326.00

FER19 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701C 18.10 - - - 334.00

FER19 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701D 17.80 - - - 326.00

FER19 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701E 16.80 - - - 331.00

FER19 29-Jun IO Cont. IO0701F 16.90 - - - 1.68

FER19 29-Jun IO Cont. Mean 17.45 - - - 328.00

FER19 29-Jun F Std. 1 - 323.00 - - -

FER19 29-Jun F Std. 2 - 315.00 - - -

FER19 29-Jun F Std. 3 - 322.00 - - -

FER19 29-Jun F Std. 4 - 333.00 - - -

FER19 29-Jun F Std. Mean - 323.25 - - -

FER19 29-Jun DIW 5 - 3.84 - - -

FER19 29-Jun DIW 6 - 2.35 - - -

FER19 29-Jun DIW 7 - 4.31 - - -

FER19 29-Jun DIW Mean - 3.50 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER20 30-Jun Sample FER-20A 18.10 2.54 - - 292.00

FER20 30-Jun Sample FER-20B 18.30 3.23 - - 294.00

FER20 30-Jun Sample FER-20C 16.90 4.37 - - 296.00

FER20 30-Jun Sample FER-20D 17.50 3.42 - - 292.00

FER20 30-Jun Sample FER-20E 15.50 3.14 - - 286.00

FER20 30-Jun Sample FER-20F 18.70 2.27 - - 2.40

FER20 30-Jun Sample Mean 17.50 3.16 - - 292.00

FER20 30-Jun IO Cont. IO0701A 17.80 - - - 323.00

FER20 30-Jun IO Cont. IO0701B 17.30 - - - 326.00

FER20 30-Jun IO Cont. IO0701C 18.10 - - - 334.00

FER20 30-Jun IO Cont. IO0701D 17.80 - - - 326.00

FER20 30-Jun IO Cont. IO0701E 16.80 - - - 331.00

FER20 30-Jun IO Cont. IO0701F 16.90 - - - 1.68

FER20 30-Jun IO Cont. Mean 17.45 - - - 328.00

FER20 30-Jun F Std. 1 - 322.00 - - -

FER20 30-Jun F Std. 2 - 319.00 - - -

FER20 30-Jun F Std. 3 - 321.00 - - -

FER20 30-Jun F Std. 4 - 333.00 - - -

FER20 30-Jun F Std. Mean - 323.75 - - -

FER20 30-Jun DIW 5 - 3.85 - - -

FER20 30-Jun DIW 6 - 2.19 - - -

FER20 30-Jun DIW 7 - 4.74 - - -

FER20 30-Jun DIW Mean - 3.59 - - -

FER21 1-Jul Sample FER-21A 15.00 34.60 - - 314.00

FER21 1-Jul Sample FER-21B 18.90 35.90 - - 330.00

FER21 1-Jul Sample FER-21C 15.50 34.80 - - 326.00

FER21 1-Jul Sample FER-21D 17.40 36.90 - - 332.00

FER21 1-Jul Sample FER-21E 18.10 36.70 - - 330.00

FER21 1-Jul Sample FER-21F 17.80 36.70 - - 34.80

FER21 1-Jul Sample Mean 17.12 35.93 - - 326.40

FER21 1-Jul IO Cont. IO0701A 17.80 - - - 323.00

FER21 1-Jul IO Cont. IO0701B 17.30 - - - 326.00

FER21 1-Jul IO Cont. IO0701C 18.10 - - - 334.00

FER21 1-Jul IO Cont. IO0701D 17.80 - - - 326.00

FER21 1-Jul IO Cont. IO0701E 16.80 - - - 331.00

FER21 1-Jul IO Cont. IO0701F 16.90 - - - 1.68

FER21 1-Jul IO Cont. Mean 17.45 - - - 328.00

FER21 1-Jul F Std. 1 - 324.00 - - -

FER21 1-Jul F Std. 2 - 316.00 - - -

FER21 1-Jul F Std. 3 - 321.00 - - -

FER21 1-Jul F Std. 4 - 329.00 - - -

FER21 1-Jul F Std. Mean - 322.50 - - -

FER21 1-Jul DIW 5 - 4.13 - - -

FER21 1-Jul DIW 6 - 3.08 - - -

FER21 1-Jul DIW 7 - 4.77 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER21 1-Jul DIW Mean - 3.99 - - -

FER22 2-Jul Sample FER-22A 17.80 6.32 7.50 - 434.00

FER22 2-Jul Sample FER-22B 18.30 5.52 6.24 - 421.00

FER22 2-Jul Sample FER-22C 18.50 4.18 6.65 - 415.00

FER22 2-Jul Sample FER-22D 18.80 4.83 9.03 - 438.00

FER22 2-Jul Sample FER-22E 17.60 4.53 7.58 - 426.00

FER22 2-Jul Sample FER-22F 16.80 3.93 5.86 - 5.35

FER22 2-Jul Sample Mean 17.97 4.89 7.14 - 426.80

FER22 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706A 11.80 - - - 397.00

FER22 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706B 16.70 - - - 401.00

FER22 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706C 15.30 - - - 401.00

FER22 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706D 10.60 - - - 393.00

FER22 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706E 13.40 - - - 406.00

FER22 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706F 14.70 - - - 4.73

FER22 2-Jul IO Cont. Mean 13.75 - - - 399.60

FER22 2-Jul F Std. 1 - 322.00 - - -

FER22 2-Jul F Std. 2 - 317.00 - - -

FER22 2-Jul F Std. 3 - 326.00 - - -

FER22 2-Jul F Std. 4 - 332.00 - - -

FER22 2-Jul F Std. Mean - 324.25 - - -

FER22 2-Jul DIW 5 - 5.51 - - -

FER22 2-Jul DIW 6 - 2.40 - - -

FER22 2-Jul DIW 7 - 4.90 - - -

FER22 2-Jul DIW Mean - 4.27 - - -

FER23 2-Jul Sample FER-23A 18.60 3.38 5.34 - 395.00

FER23 2-Jul Sample FER-23B 10.50 1.85 4.22 - 394.00

FER23 2-Jul Sample FER-23C 18.90 4.69 6.16 - 384.00

FER23 2-Jul Sample FER-23D 12.40 1.58 4.39 - 389.00

FER23 2-Jul Sample FER-23E 12.30 1.88 4.78 - 389.00

FER23 2-Jul Sample FER-23F 11.80 1.68 4.27 - 4.30

FER23 2-Jul Sample Mean 14.08 2.51 4.86 - 390.20

FER23 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706A 11.80 - - - 397.00

FER23 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706B 16.70 - - - 401.00

FER23 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706C 15.30 - - - 401.00

FER23 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706D 10.60 - - - 393.00

FER23 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706E 13.40 - - - 406.00

FER23 2-Jul IO Cont. IO0706F 14.70 - - - 4.73

FER23 2-Jul IO Cont. Mean 13.75 - - - 399.60

FER23 2-Jul F Std. 1 - 323.00 - - -

FER23 2-Jul F Std. 2 - 317.00 - - -

FER23 2-Jul F Std. 3 - 324.00 - - -

FER23 2-Jul F Std. 4 - 329.00 - - -

FER23 2-Jul F Std. Mean - 323.25 - - -

FER23 2-Jul DIW 5 - 5.98 - - -

FER23 2-Jul DIW 6 - 2.36 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER23 2-Jul DIW 7 - 4.33 - - -

FER23 2-Jul DIW Mean - 4.22 - - -

FER24 3-Jul Sample FER-24A 15.30 11.60 14.70 - 356.00

FER24 3-Jul Sample FER-24B 12.80 12.00 14.60 - 348.00

FER24 3-Jul Sample FER-24C 14.50 11.70 14.30 - 357.00

FER24 3-Jul Sample FER-24D 16.20 11.40 14.20 - 356.00

FER24 3-Jul Sample FER-24E 17.00 11.70 15.00 - 349.00

FER24 3-Jul Sample FER-24F 13.50 11.40 14.20 - 14.80

FER24 3-Jul Sample Mean 14.88 11.63 14.50 - 353.20

FER24 3-Jul IO Cont. IO0706A 11.80 - - - 397.00

FER24 3-Jul IO Cont. IO0706B 16.70 - - - 401.00

FER24 3-Jul IO Cont. IO0706C 15.30 - - - 401.00

FER24 3-Jul IO Cont. IO0706D 10.60 - - - 393.00

FER24 3-Jul IO Cont. IO0706E 13.40 - - - 406.00

FER24 3-Jul IO Cont. IO0706F 14.70 - - - 4.73

FER24 3-Jul IO Cont. Mean 13.75 - - - 399.60

FER24 3-Jul F Std. 1 - 320.00 - - -

FER24 3-Jul F Std. 2 - 315.00 - - -

FER24 3-Jul F Std. 3 - 324.00 - - -

FER24 3-Jul F Std. 4 - 329.00 - - -

FER24 3-Jul F Std. Mean - 322.00 - - -

FER24 3-Jul DIW 5 - 6.55 - - -

FER24 3-Jul DIW 6 - 3.42 - - -

FER24 3-Jul DIW 7 - 4.80 - - -

FER24 3-Jul DIW Mean - 4.92 - - -

FER25 6-Jul Sample FER-25A 18.10 69.20 - - 489.00

FER25 6-Jul Sample FER-25B 16.40 68.20 - - 487.00

FER25 6-Jul Sample FER-25C 9.42 6.40 - - 478.00

FER25 6-Jul Sample FER-25D 14.20 69.00 - - 489.00

FER25 6-Jul Sample FER-25E 11.60 70.20 - - 486.00

FER25 6-Jul Sample FER-25F 14.10 67.90 - - 69.30

FER25 6-Jul Sample Mean 13.97 58.48 - - 485.80

FER25 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706A 11.80 - - - 397.00

FER25 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706B 16.70 - - - 401.00

FER25 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706C 15.30 - - - 401.00

FER25 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706D 10.60 - - - 393.00

FER25 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706E 13.40 - - - 406.00

FER25 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706F 14.70 - - - 4.73

FER25 6-Jul IO Cont. Mean 13.75 - - - 399.60

FER25 6-Jul F Std. 1 - 323.00 - - -

FER25 6-Jul F Std. 2 - 320.00 - - -

FER25 6-Jul F Std. 3 - 327.00 - - -

FER25 6-Jul F Std. 4 - 334.00 - - -

FER25 6-Jul F Std. Mean - 326.00 - - -

FER25 6-Jul DIW 5 - 6.79 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER25 6-Jul DIW 6 - 2.74 - - -

FER25 6-Jul DIW 7 - 4.60 - - -

FER25 6-Jul DIW Mean - 4.71 - - -

FER26 6-Jul Sample FER-26A 16.40 49.70 - - 378.00

FER26 6-Jul Sample FER-26B 13.30 49.00 - - 376.00

FER26 6-Jul Sample FER-26C 13.00 50.00 - - 385.00

FER26 6-Jul Sample FER-26D 16.80 49.80 - - 371.00

FER26 6-Jul Sample FER-26E 15.40 49.70 - - 381.00

FER26 6-Jul Sample FER-26F 13.40 50.60 - - 50.50

FER26 6-Jul Sample Mean 14.72 49.80 - - 378.20

FER26 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706A 11.80 - - - 397.00

FER26 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706B 16.70 - - - 401.00

FER26 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706C 15.30 - - - 401.00

FER26 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706D 10.60 - - - 393.00

FER26 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706E 13.40 - - - 406.00

FER26 6-Jul IO Cont. IO0706F 14.70 - - - 4.73

FER26 6-Jul IO Cont. Mean 13.75 - - - 399.60

FER26 6-Jul F Std. 1 - 323.00 - - -

FER26 6-Jul F Std. 2 - 320.00 - - -

FER26 6-Jul F Std. 3 - 327.00 - - -

FER26 6-Jul F Std. 4 - 334.00 - - -

FER26 6-Jul F Std. Mean - 326.00 - - -

FER26 6-Jul DIW 5 - 6.79 - - -

FER26 6-Jul DIW 6 - 2.74 - - -

FER26 6-Jul DIW 7 - 4.60 - - -

FER26 6-Jul DIW Mean - 4.71 - - -

FER27 7-Jul Sample FER-27A 12.00 7.46 - - -

FER27 7-Jul Sample FER-27B 14.40 6.75 - - -

FER27 7-Jul Sample FER-27C 15.20 6.77 - - -

FER27 7-Jul Sample FER-27D 12.60 6.22 - - -

FER27 7-Jul Sample FER-27E 15.60 7.59 - - -

FER27 7-Jul Sample FER-27F 18.60 7.62 - - -

FER27 7-Jul Sample Mean 14.73 7.07 - - -

FER27 7-Jul IO Cont. IO0709A 11.80 - - - 397.00

FER27 7-Jul IO Cont. IO0709B 16.70 - - - 401.00

FER27 7-Jul IO Cont. IO0709C 15.30 - - - 401.00

FER27 7-Jul IO Cont. IO0709D 10.60 - - - 393.00

FER27 7-Jul IO Cont. IO0709E 13.40 - - - 406.00

FER27 7-Jul IO Cont. IO0709F 14.70 - - - 4.73

FER27 7-Jul IO Cont. Mean 13.75 - - - 399.60

FER27 7-Jul F Std. 1 - 324.00 - - -

FER27 7-Jul F Std. 2 - 317.00 - - -

FER27 7-Jul F Std. 3 - 324.00 - - -

FER27 7-Jul F Std. 4 - 331.00 - - -

FER27 7-Jul F Std. Mean - 324.00 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER27 7-Jul DIW 5 - 6.90 - - -

FER27 7-Jul DIW 6 - 3.24 - - -

FER27 7-Jul DIW 7 - 4.80 - - -

FER27 7-Jul DIW Mean - 4.98 - - -

FER28 9-Jul Sample FER-28A 15.50 5.67 6.72 - 359.00

FER28 9-Jul Sample FER-28B 16.60 5.73 5.62 - 361.00

FER28 9-Jul Sample FER-28C 16.80 5.51 5.75 - 359.00

FER28 9-Jul Sample FER-28D 16.90 6.69 5.94 - 376.00

FER28 9-Jul Sample FER-28E 16.00 5.20 5.16 - 364.00

FER28 9-Jul Sample FER-28F 17.20 5.70 5.78 - 5.92

FER28 9-Jul Sample Mean 16.50 5.75 5.83 - 363.80

FER28 9-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER28 9-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER28 9-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER28 9-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER28 9-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER28 9-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER28 9-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER28 9-Jul F Std. 1 - 320.00 - - -

FER28 9-Jul F Std. 2 - 320.00 - - -

FER28 9-Jul F Std. 3 - 325.00 - - -

FER28 9-Jul F Std. 4 - 333.00 - - -

FER28 9-Jul F Std. Mean - 324.50 - - -

FER28 9-Jul DIW 5 - 6.06 - - -

FER28 9-Jul DIW 6 - 2.26 - - -

FER28 9-Jul DIW 7 - 4.65 - - -

FER28 9-Jul DIW Mean - 4.32 - - -

FER29 9-Jul Sample FER-29A 15.00 10.70 - - 339.00

FER29 9-Jul Sample FER-29B 14.60 10.50 - - 342.00

FER29 9-Jul Sample FER-29C 15.90 11.40 - - 350.00

FER29 9-Jul Sample FER-29D 14.30 10.00 - - 335.00

FER29 9-Jul Sample FER-29E 17.10 10.80 - - 341.00

FER29 9-Jul Sample FER-29F 16.50 10.90 - - 11.40

FER29 9-Jul Sample Mean 15.57 10.72 - - 341.40

FER29 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709A 17.50 - - - 383.00

FER29 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709B 15.50 - - - 386.00

FER29 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709C 16.00 - - - 410.00

FER29 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709D 15.40 - - - 391.00

FER29 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709E 18.10 - - - 390.00

FER29 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709F 13.00 - - - 2.32

FER29 9-Jul IO Cont. Mean 15.92 - - - 392.00

FER29 9-Jul F Std. 1 - 319.00 - - -

FER29 9-Jul F Std. 2 - 318.00 - - -

FER29 9-Jul F Std. 3 - 323.00 - - -

FER29 9-Jul F Std. 4 - 328.00 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER29 9-Jul F Std. Mean - 322.00 - - -

FER29 9-Jul DIW 5 - 6.16 - - -

FER29 9-Jul DIW 6 - 2.52 - - -

FER29 9-Jul DIW 7 - 5.10 - - -

FER29 9-Jul DIW Mean - 4.59 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul Sample FER-29dA 15.30 10.60 - - 385.00

FER29d 9-Jul Sample FER-29dB 17.20 10.50 - - 380.00

FER29d 9-Jul Sample FER-29dC 18.70 11.30 - - 381.00

FER29d 9-Jul Sample FER-29dD 16.70 10.40 - - 383.00

FER29d 9-Jul Sample FER-29dE 16.80 10.50 - - 378.00

FER29d 9-Jul Sample FER-29dF 16.70 11.20 - - 11.40

FER29d 9-Jul Sample Mean 16.90 10.75 - - 381.40

FER29d 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709A 17.50 - - - 383.00

FER29d 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709B 15.50 - - - 386.00

FER29d 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709C 16.00 - - - 410.00

FER29d 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709D 15.40 - - - 391.00

FER29d 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709E 18.10 - - - 390.00

FER29d 9-Jul IO Cont. IO0709F 13.00 - - - 2.32

FER29d 9-Jul IO Cont. Mean 15.92 - - - 392.00

FER29d 9-Jul F Std. 1 - 319.00 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul F Std. 2 - 318.00 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul F Std. 3 - 323.00 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul F Std. 4 - 328.00 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul F Std. Mean - 322.00 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul DIW 5 - 6.16 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul DIW 6 - 2.52 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul DIW 7 - 5.10 - - -

FER29d 9-Jul DIW Mean - 4.59 - - -

FER30 12-Jul Sample FER-30A 16.40 2.49 - - 389.00

FER30 12-Jul Sample FER-30B 16.10 1.14 - - 380.00

FER30 12-Jul Sample FER-30C 15.90 2.93 - - 381.00

FER30 12-Jul Sample FER-30D 15.70 1.86 - - 392.00

FER30 12-Jul Sample FER-30E 16.70 2.10 - - 388.00

FER30 12-Jul Sample FER-30F 15.20 1.46 - - 3.33

FER30 12-Jul Sample Mean 16.00 2.00 - - 386.00

FER30 12-Jul IO Cont. IO0714A 16.10 - - - 365.00

FER30 12-Jul IO Cont. IO0714B 18.00 - - - 354.00

FER30 12-Jul IO Cont. IO0714C 18.60 - - - 360.00

FER30 12-Jul IO Cont. IO0714D 17.50 - - - 350.00

FER30 12-Jul IO Cont. IO0714E 17.40 - - - 342.00

FER30 12-Jul IO Cont. IO0714F 15.90 - - - 1.99

FER30 12-Jul IO Cont. Mean 17.25 - - - 354.20

FER30 12-Jul F Std. 1 - 325.00 - - -

FER30 12-Jul F Std. 2 - 323.00 - - -

FER30 12-Jul F Std. 3 - 328.00 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER30 12-Jul F Std. 4 - 330.00 - - -

FER30 12-Jul F Std. Mean - 326.50 - - -

FER30 12-Jul DIW 5 - 6.65 - - -

FER30 12-Jul DIW 6 - 3.62 - - -

FER30 12-Jul DIW 7 - 7.36 - - -

FER30 12-Jul DIW Mean - 5.88 - - -

FER31 12-Jul Sample FER-31A 15.50 1.36 - - 412.00

FER31 12-Jul Sample FER-31B 16.20 2.10 - - 402.00

FER31 12-Jul Sample FER-31C 15.10 1.31 - - 395.00

FER31 12-Jul Sample FER-31D 16.60 1.83 - - 385.00

FER31 12-Jul Sample FER-31E 16.70 2.06 - - 400.00

FER31 12-Jul Sample FER-31F 15.40 1.35 - - 3.96

FER31 12-Jul Sample Mean 15.92 1.67 - - 398.80

FER31 12-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER31 12-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER31 12-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER31 12-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER31 12-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER31 12-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER31 12-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER31 12-Jul F Std. 1 -----

FER31 12-Jul F Std. 2 -----

FER31 12-Jul F Std. 3 -----

FER31 12-Jul F Std. 4 -----

FER31 12-Jul F Std. Mean -----

FER31 12-Jul DIW 5 -----

FER31 12-Jul DIW 6 -----

FER31 12-Jul DIW 7 -----

FER31 12-Jul DIW Mean -----

FER31 12-Jul Sample FER-31A 15.40 1.93 - - 368.00

FER31D 12-Jul Sample FER-31B 15.90 1.03 - - 373.00

FER31D 12-Jul Sample FER-31C 15.10 1.41 - - 370.00

FER31D 12-Jul Sample FER-31D 15.20 2.21 - - 374.00

FER31D 12-Jul Sample FER-31E 15.70 1.58 - - 372.00

FER31D 12-Jul Sample FER-31F 16.30 1.75 - - 3.38

FER31D 12-Jul Sample Mean 15.60 1.65 - - 371.40

FER31D 12-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER31D 12-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER31D 12-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER31D 12-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER31D 12-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER31D 12-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER31D 12-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER31D 12-Jul F Std. nd -----

FER31D 12-Jul F Std. nd -----
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER31D 12-Jul F Std. nd -----

FER31D 12-Jul F Std. nd -----

FER31D 12-Jul F Std. Mean -----

FER31D 12-Jul DIW nd -----

FER31D 12-Jul DIW nd -----

FER31D 12-Jul DIW nd -----

FER31D 12-Jul DIW Mean -----

FER32 13-Jul Sample FER-32A 17.50 1.74 - - 359.00

FER32 13-Jul Sample FER-32B 18.00 1.57 - - 364.00

FER32 13-Jul Sample FER-32C 15.90 1.64 - - 354.00

FER32 13-Jul Sample FER-32D 14.00 1.26 - - 356.00

FER32 13-Jul Sample FER-32E 16.90 1.82 - - 359.00

FER32 13-Jul Sample FER-32F 17.70 1.81 - - 3.54

FER32 13-Jul Sample Mean 16.67 1.64 - - 358.40

FER32 13-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER32 13-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER32 13-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER32 13-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER32 13-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER32 13-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER32 13-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER32 13-Jul F Std. 1 - 325.00 - - -

FER32 13-Jul F Std. 2 - 325.00 - - -

FER32 13-Jul F Std. 3 - 324.00 - - -

FER32 13-Jul F Std. 4 - 332.00 - - -

FER32 13-Jul F Std. Mean - 326.50 - - -

FER32 13-Jul DIW 5 - 8.44 - - -

FER32 13-Jul DIW 6 - 5.12 - - -

FER32 13-Jul DIW 7 - 6.24 - - -

FER32 13-Jul DIW Mean - 6.60 - - -

FER33 19-Jul Sample FER-33A 11.10 -2.10 - - 289.00

FER33 19-Jul Sample FER-33B 11.80 -2.10 - - 289.00

FER33 19-Jul Sample FER-33C 12.90 -1.80 - - 289.00

FER33 19-Jul Sample FER-33D 10.90 -0.80 - - 287.00

FER33 19-Jul Sample FER-33E 11.00 -1.70 - - 290.00

FER33 19-Jul Sample FER-33F 12.90 -1.70 - - 1.91

FER33 19-Jul Sample Mean 11.77 -1.70 - - 288.80

FER33 19-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER33 19-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER33 19-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER33 19-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER33 19-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER33 19-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER33 19-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER33 19-Jul F Std. 1 - 312.00 - - -
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER33 19-Jul F Std. 2 - 312.00 - - -

FER33 19-Jul F Std. 3 - 319.00 - - -

FER33 19-Jul F Std. 4 - 324.00 - - -

FER33 19-Jul F Std. Mean - 316.75 - - -

FER33 19-Jul DIW 5 - 6.08 - - -

FER33 19-Jul DIW 6 - 2.64 - - -

FER33 19-Jul DIW 7 - 4.69 - - -

FER33 19-Jul DIW Mean - 4.47 - - -

FER34 20-Jul Sample FER-34A 12.80 0.78 - - 273.00

FER34 20-Jul Sample FER-34B 13.00 0.14 - - 266.00

FER34 20-Jul Sample FER-34C 12.20 -0.10 - - 268.00

FER34 20-Jul Sample FER-34D 12.50 -0.10 - - 267.00

FER34 20-Jul Sample FER-34E 11.80 0.21 - - 268.00

FER34 20-Jul Sample FER-34F 12.50 0.00 - - 4.80

FER34 20-Jul Sample Mean 12.47 0.16 - - 268.40

FER34 20-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER34 20-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER34 20-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER34 20-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER34 20-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER34 20-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER34 20-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER34 20-Jul F Std. 1 - 318.00 - - -

FER34 20-Jul F Std. 2 - 316.00 - - -

FER34 20-Jul F Std. 3 - 316.00 - - -

FER34 20-Jul F Std. 4 - 326.00 - - -

FER34 20-Jul F Std. Mean - 319.00 - - -

FER34 20-Jul DIW 5 - 7.02 - - -

FER34 20-Jul DIW 6 - 3.64 - - -

FER34 20-Jul DIW 7 - 5.07 - - -

FER34 20-Jul DIW Mean - 5.24 - - -

FER35 21-Jul Sample FER-35A 9.34 2.25 - - 255.00

FER35 21-Jul Sample FER-35B 9.31 1.64 - - 256.00

FER35 21-Jul Sample FER-35C 10.10 1.52 - - 257.00

FER35 21-Jul Sample FER-35D 11.40 1.73 - - 252.00

FER35 21-Jul Sample FER-35E 9.33 1.94 - - 251.00

FER35 21-Jul Sample FER-35F 8.86 1.88 - - 4.13

FER35 21-Jul Sample Mean 9.72 1.83 - - 254.20

FER35 21-Jul IO Cont. A ---- 0.00

FER35 21-Jul IO Cont. B ---- 0.00

FER35 21-Jul IO Cont. C ---- 0.00

FER35 21-Jul IO Cont. D ---- 0.00

FER35 21-Jul IO Cont. E ---- 0.00

FER35 21-Jul IO Cont. F ---- 0.00

FER35 21-Jul IO Cont. Mean ---- 0.00
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER35 21-Jul F Std. 1 - 306.00 - - -

FER35 21-Jul F Std. 2 - 306.00 - - -

FER35 21-Jul F Std. 3 - 310.00 - - -

FER35 21-Jul F Std. 4 - 315.00 - - -

FER35 21-Jul F Std. Mean - 309.25 - - -

FER35 21-Jul DIW 5 - 6.17 - - -

FER35 21-Jul DIW 6 - 2.15 - - -

FER35 21-Jul DIW 7 - 4.36 - - -

FER35 21-Jul DIW Mean - 4.23 - - -

FER36 22-Jul Sample FER-36A 11.00 174.00 - - 421.00

FER36 22-Jul Sample FER-36B 11.30 173.00 - - 422.00

FER36 22-Jul Sample FER-36C 12.00 176.00 - - 417.00

FER36 22-Jul Sample FER-36D 10.70 175.00 - - 419.00

FER36 22-Jul Sample FER-36E 11.20 175.00 - - 422.00

FER36 22-Jul Sample FER-36F 11.30 174.00 - - 183.00

FER36 22-Jul Sample Mean 11.25 174.50 - - 420.20

FER36 22-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER36 22-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER36 22-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER36 22-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER36 22-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER36 22-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER36 22-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER36 22-Jul F Std. 1 - 310.00 - - -

FER36 22-Jul F Std. 2 - 305.00 - - -

FER36 22-Jul F Std. 3 - 309.00 - - -

FER36 22-Jul F Std. 4 - 320.00 - - -

FER36 22-Jul F Std. Mean - 311.00 - - -

FER36 22-Jul DIW 5 - 5.19 - - -

FER36 22-Jul DIW 6 - 1.55 - - -

FER36 22-Jul DIW 7 - 3.94 - - -

FER36 22-Jul DIW Mean - 3.56 - - -

FER37 23-Jul Sample FER-37A 9.71 140.00 - - 404.00

FER37 23-Jul Sample FER-37B 10.10 140.00 - - 403.00

FER37 23-Jul Sample FER-37C 10.40 137.00 - - 401.00

FER37 23-Jul Sample FER-37D 10.10 139.00 - - 395.00

FER37 23-Jul Sample FER-37E 9.41 138.00 - - 404.00

FER37 23-Jul Sample FER-37F 9.94 139.00 - - 145.00

FER37 23-Jul Sample Mean 9.94 138.83 - - 401.40

FER37 23-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER37 23-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER37 23-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER37 23-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER37 23-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER37 23-Jul IO Cont. F -----
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER37 23-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER37 23-Jul F Std. 1 - 308.00 - - -

FER37 23-Jul F Std. 2 - 304.00 - - -

FER37 23-Jul F Std. 3 - 314.00 - - -

FER37 23-Jul F Std. 4 - 316.00 - - -

FER37 23-Jul F Std. Mean - 310.50 - - -

FER37 23-Jul DIW 5 - 5.33 - - -

FER37 23-Jul DIW 6 - 1.10 - - -

FER37 23-Jul DIW 7 - 4.29 - - -

FER37 23-Jul DIW Mean - 3.57 - - -

FER38 27-Jul Sample FER-38A 12.80 3.99 - - 335.00

FER38 27-Jul Sample FER-38B 12.70 3.90 - - 326.00

FER38 27-Jul Sample FER-38C 12.70 3.13 - - 325.00

FER38 27-Jul Sample FER-38D 12.80 3.68 - - 334.00

FER38 27-Jul Sample FER-38E 12.80 3.64 - - 331.00

FER38 27-Jul Sample FER-38F 13.20 3.55 - - 8.21

FER38 27-Jul Sample Mean 12.83 3.65 - - 330.20

FER38 27-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER38 27-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER38 27-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER38 27-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER38 27-Jul IO Cont. E -----

FER38 27-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER38 27-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER38 27-Jul F Std. 1 - 317.00 - - -

FER38 27-Jul F Std. 2 - 318.00 - - -

FER38 27-Jul F Std. 3 - 324.00 - - -

FER38 27-Jul F Std. 4 - 330.00 - - -

FER38 27-Jul F Std. Mean - 322.25 - - -

FER38 27-Jul DIW 5 - 8.03 - - -

FER38 27-Jul DIW 6 - 4.07 - - -

FER38 27-Jul DIW 7 - 6.46 - - -

FER38 27-Jul DIW Mean - 6.19 - - -

FER39 28-Jul Sample FER-39A 13.10 3.81 - - 321.00

FER39 28-Jul Sample FER-39B 12.40 3.97 - - 307.00

FER39 28-Jul Sample FER-39C 13.10 3.64 - - 306.00

FER39 28-Jul Sample FER-39D 13.00 3.97 - - 309.00

FER39 28-Jul Sample FER-39E 14.20 4.55 - - 304.00

FER39 28-Jul Sample FER-39F 12.40 4.36 - - 7.97

FER39 28-Jul Sample Mean 13.03 4.05 - - 309.40

FER39 28-Jul IO Cont. A -----

FER39 28-Jul IO Cont. B -----

FER39 28-Jul IO Cont. C -----

FER39 28-Jul IO Cont. D -----

FER39 28-Jul IO Cont. E -----
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER39 28-Jul IO Cont. F -----

FER39 28-Jul IO Cont. Mean -----

FER39 28-Jul F Std. 1 - 314.00 - - -

FER39 28-Jul F Std. 2 - 317.00 - - -

FER39 28-Jul F Std. 3 - 320.00 - - -

FER39 28-Jul F Std. 4 - 327.00 - - -

FER39 28-Jul F Std. Mean - 319.50 - - -

FER39 28-Jul DIW 5 - 7.05 - - -

FER39 28-Jul DIW 6 - 3.98 - - -

FER39 28-Jul DIW 7 - 5.90 - - -

FER39 28-Jul DIW Mean - 5.64 - - -

FER40 3-Aug Sample FER-40A 13.50 123.00 - - 432.00

FER40 3-Aug Sample FER-40B 13.30 125.00 - - 438.00

FER40 3-Aug Sample FER-40C 14.00 124.00 - - 430.00

FER40 3-Aug Sample FER-40D 13.50 126.00 - - 432.00

FER40 3-Aug Sample FER-40E 13.90 126.00 - - 428.00

FER40 3-Aug Sample FER-40F 13.30 124.00 - - 132.00

FER40 3-Aug Sample Mean 13.58 124.67 - - 432.00

FER40 3-Aug IO Cont. A -----

FER40 3-Aug IO Cont. B -----

FER40 3-Aug IO Cont. C -----

FER40 3-Aug IO Cont. D -----

FER40 3-Aug IO Cont. E -----

FER40 3-Aug IO Cont. F -----

FER40 3-Aug IO Cont. Mean -----

FER40 3-Aug F Std. 1 - 320.00 - - -

FER40 3-Aug F Std. 2 - 316.00 - - -

FER40 3-Aug F Std. 3 - 319.00 - - -

FER40 3-Aug F Std. 4 - 332.00 - - -

FER40 3-Aug F Std. Mean - 321.75 - - -

FER40 3-Aug DIW 5 - 8.02 - - -

FER40 3-Aug DIW 6 - 4.36 - - -

FER40 3-Aug DIW 7 - 6.62 - - -

FER40 3-Aug DIW Mean - 6.33 - - -

FER41 5-Aug Sample FER-41A 13.60 -3.90 - - 322.00

FER41 5-Aug Sample FER-41B 13.50 -3.70 - - 330.00

FER41 5-Aug Sample FER-41C 13.00 -3.90 - - 338.00

FER41 5-Aug Sample FER-41D 13.00 -3.90 - - 331.00

FER41 5-Aug Sample FER-41E 13.30 -3.60 - - 324.00

FER41 5-Aug Sample FER-41F 13.40 -3.70 - - -3.40

FER41 5-Aug Sample Mean 13.30 -3.78 - - 329.00

FER41 5-Aug IO Cont. A 13.70 - - - 324.00

FER41 5-Aug IO Cont. B 13.90 - - - 324.00

FER41 5-Aug IO Cont. C 12.70 - - - 321.00

FER41 5-Aug IO Cont. D 14.10 - - - 325.00
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER41 5-Aug IO Cont. E 13.80 - - - 320.00

FER41 5-Aug IO Cont. F 13.60 - - - 3.38

FER41 5-Aug IO Cont. Mean 13.63 - - - 322.80

FER41 5-Aug F Std. 1 - 316.00 - - -

FER41 5-Aug F Std. 2 - 316.00 - - -

FER41 5-Aug F Std. 3 - 314.00 - - -

FER41 5-Aug F Std. 4 - 327.00 - - -

FER41 5-Aug F Std. Mean - 318.25 - - -

FER41 5-Aug DIW 5 - 7.26 - - -

FER41 5-Aug DIW 6 - 3.23 - - -

FER41 5-Aug DIW 7 - 5.29 - - -

FER41 5-Aug DIW Mean - 5.26 - - -

FER42 1-Aug Sample FER-42A 13.40 2865.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug Sample FER-42B 13.50 2800.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug Sample FER-42C 13.60 2790.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug Sample FER-42D 13.70 2810.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug Sample FER-42E 13.50 2860.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug Sample FER-42F 14.20 2955.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug Sample Mean 13.65 2846.67 - - -

FER42 1-Aug IO Cont. A -----

FER42 1-Aug IO Cont. B -----

FER42 1-Aug IO Cont. C -----

FER42 1-Aug IO Cont. D -----

FER42 1-Aug IO Cont. E -----

FER42 1-Aug IO Cont. F -----

FER42 1-Aug IO Cont. Mean -----

FER42 1-Aug F Std. 1 - 315.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug F Std. 2 - 319.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug F Std. 3 - 318.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug F Std. 4 - 326.00 - - -

FER42 1-Aug F Std. Mean - 319.50 - - -

FER42 1-Aug DIW 5 - 7.83 - - -

FER42 1-Aug DIW 6 - 2.69 - - -

FER42 1-Aug DIW 7 - 5.74 - - -

FER42 1-Aug DIW Mean - 5.42 - - -

FER43 9-Aug Sample FER-43A 12.90 3.60 - - 379.00

FER43 9-Aug Sample FER-43B 13.00 4.13 - - 372.00

FER43 9-Aug Sample FER-43C 13.20 3.51 - - 373.00

FER43 9-Aug Sample FER-43D 12.50 3.11 - - 376.00

FER43 9-Aug Sample FER-43E 12.60 4.14 - - 369.00

FER43 9-Aug Sample FER-43F 12.70 3.64 - - 3.77

FER43 9-Aug Sample Mean 12.82 3.69 - - 373.80

FER43 9-Aug IO Cont. A 10.80 - - - 456.00

FER43 9-Aug IO Cont. B 11.00 - - - 456.00

FER43 9-Aug IO Cont. C 11.10 - - - 458.00
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER43 9-Aug IO Cont. D 10.90 - - - 455.00

FER43 9-Aug IO Cont. E 10.50 - - - 458.00

FER43 9-Aug IO Cont. F 10.40 - - - 4.46

FER43 9-Aug IO Cont. Mean 10.78 - - - 456.60

FER43 9-Aug F Std. 1 - 311.00 - - -

FER43 9-Aug F Std. 2 - 310.00 - - -

FER43 9-Aug F Std. 3 - 318.00 - - -

FER43 9-Aug F Std. 4 - 322.00 - - -

FER43 9-Aug F Std. Mean - 315.25 - - -

FER43 9-Aug DIW 5 - 7.20 - - -

FER43 9-Aug DIW 6 - 3.04 - - -

FER43 9-Aug DIW 7 - 4.36 - - -

FER43 9-Aug DIW Mean - 4.87 - - -

FER44 10-Aug Sample FER-44A 12.20 -2.40 - - 383.50

FER44 10-Aug Sample FER-44B 13.10 -3.10 - - 380.50

FER44 10-Aug Sample FER-44C 13.00 -3.30 - - 379.50

FER44 10-Aug Sample FER-44D 12.20 -3.30 - - 379.00

FER44 10-Aug Sample FER-44E 12.90 -1.80 - - 381.00

FER44 10-Aug Sample FER-44F 12.10 -2.90 - - -2.50

FER44 10-Aug Sample Mean 12.58 -2.80 - - 380.70

FER44 10-Aug IO Cont. A -----

FER44 10-Aug IO Cont. B -----

FER44 10-Aug IO Cont. C -----

FER44 10-Aug IO Cont. D -----

FER44 10-Aug IO Cont. E -----

FER44 10-Aug IO Cont. F -----

FER44 10-Aug IO Cont. Mean -----

FER44 10-Aug F Std. 1 - 313.00 - - -

FER44 10-Aug F Std. 2 - 312.00 - - -

FER44 10-Aug F Std. 3 - 317.00 - - -

FER44 10-Aug F Std. 4 - 325.00 - - -

FER44 10-Aug F Std. Mean - 316.75 - - -

FER44 10-Aug DIW 5 - 6.46 - - -

FER44 10-Aug DIW 6 - 2.23 - - -

FER44 10-Aug DIW 7 - 4.76 - - -

FER44 10-Aug DIW Mean - 4.48 - - -

FER45 10-Aug Sample FER-45A 12.20 -3.90 - - 405.00

FER45 10-Aug Sample FER-45B 13.10 -3.50 - - 406.00

FER45 10-Aug Sample FER-45C 13.00 -3.60 - - 401.00

FER45 10-Aug Sample FER-45D 12.20 -3.40 - - 408.00

FER45 10-Aug Sample FER-45E 12.90 -3.80 - - 403.00

FER45 10-Aug Sample FER-45F 12.10 -3.80 - - -2.00

FER45 10-Aug Sample Mean 12.58 -3.67 - - 404.60

FER45 10-Aug IO Cont. A -----

FER45 10-Aug IO Cont. B -----
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER45 10-Aug IO Cont. C -----

FER45 10-Aug IO Cont. D -----

FER45 10-Aug IO Cont. E -----

FER45 10-Aug IO Cont. F -----

FER45 10-Aug IO Cont. Mean -----

FER45 10-Aug F Std. 1 - 310.00 - - -

FER45 10-Aug F Std. 2 - 312.00 - - -

FER45 10-Aug F Std. 3 - 314.00 - - -

FER45 10-Aug F Std. 4 - 319.00 - - -

FER45 10-Aug F Std. Mean - 313.75 - - -

FER45 10-Aug DIW 5 - 8.40 - - -

FER45 10-Aug DIW 6 - 4.26 - - -

FER45 10-Aug DIW 7 - 6.08 - - -

FER45 10-Aug DIW Mean - 6.25 - - -

FER46 10-Aug Sample FER-46A 12.20 -3.30 - - 362.00

FER46 10-Aug Sample FER-46B 11.60 -3.40 - - 362.00

FER46 10-Aug Sample FER-46C 11.10 -3.30 - - 363.00

FER46 10-Aug Sample FER-46D 11.40 -3.40 - - 365.00

FER46 10-Aug Sample FER-46E 11.00 -3.20 - - 362.00

FER46 10-Aug Sample FER-46F 11.70 -2.60 - - -1.70

FER46 10-Aug Sample Mean 11.50 -3.20 - - 362.80

FER46 10-Aug IO Cont. A 10.20 - - - 400.00

FER46 10-Aug IO Cont. B 11.10 - - - 397.00

FER46 10-Aug IO Cont. C 9.96 - - - 400.00

FER46 10-Aug IO Cont. D 10.10 - - - 395.00

FER46 10-Aug IO Cont. E 13.00 - - - 395.00

FER46 10-Aug IO Cont. F 10.50 - - - 0.00

FER46 10-Aug IO Cont. Mean 10.81 - - - 397.40

FER46 10-Aug F Std. 1 - 316.00 - - -

FER46 10-Aug F Std. 2 - 316.00 - - -

FER46 10-Aug F Std. 3 - 319.00 - - -

FER46 10-Aug F Std. 4 - 326.00 - - -

FER46 10-Aug F Std. Mean - 319.25 - - -

FER46 10-Aug DIW 5 - 8.86 - - -

FER46 10-Aug DIW 6 - 5.20 - - -

FER46 10-Aug DIW 7 - 7.17 - - -

FER46 10-Aug DIW Mean - 7.08 - - -

FER47 11-Aug Sample FER-47A 12.30 -1.70 - - 400.00

FER47 11-Aug Sample FER-47B 12.00 -1.70 - - 395.00

FER47 11-Aug Sample FER-47C 12.00 -1.60 - - 399.00

FER47 11-Aug Sample FER-47D 12.80 -1.70 - - 398.00

FER47 11-Aug Sample FER-47E 12.10 -1.90 - - 402.00

FER47 11-Aug Sample FER-47F 12.70 -1.60 - - -1.90

FER47 11-Aug Sample Mean 12.32 -1.70 - - 398.80

FER47 11-Aug IO Cont. A 10.20 - - - 414.00
ADDENDUM: RAW DATA FROM FERREL 1999 CRUISE

Site Date Analyte Vial # Vial Blk Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Spike

FER47 11-Aug IO Cont. B 11.10 - - - 418.00

FER47 11-Aug IO Cont. C 9.96 - - - 416.00

FER47 11-Aug IO Cont. D 10.10 - - - 409.00

FER47 11-Aug IO Cont. E 13.00 - - - 413.00

FER47 11-Aug IO Cont. F 10.50 - - - 0.00

FER47 11-Aug IO Cont. Mean 10.81 - - - 414.00

FER47 11-Aug F Std. 1 - 314.00 - - -

FER47 11-Aug F Std. 2 - 313.00 - - -

FER47 11-Aug F Std. 3 - 316.00 - - -

FER47 11-Aug F Std. 4 - 326.00 - - -

FER47 11-Aug F Std. Mean - 317.25 - - -

FER47 11-Aug DIW 5 - 8.00 - - -

FER47 11-Aug DIW 6 - 4.12 - - -

FER47 11-Aug DIW 7 - 6.50 - - -

FER47 11-Aug DIW Mean - 6.21 - - -