1

Roving inspectors are plain-clothes customs inspectors who mingle with arriving passengers

at the airport and are trained to spot suspicious individuals or luggage. Inspector Sweeting had

received such training, but had been a roving inspector for only nine months in November 1995. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 96-4624

Non-Argument Calendar.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Moises QUILCA-CARPIO, Defendant-Appellant.

May 22, 1997.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 95-962-CR),

Donald Graham, Judge.

Before ANDERSON, BIRCH and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Moises Quilca-Carpio was convicted of importation of cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 952(a), and

possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). On appeal, he contends that:

(1) there was insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction and (2) the district court erred by

denying his motion for a new trial or, in the alternative, for an evidentiary hearing because of juror

misconduct. We affirm.

On November 26, 1995, Quilca-Carpio traveled from Lima, Peru, his native country, to the

United States. After claiming the two pieces of luggage that he had checked for the flight, a blue

suitcase and a black roller-bag, he proceeded through immigration and customs. He cleared

immigration and a primary customs station, but was later stopped for a random check at a secondary

customs station by roving inspector Dwight Sweeting.1

 The inspector emptied the black roller-bag

of its contents, which consisted of Peruvian fur rugs. He felt inside the bag and noticed an unusual

thickness in its bottom. He lifted it and determined that it weighed noticeably more than this type

of bag would normally weigh.
Sweeting then motioned inspector Gilberto Aguilar, an inspector with over five years of

experience, for help. Aguilar later testified at trial that the bag did not look suspicious and that the

weight of the bag was the only thing suspicious about it. He estimated that it weighed about eight

to ten pounds, while the normal weight for that type of bag is usually about five pounds. The bag

was x-rayed and revealed nothing unusual. Sweeting then obtained a probe and punctured the

bottom of the roller-bag. The probe revealed a white substance hidden in the false bottom of the

roller-bag. The substance field-tested as cocaine. The total weight of the cocaine was 3.94

kilograms (or about 8.5 pounds). Aguilar also testified that Quilca-Carpio's answers to his questions

throughout the process were all normal and that Quilca-Carpio did not exhibit any nervousness. The

prosecution rested after presenting the testimony of inspectors Aguilar and Sweeting. The defense

rested without presenting any evidence.

 Sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law that we review de novo. United States v.

Keller, 916 F.2d 628, 632 (11th Cir.1990). We view "the evidence in the light most favorable to the

jury's verdict, and accept reasonable inferences and credibility choices by the fact-finder." United

States v. Mattos, 74 F.3d 1197, 1199 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 116 S.Ct. 1839, 134

L.Ed.2d 942 (1996). We uphold the conviction if a reasonable trier of fact could find that the

evidence establishes the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. The evidence need not,

however, "exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every

conclusion except that of guilt." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

 Quilca-Carpio contends that the evidence failed to prove that he knew that cocaine was

concealed in the roller-bag and that the government, thus, failed to prove the element of intent

necessary to sustain his conviction for both importation of cocaine and possession of cocaine with

intent to distribute. See United States v. Peart, 888 F.2d 101, 104 & n. 2 (11th Cir.1989). Direct

evidence of knowledge, however, is not necessary to sustain Quilca-Carpio's conviction; the

government may prove its case through circumstantial evidence. See id. at 104. The government

argues that the jury reasonably could infer that Quilca-Carpio knew the bag concealed almost four

kilograms of cocaine in a hidden compartment because he checked the roller-bag as his own luggage
on the flight from Lima and apparently owned it. In other words, the government contends that the

fact that Quilca-Carpio possessed the bag—which is not contested by Quilca-Carpio—supports an

inference that he knew of its contents.

Quilca-Carpio responds that possession of a bag that contains contraband in a well-hidden

compartment is analogous to a defendant's presence in a car in which contraband is hidden. In such

situations, we have required that "in addition to mere presence on the vehicle, or control over it,

there be circumstances evidencing a consciousness of guilt on the part of the defendant." United

States v. Stanley, 24 F.3d 1314, 1320 (11th Cir.1994) (quoting United States v. Gonzalez-Lira, 936

F.2d 184, 192 (5th Cir.1991) (citations omitted)); see also id. at 1320-21 (collecting from this and

other circuits cases in which evidence in addition to mere presence in, or control over, a vehicle was

required to sustain a conviction). Quilca-Carpio further argues that our cases involving the

conviction of defendants who had attempted to smuggle narcotics in luggage brought from overseas

supports the fact that additional evidence is invariably present to support the conviction. See United

States v. Rivera, 944 F.2d 1563, 1565 (11th Cir.1991) (additional evidence included travel under

suspicious circumstances and three suitcases, each having a "false bottom ... so obvious that "it

jumped out at' " the customs inspector); United States v. Herrera, 931 F.2d 761, 762-63 (11th

Cir.1991) (additional evidence included the facts that the defendant "was rigid and tense" in the

airport, "became evasive and nervous" when questioned by a customs inspector, later "became

increasingly nervous and gave inconsistent answers to routine questions concerning her travel

arrangements," and finally testified on her own behalf at trial and was disbelieved by the jury);

Peart, 888 F.2d at 104-05 (additional evidence included the fact that the defendant, a soldier, had

falsified travel orders; tried to distance himself from the ownership of the bag even though it

contained some of his belongings and he had baggage claim stubs corresponding to the bag; claimed

that he lost his luggage but was apprehended leaving the airport without filing a claim; and testified

on his own behalf and was apparently disbelieved by the jury); United States v. Duran, 687 F.2d

348, 350-51 (11th Cir.1982) (additional evidence included suspicious actions by the defendant in

Barranquilla, Colombia, on the morning of his arrest; the defendant also testified in his defense and
 2

Quilca-Carpio submitted a letter to the trial court before sentencing in which he explained

how he came to be traveling to Miami with a roller-bag that contained cocaine. Quilca-Carpio

maintained that he unwittingly was set up by friends and gave the district court an account of the

names and addresses of these friends. The district court found that Quilca-Carpio met the

truthfulness requirement for application of the safety valve provision contained in 18 U.S.C. §

3553(f) and U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2 (allowing the district court to impose a sentence within the

sentencing guidelines applicable range without regard to the statutory minimum). The district

court exhibited its skepticism of the jury's verdict when it responded to the government's

argument that the court could not simultaneously uphold a guilty verdict and find that a

defendant who maintains his innocence has been truthful for the purpose of sentencing. The

district court said: "It's true that the jury found the defendant guilty, and I've decided not to

disturb that verdict. A reasonable jury based upon the facts, I suppose, could conclude that he

committed the offense knowingly and intentionally." R8-13 (emphasis added). Considering

how close this case is, we share the district court's concern regarding the judgment in this case; 

we also agree, however, with the district court's conclusion that a proper application of the

standard of review requires that we uphold the jury's verdict. 

his "credibility was badly shaken").

While Quilca-Carpio is correct in pointing out that additional evidence is typically present

in cases involving airport couriers, we have never held that such additional evidence is necessary

to support a conviction. We agree with the government and the district court2 that a reasonable jury

could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that a person who is caught with luggage containing a

significant amount of drugs knew of the presence of the drugs. A reasonable jury could infer from

the quantity of drugs seized that a "prudent smuggler" is not likely to entrust such valuable cargo

to an innocent person without that person's knowledge. Cf. United States v. Cruz-Valdez, 773 F.2d

1541, 1547 (11th Cir.1985) (en banc) ("[A] prudent smuggler is not likely to suffer the presence of

unaffiliated bystanders."). Moreover, in this case, the government presented the additional evidence

of the unusual weight of the roller-bag. We conclude that, although this case is very close indeed,

the evidence presented at trial was sufficient for a reasonable jury to decide that Quilca-Carpio was

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

Quilca-Carpio further contends that the district court erred in denying his motion for a new

trial, or at least for an evidentiary hearing, because of juror misconduct. One week after QuilcaCarpio was convicted, one of the members of the jury, John Bonanno, participated in the voir dire

for an unrelated trial involving charges of possession of a firearm by a felon, use of a firearm in

relation to a drug trafficking crime, and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. The court
in the second trial dismissed Bonanno sua sponte after the following exchange occurred:

JUROR: It would [be] really difficult [for me to sit as a juror], because I have had friends

charged with similar offenses; and it just would be kind of—I guess it wouldn't make my

judgment quite as fair.

I mean I would feel like—I guess I just don't feel like I can give a completely fair

judgment like someone else could in this case.

THE COURT: You think that it would make you biased one way or the other?

JUROR: Yeah. It might make me biased. I just don't feel comfortable with it.

R1-43-14. Because Bonanno did not disclose during the voir dire for Quilca-Carpio's trial the facts

that Bonanno had friends charged with similar offenses and that this might make him biased, QuilcaCarpio contends that he is entitled to a new trial due to juror misconduct or, at least, to a hearing on

this matter.

 A district court's decision whether to grant a new trial or an evidentiary hearing is reviewed

for abuse of discretion. See McDonough Power Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 556, 104

S.Ct. 845, 850, 78 L.Ed.2d 663 (1984) (new trial); United States v. Dynalectric Co., 859 F.2d 1559,

1580 (11th Cir.1988) (evidentiary hearing). Under McDonough, "to obtain a new trial ... a party

must first demonstrate that a juror failed to answer honestly a material question on voir dire, and

then further show that a correct response would have provided a valid basis for a challenge for

cause." McDonough, 464 U.S. at 556, 104 S.Ct. at 850; BankAtlantic v. Blythe Eastman Paine

Webber, Inc., 955 F.2d 1467, 1473 (11th Cir.1992). Here, the district court reviewed Bonanno's

responses in the second voir dire and thought it would be speculative to assume that Bonanno, in

fact, was dishonest in Quilca-Carpio's voir dire. Moreover, the district court ruled that, if there was

any potential bias on Bonanno's part, it likely would have inured to the benefit of the defendant

rather than the prosecution. We agree with the district court's determination that Quilca-Carpio did

not meet the standard for a new trial set out in McDonough. We further conclude that the district

court acted within its discretion in denying Quilca-Carpio's request for an evidentiary hearing.

AFFIRMED.