NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RUBY GLEN, LLC, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

INTERNET CORPORATION FOR 

ASSIGNED NAMES AND NUMBERS and 

DOES, 1-10, 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 16-56890 

D.C. No. 

2:16-cv-05505-PA-AS 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Percy Anderson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted October 9, 2018 

Pasadena, California

Before: SCHROEDER, M. SMITH, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.

Ruby Glen, LLC (“Ruby Glen”) appeals the district court’s dismissal of its 

First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) against Internet Corporation for Assigned 

Names and Numbers (“ICANN”). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

“We review de novo dismissals for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).” 

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

OCT 15 2018

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

McKesson HBOC, Inc. v. N.Y. State Common Ret. Fund, Inc., 339 F.3d 1087, 1090 

(9th Cir. 2003). We affirm. 

The district court properly dismissed the FAC on the ground that Ruby 

Glen’s claims are barred by the covenant not to sue contained in the Applicant 

Guidebook. As the district court found, the covenant not to sue is not void under 

California Civil Code section 1668. Ruby Glen is not without recourse—it can 

challenge ICANN’s actions through the Independent Review Process, which Ruby 

Glen concedes “is effectively an arbitration, operated by the International Centre 

for Dispute Resolution of the American Arbitration Association, comprised of an 

independent panel of arbitrators.” Thus, the covenant not to sue does not exempt 

ICANN from liability, but instead is akin to an alternative dispute resolution 

agreement falling outside the scope of section 1668. See Cal. Civ. Code. § 1668

(“All contracts which have for their object . . . to exempt anyone from 

responsibility for his own fraud, or willful injury . . . , or violation of law . . . are 

against the policy of the law.” (emphasis added)); see also Cont’l Airlines, Inc. v. 

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 819 F.2d 1519, 1527 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding that an 

“exculpatory clause” does not violate California Civil Code section 1668 where the 

clause bars suit, but “[o]ther sanctions remain in place”); Mitsubishi Motors Corp. 

v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 628 (1985) (“By agreeing to 
3 

arbitrate . . . , a party does not forgo [its] substantive rights . . . ; it only submits to 

their resolution in an arbitral, rather than a judicial, forum.”). 

The district court also properly rejected Ruby Glen’s argument that the 

covenant not to sue is unconscionable. Even assuming that the adhesive nature of 

the Guidebook renders the covenant not to sue procedurally unconscionable, it is 

not substantively unconscionable. See Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., 61 Cal. 

4th 899, 910 (2015) (explaining that procedural and substantive unconscionability 

“must both be present in order for a court to exercise its discretion to refuse to 

enforce a contract or clause under the doctrine of unconscionability” (emphasis in 

original) (internal quotation marks omitted)); Grand Prospect Partners, L.P. v. 

Ross Dress for Less, Inc., 232 Cal. App. 4th 1332, 1347–48 (2015) (holding that 

procedural unconscionability “may be established by showing the contract is one 

of adhesion”). Because Ruby Glen may pursue its claims through the Independent 

Review Process, the covenant not to sue is not “so one-sided as to shock the 

conscience.” See Walnut Producers of Cal. v. Diamond Foods, Inc., 187 Cal. App. 

4th 634, 647–48 (2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).
4 

Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Ruby Glen 

leave to amend because any amendment would have been futile. See Carrico v. 

City & Cty. of San Francisco, 656 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 2011).1

AFFIRMED. 

 

1 Ruby Glen raises several additional arguments that it failed to raise below. We 

decline to consider those arguments because they were raised for the first time on 

appeal. See Dream Palace v. Cty. of Maricopa, 384 F.3d 990, 1005 (9th Cir. 

2004).