Executive Summary

A new information source, the Local

Employment Dynamics (LED) program for

Pennsylvania, shows:

• The workforce is aging. From 1998

through 2002, an increasing percentage of the workforce was 45 years and

older. The proportion of people 65

years and older who continue working

has also increased, but slightly.

• Industries in which more than 1 in 5

workers were 55 years and older in

2002 include: local and suburban transit, apparel from fabrics, textile mill

products, real estate, and educational

services. Of these, textile mill products had relatively few workers.

• An example of an industry with a high

turnover rate for workers 55 years and

older is the local and suburban transit

industry.

• An example of an industry with a low

turnover rate for older workers is the

transportation equipment industry.

• Industries where workers 65 years and

over are most likely to be employed

include the service industries of health

services, business services, and wholesale trade—durables. Food stores are

also an important source of work for

the oldest workers.

• On average, in 2002, for workers 65

years and over, 11,324 jobs were

gained and 15,551 were lost. 

• Of the industries that employed more

than 500 workers 65 years and older,

the highest paying were security and

commodities brokers ($6,701 a month)

and legal services ($4,204 a month). 

Introduction

A large wave of workers born during the

Baby Boom of 1946 to 1964 will be leaving the workforce over the next few

decades. A larger share than in past generations may "retire" to collect the pensions they earned over their work life and

then continue working part-time or in

more flexible working arrangements.1

Decision makers are looking at the economic and policy implications for a wide

range of programs and institutions,

including Social Security and Medicare;

financial markets; the housing market;

and recreation, transportation, and health

care systems.

What the workforce of the future looks

like will depend on many factors. This

report focuses on one possible scenario

that some scholars consider to be reasonable. It assumes that Baby Boomers replicate the retirement behavior of previous

generations and that immigrant workers

do not fill all of the jobs left vacant by

these retirements. If these assumptions

prove accurate:

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Issued May 2005

LED/OW-PA

A Profile Of Older Workers In 

Pennsylvania

By 

Nick Carroll 

and 

Cynthia Taeuber

Sponsored by the 

National Institute on Aging

National Institutes of Health

Department of Health and 

Human Services

Local Employment Dynamics

1 The term "retirees" refers to workers who collect

pensions—who may have varied labor market experiences. Some may completely leave the labor force and

others may continue to work. Of those who continue to

work while they receive pensions, some may work fewer

than 35 hours a week, some may work only part of the

year, and others may continue in the labor force yearround and full-time. 

U S C E N S U S B U R E A U

Helping You Make Informed Decisions
The United States will lose the

services of millions of highly

skilled, experienced workers.

Because of the baby dearth that

followed the Baby Boom, there

will not be many new workers to

replace them, even as the senior

adult population grows significantly. Labor force growth is

expected to fall from 1.1 percent per year in the 1990s to

0.36 percent per year in the

period 2010 to 2020.2

Regardless of how the future

unfolds, information about the

workforce decisions made by the

Baby Boomers can be useful to a

number of groups. Decision makers in Pennsylvania need to know

which industries and regions of the

state are likely to be most affected

by changes in the size and composition of the labor force in coming

decades. Similarly, businesses

need such information both to

make more informed plans for

transitions and to pinpoint potential problem areas and new opportunities. Older workers who want

to continue working need to know

in what industries and in what

areas of Pennsylvania jobs are

available, how flexible businesses

are about their working arrangements, and the level of earnings

they can expect.

The U.S. Census Bureau, together

with state partners, is developing

several new sources of information

to support these needs. The Local

Employment Dynamics (LED) program, one of the newest resources,

produces workforce indicators that

are updated every quarter for each

partner state and its metropolitan

areas, counties, and Workforce

Investment Areas.3 Statistics are

available without cost on the program’s Web site

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov/> and

additional indicators are available

from partner states. The statistics

are historical and come from multiple, high-quality information

sources that include most of the

working population (see "Sources

and Accuracy of the Data" at the

end of this report for additional

information about coverage). 

The LED program is a partnership

between the Census Bureau and

participating states. As of April

2005, 37 states and the District of

Columbia are partners with the

Census Bureau in creating this information.4 Those 37 states and the

District of Columbia cover about

four-fifths of America's workers.

Additional states are planning to

join the partnership.

This report uses Quarterly

Workforce Indicators (QWI) from

the LED program for the state of

Pennsylvania to focus on two

groups of older workers: those

who are likely to be receiving pension income (65 and older), and

the preretirement group (55–64

years old). People in the preretirement group may collect pensions

within the next 10 years, but may

or may not continue to participate

in the labor force. 

With the LED, we can respond to

questions such as:

What changes are occurring in

the age composition of the workforce in a geographic area?

Which industries will be most

affected by the departure of

older workers from the workforce?

In what industries do older people tend to continue working

and under what circumstances?

Which industries create jobs for

older workers? Suffer the most

job losses? 

Which industries have the lowest

job turnover rates for older

workers?

How much do older workers

earn in various industry groups

and geographic areas?

As the LED statistics in this report

show, older workers in Pennsylvania

have been an increasing proportion

of the labor force. We learn from

the LED information that older

workers tend to be employed in the

same industries that employ large

numbers of younger workers, but

the best-paid are those who work in

financial firms with relatively few

older workers. We do not know yet

whether Pennsylvania will undergo

rapid and massive changes, or gradual changes due to the retirement

of experienced workers of the Baby

Boom generation along with the

movement of workers into and out

of Pennsylvania. We do know that

both have the potential to affect the

age distribution of the workforce

significantly. Planners in

Pennsylvania will be able to keep an

2 U.S. Census Bureau

2 Penner, Rudolph, Pamela Perun, and

Eugene Steuerle. "Legal and Institutional

Impediments to Partial Retirement and PartTime Work by Older Workers," The Urban

Institute, 2002. 

3 Other related information sources from the

Census Bureau include the American

Community Survey <http://www.census.gov

/acs/www > and the economic census

<http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/econ2002

.html>.

4 As of April 2005, the partner states whose

data were being processed were: AL, AR, CA,

CO, DE, FL, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, MD, ME, MN,

MO, MT, NC, ND, NJ, NM, OK, OR, PA, SC, TN,

TX, VT, VA, WA, WI, and WV. Additional partner

states include: DC, GA, MI, NV, OH, and UT.

This is an ongoing project and additional states

are expected to join.

Quarterly Workforce

Indicators for partner states

and detailed information

about the LED program are

available at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>. 
eye on the impact of such factors

and emerging trends by using the

LED statistics.

How is the age composition of

the workforce in Pennsylvania

changing?

The aging of Baby Boom workers

led to an increase in the proportion

of the workforce 45 years and

older from 1998 to 2002 in

Pennsylvania. Many planners 

anticipate this proportion will grow

even more rapidly over the next 2

decades unless a large influx of

younger workers comes into

Pennsylvania. In 1998, about 67

percent of Pennsylvania workers

were 14 to 44 years old (Figure 1).

By 2002, that figure had dropped

to about 63 percent of workers.

Twenty percent of Pennsylvania

workers were 45 to 54 years old in

1998 and 22 percent were in that

age group in 2002.

The falling share of younger workers occurred across the economy

of Pennsylvania. The share of

workers in Pennsylvania who are

65 and older, the traditional age

when most workers leave the labor

force permanently, increased

slightly, from about 3.0 percent to

3.4 percent, from 1998 to 2002.

Which industries will be most

affected by the aging

workforce? 

Unless there is an infusion of new

workers from outside Pennsylvania,

or from other Pennsylvania industries, the industries identified in

Figure 25 are those likely to be

most affected by the aging of the

workforce.6 If older workers seek

either more flexibility in hours or

leave these industries completely,

companies may suffer a considerU.S. Census Bureau 3

Beginning-of-Quarter

Employment

Total number of workers 

who were employed by the

same employer in the 

reference and previous

quarters

Skill Level

Quarters of work experience

5 Workers in private households are not

shown in the text because the coverage of private households is low relative to other industries.

6 Because the QWI come from a mixture of

sources, they are not directly comparable with

statistics from worker-based surveys such as

the decennial census, the American Community

Survey, and the Current Population Survey.

Industries are based on the Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) system. The LED program

converted from the SIC system to the North

American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

in early 2004. Some classification titles appear

to be similar, but the detailed industry groups

that compose the categories may differ

between the SIC and NAICS systems. 

Figure 1.

Pennsylvania Workforce by Age Group: 1998 to 2002

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and 

Analysis, Local Employment Dynamics program's Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

[Percent of beginning-of-quarter employment]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Apr-98 Apr-99 Apr-00 Apr-01 Apr-02

65+

14-44

45-54

55-64 
able loss of skills and knowledge.

Thus, industries with a high proportion of workers near retirement

might need, for example, to plan

for increased training to respond

to the loss of older workers and

their institutional knowledge. 

Figure 2 shows that the local and

suburban transit industry in

Pennsylvania had a high proportion

of older workers—about 17.1 percent were 55–64 years old and

about 12 percent were 65 years

and older. Other industries with a

relatively high proportion of workers 55 years and older included

apparel from fabrics (25.7 percent), textile mill products (22.3

percent) and real estate (22.2 percent). 

The demand for older workers

and job stability

An indicator of the degree to which

businesses need older workers is

the turnover rate of older workers

within an industry. Industries with

a history of relatively high turnover

rates may have little need for specific skills and may find it easy to

replace employees. As a result,

firms in such industries may be

likely to pay relatively low wages.

A relatively low turnover rate for a

specific age group, such as older

workers, may indicate that workers

in that age group are relatively

skilled or not readily replaced. The

LED data enable us, for the first

time, to identify the nature of

demand for older workers in particular industries. 

The job turnover rate is also a

measure of job stability. Older

workers who work in low turnover

industries may spend less time

looking for work and retraining for

new jobs. The average quarterly

turnover rate for all workers in

Pennsylvania was 11.4 percent in

2002 (although this includes the

relatively high turnover rates of

teenagers and young adults).7 For

workers 65 years and older, it was

9.3 percent; for those 55 years and

older, 8.2 percent. 

The industries in Figure 2 with the

highest average quarterly turnover

rates for workers 55–64 years old

in 2002 were local and suburban

transit (average quarterly turnover

rate of 12.6 percent), petroleum

refining (10.2 percent), and primary metals (9.5 percent).

Industries from Figure 2 with lower

4 U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 2.

Selected Industries With a High Proportion of 

Older Workers by Age, for Pennsylvania: 2002

Note: Details do not cover the total workforce in these age categories.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, 

Center for Workforce Information and Analysis, Local Employment Dynamics program’s 

Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Total

Real estate

Miscellaneous

 manufacturing

Educational services

Measuring and analyzing

instruments

Transportation equipment

Industrial and 

commercial machinery

Local and suburban transit

Primary metal industries

Textile mill products

Apparel from fabrics

55-64

65+

[Includes only industries that employed 500 or more workers in each age 

category in Pennsylvania]

20.2

5.5

18.2 

4.1

17.7

1.4

17.1 

12.0

15.8 

2.6

15.7 

1.6

15.7 

2.5

15.4 

4.6

14.9 

2.8

14.8

7.4

11.3

3.4

7 This is a simple average of 4 quarters in a

calendar year.
average quarterly turnover rates

for this age group include transportation equipment, industrial

and commercial machinery, and

textile mill products (with turnover

rates of 5.2, 7.0, and 7.0 percent

respectively). Average quarterly

turnover rates for 2002 for these

and other industries are shown in

Appendix Table A2.

Of the top ten industries in

Pennsylvania employing workers

65 years and older in 2002 (Table

1 and Figure 3), the business services (14.5 percent) and eating and

drinking places (11.5 percent)

industries had the highest average

quarterly turnover rates; the lowest

was the general merchandise

stores (7.1 percent) industry. 

Where do older workers work?

This section asks where older

workers are most concentrated

because the types of work performed by today's older workers

may indicate the work that older

people will perform in the future.

Planners might also examine the

type of work done by younger age

groups, such as those 35–44 years

old, for the changes they might

expect among older workers, given

differences in the type of education different age groups received

and changes in the needs of industries.

As shown in Figure 3, the industries where workers 65 years and

over were most likely to be

employed in Pennsylvania in 2002

were health services, business

services, wholesale trade—durables

and food stores (employing 5 percent to almost 10 percent of the

workforce 65 years and older, over

7,500 workers each). Half of workers 65 years and older in

Pennsylvania were employed in the

ten industries shown in Figure 3,

compared with 46.9 percent of all

workers. Older and younger workers may be employed in distinctly

different types of firms within

these industries, however, and may

be assigned different tasks. 

Between 1998 and 2002, there were

few changes in the top ten industries

that employed the largest number of

workers 65 and older (Table 2).8

Despite the shuffling in rank, service

industries have long been the major

employers of the oldest workers in

Pennsylvania. 

Employment dynamics and

older workers

The employment numbers in the

preceding section show only one

part of the employment picture.

Even when levels of employment in

an industry change little, enormous

change can occur in the underlying

numbers. Economists refer to the

underlying changes as "job gain" and

"job loss." Even if employment levels in an industry stay the same,

some firms add jobs and others

eliminate jobs. So, while Figure 3

identifies the industries that

employed a high proportion of workers 65 years and older in

Pennsylvania in 2002, LED program

U.S. Census Bureau 5

8 Historical statistics are consistent in the

LED program, so it is possible to make comparisons of statistics over time.

Table 1.

Job Stability in Pennsylvania by Industry: 2002

[Top 10 industries statewide employing workers 65 and older]

Industry Workers 65

and older

(number)

Average quarterly

turnover rate

for workers

65 and older

(percent)

Average quarterly

turnover rate

for workers

14 and older

(percent)

Workers 14

and older

(number)

Health services .............................. 15,657 8.3 9.8 587,204

Business services ............................ 10,453 14.5 18.8 300,696

Wholesale trade—durables . ................... 8,189 7.3 8.6 158,689

Food stores. ................................. 7,629 7.7 12.8 172,183

Eating and drinking places .................... 7,434 11.5 18.6 329,006

Educational services .......................... 7,396 7.1 8.2 160,587

Miscellaneous retail........................... 7,038 8.3 12.9 142,675

General merchandise stores ................... 6,809 7.1 11.7 126,303

Social services ............................... 6,284 8.1 11.2 169,168

Car dealers and gas stations .................. 5,971 8.6 12.1 97,402

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Tables A1 and A2. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Turnover Rate — A measure

of workforce stability, the

turnover rate reflects the

movement of workers into

and out of jobs.

Turnover rate = 

(A worker who retires is

included in the turnover rate.)

* ( ) 2

1

, −1

+

t t

t t

average employment

accessions separations
data reveal more detail. LED indicators also tally the number of jobs

gained and lost by older workers in

the Pennsylvania economy.9

The LED statistics reveal that, on

average in Pennsylvania in 2002, for

workers 65 years and older, 11,324

jobs were gained a quarter

(Appendix Table A4) and 15,551

were lost (Appendix Table A5)—on

average, a net decrease of 4,227

such workers employed a quarter.

The industries that created the most

jobs for workers 65 years and older

(Table 3) were business services,

with 1,285 jobs gained on average a

quarter, followed by amusement and

recreation (786 jobs). The industries

that lost the most jobs for the oldest

workers were business services

(1,332 jobs a quarter lost on average), health services (1,287 jobs),

and eating and drinking places (817

jobs). These changes represented,

in Pennsylvania in 2002, an average

net loss of 502 jobs in health services, 53 jobs in eating and drinking

places, and 48 jobs in business services.

What do older workers earn?

On average, full-quarter workers

65 years and older in 2002 earned

$1,880 a month in Pennsylvania,

and workers of all ages averaged

$2,953 a month (Table 4 and

Appendix Table A6).

As is the case for all workers, the

average earnings levels of older

workers vary greatly among industries. For example, in health services, which employed 9.5 percent

of all workers 65 years and older

in Pennsylvania in 2002, the average monthly earnings were $2,357.

Workers 14 and older in that

industry had average monthly 

earnings of $3,088. About 6 percent of the oldest workers in

Pennsylvania were employed by the

business services industry, and

they had average monthly earnings

of $1,422. Of the top ten industries of older workers in

Pennsylvania in 2002, the industry

with the highest average monthly

earnings was educational services,

with an average of $2,936 a

month; the lowest was eating and

drinking places, with an average

$840 a month.

Among all industry groups, security

and commodity brokers had the

highest average monthly earnings in

2002 for workers 65 years and

older—$6,701—compared with

$6,665 for all workers in this industry (Table 5). The number of workers 65 years and older in this industry is relatively small—693 workers.

Other high paying industries include

holding and other investment

offices and legal services. Legal

6 U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 3.

Workers 65 Years and Older in Selected Industries

for Pennsylvania: 2002

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and 

Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis, Local Employment 

Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Table A3. See Web site at 

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

[Percent of workers aged 65+ years]

Car dealers and gas stations

Social services

General merchandise stores

Miscellaneous retail

Educational services

Eating and drinking places

Food stores

Wholesale trade—durables

Business services

Health services 9.5

8.0

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.3

4.1

3.8

3.6

5.0

Job Gain — New jobs created

either by new businesses

opening or by existing firms

adding new jobs

Job Loss — Jobs lost to the

economy when businesses

close or reduce employment

Net Job Flow — The difference

between current and previous

beginning-of-quarter employment across all businesses

9 Job losses for older workers can happen in

two ways—a firm can actually reduce employment, or it can substitute a younger worker for

an older worker who may have taken another

job, retired, or left involuntarily.
services—employing more than

1,500 workers 65 years and older—

was relatively high paying, with

average earnings of $4,204 a

month.

Summary

This report provides answers to

several key questions related to

the aging of Pennsylvania's workforce:

• What is the age composition of

the workforce and what are the

changes over time?

• Which industries are likely to be

affected by the aging of the

workforce?

• Which industries have the lowest

turnover rates of older workers?

• In which industries are older

workers most likely to be

employed?

• How much do older workers

earn?

U.S. Census Bureau 7

Table 2.

Top Ten Employers in Pennsylvania Employing Workers 65 and Older by Rank:

1998 and 2002

1998

rank

2002

rank Industry

Number of workers 65 and older

Percent change,

1998-2002

Number of workers 14 and older,

1998 2002 2002

1 1 Health services ... ...................... 12,441 15,657 25.9 587,204

2 2Business services....................... 9,759 10,453 7.1 300,696

3 3 Wholesale trade—durables .............. 7,240 8,189 13.1 158,689

6 4 Food stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,238 7,629 22.3 172,183

4 5Eating and drinking places ............... 6,571 7,434 13.1 329,006

7 6 Educational services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,922 7,396 24.9 160,587

5 7 Miscellaneous retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,305 7,038 11.6 142,675

10 8 General merchandise stores ............. 4,735 6,809 43.8 126,303

8 9Social services ......................... 5,160 6,284 21.8 169,168

9 10 Car dealers and gas stations ............. 4,772 5,971 25.1 97,402

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 1998 and 2002, Appendix Tables A1 and A3. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Table 3.

Job Gains and Losses Among Industry Groups in Pennsylvania by Industry: 2002

[Average number of jobs per quarter]

Top ten industries that created jobs

for workers 65 and over Jobs created1 Jobs lost

1 Net change2

Total employment

65 and older 14 and older

Business services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,285 1,332 –48 10,453 300,696

Amusement and recreation ...................... 786 786 0 3,974 71,963

Health services................................. 785 1,287 –502 15,657 587,204

Eating and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 817 –53 7,434 329,006

Miscellaneous retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 643 –173 7,038 142,675

Car dealers and gas stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 485 –68 5,971 97,402

Social services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 513 –104 6,284 169,168

Educational services ............................ 382 544 –162 7,396 160,587

Engineering, accounting, and research . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 515 –152 4,561 149,636

Construction—special trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 479 –122 3,533 156,656

1 Averages are rounded to whole numbers. 2 Computed from actual averages, not from the rounded whole numbers as shown in this

table.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Tables A1, A4, and A5. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Full-Quarter Employment

Total number of workers who were employed by the same employer

in the reference, previous, and subsequent quarters

Average Earnings for Full-Quarter Employees

Total earnings of all workers employed the full quarter divided by the

number of such workers 
In Pennsylvania in 2002, the industries that employed the highest

proportions of workers 55–64

years old, and hence were likely to

be affected by retirements in the

coming decade were: apparel from

fabrics, textile mill products, primary metal industries, and local

and suburban transit.

The local and suburban transit and

real estate industries had high proportions of workers 65 years and

older. In terms of pay, older workers tended to fare best in industries with relatively few older workers and, as for all workers, in

industries with many highly

trained, professional employees,

such as in financial firms.

SOURCES AND ACCURACY

OF THE DATA

Background

The U.S. Census Bureau and partner states produce Quarterly

Workforce Indicators (QWI) for each

state, metropolitan area, county,

and Workforce Investment Board

area. QWI for other geographic

areas are available through the

state partners. 

The QWI are updated each quarter

and annual averages are available

at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Overview

The QWI are key economic indicators selected jointly by the Census

Bureau and its partner states. Each

QWI provides a critical measure of

an area's economy and is a tool to

understand changes in the core

performance of local economies. 

The QWI are updated 7 months

after the end of a quarter, which

makes them a current and a historical time series to monitor econom8 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 4.

Average Monthly Earnings Among Top Ten Industries in Pennsylvania by Age: 2002

[Full-quarter earnings]

Industry

Average monthly

earnings for workers

65 and older

(dollars)

Average monthly

earnings for workers

14 and older

(dollars)

Workers 65

and older

(number)

Workers 14

and older

(number)

Total ..................................... 1,880 2,953 164,143 4,788,729

Health services .............................. 2,357 3,088 15,657 587,204

Business services ............................ 1,422 3,007 10,453 300,696

Wholesale trade—durables .................... 2,022 3,804 8,189 158,689

Food stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912 1,477 7,629 172,183

Eating and drinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 1,090 7,434 329,006

Educational services .......................... 2,936 3,295 7,396 160,587

Miscellaneous retail........................... 1,195 1,886 7,038 142,675

General merchandise stores ................... 1,078 1,583 6,809 126,303

Social services ............................... 1,275 1,902 6,284 169,168

Car dealers and gas stations .................. 1,317 2,621 5,971 97,402

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Table A6. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Table 5.

Average Monthly Earnings of Workers in Pennsylvania by Age: 2002

[Full-quarter earnings. Includes only industries that employed 100 or more workers 65 and older in Pennsylvania]

Industry

Average monthly

earnings of workers

65 and older

(dollars)

Average monthly

earnings of workers

14 and older

(dollars)

Workers 65

and older

(number)

Workers 14

and older

(number)

Security/commodity brokers ................... 6,701 6,665 693 22,760

Holding/other investment offices................ 4,644 5,031 357 14,737

Legal services ............................... 4,204 4,858 1,597 48,034

Communications ............................. 3,977 4,125 592 55,713

Paper and allied products ..................... 3,754 3,697 570 34,548

Transportation equipment ..................... 3,696 3,672 618 37,932

Primary metal industries....................... 3,556 3,923 877 61,068

Construction other than building. . .............. 3,544 3,758 601 30,191

Measuring and analyzing instruments........... 3,501 4,062 960 38,594

Nondepository institutions ..................... 3,442 5,062 239 21,996

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Tables A1 and A6. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
ic change. They serve as early

indicators to states and local areas

of emerging trends and help to

identify turning points in the

dynamics of the workforce and

specific industries. 

The database covers about 98 percent of the labor force.10 The QWI

are derived from state administrative records and basic demographic information from other existing

sources. Some information about

the workforce is not now available

in this database, including hours

and weeks worked, educational

attainment, occupation, and

whether workers worked for an

entire quarter or a part of the quarter. There are other types of

errors in administrative data,

including coding errors in personal

identifiers, coding errors in business identifiers, and errors in wage

records (see the technical documentation on 

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>). 

Because the QWI come from a mixture of sources, they are not directly comparable with statistics from

worker-based surveys, such as the

decennial census, the American

Community Survey, and the

Current Population Survey.

Industries are based on the

Standard Industrial Classification

(SIC) system. The LED program

will convert from the SIC system to

the North American Industry

Classification System (NAICS) in

early 2004. Some classification

titles appear to be similar, but the

detailed industry groups that compose the categories may differ

between the SIC and NAICS systems.

Enhanced Unemployment Insurance

(UI) wage records are the basic

data source for the QWI.

Administrative records and the surveys differ in coverage, the timing

of data collection, and concept definitions. The QWI are not exactly

comparable with establishment

surveys either, such as those from

the Bureau of Labor Statistics'

Quarterly Census of Employment

and Wages (QCEW) program, which

capture employment at an establishment on the 12th of the month.

The LED database can respond to a

wide variety of questions about the

workforce because it allows multiple definitions of "employment."

That is because the QWI are jobbased statistics and different from

the worker-based statistics familiar

to many researchers.11 The LED

database includes all jobs held:

1. In a quarter, regardless of

length of time the job is held

2. At the beginning of a quarter (the measure used in this

report)

3. At the end of a quarter

4. For a full quarter

The measure that is closest to the

QCEW definition of employment is

the second one, jobs held at the

beginning of a quarter. This second measure has the additional

advantage that the trends are similar to those shown by worker-based

surveys such as the decennial census, although the levels differ. 

Another difference among datasets

is measurement of earnings.

According to the BLS Handbook of

Methods (1997), UI wage records

measure "gross wages and salaries,

bonuses, stock options, tips, and

other gratuities, and the value of

meals and lodging, where supplied."

They do not include Old Age

Survivor and Disability Insurance

(OASDI), health insurance, workers'

compensation, unemployment

insurance, private pensions, and

welfare funds. The LED database

does not include the number of

hours or weeks an employee

worked. Thus, what appears for an

industry such as retail trade to be

low average earnings in a given year

or quarter may be the result of relatively low hourly wages, not working many hours in the time period,

or both. In retail trade, much of the

work is part-time and this affects

the LED measure of average earnings. 

The confidentiality of the

statistics is protected.

The Census Bureau and the state

partners are committed to protecting the confidentiality of the data in

the LED files. Technically, the

approach to avoid disclosure of individual information is to combine cell

suppression methodology with the

addition of statistical noise, controlling key measures to county employment levels as reported by the

Bureau of Labor Statistics. In plainer

English, the statistical techniques

the Census Bureau uses mean that

the actual statistics are not shown if

the numbers in a cell are small.

Rather, the statistics that are shown

are "fuzzy," that is, close to the actual information but not exact.

Only Census Bureau employees or

individuals who have Special Sworn

Status are permitted to work with

the data. Everyone who has access

to Title 13 data must have an official

security clearance based on a background check, including fingerprinting. Additionally, they are subject

to a fine of up to $250,000, up to 5

U.S. Census Bureau 9

11 For the QWI, a "job" is defined as equivalent records for an employer and employee.

10 The database for each state covers about

98 percent of nonagricultural, private wage, and

salaried employment. Most state and local government employees are included, but many federal workers are not (depending on the state).

The remaining 2 percent are railroad workers

and workers for some nonprofit organizations.

Self-employed workers and independent contractors are not in the covered universe. See:

U.S. Census Bureau, David W. Stevens and Julia

Lane, "Employment That Is Not Covered By State

Unemployment," Technical Paper No. TP-2002-

16, January 2002, available on

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
years in jail, or both, if confidential

information is disclosed. The

Census Bureau and state data custodians review all projects before

release to avoid disclosure of confidential information. 

More detailed information about the

confidentiality protection system is

available under the "Confidentiality"

menu at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>. 

Why the Census Bureau

produces the LED statistics

The Census Bureau and the state

partners are committed to protecting the integrity of information and

producing the highest quality statistics. We accomplish this by

ensuring that the LED program is

consistent with the Census

Bureau's legal authority and mission, that the methodologies used

are the best alternatives, and that

the LED program produces demonstrated benefits. 

The state partners and the Census

Bureau both benefit from the LED

program. The state partners fulfill

their mandate to provide high

quality regional labor market information, and the Census Bureau

improves the economic and demographic survey estimates and intercensal population estimates.

Specifically, the LED program supports Census Bureau research on

improving the quality, use, and

analysis of its census, survey, and

estimation-based data products.

Estimates of the employed population by demographic, geographic,

and industrial detail enhance the

Census Bureau's existing agencywide programs. In particular, estimates of workers in each county

and industry, in conjunction with

statistical information about

employers, will provide 

long-needed and critical but 

previously unavailable information

for key programs, such as the

demographic survey estimates and

the intercensal population estimates program. Census Bureau

programs will benefit from new

information on turnover, job creation, and job destruction by age

and sex, and information on the

employment of individuals in each

county. 

More information about the benefits of the LED program may be

found on the LED Web site at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Research for and production of this

report were supported under an

interagency agreement with the

Behavioral and Social Research

Program, National Institute on Aging,

Agreement No. Y1-AG-9415-01.

10 U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau 11

Table A1.

Employment in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002

[Beginning-of-quarter employment]

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total, age group. . . ..................................... 3,010,829 1,074,107 539,650 164,143 4,788,729

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops ................................ 8,766 2,543 1,328 935 13,571

Agricultural production—livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,281 788 413 276 4,757

Agricultural services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,974 5,111 2,001 753 32,839

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 117 47 34 555

Fishing, hunting, and trapping................................. 59 24 *10 *5 98

Mining

Metal mining................................................ 13 4 - - 21

Coal mining................................................. 2,727 4,440 1,526 172 8,865

Oil/gas extraction............................................ 2,269 942 308 102 3,621

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic ................................ 3,148 1,489 785 217 5,639

Construction

Building construction—general contractors ..................... 38,328 13,193 5,251 1,413 58,184

Construction other than building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,922 7,877 3,791 601 30,191

Construction—special trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,290 32,453 13,379 3,533 156,656

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,138 22,479 10,867 2,223 86,708

Tobacco products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *653 *346 *270 *55 *1,326

Textile mill products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,962 3,875 2,536 571 13,945

Apparel from fabrics ......................................... 11,502 6,686 4,951 1,349 24,488

Lumber and wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,344 7,871 3,550 810 39,574

Furniture/fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,730 4,407 2,205 377 17,720

Paper/allied products ........................................ 19,997 9,320 4,661 570 34,548

Printing/publishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,833 18,024 9,730 2,729 73,316

Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,676 20,271 9,036 1,530 73,514

Petroleum refining ........................................... 2,724 1,900 926 86 5,635

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 28,391 11,582 5,700 877 46,550

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,431 982 589 117 4,118

Stone, clay, and glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,033 11,825 5,513 794 38,165

Primary metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,821 21,583 10,787 877 61,068

Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,131 22,729 12,223 2,133 83,216

Industrial/commercial machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,348 24,999 13,573 2,226 86,146

Electronic/electrical equipment. ............................... 35,302 17,500 9,101 1,252 63,154

Transportation equipment .................................... 19,591 11,751 5,972 618 37,932

Measuring/analyzing instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,445 11,147 6,043 960 38,594

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,399 5,177 2,639 505 17,720

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9 4 -*35

Local/suburban transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,182 8,373 6,896 4,834 40,285

Motor freight transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,075 20,345 10,803 2,628 81,850

Water transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,812 934 473 114 3,333

Transportation by air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *29,310 *11,142 *4,013 289 44,755

Pipelines, except natural gas ................................. 199 *184 *52 *5 442

Transportation services ...................................... 8,261 2,896 1,691 527 13,375

Communications ............................................ 35,508 14,198 5,416 592 55,713

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,181 15,408 5,523 356 41,467

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables ................................... 91,068 39,185 20,246 8,189 158,689

Wholesale trade—nondurables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,401 23,442 11,592 3,804 99,239

Retail Trade

Building materials and hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,222 9,232 5,004 2,141 44,599

General merchandise stores .................................. 79,767 24,157 15,570 6,809 126,303

Food stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,673 28,122 15,761 7,629 172,183

Car dealers and gas stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,318 18,775 10,338 5,971 97,402

Apparel and accessory stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,839 6,209 3,721 1,753 52,522

Home furniture stores ........................................ 28,399 6,975 3,701 1,462 40,536

Eating and drinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269,386 35,297 16,890 7,434 329,006

Miscellaneous retail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,547 26,795 15,295 7,038 142,675

APPENDIX TABLES
12 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A1.

Employment in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

[Beginning-of-quarter employment]

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions........................................ 59,245 24,958 12,595 2,496 99,293

Nondepository institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,930 4,065 1,761 239 21,996

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 15,201 4,575 2,291 693 22,760

Insurance carriers ........................................... 53,692 21,680 8,449 1,221 85,042

Insurance agents/brokers..................................... 22,208 9,536 4,997 1,330 38,069

Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,674 11,989 7,536 3,757 50,955

Holding/other investment offices............................... 10,126 2,932 1,323 357 *14,737

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ................................... 34,684 8,996 5,167 2,246 51,092

Personal services ........................................... 36,916 10,351 6,054 2,963 56,284

Business services ........................................... 206,044 56,275 27,924 10,453 300,696

Car repair, services, and parking .............................. 35,829 9,470 4,588 2,222 52,108

Miscellaneous repair services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,879 2,990 1,581 509 12,958

Motion pictures.............................................. 11,000 1,292 511 273 13,075

Amusement and recreation services ........................... 51,629 10,569 5,792 3,974 71,963

Health services ............................................. 346,966 155,055 69,527 15,657 587,204

Legal services .............................................. 30,140 10,995 5,302 1,597 48,034

Educational services ......................................... 84,615 43,783 24,793 7,396 160,587

Social services .............................................. 107,348 36,850 18,686 6,284 169,168

Museums, galleries, and gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,956 1,086 680 435 5,156

Membership organizations.................................... 31,012 14,816 8,680 4,229 58,737

Engineering, accounting, and research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,317 33,851 16,909 4,561 149,636

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,949 2,198 1,532 930 9,609

Services, not classified....................................... 1,704 683 280 55 2,721

- The value equals zero or is suppressed because it does not meet standards for publication.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://www.lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 13

Table A2.

Average Quarterly Turnover Rates in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002

[In percent]

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total .................................................... 13.8 8.3 8.2 9.3 11.4

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops ................................ 16.8 11.1 12.0 15.4 14.7

Agricultural production—livestock. ............................. 14.7 9.1 *9.3 10.1 12.8

Agricultural services . ........................................ 18.5 12.3 12.4 16.5 16.7

Forestry .................................................... 21.4 *10.3 *16.7 11.8 16.0

Fishing, hunting, and trapping................................. 21.4 - - - 12.1

Mining

Metal mining. ............................................... 25.2 - - - 43.7

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 *6.0 *7.2 9.4 *7.2

Oil/gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 7.1 8.4 *7.4 9.6

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 *7.8 *8.6 10.7 10.0

Construction

Building construction—general contractors . .................... 15.0 10.4 10.3 10.3 13.2

Construction other than building. . ............................. 17.0 15.1 14.5 14.1 16.0

Construction—special trade................................... 14.8 11.7 11.9 10.9 13.7

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products ....................................... 10.9 7.3 7.3 8.6 9.3

Tobacco products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 *2.9 *3.4 5.9 4.3

Textile mill products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 *6.8 7.0 7.3 8.2

Apparel from fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 8.8 8.8 9.4 10.1

Lumber and wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 8.4 8.2 7.7 10.5

Furniture/fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 7.4 7.5 9.5 9.6

Paper/allied products ........................................ 10.0 *8.5 *8.9 *10.0 9.3

Printing/publishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 6.9 6.6 7.1 8.4

Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 *4.5 5.1 *4.9 5.6

Petroleum refining . . ......................................... 10.5 *9.1 *10.2 11.8 9.9

Rubber and plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 *6.8 *6.8 *8.3 8.4

Leather and leather products ................................. 10.6 *6.9 *6.5 *8.2 9.0

Stone, clay, and glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 5.4 *6.7 9.3 7.5

Primary metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 *8.2 *9.5 *10.2 8.8

Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 5.4 5.4 8.0 6.8

Industrial/commercial machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 6.5 7.0 8.3 7.4

Electronic/electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 *6.5 *7.2 8.4 7.3

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 4.4 *5.2 7.3 6.2

Measuring/analyzing instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 *6.6 *7.3 *7.7 7.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 4.8 4.8 8.7 6.7

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport ........................................... 16.3 *24.0 - - 11.8

Local/suburban transit ....................................... 14.9 *12.3 *12.6 *12.6 13.6

Motor freight transportation ................................... 14.3 10.6 9.8 10.1 12.5

Water transportation ......................................... 16.6 *16.1 *15.2 *21.6 16.0

Transportation by air......................................... *10.3 *6.7 *7.8 *10.7 *9.1

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 *2.2 *4.5 - 3.3

Transportation services ...................................... 10.8 8.3 8.8 10.9 9.9

Communications . ........................................... 13.7 *14.6 *14.0 *10.4 13.6

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 *5.9 *7.5 10.0 7.3

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables . .................................. 10.0 6.9 7.1 7.3 8.6

Wholesale trade—nondurables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 8.4 7.9 7.9 10.3

Retail Trade

Building materials and hardware .............................. 13.1 7.8 7.2 7.8 10.8

General merchandise stores .................................. 14.9 7.7 6.6 7.1 11.7

Food stores. ................................................ 15.7 7.5 7.2 7.7 12.7

Car dealers and gas stations ................................. 14.6 8.9 8.5 8.5 12.1

Apparel and accessory stores................................. 20.9 9.4 8.1 7.9 17.4

Home furniture stores ........................................ 14.9 8.3 7.2 7.3 12.4

Eating and drinking places . . ................................. 20.8 11.8 10.3 11.4 18.5

Miscellaneous retail.......................................... 15.7 9.1 8.6 8.3 12.9
14 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A2.

Average Quarterly Turnover Rates in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

[In percent]

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 *6.7 *7.0 8.3 8.8

Nondepository institutions .................................... 14.2 11.6 10.8 10.5 13.3

Security and commodity brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 8.4 7.7 7.8 9.9

Insurance carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 5.4 5.9 *9.2 6.7

Insurance agents/brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 8.0 6.9 6.4 9.7

Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 8.0 7.0 7.8 10.0

Holding/other investment offices............................... *5.2 5.3 5.3 *5.2 5.1

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ................................... 18.0 10.9 10.3 11.6 15.2

Personal services ........................................... 14.7 9.9 8.9 9.1 12.6

Business services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 15.7 14.5 14.5 18.8

Car repair, services, and parking .............................. 13.6 8.4 7.9 8.3 11.6

Miscellaneous repair services ................................. 12.5 8.8 8.1 8.7 10.8

Motion pictures.............................................. 22.5 12.8 13.7 16.7 20.4

Amusement and recreation services ........................... 22.5 13.7 15.1 20.8 19.3

Health services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 7.7 7.2 8.3 9.8

Legal services .............................................. 8.9 5.4 5.0 5.8 7.4

Educational services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 5.6 5.3 7.1 8.1

Social services .............................................. 13.6 8.2 7.4 8.0 11.2

Museums, galleries, and gardens ............................. 13.3 5.4 6.5 8.5 9.7

Membership organizations.................................... 15.2 8.1 7.4 8.5 11.2

Engineering, accounting, and research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 9.2 9.4 10.9 11

Private households .......................................... 18.8 13.0 11.5 11.1 15.3

Services, not classified....................................... 12.4 *10.8 *11.3 *11.0 11.7

- The value equals zero or is suppressed because it does not meet standards for publication.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://www.lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 15

Table A3.

Pennsylvania Employment by Industry and Age: 1998 and 2002

[Beginning-of-quarter employment]

Industry

Under 65 65 and older

1998 2002 1998 2002

Total................................................................ 4,558,241 4,624,587 141,311 164,143

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,392 12,637 744 935

Agricultural production—livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,843 4,482 185 276

Agricultural services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,926 32,085 538 753

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 521 28 34

Fishing, hunting, and trapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 92 *4 *5

Mining

Metal mining......................................................... 3 16 - -

Coal mining.......................................................... 11,552 8,693 199 172

Oil/gas extraction..................................................... 3,264 3,519 72 102

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,969 5,422 175 217

Construction

Building constructio—general contractors . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,085 56,772 1,212 1,413

Construction other than building. . . ..................................... 29,035 29,590 527 601

Construction—special trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,360 153,122 2,737 3,533

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products ................................................ 88,729 84,484 1,938 2,223

Tobacco products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,089 *1,269 51 *55

Textile mill products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,627 13,373 721 571

Apparel from fabrics .................................................. 37,087 23,139 1,776 1,349

Lumber and wood products............................................ 36,013 38,765 638 810

Furniture/fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,752 17,343 324 377

Paper/allied products ................................................. 36,629 33,979 485 570

Printing/publishing . . .................................................. 79,879 70,588 2,756 2,729

Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,831 71,983 1,307 1,530

Petroleum refining .................................................... 8,962 5,549 96 86

Rubber and plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,529 45,673 772 877

Leather and leather products .......................................... 5,425 4,001 124 117

Stone, clay, and glass ................................................ 39,398 37,372 693 794

Primary metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,415 60,191 934 877

Fabricated metal products ............................................. 86,926 81,082 1,959 2,133

Industrial/commercial machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,530 83,919 2,384 2,226

Electronic/electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,953 61,902 1,164 1,252

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,922 37,313 568 618

Measuring/analyzing instruments ....................................... 37,467 37,634 850 960

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,163 17,215 534 505

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport .................................................... - 34- -

Local/suburban transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,319 35,451 3,467 4,834

Motor freight transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,225 79,223 1,703 2,628

Water transportation .................................................. 3,875 3,219 105 114

Transportation by air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *43,224 *44,465 253 289

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 435 3 *5

Transportation services ............................................... 13,579 12,848 511 527

Communications ..................................................... 58,845 55,122 669 592

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,039 41,111 306 356

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,362 150,500 7,240 8,189

Wholesale trade—nondurables......................................... 97,048 95,435 3,661 3,804

Retail Trade

Building materials and hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,563 42,458 1,864 2,141

General merchandise stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,147 11,949 4,735 6,809

Food stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,745 16,455 6,238 7,629

Car dealers and gas stations .......................................... 94,258 91,430 4,772 5,971

Apparel and accessory stores.......................................... 49,201 50,769 1,787 1,753

Home furniture stores ................................................. 35,786 39,075 1,351 1,462

Eating and drinking places ............................................ 296,016 32,157 6,571 7,434

Miscellaneous retail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,397 13,563 6,305 7,038
16 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A3.

Pennsylvania Employment by Industry and Age: 1998 and 2002 — Con.

[Beginning-of-quarter employment]

Industry

Under 65 65 and older

1998 2002 1998 2002

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions................................................. 99,186 96,798 2,246 2,496

Nondepository institutions ............................................. 18,464 21,757 191 239

Security and commodity brokers ....................................... 18,500 22,067 563 693

Insurance carriers .................................................... 87,378 83,821 966 1,221

Insurance agents/brokers.............................................. 32,166 36,740 1,131 1,330

Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,922 47,198 3,447 3,757

Holding/other investment offices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,680 14,380 263 357

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ............................................ 51,629 48,847 2,078 2,246

Personal services .................................................... 49,273 53,322 2,755 2,963

Business services .................................................... 298,616 290,243 9,759 10,453

Car repair, services, and parking ....................................... 44,689 49,886 1,890 2,222

Miscellaneous repair services.......................................... 12,548 12,449 446 509

Motion pictures....................................................... 13,089 12,803 256 273

Amusement and recreation services .................................... 62,630 67,989 3,456 3,974

Health services ...................................................... 541,777 571,548 12,441 15,657

Legal services ....................................................... 43,563 46,437 1,259 1,597

Educational services.................................................. 131,708 153,191 5,922 7,396

Social services....................................................... 139,896 162,884 5,160 6,284

Museums, galleries, and gardens ...................................... 4,017 4,722 344 435

Membership organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,973 54,508 3,954 4,229

Engineering, accounting, and research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,414 145,070 3,773 4,561

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,959 8,678 923 930

Services not classified ................................................ 2,404 2,666 54 55

- The value equals zero or is suppressed because it does not meet standards for publication.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://www.lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 17

Table A4.

Composition of Job Gain in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308,499 67,433 32,259 11,324

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops ................................ 1,336 282 177 144

Agricultural production—livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 63 33 21

Agricultural services . ........................................ 5,048 654 278 129

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 14 8 6

Fishing, hunting, and trapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 *1 -

Mining

Metal mining................................................ 3 - - -

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 109 39 9

Oil/gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 51 19 7

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 78 47 14

Construction

Building constructio—general contractors. ...................... 5,868 1,263 495 130

Construction other than building. . . ............................ 2,409 890 395 73

Construction—special trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,161 3,383 1,385 357

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,111 1,091 492 143

Tobacco products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *16 *7 *4 *1

Textile mill products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 195 122 25

Apparel from fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 327 216 63

Lumber and wood products................................... 2,383 483 211 49

Furniture/fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 223 98 18

Paper/allied products ........................................ 1,272 421 192 24

Printing/publishing . . ......................................... 3,052 902 416 99

Chemicals . . . ............................................... 2,859 1,158 488 36

Petroleum refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 473 219 13

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 1,960 526 226 45

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 46 26 4

Stone, clay, and glass ....................................... 1,217 397 165 40

Primary metal industries...................................... 1,389 558 261 33

Fabricated metal products . . . ................................. 2,834 838 388 87

Industrial/commercial machinery .............................. 2,679 1,060 542 104

Electronic/electrical equipment ................................ 1,414 511 267 38

Transportation equipment .................................... 1,589 649 266 27

Measuring/analyzing instruments .............................. 1,332 522 292 45

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 229 109 34

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport ........................................... - - - -

Local/suburban transit ....................................... 1,896 557 438 274

Motor freight transportation ................................... 5,523 1,781 834 207

Water transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 81 41 13

Transportation by air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,972 *550 *187 22

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *55 *34 *17 *1

Transportation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 171 123 42

Communications . ........................................... 2,693 504 183 34

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . ....................... 1,539 792 253 26

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables . .................................. 7,438 1,973 1,017 339

Wholesale trade—nondurables................................ 5,175 1,327 595 216

Retail Trade

Building materials and hardware .............................. 2,492 466 276 124

General merchandise stores .................................. 5,696 977 467 193

Food stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,481 1,322 706 345

Car dealers and gas stations ................................. 7,398 1,404 815 417

Apparel and accessory stores................................. 5,280 507 263 105

Home furniture stores ........................................ 3,096 479 240 88

Eating and drinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,058 3,593 1,577 764

Miscellaneous retail.......................................... 11,328 2,105 1,149 470
18 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A4.

 — Con.

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions. . ...................................... 2,693 555 263 76

Nondepository institutions .................................... 1,776 372 151 27

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 1,152 241 109 32

Insurance carriers ........................................... 2,683 757 300 49

Insurance agents/brokers..................................... 2,292 700 337 68

Real estate ................................................. 3,297 809 455 248

Holding/other investment offices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 112 62 16

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ................................... 4,569 771 433 219

Personal services . . ......................................... 5,430 1,316 773 333

Business services ........................................... 29,143 6,373 3,118 1,285

Car repair, services, and parking .............................. 4,228 736 348 155

Miscellaneous repair services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 206 99 34

Motion pictures.............................................. 1,504 106 49 24

Amusement and recreation services . . ......................... 13,600 1,627 973 786

Health services ............................................. 25,789 7,693 3,155 785

Legal services .............................................. 2,427 535 246 79

Educational services ......................................... 7,432 2,219 1,137 382

Social services .............................................. 10,997 2,269 1,091 409

Museums, galleries, and gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 52 40 32

Membership organizations.................................... 4,155 1,067 572 315

Engineering, accounting, and research......................... 8,985 2,420 1,238 363

Private households .......................................... 1,226 345 198 111

Services, not classified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 79 35 7

- The value equals zero or is suppressed because it does not meet standards for publication.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://www.lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Composition of Job Gain in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002
U.S. Census Bureau 19

Table A5.

Composition of Job Loss in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272,678 68,338 39,358 15,551

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,231 273 163 152

Agricultural production—livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 62 36 26

Agricultural services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,482 623 260 139

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 16 7 6

Fishing, hunting, and trapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1 *2 *1

Mining

Metal mining................................................ 2 - - -

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 318 145 21

Oil/gas extraction............................................ 180 51 23 9

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 85 59 26

Construction

Building construction—general contractors ..................... 5,541 1,282 569 176

Construction other than building. . . ............................ 2,444 1,013 531 101

Construction—special trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,127 3,451 1,608 479

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products ....................................... 3,573 1,288 775 215

Tobacco products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 *7 *8 *6

Textile mill products.......................................... 533 229 164 54

Apparel from fabrics ......................................... 1,050 553 450 155

Lumber and wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,795 379 200 73

Furniture/fixtures ............................................ 874 233 158 45

Paper/allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,587 746 437 63

Printing/publishing . . ......................................... 3,449 1,110 672 221

Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,850 917 607 84

Petroleum refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 411 218 17

Rubber and plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,784 579 338 88

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 49 33 9

Stone, clay, and glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,481 521 399 90

Primary metal industries...................................... 1,222 638 729 94

Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,881 1,071 701 220

Industrial/commercial machinery .............................. 3,127 1,349 942 234

Electronic/electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,286 1,001 716 144

Transportation equipment .................................... 1,040 443 351 59

Measuring/analyzing instruments .............................. 824 340 263 81

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 248 159 53

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport ........................................... 3 *1 - -

Motor freight transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,511 1,566 924 284

Water transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 97 56 16

Transportation by air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,634 *417 *228 30

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *41 *28 *15 *2

Transportation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 204 126 51

Communications ............................................ 3,465 1,910 844 77

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,482 899 528 40

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables ................................... 7,217 2,324 1,339 574

Wholesale trade—nondurables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,328 1,612 865 331

Retail Trade

Building materials and hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,324 465 288 167

General merchandise stores .................................. 5,676 1,105 711 393

Food stores................................................. 9,955 1,469 902 552

Car dealers and gas stations ................................. 6,241 1,315 773 485

Apparel and accessory stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,135 475 286 158

Home furniture stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,922 477 256 122

Eating and drinking places ................................... 32,597 3,318 1,506 817

Miscellaneous retail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,243 2,095 1,245 643
20 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A5.

Composition of Job Loss in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions. . ...................................... 3,957 1,274 816 236

Nondepository institutions .................................... 1,074 288 143 29

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 1,195 331 176 60

Insurance carriers ........................................... 2,024 768 404 137

Insurance agents/brokers..................................... 1,619 541 295 95

Real estate ................................................. 2,746 749 492 317

Holding/other investment offices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 124 68 23

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ................................... 3,851 669 435 260

Personal services . . ......................................... 4,306 1,036 632 320

Business services ........................................... 23,818 5,340 2,939 1,332

Car repair, services, and parking .............................. 3,808 719 350 176

Miscellaneous repair services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 234 132 48

Motion pictures.............................................. 1,592 173 75 50

Amusement and recreation services . . ......................... 11,274 1,367 839 786

Health services ............................................. 19,385 6,983 3,676 1,287

Legal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,110 519 281 113

Educational services ......................................... 5,365 1,798 1,155 544

Social services .............................................. 8,456 1,904 1,103 513

Museums, galleries, and gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 44 46 37

Membership organizations.................................... 3,635 974 616 367

Engineering, accounting, and research......................... 8,571 2,485 1,419 515

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 280 186 111

Services, not classified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 55 23 7

- The value equals zero or is suppressed because it does not meet standards for publication.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://www.lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 21

Table A6.

Average Monthly Earnings in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002

[Full-quarter earnings, in dollars]

Industry 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total. . . ................................................ 3,613 3,303 1,880 2,953

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,321 1,966 1,430 1,926

Agricultural production—livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,303 1,988 1,126 1,816

Agricultural services ......................................... 2,659 2,461 1,768 2,100

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,423 1,685 *1,547 1,914

Fishing, hunting, and trapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,993 *2,091 *759 1,872

Mining

Metal mining................................................ 3,927 - - 3,237

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,731 4,180 2,497 4,298

Oil/gas extraction............................................ 4,572 4,086 2,743 3,733

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic ................................ 3,290 3,262 2,869 3,070

Construction

Building construction—general contractors .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,935 3,759 2,555 3,284

Construction other than building. . . ............................ 4,153 4,176 3,544 3,758

Construction—special trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,883 3,668 2,336 3,299

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products ....................................... 3,636 3,315 2,183 3,159

Tobacco products ........................................... *3,555 *3,652 *2,643 *3,334

Textile mill products.......................................... 2,561 2,516 2,163 2,439

Apparel from fabrics ......................................... 2,220 1,957 1,751 2,096

Lumber and wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,925 2,942 1,985 2,566

Furniture/fixtures ............................................ 3,145 3,062 2,703 2,789

Paper/allied products ........................................ 4,041 4,064 3,754 3,697

Printing/publishing . . ......................................... 3,572 3,379 1,969 3,165

Chemicals .................................................. 6,753 5,998 2,463 5,877

Petroleum refining ........................................... 4,609 4,729 4,610 4,230

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 3,334 3,454 3,208 3,019

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,999 2,931 1,932 2,803

Stone, clay, and glass ....................................... 4,140 4,163 3,073 3,726

Primary metal industries...................................... 4,258 4,206 3,556 3,923

Fabricated metal products .................................... 3,537 3,601 3,169 3,200

Industrial/commercial machinery .............................. 4,258 4,210 3,209 3,797

Electronic/electrical equipment ................................ 4,003 3,829 3,437 3,804

Transportation equipment .................................... 3,947 4,193 3,696 3,672

Measuring/analyzing instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,365 4,410 3,501 4,062

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,039 3,755 2,565 3,510

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,849 *3,225 - 3,289

Local/suburban transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,473 1,329 927 1,316

Motor freight transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,303 3,177 1,921 2,941

Water transportation ......................................... 3,787 3,869 3,132 3,088

Transportation by air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4,458 *4,758 2,160 3,336

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *7,397 *6,907 *309 6,772

Transportation services ...................................... 3,441 3,053 1,850 3,013

Communications ............................................ 4,622 4,289 3,977 4,125

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services .......................... 5,704 5,399 2,626 5,254

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables ................................... 4,424 3,904 2,022 3,804

Wholesale trade—nondurables................................ 4,074 3,678 2,303 3,566

Retail Trade

Building materials and hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500 2,194 1,361 2,145

General merchandise stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,863 1,647 1,078 1,583

Food stores................................................. 2,064 1,706 912 1,477

Car dealers and gas stations ................................. 3,261 2,699 1,317 2,621

Apparel and accessory stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,119 1,909 1,125 1,514

Home furniture stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,845 2,514 1,514 2,340

Eating and drinking places ................................... 1,503 1,321 840 1,090

Miscellaneous retail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,336 2,020 1,195 1,886
22 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A6.

Average Monthly Earnings in Pennsylvania by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

[Full-quarter earnings, in dollars]

Industry 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions. . ...................................... 3,928 3,613 1,957 3,284

Nondepository institutions .................................... 5,687 4,902 3,442 5,062

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 7,944 8,221 6,701 6,665

Insurance carriers ........................................... 5,011 4,476 2,354 4,203

Insurance agents/brokers..................................... 4,600 4,138 3,291 3,933

Real estate ................................................. 3,263 2,924 1,783 2,793

Holding/other investment offices............................... 6,176 5,514 4,644 5,031

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ................................... 1,838 1,648 1,181 1,567

Personal services . . ......................................... 1,846 1,690 999 1,579

Business services ........................................... 3,394 2,840 1,422 3,007

Car repair, services, and parking .............................. 2,857 2,414 1,229 2,399

Miscellaneous repair services ................................. 3,170 2,942 1,710 2,798

Motion pictures.............................................. 3,178 2,890 1,084 1,702

Amusement and recreation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,118 1,831 1,119 1,587

Health services ............................................. 3,658 3,441 2,357 3,088

Legal services .............................................. 5,608 5,306 4,204 4,858

Educational services ......................................... 3,679 3,919 2,936 3,295

Social services .............................................. 2,211 2,127 1,275 1,902

Museums, galleries, and gardens ............................. 2,857 2,561 1,017 2,162

Membership organizations.................................... 1,911 1,933 999 1,578

Engineering, accounting, and research......................... 5,399 5,151 3,255 4,469

Private households .......................................... 1,428 1,397 1,123 1,256

Services, not classified....................................... 6,274 6,076 3,081 4,919

- The value equals zero or is suppressed because it does not meet standards for publication.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://www.lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Note: Earnings for workers 65 years and older may reflect lump sum distributions.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis,

Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Washington, DC 20233

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use $300

FIRST-CLASS MAIL

POSTAGE & FEES PAID

U.S. Census Bureau

Permit No. G-58