UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460 

OFFICE OF 

CHEMICAL SAFETY AND 

POLLUTION PREVENTION 

MEMORANDUM 

DATE: 

SUBJECT: 

TO: 

THROUGH: 

FROM: 

PEER REVIEW: 

November 24,2014 

Registration Review- Preliminary Problem Formulation for the 

Ecological Risk Assessment and Drinking Water Exposure Assessment to 

be conducted for Flonicamid (PC Code 128016; DP Barcode 421510) 

Ricardo Jones, Chemical Review Manager 

Neil Anderson, Chief 

Risk Management and Implementation Branch 1 

Pesticide Reevaluation Division (7508P) 

Environmental 

Dana Spatz, Chief 

Risk Branch 

~ 

3 ......;;;;::ot::::::-:-:1--~ 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) 

Colleen M. Rossmeisl, DVM, Biologis 

Environmental Risk Branch 3 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) 

Melissa Panger, PhD., Senior Scientist 

James Hetrick, PhD., Senior Science Advis<»'-__..;~·.....,., 

Rosanna Louie-Juzwiak, RAPL 

Environmental Risk Branch 3 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) 

1 r(z.-l.f/ltf 

,-A 11/z. 'f /If 

L 11/2.4 IN 

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) has completed the preliminary problem 

formulation (attached) for the ecological risk and drinking water exposure assessments to be 

conducted as part of the Registration Review of the insecticide flonicamid (PC Code 1280 16). 

This document is intended to provide an overview of what is currently known regarding the 

environmental fate and ecological effects associated with flonicamid and its degradation 

products, and outlines uncertainties regarding attributes of the parent compound and its 

transformation products. It describes the preliminary ecological risk hypothesis and the processes 

that will be used during the completion of the preliminary ecological risk assessment in support 

of Registration Review. 
2

As noted in Section 5, the database for environmental fate and transport for flonicamid is 

sufficient for risk assessment such that no additional data are anticipated to be needed at this 

time, with the exception of analytical test methods for water. With regard to the ecological 

effects database, additional studies are needed for the registration review risk assessment, 

including passerine and honey bee toxicity studies (both according to new guidelines), aquatic 

invertebrate toxicity, and terrestrial plant toxicity studies. 

Based on the analysis completed in the problem formulation process, it is anticipated the 

registration review for the environmental fate and effects division will focus largely on the data 

uncertainties for passerines and terrestrial plants and those surrounding the unique mechanism of 

action and delayed mortality concerns with flonicamid, particularly for invertebrates. Several 

risk assessments have been conducted in the past years and have found no exceedances of levels 

of concern (LOCs) for other taxa. 
3

INTRODUCTION 

Flonicamid is an insecticide registered for use on numerous terrestrial food crops and 

ornamentals. Its registered end use products include water dispersible granules and soluble 

concentrates/solids. Flonicamid is a member of the pyridinecarboxamide class of chemicals and 

controls pests by contact and ingestion by provoking rapid and irreversible feeding cessation. 

The mechanism of action of flonicamid has not been widely investigated, but the class of 

chemistry has been described as an “A-type potassium channel active.”1 According to the 

registrant, there is no known cross-resistance of flonicamid to organophosphates, carbamates, 

pyrethroids, or neonicotinoids. Flonicamid is effective against both immature and adult stages of 

sensitive insects including aphids, thrips, whiteflies and mealybugs. 

The chemical structure of flonicamid and several chemical identifiers are provided in Table 1.

Table 1. Flonicamid Chemical Identifiers 

Chemical Name N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide

Chemical Structure

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) 

Registry Number 158062-67-0

Smiles Code C1=CN=CC(=C1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NCC#N1

1 CSID:8010234, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8010234.html (accessed 12:34, Aug 25, 2014) 

An overview of the registered uses of flonicamid is provided in Table 2. Note that the 

application rates included on the currently registered labels are on a per season/crop cycle basis. 

The number of applications of flonicamid that can be applied per calendar year for a given use is 

not explicitly stated on many of the current labels. As such, several of the currently registered 

uses may result in multiple seasonal applications of flonicamid per year. 

 

1

 Joost, H., C. Staetz, B. Black, J. Hayashi, L. Kinne, G. Kelly, and K. Treacy (FMC Corporation). 2006. 

FLONICAMID - A NOVEL MODE OF ACTION FOR PIERCING SUCKING INSECTS. Beltwide Cotton 

Conferences, San Antonio, Texas. pp. 1583-1590.

N

CF3

N

H

O

N
4

Table 2. Currently Registered Flonicamid End-Use Products. 

FORMULATION EPA REG. NO. % ACTIVE

INGREDIENT

METHODS OF 

APPLICATION

USE RESTRICTIONS

F1785GH 50WG 279-3264 50% by weight Ground

Spray

-Use only for pest control of ornamental 

plants in greenhouses and interiorscapes. 

-Do not apply to food crops (fruits, nuts, or 

vegetables).

F1785N 50WG 279-3277 50% by weight Ground

Spray

-Use only for pest control of ornamental 

plants in greenhouses and interiorscapes. 

-Do not apply to food crops (fruits, nuts, or 

vegetables).

F6305 WDG 279-3333

RESTRICTED

USE

23.3% by weight

(also contains 

6.7% zetacypermethrin)

Ground

Aerial

Chemigation

-Do not use this product in greenhouses.

-Do not use this product in home gardens.

-Do not apply directly to water, to areas 

where surface water is present or to 

intertidal areas below the mean high water 

mark.

-Do not apply when weather conditions 

favor drift from treated areas. Drift and 

runoff from treated areas may be 

hazardous to aquatic organisms in 

neighboring areas.

Flonicamid 50SG 279-3287 50% by weight Ground

Spray

-Do not apply to food crops (fruits, nuts or 

vegetables).

-Do not apply to home gardens, home 

greenhouses or in residential settings.

-Do not apply this product through any 

type of irrigation system.

-Limited to use on ornamental plant 

materials managed by professionals and 

grown within common areas of 

commercial, industrial and institutional 

buildings.

Flonicamid 50 WG 71512-9

RESTRICTED 

USE

50% by weight Ground

Aerial

Chemigation

-Do not use this product in home gardens.

-Risk of exposure to sensitive aquatic areas 

can be reduced by avoiding applications 

when wind direction is toward the aquatic 

area.

-Do not cultivate within 10 feet of the 

aquatic area so as to allow growth of a 

vegetative filter strip.

-Do not apply by ground equipment within 

25 feet, or by air within 150 feet of lakes,

reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, 

marshes or natural ponds, estuaries, and 

commercial fish farm ponds. 

-Increase the buffer zone to 450 feet when 

ultra low volume (ULV) applications are 

made.

BeleafTM 50SG 71512-10

71512-7

(RESTRICTED

USE), 71512-

14

Technical grade (for manufacture only)
5

Flonicamid was first registered in 2003. Based on the BEAD SLUA report, between 2004 –

2012, the crop with the highest use (in pounds a.i. applied per year) is cotton with 10,000 

average pounds used per year. The next highest usage crops were potatoes (3,000 average 

pounds per year) then alfalfa, celery and lettuce with 1,000 pounds used each. The maximum 

single application rate ranges from 0.089 to 0.268 lb a.i./acre with ornamentals having the 

highest application rate. Registered uses and applicable rates are further outlined in Table 3. 
6

Table 3. Registered Flonicamid Uses and Application Rates

Crop/Site

Residential

Agricultural

Forestry

(Timing) 

and

Application 

Type 

Maximum 

Single 

Application 

Rate by 

Formulation

(lb a.i./A)

Maximum 

Application Ratea

Maximum 

Application 

Number 

PHI (days)MRI (days)

Geographic 

Restrictions

Comments

Per Year

lb a.i./A

Per CC

lb a.i./A

Per 

Year

Per 

CC

Alfalfa (grown 

for seed) 



(Foliar)

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.178 NS 2 NS 7

AZ, CA, 

CO, ID, 

MT, NM 

(Only 

Dona Ana 

and Luna 

Counties), 

NV, OR, 

UT, WA, 

WY

AZ08004, 

CA080018,CA140006, 

CO090005, ID070014, 

MT09003, NV070007, 

OR070023, UT070007, 

WA070013, WY080008; 

Must be labeled “Not for 

human or animal 

consumption”, 71512-10 

Cucurbit 

Vegetables

(Group 9)b



(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 0 7 None 71512-10, 71512-9

Fruiting

Vegetables

(Except

Cucurbits)

c



(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 0 7 None 71512-10

0.133 NS 0.267 NS 2 0 7 None 71512-9
7

Crop/Site

Residential

Agricultural

Forestry

(Timing) 

and

Application 

Type 

Maximum 

Single 

Application 

Rate by 

Formulation

(lb a.i./A)

Maximum 

Application Ratea

Maximum 

Application 

Number 

PHI (days)MRI (days)

Geographic 

Restrictions

Comments

Per Year

lb a.i./A

Per CC

lb a.i./A

Per 

Year

Per 

CC

Hops 

(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 10 7 None 71512-10

Leafy 

Vegetables 

(except 

Brassica)d



(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 10 7 None 71512-10

Tuberous and

Corm 

Vegetablese



(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 7 7 None 71512-10

Root 

Vegetables 

(except Sugar 

Beets)f



(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 3 7 None 71512-10

Pome Fruitg 

(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 21 7 None 71512-10

Stone Fruith 

(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 14 7 None 71512-10
8

Crop/Site

Residential

Agricultural

Forestry

(Timing) 

and

Application 

Type 

Maximum 

Single 

Application 

Rate by 

Formulation

(lb a.i./A)

Maximum 

Application Ratea

Maximum 

Application 

Number 

PHI (days)MRI (days)

Geographic 

Restrictions

Comments

Per Year

lb a.i./A

Per CC

lb a.i./A

Per 

Year

Per 

CC

Clover (grown 

for seed) 



(Foliar)

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.178 NS 2 NS 7 ID 71512-10, ID070014

Head and Stem 

Brassica (Cole)

and Mustard 

Greensi



(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 0 7 None 71512-9, 71512-10

Cotton 

(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 30 7 None 71512-10

Potato 

(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 7 7 None 71512-10

Low Growing 

Berry 

Subgroupj



(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 0.267 NS 3 NS 0 7 None 71512-9, 71512-10 

Rapeseed 

subgroupk 

(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 0.267 NS 3 NS 7 7 None 71512-9, 71512-10
9

Crop/Site

Residential

Agricultural

Forestry

(Timing) 

and

Application 

Type 

Maximum 

Single 

Application 

Rate by 

Formulation

(lb a.i./A)

Maximum 

Application Ratea

Maximum 

Application 

Number 

PHI (days)MRI (days)

Geographic 

Restrictions

Comments

Per Year

lb a.i./A

Per CC

lb a.i./A

Per 

Year

Per 

CC

Carrot tops 

(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground

0.089 NS 0.35 NS 4 NS 7 None CA090001 (1)

Greenhouse

Cucumber 



(Foliar/soil 

media 

treatment/wh

en needed)

Ground 

0.133 NS NS NS 2 0 7 None 71512-9, 71512-10 

Mint/Peppermi

nt/Spearmint



(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 7 14 None 71512-9, 71512-10

Ornamentals 

(unspecified)



(Foliar)

Ground

0.134 NS 0.267 NS 2

l NS 7 None 279-3287 

0.268

NS 0.267 NS 1

l NS 7 None 279-3277

NS NS NS NS NS 7 None

279-3264 

No maximum application 

rate is specified on label; 

Label states to reapply as 

necessary every 7-28 days
10

Crop/Site

Residential

Agricultural

Forestry

(Timing) 

and

Application 

Type 

Maximum 

Single 

Application 

Rate by 

Formulation

(lb a.i./A)

Maximum 

Application Ratea

Maximum 

Application 

Number 

PHI (days)MRI (days)

Geographic 

Restrictions

Comments

Per Year

lb a.i./A

Per CC

lb a.i./A

Per 

Year

Per 

CC

Greenhouse 

Tomato



(Foliar) 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.133 NS NS NS 2 0 7 None 71512-9, 71512-10 

Tree Nuts 

(Foliar) 

Aerial, 

Ground, 

Chemigation

0.089 NS 0.267 NS 3 40 7 None 71512-9, 71512-10

a The number of applications of flonicamid that can be applied per calendar year for a given use is not explicitly stated on many of the current labels. As such, 

several of the currently registered uses may result in multiple seasonal applications of flonicamid per year and this would be reflected when modeling total product 

usage for the year.

b Curcubit - Balsam apple, balsam pear, bitter melon, Chayote, Chinese cucumber, Chinese waxgourd (Chinese preserving melon), Citron melon; Cucumber, 

Gherkin, Gourd, edible (includes: hyotan, cucuzza, hechima and Chinese okra); Muskmelon (includes: true cantaloupe, cantaloupe, casaba, crenshaw melon, golden 

pershaw melon, honeydew melon, honey balls, mango melon, Persian melon, pineapple melon, Santa Claus melon, and snake melon), Pumpkin, Squash, summer 

(includes: crookneck squash, scallop squash, straightneck squash, vegetable marrow, zucchini), Watermelon, Winter Squash (includes butternut squash, calabaza, 

hubbard squash, acorn squash, spaghetti squash)

c Fruiting Vegetables -Eggplant; Groundcherry, Okra, Pepino, Pepper (includes: bell pepper, chili pepper, cooking pepper, pimento, sweet pepper), Tomatillo, 

Tomato.

d Leafy Vegetables (except Brassica) - Amaranth (leafy amaranth, Chinese spinach, tampala), Arugula (rouquette), Cardoon, Celery, Chinese Celery, Celtuce, 

Chervil, Chrysanthemum (edible leaved and garland), Corn salad, Cress (garden and upland), Dandelion, Dock (sorrel), Endive (escarole), Florence fennel, Lettuce 

(head and leaf). Orach, Parsley, Purslane (garden and winter), Radicchio (red chicory), Rhubarb, Spinach, Spinach (New Zealand), Swiss chard, Vine spinach 

(Malabar and Indian)

e Tuberous - Arracacha; Arrowroot; Chinese artichoke; Jerusalem artichoke; Edible canna; Casava (bitter and sweet); Chayote (root); Chufa; Oasheen; Ginger; 

Leren; Potato; Sweet potato; Tanier; Turmeric; Yam Bean; Yam (true).

f Root vegetables - Beet, garden; Burdock, edible; Carrot; Celeriac; Chervil, turniprooted; Chicory; Ginseng; Horseradish; Parsley, turnip-rooted; Parsnip; Radish; 

Radish, oriental; Rutabaga; Salsify: Salsify, black; Salsify, Spanish; Skirret; Turnip.

g Pome fruits - Apple, Crabapple. Loquat Mayhaw, Pear, Oriental Pear, Quince
11

Crop/Site

Residential

Agricultural

Forestry

(Timing) 

and

Application 

Type 

Maximum 

Single 

Application 

Rate by 

Formulation

(lb a.i./A)

Maximum 

Application Ratea

Maximum 

Application 

Number 

PHI (days)MRI (days)

Geographic 

Restrictions

Comments

Per Year

lb a.i./A

Per CC

lb a.i./A

Per 

Year

Per 

CC

h Stone Fruit - Apricot, Cherry (sweet and tart), Nectarine, Peach, Plum (includes Chickasaw plum, Damson plum, and Japanese plum), Plumcot Prune (fresh)

i Head and Stem Brassica and Mustard Greens - Includes mustard greens and all members of Crop Subgroup 5A: Broccoli, Chinese broccoli, Brussels sprouts, 

Cabbage, Chinese cabbage (napa), Chinese mustard cabbage, Cauliflower, Cavalo broccoli,

Kohlrabi

j Bearberry; bilberry; blueberry, lowbush; cloudberry; cranberry; lingonberry; muntries; partridgeberry; strawberry; cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these

k Borage; crambe,; cuphea; echium; flax seed; gold of pleasure; hare's ear mustard; lesquerella; lunaria; meadowfoam; milkweed; mustard seed; oil radish; poppy 

seed; rapeseed; sesame; sweet rocket; cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these

l Maximum number of applications per cc not specified; number was calculated by maximum application rate per cc divided by maximum single application rate
12

1. PREVIOUS RISK ASSESSMENTS

Previous Ecological Assessments 

In August 2003, EFED conducted a risk assessment to support the initial registration of 

flonicamid for indoor greenhouse uses (DP Barcodes: 285425, 285447). Since the assessment 

applied only to indoor greenhouse use of flonicamid, EFED did not conduct a formal risk 

assessment. However, environmental fate and effects data were evaluated and uncertainties and 

deficiencies were identified that would need to be addressed prior to conducting a risk 

assessment for outdoor uses. 

In 2004, EFED completed a Section 3 ecological risk assessment for the use of flonicamid on 

numerous terrestrial food crops and ornamentals (DP Barcodes 298809, 301587, 306653, 

308735, 308562). The 2004 assessment did not identify any significant risk to most non-target 

aquatic and terrestrial organisms, but expressed concern regarding flonicamid’s potential 

sublethal effects on honey bees. 

In 2007, EFED completed a Section 3 ecological risk assessment for new uses on root 

vegetables, tuberous and corn vegetables, and hops (DP Barcodes 331071, 331027). The 2007 

risk assessment suggested that threatened or endangered terrestrial invertebrates may be 

potentially at risk from flonicamid use, and found potential risks to all other terrestrial and 

aquatic species to be negligible. 

In 2012, EFED completed a Section 3 ecological risk assessment for the use of flonicamid on 

low-growing berries and rapeseed. No acute and/or chronic risk quotients (RQs) for listed or 

non-listed birds, mammals, freshwater fish, estuarine/marine fish or freshwater invertebrate 

species exceeded the Level of Concern (LOC). Additionally, no RQs for listed and non-listed 

plants exceeded the LOC. Concerns were raised for toxicity to honeybees and other non-target 

terrestrial invertebrates, as well as the lack of toxicity data for chronic exposure for 

estuarine/marine animals and passerine species. 

In 2013, EFED completed an ecological risk assessment for a Section 3 use of flonicamid on

alfalfa and clover grown for seed, fruiting vegetables, mint, tree nuts, and the expansion to the 

full crop group for pome fruit and stone fruit. No acute or chronic RQs for listed or non-listed 

birds, mammals, freshwater fish, or freshwater invertebrate species exceeded the LOC. 

Continued concern for toxicity to honeybees as well as data gaps for both honeybees and 

passerine species was discussed.

A summary of risk concerns based on these previous assessments is summarized in Table 4. 
13

Table 4. Summary of Risk Concerns Identified for Flonicamid

Exposure 

Basis Birds Mammals

Terrestrial 

Plants

Terrestrial 

Inverts. 

(honey 

bee 

hazard)

Fish Aquatic 

Inverts

Aquatic

Plants

Groundwater 

Contamination

Persistence Degradates 

of Concern

Acute Noa No

No Yesb

No No

No No No No

Chronic Noa No No No

a. Data not available for passerines at time of previous risk assessments

b. No exceedances of LOCs, but significant risk concern was identified in previous assessments due to possible delayed 

mortality effects

Previous Drinking Water Assessments 

A drinking water assessment for flonicamid residues was conducted in 2013 [USEPA, 20132] 

using both a parent only exposure, and a total toxic residue (TTR) approach, which considers the 

parent compound and its major degradates of concern previously identified by HED, including 

TFNA, TFNG, TFNA-AM, TFNA-OH and TFNG-AM. The predicted concentrations of 

flonicamid total toxic residues, except cranberry, were found to be lower than estimated drinking 

water concentrations (EDWC) in previous drinking water assessments. The EDWCs for 

cranberry had been previously estimated using the Tier 1 rice model, which does not account for 

dilution and degradation. Because flonicamid and its degradation products degrade rapidly in 

aerobic soil, the EDWCs for cranberry were considered highly conservative and greatly 

exaggerated the Tier 1 screening EDWCs (94.93 μg/L for single application and 285.44 μg/L for 

annual application rate). EFED recommended using the EDWCs from PRZM-GW. The 

concentration of total toxic residues of flonicamid (flonicamid TTR) in ground water was 

predicted to not exceed 15.9 μg/L for the daily peak and 9.92 μg/L for the 30 year annual 

average. These concentrations were associated with the proposed increased application rate of 

0.133 lb a.i./A on fruiting vegetables based upon 2 applications per calendar year, which 

provides a more conservative estimate than the use of 0.267 lb a.i./A, the maximum application 

rate for ornamentals.

Clean Water Act Programs 

Flonicamid is not identified as a cause of impairment for any water bodies listed as impaired 

under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) criteria have 

not been developed for flonicamid. Aquatic benchmarks have not been established for 

flonicamid (http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/ecorisk_ders/aquatic_life_benchmark.htm). Any data 

submitted or otherwise located as part of the registration review process may be used to establish 

aquatic life benchmarks, if applicable. 

 

2

 USEPA. Drinking Water Assessment to Assess Flonicamid Use on Alfalfa and Clover Grown for Seed, Fruiting Vegetables, 

Mint, Tree Nuts, and the Expansion to the Full Crop Group for Pome Fruit and Stone Fruit. PC Code: 128016; DP Barcode: 

408552, 408555, 412695. June 23, 2013.
14

2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT 

Physical and Chemical Properties of Flonicamid 

The physicochemical properties of flonicamid are shown in Table 5. Based on these properties 

alone, flonicamid is not expected to be volatile or to bioaccumulate. 

Table 5. Selected Physical/Chemical Parameters of Flonicamid 

Chemical name Property

Chemical Abstract Service number 158062-67-0

Empirical Formula C9H6F3N3O

Molecular weight 229 g/mole

Aqueous Solubility 5300 mg/L

Vapor Pressure (25C) 7.07X10-9

torr

pKa 11.6

Octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow at 

30C)

1.9

Environmental Fate Properties of Flonicamid 

The chemical structure of flonicamid and its degradation products are provided in Figures 1 and 

2. 

Figure 1. Chemical Structure of Flonicamid 

Structure of N-(4-Trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine (TFNG) 

N

CF3

N

H

O

N

N

CF3

N

H

O

O

OH
15

Structure of 4-Trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA) 

Structure of 6-Hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl nicotinic acid (TFNA-OH)

Structure of 4-Trifluoromethylnicotinamide (TFNA-AM) 

Structure of N-(4-Trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycinamide (TFNG-AM) 

Figure 2. Chemical Structure of Flonicamid Degradation Products 

Flonicamid applications can lead to surface water contamination through spray drift, runoff,

sediment erosion and ground water contamination through leaching. Given the low Kd values for 

flonicamid, it is anticipated that the sediment bound fraction would be low. Flonicamid rapidly 

degrades in soil to form five degradation products (TFNA, TFNG, TFNA-AM, TFNA-OH, 

TFNG-AM). Both flonicamid (Koc = 11.2 - 20.7) and its degradation products are expected to be 

very mobile in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Laboratory Koc values for the degradation 

products were not calculated from submitted batch equilibrium studies due to the lack of sorption 

on the test soils. Flonicamid is stable to hydrolysis and photolysis under typical environmental 

conditions, but degrades rather quickly in aerobic environments (soil t1⁄2 = 1.2 – 3.1 days; aquatic 

total system t1⁄2 = 36 – 44 days), and more slowly under anaerobic conditions (t1⁄2 = 161 days). 

N

CF3

OH

O

N

CF3

OH

O

OH

N

CF3

NH2

O

N

CF3

N

H

O

O

NH2
16

Although flonicamid and its degradation products are not persistent in soil, they exhibit low 

soil:water partitioning coefficients to promote leaching into ground water. Detailed summaries 

of the available environmental fate data for flonicamid are available in the 2004 Section 3 

ecological risk assessment for the use of flonicamid on terrestrial food crops and ornamentals 

(DP Barcodes 298809, 301587, 306653, 308735, 308562). 

Flonicamid is expected to be very mobile in the environment. The soil to water partitioning 

coefficients (Kd) derived from the four soils studied, at two different concentrations, ranged from 

0.09 to 0.5, with an average value of 0.25. Table 6 summarizes the environmental fate 

properties of flonicamid. 

Table 6. Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Parameters of Flonicamid

Parameter Value Description Study Status Source (MRID)

Persistence

Hydrolysis half-life pH 4: stable (50 C )

pH 5: stable (25C, 

50C) 

pH 7: stable (25C, 50C)

pH 9: 204, 18, 12 days at 

25C, 40C , 50C

Acceptable 45656801

Aqueous photolysis half-life Stable pH 7 at 23C Acceptable 45656802

Soil photolysis half-life 77 days Loamy sand soil (12 

hour light/dark cycle)

Acceptable 45656803

Aerobic soil metabolism 

half-life

3.1 Loamy sand soil Supplemental 45656804

45854817

1.2 Loamy sand soil Acceptable 45854817

1.2 Sandy loam soil

1.9 Sand soil

Anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism half-life

(total system)

 161 days HPLC grade water / 

soil (not 

characterized) from 

Ohio (total system)

Acceptable 45854821

46222701

Aerobic aquatic metabolism 

half-life (total system)

36 days Pond water/silty clay 

loam from 

Switzerland

Acceptable 45854822

44 days River water/sandy 

loam sediment from 

Switzerland

Mobility

Adsorption/Desorption – Kd 0.09 OK loamy sand Acceptable 45656805

0.3 OK sandy loam
17

Parameter Value Description Study Status Source (MRID)

0.2 German sandy loam

0.1 OH loamy sand

Terrestrial field Dissipation 

half life (total system)

3 days Bare ground/sand soil 

Ephrata, WA

Acceptable 45854906

4 days Bare ground/sandy 

loam soil

Madera, CA

Acceptable 45854907

10 days Bare ground/silt loam 

soil 

Northwood, ND

Acceptable 45854908

10 days Bare ground/loamy 

sand soil 

Garner, NC

Acceptable 45854909

Transformation Products 

Like the parent compound, flonicamid’s degradates (TFNA, TFNG, TFNA-AM, TFNA-OH, 

TFNG-AM) rapidly degrade in aerobic environments, and more slowly under anaerobic 

conditions. Under normal environmental conditions, flonicamid degrades into three major 

(TFNA, TFNG-AM and TFNA-OH) and two minor (TFNG and TFNA-AM) degradates. 

Flonicamid degrades by hydrolytic cleavage of the cyano and amide side chains to 4-

trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA) and N-(4-trifluoromethyl nicotinoyl)-glycinamide (TFNGAM), respectively. TFNA degrades rapidly to 6-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid 

(TFNA-OH). TFNG-AM degrades rapidly to N-(4-trifluoromethyl nicotinoyl)glycine (TFNG), 

which, in turn, degrades mainly to TFNA, with some intermediary transformation into 4-

trifluoromethyl nicotinamide (TFNA-AM). These transformations occur under aerobic 

conditions, with degradate half-lives ranging from 1 to 3 days. Almost complete conversion to 

carbon dioxide and soil-bound residues occurs within 30 days under aerobic conditions in soil. 

Under anaerobic conditions, flonicamid degrades by hydrolytic cleavage of the cyano and amide 

side chains into 4-trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA). TFNA is stable under anaerobic 

conditions. Concentrations of TFNA were at a maximum after flonicamid was allowed to 

degrade in soil for one year under anaerobic conditions. Table 7 summarizes transformation 

product formation and associated study types and MRIDs. More detailed information on the 

transformation products can be found in Appendix A. 

 

Field Dissipation
18

Table 7. Summary of Flonicamid Transformation Products from Environmental Fate Testing 

Conducted on the Parent Flonicamid. 

Degradate Name 

Maximum 

% of

Applied

MRID # Study Type

6-Hydroxy-4-

trifluoromethylnicotinic acid 

(TFNA-OH) 21% 45656804 aerobic soil metabolism

7.6% 45854822

aerobic aquatic 

metabolism 

4-Trifluoromethylnicotinic acid 

(TFNA) 36% 45656804 aerobic soil metabolism

18% 45854822

aerobic aquatic 

metabolism 

76%* 45854821

anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism

N-(4-Trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) 

glycine (TFNG)

2.0%* 45656803 photolysis in soil

3.9% 45854818 aerobic soil metabolism

3.7% 45854822

aerobic aquatic 

metabolism 

N-(4-Trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) 

glycinamide (TFNG-AM)

16% 45656803 photolysis in soil

10% 45854818 aerobic soil metabolism

4-Trifluoromethylnicotinamide 

(TFNA-AM) 3.4% 45656801 hydrolysis

3.0% 45656802 photolysis in water

5.0%* 45656803 photolysis in soil

7.6% 45854818 aerobic soil metabolism

1.4% 45854822

aerobic aquatic 

metabolism 

*Maximum % of applied reported at study termination; amounts may have continued to increase with time 

Bold indicates maximum % formation percentage of degradate 

Submitted mobility data for the five flonicamid degradation products indicate even greater 

environmental mobility than that of the parent compound. Individual soil to water partitioning 

coefficients (Kd) for the five degradates ranged from 0.0 to 0.20. Table 8 summarizes the 

aerobic metabolism and mobility of the flonicamid transformation products. 
19

Table 8. Summary of Aerobic Metabolism Half-lives and Soil to Water Partitioning Coefficients 

of Flonicamid Transformation Products. 

Flonicamid Degradation 

Product Soil Type

Soil/Water 

Partitioning 

Coefficient 

(Kd)

HalfLifeStudy 

MRID

TFNA-OH 

(6-Hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl 

nicotinic acid)

Loamy sand N/A 1.5 days 45863810

Sandy loam N/A 1.9 days 45863810

Sand N/A 2.6 days 45863810

median 0.03 mL/g N/A 45854903

TFNA 

(4-Trifluoromethylnicotinic 

acid)

Loamy sand N/A 0.5 days 45863808

Sandy loam N/A 0.3 days 45863808

Sand N/A 0.5 days 45863808

median 0.01 mL/g N/A 45854901

TFNG 

(N-(4-

Trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) 

glycine)

Loamy sand N/A 0.1 days 45863809

Sandy loam N/A 0.2 days 45863809

Sand N/A 1.6 days 45863809

median 0.02 mL/g N/A 45854902

TFNG-AM 

(N-(4-

Trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) 

glycinamide)

Loamy sand N/A

0.25 

days 45854820 

Sandy loam N/A 0.3 days 45854820

Sand N/A 1.0 days 45854820

median 0.12 mL/g N/A 45854905

TFNA-AM 

(4-

Trifluoromethylnicotinamide)

Loamy sand N/A 1.2 days 45854819 

Sandy loam N/A 1.0 days 45854819

Sand N/A 2.3 days 45854819

median 0.11 mL/g N/A 45854904

3. RECEPTORS 

Tables 9 and 10 provide a summary of the aquatic and terrestrial toxicity data, respectively, and 

the most sensitive surrogate species tested to characterize the potential acute and chronic 

ecological effects of flonicamid. 
20

 

Table 9. Toxicological Endpoints for Aquatic Species 

Assessment 

Endpoint 

Measures of 

Effect 

Species Toxicity 

Value*

Endpoint Reference 

Freshwater fish: 

Freshwater 

fish acute 

LC50

Rainbow trout LC50: >98 

mg a.i./L

Lethality MRID 45656808

Survival and 

reproduction of 

individuals and 

communities 

96-h (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

Supplemental

Minor deviations in 

water chemistry and 

fish acclimation time

No more than 

slightly toxic†

Freshwater 

fish acute

LC50

Bluegill 

Sunfish

LC50: >99 

mg a.i./L

Lethality MRID 45656807

96-h (Lepomis 

macrochirus)

Supplemental

Minor deviations in 

water chemistry and 

fish acclimation time

No more than 

slightly toxic†

Freshwater 

fish early lifestage NOAEC

Fathead 

Minnow

NOAEC: 

9.5 mg 

a.i./L

Reproduction; growth MRID 45854914

(Pimephales 

promelas)

LOAEC: 

20 mg 

a.i./L

Acceptable

33-day Terminal dry weight 

significantly lower in the 20 

mg a.i./L treatment group

No treatment-related effects 

on time to hatch, hatching 

success, post-hatch (larval) 

survival, clinical effects, 

terminal length, or terminal 

wet weights were observed

Freshwater 

invertebrates:

Freshwater 

invertebrate 

LC50

Waterflea LC50: >99 

mg a.i./L

Lethality MRID 45656806

Survival and 

reproduction of 

individuals and 

communities

48-h (Daphnia 

magna)

Static

NOAEC: 

99 mg 

a.i./L

Immobilization: No 

immobilization occurred at 

100 mg a.i./L flonicamid 

TGAI (98.7%)

Supplemental

Several minor 

guideline deviations

in initial review; 

Additional 

discussion below

No more than 

slightly toxic†
21

Freshwater 

invertebrate life 

cycle NOAEC 

Waterflea NOAEC: 

3.0 mg 

a.i./L

Reproduction (fecundity): 

significantly lower when 

concentration > 6.08 mg 

a.i./L

MRID 45863812 

(Daphnia 

magna)

Supplemental

21-day Static renewal

LOAEC: 

6.1 mg 

a.i./L 

Growth (body length): 

significantly reduced when 

nominal concentration >

12.5 mg a.i./L 

Treatments not 

verified at all 

concentrations; 

Additional 

discussion below

LC50: 42.1 

mg a.i./L

Lethality Slightly toxic†

Estuarine and 

marine fish:

Estuarine and 

marine acute 

LC50

Sheepshead 

minnow 

LC50: 

>120 mg 

a.i./L

Lethality MRID 45854913

Survival and 

reproduction of 

individuals and 

communities

96-h (Cyprinodon 

variegatus)

Supplemental

Fish weight too low

flow-through Practically nontoxic†

Estuarine and 

marine fish early 

life-stage 

NOAEC

No Data

Estuarine and 

marine 

invertebrates: 

Estuarine and 

marine 

invertebrate 

LC50 

Eastern oyster LC50: > 

128 mg 

a.i./L

Lethality MRID 45854911

(Crassostrea 

virginica) 

NOAEC: 

71 mg 

a.i./L

Shell Growth

Acceptable

Survival and 

reproduction of 

individuals and 

communities

96-h Flow-through LOAEC: 

128 mg 

a.i./L

Practically nontoxic†

Mysid LC50: > 

121 mg 

a.i./L 

Lethality MRID 45854912 

(Americamysis 

bahia)

NOEC: 44 

mg a.i./L

NOEC and LOEC were 

based on 10% mortality at 

69 mg a.i./L after 96 h and 

erratic swimming in up to 

15% of the 69 mg a.i./L 

group and up to 33% of the 

121 mg a.i./L group 

Acceptable

Flow-through LOEC: 69 

mg a.i./L

Practically nontoxic†

Additional 

discussion below

Estuarine and 

marine 

invertebrate life 

cycle NOAEC

No Data

Aquatic plants:

Non-vascular Freshwater 

green algae

EC50 > 

119 mg 

a.i./L

Cell density, biomass, 

growth rate

MRID 45854920

Standing crop or 

biomass and 

growth

Freshwater green 

algae, 

cyanobacteria or 

diatom EC50

(Selenastrum 

capricornutum)

NOAEC: 

119 mg 

a.i./L

No significant effects seen 

for these endpoints

Acceptable

Static renewal

96-h/7-day
22

Non-vascular Freshwater 

green algae

EC50 > 

96.7 mg 

a.i./L

Cell density MRID 45656814

Freshwater green 

algae, 

cyanobacteria or 

diatom EC50

(Selenastrum 

capricornutum)

NOAEC: 

43.8 mg 

a.i./L

A 14% reduction in 

biomass was observed at 

nominal concentration of 

43.8 mg a.i./L

Supplemental

Treatments not 

verified at all 

concentrations

72-h

Vascular Duckweed EC50 > 

119 mg 

a.i./L

Frond number, occurrence 

of curled fronds

MRID 45854919

Freshwater EC50 (Lemna gibba) NOAEC: 

7.3 mg 

a.i./L

Acceptable

96-h/7-day Static renewal LOAEC: 

15 mg 

a.i./L

21% reduction in frond 

number and occurrence of 

curled fronds at 15 mg 

a.i./L – effects not dosedependent

* Toxicity values in bold were used in Risk Quotient calculations.

† Based on EC50 (mg/L): < 0.1 very highly toxic; 0.1-1 highly toxic; >1-10 moderately toxic; >10-100 slightly toxic; >100 

practically nontoxic.

Table 10. Toxicological Endpoints for Terrestrial Species 

Assessment 

Endpoint 

Measures of 

Effect 

Species Toxicity Value Endpoint Reference / Study 

classification

Birds: 

Avian acute oral 

LD50

Northern

Bobwhite 

Quail

LD50: >2250 mg 

a.i./kg-bw

Lethality MRID 46159701

Abundance (i.e., 

survival, 

reproduction, and 

growth) of 

individuals and 

populations 

14-days (Colinus 

virginianus)

NOAEL (lethal): 

1350 mg a.i./kgbw

Acceptable

NOAEL 

(sublethal): 810 

mg a.i./kg-bw

Body weight gain 

significantly 

reduced and food 

consumption 

significantly lower 

for males at 1350 

mg a.i./kg

LOAEL: 1350 

mg a.i./kg-bw

Practically nontoxic†

Avian sub-acute 

dietary LC50

Northern

Bobwhite 

Quail

LC50: >4613 mg 

a.i./kg-diet

Lethality MRID 45656811

8-days (Colinus 

virginianus)

NOAEC: <4613 

mg a.i./kg -diet

Supplemental

Food consumption 

and body weight 

reduced 

significantly at 

4613 mg a.i./kg 

Minor deviations 

from guideline 

requirements

Slightly toxic∆

Mallard duck LC50: >5037 mg 

a.i./kg-diet

Lethality MRID 45656812

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

NOAEC: <5037 

mg a.i./kg-diet

Acceptable
23

Assessment 

Endpoint 

Measures of 

Effect 

Species Toxicity Value Endpoint Reference / Study 

classification

LOAEC: 5037 

mg a.i./kg-diet

Food consumption 

and body weight 

reduced 

significantly at 

5037 mg a.i./kg

Practically nontoxic∆

Avian reproduction 

NOAEL

Northern

Bobwhite 

Quail

NOAEC: 1030 

mg a.i./kg-diet 

No significant 

effects

MRID 45854915

2-generation (Colinus 

virginianus)

LOAEC: >1030 

mg a.i./kg-diet

Acceptable

21-wk

Mallard duck NOAEC: 415 

mg a.i./kg-diet

Significant 

reductions in 

mallard embryo 

viability and 

hatchability at 1030 

mg a.i./kg 

MRID 45854916

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

LOAEC: 1030 

mg a.i./kg-diet

Acceptable

Mammals: Mammalian acute 

oral LD50 

SpragueDawley Rat

♂ LD50: 884 mg 

a.i./kg-bw

Lethality MRID 45656707

Abundance (i.e., 

survival, 

reproduction, and 

growth) of 

individuals and 

populations 

♀ LD50: 1768 

mg a.i./kg-bw

Acceptable

Slightly toxic†

Mammalian 

reproductive 

NOAEL

Wistar Rat NOAEC: 1800 

mg a.i./kg-diet

No significant 

effects on offspring 

body weight, 

anogenital distance, 

gross pathology, 

birth, live birth, 

viability, or 

lactation indices.

MRIDs 45854613, 

45854612

2- generation LOAEC: >1800 

mg a.i./kg-diet

Acceptable

Significant effect 

on kidney weight at 

300 mg a.i./kg but 

this endpoint is not 

related to an apical 

endpoint and will 

not be used in the 

ecological risk 

assessment

Insect:

Honey bee acute 

contact LD50

Honey bee LD50: >100 g 

a.i./bee

Lethality of TGAI MRID 45656813

Survival of 

populations 

48-h

1

(Apis 

mellifera)

NOAEL: <100 

mg a.i./bee

Acceptable

Uncertainties 

remain regarding 

adequacy of test 

duration

Practically nontoxic§

Honey bee LD50: >51.1 g 

a.i./bee

Lethality of 

Flonicamid 50WG

MRID 45863813
24

Assessment 

Endpoint 

Measures of 

Effect 

Species Toxicity Value Endpoint Reference / Study 

classification

(Apis 

mellifera)

NOAEL: <51.1 

g a.i./bee

Supplemental

Test duration not 

long enough; see 

discussion below

Practically nontoxic§

Honey bee acute 

oral LD50

Honey bee LD50: >60.5 g 

a.i./bee

Lethality of TGAI MRID 45656813

96-h 1(Apis 

mellifera)

NOAEL: <6.4 

g a.i./bee

Supplemental

Non-guideline 

study

LOAEL: 6.4 g 

a.i./bee

Practically nontoxic§

Honey bee LD50: >3.5 g 

a.i./bee

Lethality of 

Flonicamid 50WG

MRID 45863813

(Apis 

mellifera)

NOAEL: <3.5 

g a.i./bee

Significant 

behavioral effects 

(coordination 

problems, apathy, 

nervousness) in all 

treatment groups 

after 24 hours

Supplemental –

for qualitative use 

only

High variability 

within and across 

test treatment 

groups; test 

duration not long 

enough; see 

discussion below

LOAEL: 3.5 g 

a.i./bee 

Moderately toxic§

Terrestrial plants: Seedling 

emergence

Dicots:

Cucumis 

sativus, 

Glycine max, 

Lycopersicon 

esculentum, 

Raphanus 

sativus, 

Brassica 

oleracea, 

Daucus 

carota, 

Lactuca sativa 

Monocots: 

Zea mays, 

Avena sativa, 

Lolium 

perenne, 

Allium cepa

EC25: >0.134 lb 

a.i./A

No effects noted in 

the study

Study not 

conducted at 

maximum 

application rate

MRID 45854917

Survival and 

growth

21-days NOAEC: 0.134 

lb a.i./A

Acceptable

Vegetative vigor 

EC25

EC25: >0.134 lb 

a.i./A

No effects noted in 

the study

Study not 

conducted at 

maximum 

application rate

MRID 45854918

16-days NOAEC: 0.134 

lb a.i./A

Acceptable

* Toxicity values in bold were used in Risk Quotient calculations.

† Acute Oral (avian/mammal): Based on LD50 (mg/kg) <10 very highly toxic; 10-50 highly toxic; 51-500 moderately toxic; 

501-2000 slightly toxic; >2000 practically nontoxic

∆ Acute Dietary (avian): Based on LC50 (mg/kg) <50 very highly toxic; 50-500 highly toxic; 501-1000 moderately toxic; 

1001-5000 slightly toxic; >5000 practically nontoxic
25

Assessment 

Endpoint 

Measures of 

Effect 

Species Toxicity Value Endpoint Reference / Study 

classification

§ Based on acute contact LD50 (mg a.i./bee) <2 highly toxic; 2-10.99 moderately toxic; ≥11 practically non-toxic

1 For honey bee studies, classification and endpoints based on most recent review of DER as discussed in Amended Reviews 

issued April 9, 2014 for MRIDs 45656813 and 45863813

As discussed in the 2004 risk assessment and subsequent new use assessments since that time, 

pollinators (and non-target terrestrial invertebrates) remain an area of risk concern. Based on 

registrant efficacy data, flonicamid’s mode of action works by causing the exposed invertebrate 

to stop eating. Therefore, death is caused by starvation and/or dehydration. Mortality does not 

typically occur until 2 to 5 days after exposure. The available data on acute contact and oral 

toxicity testing for honey bees, which did elicit coordination problems, apathy, and nervousness, 

may not be effective in capturing the delayed toxicity produced by the chemical. In 2014, new 

guidance was issued for pollinator risk assessment, including study guidance on adult chronic 

and larval toxicity testing. Tier I and Tier II tests conducted according to the new pollinator 

guidance would help to better characterize effects of flonicamid to honey bees. 

Delayed mortality concerns are also evident in the available freshwater invertebrate studies. The 

acute freshwater study for Daphnia was conducted as a limit test at 100 mg/L for 48 hours, 

where no effects were seen at the 48 hour endpoint. However, as previously discussed for 

terrestrial invertebrates, mortality is generally not seen until 2 to 5 days after exposure even 

though feeding cessation occurs more rapidly. In the 21 day freshwater invertebrate study, an 

LC50 of 42 mg/L was determined, which is a lower value than that determined in the acute study. 

This was due to delayed mortality, with deaths in the 100 mg/L group not beginning until day 5 

and deaths in the 50 mg/L group starting at day 16 and still continuing at day 21. As there is a 

limited understanding of the mechanism of action of flonicamid and a known delayed mortality 

in efficacy studies, a modified acute freshwater invertebrate study using a 48 hour flow-through 

exposure period followed by an extended observation period in clean water flow-through would 

help to better characterize these effects. 

Similar concerns are raised with the acute estuarine/marine invertebrate 96 hour study for mysid, 

where delayed mortality may not be captured. Moreover, no chronic study for estuarine/marine 

invertebrates was submitted. A modified mysid acute study, similar to that for freshwater 

invertebrates, would help to reduce this uncertainty. 

Exposure Pathways of Concern 

The exposure pathways for flonicamid and its transformation products may result in a wide range 

of potential aquatic and terrestrial exposure scenarios. For this problem formulation, the drinking 

water and inhalation pathways for birds and mammals were screened using the SIP (Screening 

Imbibition Program) and STIR (Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk) screening methods. STIR 

found the inhalation pathway not likely to be significant but the SIP analysis identified exposure 

through drinking water alone to be a potential concern for birds and mammals. This is primarily 

due to the high water solubility of the compound and is a route of exposure that will be further 

analyzed in the forthcoming risk assessment. 
26

It is also noted that these screening analyses do not include aggregation with all other exposure 

pathways (dietary, dermal, inhalation, or drinking water), which, together, may contribute to a 

total exposure that has a potential for effects to non-target animals. The risk characterization 

section will discusses the impact of the consideration of other routes of exposure that have been 

identified as potentially important, and the degree of certainty associated with screening-level 

risk assessment conclusions. SIP and STIR are described in detail at 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/index.htm and the SIP and STIR model outputs 

are available in Appendices B and C, respectively. 

 

4. ANALYSIS PLAN 

Drinking Water Assessment 

If needed, an updated drinking water assessment will be conducted to support future human 

health dietary risk assessments of flonicamid. The drinking water assessment will incorporate 

model estimates of flonicamid (as TTR) and any additional transformation products to those 

previously identified by the Health Effects Division as residues of toxicological concern in 

surface water and groundwater. The registration review drinking water assessment will include 

modeling results as well as a summary of available surface water and groundwater monitoring 

data, if available. The cranberry use scenario will likely be modeled using PFAM (Pesticides in 

Flooded Application Model), which allows for a more advanced evaluation than the previously 

utilized Tier I rice model. This scenario represents a unique circumstance as it is a semi-aquatic 

crop and has implications for modeling both ecological and drinking water risks. 

The current model for conducting drinking water assessments for surface water is the Surface 

Water Concentration Calculator (SWCC), which utilizes PRZM version 5.0+ (PRZM5) and the 

Variable Volume Water Body Model (VVWM). The SWCC will be used to simulate pesticide 

transport as a result of runoff and erosion from an agricultural field and to estimate 

environmental fate and transport of pesticides in the index reservoir. Measures of exposure will 

be based on maximum single and yearly (including multiple seasons per year) labeled 

application rates, minimum retreatment intervals, and conservative methods of application. 

These may also incorporate maximum use rate assumptions where maximum annual application 

rates are missing or unclear. 

Currently, groundwater modeling is completed using PRZM-Groundwater (PRZM-GW version 

1.0, December 11, 2012), using the GW-GUI (Graphical User Interface, version 1.0, December 

11, 2012). PRZM-GW can be used to simulate vertical pesticide transport through the soil 

profile into an aquifer following application to an agricultural field. The PRZM scenarios used in 

groundwater simulations are representative of vulnerable sites—shallow unconfined aquifers 

under an agricultural field with leaching prone soil—and output values represent pesticide 

concentrations that may be observed in drinking water resulting from the use of groundwater 

vulnerable to pesticide contamination as source water. The results are expected to represent the 

upper bound values on the concentrations of toxic residues that might be found in drinking water 

supplied by groundwater. 
27

Ecological Risk Assessment 

Stressors of Concern 

There are five degradation products of flonicamid and no toxicity data based on laboratory 

studies are available for these products. Known transformation kinetics and physical 

characteristics of these compounds are outlined in Tables 7 and 8 and Appendix A. These 

products form primarily under aerobic conditions and, similar to the parent compound, degrade 

rapidly under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, the major transformation product 

is TFNA, which is stable under these conditions. As the mechanism of action of the parent 

compound is not well defined and the active moiety has not been identified, other tools were 

used to assess whether the degradation products will have more or less toxicity than flonicamid 

itself. Using ECOSar (Ecological Structure Activity Relationship), v1.11, and SMILES Codes 

for each degradation product, potential toxicity of these chemicals was assessed. Output from 

this assessment generally indicated lower predicted toxicity for each of the degradation products 

than the parent and are summarized in Appendix D.

Previous assessments have relied on the Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach for assessing 

ecological and drinking water risks from flonicamid and degradates. This modeling strategy 

requires an assumption that all residues of concern have similar physical, chemical, and 

partitioning characteristics as well as equal or less toxicity than the parent compound. In the 

absence of toxicity studies on the degradation products and based on QSAR analysis, and 

following the approach used in previous assessments and by HED for addressing metabolites of 

concern, it is anticipated the TTR approach will be utilized for the risk assessment. 

Measures of Exposure

In order to estimate risks of flonicamid exposure to aquatic and terrestrial organisms, all 

exposure modeling and resulting risk conclusions will be made based on maximum application 

rates, application methods, and any mitigation measures specifically indicated on the label. The 

models that will be used to predict the estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) of 

flonicamid are discussed on OPP’s model website.3 These models include: SWCC, AgDrift, 

AgDisp, T-REX, and TerrPlant. 

Measure of Effects

Ecological effects data are used as measures of direct and indirect effects to biological receptors. 

Data are typically obtained from registrant-submitted studies and from literature studies 

identified by ECOTOX. The ECOTOX database provides more ecological effects data in an 

attempt to bridge existing data gaps. ECOTOX is a source for locating single chemical toxicity 

data and potential chemical mixture toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and 

wildlife. ECOTOX was created and is maintained by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and 

Development, and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory's MidContinent Ecology Division. 

 

3

 http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/science/models_pg.htm 
28

Integration of Exposure and Effects

Risk characterization is the integration of exposure and ecological effects to determine the 

potential ecological risk from the use of pesticides and the likelihood of direct and indirect 

effects to non-target organisms in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. For the assessment of risks, the 

risk quotient (RQ) method is used to compare exposure and measured toxicity values. EECs are 

calculated for acute and chronic concentrations and are compared to acute and chronic toxicity 

endpoints. The resulting RQs are then compared to the Agency’s Levels of Concern (LOCs) 

(USEPA 2004). These criteria will be used to indicate when flonicamid use, as directed on the 

label, has the potential to cause adverse direct effects to non-target organisms. In addition, any 

available incident data will be considered (see below) as part of the risk characterization.

Endangered Species Assessments 

In November 2013, the EPA, along with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS), the 

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (collectively, the Services), and the U.S. Department 

of Agriculture (USDA) released a summary of their joint Interim Approaches for assessing risks 

to listed species from pesticides. The Interim Approaches were developed jointly by the agencies 

in response to the National Academy of Sciences’ (NAS) recommendations and reflect a 

common approach to risk assessment shared by the agencies as a way of addressing scientific 

differences between the EPA and the Services. The NAS report outlines recommendations on 

specific scientific and technical issues related to the development of pesticide risk assessments 

that EPA and the Services must conduct in connection with their obligations under the 

Endangered Species Act (ESA) and FIFRA. The joint Interim Approaches were released prior to 

a stakeholder workshop held on November 15, 2013. In addition, the EPA presented the joint 

Interim Approaches at the December 2013 Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee (PPDC) and 

State-FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group (SFIREG) meetings, and held a stakeholder 

workshop in April 2014, allowing additional opportunities for stakeholders to comment on the 

Interim Approaches. As part of a phased, iterative process for developing the Interim 

Approaches, the agencies will also consider public comments on the Interim Approaches in 

connection with the development of upcoming Registration Review decisions. The details of the 

joint Interim Approaches are contained in the white paper “Interim Approaches for NationalLevel Pesticide Endangered Species Act Assessments Based on the Recommendations of the 

National Academy of Sciences April 2013 Report,” dated November 1, 2013. 

Given that the agencies are continuing to develop and work toward implementation of the 

Interim Approaches to assess the potential risks of pesticides to listed species and their 

designated critical habitat, the ecological risk assessment supporting the proposed interim 

registration review decision for flonicamid is not expected to contain a complete ESA analysis. 

Once the agencies have fully vetted the scientific methods necessary to complete risk 

assessments for endangered and threatened (listed) species and their designated critical habitats, 

these methods will be applied to subsequent analyses for flonicamid as part of completing this 

registration review. 
29

Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program 

Flonicamid is not included in the first group of 67 chemicals issued an order to conduct Tier 1 

EDSP testing. For additional information on the EDSP program, visit http://www.epa.gov/endo/. 

Review of Incident Data

Three incident databases are available: 1) the Ecological Incident Information System v. 2.1.1 

(EIIS), maintained by EFED; 2) the Avian Incident Monitoring System (AIMS), maintained by 

the American Bird Conservancy; and, 3) the Incident Data System (IDS) maintained by OPP. 

These databases were searched on 8/15/2014. 

Two incidents are reported in the EIIS, one involving plants that was considered possibly linked 

to flonicamid use and another involving bees that was considered unlikely. A more detailed 

description of the likely incident data is provided below. 

Incident #I021090-014: A plant incident occurred on August 1, 2009 in Merced County, 

California and was associated with the use of flonicamid on cotton and involved damage to 200-

300 acres of the treated cotton. Foliage samples collected from cotton sites were not submitted 

for analysis due to the possible same day helicopter application of an undetermined pesticide. 

The legality of this application is unknown. These sites were sprayed by two different aerial Pest 

Control Businesses on August 1, 2009. A fixed wing aircraft with a mixture of Carbine 50 WG / 

FMC (a.i. flonicamid) sprayed five cotton sites, and three out of five showed symptoms of 

possible pesticide damage. A helicopter with the same application, sprayed three cotton sites and 

one out of three cotton sites showed symptoms of possible pesticide damage. Adverse effects 

observed include wilting and feathering of the leaves. The certainty classification for this 

incident was categorized as possible.

There were no incidents reported in AIMS and no aggregate incidents reported in IDS for 

flonicamid. The absence of documented incidents in these databases does not necessarily mean 

that such incidents did not occur. Mortality incidents must be seen, reported, investigated, and 

submitted to the Agency in order to be recorded in the incident databases. In addition, incident 

reports for non-target organisms typically provide information only on mortality events and plant 

damage. Sublethal effects in organisms such as abnormal behavior, reduced growth and/or 

impaired reproduction are rarely reported, except for phytotoxic effects in terrestrial plants. 

Uncertainties

- Several of the labels identified for flonicamid uses in Table 3 do not specify the 

maximum number of applications that can be applied per year and/or the number of crop 

cycles per year. We request that in completing the Use Pattern Summary Table, the 

registrants provide this information. 

- The delayed mortality of flonicamid adds to uncertainty in the interpretation of acute 

toxicity results. Based on registrant efficacy studies, although feeding cessation occurs 

rapidly in invertebrates, mortality may be delayed until 2-5 days after exposure. Many of 
30

the acute battery of tests only observe effects for 48- 96 hours, which may not accurately 

quantify mortality rates associated with acute exposure. Moreover, due to the limited 

information on the mechanism of action of the chemical, it is difficult to predict how this 

effect is preserved across species. 

- No seedling emergence or vegetative vigor toxicity data are available to assess the 

potential effects of the maximum seasonal application rate (0.268 lbs a.i./A) on non-target 

terrestrial plants. The submitted terrestrial plant toxicity tests (MRIDs 45854917 and 

45854918) were conducted with a flonicamid treatment of 0.134 lbs a.i./A, a 

concentration that is half of the maximum application rate on the label. Although there 

were no observable effects in these studies, the potential toxicity of flonicamid to nontarget plants after the proposed maximum application rate is unknown. 

- Chronic data for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates were not submitted by the 

registrant. The chronic measurement endpoints could not be estimated using the 

freshwater fish or invertebrate acute-to-chronic NOAEC ratio because the acute 

endpoints were not discrete for either taxa (i.e. freshwater fish LC50 > 98 and >120 mg 

a.i./L; freshwater invertebrates, LC50 > 99 and > 121 mg a.i./L, respectively). 

Consequently, the potential chronic risks to saltwater fish and invertebrates are unknown. 

However, under the assumption that estuarine/marine animals are not more sensitive than 

their freshwater counterparts, risks to estuarine/marine animals are not expected. 

- Anaerobic metabolism, hydrolysis, and photolysis data were not submitted for the five 

non-volatile flonicamid degradation products. Flonicamid and the five identified 

degradates are all very mobile, and all degrade quickly in terrestrial aerobic 

environments. However, submitted metabolism data indicate that flonicamid, and the one 

reported anaerobic metabolism degradation product (TFNA), are expected to be 

persistent under anaerobic conditions. It is not possible to determine if the four 

remaining flonicamid degradation products are likely to persist and accumulate once they 

move out of aerobic environmental compartments into anaerobic ones. 
31

5. PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF DATA GAPS 

Environmental Fate 

Table 11 identifies the environmental fate studies by MRID that offer data for each guideline 

requirement, as well as study classifications and whether or not further data are anticipated to be 

needed in order to support risk assessment for the flonicamid registration review. 

Table 11. Submitted Environmental Fate Data for Flonicamid 

OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct risk 

assessment?

Additional Comments

835.2120 Hydrolysis 45656801 Acceptable No None

835.2240 Aqueous 

photolysis

45656802 Acceptable No None

835.2410 Soil photolysis 45656803 Acceptable No None

835.4100 Aerobic soil 

metabolism

45656804

45854817

Supplemental

Acceptable

No None

835.4100 Aerobic soil 

metabolism 45854819 Supplemental

No Degradate TFNA-AM

835.4100 Aerobic soil 

metabolism 45854820 Supplemental

No Degradate TFNG-AM

835.4100 Aerobic soil 

metabolism 45863808 Supplemental

No Degradate TFNA

835.4100 Aerobic soil 

metabolism 45863809 Supplemental

No Degradate TFNG

835.4100 Aerobic soil 

metabolism 45863810 Supplemental

No Degradate TFNA-OH

835.4200 Anaerobic soil 

metabolism

45854821

46222701

Acceptable No None

835.4300 Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism 45854822 Acceptable

No None

835.4400 Anaerobic 

aquatic 

metabolism

45854821 

46222701 Acceptable No

None

835.1230 Adsorption/ 

desorption

45854902 Acceptable No None

835.1230 Adsorption/ 

desorption

45854902

45854901

45854903

45854904

45854905

Acceptable No TFNG

TFNA

TFNA-OH

TFNA-AM

TFNG-AM

(MRID corresponds to study for each 

listed degradate)

835.1410 Volatility –

laboratory

No study No study No Not triggered based on low vapor 

pressure (7.07X10-9torr at 25°C)
32

OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct risk 

assessment?

Additional Comments

835.6100 Terrestrial field 

dissipation

45854906, 

45854907, 

45854908, 

45854909, 

45863811

Acceptable No None

835.6200 Aquatic field 

dissipation

No data No Not triggered based on exposure 

aquatic toxicity profile.

850.1730 Fish 

bioconcentration

No data No Low Kow indicates a low potential for 

bioaccumulation.

850.6100 Analytical 

method in soil

45854815 / 45854814 No None

850.6100 Analytical 

method in water

No data Yes Analytical method (ECM) and 

Independent Laboratory Validation 

(ILV) for water is needed.

Ecological Effects 

Tables 12 and 13 identify the ecological effects studies, as well as study classifications, and 

whether or not further data are anticipated to be needed in order to support risk assessment for 

registration review. The rationale for the additional data requested is presented below the tables. 

Table12. Submitted Aquatic Ecological Effects Data for Flonicamid 

OCSPP

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct 

risk 

assessment?

Comments

850.1010 Freshwater 

invertebrate

acute toxicity 45656806 Supplemental Yes

Due to concern about delayed 

toxicity not being captured in 

the initial acute study, an 

additional study is requested. 

This is further discussed in 

Section 3 and below.

850.1025

850.1035

Saltwater 

invertebrate

acute toxicity

45854911 Acceptable

Yes

Due to concern about delayed 

toxicity not being captured in 

the initial acute study, an 

additional study is requested. 

This is further discussed in 

Section 3 and below.

45854912 Supplemental

850.1075 Freshwater fish 

acute toxicity

45656807 Supplemental

No

None

45656808 Supplemental

850.1075 Saltwater fish 

acute toxicity 45854913 Supplemental No None
33

OCSPP

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct 

risk 

assessment?

Comments

850.1300 Freshwater 

invertebrate

life cycle

45863812 Supplemental No

None

850.1350 Saltwater 

invertebrates

life cycle No data No data No

Under the assumption that 

estuarine/marine animals are not 

more sensitive than their 

freshwater counterparts, risks to 

estuarine/marine animals are not 

expected. 

850.1735 Benthic 

invertebrates 

(acute)

No data No

Not triggered per 40 CFR Part 

158 based on chemical 

characteristics

850.1740 Benthic 

invertebrates 

(chronic)

No data No

Not triggered per 40 CFR Part 

158 based on chemical 

characteristics

850.1400 Freshwater fish

early-life stage 45854914 Acceptable No

None

850.1400 Saltwater fish

early-life stage No data No Under the assumption that estuarine/marine animals are not 

more sensitive than their 

freshwater counterparts, risks to 

estuarine/marine animals are not 

expected.

850.1500 Fish life cycle

No data No

850.4400 Aquatic plant 

growth:

Tier II vascular 

plants

45854919 Acceptable No

None

850.5400 Aquatic Plant 

Growth:

Tier II algae

45656814 Supplemental

No

None

45854920 Acceptable
34

Table 13. Submitted Terrestrial Ecological Effects Data for Flonicamid

OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed for 

risk 

assessment?

Comments

850.2100 Avian oral 

toxicity 46159701 Acceptable

Yes

Based on new guideline 

requirements and available toxicity

data, a passerine study is requested No data for passerine

850.2200 Avian dietary 

toxicity 

45656811 Supplemental

No

None

45656812 Acceptable

850.2300 Avian 

reproduction

45854915 Acceptable

No

None

45854916 Acceptable

NonguidelineAvian inhalation No data No None

81-1

Acute 

mammalian oral 

LD50

(rat)

45656707 Acceptable No

None

83-4

Mammalian 

Reproduction

(rat)

45854613 Acceptable

No

None

45854612 Acceptable

850.3020 Honey bee acute 

contact toxicity 45656813 AcceptableTechnical

Yes

Due to concern about behavioral 

changes noted at low exposure 

levels, the delayed mortality in 

invertebrates associated with this 

chemical and the adoption of new 

pollinator guidance, the Tier I and 

Tier II studies outlined in the new 

pollinator guidance will be needed

including: 

Tier I:

Adult, Acute Contact

Adult, Acute Oral

Adult, Chronic Oral

Larval Acute (single dose)

Larval Chronic (repeat dose)

Foliar Residue

Tier II:

Semi-field, Tunnel

Semi-field, Feeding

Study protocols will need to be 

evaluated and potentially modified 

to capture the delayed mortality 

effects of flonicamid.

45854612

Supplemental

Flonicamid 50 

WG 

(formulated)

NonguidelineHoney bee acute 

oral toxicity 45656813

Supplemental

Technical

45863813

Supplemental

Flonicamid 50 

WG 

(formulated)

850.3030 Honey bee 

residue on 

foliage

No data Yes
35

OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed for 

risk 

assessment?

Comments

850.3040 Field testing for 

pollinators No data No None
36

850.4100 Terrestrial plant 

toxicity:

Tier I seedling 

emergence

45854917 Acceptable Yes

The submitted terrestrial plant 

toxicity tests were conducted with 

a flonicamid treatment of 0.134 lbs 

a.i./A, a concentration that is half 

of the maximum application rate 

on the label. Additionally, there 

was an incident reported for plant 

damage to cotton. 

850.4150 Terrestrial plant 

toxicity:

Tier I vegetative 

vigor

45854918 Acceptable Yes

124-1 Terrestrial Plant 

Field Testing No data No None

124-2 Aquatic Plant 

Field Testing No data No None

NonGuideline

Acute Oral 

Insect (50WG)

(honey bee) 45863813 Supplemental Yes

See discussion above on honey bee 

studies

Beneficial Insect

[parasitic wasp, 

(Aphidius 

rhopalosiphi)]

45854921 Supplemental No

None

Beneficial Insect

[green lacewing, 

(Chrysoperla 

carnea)] 45854922 Supplemental No

Beneficial Insect

[predatory mites,

(Typhlodroumus 

pyri)] 45854923 Supplemental No

Beneficial Insect

[carabid beetles, 

(Poeilus 

cupreus)] 45854924 Supplemental No

Beneficial Insect

[Asian lady 

beetle

(Harmonia 

axyridis), 

predacious mite

(Phytoseiulus 

persimilis) and

domestic silk 

moth (Bombyx 

mori)] 45863814 Supplemental No

Earthworm 

Subchronic

45854925

Supplemental No
37

For freshwater and saltwater invertebrates, studies are recommended to address the delayed 

toxicity seen with this compound. Under OCSPP Guideline 850.1010 (freshwater) and 850.1035 

(saltwater – mysid), the test duration is only 96 hours. According to the mechanism of action of 

flonicamid, feeding cessation occurs rapidly but mortality does not occur until 2 to 5 days after 

exposure. For this reason, the standard protocol for acute studies does not adequately 

characterize mortality rates for this chemical. Extending the observation period beyond 96 hours 

following acute exposure to flonicamid will be requested. 
38

APPENDIX A 

FLONICAMID AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATES

Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type MRID

Maximum 

Formation

(% Applied)

PARENT

Flonicamid CAS Name: 

N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-

pyridinecarboxamide

CAS Number: 158062-67-0

Molecular Weight: 229 g/mol 

Chemical Formula: C9H6F3N3O

SMILES: 

C1=CN=CC(=C1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NCC#N

Parent structure shown for reference

TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS

TFNG CAS Name: 

N-(4-Trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine

Molecular Weight: 248.16 g/mol

Chemical Formula: C9H7F3N2O3

SMILES:

C1CNCC(C1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NCC(=O)O

photolysis in soil 45656803 2.0%*

aerobic soil metabolism 45854818 3.9%

aerobic aquatic metabolism 45854822 3.7%

N

CF3

N

H

O

N

N

CF3

N

H

O

O

OH
39

Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type MRID

Maximum 

Formation

(% Applied)

TFNA CAS Name: 

4-Trifluoromethylnicotinic acid

Chemical Formula: C7H4F3NO2

Molecular Weight: 191.11

SMILES:

C1=CN=CC(=C1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)O

aerobic soil metabolism 45656804 36%

aerobic aquatic metabolism 45854822 18%

anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism 45854821 76%*

TFNA-OH CAS Name: 

6-Hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylnicotinic 

acid

Chemical Formula: C7H4F3NO3

Molecular Weight: 207.11

SMILES:

C1=C(C(=CN=C1O)C(=O)O)C(F)(F)F

aerobic soil metabolism 45656804 21%

aerobic aquatic metabolism 45854822 7.6%

TFNA-AM CAS Name: 

4-Trifluoromethylnicotinamide 

Chemical Formula: C7H5F3N2O

Molecular Weight: 190.13

SMILES:

C1=CN=CC(=C1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)N

hydrolysis 45656801 3.4%

photolysis in water 45656802 3.0%

photolysis in soil 45656803 5.0%*

aerobic soil metabolism 45854818 7.6%

aerobic aquatic metabolism 45854822 1.4%

TFNG-AM CAS Name: 

N-(4-Trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycinamide

Chemical Formula: C9H8F3N3O2

Molecular Weight: 247.18

photolysis in soil 45656803 16%

aerobic soil metabolism 45854818 10%

N

CF3

OH

O

N

CF3

OH

O

OH

N

CF3

NH2

O

N

CF3

N

H

O

O

NH2
40

Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type MRID

Maximum 

Formation

(% Applied)

SMILES:

C1=CN=CC(=C1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NCC(=

O)N

“*” Indicates maximum % of applied reported at study termination; amount may have continued to increase with time 

Bold denotes major degradate 
41

APPENDIX B 

SIP ANALYSIS 

Table 1. Inputs

Parameter Value

Chemical name Flonicamid

Solubility (in water at 25oC; mg/L) 5300

Mammalian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 884

Mammalian test species laboratory rat

Body weight (g) of "other" mammalian 

species

Mammalian NOAEL (mg/kg-bw) 90

Mammalian test species laboratory rat

Body weight (g) of "other" mammalian 

species

Avian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 2250

Avian test species northern bobwhite quail

Body weight (g) of "other" avian species

Mineau scaling factor 1.15

Mallard NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 5037

Bobwhite quail NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 4617

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) for other bird species

Body weight (g) of other avian species

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) for 2nd other bird 

species

Body weight (g) of 2nd other avian species

Table 2. Mammalian Results

Parameter Acute Chronic

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 911.6000 911.6000

Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 679.9379 69.2245

Ratio of exposure to toxicity 1.3407 13.1688

Conclusion*

Exposure through 

drinking water alone is a

potential concern for 

mammals

Exposure through 

drinking water alone is a 

potential concern for 

mammals
42

Table 3. Avian Results

Parameter Acute Chronic

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 4293.0000 4293.0000

Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 1620.9664 249.8985

Ratio of exposure to acute toxicity 2.6484 17.1790

Conclusion*

Exposure through 

drinking water alone is a 

potential concern for 

birds

Exposure through 

drinking water alone is a 

potential concern for 

birds

*Conclusion is for drinking water exposure alone. This does not combine all routes of exposure. 

Therefore, when aggregated with other routes (i.e., diet, inhalation, dermal), pesticide exposure through 

drinking water may contribute to a total exposure that has potential for effects to non-target animals.
43

APPENDIX C 

STIR ANALYSIS 

Welcome to the EFED 

Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk

This tool is designed to provide the risk assessor with a rapid method for determining the potential

significance of the inhalation exposure route to birds and mammals in a risk assessment.

Input

Application and Chemical Information

Enter Chemical Name Flonicamid

Enter Chemical Use Foliar

Is the Application a Spray? (enter y or n) y

If Spray What Type (enter ground or air) ground

Enter Chemical Molecular Weight (g/mole) 229

Enter Chemical Vapor Pressure (mmHg) 7.07E-09

Enter Application Rate (lb a.i./acre) 0.287

Toxicity Properties

Bird

Enter Lowest Bird Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 2250

Enter Mineau Scaling Factor 1.15

Enter Tested Bird Weight (kg) 0.178

Mammal

Enter Lowest Rat Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 884

Enter Lowest Rat Inhalation LC50 (mg/L) 5.36

Duration of Rat Inhalation Study (hrs) 4

Enter Rat Weight (kg) 0.35

Output

Results Avian (0.020 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation 

(mg/m3) 8.71E-05

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1.10E-05

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 7.61E+01

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 1.44E-07 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 3.03E-02

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation 

LD50 3.99E-04 Exposure not Likely Significant
44

Results Mammalian (0.015 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation 

(mg/m3) 8.71E-05

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1.38E-05

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 3.19E+02

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 4.31E-08 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 3.81E-02

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation 

LD50 1.19E-04 Exposure not Likely Significant
45

APPENDIX D. ECOSar OUTPUT RESULTS 

Flonicamid: 

ECOSAR Version 1.11 Results Page 

SMILES : c1cncc(c1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NCC(#N) 

CHEM : 

CAS Num: 

ChemID1: 

MOL FOR: C9 H6 F3 N3 O1 

MOL WT : 229.16 

Log Kow: 0.502 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Log Kow: (User Entered) 

Log Kow: (PhysProp DB exp value - for comparison only) 

Melt Pt: (User Entered for Wat Sol estimate)

Melt Pt: (deg C, PhysProp DB exp value for Wat Sol estimate) 

Wat Sol: 6222 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: (User Entered) 

Wat Sol: (PhysProp DB exp value) 

 

-------------------------------------- 

Values used to Generate ECOSAR Profile 

-------------------------------------- 

Log Kow: 0.502 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: 6222 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

-------------------------------------- 

ECOSAR v1.11 Class-specific Estimations 

-------------------------------------- 

Amides 

 Predicted 

ECOSAR Class Organism Duration End Pt mg/L (ppm) 
46

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

Amides : Fish 96-hr LC50 806.344 

Amides : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 1770.232 

Amides : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 18.356

Amides : Fish ChV 0.567 

Amides : Daphnid ChV 36.941 

Amides : Green Algae ChV 9.166 

Amides : Fish (SW) 96-hr LC50 701.504 

Amides : Mysid (SW) 96-hr LC50 27.659 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ==========

Neutral Organic SAR : Fish 96-hr LC50 4167.906 

(Baseline Toxicity) : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 2060.896

 : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 866.604 

 : Fish ChV 346.076

 : Daphnid ChV 136.773 

 : Green Algae ChV 166.789 

Note: * = asterisk designates: Chemical may not be soluble enough to 

 measure this predicted effect. If the effect level exceeds the 

 water solubility by 10X, typically no effects at saturation (NES) 

 are reported. 

 

------------------------------ 

Class Specific LogKow Cut-Offs 

------------------------------ 

If the log Kow of the chemical is greater than the endpoint specific cut-offs 

presented below, then no effects at saturation are expected for those endpoints.

Amides : 

------- 

Maximum LogKow: >8.5 (LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: >8.0 (EC50,ChV) 
47

Baseline Toxicity SAR Limitations: 

--------------------------------- 

Maximum LogKow: 5.0 (Fish 96-hr LC50; Daphnid LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.4 (Green Algae EC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 8.0 (ChV) 

TFNA-OH: 

ECOSAR Version 1.11 Results Page 

SMILES : c1c(c(cnc1O)C(=O)O)C(F)(F)F 

CHEM : 

CAS Num: 

ChemID1: 

MOL FOR: C7 H4 F3 N1 O3 

MOL WT : 207.11 

Log Kow: 1.576 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Log Kow: (User Entered) 

Log Kow: (PhysProp DB exp value - for comparison only) 

Melt Pt: (User Entered for Wat Sol estimate)

Melt Pt: (deg C, PhysProp DB exp value for Wat Sol estimate) 

Wat Sol: 1813 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: (User Entered) 

Wat Sol: (PhysProp DB exp value)

 

-------------------------------------- 

Values used to Generate ECOSAR Profile 

-------------------------------------- 

Log Kow: 1.576 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: 1813 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

-------------------------------------- 

ECOSAR v1.11 Class-specific Estimations 
48

-------------------------------------- 

Phenols-acid 

 Predicted 

ECOSAR Class Organism Duration End Pt mg/L (ppm) 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

--> Acid moeity found: Predicted values multiplied by 10 

Phenols-acid : Fish 96-hr LC50 755.320 

Phenols-acid : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 188.308 

Phenols-acid : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 902.511 

Phenols-acid : Fish ChV 71.660 

Phenols-acid : Daphnid ChV 35.848 

Phenols-acid : Green Algae ChV 426.269

Phenols-acid : Fish (SW) 96-hr LC50 367.820 

Phenols-acid : Earthworm 14-day LC50 2867.428 * 

Phenols-acid : Lemna gibba 7-day EC50 600.069 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ==========

Neutral Organic SAR : Fish 96-hr LC50 408.710 

(Baseline Toxicity) : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 223.162

 : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 141.402 

 : Fish ChV 38.148 

 : Daphnid ChV 19.518 

 : Green Algae ChV 33.940 

Note: * = asterisk designates: Chemical may not be soluble enough to 

 measure this predicted effect. If the effect level exceeds the 

 water solubility by 10X, typically no effects at saturation (NES) 

 are reported. 

------------------------------ 

Class Specific LogKow Cut-Offs 

------------------------------ 
49

If the log Kow of the chemical is greater than the endpoint specific cut-offs 

presented below, then no effects at saturation are expected for those endpoints. 

Phenols: 

------- 

Maximum LogKow: 7.0 (Fish 96-hr LC50, Daphnid LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.4 (Earthworm, Lemna)

Maximum LogKow: 7.0 (Green Algae EC50 

Maximum LogKow: 8.0 (ChV) 

Maximum LogKow: 5.0 (Fish (SW) 96-hr LC50, Mysid) 

Baseline Toxicity SAR Limitations: 

--------------------------------- 

Maximum LogKow: 5.0 (Fish 96-hr LC50; Daphnid LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.4 (Green Algae EC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 8.0 (ChV)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 

TFNA:

ECOSAR Version 1.11 Results Page 

SMILES : c1cncc(c1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)O 

CHEM : 

CAS Num: 

ChemID1: 

MOL FOR: C7 H4 F3 N1 O2 

MOL WT : 191.11 

Log Kow: 1.306 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Log Kow: (User Entered) 

Log Kow: (PhysProp DB exp value - for comparison only) 

Melt Pt: (User Entered for Wat Sol estimate) 
50

Melt Pt: (deg C, PhysProp DB exp value for Wat Sol estimate) 

Wat Sol: 3718 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: (User Entered) 

Wat Sol: (PhysProp DB exp value) 

-------------------------------------- 

Values used to Generate ECOSAR Profile 

-------------------------------------- 

Log Kow: 1.306 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: 3718 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

-------------------------------------- 

ECOSAR v1.11 Class-specific Estimations

-------------------------------------- 

****************************************************************************** 

| Not Related to an Existing ECOSAR Class Definition | 

| | 

| Estimates provided below use the Neutral Organics QSAR equations which | 

| represent baseline toxicity potential (minimum toxicity) assuming a simple | 

| non-polar narcosis model. Without empirical data on structurally similar | 

| chemicals, it is uncertain if this substance will present significantly | 

| higher toxicity above baseline estimates. | 

****************************************************************************** 

 Predicted 

ECOSAR Class Organism Duration End Pt mg/L (ppm) 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

--> Acid moeity found: Predicted values multiplied by 10 

Neutral Organics-acid : Fish 96-hr LC50 6588.804 * 
51

Neutral Organics-acid : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 3509.079 

Neutral Organics-acid : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 2005.831 

Neutral Organics-acid : Fish ChV 597.172

Neutral Organics-acid : Daphnid ChV 286.344

Neutral Organics-acid : Green Algae ChV 455.466 

Neutral Organics-acid : Fish (SW) 96-hr LC50 8260.440 * 

Neutral Organics-acid : Mysid 96-hr LC50 9821.104 * 

Neutral Organics-acid : Fish (SW) ChV 587.030 

Neutral Organics-acid : Mysid (SW) ChV 1042.621

Neutral Organics-acid : Earthworm 14-day LC50 3921.125 * 

Note: * = asterisk designates: Chemical may not be soluble enough to 

 measure this predicted effect. If the effect level exceeds the

 water solubility by 10X, typically no effects at saturation (NES) 

 are reported. 

------------------------------ 

Class Specific LogKow Cut-Offs 

------------------------------ 

If the log Kow of the chemical is greater than the endpoint specific cut-offs 

presented below, then no effects at saturation are expected for those endpoints. 

Neutral Organics: 

---------------- 

Maximum LogKow: 5.0 (Fish 96-hr LC50; Daphnid LC50, Mysid LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.0 (Earthworm LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.4 (Green Algae EC50)

Maximum LogKow: 8.0 (ChV) 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
52

ECOSAR Version 1.11 Results Page 

SMILES : c1cncc(c1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)O 

CHEM : TFNA 

CAS Num: 

ChemID1: 

MOL FOR: C7 H4 F3 N1 O2 

MOL WT : 191.11 

Log Kow: 1.306 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Log Kow: (User Entered) 

Log Kow: (PhysProp DB exp value - for comparison only) 

Melt Pt: (User Entered for Wat Sol estimate) 

Melt Pt: (deg C, PhysProp DB exp value for Wat Sol estimate) 

Wat Sol: 3718 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: (User Entered) 

Wat Sol: (PhysProp DB exp value) 

-------------------------------------- 

Values used to Generate ECOSAR Profile 

-------------------------------------- 

Log Kow: 1.306 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: 3718 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

-------------------------------------- 

ECOSAR v1.11 Class-specific Estimations 

-------------------------------------- 

****************************************************************************** 

| Not Related to an Existing ECOSAR Class Definition | 

| | 
53

| Estimates provided below use the Neutral Organics QSAR equations which | 

| represent baseline toxicity potential (minimum toxicity) assuming a simple | 

| non-polar narcosis model. Without empirical data on structurally similar | 

| chemicals, it is uncertain if this substance will present significantly | 

| higher toxicity above baseline estimates. | 

****************************************************************************** 

 Predicted 

ECOSAR Class Organism Duration End Pt mg/L (ppm) 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

--> Acid moeity found: Predicted values multiplied by 10 

Neutral Organics-acid : Fish 96-hr LC50 6588.804 * 

Neutral Organics-acid : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 3509.079 

Neutral Organics-acid : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 2005.831 

Neutral Organics-acid : Fish ChV 597.172

Neutral Organics-acid : Daphnid ChV 286.344

Neutral Organics-acid : Green Algae ChV 455.466

Neutral Organics-acid : Fish (SW) 96-hr LC50 8260.440 * 

Neutral Organics-acid : Mysid 96-hr LC50 9821.104 * 

Neutral Organics-acid : Fish (SW) ChV 587.030

Neutral Organics-acid : Mysid (SW) ChV 1042.621

Neutral Organics-acid : Earthworm 14-day LC50 3921.125 * 

Note: * = asterisk designates: Chemical may not be soluble enough to 

 measure this predicted effect. If the effect level exceeds the 

 water solubility by 10X, typically no effects at saturation (NES) 

 are reported. 

------------------------------ 

Class Specific LogKow Cut-Offs 

------------------------------ 

If the log Kow of the chemical is greater than the endpoint specific cut-offs 
54

presented below, then no effects at saturation are expected for those endpoints. 

Neutral Organics: 

---------------- 

Maximum LogKow: 5.0 (Fish 96-hr LC50; Daphnid LC50, Mysid LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.0 (Earthworm LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.4 (Green Algae EC50)

Maximum LogKow: 8.0 (ChV) 

TFNG: 

ECOSAR Version 1.11 Results Page 

SMILES : c1cncc(c1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NCC(=O)O 

CHEM : 

CAS Num: 

ChemID1: 

MOL FOR: C9 H7 F3 N2 O3 

MOL WT : 248.16 

Log Kow: 0.233 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Log Kow: (User Entered) 

Log Kow: (PhysProp DB exp value - for comparison only) 

Melt Pt: (User Entered for Wat Sol estimate)

Melt Pt: (deg C, PhysProp DB exp value for Wat Sol estimate) 

Wat Sol: 1.532E+004 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: (User Entered) 

Wat Sol: (PhysProp DB exp value) 

-------------------------------------- 

Values used to Generate ECOSAR Profile 

-------------------------------------- 
55

Log Kow: 0.233 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: 1.532E+004 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

-------------------------------------- 

ECOSAR v1.11 Class-specific Estimations 

-------------------------------------- 

Amides -acid 

 Predicted 

ECOSAR Class Organism Duration End Pt mg/L (ppm) 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

--> Acid moeity found: Predicted values multiplied by 10 

Amides -acid : Fish 96-hr LC50 13606.964 

Amides -acid : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 33820.336 * 

Amides -acid : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 292.263 

Amides -acid : Fish ChV 8.158

Amides -acid : Daphnid ChV 590.774 

Amides -acid : Green Algae ChV 130.264 

Amides -acid : Fish (SW) 96-hr LC50 11805.532 

Amides -acid : Mysid (SW) 96-hr LC50 427.542 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

Neutral Organic SAR : Fish 96-hr LC50 7878.778 

(Baseline Toxicity) : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 3800.092 

 : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 1441.758 

 : Fish ChV 635.287

 : Daphnid ChV 235.329 

 : Green Algae ChV 262.531 

Note: * = asterisk designates: Chemical may not be soluble enough to 

 measure this predicted effect. If the effect level exceeds the 

 water solubility by 10X, typically no effects at saturation (NES) 

 are reported. 
56

------------------------------ 

Class Specific LogKow Cut-Offs 

------------------------------ 

If the log Kow of the chemical is greater than the endpoint specific cut-offs 

presented below, then no effects at saturation are expected for those endpoints.

Amides : 

------- 

Maximum LogKow: >8.5 (LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: >8.0 (EC50,ChV) 

Baseline Toxicity SAR Limitations: 

--------------------------------- 

Maximum LogKow: 5.0 (Fish 96-hr LC50; Daphnid LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.4 (Green Algae EC50)

Maximum LogKow: 8.0 (ChV) 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 

TFNA-AM: 

ECOSAR Version 1.11 Results Page 

SMILES : c1cncc(c1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)N 

CHEM : 

CAS Num: 

ChemID1: 

MOL FOR: C7 H5 F3 N2 O1 

MOL WT : 190.13 

Log Kow: -0.223 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Log Kow: (User Entered) 

Log Kow: (PhysProp DB exp value - for comparison only) 

Melt Pt: (User Entered for Wat Sol estimate)
57

Melt Pt: (deg C, PhysProp DB exp value for Wat Sol estimate) 

Wat Sol: 3724 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: (User Entered)

Wat Sol: (PhysProp DB exp value) 

-------------------------------------- 

Values used to Generate ECOSAR Profile 

-------------------------------------- 

Log Kow: -0.223 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: 3724 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

--------------------------------------

ECOSAR v1.11 Class-specific Estimations 

-------------------------------------- 

Amides 

 Predicted 

ECOSAR Class Organism Duration End Pt mg/L (ppm) 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

Amides : Fish 96-hr LC50 2206.592 

Amides : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 6764.946 *

Amides : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 42.960 

Amides : Fish ChV 1.009

Amides : Daphnid ChV 87.487 

Amides : Green Algae ChV 15.801 

Amides : Fish (SW) 96-hr LC50 1905.648 

Amides : Mysid (SW) 96-hr LC50 59.779

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

Neutral Organic SAR : Fish 96-hr LC50 15479.536 * 

(Baseline Toxicity) : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 7158.657 *

 : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 2282.572 

 : Fish ChV 1187.761 

 : Daphnid ChV 394.357

 : Green Algae ChV 378.483 
58

Note: * = asterisk designates: Chemical may not be soluble enough to 

 measure this predicted effect. If the effect level exceeds the 

 water solubility by 10X, typically no effects at saturation (NES) 

 are reported. 

------------------------------ 

Class Specific LogKow Cut-Offs 

------------------------------

If the log Kow of the chemical is greater than the endpoint specific cut-offs 

presented below, then no effects at saturation are expected for those endpoints. 

Amides : 

------- 

Maximum LogKow: >8.5 (LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: >8.0 (EC50,ChV) 

Baseline Toxicity SAR Limitations: 

--------------------------------- 

Maximum LogKow: 5.0 (Fish 96-hr LC50; Daphnid LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.4 (Green Algae EC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 8.0 (ChV)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 

TFNG-AM: 

ECOSAR Version 1.11 Results Page 

SMILES : c1cncc(c1C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NCC(=O)N 

CHEM : 

CAS Num: 

ChemID1: 
59

MOL FOR: C9 H8 F3 N3 O2 

MOL WT : 247.18 

Log Kow: -1.016 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Log Kow: (User Entered) 

Log Kow: (PhysProp DB exp value - for comparison only) 

Melt Pt: (User Entered for Wat Sol estimate)

Melt Pt: (deg C, PhysProp DB exp value for Wat Sol estimate) 

Wat Sol: 8857 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: (User Entered) 

Wat Sol: (PhysProp DB exp value) 

-------------------------------------- 

Values used to Generate ECOSAR Profile 

-------------------------------------- 

Log Kow: -1.016 (EPISuite Kowwin v1.68 Estimate) 

Wat Sol: 8857 (mg/L, EPISuite WSKowwin v1.43 Estimate)

-------------------------------------- 

ECOSAR v1.11 Class-specific Estimations 

-------------------------------------- 

Amides 

 Predicted 

ECOSAR Class Organism Duration End Pt mg/L (ppm) 

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

Amides : Fish 96-hr LC50 10595.536 * 

Amides : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 46821.414 * 

Amides : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 173.826

Amides : Fish ChV 3.023 

Amides : Daphnid ChV 358.615 

Amides : Green Algae ChV 45.747 

Amides : Fish (SW) 96-hr LC50 9077.204 * 

Amides : Mysid (SW) 96-hr LC50 221.690 
60

=========================== ================== ======== ====== ========== 

Neutral Organic SAR : Fish 96-hr LC50 1.04e+005 * 

(Baseline Toxicity) : Daphnid 48-hr LC50 44629.660 *

 : Green Algae 96-hr EC50 10511.247 * 

 : Fish ChV 7308.154

 : Daphnid ChV 2005.058 

 : Green Algae ChV 1480.528 

Note: * = asterisk designates: Chemical may not be soluble enough to 

 measure this predicted effect. If the effect level exceeds the 

 water solubility by 10X, typically no effects at saturation (NES) 

 are reported. 

------------------------------ 

Class Specific LogKow Cut-Offs 

------------------------------ 

If the log Kow of the chemical is greater than the endpoint specific cut-offs 

presented below, then no effects at saturation are expected for those endpoints. 

Amides : 

------- 

Maximum LogKow: >8.5 (LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: >8.0 (EC50,ChV) 

Baseline Toxicity SAR Limitations: 

--------------------------------- 

Maximum LogKow: 5.0 (Fish 96-hr LC50; Daphnid LC50) 

Maximum LogKow: 6.4 (Green Algae EC50)

Maximum LogKow: 8.0 (ChV) 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------