OCS Study 

MMS 2000-083 

Coastal Marine Institute 

Effects of Oil and Gas Development: 

A Current Awareness Bibliography 

U .S. Department of the Interior Ina Cooperative Agreement 

Minerals Management Service 0 Coastal Marine Institute NwIllinaw Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 1101Louisiana State University 
OCS Study 

MMS 2000-083 

Coastal Marine Institute 

Effects of Oil and Gas Development : 

A Current Awareness Bibliography 

Compilers 

S . Bonvillain 

D . Rice 

J . Conover 

Q . Dortch 

December 2000 

Prepared under MMS Contract 

14-35-0001-30660-19950 

by 

Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium 

8124 Highway 56 

Chauvin, Louisiana 70344-2124 

Published by 

U .S. Department of the Interior Cooperative Agreement 

Minerals Management Service Coastal Marine Institute 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Louisiana State University 

Disclaimer 

This research was supported by the Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of 

the Interior, under MMS Agreement No. 14-35-0001-30660-19950 . The views and 

conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policies, 

either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. The bibliography was compiled by 

Shanna Bonvillain, Donna Rice, John Conover, and Dr. Quay Dortch of the Marine 

Center of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium . This report has been reviewed 

for technical accuracy. It is, however, exempt from Minerals Management Service 

editorial review. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute 

endorsement or recommendation for use. 

Report Availability 

Extra copies of the bibliography may be obtained from the Public Information Office 

(MS 5034) at the following address : 

U.S . Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 

Public Information Office (MS 5034) 

1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, LA 70123-2394 

Telephone: 504-736-2519 or 

1-800-200-GULF 

Cited items may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. For information, 

contact: 

LUMCON Library 

8124 Highway 56 

Chauvin, LA 70344-2124 

504-851-2875 

504-851-2874 (FAX) 

Citation 

Suggested citation : 

Bonvillain, S ., D. Rice, J. Conover, and Q. Dortch. 2000. Effect of Oil and Gas 

Development: A Current Awareness Bibliography. U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New 

Orleans, LA. OCS Study MMS 2000-083 . 

Acknowledgments 

We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Michael Dagg, Dr. Nancy Rabalais, Dr. Quay Dortch, Dr. 

Jessica Kastler, and Dr. Rodney Powell for scientific consultation ; Dr. Robert Rogers and 

everyone at the Minerals Management Service who supported this project; and all the 

patrons who have received the bibliography . 

n 

Preface 

Effects of Oil and Gas Development. A Current Awareness Bibliography is 

created as part of the research initiative between LUMCON, MMS and the Coastal 

Marine Institute (CMI), with the aim of providing current awareness in all aspects of 

offshore oil and gas development. Eleven quarterly issues were prepared from January 

1998 to July 2000 that contained 850 citations, and were compiled into Effects of Oil 

and Gas Development: A Current Awareness Bibliography . 

The bibliography evolved from 1990 to 1994 in response to increased demand and 

MMS's changing needs. Initially, there were no subject divisions and circulation was 

relatively limited. Eventually, the bibliography was sent quarterly to over 300 patrons 

who have direct ties to or interest in Minerals Management Service and coastal marine 

issues . In January 2000, a web base electronic database was created. The database 

includes all citations from inception. The database can be search by either quarterly 

issues or cumulative reports. Other types of searches are that are applicable are: Author, 

Subject or keyword phrases. The database allows users to print their own copy of the 

published report . Starting in January 2001, the bibliography will be distributed 

electronically, with the anticipation of users going up accordingly. 

Denise Landry, LUMCON Librarian, compiled the first three issues of the 

bibliography . Ms. Landry's successor as LUMCON Librarian, Jacqueline Riley, prepared 

the October 1990 through January 1993 issues. Sue Ann Lewandowski, Ms. Riley's 

successor, prepared the April 1993 through October 1994 issues and edited the first 

cumulative bibliography. Ms. Lewandowski was succeeded by Christopher HooperLane, who compiled the January 1995 through April 1997 issues. Shanna Bonvillain, 

LUMCON Library Assistant Librarian, compiled the July 1997 issue with the assistance 

of Glenda Carter. Ms. Bonvillain also assisted in the compilation of all previous issues of 

the bibliography . The second cumulative bibliography was compiled by Shanna 

Bonvillain and Mr. Hooper-Lane's successor as LUMCON Librarian, Donna Rice. Donna Rice LUMCON Librarian, and Shanna Bonvillain compiled January 1998-April 

1999 quarterly issues . Shanna Bonvillain, in the absence of a Librarian, compiled the 

July 1999 quarterly issue with the assistance of Dr. Quay Dortch. Shanna Bonvillain 

complied October 1999-April 2000 quarterly issues . Ms. Rice was succeeded by John 

Conover, who complied the July 2000 quarterly issue and edited the third cumulative 

bibliography with the assistance of Shanna Bonvillain . 

The bibliography was compiled at the Louisiana Universities Marine 

Consortium's Marine Center Library (LUMCON Library) on a Microsoft SQL server and 

uploaded to Microsoft Word for Windows for editing. The quarterly issues were 

formatted, photocopied, and mailed out from the LUMCON Library. 

Contained in the following bibliography are citations from approximately 1997 

through 2000. 

The citations are arranged by main entry, which is author, if known, and title if 

there is no acknowledged author or if the author's name was unavailable to the 

bibliographers . Corporate author citations were used whenever appropriate. The title 

main entry citations are listed at the beginning of each of the five sections followed by 

the author main entry citations. 

The bibliography is alphabetized in an order represented by the example in Table 

1 . 

Table 1 . Example of Alphabetization. (The first few words of hypothetical citations are 

listed .) 

1 tanker . . . LAB Laboratories Nednor, G. 

1 a becomes the . . . LaBrea, L. The next phase. . . 

96 sites . . . MacAllister, T. Norton, J. C. 

Abernathy, C. MacPherson, A. J. A novel plan . . . 

Al-Ahmed, M. McMahon, S . US Congress, Director . . . 

Albanny, P. K. Manuel, A. T. US Congress, Office of. . . 

Al-Sarif, B. Manuel, A. T. D. US Congress, Personnel . . . 

Axon Corporation Manuel, J. USA all the way. . . 

Bertram, D. J. M. NAF database is . . . United Industries says . . . 

Bertram-Xavier, A. NETCO cited in. . . 

La Link, O. Nash, C. S . 

Information that appears in square brackets, [], in a citation is tentatively correct. 

As much information as was available was included. 

The majority of citations are to journal articles, books, book chapters, conference 

proceedings and papers in conference proceedings. A few audio-visual and electronic 

works are cited and their format is indicated, though the citations are not divided into 

sections by format. 

The broad subject areas covered in the bibliography are biology, 

chemistry/geochemistry/geology, engineering/physics, environment ecosystem 

management/spills, and socioeconomic/regulation general . 

vn 

Table of Contents 

BIOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 

CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

ENGINEERING/PHYSICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 

ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEMMANAGEMENT/SPILLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62 

ix 

BIOLOGY 

Aas, Endre; Beyer, Jonny; Goksoyr, Anders PAH in fish bile 

detected by fixed wavelength fluorescence. Marine 

Environmental Research . 1998; 46 (1/5):225-228. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

This paper details a simple method of PAH detection 

by diluting gallbladder bile in ethanol or water and 

fluorescing it with fixed wavelengths. This is a low 

cost method to measure PAH exposure for a large 

number of fish. 

Aas, Endre; Klungseyr, Jarle. PAH metabolites in bile and 

EROD activity in North Sea fish . Marine 

Environmental Research . 1998; 46 (1/5):229-232 . 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock 

(Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and long rough dab 

(Hippoglossoides platessoides) were sampled for 

levels of PAH concentrations, from contaminated and 

control areas of the North Sea. No differences in the 

levels of PAH metabolites in bile or EROD activity 

in livers was observed. 

Agler, B. A. ; Kendall, S. J. ; Irons, D. D. ; Klsiewski, S. P. 

Declines in marine bird populations in Prince 

William Sound, Alaska coincident with a climatic 

regime shift. Waterbirds . 1999; 22 (1):98-103 . 

This study focuses on the decline of several taxa of 

marine buds in Prince William Sound that either prey 

on fish or feed on benthic invertebrates . Much of the 

population decline appears to be related to a change 

in forage fish abundance that occurred during a 

climatic regime shift, in the North Pacific Ocean, 

although several of the marine bud population were 

killed by the Exxon Yaldez oil spill. 

A1 Bakri, D. ; Kittaneh F. Physicochemical characteristics 

and pollution indicators in the intertidal zone of 

Kuwait: implications for benthic ecology. 

Environmental Management. 1998 ; 22 (3):415-424 . 

ISSN: 0364-152X. 

A study of Kuwait's coastal environment, 

physicochemical characteristics and other pollution 

indicators, highlight a prevailing stressed and fragile 

intertidal zone. Harsh environmental conditions in the 

intertidal zone have restricted benthic fauna diversity. 

Andres, B.A. The Exxon Valdez oil spill disrupted the 

breeding of black oystercatchers . Journal of 

Wildlife Management . October 1997; 61 (4) :1322-

1328. ISSN: 0022-541X. 

After the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 36% fewer pairs of 

oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) occupied 

oiled islands in Prince William Sound than before the 

spill. 

Ansari, Z. A. ; Saldanha, M.C . ; Rajkumar, R. Effects of 

petroleum hydrocarbons on the growth of a 

microalga, Isochrysis sp. (Chrysophyta). 

Oceanographic Literature Review. June 1998; 45 

(6):1034. ISSN: 0967-0653 . 

Most concentrations of Bombay High crude oil 

depressed the growth rate of the microalga. 

Anulacion, B. F. ; Myers, M. S. ; Willis, M. L. ; Collier, T. K. 

Quantitation of CYP1A expression in two flatfish 

species showing different prevalences of 

contaminant-induced hepatic disease. Marine 

Environmental Research . 1998; 46 (1/5) :7-11 . ISSN: 

0141-1136. 

Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) hepatocytes 

showed a markedly reduced expression of CYP1A 

than the hepatocytes of the English sole 

(Pleuronectes vetulus) tested . 

Bass, C. ; Sanders, P. ; Lappinscott, H. Study of biofilms of 

sulfidogens from North Sea oil production 

facilities using continuous-flow apparatus. 

Geomicrobiology Journal. April-June 1998 ; 15 

(2):101-120. ISSN: 0149-0451 . 

A high temperature anaerobic continuous-flow tool 

was devised to study biofilms of sulfide-generating 

bacteria . Biofilms were established within 5 days of 

the initiation of the fluid. 

Batten, S . D. ; Allen, R. J. S . ; Wotton, C. O. M. The effects of 

the Sea Empress oil spill on the plankton of the 

southern Irish Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1998; 

36 (10) :764-774. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The Continuous Plankton Recorder has been taking 

plankton samples in the area of the Sea Empress oil 

spill since 1970. Only a minor shift in species 

composition has been observed. 

Anderson, D. W. ; Newman, S. H. ; Kelly, P. R. ; Herzog, S. K. ; 

Lewis, K. P. An experimental soft-release of oil-spill 

rehabilitated American coots (Fulica americana) : I. 

Lingering effects on survival, condition and behavior. 

Environment Pollution. 2000; 107 (3):285-294. 

ISSN: 0269-7491 . 

The objectives of this study were to determine the 

long-term effects of oil spill rehabilitation and to 

document survival, body condition, and behavior on 

American coots. 

Baumard, P. ; Budzinski, H. ; Garrigues, P. Polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels 

of the western Mediterranean sea. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. May 1998; 17 (5) :765-

776. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Mussels from Corsica and Sardinia contained 

petrogenic PAHs in concentrations ranging from 25 

to 390 ng/g . Phenanthrene and anthracene appeared 

to be absorbed in the water-dissolved form, but 

heavier PAHs appeared to be absorbed as adsorbed 

on particles. 
BIOLOGY 

Baumard, P. ; Budzinski, H. ; Garrigues, P. PAHs in Arcachon 

Bay, France: origin and biomonitoring with caged 

organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin . August 1998 ; 

36 (8):577-586. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The PAH uptake by caged mussels (Mytilus 

galloprovincialis) increased exponentially with 

higher levels of contaminated sediments. 

Baumard, P. ; et al . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

recent sediments and mussels (Mytilus edulis) 

from the Western Baltic Sea: occurrence, 

bioavailability and seasonal variations . Marine 

Environmental Research . 1999; 47 (1) :17-47 . ISSN: 

0141-1136. 

Mussels and surface sediment samples were collected 

on three research cruises in the Baltic Sea during 

1995 and 1996 and analyzed for PAH contamination. 

There was a moderate correlation between the mussel 

and sediment PAH content. 

Bennett, A. ; Bianchi, T. S . ; Means, J. C. ; Cayman, K. R. The 

effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 

contamination and grazing on the abundance and 

composition of microphytobenthos in salt marsh 

sediments (Pass Fourchon, LA) I. A microcosm 

experiment. Journal of Experimental Marine 

Biology and Ecology. 1999; 242 (1) :1-20. ISSN: 

0022-0981 . 

Surface sediments collected from a salt marsh in Pass 

Fourchon, LA, were used in a microcosm study to 

examine the effects of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon contamination on the abundance and 

composition of microphytobenthos. Changes in the 

microphytobenthos exposed to sediments treated with 

high and low levels of PAHs, were monitored by 

using plant pigments as a biomarker. Grazing 

pressure on microphytobenthos by the periwinkle 

snail (Littorina irrorata) as well as its responses to 

PAH contamination were also examined. 

Baumard, P. ; et al . Concentrations of PAHs (Polycyclic 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in various marine 

organisms in relation to those in sediments and to 

trophic level. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 36 

(12) :951-970. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Mussels, fish, crabs and other crustaceans were 

sampled along European coasts . PAH concentrations 

were significantly negatively correlated with 

molecular weights of the contaminant compounds, 

and concentration variations resulted from different 

feeding habits of the organisms tested . 

Baumard, P. ; et al . Origin and bioavailability of PAHs in 

the Mediterranean Sea from mussel and sediment 

records. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. July 

1998 ; 47 (1):77-90. ISSN: 0272-7714. 

The mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialus) sampled 

showed very low levels of contamination with the 

exception of mussels taken from the Pont Vendres 

and Barcelona harbors. 

Begg, G.S . ; Reid, J.B . ; Talker, M.L . ; Webb, A. Assessing the 

vulnerability of seabirds to oil pollution: 

sensitivity to spatial scale. Colonial Waterbirds . 

1997; 20 (2):339-352 . ISSN: 0738-6028. 

Oil pollution and seabird distribution patterns are 

scale dependent, thus it was suspected that 

interactions between oil pollution and seabirds would 

be dependent on spatial scale. 

Bell, N. ; Smith, J. Coral growing on North Sea oil rigs . 

Nature. 1999; 402 (6762) :601 . ISSN: 0028-0836. 

The coral (Lophelia) was found growing on the Brent 

Spar oil-storage buoy, located in the North Sea, 

during its decommissioning. Apparently, healthy 

colonies have been exposed to quality standards of 

operational discharges, but they were not affected by 

discharges from the oil platforms. These findings 

indicate that Lophelia has a wider distribution and a 

more rapid rate of growth than previously believed . 

Beyrem, H. ; Aissa, P. Impact of oil pollution on the 

meiobenthic densities of the littoral of Bizerta 

(Tunisia) . Vie et Milieu - Life and Environment. 

September 1998 ; 48 (3) :183-190 . ISSN: 0240-8759 . 

Comparisons of nematodes obtained in various 

sectors of a permanent oil discharge, are compared to 

other meiofaunic gropus, to determine their resistance 

to chronic oil pollution. It appears that the 

nematofauna is more resistant, but nevertheless 

quantitatively affected by chronic oil pollution. 

Bickham, J.W., et al . Flow cytometric determination of 

genotozic effects of exposure to petroleum in mink 

and sea otters . Ecotoxicology. August 1998 ; 7 

(4) :191-199. ISSN: 0963-9292. 

Experiments were conducted on female mink prior to 

and during pregnancy, and on yearling female mink. 

The kits of the females exposed during pregnancy 

exhibited increased genome size in kidney samples, 

but no clastogenic effects in kidney and liver tissue . 

The yearlings exhibited clastogenic damage in the 

spleen, but none in the kidney tissue and no increased 

genome size were observed. Blood samples were also 

taken from two populations of sea otters : one 

contaminated by the Exxon Yaldez oil spill, and the 

other a control group. 

Binark, N. ; Guven, K. C. ; Gezgin, T. ; Unlu, S. Oil pollution 

of marine algae. Bulletin ofEnvironmenta! 

Contamination and Toxicology . 2000; 64 (6):866-

872. ISSN: 0007-4861 . 

Oil pollution was determined by the measurement of 

alkanes and aromatics on the surface and inside of 

algae. PAHs were discovered both on the surface and 

inside the algae. Authors believe that testing algae is 

a good indicator of seawater pollution. 

2 
BIOLOGY 

Blenkinsopp, S . A., et al . Toxicity of the weathered crude oil 

used at the Newfoundland Offshore Burn 

Experiment (KOBE) and the resultant burn 

residue. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 1996; 

3 (4) :277-280. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Water-accommodation fractions (WAF) were 

prepared from Alberta sweet mixed blend (ASMB). 

Burned residue was tested on one freshwater fish 

species, a saltwater fish and gametes of a species of 

sea urchin . This experiment proved non-toxic to all 

species tested . 

Bue, B.G . ; Sharr, S . ; Seeb, J.E . Evidence of damage to pink 

salmon populations inhabiting Prince William 

Sound, Alaska, two generations after the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Transactions of the American 

Fisheries Society. January 1998 ; 127 (1) :35-43 . 

ISSN: 0002-8487. 

Gametes were taken from salmon returning to oil 

contaminated and uncontaminated streams and 

crossed and hatched under controlled conditions . 

Only the embryos from the oil contaminated streams 

showed significantly increased mortality. 

Bodkin, J. L. ; Burdin, A. M. ; Ryazanov, D. A. Age - and sexspecific mortality and population structure in sea 

otters . Marine Mammal Science. 2000; 16 (1):201-

219. ISSN: 0824-0469. 

Over three hundred carcasses of sea otters were 

collected five days after the TN Exxon Valdez oil 

spill and were used to characterize data for the 

affected sea otter population . 

Bogovski, Sergei ; Sergeyev, B. ; Muzyka, V. ; Karlova, S. 

Cytochrome P450 system and heme synthesis 

enzymes activity in flounder liver as biomarkers 

of marine environments pollution. Marine 

Environmental Research . 1998; 46 (1-5):13-16 . 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase levels can be used to 

demonstrate toxic contamination of marine 

environments in relation to the Baltic flounder 

(Platichthys flesus). 

Boleas, S. ; Fernandez, C. ; Beyer, J. ; Tarazona, J. V. ; Goksoyr, 

A. Accumulation and effects of benzo[a]pyrene on 

cytochrome P450 lA in waterborne exposed and 

intraperitoneal injected juvenile turbot 

(Scophthalmus maximus) . Marine Environmental 

Research . 1998; 46 (1/5):17-20 . ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Bile fluorescence was found to be a more sensitive 

biomarker of benzo[a]pyrene exposure in juvenile 

turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) than EROD activity 

and CYP 1 A measurement. 

Boonchan, S . ; Britz, M.L . ; Stanley, G.A. Surfactantenhanced biodegradation of high molecular 

weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Biotechnology and 

Bioengineering. August 20, 1998; 59 (4):482-494. 

ISSN: 0006-3592. 

Bowman, T.D . ; Schempf, P.F . ; Hodges, J.I . Bald eagle 

population in Prince William Sound after the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Wildlife 

Management . July 1997; 61 (3):962-967. ISSN: 

0022-541X. 

Bald eagle population surveys were done by air of the 

islands in Prince William Sound in 1989-91 and in 

1995. It was determined that the bald eagle 

populations returned to it's pre-spill proportions by 

1995. 

Bue, Brian G. ; Sharr, Samuel; Seeb, James E. Evidence of 

damage to Pink Salmon populations inhabiting 

Prince William Sound, Alaska, two generations 

after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Transactions of 

the American Fisheries Society. 1998; 127 (1) :35-43 . 

ISSN: 0002-8487. 

Pink salmon embryo mortality was found to be very 

high due to the oil spill. 

Burger, J. ; Tsipoura, N. Experimental oiling of sanderlings 

(Calidris alba): Behavior and weight changes. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. June 

1998; 17 (6) :1154-1158. ISSN: 0730-7268 . 

Fresh and weathered oil was applied to the belly 

feathers of sanderlings to equate 20% plumage oiling . 

Control birds were wiped with clean swabs. Oiled 

birds spent more time preening and spreading the oil 

on their feathers, and less time eating and resting, 

than the un-oiled birds. 

Camphuysen, K. Beached bird surveys indicate decline in 

chronic oil pollution in the North Sea. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . July 1998; 36 (7) :519-526. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

Using the number of beached, oil-contaminated birds 

as an indicator of oil pollution offshore, there appears 

to be a decline in the amount of oil pollution in the 

North Sea. Oil contamination rates tended to be 

species specific, with swimming buds exhibiting high 

oiled rates, and flying buds exhibiting lower oiled 

rates. 

Camus, Lionel ; Aas, Endre; Borseth, Jan Fredrik. 

Ethoxyresorufm-O-deethylase activity and fixed 

wavelength fluorescence detection of PAHs 

metabolites in bile in turbot (Scophthalmus 

maximus L.) exposed to a dispersed topped crude 

oil in a continuous flow system. Marine 

Environmental Research . 1998 ; 46 (1/5):29-32 . 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Fixed wavelength fluorescence detection of PAH 

metabolites in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus 

maximus L.) bile is thought to be a more sensitive 

biomarker than EROD activity in situations of long 

term exposure to sublethal concentrations of oil. 

3 
BIOLOGY 

Carls, M.G., et al . Expression of viral hemorrhagic 

septicemia virus in prespawning Pacific herring 

(Clupea pallasi) exposed to weathered crude oil. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . 

October 1998; 55 (10) :2300-2309. ISSN: 0706-652X. 

Adult Pacific herring were captured and exposed to 

weathered crude oil for 16-18 days. Total PAH 

concentration and prevalence of viral hemorrhagic 

septicemia virus correlated strongly with 

histopathalogic lesions. 

Carlson, P.W. ; Barnes, E. C. Morphology of bottom 

sediment of Prince William Sound along the oil 

spill trajectory . P.R. Carlson Sediment of Prince 

William Sound, beech to deep fjord floor, a year after 

the Exxon Yaldez spill. . Fairbanks, AK: Alaska 

Division of Geology and Geophysics Survey ; 1991 . 

Cavenagh, A. Greenpeace tries to obstruct oil licences . 

Oceanographic Literature Review. 1998; 45 (3):583 . 

ISSN: 0967-0653. 

Greenpeace is in persuit of a judicial review to 

disrupt oil and gas field development in a rare coral 

region. Licenses that were illegally issued by the 

government are the grounds for the review as well as 

the issue of the governments failure to consider its 

duty to protect the rare coral. 

Cleveland, L. ; Little, E. E. ; Calfee, R. D. ; Baryon, M. G. 

Photoenhanced toxicity of weathered oil to 

Mysidopsis bahia. Aquatic Toxicology. 2000; 49 

(1/2):63-76. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

This study found that ultraviolet light increases the 

toxicity of weathered oil, as seen in the mortaility 

rates of Mysidopsis bahia during controlled 

experiments. 

Cohn, Jeffrey P. Understanding sea otters : Exxon Valdez oil 

spill engenders research that sheds light on these 

cute, cuddly creatures. BioScience. 1988; 48 

(3):151-154. ISSN: 0006-3568. 

In areas where there have been oil spills such as the 

Exxon Valdez, the number and size of sea urchins 

greatly increases due to absence of sea otters . 

Copley, J. Squeaky clean - magnets could help wildlife 

recover from oil slicks . New Scientist. 1999; 162 

(2184):11 . ISSN: 0262-4079. 

Researchers tested techniques by using iron powder 

for the removal of different grades of crude oil coated 

from duck feathers . Combining the feathers with a 

magnet removes the oil as well as the iron. 

Depending on the grade of oil, test results showed 

that 97 percent of the contaminants were removed 

quickly and effectively. 

Choiseul, V. ; Wilson, J. G. ; Nixon, E. The distribution of 

hydrocarbons on the east and south-west Irish 

coasts and in the Liffey Estuary. Biology and 

Envionment.' Proceedings of the Royal Irish 

Academy. 1998; 98B (2) :75-86 . ISSN: 0791-7945. 

Mytilus edulis and surface sediments were used as 

environmental indicators to determine the nature and 

spatial distribution of hydrocarbons in several Irish 

coastal and estuarine sites. Hydrocarbon 

concentrations varied from below the detection limit 

to chronic petroleum contamination in estuarine areas 

subject to anthropogenic activity. Mussels were the 

most effective indicators of hydrocarbon pollution at 

the Laffey estuary site where the sediments were 

heavily contaminated. 

Clarke, K.R . ; Warwick, R.M. Quantifying structural 

redundancy in ecological communities. Oecologia. 

January 1998 ; 113 (2):278-289. ISSN: 0029-8549. 

In cases of both natural and human environmental 

variability on community composition, remarkably 

high structural redundancy was measured. The 

Amoco-Cadiz oil spill site was used for testing the 

effects of human environmental variability. 

Cranford, P.J . ; Gordon, D. C. ; Lee, K. ; Arnisworthy, S. L. ; 

Tremblay, G. H. Chronic toxicity and physical 

disturbance effects of water- and oil-based drilling 

fluids and some major constituents on adult sea 

scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Marine 

Environmental Research . 1999; 48 (3):225-256. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine 

the effects of water and oil-based drilling fluids and 

some major constituents on the adult sea scallop, 

(Placopecten magellanicus). Results show that 

chronic intermittent exposure of sea scallops to dilute 

concentrations of operational drilling wastes, 

characterized by acute lethal tests, are practically 

non-toxic, but can affect growth, reproductive 

success and survival . 

Curran, P.M.T. ; Gillespie, D.K. ; Omuircheartaigh, I.G. The 

effects of oil spill dispersants on conidial 

germination and ultrastructure in the marine 

fungus (Zalerion maritimum). Botanica Marina. 

July 1997; 40 (4):359-367. ISSN: 0006-8055 . 

4 
BIOLOGY 

Dauvin, J. C. The fine sand Abra alba community of the 

Bay of Morlaix twenty years after the Amoco 

Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin . September 

1998; 36 (9):669-676. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Studies made of the fine sand Abra alba community 

over the 19 years since the Amoco Cadiz oil spill 

have shown that areas contaminated by oil spills need 

to be monitored for more than 10 years after the spills 

to determine the real ecological impact of the spill on 

the communities. It took more than 10 years for this 

community to reconstitute itself. 

Dauvin, J.-C. The muddy fine sand Abra alba-Melinna 

palmata community of the bay of Morlaix twenty 

years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 2000; 40 (6):528-536. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

The author draws on twenty years of data from the 

bay of Morlaix to conclude that the effects of the oil 

spill from the Cadiz weakly affected the Abra albaMelinna palmata community. Two distinct post-spill 

periods are demonstrated: the establishment of 

Lanice conchilega (1978-1984), and the incremental 

replacement by Clymenura clypeata (1985-1996) in 

the bay. Production/biomass ratios of the community 

are demonstrated over time, and then compared with 

other areas more adversely affected by the spill. 

Delille, D. ; Basseres, A. ; Dessommes, A. ; Rosiers, C. 

Influence of daylight on potential biodegradation 

of diesel and crude oil in Antarctic seawater . 

Marine Environmental Research . April 1998; 45 

(3):249-258. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Diesel fuel and Arabian light crude oil were added to 

covered and non-covered batches of Antarctic coastal 

bacterial communities. The bacteria responded 

positively, and increased greatly in number, in 

response to the addition of crude oil both in the 

presence of light, and in darkness. The diesel fuel had 

a toxic effect on the bacteria. 

DouAbul, A. A. Z. ; Heba, H. M. A. ; Fareed, K. H. 

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 

fish from the Red Sea Coast of Yemen. 

Oceanographic Literature Review. June 1998 ; 45 

(6):1027. ISSN: 0967-0653 . The presence of PAHs 

in the sediments is not suspected to be the cause of 

recent fish kills, but the high concentrations of 

carcinogenic chrysene present in the fish are 

considered a serious human health hazard. 

Drilling operations threaten Beaufort Sea Whales. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . September 1997; 34 (9):684 . 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

NOAH is proposing to authorize five and a half 

months of oil and gas explorations in Camden Bay, 

AK. 

Day, R. H., et al . Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on 

habitat use by birds along the Kenai peninsula, 

Alaska. Condor. August 1997; 99 (3):728-742. 

ISSN: 0010-5422. 

Thirty-four species of marine-oriented buds along the 

Kenai Peninsula were surveyed from 1989-1991 . 

After the Exxon Valdez spill, twenty-two species 

showed no significant changes in habitat use while 

twelve species did show significant negative impacts 

in habitat use. 

Dean, Thomas A., et. al. Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska: effects of the 

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

1998; 36 (3):201-210. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Eelgrass beds at oiled and reference sites were tested 

between 1990 and 1995 . The eelgrass sustained only 

slight damage due to oiling, and the damage did not 

persist more than one year after the spill. 

deHaro, A. ; et al. Phytoremediation of the polluted soils 

after the toxic spill of the AZnalcollar mine by 

using wild species collected in situ . Fresenius 

Environmental Bulletin . 2000; 19 (5/6):275-280. 

ISSN: 1018-4619. 

Duxbury, C. L. ; Dixon, D. G. ; Greenberg, B. M. Effects of 

simulated solar radiation on the bioaccumulation 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the 

duckweed Lemna gibba. Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry. August 1997 ; 16 (8):1739-1748. 

ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Edgara, Graham J. ; Barrett, Neville S. Impact of the Iron 

Baron oil spill on subtidal reef assemblages in 

Tasmania. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 2000; 40 

(1):36-49 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The physical grounding of the bulk carrier Iron 

Baron caused complete destruction of a subtidal reef 

community within a localized area of approximately 

170 m by 20 m on Hebe Reef in northern Tasmania. 

The biological impact of the grounding was assessed 

by using quantitative underwater censuses at 

numerous reef sites before and after the spill. Postimpact monitoring of the grounding zone and 

adjacent reference sites on Hebe Reef were assessed 

for recovery of fish, plant and invertebrate 

assemblages using species composition and species 

richness . 

5 
BIOLOGY 

El-Dib, M. A. ; Abou-Waly, H. F. ; El-Naby, A. M. H. Impact 

of fuel oil on the freshwater alga (Selenastrum 

capricornutum) . Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. September 1997; 59 

(3):438-444. ISSN: 0007-4861 . 

A sensitive species of unicellular green algae was 

evaluated based on Chlorophyll (a) content, growth 

rate (u/d), effective concentration (EC50), 

carbohydrate and protein contents as indications of 

oil pollution impact. 

Elston, R. A. ; Drum, A. S. ; Pearson, W. H. ; Parker, K. Health 

and condition of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) 

from Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1994. 

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. November 20, 1997; 

31 (2):109-126. ISSN: 0177-5103 . 

Studies revealed that no toxic conditions in pacific 

herring could be attributed to the Exxon Yaldez oil 

spill that occurred in 1989. Conditions previously 

associated with oil exposure in fish (vacuolation in 

liver cells and the liver melanomacrophage index) 

varied greatly in the herring. 

Epstein, N. ; Bak, R. P. M. ; Rinkevich, B. Toxicity of third 

generation dispersants and dispersed Egyptian 

crude oil on Red Sea coral larvae . Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 2000; 40 (6):497-503 . ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

The use of third generation dispersants resulted in a 

marked increase in toxicity among Red Sea coral 

larvae, and lead to morphological deformations, 

abnormal swimming behavior, and rapid tissue 

degeneration . The authors suggest that chemical 

dispersion should not be used for oil spills near coral 

reefs. 

Ewald, G., et al . Biotransport of organic pollutants to an 

inland Alaska lake by migrating sockeye salmon 

(Oncorhynchus nerka). Arctic . March 1998 ; 51 

(1):40-47 . ISSN: 0004-0843. 

Ferguson, P. L. ; Chandler, G. T. A laboratory and field 

comparison of sediment polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon bioaccumulation by the 

cosmopolitan estuarine polychaete Streblospio 

benedicti (Webster). Marine Environmental 

Research . May-June 1998 ; 45 (4/5):387-401 . ISSN: 

0141-1136. 

Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) 

decreased with increasing PAH concentrations in 

worms collected from field sediments, but the BSAFs 

increased with increasing PAH hydrophobicity in 

worms collected in spiked sediment. It is believed 

that this disparity may have been caused by 

insufficient spiked-sediment equilibration time. 

Fisk, A. T. ; Norstrom, R. J. ; Cymbalisty, C. D. ; Muir, D. C. G. 

Dietary accumulation and depuration of 

hydrophobic organochlorines: Bioaccumulation 

parameters and their relationship with the 

octanoUwater partition coefficient. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. May 1998; 17 (5) :951-

961 . ISSN: 0730-7268 . 

Flemer, D. A. ; Ruth, B. F. ; Bundrick, C. M. ; Gaston, G. R. 

Macrobenthic community colonization and 

community development in dredged material 

disposal habitats off coastal Louisiana. 

Oceanographic Literature Review. 1998; 45 (2):389 . 

ISSN: 0967-0653. 

The Mermentau and Atchafalaya Rivers and 

Freshwater Bayou in coastal Louisiana were 

investigated for data on effects of dredging and 

disposal on 9 phyla and 51 taxa. It is suspected that 

frequent natural disturbances account for differences 

in macrobenthic community structure more than 

dredged material disposal . 

Flint, P. L. ; Fowler, A. C. A drift experiment to assess the 

influence of wind on recovery of oiled seabirds on 

St . Paul Island, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

February 1998; 36 (2):165-166. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Using wooden blocks distributed off St . Paul Island 

following a near-shore oil spill during onshore wind 

periods and offshore wind periods, the researchers 

were able to obtain information about recovery of 

oiled seabirds . Due to the extremely low recovery 

(0 .7%) of the blocks released during offshore winds, 

researchers concluded that most of the birds killed in 

the 1996 spill were not recovered. 

Forrester, D. J., et al . Winter mortality of common loons in 

Florida coastal waters . Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 

October 1997; 33 (4):833-847. ISSN: 0090-3558. 

Of 434 common loons (Gavia immer) found sick or 

dead on Florida beaches from 1970 through 1994, 

18% were affected by oiling . Other causes of death 

examined were emaciation syndrome, aspergillosis, 

trauma and miscellaneous disease entities . 

Fowler, A. C. ; Flint, P. L. Persistence rates and detection 

probabilities of oiled King Eider carcasses on St . 

Paul Island, Alaska. Oceanographic Literature 

Review. 1998; 45 (2) :386 . ISSN: 0967-0653. 

King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) carcass 

persistence rates varied based on scavenging, wave 

action, weather, shore type, and sex of carcasses. 

6 
BIOLOGY 

Friedmann, B. R. ; Shutty, K. M. Effect of timing of oil film 

removal and first feeding on swim bladder 

inflation success among intensively cultured 

striped bass larvae . North American Journal of 

Aquaculture. 1999; 61 (1):43-46. ISSN: 1522-2055. 

Swim bladder inflation in tensely cultured-stripped 

bass is an important developmental step that occurs 

during the first 2 weeks of larval life . Using oil 

removal procedures as a controllable factor resulted 

in high inflation success among the cultured striped 

bass . 

Garcia, E. M. ; Siegert, I. G. ; Suarez, P. Toxicity assays and 

naphthalene utilization by natural bacteria 

selected in marine environments . Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 

September 1998; 61 (3) :370-377. ISSN: 0007-4861 . 

The toxicity of naphthalene was tested on marine 

bacterial strains from pristine environments as well as 

from PAH contaminated areas. The bacteria from the 

previously contaminated areas showed greater 

adaptation response than those from less polluted 

environments . 

Frost, K. J. ; Lowry, L. F. ; VerHoef, J. M. Monitoring the 

trend of harbor seals in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine 

Mammal Science. 1999 ; 15 (2):494-506. ISSN: 0824-

0469. 

Aerial survey counts were used to monitor the 

numbers of harbor seals, (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the 1989 

Exxon Yaldez oil spill. Repetitive counts were used 

from 25 haul-out sites. A generalized linear model, 

showed regression and unadjusted counts were 

factors in determining the accuracy of the monitoring 

program. 

Fuentes, F. A. ; Santodomingo, J. W. ; Hazen, T. C. Survival of 

Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 

oil polluted tropical coastal waters . Water 

Research . July 1998 ; 32 (7):2154-2170. ISSN: 0043-

1354. 

Membrane diffusion chambers were used for in situ 

study of organisms at sites in the Yabucoa Bay off 

the east coast of Puerto Rico. Significant decreases in 

cell density and total activity over a three-day study 

period were observed, however respiration and ATP 

content per organism remained the same. Violent 

agitation of sediments by oil tanker traffic may have 

played a role in increasing the ambient phosphorus 

useful for microbial survival . 

Furness, R. W. ; Camphuysen, C. J. Seabirds as monitors of 

the marine environment. Ices Journal of Marine 

Science. August 1997 ; 54 (4):726-737 . ISSN: 1054-

3139. 

Among other topics discussed is the use of seabirds 

as oil pollution monitors. North Sea oil releases have 

significantly declined over the last 15 years. Oil 

found on buds can be fingerprinted to identify its 

source . 

Garshelis, D. L. Sea otter mortality estimated from 

carcasses collected after the oil spill. Conservation 

Biology. August 1997; 11 (4):905-916. ISSN: 0888-

8892. 

Mortality estimates were made factoring in three 

areas that had previously not been considered : dying 

otters found on shore, carcasses collected at sea and 

differences in search efforts in different areas of the 

spill. 

Gilewicz, M. ; et al . Isolation and characterization of a 

marine bacterium capable of utilizing 2-

methylphenanthrene. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. October 1997; 48 (4):528-533. ISSN: 

0175-7598 . 

Goksoyr, A. ; et al . Biomarker responses in flounder 

(Platichthys Jlesus) and their use in pollution 

monitoring . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1996 ; 33 

(1/6):36-45 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Flounder were collected from non-contaminated sites 

off Southern Norway, place into contaminated tanks 

for two weeks. The flounder were found to be good 

indicator species, although it is advised not to use 

them during spawning season as the influence of 

reproduction obscures the wanted biomarker 

responses. 

Gulec, Ismail ; Leonard, Brian; Holdway, Douglas A. Oil and 

dispersed oil toxicity to amphipods and snails . 

Spill Science & Technology. 1997; 4 (1):1-6 . ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

Dispersed oil combinations were found to be 

significantly more toxic than crude oil to the 

amphipods and snails in temperate inshore Australian 

waters, suggesting that chemical dispersion not be 

used as a means of remediation. 

7 
BIOLOGY 

Gunnarsson, J. S., et al . Interactions between eutrophication 

and contaminants . III. Mobilization and 

bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene from marine 

sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1996; 33 

(1/6):80-89 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

This study sought to understand how eutrophication 

processes act on the distribution and bioavailability 

of pollutants to benthic organisms. Benthic organisms 

selectively feeding on labile organic matter is 

considered a major exposure route of organic 

pollutants . 

Hart, L. J., et al . Subacute immunotoxic effects of the 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 7,12-

dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) on spleen and 

pronephros leukocytic cell counts and phagocytic 

cell activity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) . 

Aquatic Toxicology . March 1998 ; 41 (1/2):17-29 . 

ISSN: 0166-445X. 

The study indicated that total leukocyte counts from 

tilapia spleen and pronephros were more sensitive 

PAH exposure indicators than phagocytic activity . 

Hegazy, A. K. Plant succession and its optimization on tarpolluted coasts in the Arabian Gulf region . 

Oceanographic Literature Review. 1998 ; 45 (3):546 . 

ISSN: 0967-0653 . 

Plant colonization and communities around and on 

tar-piles formed from depositing tar from the Arabian 

Gulf in the coastal marshes was studied. A 

management and restoration plan was proposed, as 

well as suggestions offered for specific plant species 

to be used in restoration. 

Hinkle-Cone, C. ; Fleeger, J. W. ; Greg, J. C. ; Caiman, K. R. 

Effects of sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons on feeding behavior in juvenile spot 

(Leiostomus xanthurus lacedpede: Pisces). Journal 

of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 1998; 

227 (1):113-132. ISSN: 0022-0981 . 

The juvenile spot did not avoid feeding in moderated 

or high PAH contaminated soils. 

Huffinan, S. The effects of oil on mallards (Anas 

platyrhynchos). The Texas Journal of Science. 1999; 

51 (2) :181-190. ISSN: 0040-4403 . 

There is little knowledge concerning the long-term 

survivability of wildlife that has endured and 

survived oiling from spills . This study presents 

analysis that determined if permanent damage to liver 

& kidney functions occurred over time . 

Hufnagle, L. C., et al . Development and application of a 

high-performance liquid chromatography 

screening method for aromatic compounds in 

invertebrate tissues. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology . 1999; 37 (2):220-

226. ISSN: 0090-4341 . 

Bivalve samples taken from Alaska and Puget Sound 

were measured for naphthalene, phenanthrene, and 

benzo[a]pyrene equivalents to validate the highperformance liquid chromatography screening 

method, and then compared to detailed analyses 

obtained by GC/MS method. 

Hull, C. L., et al. The efficacy of translocating little 

penguins (Eudyptula minor) during an oil spill. 

Biological Conservation. December 1998; 86 

(3):393-400. ISSN: 0006-3207. 

Translocation of Eudyptula minor to a noncontaminated site after a fuel oil spill from the Iron 

Baron at Low Head, Tasmania, proved to be a 

successful experiment. 

Hylland, K. ; Nissen-Lie, T. ; Christensen, P. G. ; Sandvik, M. 

Natural modulation of hepatic metallothionein 

and cytochrokme P4501A in Flounder, Platichthys 

flesus L. Marine Environmental Research . 1998 ; 46 

(1/5) :51-55 . ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Season, gender and maturation factors accounted for 

50-60% of the total variability of Hepatic CYP1A 

activity (EROD) and metallothionein and metal 

concentrations in the flounder tested . External lesions 

should also be taken into account to a lesser degree as 

a biomarker-monitoring factor. 

Horness, B. H., et al . Sediment quality thresholds : estimates 

from hockey stick regression of liver lesion 

prevalence in English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) . 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. May 

1998; 17 (5):872-882. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Statistically significant chemical thresholds of 

biological effects were estimated for hepatic lesion 

prevalences in English sole in relation to sediment 

concentrations of PAHs, and the thresholds are 

notably lower than many established using other 

techniques . 

Jager, T. ; Sanchez, F. A. ; Muijs, B. ; Vander-Velde, E. G. ; 

Posthuma, L. Tozicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) 

using spiked soil . Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2000; 19 (4, Part 1) :953-961 . ISSN: 0730-

7268 . 

In a spiked artificial soil medium, the accumulation 

of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; 

phenanthrene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and 

benzo[a]pyrene were tested in the earthworm Eisenia 

andrei over a seven day period . Results of this study 

indicate that using a standard PAH accumulation 

experiment (where the worms are only analyzed after 

several weeks' exposure) would produce misleading 

results. 

8 
BIOLOGY 

Jewett, S . C. ; Dean, T. A. ; Smith, R. O. ; Blanchard, A. Exxon 

Valdez oil spill: impacts and recovery in the softbottom benthic community in and adjacent to 

eelgrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series . 

1999; 185;59-83 . ISSN: 0171-8630 

Benthic communities within and adjacent to eelgrass 

beds in Prince William Sound, Alaska, were used to 

assess impacts from the Exxon Yaldez oil spill. The 

concentration of TPAHs, benthic community 

composition, diversity, biomass, and abundance were 

compared between matched pairs of oiled and 

reference sites in 1990, 1991, 1993, and 1995, 

respectively. 

Johnson, S. W., et . al . Reproductive success of Pacific 

herring, Clupea pallasi, in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska, six years after the F.aacon Valdez oil spill. 

Fishery Bulletin . October 1997; 95 (4):748-761 . 

ISSN: 0090-0656. 

In 1995, herring were collected from 4 sites in Prince 

William Sound and from three uncontaminated sites 

in southeast Alaska. No evidence of reproductive 

impairment among any of the year classes was found. 

Jones, David A., et al . Long-term (1991-1995) monitoring of 

the intertidal biota of Saudi Arabia after the 1991 

Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1998 ; 

36 (6):472-489. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

By 1995, species diversity along the upper shore 

levels of the Saudi Arabian Gulf had returned to 

normal, and species diversity along the lower shore 

levels was greater than 70% of normal . Individual 

species abundance also increased over the 4 years 

after the spill. 

Kaag, N. H. ; Scholten, M. C. T. ; Vanstraalen, N. M. Factors 

affecting PAH residues in the lugworm (Arenicola 

marina), a sedimet feeding polychaete. Journal of Sea 

Research . December 1998; 40 (3/4) :251-261 . ISSN: 1385-

1101 . 

Samples of lugworms were taken along a 

contamination gradient in the Western Scheldt 

estuary, Netherlands for 15 months. Body residue 

levels of PAHs in the worms were lowest in March 

and highest right before spawning in September, with 

a marked decrease during spawning. The 

contamination gradient was evident in the body 

residue levels . 

Khan, R. A. Study of pearl dace (Margariscus margarita) 

inhabiting a stillwater pond contaminated with 

diesel fuel. Bulletin ofEnvionmental Contamination 

and Toxicology . 1999; 62 (2):638-645. ISSN: 0007-

4861 . 

A number of bioindicators were used to assess stress 

in pearl dace exposed to diesel fuel . The K-factor, a 

reflection of body condition was significantly greater 

at the impacted location than in samples from a 

reference site . 

Kirby, M. F. ; Blackburn, M. A. ; Thain, J. E. ; Waldock, M. J. 

Assessment of water quality in estuarine and 

coastal waters of England and Wales using a 

contaminant concentration technique. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . August 1998 ; 36 (8):631-642. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

It was found that hydrocarbons may make a 

significant contribution to the toxicity of estuarine 

and coastal waters, but the cause of the majority of 

the toxic response has not been identified . 

Kireeva, N. A. ; Novoselova, E. I . ; Khaziev, F. K. Enzymes of 

nitrogen metabolism in soil polluted with oil. 

Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Seriya Biologicheskaya. 

November-December 1997; (6):755-759. ISSN: 

0002-3329. 

Kirso, U. ; Irha, N. Role of algae in fate of carcinogenic 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic 

environment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental 

Safety. September 1998; 41 (1):83-89 . ISSN: 0147-

6513. 

Kleinow, K. M. ; James, M. O. ; Tong, Z. ; Venugopalan, C. S. 

Bioavailability and biotransformation of 

benzo[a]pyrene in an isolated perfused in situ 

catfish intestinal preparation. Environmental 

Health Perspectives . March 1998 ; 106 (3):155-166. 

ISSN: 0091-6765. 

Kuletz, K. J. ; Kendall, S . J. A productivity index for 

marbled murrelets in Alaska based on surveys at 

sea. Journal of Wildlife Management. April 1998; 62 

(2):446-460. ISSN: 0022-541X. 

Lancaster, J. E. ; Pawsons, M. G. ; Pickett, G. D. ; Jennings, S . 

The impact of the 'Sea Empress' oil spill on 

seabass recruitment. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

September 1998; 36 (9):677-688. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Post-larval sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) were 

collected in the Bristol Channel during 1996 to 

examine the effects of the Sea Empress oil spill on 

their growth and survival. The seabass found at 

sample sites along the north coast of the Bristol 

Channel tended not to reach the critical length for 

survival through their first winter . 

Landrum, P. F. ; Gossiaux, D. C. ; Kukkonen, J. Sediment 

characteristics influencing the bioavailability of 

nonpolar organic contaminants to Diporeia spp. 

Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability. 1997; 9 

(2):43-55 . ISSN: 0954-2299. 

Latyshev, N. A. ; Kusakin, O. G. ; Svetashev, V. I. ; Kiyashko, 

S . I. Food pattern of different littorine species in 

the antropoganically oil-polluted environment 

determined using lipid and isotope markers. 

DokladyAkademii Nauk. 1999; 366 (5):715-717 . 

ISSN: 0869-5652. 

9 
BIOLOGY 

Law, R. J. ; Kelly, C. A. ; Nicholson, M. D. Polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAR) in shellfish affected 

by the Sea Empress oil spill in Wales in 1996. 

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 1999; 17 (1/4):229-

239. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Lebedev, A. T., et al . The contamination of birds with 

organic pollutants in the Lake Baikal region. 

Science of the Total Environment. April 8, 1998; 212 

(2/3):153-162. ISSN: 0048-9697. 

Lee, R. F. ; Page, D. S. Petroleum hydrocarbons and their 

effects in subtidal regions after major oil spills. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin . November 1997; 34 

(11) :928-940. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

It is estimated that between 1 and 13% of spilled oil 

enters the subtidal zone. Documented biological 

effects of oil that enters the subtidal zone are shortlived and is recovered rapidly. 

Leppanen, M. T. ; Kukkonen, J. V. K. Effect of sedimentchemical contact time on availability of sedimentassociated pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene to 

oligochaete worms and semi-permeable 

membrane devices. Aquatic Toxicology . 2000; 49 

(4):227-241. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Feeding and non-feeding oligochaetes were subjected 

to polluted lake sediments in five consecutive 

experiments. In addition, semi-permeable membrane 

devices (SPMDs) were tested by mimicking the 

accumulation of sediment-associated chemicals by 

benthic invertebrates in five consecutive tests to 

determine the effect of aging of sediment on 

accumulation. The aging of sediment decreased 

availability of PAHs to both organisms and SPMDs. 

Semi-permeable membrane devices may also 

successfully mimic uptake by non-feeding organisms . 

Leu, J. Y. ; McGovern-Traa, C. P. ; Porter, A. J. ; Hamilton, W. 

A. The same species of sulphate-reducing 

Desulfomicrobium occur in different oil field 

environments in the North Sea. Letters in Applied 

Microbiology. 1999; 29 (4):246-252. ISSN: 0266-

8254. 

In this study, the presence of sulphate-reducing 

bacteria (SRB) in oil field samples from the North 

Sea was investigated . This study finds that the 

microorganisms Desulfomicrobium were found in 

four different samples from two distant North Sea oil 

fields, and suggests they are likely to be widespread 

throughout other oil field systems. With their wide 

range of salinity and temperature tolerance, these 

microorganisms play an important role in the 

generation of sulphide . 

Lindau, C. W. ; Delaune, R. D. Vegetative response of 

Sagittaria lancijolia to burning of applied crude 

oil. Water Air and Soil Pollution . 2000; 121 

(1/4):161-172. ISSN: 0049-6979. 

South Louisiana crude oil was sprayed on Sagittaria 

lancifolia to evaluate its sensitivity to in-situ burning. 

This remediation method suggests that it may be 

viable to use this rapid response technique in order to 

remove oil and to control the oil migration to 

sensitive areas. 

Lindeman, K. C. ; Synder, D. B. Nearshore hardbottom 

fishes of southeast Florida and effects of habitat 

burial caused by dredging. Fishery Bulletin . 1999; 

97 (3):508-525. 

Random transects of fish assemblages of nearshore 

hardbottom habitats of southeast Florida were 

quantified at three sites from April 1994 to June 

1996. Eighty-six taxa (77 identified to species) from 

36 families were censused. The hardbottom at one 

site was buried by a dredge project to widen a beach 

one year into the study. Burial of approximately five 

ha of hardbottom habitat at the dredge site lowered 

the numbers of individuals and species by over 30x 

and 10x, respectively . 

Lindley, J. A. ; George, C. L. ; Evans, S . V. ; Donkin, P . 

Viability of calanoid copepod eggs from intertidal 

sediments: a comparison of three estuaries. Marine 

Ecology - Progress Series. 1998; 162;183-190. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

Nauplii from three estuaries were sampled. Two of 

the sites sustained much urban and industrial 

pollution, while the third site was subject to low 

levels of urban and agricultural pollution. PAH 

concentrations in the soil samples of the third site 

were much lower than the other two, and many more 

nauplii hatched at this site than at the others . 

Lloyd-Jones, G. ; Lau, P. C. K. Glutathione S-transferaseencoding gene as a potential probe for 

environmental bacterial isolates capable of 

degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology. August 

1997; 63 (8) :3286-3290. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

A GST gene in Sphingomonas spp., isolated from 

samples taken in New Zealand and the United States, 

was found to be a potentially useful marker. 

Lockhart, W. L., et al . Chronic toxicity of the 'water-soluble 

fraction' of Norman Wells crude oil to juvenile 

fish . Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 

(4):259-262. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Young rainbow trout mortality increased rapidly with 

increasing exposure levels to Norman Wells crude 

oil, and was exacerbated by the addition of oil 

dispersants. The mean body water content of the few 

fish that survived the 55-day experiment had 

increased by greater than 6%. 

10 
BIOLOGY 

Lopes, C. F., et al . Coastal monitoring program of Sao 

Sebastian Channel: assessing the effects of 

'TEBAR V oil spill on rocky shore populations. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin . November 1997; 34 

(11) :923-927. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The high toxicity levels of oil did not significantly 

alter the density of the populations. 

MacCarone, A. D. ; Brzorad, J. N. The use of foraging 

habitats by wading birds seven years after the 

occurrence of major oil spills . Colonial Waterbirds . 

1999 ; 21 (3):367-374. ISSN: 0738-6028. 

In 1990 a series of accidental discharges released 

almost five million L. of oil into the Arthur Kill 

estuary, located between New York and New Jersey . 

In May of 1997, a repeated study of the Arthur Kill 

estuary became the focus of a long-teen research 

project. A total of 116 hours of observations were 

used to determine whether the number of wading 

birds from a nearby breeding colony had returned to 

the former estuarine feeding site, largely abandoned 

in 1990 after the series of oil spills . 

MacNaughton, Sarah J., et al . Microbial population changes 

during bioremediation of an experimental oil spill. 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999; 65 

(8):3566-3574 . ISSN: 0099-2240. 

A randomized block field experiment was set up 

simulating a coastal oil spill, and three crude oil 

bioremediation techniques were applied. During this 

experiment, bacterial community members were 

monitored for their progress of bioremediation of the 

site and to define an end point for the removal of 

hydrocarbon substrates . Results were used to 

determine how the degrading and nondegrading 

communities change during the course of the 

experiment . Communities returning to pre-spill 

conditions would strongly indicate the site was 

restored and that cleanup activities could cease. 

Majcherczyk, A. ; Johannes, C. ; Huttermann, A. Oxidation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAI-) by 

laccase of Trametes versicolor . Enzyme and 

Microbial Technology. April 1998; 22 (5):335-341 . 

ISSN: 0141-0229. 

Malmstrom, C. M. ; Miettinen, S. ; Bylund, G. DNA adducts 

in liver and leukocytes of flounder (Plahichthys 

flesus) experimentally exposed to benzo[a]pyrene . 

Aquatic Toxicology . 2000; 48 (2/3) :177-184. ISSN: 

0166-445X. 

In this present study, Platichthys flesus is used as a 

biomarker for the continuous assessment of levels of 

PAH pollutants in the Baltic Sea. A controlled 

experiment was conducted on the flounder for a 

period of 10 days following a single injection of two 

doses of benzo[a]pyrene, to determine the levels of 

hydrophobic DNA adducts in the liver and in the 

leukocytes of the flounder. 

Mancha, R. ; Diaz, G. ; Arese, A. Prediction of 

bioaccumulation potential of some aromatic 

hydrocarbons in indicator species of ecotoxicity. 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology . September 1997 ; 59 (3):422-429. ISSN: 

0007-4861 . 

Bioconcentration factors (BCF) predict chemical 

residues taken up by small aquatic and terrestrial 

animals, and can be used to rank the bioaccumulation 

potential of organic chemicals in the environment. 

Marcogliese, D. J. ; Nagler, J. J. ; Cyr, D. G. Effects of 

exposure to contaminated sediments on the 

parasite fauna of American plaice 

(Hippoglossoides platessoides). Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . July 

1998 ; 61 (1):88-95 . ISSN: 0007-4861 . 

American plaice were exposed to sediments 

containing high levels of PAHs and PCBs. No 

significant changes in abundance of the parasites of 

the American plaice were noticed. 

Marty, G. D., et al . Histopathology and cytogenetic 

evaluation of Pacific herring larvae exposed to 

petroleum hydrocarbons in the laboratory or in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and 

Aquatic Sciences . August 1997; 54 (8):1846-1857. 

ISSN: 0706-652X. 

Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasi) larvae were trawled 

from two oiled sites and two unoiled sites following 

the Exxon Yaldez spill. Effects of oil contamination 

were observed, and laboratory experiments 

subjecting unoiled larvae to oil contamination were 

performed. The results were compared. 

Matter, J. M. ; Mcmurry, C. S. ; Anthony, A. B. ; Dickerson, R. 

L. Development and implementation of endocrine 

biomarkers of exposure and effects in American 

alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Chemosphere. 

October-November 1998; 37 (9/12) :1905-1914. 

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Mccoy, D. L. ; Brown, K. M. Hydrocarbon pollutants alter 

short-term recruitment in the barnacle Balanus 

eburneus . Marine Environmental Research . April 

1998; 45 (3) :209-224. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Oil-treated clay tiles were tested at two coastal and 

two protected sites along the Louisiana coast for 

barnacle recruitment. Oil-treated tiles had diminished 

barnacle recruitment in the first three weeks, but 

showed no difference from the untreated tiles after 

six weeks. Barnacle recruitment was generally higher 

at the exposed, coastal sites. 

11 
BIOLOGY 

McNally, D. L. ; Mihelcic, J. R. ; Lucking, D. R. Polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms 

in Great Lakes sediments. Journal of Great Lakes 

Research . 1998; 24 (2):392-403. ISSN: 0380-1330. 

The general biodiversity of microorganisms was 

greater at the uncontaminated site than at the 

contaminated site, but the diversity of PAHdegrading biotypes was much greater at the 

contaminated site than the uncontaminated site . 

Michel, J; Henry, C. B. Oil uptake and depuration in 

oysters after use of dispersants in shallow water in 

El Salvador . Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

1997; 4 (2):57-70 . ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Oysters were sampled from a spill site of Venezuelan 

Recon where dispersants had been used in the 

shallow waters of the site . Samples were collected 1 

and 4 weeks after the spill. PAH levels were 147-164 

times the background levels one week after the spill, 

but were reduced by 94-98% by 4 weeks after the 

spill. 

Middaugh, D. P., et al . Preliminary observations on 

responses of embryonic and larval Pacific herring, 

(Clupea pallasi), to neutral fraction 

biodegradation products of weathered Alaska 

North Slope oil. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. February 1998; 34 

(2):188-196. ISSN: 0090-4341 . 

Exposure of the herring eggs to biodegraded 

weathered oil produced high mortalities or 

teratogenic responses. 

Miles, A. K. ; Roster, N. Enhancement of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine invertebrates 

by surface runoff at a decommissioned military 

fuel depot. Marine Environmental Research . 1999; 

47 (1):49-60 ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Mitchell, F. M. ; Holdway, D. A. The acute and chronic 

toxicity of the dispersants Corexit 9500 and 9527, 

water accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil, 

and dispersant enhanced to Hydra viridissima 

(Green hydra) . Water Research . 2000; 34 (1):343-

348 . ISSN: 0043-1354. 

Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 surfactants were used 

to determine the acute and chronic toxicity to the 

freshwater organism Hydra viridissima during a 7-

day population growth rate . Results are discussed. 

Moles, A. Sensitivity of ten aquatic species to long-term 

crude oil exposure . Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 1998 ; 61 (1):102-

107. ISSN: 0749-0208. 

Long-term toxicity of oil on a wide variety of phyla 

is evaluated. Two fish species, four crustacean 

species, one echinoderm species and three mollusk 

species were examined. 

Moles, Adam; Norcross, Brenda L. Effects of oil-laden 

sediments on growth and health of juvenile 

flatfishes . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and 

Aquatic Sciences . 1998; 55 (3):605-610. ISSN: 0706- 

652x. 

Juvenile flatfishes exposed to sediments laden with 

Alaska North Slope crude oil showed a reduction in 

growth of 34-56% and also health bioindicators were 

increased among the flatfishes . Nearshore nursery 

sediments exposed to the chronic hydrocarbon 

pollution could alter growth and health of juvenile 

flatfishes . 

Monteiro, P. P. R. ; Reis-Henriques, M. A. ; Coimbra, J. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inhibit in vitro 

ovarian steroidogenesis in the flounder 

(Platichthys Jlesus L.) . Aquatic Toxicology . 2000; 48 

(4) :549-559. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

This study focuses on the endocrine disruption of fish 

reproduction by chemical pollution and evaluates the 

effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on 

ovarian steroidogenesis of the flounder . Results of 

the study conclude that polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons severely inhibited a rate-limiting 

enzyme for conversion of C21 to C 19 steroids, and 

showed therefore, the potential to disrupt the 

reproductive cycle of fish living in polluted 

environments due to impairment of steroid 

biosynthesis . 

Monteiro, P. P. R. ; Reis-Henriques, M. A. ; Coimbra, J. 

Plasma steroid levels in female flounder 

(Platichthys flesus) after chronic dietary exposure 

to single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Marine Environmental Research . 2000; 49 (5):453-

467. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

For a period of 12 weeks, sexually mature feral 

female flounder were exposed through their diet to 

PAH's, to determine the chronic effects on ovary 

development, total hepatic lipids, plasma and 

corticosteroid levels . Researchers determined that 

exposure to PAH's did not significantly affect ovary 

development or hepatic lipids in female flounder 

(Platichthys flesus). However, plasma steroid levels 

showed significant decreases during the experiments. 

Selected PAH's may impair the reproductive function 

of female teleost. 

Moore, C. G. ; Stevenson, J. M. A possible new meiofaunal 

tool for rapid assessment of the environmental 

impact of marine oil pollution. Cahiers de Biologic 

Marine. 1997; 38 (4):277-282. ISSN: 0007-9723. 

12 
BIOLOGY 

Morales, A. E. ; et al . Re-evaluation of crude fiber and acidinsoluble ash as inert markers, alternative to 

chromic oxide, in digestibility studies with 

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 

Aquaculture. 1999; 179 (1/4):71-79 . ISSN: 0044-

8486. 

Apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein, 

nitrogen fee extract, dry matter and gross energy 

were higher when acid-insoluble ash was used as a 

marker compared with Cr203 for six practical diets. 

Crude fiber can be effective endogenous marker, 

although attention should be paid to the type of crude 

fiber present in the diets. 

Moy, F. E. ; Walday, M. Accumulation and depuration of 

organic micro-pollutants in marine hard bottom 

organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1996; 33 

(1/6):56-63 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Algae and mussels were exposed to radio-labeled 

toxicants in a closed continuous-flow system for 14 

days. Uptake was rapid and significant, and toxicants 

were retained in tissue for long periods. 

Munoz, D., et al . Long term evolution of petroleum 

biomarkers in mangrove soil (Guadeloupe) . 

Marine Pollution Bulletin . November 1997; 34 

(11) :868-874. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Plots of peaty mangrove were polluted and studied 

over an eight-year period. Biomarkers were found to 

be useful in following the weathering of petroleum. 

Myers, M S ., et al . Tozicopathic hepatic lesions in subadult 

English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) from Puget 

Sound, Washington, USA: relationships with 

other biomarkers of contaminant exposure. 

Marine Environmental Research . February 1998 ; 45 

(1) :47-67 . ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Preneoplastic, regenerative, and unique 

degenerative/necrotic lesions were prevalent in sole 

tested from contaminated sites, suggesting that these 

non-neoplastic lesions could be used as indicators of 

oil pollution. 

Narbonne, J. F. ; et al . Accumulaton kinetics of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons absorbed to sediment by 

the mollusk Corbicula Jluminea . Ecotoxicology and 

Envionmental Safety . 1999; 42 (1/8):1-9 . 

The kinetics of four PAR uptake with very different 

physical properties was measured in Corbicula 

fluminea . The rate and mechanism of uptake (from 

intertidal water or by sediment ingestion) depends on 

rates of PAH transfer from the sediment to the 

interstitial water, uptake clearance from the water to 

the organisms, rate of particle ingestion, and 

assimilation efficiencies . 

Nascimento, M. G. ; et al. Impaired health in flounder, 

Paralichthys spp. inhabiting coastal Chile. Bulletin 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 

2000; 64 (2):184-190. ISSN: 0007-4861 . 

Off the coastline of Central Chile, three embayments 

are a repository for effluent originating from two 

municipalities, a fishmeal plant and petroleum 

hydrocarbons of unknown origin . This study 

indicates that the health of flounder living in the 

polluted area is impaired based on macroscopic and 

microscopic lesion, blood values, condition factor, 

and organosomatic indices in contrast to reference 

fish . Biomarkers used in this study were unable to 

detect specific responses to any one pollutant. 

Nicolotti, G. ; Egli, S. Soil contamination by crude oil: 

impact on the mycorrhizosphere acid on the 

revegetation potential of forest trees. 

Environmental Pollution. 1998; 99 (1):37-43 . ISSN: 

0269-7491 . 

Norway spruce and poplar seedlings were grown in 

oil-contaminated soil . The growth of the poplar 

seedlings was greatly reduced at high contamination 

levels . Mycorrhizosophere colonisation of the poplars 

was not affected by any of the oil concentrations, but 

certain fungi showed species-specific reactions to 

increased oil concentrations on soils growing the 

spruce seedlings. 

Norena-Barroso Elsa ; Gold-Bouchot, Gerardo; Zapata-Perez, 

Omar; Sericano, Jose L. Polynuclear aromatic 

hydrocarbons in American Oysters Crassostrea 

virginica from the Terminos Lagoon, Campeche, 

Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1999 ; 38 (8):637-

645. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Oysters collected from the Termionos Lagoon, 

Campeche, Mexico, were found to contain high 

levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in their 

tissues. A monitoring program in this area is 

imperative, because of the farming of the oysters for 

human consumption. 

OConnell, M., et al . Genetic structuring among Alaskan 

Pacific herring populations identified using 

microsatellite variation. Journal of Fish Biology. 

July 1998; 53 (1):150-163. ISSN: 0022-1112. 

Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) were sampled from 

Kodiak Island, two sites in the Bering Sea, and four 

sites within Prince William Sound, Alaska. The 

genetic divergence was greatest between herring 

from the Bering Sea and Prince William Sound, and 

could be explained largely by geographic separation. 

13 
BIOLOGY 

Oka, N. ; Okuyama, M. Nutritional status of dead oiled 

rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) in the 

southern Japan Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

2000; 40 (4):340-347. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Nutritional status was compared between oiled and 

non-oiled rhinoceros auklets. Investigations revealed 

that the oiled birds died as a result of nutritional 

exhaustion associated with attempts to maintain 

thennoregulation after exposure to oil. 

Okay, O. S. ; Donkin, P. ; Peters, L. D. ; Livingstone, D. R. The 

role of algae (Isochrysis galbana) enrichment on 

the bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene and its 

effects on the blue mussel Mytilus edulis . 

Environmental Pollution. 2000; 110 (1):103-113 . 

ISSN: 0269-7491 . 

Isochrysis galbana was exposed to benzo[a]pyrene 

for a period of 24 hours, and then fed to the common 

mussel (Mytilus edulis) on a daily basis, to determine 

the role of algal concentration in the transfer of 

organic contaminants in a food chain. 

Onwurah, I. N. E. Biochemical oxygen demand exertion and 

glucose uptake kinetics of Azotobacter in crude oil 

polluted medium. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology . March 1998 ; 60 

(3):464-471 . ISSN: 0007-4861 . 

Azotobacter was used to determine the short-term 

effect of Bonny light crude oil on glucose uptake and 

BOD exertion . It was shown that oil has the tendency 

to reduce the dissolved oxygen level in aqueous 

solutions. 

Palittapongarnpim, M. ; Pokethitiyook, P. ; Upatham, E. S . ; 

Tangbanluekal, L. Biodegradation of crude oil by 

soil microorganisms in the tropic . Biodegradation. 

1998; 9 (2):83-90 . ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Three bacteria and two yeasts capable of degrading 

Tapis light crude oil were isolated form contaminated 

soil in Bangkok, Thailand. The Candida tropicalis 

15Y strain was the most efficient oil degrader. 

Pearson, T. H. ; Mannvik, H. P. Long-term changes in the 

diversity and faunal structure of benthic 

communities in the northern North Sea: natural 

variability or induced instability? Hydrobiologia. 

1998 ; 376;317-329. ISSN: 0018-8158. 

Changes in benthic sedimentary communities around 

oil and gas installations in the northern North Sea 

have been monitored over the past three decades. It is 

thought that climatic forces drive broad scale 

temporal and spatial fluctuations in these 

communities . 

Pearson, W. H., et al . Why did the Prince William Sound, 

Alaska, Pacific herring (Clupea paUast) fisheries 

collapse in 1993 and 1994? Review of hypotheses. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . 

1999; 56 (4):711-737. ISSN: 0706-652X. 

Four years following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 

harvesting of the Pacific herring in the Prince 

William Sound area collapsed. Results from this 

study conclude that the Exxon Valdez oil spill did not 

contribute to the 1993 decline of the harvesting of the 

herring. However, poor nutritional status, either alone 

or in combination with disease or other natural 

factors, was most likely responsible for the 1993 

collapse . 

Pelletier, M. C., et al . Phototogicity of individual polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum to marine 

invertebrate larvae and juveniles. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. October 1997; 16 

(10) :2190-2199 . ISSN: 0730-7268 . 

Penry, D. L. ; Weston, D. P. Digestive determinants of 

benzo[alpha]pyrene and phenanthrene 

bioaccumulation by a deposit-feeding polychaete. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. November 

1998; 17 (11) :2254-2265. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Abarenicola pacifica were acclimated to sediments 

with low or high organic carbon and then transferred 

to respective low or high organic carbon test 

sediments contaminated with radiolabeled 

phenanthrene or benzo[a]pyrene . Physiological 

acclimation to the various sediment types did not 

affect PAH uptake, but it did affect biotransformation 

capabilities . 

Pezeshki, S . R. ; Jugsujinda, A. ; Delaune, R. D. Responses of 

selected US Gulf coast marsh macrophyte species 

to oiling and commercial cleaners. Water Air and 

Soil Pollution. October 1998; 107 (1/4):185-195 . 

ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Bulltongue (Sagittaria lancifolia L.), three-cornered 

grass (Scirpus olneyi E. & G.) and broadleaf cattail 

(Typha latifolia L.) were tested using combinations of 

oil treatments and cleaning treatments . Bulltongue 

proved to be the least sensitive to the treatments, and 

the cattail was the most sensitive species tested . 

Piehler, M. F. ; Swistak, J. G. ; Pinclrney, J. L. ; Pearl, H. W. 

Sub-lethal effects of coastal petroleum pollution 

on Spartina alterniflora stem epiphytes. 

Chemosphere. December 1997 ; 35 (11) :2665-2674. 

ISSN: 0045-6535 . 

14 
BIOLOGY 

Ploch, S. A. ; King, L. C. ; DiGiulio, R. T. Comparative timecourse of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation, 

and its relationship to CYP1A activity in two 

species of catfish. Marine Environment Research . 

July-December 1998 ; 46 (1/5)345-349 . ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

The brown bullhead (Ameriurus nebulosis) and the 

channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) have liver 

enzymes that activate or detoxify certain 

procarcinogens differently. EROD activity and 

adducts were studied in these fish . EROD activities in 

the channel catfish was predominantly higher than in 

the bullheads, but adducts were significantly higher 

in the bullheads than in the channel catfish. 

Poulton, B. C. ; Finger, S. E. ; Humphrey, S. A. Effects of a 

crude oil spill on the benthic invertebrate 

community in the Gasconade River, Missouri. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology. October 1997; 33 (3):268-276. ISSN: 

0090-4341 . 

Macroinvertebrate communities in riffle and 

backwater habitats above and below the 33 million L 

spill in the Gasconade River were examined. In riffle 

habitats, oil pollution concentrations decreased 

significantly, and macroinvertebrate communities 

recovered rapidly, within 6 months of the spill. 

Backwater habitat recovery did not progress much at 

all during the 6 months. 

Poulton, B. C. ; Callahan, E. V. ; Hurtubise, R. D. ; Mueller, 

B.G. Effects of an oil spill on leafpack-inhabiting 

macroinvertebrates in the Chariton River, 

Missouri . Environmental Pollution. 1998; 99 

(1):115-122. ISSN: 0269-7491 . 

The stonefly (Isoperla bilineata), the cadisfly 

(Potamyia flava), the midge (Thienemanniella xena), 

and blackfly larvae (Simulium sp.) were virtually 

non-existent in test areas downstream of an oil spill. 

Sampling also showed that the community had 

recovered well within one year after the spill. 

Powell, Eric N., et al . Influence of parasitism in controlling 

the health, reproduction and PAH body burden of 

petroleum seep mussels. Deep-Sea Research I. 

1999; 46 (12) :2053-2078. ISSN: 0967-0637. 

Petroleum seep mussels are continuously exposed to 

relatively high hydrocarbon concentrations in their 

natural habitat. This study provides an opportunity to 

document parasite body burdens in petroleum seep 

mussels, determine whether parasite body burdens 

vary spatially between nearby populations and 

between populations separated on larger scales, and 

evaluate the degree to which parasites might impact 

populations dynamics . 

Premila, V. E. ; Rao, M. U. Effect of crude oil on the growth 

and reproduction of some benthic marine algae of 

Visakhapatnam coastline. Oceanographic 

Literature Review. 1998 ; 45 (3):542 . ISSN: 0967-

0653. 

Fourteen species of marine algae were tested to 

determine the impact of crude oil on their growth, 

survival and reproductive potential. Although the 

tolerance levels of the different algae varied, growth 

was inhibited in all species exposed to the oil. 

Prichard, A. K. ; Roby, D. D. ; Bowyer, R. T. ; Duffy, L. K. 

Pigeon guillemots as a sentinel species: A doseresponse experiment with weathered oil in the 

field. Chemosphere. October 1997; 35 (7):1531-

1548 . ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Proffitt, C. Edward; Devlin, Donna J. Are there cumulative 

effects in red mangroves from oil spills during 

seeding and sapling stages?Ecological Applications. 

February 1998; 8 (1):121-127. ISSN: 1051-0761 . 

Red mangrove seedling propagules and saplings were 

subjected to oilings of No. 6 fuel oil and South 

Louisiana crude oil. According to these experiments, 

there was no evidence of cumulative effects of two 

oiling episodes on these plants . 

Reish, D. J. ; Oshida, P. S . ; Mearns, A. J. ; Ginn, T. C. ; 

Buchman, M. Effects of pollution on marine 

organisms. Water Environment Research . 1999; 71 

(5):1100-1115. ISSN: 1061-4303. 

This article is an overview of the ninth international 

symposium of responses of marine organisms to 

pollutants . Papers and abstracts reflect 10 different 

topics, which some describe reproductive toxicity and 

development, cellular culture and pathology, field 

studies and monitoring, and impacts of pollution on 

marine biotic communities. All topics are discussed 

in detail . 

Ren, H. F. ; Hayashi, T. Mutagenicity in several fishes 

caught in a sea area polluted by C heavy oil spilled 

from the Nakhodka. Journal of the Food Hygienic 

Society of Japan. 1999; 40 (3):230-232. ISSN: 0015-

6426. 

15 
BIOLOGY 

Safonova, E. T. ; Dmitrieva, I. A. ; Kvitko, K. V. The 

interaction of algae with alcanotrophic bacteria in 

black oil decomposition. Resources, Conservation 

and Recycling. 1999; 27 (1/2):193-201 . ISSN: 0921-

3449 . 

Algal strains, belonging to three algal classes, 

originating from soils and water bodies contaminated 

with oil and tolerant against elevated amounts of 

toxicants, were tested for the ability to grow in a 

mineral medium containing 1% of black oil. The 

presence of alcanotrophic bacteria was found to 

restore the reproduction in algae sensitive to black 

oil, and to stimulate cell growth in tolerant algal 

strains. The interaction of algae with alcanotrophic 

bacteria demonstrated maximum efficiency for the 

bioremediation of black oil, more so than pure culture 

alcanotrophic bacteria Rhodococcus sp . 

Sanchezhemandez, J.C ., et al . Use of biochemical 

biomarkers as a screening tool to focus the 

chemical monitoring of organic pollutants in the 

Biobio river basin (Chile). Chemosphere. August 

1998 ; 37 (4):699-710. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

The study showed that examining certain 

biochemical functions of biomarkers such as rainbow 

trout was a sensitive indicator of PAR contamination 

than simply monitoring chemicals in the water and 

soil . 

Satoh, H. ; Tshuchiya, K. ; Tsujimoto, R. Long-term effect of 

massive crude oil spill during the Gulf War on 

intertidal invertebrates. Mer. 1999; 37 (i):11-19 . 

During the Gulf War of 1991, a massive oil spill 

covered the shoreline from the southern area of 

Kuwait to the west side of the Abu Ali Island in the 

western Arabian Gulf. A large amount of oil is still 

left along the intertidal level of these beaches. During 

the period from February 1992 to November 1994, 

surveys were conducted and sediment samples of oil 

sites were collected from the Gulf Coast. Analyses 

are presented in three phases of the research . 

Shelton, M. E. ; Chapman, P. J. ; Foss, S . S. ; Fisher, W. S . 

Degradation of weathered oil by mixed marine 

bacteria and the toxicity of accumulated watersoluble material to two marine crustacea. Archives 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 

January 1999; 36 (1) :13-20 . ISSN: 0090-4341 . 

Four diverse cultures of mixed marine bacteria were 

used to degrade weathered crude oil, producing both 

neutral and acidic water-soluble fractions. Grass 

shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and mysid larvae 

(Mysidopsis bahia) were exposed to the neutral 

water-soluable factions from each of the cultures, 

which resulted in high mortality rates. 

Shore, Richard, F. ; Wright, Julian ; Home, Janice A. ; Sparks, 

Timothy H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 

(PAID residues in the eggs of coastal-nesting birds 

from Britain. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 

(6) :509-513 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Accumulation of background environmental levels of 

PAHs in eggs by coastal nesting birds in at least two 

areas of Britain is common but is unlikely to be 

sufficient to cause embryotoxic effects. However, it 

is possible that individuals nesting in more polluted 

areas and species which feed predominantly on prey 

that accumulate high PAH residues, may have higher 

levels of PAH contamination in eggs. Further studies 

of the spatial, temporal and species-based variations 

in 'background' PAH concentrations in seabird eggs 

and of the embryotoxicty of both single PAHs and 

mixtures are required to determine the potential 

effects of PAHs on reproductive success in coastalnesting species. 

Singer, M. M. ; George, S. ; Lee, I ., et al . Effects of dispersant 

treatment on the acute aquatic toxicity of 

petroleum hydrocarbons. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1998; 

34 (2):177-187. ISSN: 0090-4341 . 

Three marine species were used to test the effects of 

untreated and dispersant-treated Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil . The untreated oil had greater initial effects on the 

mysids and topsmelt, whereas more abalone larval 

abnormalities and mysid mortality were exhibited 

with the treatment of dispersed oil . 

Smith, S . D. A. ; Simpson, R. D. Recovery of benthic 

communities at Macquarie Island (sub-Antarctic) 

following a small oil spill. Marine Biology. June 

1998; 131 (3):567-581 . ISSN: 0025-3162. 

Seven years following an oil spill from the Nella 

Dan, intertidal communities in three zones of the 

rocky shore were sampled. Samples of durvillaea 

antarctica found in heavily oiled areas showed 

moderate levels of recovery; however, samples from 

moderately oiled areas showed little signs of 

recovery. 

Stagg, R. M. ; Robinson, C. ; McIntosh, A. M. ; Moffat, C. F. ; 

Bruno, D.W. The effects of the 'Braer' oil spill, 

Shetland Isles, Scotland, on P4501A in farmed 

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salary and the common 

dab (Limanda limanda) . Marine Environmental 

Research . July-December 1998; 46 (1/5) :301-306. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

The Atlantic salmon and the common dab were 

examined primarily to measure the induction of 

detoxification enzymes and to study the relationship 

of these enzymes to concentrations and distributions 

of aromatic hydrocarbons measured in sediment, 

water and the fish . Over longer periods of time, the 

hepatic pathology of the dab was predictive of 

neoplasia. 

16 
BIOLOGY 

Steinert, S. A. ; Streib Montee, R. ; Sartre, M. P. Influence of 

sunlight on DNA damage in mussels exposed to 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Marine 

Environmental Research . July-December 1998; 46 

(1/5) :355-358. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Mussels were deployed in a control and a PAHcontaminated site in San Diego Bay to study DNA 

damage in contaminated mussels exposed to sunlight. 

The exposed mussels showed significant DNA 

damage under sunlight and ultraviolet light 

conditions . 

Stephenson, R. Effects of oil and other surface-active 

organic pollutants on aquatic birds. Environmental 

Conservation. June 1997; 24 (2):121-129. ISSN: 

0376-8929. 

The research concluded that even a small amount of 

organic material could affect the surface tension of 

water enough to cause feather wetting in water fowl. 

Stewart, R. S ; Emmons, C. ; Porfirio, D. ; Wiggers, R. J. 

Distribution of multiple oil tolerant and oil 

degrading bacteria around a site of natural crude 

oil seepage. Texas Journal of Science. November 

1997; 49 (4):339-344. ISSN: 0040-4403. 

The community of petroleum utilizing bacteria 

exhibited much composition variation over small 

geographic distances. 

Sundt, H. ; Goksrayr, A. In vivo and in vitro 

biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in the edible crab, Cancer pagurus. 

Marine Environmental Research . July-December 

1998 ; 46 (1/5):515-519. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Direct fluorimetry of hepatopancreas cytosol was 

used to analyze the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene, 

and a pyrene hydroxylase assay was developed. 

Suprayogi, B. ; Murray, F. A field experiment of the physical 

and chemical effects of two oils on mangroves. 

Environmental and Experimental Botany. 1999; 42 

(3):221-229. ISSN: 0098-8472. 

Tkalec, M. ; Vidakoviccifrek, Z. ; Regula,I . The effect of oil 

industry "high density brines" on duckweed 

Lemna minor L. Chemosphere. December 1998; 37 

(13) :2703-2715. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Toril, I . ; Roe, U. ; Johnsen, S. Bioavalilability of polycylic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in the North Sea . 

Environmental Science & Technology. 1999; 33 

(12) :1963-1969. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

This research was conducted to determine the 

bioavailable fraction of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) from oil field produced water 

in the North Sea using seimpermeable membrane 

devices (SPMDs) and the blue mussel (Mytilus 

edulis) as markers. 

Stoskopf, M. K., et al . The impact of water temperature on 

core body temperature of North American river 

otters (Lutra canadensis) during simulated oil spill 

recovery washing protocols. Journal of Zoo and 

Wildlife Medicine . December 1997; 28 (4):407-412. 

ISSN: 1042-7260. 

Core body temperatures of otters washed in water 

colder than body temperature dropped at a rate of 

0.1°C/min. Core body temperatures of otters washed 

in body temperature water did not drop until after the 

washing process was complete, at which time they 

began dropping at a rate of 0.1°C/min. Within three 

hours the otters' temperatures had returned to normal . 

Street, G. T. ; Lotufo, G. R. ; Montagna, P. A. ; Fleeger, J. W. 

Reduced genetic diversity in a meiobenthic 

copepod exposed to a xenobiotic . Journal of 

Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. April l, 

1998; 222 (1/2):93-111 . ISSN: 0022-0981. 

Two species of copepods were exposed to PAHs, to 

determine adult survival and offspring survival rates. 

Results show that the adults as well as the larvae 

experiend low survival rates. 

Trust, Kimberly A. ; Esler, D. ; Woodin, B. R. ; Stegeman, J. J. 

Cytochrome P450 lA induction in sea ducks 

inhabiting nearshore areas of Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 2000; 40 

(5):397-403 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The presence of P450 IA in harlequin ducks and 

Barrow's goldeneyes was discovered leading 

investigators to conclude that these aquatic species 

are possibly being exposed to residual oil from the 

spill of the Exxon Valdez. 

Uysal, Z. ; Saydam, C. ; Yilmaz, K. Impact of the recent oil 

spill (Nassia) in bosphorus (Turkey) on 

developmental stages of sea urchin (Paracentrotus 

lividus Lam.) eggs. Fresenius Environmental 

Bulletin . September-October 1997; 6 (9/10) :584-588 . 

ISSN: 1018-4619. 

17 
BIOLOGY 

van den Heuvel, M. R. ; et al . Effects of oil sands related 

aquatic reclamation on yellow perch (Perca 

flavescens). I. Water quality characteristics and 

yellow perch physiological and population 

responses. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and 

Aquatic Sciences . 1999; 56 (7):1213-1225 . ISSN: 

0706-652X. 

Exposure of yellow perch to waters associated with 

oil sands reclamation does not compromise the shortterm physiological status of exposed individuals. 

Physiological indices in early life development of the 

yellow perch are more sensitive than adult fish, and 

therefore would be the best tool for predicting 

potential risks to the population . 

van Den Hurk, P. ; Faisal, M. ; Roberts, M. H., Jr . Interaction 

of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in mummichog 

(Fundulus heteroclitus): effects on acute mortality. 

Marine Environmental Research . July-December 

1998 ; 46 (1/5):525-528. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

The effects of single and combined exposure of 

cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene on acute mortality of 

mummichogs were studied. The results indicated 

both synergistic and antagonistic effects can occur 

because of exposure to these contaminants. 

van Den Hurk, P. ; Roberts, M. H., Jr . ; Faisal, M. Interaction 

of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene in mummichog 

(Fundulus heteroclitus) : biotransformation in 

isolated hepatocytes. Marine Environmental 

Research . July-December 1998; 46 (1/5):529-532. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

The study showed that cadmium does not influence 

the profile of generated benzo[a]pyrene metabolites, 

but the initial rate of benzo[a]pyrene breakdown is 

decreased by exposure to cadmium. 

van Tamelen, P. G. ; Stekoll, M. S. ; Deysher, L. Recovery 

processes of the brown alga (Fucus gardneri) 

following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill: settlement 

and recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series . 

1997 ; 160;265-277. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

After three years, zygote settlement rates in oiled 

settings were comparable to those in unoiled settings, 

except in the upper intertidal zone. It was found that a 

grooved bottom surface enhanced survival and 

recruitment of germlings in the high intertidal zone. 

Vazquez, M. A. ; Allen, K. W. ; Kaftan, Y. M. Long-term 

effects of the 1991 Gulf War on the hydrocarbon 

levels in clams at selected areas of the Saudi 

Arabian Gulf coastline. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

2000; 40 (5):440-448 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Researchers investigated the presence of 

hydrocarbons in the clam Meretrix meretrix at both 

pre- and post-war periods. There was no significant 

increase in n-alkane levels in the study groups. There 

were significant increases in dibenzothiophenes and 

phenanthrenes brought about during the war, 

although after 2 years the amounts returned to prewar levels . 

Voparil, I. M. ; Mayer, L. M. Dissolution of sedimentary 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the 

lugworm's (Arenicola marina) digestive fluids . 

Environmental Science & Technology. 2000; 34 

(7) :1221-1228. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Mechanisms of PAH solubilization by the lugworm 

were investigated, as were implications of these 

processes for controlling PAH bioavailability. 

Possible reasons for these processes are discussed. 

Walton, P., et al . Sub-lethal effects of an oil pollution 

incident on breeding kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla . 

Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1997; 155;261-268 . 

ISSN: 0171-8630. 

Breeding kittiwakes were collected and observed in 

1993, just after the Braer oil tanker wreck in 

Shetland, Scotland . Characteristics of these birds 

were compared with results of the breeding 

populations from previous years. High levels of 

anemia, low return rates and low mate fidelity were 

observed in the year of the spill. 

Wang, J. S. ; Chou, H. N. ; Fan, J. J. ; Chen, C. M. Uptake and 

transfer of high PCB concentrations from 

phytoplankton to aquatic biota. Chemosphere. 

March 1998 ; 36 (6) :1201-1210. ISSN: 0045-6535 . 

Webster, L., et al . Long-term monitoring of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels (Mytilus edulis) 

following the Braer oil spill. Analyst. December 

1997; 122 (12) :1491-1495. ISSN: 0003-2654. 

In 1995, mussels were transplanted into a fisheries 

exclusion zone and tested through 1996 for PAHs. 

PAH concentrations fluctuated seasonally, increasing 

in the winter months. 

18 
BIOLOGY 

Weston, D. P. ; Mayer, L. M. In vitro digestive fluid 

extraction as a measure of the bioavailability of 

sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons: sources of variation and 

implications for partitioning models. Environment 

Toxicology and Chemistry. May 1998; 17 (5):820-

829. ISSN: 0730-7268 . 

Sediment PAH solubilization by polychaete and 

echiuran digestive fluid correlated highly and 

appeared to be because of surfactant properties of the 

fluids . An increased potential for bioaccumulation or 

toxicity results from digestive fluid containing PAHs 

remaining in the gut through sequential digestion of 

many gut volumes. 

Weston, D. P. ; Mayer, L. M. Comparison of in vitro 

digestive fluid extraction and traditional in vivo 

approaches as measures of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon bioavailability from sediments. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. May 

1998; 17 (5) :830-840. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

The effect of polychaete selective feeding was 

minimal, increasing the PAH content of ingested 

material . 

White, P. A. ; Rasmussen, J. B. ; Blaise, C. Genotozic 

substances in the St . Lawrence system II: Extracts 

of fish and macroinvertebrates from the St. 

Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, Canada. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. February 

1998; 17 (2):304-316. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Wilkinson, C. R. Global and local threats to coral reef 

functioning and existence: review and predictions. 

Marine and Freshwater Research . 1999; 50 (8):867-

878. ISSN: 1323-1650. 

Factors causing global degradation of coral reefs are 

examined briefly as a basis for predicting the likely 

consequences of increases in these factors. This 

article looks at various disruptions of coral reefs, and 

shows how coral reefs have remarkable resilience to 

severe disruption . Prognosis is discussed. 

Wiltse, C. C., et al . Greenhouse evaluation of agronomic 

and crude oil phytoremediation potential among 

alfalfa genotypes. Journal of Environmental Quality. 

January-February 1998 ; 27 (1):169-173 . ISSN: 0047-

2425. 

Only two genotypes of alfalfa exhibited much higher 

degradation rates than the degradation rates of the 

unplanted contaminated soil. Plants grown in 

contaminated soil exhibit much lower yields and 

were more stunted than plants grown in 

uncontaminated soil . 

Wolfe, M. F., et al . Influence of dispersants on trophic 

transfer of petroleum hydrocarbons in a marine 

food chain. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

1996; 3 (4) :255-258. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Naphthalene uptake increased in both algae 

(Isochrysis galbana) and rotifers (Brachionus 

plicatilis) with the use of dispersants. 

Wolfe, M. F., et al Effects of salinity and temperature on 

the bioavailability of dispersed petroleum 

hydrocarbons to the golden-brown algae, 

Isochrysis galbana. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology . August 1998 ; 35 

(2) :268-273 . ISSN: 0090-4341 . 

Algae was exposed to samples of Prudhoe Bay crude 

oil and Prudhoe Bay crude oil mixed with the 

dispersant Corexit 9527 spiked with [U-C14]naphthalene . Under all conditions, the dispersant 

enhanced the uptake of naphthalene. 

Wolfe, M. F., et al Influence of dispersants on the 

bioavailability of naphthalene from the wateraccommodated fraction crude oil to the goldenbrown algae, Isochrysis galbana. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 

August 1998; 35 (2):274-280. ISSN: 0090-4341 . 

Wolkers, J. ; Jergensen, E. H. ; Nijmeijer, S. M. ; Witkamp, R. 

F. Dose and time dependency of cytochrome 

P4501A induction in liver and kidney of B[a]P 

exposed Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) . Marine 

Environmental Research . 1998; 46 (1/5) :117-120. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Although no clear dose-response could be observed 

in the liver and kidneys of immature Arctic chair 

exposed to benzo[a]pyrene, the apparent sensitivity 

of both organs to the pollutant can be considered 

advantageous for biomonitoring. 

Wu, R. S. S. ; Lam, P. K. S. ; Zhou, B. S . Effects of two oil 

dispersants on phototaxis and swimming 

behaviour of barnacle larvae. Oceanographic 

Literature Review. June 1998 ; 45 (6):1032. ISSN: 

0967-0653. 

Increased concentrations of dispersant diesel 

mixtures caused a significant change in the 

curvilinear (VCL) and straight-line (VSL) velocities 

of the larvae . 

Yang, C. Y. ; et al . Female lung cancer mortality and sex 

ratios at birth near a petroleum refinery plant. 

Environmental Research . 2000; 83 (1) :33-40 . ISSN: 

0013-9351 . 

In communities adjacent to a petroleum refinery, 

female lung cancer rates rose over a period covering 

3 decades. However, the study did not find a 

significant association between air pollution from the 

plant and abnormal sex ratios at birth. 

19 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Abu-Eishah, S. I . A new correlation for prediction of the 

kinematic viscosity of crude oil fractions as a 

function of temperature, API gravity, and 50% 

boiling-point temperature. International Journal of 

Thermophysics. 1999 ; 20 (5):1425-1434. ISSN: 

0195-928X. 

The viscosity behavior of crude oils is qualitatively 

similar to that of pure liquids. Oils are known to 

become less viscous as temperature increases, but no 

theory has yet been formulated to predict precisely 

the variation in viscosity of liquids with temperature. 

This article provides experimental data for a wide 

range of temperatures that were used with a new 

kinematic viscosity-temperature correlation for liquid 

petroleum fractions. 

Aldrett, S., et al . Microbial degradation of crude oil in 

marine environments tested in a flask experiment. 

Water Research . November 1997; 31 (11) :2840-

2848. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

Twelve bioaugmenting agents and 1 biostimulating 

agent, all from the NCP product schedule, were 

analyzed over a 28-day period for most probably 

number (MPN) of hydrocarbon degraders and total 

petroleum hydrocarbons . 

Alleman, Bruce C. ; Leeson, Andrea. In Situ and On-Site 

Bioremediation: Volume 1. Columbus, OH: Battelle 

Press; 1997; 590 pgs. ; ISBN: 1-57477-026-8 . 

Volume 1 includes articles on the natural attenuation 

and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons . 

Adam, P. ; Philippe, E. ; Albrecht, P. Photochemical 

sulfurization of sedimentary organic matter: A 

widespread process occurring at early diagenesis 

in natural environments? Geochimica et 

Cosmochimica Acta. January 1998 ; 62 (2) :265-271 . 

ISSN: 0016-7037 . 

Efficient sulphurization of organic matter under 

sunlight conditions to form organo-sulfur compounds 

was achieved. The results indicate that sulfurization 

of organic matter can occur in areas of low or no 

oxygen with light. 

Adoki, A. ; Sokari, T. G. ; Ibiebele, D. D. Effects of 

amendments on biodegradation of crude 

petroleum by sediment bacteria from Bonny River 

Estuary. African Journal of Ecology. 1999; 37 

(3):258-266. ISSN: 0141-6707. 

Biodegradation by aquatic microorganisms can play 

an important role in the fate of organic pollutants . 

The use of bacteria in batch culture was enhanced by 

the addition to culture media, of 02 mg of urea and 

soya bean lecithin per 100 ml of crude oil, sediment 

and water mixture. There was a direct relationship 

between hydrocarbon content and the proportion (%) 

of total heterotrophs that was capable of growing on 

crude petroleum as a sole carbon and energy source . 

Ahmed, O.T . ; Mostafa, G.A. ; Al-Rasbi, S.A. ; Askar, A.A. 

Capillary gas chromatography determination of 

aliphatic hydrocarbons in fish and water from 

Oman. Chemosphere. March 1998 ; 36 (6):1391-

1403 . ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Akhlaq, M.S . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude 

oil-contaminated soil : a two-step method for the 

isolation and characterization of PAHs. 

Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 

1997; 4 (4):217-222 . ISSN: 0944-1344 . 

Alleman, Bruce C. ; Leeson, Andre. In Situ and On-Site 

Bioremediation : Volume 4. Columbus, OH : Battelle 

Press; 1997; 658 pgs. ISBN: 1-57477-029-2. 

Collected articles in this volume examine the use of 

microbial, physical, and chemical processes to 

support and enhance in situ bioremediation . Several 

articles focus on toxicity and geochemical 

considerations and the particular challenges presented 

by crude oil bioremediation in marine environments. 

Alleman, Bruce C. ; Leeson, Andre. In Situ Bioremediation of 

Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Other Organic 

Compounds. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press; 1999; 

588 pgs. ISBN: 1-57477-076-4. 

This volume provides a comprehensive guide to the 

latest technological breakthroughs in both the 

laboratory and the field for accelerated 

bioremediation and other topics . 

Al-Lihaibi, S .S . ; Ghazi, S.J . Hydrocarbon distributions in 

sediments of the open area of the Arabian Gulf 

following the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . November 1997; 34 (11) :941-948. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Oil in the study area was relatively low. The average 

oil concentration in the sediment was 32.6 pg/g. 

Surface oil concentrations tended toward the 

northeast, and among individual transects the trend 

was toward the northwest. 

Al-0mran, L. A. ; Rao, C. V. N. The distribution and sources 

of hydrocarbons in the regional sea area of the 

Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Journal of Science & 

Engineering. 1999; 26 (2):301-314. ISSN: 1024-

8684. 

20 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Al-Sabagh, A. M. ; Atta, A. M. Water-based non-ionic 

polymeric surfactants as oil spill dispersants. 

Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 

1999; 74 (11) :1075-1081. ISSN: 0268-2575. 

The use of chemical dispersants as a countermeasure 

to oil spills at sea is an accepted technique 

worldwide. This paper describes an experiment that 

uses polymeric surfactants and water-based 

dispersants to increase microbial populations and to 

accelerate the biological degradation of the spilled 

oil. 

Anaerobic biodegradation of long-chain n-alkanes under 

sulfate-reducing conditions . Environmental Science 

& Technology. July 15, 1998 ; 32 (14) :2191-2195 . 

ISSN: 0013-936X. GC analysis showed nearly 

complete n-alkane removal from weathered oil within 

201 days when sulfate reduction was the primary 

electron-accepting process. Extensive alteration in 

the n-alkanes can no longer be considered a defining 

characteristic of aerobic oil biodegradation only . 

Anderson, R. T. ; Lovley, D. R. Anaerobic bioremediation of 

benzene under sulfate-reducing conditions in a 

petroleum-contaminated aquifer. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2000; 34 (11) :2261-2266. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Sulfate-reducing microorganisms were added to a 

petroleum contaminated anaerobic aquifer in which 

benzene was the major soluble contaminant. Ten 

weeks prior to the injection of sulfate reducers, 

treatment zones were sampled to determine baseline 

concentrations of benzene, sulfate, bromide, and 

dissolved Fe (II) . This field study suggests that the 

addition of sulfate stimulated the activity of benzenedegrading, sulfate-reducing microorganisms. 

Balba, M. T., et al . Bioremediation of oil-contaminated 

desert soil : The Kuwaiti experience. Environment 

International. January-February 1998; 24 (1/2):163-

173. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Barakat, A. O. ; Mostafa, A. ; Elgayar, M. S. ; Rullkotter, J. 

Source-dependent biomarker properties of five 

crude oils from the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Organic 

Geochemistry . April-May 1997; 26 (7/8):441-450. 

ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Five crude oils from producing wells in the southern 

Gulf of Suez where characterized using a variety of 

organic geochemical parameters . The geochemical 

characteristics of the oils varied sufficiently to 

suggest multiple sources. The oils consisted of two 

oil types and one mixed type . 

Barakat, A. O. ; Mostafa, A. R. ; Rullkotter, J. ; Hegazi, A. R. 

Application of a multimolecular marker approach 

to fingerprint petroleum pollution in the marine 

environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 

(7) :535-544. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass 

spectrometry methods were used to determine the 

origin of pollution and molecular composition of tar 

ball samples collected from the beaches of a small 

island impacted by heavy tar loads. 

Batterby, N. S. ; et al . An 'inherent' biodegradability test for 

oil products : description and results of an 

international ring test . Chemosphere. 1999; 38 

(14) :3219-3235. ISSN: 0045-6535 . 

A European task force has developed a standard 

protocol test for assessing the inherent' 

biodegradability of oil. It was designed for watersoluble organic compounds of low volatity and is 

unsuitable for most oil products. 

Andrusevich, V. E. ; Engel, M. H. ; Zumberge, J. E. ; Brothers, 

L.A . Secular, episodic changes in stable carbon 

isotope composition of crude oils . Chemical 

Geology. October 26, 1998 ; 152 (1/2) :59-72 . ISSN: 

0009-2541 . 

The diversity of preserved phytoplankton is believed 

to be the cause of isotopic shifts in the crude oil 

samples. 

April, T. M. ; Abbott, S. P. ; Foght, J. M. ; Currah, R. S. 

Degradation of hydrocarbons in crude oil by the 

ascomycete, Pseudallescheria boydii 

(Microascaceae). Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology . March 1998 ; 44 (3) :270-278 . ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

Four strains of Pseudallescheria boydii were isolated 

from oil-contaminated soils and compared to strains 

from sewage. Three of the strains from the 

contaminated soil degraded the linear aliphatics in 

Prudhoe Bay Crude oil. 

Battersby, N. S . The biodegradability and microbial 

toxicity testing of lubricants - some 

recommendations. Chemosphere. 2000; 41 

(7):1011-1027. ISSN: 0045-6535 . 

This paper presents methods of determining the 

biodegradability of lubricants under a variety of 

environmental conditions, and methods of generating 

information and data interpretation from various tests 

of lubricants . 

Beens, J. ; Brinkman, U. The role of gas chromatography in 

compositional analyses in the petroleum industry. 

TRAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2000; 19 

(4) :260-275 . ISSN: 0165-9936. 

21 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Bennett, Philip C. ; Hiebert, Franz K. ; Rogers, Jennifer 

Roberts. Microbial control of mineralgroundwater equilibria : Macroscale to microscale. 

Hydrogeology Journal. 2000; 8;47-62 . ISSN: 1431-

2174. 

A petroleum-contaminated aquifer in Minnesota was 

investigated to determine the effects on groundwater 

chemistry and possible trace nutrient release from 

organisms. 

Boufadel, M. C. ; et al . Optimal nitrate concentration for ht 

biodegradation of n-heptadecane in a variablysaturated sand column. Environmental Technology. 

1999; 20 (2):191-199. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

Brown, J. L., et al . On-site treatment of contaminated soils: 

An approach to bioremediation of weathered 

petroleum compounds. Journal of Soil 

Contamination . 1998 ; 7 (6) :773-800. ISSN: 1058-

8337. 

Bettahar, M. ; Schafer, G. ; Baviere, M. An optimized 

surfactant formulation for the remediation of 

diesel oil polluted sandy aquifers. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 1999; 33 (8):1269-1272. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Using alcohol with a mixture of two surfactants 

contributes to improving both is injectability and the 

efficiency of the recovery of entrapped diesel oil. 

Black, K. S . ; Paterson, D. M. ; Davidson, I . R. Sediment 

microfabric of oil rig drill spoil heaps: 

preliminary observations using low-temperature 

scanning electron microscopy . Environmental 

Science & Technology. 1999; 33 (12) :1983-1990. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

This paper presents the fast microfabric analyses of 

submerged spoil sediments using low-temperature 

scanning electron micrographs (LTSEM), and 

confirms the potential of this technique in terms of 

environmental assessment and analysis of the nature 

of sediment fabric of oily, drill spoil heaps. 

Boehm, P. D., et al . Application of petroleum hydrocarbon 

chemical fingerprinting and allocation techniques 

after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin . August 1997; 34 (8):599-613. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Petroleum chemical fingerprinting techniques are 

discussed; along with how these techniques were 

used to characterize and differentiate between 

petroleum sources in the Prince William Sound 

region after the Exxon Yaldez spill. 

Boehm, P. D., et al . Study of the fates and effects of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill on benthic sediments in two 

bays in Prince William Sound, Alaska. 1. Study 

design, chemistry, and source fingerprinting . 

Environmental Science and Technology. 1998; 32 

(5) :567-576. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

A stratified random-sampling was conducted in an 

oiled bay, and a bay that received little impact from 

the Exxon Valdez spill. Assessments of subtidal and 

sediment chemistry results were analyzed. 

Bolliger, C. ; Hohener, P. ; Hunkeler, D. ; Haberli, K. ; Zeyer, J. 

Intrinsic bioremediation of a petroleum 

hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer and 

assessment of mineralization based on stable 

carbon isotopes. Biodegradation. 1999; 10 (3):201-

217. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Bruheun, P. ; Eimhjellen, K. Chemically emulsified crude oil 

as substrate for bacterial oxidation: differences in 

species response. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology . February 1998; 44 (2):195-199. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

Four bacterial species were tested on oxidation of 

alkanes in emulsified water and crude oil. The 

surfactants affected the various bacteria differently, 

and the bacteria responded differently to the 

surfactant according to which growth phase the 

bacteria were in . Both negative and positive effects of 

surfactant amendment were observed. 

Budzinski, H., et al . Aerobic biodegradation of alkylated 

aromatic hydrocarbons by a bacterial community. 

Organic Geochemistry . 1998; 28 (5):337-348. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Arabian light crude oil residue was used to prepare 

the aromatic fraction and was incubated with the 

bacteria under oxic conditions for up to seven days. 

The aromatic compounds were the bacteria's sole 

source of carbon, with no preference between nonsulphur and sulphur aromatic compounds. 

Burns, K. A. ; Codi, S. ; Swannell, R. J. P. ; Duke, N. C. 

Assessing the oil degradation potential of 

endogenous micro-organisms in tropical marine 

wetlands . Mangroves and Salt Marshes. 1999; 3 

(2):67-83 . 

A series of flask experiments were conducted to test 

for the presence of hydrocarbon degrading 

microorganisms in representative wetland habitats in 

Australia. Also tested was the biodegradation of 

selected oils that are transported along the Australian 

coast. Comparison of the efficiency of inoculates 

from three tropical intertidal habitats indicated the 

presence of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms 

in all three habitats . These results were used to 

formulate a bioremediation strategy to treat oiled 

sediments in mangrove forests in Queensland, 

Australia, which was based on forced aeration and 

nutrient addition . 

Caldwell, M. E. ; Tanner, R. S. ; Suflita, J. M. Microbial 

metabolism of benzene and the oxidation of 

ferrous iron under anaerobic conditions : 

Implications for bioremediation. Anaerobe. 1999; 5 

(6) :595-603 . ISSN: 1075-9964. 

22 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Cerniglia, C. E. Fungal metabolism of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons: past, present and future 

applications in bioremediation. Journal of 

Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 

November-December 1997; 19 (5/6):324-333. ISSN: 

0169-4146. 

Chang, W. K. ; Criddle, C. S. Experimental evaluation of a 

model for cometabolism: prediction of 

simultaneous degradation of trichloroethylene and 

methane by a methanotrophic mixed culture. 

Biotechnology and Bioengineering . December 5, 

1997; 56 (5):492-501 . ISSN: 0006-3592. 

The model successfully predicted TCE 

transformation and methane utilization for a wide 

range of TCE and methane concentrations . 

Cho, B. H., et al . Laboratory-scale bioremediation of oilcontaminated soil of Kuwait with soil amendment 

materials. Chemosphere. October 1997; 35 (7):1599-

1611 . ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Cho, B. H., et al . Analysis of oil components and 

hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms during 

laboratory-scale bioremediation of oilcontaminated soil of Kuwait. Chemosphere. 

October 1997 ; 35 (7):1613-1621 . ISSN: 0045-6535 . 

Connell, D. W., et al. Occurrence of persistent organic 

contaminants and related substances in Hong 

Kong marine areas: an overview . Marine Pollution 

Bulletin . May 1998; 36 (5):376-384. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

An examination of data collected 1987 and 1996 at 

66 stations in and around Hong Kong indicated an 

overall decrease in PAH contamination, with the 

exception of samples taken from typhoon shelters, 

Victoria Harbor, and during the years of 1995-1996. 

DeLaune, R. D. ; Lindau, C. W. ; Banker, B. C. ; Devai, I . 

Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in 

sediment receiving produced water discharge. 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A 

- Toxicology Hazardous Substances and 

Environmental Engineering. 2000; 35 (1) :1-14 . 

ISSN: 1093-4529. 

Sediment samples were collected from a low energy 

brackish wetland site in South Louisiana, which had 

been exposed for a number of years of produced 

water discharge. These samples were placed in 

laboratory incubation and South Louisiana Crude oil 

was added to the sediments in order to determine the 

degradation rates of selected petroleum hydrocarbon 

components with time . Fertilizer and nutrient 

amendments were then added to the contaminated 

sediments in order to determine the degradation rates 

of n-alkanes in soluble molecular weight fractions 

and higher molecular weight fractions. 

Delaune, R. D. ; Mulbah, C. ; Devai, I. ; Lindau, C. W. Effect of 

chromium and lead on degradation of South 

Louisiana Crude oil in sediment . Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health Part A -

Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental 

Engineering. 1998; 33 (4):527-546. ISSN: 1093-

4529 . 

Delille, D. ; Delille, B. Field observations on the variability 

of crude oil impact on indigenous hydrocarbondegrading bacteria from sub-Antarctic intertidal 

sediments. Marine Environmental Research . 2000; 

49 (5):403-417. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

The focus of this study was to assess microbial 

assemblages and the critical role they play in 

degrading hydrocarbons; and to understand the 

impact of petroleum pollutants on the metabolism 

and abundance of natural microbial communities . 

Cornelissen, G., et al. Two-stage desorption kinetics and in 

situ partitioning of hezachlorobenzene and 

dichlorobenzenes in a contaminated sediment. 

Chemosphere. November 1997; 35 (10) :2405-2416. 

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Crunkilton, R. L. ; Devita, W. M. Determination of aqueous 

concentrations of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban stream. 

Chemosphere. October 1997; 35 (7) :1447-1463. 

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Dachs, J. ; Fernandez, I . ; Bayona, J. M. Combined 

experimental design and information theory for 

the optimization of supercritical fluid extraction 

of organic priority pollutants from sediment . 

Analytica Chimica Acta . September 30, 1997 ; 351 

(1/3):377-385. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Delille, D. ; Basseres, A. ; Dessommes, A. Effectiveness of 

bioremediation for oil-polluted Antarctic 

seawater . Polar Biology. April 1998 ; 19 (4):237-241 . 

ISSN: 0722-4060. 

Coastal bacterioplanktonic communities were 

surveyed for 5-week periods after the addition of 

Arabian Light Crude oil. The addition of fertilizer 

clearly enhanced both saprophytic and hydrocarbonutilizing microflora . 

Devai, I ., et al . Environmental significance of atmospheric 

emission resulting from in situ burning of oiled 

salt marsh. Marine Environmental Research . March 

1998; 45 (2):157-167 . ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Smoke plume samples contained gaseous sulfur and 

carbon compounds, with carbonyl sulfide and carbon 

disulfide being the main volatile sulfur compounds . 

Aromatic hydrocarbons found were mostly pyrogenic 

or combustion derived aromatic hydrocarbons. 

23 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Douabul, A. A. Z. ; Heba, H. M. A. ; Fareed, K. H. 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 

fish from the Red Sea Coast of Yemen. 

Hydrobiologia. September 5, 1997; 352;251-262. 

ISSN: 0018-8158. 

HPLC, GC, and GC/MS were used to analyze PAHs 

in fish from the Red Sea. It was found that the most 

probable source of PAHs is oil contamination from 

spills and heavy ship traffic, but it was thought that 

the presence of PAHs in the fish muscles was not 

responsible for the reported fish kill . 

Downey, Douglas C. ; Hinchee, Robert E. ; Miller, Ross N. 

Cost-Effective Remediation and Closure of 

Petroleum-Contaminated Sites. Columbus, OH: 

Battelle Press; 1999; 320 pgs. ; ISBN: 1-57477-071-3 . 

This book provides environmental managers and 

their supporting technical specialists with a 

comprehensive strategy for cost-effective clean up 

methods of soils and groundwater contaminated by 

petroleum releases . 

Duncan, K. E., et al . Microbial dynamics in oil-impacted 

prairie soil . Applied Biochemistry and 

Biotechnology. 1999; 77(9):421-434 . ISSN: 0273-

2289. 

In 1992, a pipeline break contaminated a remote site 

in the Tallgrass Prairie preserve with crude oil. In 

1996, bioremediation of the contaminated soil was 

enhanced by blending uncontaminated soil, prairie 

hay, buffalo manure, and commercial fertilizers, and 

then spread in a shallow layer over uncontaminated 

soil to create a landfarm. During a two-year period, 

this landfarm was monitored for aerobic and 

anaerobic bacteria, soil gases indicative of microbial 

activity, and changes in the concentration of total 

petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). 

Ehrhardt, M. G. ; Bicego, M. C. ; Weber, W. R. Photooxidation of 1-methylnaphthalene dissolved in 

seawater and exposed to sunlight under quasienvironmental conditions. Journal of 

Photochemistry and Photobiology A - Chemistry. 

August 15, 1997; 108 (2/3):253-259. ISSN: 1010-

6030. 

Ekundayo, E. O. ; Obuekwe, C. O. Hydrocarbon utilization 

in yeast isolates found to grow in association with 

petroleum in a polluted ultisol of midwestern 

Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 

2000; 63 (2):381-387. ISSN: 0167-6369 . 

Ekundayo, E.O. ; Obuekwe, C. O. Effects of an oil spill on 

soil physico-chemical properties of a spill site in a 

typic udipsamment of the Niger Delta Basin of 

Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 

2000; 60 (2) :235-249. ISSN: 0167-6369. 

Faure, P. ; Landais, P. ; Schlepp, L. ; Michels, R. Evidence for 

diffuse contamination of river sediments by road 

asphalt particles. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2000; 34 (7) :1174-1181 . ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

Road asphalt particles are used to confirm saturated 

hydrocarbons in contaminated sediment samples 

collected in different rivers from Alsace-Loiraine. 

Fernandes, M. B. ; Sicre, M. A. ; Boireau, A. ; Tronczynski, J. 

Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAID distributions in 

the Seine River and its estuary. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin . November 1997; 34 (11) :857-867. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

Water samples from the Seine River and its estuary 

were taken in October 1993 to determine dissolved 

and particulate PAH levels and to examine the 

influence of tidal cycles on dispersal of riverborne 

PAHs. 

Durand, J. P. Role of GC in petroleum industry and 

petrochemistry. From hydrocarbon quantitative 

analysis to simulated distillation. Analusis. JanuaryFebruary 1998 ; 26 (1):M17-M21 . ISSN: 0365-4877. 

Dutta, T. K ; Harayama, S. Fate of crude oil by the 

combination of photoozidation and 

biodegradation. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2000; 34 (8) :1500-1505. ISSN: 0016-

7037. 

In a controlled experiment, an oil slick of h-crude oil 

was photoxidized over a period of 8 weeks. Several 

samples were incubated without lid in a chamber 

whose temperature was controlled to 20 °C. It was 

determined that natural microbial populations in 

seawater biodegraded 28% of crude oil under these 

conditions when sufficient nutrients were supplied to 

the seawater. It is concluded that photooxidation 

increased the biodegradation of susceptible crude oil. 

Feirer, R. ; Guiteras, J. ; Beltran, J. L. Development of fastscanning fluorescence spectra as a detection 

system for high-performance liquid 

chromatography: determination of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Journal 

of Chromatography A. August 29, 1997; 779 

(1/2) :123-130. ISSN: 0021-9673 . 

Chromatographic column effluent was scanned for 

emission spectra. Fluorescence intensity for each 

wavelength corresponded to different portions of the 

effluent, so raw chromatograms where corrected by 

interpolation . 

24 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Fingas, M. F., et al . The effect of energy: settling time and 

shaking time on the swirling flask dispersant 

apparatus. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

1996; 3 (4):193-194. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Dispersion effectiveness began between 100 and 150 

rpm and increased slowly with increasing rotational 

speed. Settling time changed effectiveness between 5 

and 80 minutes, and shaking did not alter 

effectiveness significantly. 

Fleck, L. C. ; Bicca, F. C. ; Ayub, M A Z. Physiological 

aspects of hydrocarbon emulsification, metal 

resistance and DNA profile of biodegrading 

bacteria isolated from oil polluted sites. 

Biotechnology Letters. 2000; 22 (4):285-289. ISSN: 

0141-5492. 

The emulsification index is a method extensively 

used to identify and quantify biosurfactants in 

microbial cultures . Diesel oil was used as the 

hydrocarbon source to evaluate seven bacterial 

strains from the production of biosurfactants isolated 

from different oil contaminated sites. The production 

of these biosurfactants were also used to determine 

their bioremediation effectiveness, sensitivity to 

heavy metals, and for coding genes in the 

chromosomal DNA. 

Foght, J., et al . Effect of nitrogens source on biodegradation 

of crude oil by a defined bacterial consortium 

incubated under cold, marine conditions. 

Environmental Technology. 1999; 20 (8) :839-849. 

ISSN: 0959-3330. 

Fukuoka, S., et al. Biodegradation of C-Heavy oil using 

floatable pellets containing nutrients and an oildegrading marine microbial consortium . Seibutsu 

Kogaku Kaishi . 1999; 77 (5):181-186. ISSN: 0919-

3758. 

Gaines, R. B. ; et al . Oil spill source identified by 

comprehensive two-dimensional gas 

chromatography . Environmental Science & 

Technology. 1999; 33 (2):2106-2112 . ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

The powerful petroleum component separation and 

identification capability of two-dimensional gas 

chromatography is used to match on of two possible 

sources to a marine diesel fuel spill. 

Gao, J. P. ; Maguhn, J. ; Spitzauer, P. ; Kettrup, A. Distribution 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 

pore water and sediment of a small aquatic 

ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental 

Analytical Chemistry. 1998 ; 69 (3) :227-242 . ISSN: 

0306-7319. 

Gogou, A. I . ; Apostolaki, M. ; Stephanou, E.G. Determination 

of organic molecular markers in marine aerosols 

and sediments : one-step flash chromatography 

compound class fractionation and capillary gas 

chromatographic analysis. Journal of 

Chromatography A. March 13, 1998; 799 (1/2):215-

231 . ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Gold-Bouchot, G. ; Zavala-Coral, M. ; Zapata-Perez, O. ; CejaMoreno, V. Hydrocarbon concentrations in oysters 

(Crassostrea virginica) and recent sediments from 

three coastal lagoons in Tabasco, Mexico. Bulletin 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

September 1997; 59 (3):430-437. ISSN: 0007-4861 . 

Tabasco, Mexico is a major producer of eastern 

oysters and crude oil. Trace metals and hydrocarbon 

residue concentrations were measured in oysters and 

sediments taken from three of Tabasco's main 

lagoons: El Carmen, La Machona and Mecoacan . 

Gordon, D. S . ; Flemings, P. B. Generation of overpressure 

and compaction-driven fluid flow in a PlioPleistocene growth-faulted basin, Eugene Island 

330, offshore Louisiana. Basin Research . June 1998 ; 

10 (2) :177-196. ISSN: 0950-091X. 

A hydrodynamic model was applied to four sites in 

the El 330 field. The observed pressure and porosity 

profiles were reproduced if sediment loading is the 

only pressure source, and that permeability is a 

function of lithology and porosity . 

Gorshteyn, A. Y. ; et al . Subsurface detection of 

environmental pollutants. Instrumentation Science 

& Technology. 1999; 27 (2):111-121 . ISSN: 1073-

9149. 

A new in situ sampling device capable of thermally 

desorbing organics bound to subsurface soils at 

depths to 20m is described and demonstrated with 

depth profiles of PAH concentrations . 

Graham, D. W. ; et al . Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus 

supply on hexadecane biodegradation in soil 

systems. Water Air and Soil Pollution. 1999; 111 

(1/4):1-18. ISSN: 0049-6979. 

The highest yields of hexadecane biodegradation 

occurred at optimal nitrogen/phosphorus supply 

ratios, whereas nitrogen phosphorus limitation 

resulted in lower yields . Bioavialable fractions of 

naturally occurring soil nitrogen phosphorus should 

be incorporated when estimating the most suitable 

nutrient formulation for a given contamination 

scenario. 

Gilbert, F., et al . Changes in aliphatic hydrocarbon tracer 

composition during the digestive process of the 

marine worm, Nereis virens : preliminary results. 

Chemosphere. February 1998 ; 36 (3):553-560. ISSN : 

0045-6535 . 

25 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Grice, K. ; Alexander, R. ; Kagi, R. I. Diamondoid 

hydrocarbon ratios as indicators of 

biodegradation in Australian crude oils . Organic 

Geochemistry. 2000; 31 (1) :67-73 . ISSN: 0146-6380. 

A series of crude oils reservoired in two Australian 

sedimentary basins, the Gippsiand Basin and the 

Carnarvon Basin, were used to investigate the effects 

of biodegradation on diamondoid distributions in 

petroleum. 

Gudebska, J. ; Kaminski, M. The method of identification of 

low-volatile petroleum products utilizing thinlayer chromatography . Chemia Analiryczna. 1998; 

43 (5):859-865. ISSN: 0009-2223. 

Guerin, T. E. The differential removal of aged polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons from soil during 

bioremediation. Environmental Science and 

Pollution Research . 2000; 7 (1):19-26 . ISSN: 0944-

1344. 

Guha, S. ; Jaffe, P. R. ; Peters, C. A. Bioavailability of 

mixtures of PAHs partitioned into the micellar 

phase of a nonionic surfactant. Environmental 

Science & Technology. August l, 1998 ; 32 

(15) :2317-2324. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Gurgey, K. Geochemical characteristics and thermal 

maturity of oils from the Thrace Basin (Western 

Turkey) and western Turkemenistan. Journal of 

petroleum Geology. 1999 ; 22 (2) :167-189. ISSN: 

0141-6421 . 

The relationship between the oils from the Thrace 

Basin and from western Tukmenistan was 

investigated to clarify the distribution of Oligocene 

source rocks and the timing of hydrocarbon 

generation and oil maturity . 

Guzman-Vega, M. A. ; Mello, M. R. Origin of oil in the 

Sureste Basin, Mexico. AAPG Bulletin : American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists . 1999; 83 

(7):1068-1095. ISSN: 0149-1423. 

Four major age-source related oil families have been 

identified in the Sureste Basin, Mexico, using 

geochemical and biological marker analyses of oils 

and rock samples. This analysis will be useful in 

predicting differences in oil compositions from both 

offshore and onshore reservoirs . 

Hinchee, Robert E. ; Kittel, Jeffrey A. ; Reisinger, H. James. 

Applied Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons . 

Columbus, OH : Battelle Press; 3 (6);550 pgs. ; ISBN: 

1-57477-007-1 . 

This volume covers bioremediation markets, general 

technology overviews, and selected case studies of 

crude oil spills in marine environments. 

Ho, K. ; et al . The chemistry and toxicity of sediment 

affected by oil from the North Cape spill into 

Rhode Island Sound. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

1999; 38 (5) :314-323. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Two subtidal sediments were followed for more than 

9 months to determine the toxicity and chemistry of 

weathered oil following the North Cape oil spill. 

PAH and alkane concentrations in sediment samples 

from the spill area and a nearby marina were 

compared. 

Hollender, J., et al . Extraction of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from polluted soils with binary and 

ternary supercritical phases . Journal of 

Chromatography A. August 1, 1997; 776 (2):233-

243. ISSN: 0021-9673 . 

Holman, H. Y. ; Tsang, Y. W. Mineralization of sparsely 

water-soluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

in a water table fluctuation zone. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 1999; 33 (11) :1819-1824. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

The changing oxygen content and depletion of 

mineral nutrients controlled PAHs within a highly 

diesel-contaminated water table fluctuation zone. 

These changes were observed in the mineralization 

behavior of the water-soluble PAHs. 

Hostettler, F. D. ; Rosenbauer, R .J . ; Kvenvolden, K. A. PAH 

refractory index as a source discriminate of 

hydrocarbon input from crude oil and coal in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska. Organic 

Geochemistry . 1999; 30 (8B):873-879. ISSN: 0146-

6380. 

A PAH refractory index is utilized to differentiate 

three different oils, as well as to provide evidence 

that coal, not oil, is the dominant source of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons which are the prominent 

constituents of marine sediments from Prince 

William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. 

Harayama, S. ; Kishira, H. ; Shutsubo, K. Petroleum 

biodegradation in marine environments. Molecular 

Marine Microbiology. 2000; 43 (1):69-90 . ; ISBN: 1-

898486-20-4. 

Hennessy, A. J. ; Neville, A. ; Roberts, K. J. An examination 

of additive-mediated wax nucleation in oil pipeline 

environments . Journal of Crystal Growth . 1999; 

199;830-837. ISSN: 0022-0248 . 

The effects of two additives, alkyl derivatives of 

polymeric acrylates, on the surface and bulk 

nucleation of wax crystals form hydrocarbon solution 

phases were examined. 

26 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Huang, H. P. ; Pearson, M. J. Source rock 

palaeoenvironments and controls on the 

distribution of dibenzothiophenes in lacustrine 

crude oils, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. 

Organic Geochemistry. 1999; 30 (11) :1455-1470. 

ISSN: 0146-6380. 

The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the 

relationship of dibenzothiophene maturity parameters 

to source depositional environment and oil maturity 

in the context of Bohai Bay Basin. No rock samples 

were available to the present study, but instead 

sources are inferred from geological considerations 

and the geochemistry of the oils and by reference to 

published studies. 

Hunkeler, D. ; et al . Engineered in situ bioremediation of a 

petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer: 

assessment of mineralization based on alkalinity, 

inorganic carbon and stable carbon isotope 

balances. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 1999; 

37 (3/4):201-223. ISSN: 0169-7722. 

Changes in concentrations of oxidants (Oz and N03), 

reduced species (methane, alkalinity, dissolved 

inorganic carbon), and stable carbon isotope ratios 

were used to assess petroleum hydrocarbon 

mineralization at the field scale during 

bioremediation of a diesel fuel contaminated aquifer 

in Menziken, Switzerland. Mineralization may be 

underestimated if it is determined only from changes 

in concentrations . 

Jackson, A. ; Pardue, J. H. Seasonal variability of crude oil 

respiration potential in salt and fresh marshes. 

Journal ofEnvironmenta! Quality. July-August 1997; 

26 (4):1140-1146. ISSN: 0047-2425 . 

A salt- and a fresh-water marsh in Louisiana's 

Barataria basin were studied for one year for signs of 

seasonal variation in crude oil mineralization . Both 

marshes were found to have seasonal variations, with 

the salt marsh having the greatest variability. 

Jokuty, P ., et al . A new method for the determination of 

wax content of crude oils . Spill Science & 

Technology. 1996; 3 (4):195-198. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Open column chromatography separations of 

hydrocarbon groups produced saturate fractions, 

which were analyzed by gas chromatography with 

flame ionization detection. 

Jovancicevic, B., et al . Identification of oil-type pollution in 

recent sediments. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin . 

November-December 1997; 6 (11/12):667-673. 

ISSN: 1018-4619. 

Kanaly, R. ; Bartha, R. ; Fogel, S . ; Findlay, M. Biodegradation 

of 14-C benzo[a]pyrene added in crude oil to 

uncontaminated soil . Applied and Environmental 

Microbiology. November 1997 ; 63 (11) :4511-4515 . 

ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Crude oil spiked with [7-C-14] BaP and unlabeled 

BaP was added to soil with no known pollution 

history, to investigate the possible cometabolic 

biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene . 

Karlitschek, P., et al . Detection of aromatic pollutants in the 

environment by using W-laser-induced 

fluorescence. Applied Physics B - Lasers and Optics. 

October 1998 ; 67 (4) :497-504. ISSN: 0946-2171. 

A compact, mobile, battery-operated laser induced 

fluorescence system is introduced . Sixteen PAHs are 

tested to show the abilities of the system. 

Katritzky, A. R. ; Yang, B. Z. ; Tack, R. D. Synthesis of 

dendramines, dendramides and their new 

application in the oil industry. Journal of the 

Chinese Chemical Society. December 1997; 44 

(6) :575-580. ISSN: 0009-4536. 

Kazunga, C. ; Aitken, M. D. Products from the incomplete 

metabolism of pyrene by polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology. 1999; 66 (5):1917-

1922. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Objectives of this study were to isolate and identify 

the significant products from the incomplete 

metabolism of pyrene by four bacterial strains, 

evaluate the potential degradability of these 

metabolites by an organism know to grow on pyrene 

as a sole carbon source, and determine the bacteria's 

capability of mineralizing pyrene. 

Kira, S. ; Nogami, Y. ; Ito, T. ; Hayatsu, H. Measurement of a 

time-weighted average concentration of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater : an improved 

procedure of blue rayon hanging technique for 

monitoring benzo[a]pyrene. Marine Environmental 

Research . 1998; 46 (1/5) :267-271 . ISSN: 0141-1136. 

The amount of PAH adsorbed to the blue rayon 

depends on the intensity of the water stream and the 

concentration of PAH contamination. If modified to 

take into account water stream intensity, the blue 

rayon method appeared to be a useful sampling tool . 

Koprivnjak, J. F. ; Poissant, L. Evaluation and application of 

a fugacity model to explain the partitioning of 

contaminants in the St . Lawrence River valley. 

Water Air and Soil Pollution. July 1997; 97 

(3/4):379-395. ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Kadnar, R. Determination of amines used in the oil and gas 

industry (upstream section) by ion 

chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. 

1999; 850 (1/2):289-295 . ISSN: 0021-9673 . 

27 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Korda, A. ; Santas, P. ; Tenente, A. ; Santas, R. Petroleum 

hydrocarbon bioremediation: sampling and 

analytical techniques, in situ treatments and 

commercial microorganisms currently used. 

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. December 

1997; 48 (6):677-686. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

The sampling techniques, treatment and 

bioremediation of petroleum are described and 

analyzed for effectiveness. 

Ledreau, Y. ; Jacquot, F. ; Doumenq, P. ; Guiliano, M. 

Hydrocarbon balance of a site which had been 

highly and chronically contaminated by petroleum 

wastes of a refinery (from 1956 to 1992). Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . June 1997 ; 34 (6):456-468. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

Core samples were taken of a contaminated area in 

the Gulf of FOS in South France after the pollution 

from a refinery ceased . 

Kropp, K. G. ; Dedorak, P. M. A review of the occurrence, 

toxicity, and biodegradation of condensed 

thiophenes found in petroleum. . Canadian Journal 

of Microbiology . July 1998; 44 (7):605-622. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

Krupik, J. ; Oktavec, D. ; Scauni, I. ; Dauik, P. Problems with 

the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in 

environmental samples. Critical Reviews in 

Analytical Chemistry. 1999; 29 (2):90-91 . ISSN: 

1040-8347. 

Weathering can affect both GC and IR analysis of 

petroleum hydrocarbons in environmental samples. 

The aim of this paper is to show problems connected 

with the calibration of C20-C44 petroleum 

hydrocarbons by GC-FID and IR spectrometry . Both 

GC-FID as well as IR spectrometric method requires 

standards for which group composition is matched 

with that present in the environmental samples. 

Krupik, J. ; Oswald, P. ; Spanik, I. ; Benicka, E. ; Dauik, P. On 

the capillary gas chromatographic determination 

of petroleum hydrocarbons in environmental 

samples. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 

1999; 29 (2):92-93 . ISSN: 1040-8347. 

In order to identify and quantitatively analyze 

petroleum hydrocarbons in environmental samples by 

CGC-FID, it is necessary to use reference material, 

which provides not only chromatograms but also the 

group composition similar to that in the considered 

samples. 

Law, R. J. ; Klungsoyr, J. ; Freriks, I. L. The QUASIMEME 

Laboratory Performance Study of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAR): assessment of the 

first three rounds, 1994-1995. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin . January-June 1997; 35 (1/6 Sp. Iss.) :64-77 . 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The Laboratory Performance Study was undertaken 

to improve PAH measurement. Calibration 

procedures and errors in calculating results are 

considered the greatest performance limiting factors 

when measuring PAHs. 

Lee, K. ; de Mora, S. In situ bioremediation strategies for 

oiled shoreline environments . Environmental 

Technology. 1999; 20 (8):783-794. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

In situ bioremediation accelerates the natural 

biodegradation process of oil. It is also 

recommended for use following the physical removal 

of bulk oil. Its operational advantage is that it breaks 

down and/or removes the residual contaminants in 

place. 

Lee, K. ; Merlin, F. X. Bioremediation of oil on shoreline 

environments : development of techniques and 

guidelines. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1999; 71 

(1) :161-171 . ISSN: 0033-4545 . 

This review describes the latest advances in oil spill 

bioremediation strategies, highlights new concepts 

under consideration, and identifies the success factors 

to consider in the application of these technologies . 

Lee, B. ; Yi, J. A statistical approach for determining the 

environmental impact of polynuclear aromatic 

hydrocarbons in an oil spill-contaminated coastal 

area. Environmental Pollution. 1999 ; 105 (3):391-

396. ISSN: 0269-7491 . 

In order to develop a statistical approach for 

determining the extent for pollution in a large, 

heterogeneous area, 167 sediment samples were 

collected in an intertidal zone and 16 PAH 

concentrations were measured. Two representatives 

PAHs were selected and the extent of pollution could 

be appraised by the concentration converted with the 

corresponding Toxicity Equivalence Factors (TEFs) 

of each PAH. 

Lee, K. Bioremediation of Oil Impacted Shorelines . 

Murphy, T. ; Munawar, M. Aquatic Restoration in 

Canada (Series: ECOVISION WORLD 

MONOGRAPH SERIES). Ah Leiden, Netherlands: 

Backhuys Publishers ; 1999;69-85 . ; ISBN: 90-5782-

049-8 . 

LeFloch, S., et al . A field experimentation on 

bioremediation: BIOREN. Environmental 

Technology. 1999; 20 (8) :897-907. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

This paper describes the field experiment, 

implementation and preliminary results of 

bioremediation agents BIOREN 1 and BIOREN 2. 

These agents enhance the bacterial activities of the 

biodegradation process immediately following an oil 

spill. 

28 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Li, G. H. ; Zhang, X. ; Huang, W. Enhanced biodegradation 

of petroleum hydrocarbons in polluted soil . 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A 

- Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental 

Engineering. 2000; 35 (2):177-188 . ISSN: 1093-

4529 . 

Liebeg, E. W. ; Outright, T. J. The investigation of enhanced 

bioremediation through the addition of macro and 

micronutrients in a PAH contaminated soil . 

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 

1999; 44 (1):55-64. ISSN: 0964-8305 . 

Respirometer studies were conducted to determine 

the effects of adding macro and/or micronutrients for 

enhancing the bioremediation of PAH and/or 

petroleum contaminates soils. 

Lin, Q., et al . Effects of bioremediation agents on oil 

degradation in mineral and sandy salt marsh 

sediments. Environmental Technology. 1999; 20 

(8):825-837. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

Bioremediation agents, fertilizer, microbial product 

and soil oxidants were used as a means of enhancing 

oil biodegradation in coastal mineral and sandy 

marsh substrates in a controlled greenhouse 

environment. This experiment was conducted to 

investigate the most effective bioremediation agent 

for an oil spill cleanup technique in a wetland 

environment. 

Lin, Q. X. ; Mendelssohn, I . A. The combined effects of 

phytoremediation and biostimulation in 

enhancing habitat restoration and oil degradation 

of petroleum contaminated wetlands . Ecological 

Engineering. June 30, 1998; 10 (3):263-274. ISSN: 

0925-8574. 

Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens were used to 

test the effect of plant transplants and fertilizer 

applications on soil contaminated with South 

Louisiana crude oil. The application of fertilizer 

greatly increased the remediation of the soil with 

transplants. 

Lohmannsroben, H. G. ; Roch, T. ; Schultze, R. H. Laserinduced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy for in 

situ analysis of petroleum products and biological 

oils in soils. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 1999; 

13 (2):165-174. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Lombas Garcia, E. ; Gans, O. ; Krska, R. ; Grasserbauer, M. 

Supercritical fluid extraction versus ultrasonic 

extraction for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from reference sediments. 

International Journal of Environmental Analytical 

Chemistry. 1998; 72 (4):289-300. ISSN: 0306-7319. 

Losh, S . Oil migration in a major growth fault: structural 

analysis of the Pathfinder core, South Eugene 

Island Block 330, offshore Louisiana. AAPG 

Bulletin - American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists . September 1998; 82 (9):1694-1710. 

ISSN: 0149-1423. 

The faults and fractures in the deepest part of the core 

were the only ones containing oil, and the oil's 

restriction to the youngest sampled portion of the 

fault zone indicates that the oil only migrated along 

the active parts of the fault zones. 

Lun, R. ; Lee, K. ; De Marco, L. A model of the fate of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Saguenay 

Fjord, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 1998; 17 (2):333-341 . ISSN: 0730-7268. 

The model combines defined loadings of PAHs from 

the atmosphere and industrial sources with advective 

flow and atmospheric deposition rates to predict 

quantities, concentrations, and transport and 

transformation rates. Modeled concentrations of 

benzo[a]pyrene agreed with reported concentrations . 

Majid, A. ; et al . Treatment of used diesel invert drilling 

mud to remove hydrocarbons, fix lead, and leach 

brine. Journal of Soil Contamination . 1999; 8 

(2) :255-283 . ISSN: 1058-8337 . 

Maki, H., et al . Use of wastewater sludge for the 

amendment of crude oil bioremediation in mesoscale beach simulating tanks. Environmental 

Technology. 1999; 20 (6):625-632 . ISSN: 0959-3330 

Meso-scale beach simulating tanks were setup to 

investigate the effects of wastewater sludge on 

microbial degradation of crude oil. Dehydratedwastewater sluge and liquid-wastewater sludge 

exerted almost the same effect as slow-releasing 

synthetic fertilizers in stimulating the microbial 

degradation. Results conclude that wastewater sludge 

is as useful as fertilizer for crude oil bioremediation . 

Maldonado, Christina; Bayona, Josep M. ; Bodineau, Laurent. 

Sources, distribution, and water column processes 

of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

in Northwestern Black Sea water. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 1999; 33 (16) :2693-2702. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Three vertical transect profiles from the continental 

shelf, and deep basin of the western Black Sea, were 

surveyed for concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Highest concentrations of 

hydrocarbons were found in the Danube, Dnieper, 

and Dniester River estuaries and other point sources 

of pollution located offshore Romania and Bulgaria 

where oil production and refining is carried out. 

29 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Mansuy, L. ; Philp, R. P. ; Allen, J. Source identification of oil 

spills based on the isotopic composition of 

individual components in weathered oil samples. 

Environmental Science & Technology. December 

1997; 31 (12) :3417-3425. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Weathered oil samples can be traced using gas 

chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry 

(GGIRMS) as a complimentary correlation technique 

to GC and GC/MS. 

Margesin, R. ; Schinner, F. Biological decontamination of oil 

spills in cold environments . Journal of Chemical 

Technology and Biotechnology. 1999 ; 74 (5)381-

389. ISSN: 0268-2575 . 

Complete oil elimination is not possible in cold 

environments . Biological decontamination methods 

do contribute considerably to the removal of the oil 

spills . Unresolved questions that deal with the 

bioavailibility of compounds accessible to 

microorganisms for biodegradation and 

bioremediation are discussed. 

Margesin, R. ; Schinner, F. Effect of temperature on oil 

degradation by a psychrotrophic yeast in liquid 

culture and in soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 

November 1997; 24 (3):243-249. ISSN: 0168-6496. 

Biodegradation of diesel oil was tested in a mineral 

medium and in soil. Biodegradation increased with 

time and temperature, and was lower in mineral 

medium than in soil . 

Margesin, R. ; Schinner, F. Laboratory bioremediation 

experiments with soil from a diesel-oil 

contaminated site - significant role of coldadapted microorganisms and fertilizers. Journal of 

Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. September 

1997; 70 (1):92-98 . ISSN: 0268-2575. 

Diesel oil degradation as effected by incubation 

temperatures, addition of an inorganic fertilizer, and 

indigenous soil microorganisms was investigated . 

Margesin, R. ; Zimmerbauer, A. ; Schinner, F. Soil lipase 

activity - a useful indicator of oil biodegradation. 

Biotechnology Techniques. 1999; 13 (12) :859-863. 

ISSN: 0951-208X. 

The usefulness of soil lipase activity was evaluated as 

a tool to monitor oil biodegradation in soil . Over a 

period of 116 days, two decontamination techniques 

were used in a laboratory study, to measure 

hydrocarbon degradation by indigenous soil 

microorganisms, soil lipase activity and the number 

of oil-degrading microorganisms in unfertilized and 

fertilized soil . 

McBride, B. C. ; Weimer, P. ; Rowan, M. G. The effect of 

allochthonous salt on the petroleum systems of 

northern Green Canyon and Ewing Bank 

(offshore Louisiana), northern Gulf of Mexico. 

AAPG Bulletin - American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists . May 1998; 82 (5 Part B):1083-1112. 

ISSN: 0149-1423 . 

Petroleum migration pathways and zones of 

concentration are predicted by integrating 

information on potential source rocks, structural 

restorations, thermal maturation modelling, regional 

salt maps and petroleum systems logic. 

Means, J. C. Compound-specific gas chromatographic/mass 

spectrometric analysis of alkylated and parent 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters, 

sediments, and aquatic organisms. Journal ofAoac 

International. May-June 1998; 81 (3):657-672. ISSN: 

1060-3271 . 

Mearns, A. J. Cleaning oiled shores: putting bioremediation 

to the test . Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

December 1997; 4 (4):209-217. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

This article gives a basic overview of bioremediation 

and how biodegradation of oiled shorelines can be 

aided by the application of fertilizers . 

Michel, Jacqueline ; Zengel, Scott. Monitoring of oysters and 

sediments in Acajutla, El Salvador . Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 1998; 36 (4):256-266. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

Petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated organic 

compounds, pesticides and trace elements were 

analyzed in oysters (Ostrea irridescens) and finegrained sediments from Acajutla, El Salvador. 

Oysters collected in the area contain only background 

levels of PAHs, with the exception of oysters near an 

industrial discharge canal, which contained 

background levels 100 times greater. 

Mille, G. ; Munoz, D. ; Jacquot, F. ; Rivet, L. ; Bernard, J. -C. 

The Amoco Cadiz oil spill: evolution of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in the Ile Grande salt marshes 

(Brittany) after a 13-year period . Estuarine Coastal 

and Shelf Science. 1998 ; 47 (5) :547-559. ISSN: 

0272-7714. 

Thirteen years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill; 

sediments in the Ile Grande salt marshes were 

analyzed for residual hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon 

levels drastically reduced over the 13-year period, but 

to differing degrees, and some changes in biomarker 

distributions were observed. 

Marquez-Rocha, F. J. ; Hernandez-Rodriguez, V. Z. ; Vazquez 

Duhalt, R. Biodegradation of soil-adsorbed 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the white rot 

fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus. Biotechnology Letters. 

2000; 22 (6):469-472 . ISSN: 0141-5492. 

30 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Minero, C. ; Maurino, V. ; Pelizzetti, E. Photocatalytic 

transformations of hydrocarbons at the seawater 

air interface under solar radiation. Marine 

Chemistry. November 1997; 58 (3/4):361-372. ISSN: 

0304-4203 . 

Photocatalytic oxidation of petroleum constituents 

dodecane and toluene was studied in pure water and 

in simulated seawater with simulated solar radiation. 

Mohamed, A. Y. ; Pearson, M. J. ; Ashcroft, W. A. ; Iliffe, J. E. ; 

Whiteman, A. J. Modelling petroleum generation 

in the Southern Muglad rift basin, Sudan. AAPG 

Bulletin American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists . 1999; 83 (12) :1943-1964. ISSN: 0149-

1423. 

A 120-km-long northeast-southwest cross section of 

the Southern Muglad Rift basin, Sudan, is used as a 

reference for modelling of hydrocarbon evolution. 

The section is near the Unity and Kaikang areas, 

which provide well control on the structure 

interpreted from gravity and seismic reflection 

profiles . Using measured vitrinite data as a calibrant, 

maturity can be modeled equally well with a constant 

paleoheat flow similar to the present day or with a 

complex heat flow pattern related to rifting. 

Mudge, S. M. ; Pereira, G. Stimulating the biodegradation of 

crude oil with biodiesel preliminary results. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 2000; 5 (5/6)353-

355. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

During a laboratory experiment, biodiesel was added 

to sediments with a range of grain sizes to 

demonstrate the potential for removing crude oil from 

contaminated beaches. The biodiesel appears to 

provide an available carbon source for the 

microorganisms, which then co-metabolises the crude 

oil components . Biodiesel acts as a non-volatile 

organic solvent and dissolves the crude oil, including 

weathered oil. 

Mueller, D. C. ; Bonner, J. S. ; McDonald, S. J. ; Autenrieth, R. 

L. Acute toxicity of estuarine wetland sediments 

contaminated by petroleum. Environmental 

Technology. 1999; 20 (8):875-882. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

A major petroleum pipeline ruptured in an estuarine 

marshland during a flood near Houston Texas. 

Following the spill, samples were collected over a 

seven-month period to determine acute sediment 

toxicity, and measured by performing the Microtox 

bioassay 100% test on elutriates from wet sediment 

samples collected from experimental plots in the 

study area. 

Munoz, D., et al . New approach to study of spilled crude 

oils using high resolution GC-MS (SIM) and 

metastable reaction monitoring GC-MS-MS. 

Talanta. December 12, 1997; 45 (1):1-12. ISSN: 

0039-9140. 

Three analytic MS approaches (classical quadruple, 

high resolution, and metastable reaction monitoring) 

were used to analyze PAH markers in petroleumpolluted soils over 8 years. 

Muzalevskii, A. A. Identification of sources of water 

pollution with petroleum products. Journal of 

Analytical Chemistry. 1999; 54 (12) :1100-1105 . 

ISSN: 1061-9348 . 

A new procedure is proposed for identifying sources 

of water pollution with petroleum products using 

low-resolution spectra or chromatograms. 

Napitupulu, H. ; Ellis, L. ; Mitterer, R. M. Post-generative 

alteration effects on petroleum in the onshore 

Northwest Java basin, Indonesia. Organic 

Geochemistry . 2000; 31 (4):295-315. ISSN: 0146-

6380. 

Two oil families associated with source rocks are 

identified in the Talangakar formation. One oil type 

is derived from marine influenced delta-front to 

prodelta depositional settings, while the other is 

possibly from the delta-plain to delta-front 

depositional environment. Correlation of families of 

oil to depositional environments allows for a more 

refined approach in identification of hydrocarbon 

mitigation pathways in the Northwest Java Basin. 

Nemirovskaya, I. A. Hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments 

from the northwestern area of the Black Sea. 

Geokhimiya . 1999; 7 ;727-733. ISSN: 0016-7525 . 

Nemoto, S., et al . Analyses for petroleum-related 

contaminants in seafoods by GC/MS (SIM). 

Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan. 

February 1998; 39 (1):31-38 . ISSN: 0015-6426. 

Novotny, C., et al . Extracellular oxidative enzyme 

production and PAH removal in soil by 

exploratory mycelium of white rot fungi. 

Biodegradation. 1999 ; 10 (3):159-168 . ISSN: 0923- 

9820. 

Nytoft, H. P. ; Bojesen-Koefoed, J. A. ; Christiansen, F . G. C-26 

and C-ZS-C-34 28-norhopanes in sediments and 

petroleum. Organic Geochemistry. 2000; 31 (1):25-

39. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Mulder, H., et al . Effect of nonionic surfactants on 

naphthalene dissolution and biodegradation. 

Biotechnology and Bioengineering . November 20, 

1998 ; 60 (4):397-407. ISSN: 0006-3592. 

31 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Odden, W. ; Patience, R. L. ; Vangraas, G. W. Application of 

light hydrocarbons (C4-C13) to off/source rock 

correlations : a study of the light hydrocarbon 

compositions of source rocks and test fluids from 

offshore Mid-Norway. Organic Geochemistry . 

1998 ; 28 (12) :823-847 . ISSN: 0146-6380. 

The samples from the Early Jurassic Are Formation 

had more aromatics and cyclohexanes, and the 

samples from the Late Jurassic Spekk Formation 

were richer in cyclopentanes and acyclic 

hydrocarbons . The Spekk Formation is the source for 

most of the oil fields in Mid-Norway. 

Odden, W. A study of natural and artificially generated 

light hydrocarbons (Cq- C,3) in source rocks and 

petroleum fluids from offshore Mid-Norway and 

the southernmost Norwegian and Danish sectors. 

Marine and Petroleum Geology. 1999; 16 (8) :747-

770. ISSN: 0264-8172. 

Source rock samples are compared with the light 

fraction generated by pyrolysis products of the 

kerogens to the "free" or "natural" light hydrocarbon 

composition obtained by thermal extraction-GC. 

These different analytical techniques can be 

substituted for both data types even though there are 

large differences between the composition of the 

"free" C4-C,3 hydrocarbon fractions and the same 

fraction generated by thermal extraction-GC. 

Oh, Y. S. ; Choi, W. Y. ; Lee, Y. H. ; Choi, S. C. ; Kim, S. J. 

Biological treatment of oil-contaminated sand: 

comparison of oil degradation based on thin-layer 

chromatography/flame ionization detector and 

respirometric analysis. Biotechnology Letters. 2000; 

22 (7):595-598. ISSN: 0141-5492. 

Two different methods for measuring the 

biodegradation of oil were used to analyze samples of 

contaminated sand. Inorganic nutrients and oildegrading yeast were added to the sand to increase 

degradation levels . Carbon dioxide levels were 

monitored in the experiments. 

Oudot, J. ; Merlin, F. X. ; Pinvidic, P. Weathering rates of oil 

components in a bioremediation experiment in 

estuarine sediments. Marine Environmental 

Research . 1998 ; 45 (2):113-125 . ISSN: 1441-1136. 

Biodegradation rates of crude oil are influenced by 

the addition of fertilizers were studied over a 9-

month period in mid-tide sediments in the bay of 

Brest, France. It is suggested that because of high 

background levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, the 

addition of fertilizers had no significant affect on 

biodegradation rates. 

Pardos, J. ; et al . Fate of a new silicone-based oil-treating 

agent and its effects on marine microbial 

communities. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 1999; 18 (5):819-827. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

A oil based treating agent which traps hydrocarbons 

by forming a floating silicone-hydrocarbon solid 

residue, was tested for its effectiveness to stimulate 

phytoplankton and microbial communities. 

Peters, K. E. ; Clutson, M. J. ; Robertson, G. Mixed marine 

and lacustrine input to an oil-cemented sandstone 

breccia from Brora, Scotland. Organic 

Geochemistry . 1999; 30 (4):237-248. ISSN: 0146-

6380. 

Hydrocarbon biomarkers are used to recognize 

mixing of crude oils from several sources in an 

unusual oil-cemented, brecciate sandstone cobble 

collected from a beach near Brora, Scotland . 

Peters, K. E. ; Fraser, T. H. ; Amris, W. ; Rustanto, B. ; 

Hermanto, E. Geochemistry of crude oils from 

eastern Indonesia. AAPG Bulletin American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists . 1999; 83 

(12) :1927-1942. ISSN: 0149-1423 . 

Chemometric analysis of source-related biomarker 

and stable carbon isotopic data was based on 13 

source-related parameters for the oils described in 

this paper. High-resolution geochemistry shows 

genetic relationships among 27 crude oils from 

eastern Indonesia and suggests the ages and 

paleoenvironments of their source rocks. Geologists 

have speculated for many years that crude oils in 

eastern Indonesia originated mainly from Jurassic 

source rocks. 

Petersen, H. I. ; Andsbjerg, J. ; Bojesen-Koefoed, J. A. ; Nytoft, 

H. P. Coal-generated oil: source rock evaluation 

and petroleum geochemistry of the Lulita oilfield, 

Danish North Sea. Journal of Petroleum Geology. 

2000; 23 (1) :55-90 . ISSN: 0141-6421 . 

Two coal-sourced fields, the Harald and Lulita fields, 

Danish North Sea were examined, for their excellent 

coal-sourced petroleum accumulations. There is still 

debate over whether coals can provide sources for 

commercial accumulations of oil. A compositional 

study of the coal seams at well Lulita-IXc was 

undertaken to investigate the generation of liquid 

petroleum. Further studies are being conducted to 

investigate why the Lulita field, in contrast to the 

Harald field, is oil-dominated. Researchers are trying 

to understand why the coals are expelling oil, in order 

to establish an oil-source rock correlation. 

Pairazian, V. V. A review of the petroleum geochemistry of 

the Precaspian Basin. Petroleum Geoscience. 1999; 

5 (4):361-369. ISSN: 1354-0793 . 

32 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Phillips, C. ; Evans, J. ; Hom, W. ; Clayton, J. Long-term 

changes in sediment barium inventories associated 

with drilling-related discharges in the Santa 

Maria Basin, California, USA. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. September 1998 ; 17 

(9):1653-1661 . ISSN: 0730-7268. 

A nine-year examination of barium concentrations in 

suspended and surficial sediments near offshore oil 

platforms showed significant increases over time. 

Sediment samples within 500 m of the platforms 

contained residual BA concentrations up to a full 

order of magnitude above background samples. 

Phillips, C. ; Clayton, J. ; Evans, J. ; Horn, W. Evidence for 

long-range transport of a low to medium 

molecular-weight petroleum product off central 

California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. September 1998 ; 17 (9) :1662-1672 . 

ISSN: 0730-7268. 

The study showed that diluents, a petroleum product, 

released from an oil field in Guadalupe was found 50 

km south of the release site in the Santa Maria Basin 

with relatively minimal degradation. 

Pinto, Linda J. ; Moore, Margo M. Release of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soils 

by surfactant and remediation of this effluent by 

Penicillium spp. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2000; 19 (7):1741-1748 . ISSN: 0730-

7268 . 

A nonionic detergent, Tween 80, was used to 

determine its solubilization of 14C-PAR with aged 

PAH- from four different PAH-contaminated soils. 

Remediation of this effluent was achieved by adding 

an indigenous microorganism, Penicillium spp. 

Poletti, L. ; Poletti, A. ; Proietti, G. ; Ludovisi, A. Ezplorative 

statistical analysis of PAH pollution in some 

compartments of Lake Trasimeno. Annali di 

Chimica. November-December 1997; 87 

(11/12):777-788 . ISSN: 0003-4592. 

Poroshin, V. D. Chemical composition of formation waters 

from Paleozoic and Triassic deposits of the 

Algerian Sahara in connection with the 

assessment of their petroleum potential. 

Geokhimiya . 1999; 7;734-741. ISSN: 0016-7525. 

Poster, D. L. ; et al . Certification of a diesel particulate 

related Standard Reference Material (SRM 1975) 

for PAHs. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 1999; 

14 ;23-31 . ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Raber, B. ; Kogellcnabner, I. Influence of origin and 

properties of dissolved organic matter on the 

partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAHs). European Journal of Soil Science. 

September 1997; 48 (3) :443-455. ISSN: 1351-0754. 

Radwan, S. S. ; Al-Hasan, R. H. ; Al-Awadhi, H. ; Salamah, S. ; 

Abdullah, H. M. Higher oil biodegradation 

potential at the Arabian Gulf coast than in the 

water body. Marine Biology. 2000; 135 (4):741-745. 

ISSN: 0025-3162. 

Oil-utilizing microorganisms associated with animate 

and inanimate materials were compared with 

planktonic microorganisms in adjacent waters near 

Kuwait City . The potential for oil biodegradation has 

a much higher rate inshore than offshore waters . This 

paper validates the use of bioremediation 

technologies for oil-polluted marine habitats at the 

coast, rather than in the water body. 

Radwan, S . S. ; Sorkhoh, N. A. ; E1Nemr, I . M. ; E1Desouky, 

A.F . A feasibility study on seeding as a 

bioremediation practice for the oily Kuwaiti 

desert. Journal of Applied Microbiology . September 

1997 ; 83 (3):353-358 . ISSN: 1364-5072 . 

Numbers of an indigenous, oil-degrading 

Arthrobacter strain, KCC 201, greatly increased after 

the Kuwaiti oil spill event. Seeding with oildegrading isolates did not increase degradation, and it 

resulted in dramatic decreases in KCC 201 numbers. 

Microbial competition is suspected. 

Raghavan, P. U. M. ; Vivekanandan, M. Bioremediation of 

oil-spilled sites through seeding of naturally 

adapted Pseudomonas putida. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 1999; 44 (1):29-

32. ISSN: 0964-8305 . 

Naturally, adapted Pseudomonas putida isolated from 

an oil-contaminated site in Tiruchirappalli, India, was 

used to evaluate the biodegradation of crude oil in the 

open environment. Replicate field trials comprising 

oil, oil plus fertilizer, and oil plus bacteria were 

monitored for total viable count and rate of 

degradation of crude oil. The result from this research 

presents the successful bioremediation of oil in the 

open environment by the naturally adapted microbe. 

Ramon, J. C. ; Dzou, L. I. Petroleum geochemistry of Middle 

Magdalena Valley, Colombia . Organic 

Geochemistry . 1999; 30 (4):249-266. ISSN: 0146-

6380. 

The organic geochemistry of 25 crude oil samples 

from reservoirs in the Middle Magdalena Valley, 

Columbia is used to infer the nature and/or features 

of crude oil source and rock depositional 

environments and to deduce hydrocarbon generation, 

migration and alteration history. 

33 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Rebhun, M. ; Meir, S. ; Laor, Y. Using dissolved humic acid 

to remove hydrophobic contaminants from water 

by complexation-flocculation process. 

Environmental Science & Technology. April 1, 1998 ; 

32 (7):981-986. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

DHA was added to water and allowed to bind with 

the dissolved contaminants, and then a flocculent was 

added. The process proved effective at removing 

micropollutants of medium to high hydrophobicity. 

Reilly, T. J. The use of mesocosms in marine oil spillecological research and development. Pure and 

Applied Chemistry. 1999 ; 71 (1):153-160. ISSN: 

0033-4545 . 

Rowland, A. P. ; et al . Effects of beach sand properties, 

temperature and rainfall on the degradation rates 

of oil in buried oiUbeach sand mixtures . 

Environmental Pollution. 2000; 109 (1) :109-118 . 

ISSN: 0141-5492 . 

Roy, J. L. ; McGill, W. B. Characterization of disaggregated 

nonwettable surface soils found at old crude oil 

spill sites. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. May 

1998; 78 (2):331-344. ISSN: 0008-4271 . 

Soils at old crude oil spill sites are characterized by a 

strong resistance to wetting, a smaller population of 

microorganisms, slightly lower clay content, and 

small dry aggregates and reduced ability to support 

plant growth. 

Riser-Roberts, Eve. Remediation ofpetroleum contaminated 

soils: biological, physical and chemical processes. 

Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers ; 1998 ; 576 

pp. ; ISBN: 0-87371-858-5 . 

This book focuses on the most commonly occurring 

contaminants: oils, gasoline, jet fuels and related 

petroleum products . It provides an outline for 

research, design, monitoring, and management of onsite treatment programs, as well as methods that can 

be tailored to specific conditions and constraints. 

Rockne, K. J. ; Chee-Sanford, J. C. ; Sanford, R. A. ; Hedlund, 

B. P. ; Staley, J. T. Anaerobic naphthalene 

degradation by microbial pure cultures under 

nitrate-reducing conditions . Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology . 2000; 66 (4) :1595-

1601 . ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Three naphthalene-degrading pure cultures were 

obtained, and tested positive for dentrification using a 

standard dentrification assay. Nitrate-limited cultures 

demonstrated that nitrate was required for 

degradation of naphthalene by NAP-3-1 and NAP-4. 

Results clearly demonstrate that highly enriched 

cultures can degrade unsubstituted aromatic 

compounds such as naphthalene without oxygen. 

This study is the first to present evidence of pure 

cultures capable of nitrate-dependent, anaerobic 

naphthalene degradation and mineralization. 

Rockne, Karl J. ; Strand, Stuart E. Biodegradation of bicyclic 

and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

anaerobic enrichments. Environmental Science and 

Technology. 1998; 32 (24)3962-3967. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

Fluidized bed bioreactors are used to enrich for 

bacterial cultures able to anaerobically degrade 

naphthalene, biphenyl, and phenanthrene with 

stoichiometric production of sulfide or nitrate 

reduction. 

Roose, P. ; Brinkman, U. A. T. Determination of volatile 

organic compounds in marine biota. Journal of 

Chromatography A. March 13, 1998 ; 799 (1/2):233-

248 . ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Saeed, T. ; Al-Hashash, H. ; Al-Matrouk, K. Assessment of the 

changes in the chemical composition of the crude 

oil spilled in the Kuwait desert after weathering 

for five years. Environment International. JanuaryFebruary 1998; 24 (1/2):141-152. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Salicis, F. ; et al . Biodegradation of fluorathene by soil 

fungi. Chemosphere. 1999 ; 38 (13) :3031-3039. 

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Thirty-nine strains of micromycetes were tested for 

growth toxicity by fluroanthene and then the ability 

to degrade or absorb fluoranthene was determined. 

Sangjin, K., et al . The effects of bioremediation in the oil 

degradation in oil polluted environments. New 

Developments in Marine Biotechnology. 1998;181-

188. ISSN: 0-306-45907-8. 

Santas, Regas. ; Santas, Photeinos. Effects of wave action on 

the bioremediation of crude oil saturated 

hydrocarbons. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 2000; 40 

(5):434-439. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Two mesocosm tanks, simulating a typical 

Mediterranean shore, were set up as an experiment to 

investigate the effects of wave action on the 

biodegration of Iranian Light Crude, with the 

addition of two different fertilizers . 

Santas, Regas; Hader, Donat-P. ; Santas, Photeinos. Is crude 

oil bioremediation affected by changes in ambient 

ultraviolet radiation? Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

1999; 38 (11) :1022-1025. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A mesocosm experiment was set up to simulate a 

typical Mediterranean shore in winter and spring, and 

to investigate biodegradation of Iranian Light crude 

oil using an oleophilic fertilzer (F 1) ; and to determine 

its effects too the exposure of ambient ultraviolet 

radiation. 

34 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Sasaki, Tetsuya; Maki, Hideaki; Ishihara, Masami; Harayama, 

Shibeaki . Vanadium as an internal marker to 

evaluate microbial degradation of crude oil. 

Environmental Science and Technology. 1998 ; 32 

(22) :3618-3621 . ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Vanadium was compared with 17D, 2113-Hopane as a 

substitute internal marker for evaluating the 

biodegradation and weathering of crude oil. 

Sato, S . ; Matsumura, A. ; Urushigawa, Y., et al . Type analysis 

and mutagenicity of peteroleum oil extracted from 

sediment and soil samples in Kuwait. Environment 

International. January-February ; 1998; 24 (1/2):67-

76. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Sato, S ., et al . Structural analysis of weathered oil from 

Kuwait's environment. Environment International. 

January-February 1998; 24 (1/2) :77-87 . ISSN: 0160-

4120 . 

Sauer, T. C. ; Michel, M. O. ; Hayes and Aurand, D. V. 

Hydrocarbon characterization and weathering of 

oiled intertidal sediments along the Saudi Arabian 

coast two years after the Gulf War oil spill. 

Environment International. January-February ; 1998; 

24 (1/2):43-60. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Schindler, D. R. ; Rios, A. ; Valcarcel, M. ; Grasserbauer, M. 

Simple and rapid screening of total aromatic 

hydrocarbons in polluted water samples by the 

flow reversal liquid-liquid extraction technique. 

International Journal of Environmental Analytical 

Chemistry. 1997; 66 (4):285-297. ISSN: 0306-7319. 

Sebum, D. C. ; Kershaw, G. P. Changes in the active layer of 

a subarctic right-of-way as a result of a crude-oil 

spill. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . December 

1997 ; 34 (12) :1539-1544. ISSN: 0008-4077 . 

Sekoulov, I. ; Brinke-Seiferth, S. Application of biofiltration 

in the crude oil processing industry. Water Science 

and Technology. 1999; 39 (8):71-76 . ISSN: 0273-

1223 . 

Sepic, E. ; Bricelj, M. ; Leskovsek, H. Biodegradation studies 

of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous media. 

Journal of Applied Microbiology. November 1997 ; 

83 (5):561-568. ISSN: 1364-5072. 

Mycobacterium ssp. PYR-1 and sixteen bacterial 

strains from an activated sludge were tested for their 

PAH degradability. The PAH degradation metabolic 

pathway was studied using fluoranthene and the 

bacterial strain AM. 

Setti, L. ; Mazzieri, S. ; Pifferi, P. G. Enhanced degradation 

of heavy oil in an aqueous system by a 

Pseudomonas sp. in the presence of natural and 

synthetic sorbents. Bioresource Technology. 

February 1999 ; 67 (2):191-199 . ISSN: 0960-8524. 

Shen, L. ; Jaffe, R. Interactions between dissolved petroleum 

hydrocarbons and pure and humic acid-coated 

mineral surfaces in artificial seawater . Marine 

Environmental Research . 2000; 49 (3):217-231 . 

ISSN: 0414-1136. 

The adsorption abilities of montmorillonite, alumina 

and kaolinite, in both pure and humic acid-modified 

form, were tested in a mixture of the water-soluble 

fraction of Fuel Oil No.6 and artificial seawater. 

Pseudo-equilibrium conditions were reached in 30 

minutes. Humic acid-modified minerals enhanced the 

adsorption/partitioning of TPH and PAHs, when 

compared to the results from `pure' clays. 

Short, J. W. ; Bruce, A. W. Repose to comment on "Natural 

hydrocarbon background in benthic sediments of 

Prince William Sound, Alaska: oil vs . coal". 

Environmental Science & Technology . 2000; 34 

(10) :2066-2067 . ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Authors updating ongoing research activities in 

Prince William Sound, announce that coal particles 

have been discovered in sediments of the Gulf of 

Alaska, and contribute substantially to the 

sedimentary PAH burden . 

Shriadah, M. M. A. Petroleum hydrocarbons along the 

Arabian Gulf coast of United Arab Emirates . 

Indian Journal of Marine Sciences . 28 (1) :10-16 . 

ISSN: 0379-5136. 

Sediment samples, surface and bottom seawater 

samples were collected monthly during 1993-1994 at 

24 stations along the Arabian Gulf coast of United 

Arab Emirates. Results of procedures to determine 

concentration levels of oil pollution are indicated. 

Simon, M. A. ; Bonner, J. S. ; McDonald, T. J. ; Autenrieth, R. 

L. Bioaugmentation for the enhanced 

bioremediation of petroleum in a wetland. 

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 1999; 14 ;231-239. 

ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Skaarup, N. ; Chalmers, J. A. ; White, D. An AVO study of a 

possible new hydrocarbon play, offshore central 

West Greenland. AAPG Bulletin - American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists . 2000; 84 

(2):174-182. ISSN: 0149-1423. 

Extensive oil seeps have been discovered in 

Cretaceous sediment and Paleogene basalt in central 

West Greenland since 1992 . Analyses of the oils 

show that they come from at least five source rocks 

that are probably situated near the seeps. These 

source rocks suggest the presence of hydrocarbons 

that migrated through basalts from deeper source 

rocks and then were trapped in overlying sediments 

above the basalts. 

35 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Smith, V. H. ; Graham, D. W. ; Cleland, D. D. Application of 

resource-ratio theory to hydrocarbon 

biodegradation. Environmental Science & 

Technology. November 1, 1998 ; 32 (21) :3386-3395. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Resource-ratio theory predicts that changes in 

nitrogen and phosphorus supply ratio conditions will 

alter biodegradation rates and that changes in 

absolute nutrient supply levels will alter total 

hydrocarbon-degrader biomass. The researchers 

found that hydrocarbon degradation in slurry reactors 

was consistent with the theory, and it is suspected 

that degradation of marine oil spills would also be 

consistent with the resource ratio theory. 

Soclo, H. H. ; Garrigues, P. H. ; Ewald, M. Origin of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 

coastal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou 

(Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 2000; 40 (5):387-396. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

Sediments from Contonou and Aquitaine coastal 

zones were studied, and found to contain several 

types of PAHs. Sediment analysis from the Contonou 

lagoon discovered petrogenic PAHs, due to 

petroleum trade at individual scale along the lagoon, 

as well as waste oils from machine shops. Pyrolytic 

PAHs were found in sediments from Aquitaine . 

Petroleum product deliveries and fuel combustion 

emissions account for the presence of PAHs, which 

occurred while boats were docked in the harbors of 

both areas. Discovery of perylene, especially at 

Contonou, gave rise to speculation of its origin. 

Sohrabi, M. ; Mogharei, A. ; Ghasemi, N. Some aspects of 

bioremediation of soil contaminated with 

petroleum hydrocarbons. Afinidad. 1999; 56 

(483)307-312 . ISSN: 0001-9704. 

Speidel, H. K. ; Lighmer, R. L. ; Ahmed, I. Biodegradability 

of new engineered fuels compared to conventional 

petroleum fuels and alternative fuels in current 

use. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2000; 

84 (6):879-897. ISSN: 0273-2289. 

Stange, Kari ; Klungssyr, J. Organochlorine contaminants in 

fish and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

sediments from the Barents Sea. ICES Journal of 

Marine Science. 1997; 54 (3)318-332 . ISSN: 1054-

3139. 

The paper describes the distribution of certain 

aromatic hydrocarbons found in sediment samples 

from 140 Barents Sea locations. 

Sugimoto, I. ; Nakamura, M. ; Ogawa, S. ; Seyama, M. ; Katoh, 

T. Petroleum pollution sensing at ppb level using 

quartz crystal resonators sputtered with porous 

polyethylene under photo-excitation. Sensors and 

Actuators B - Chemical. 2000; 64 (1/3):216-223. 

ISSN: 0925-4005. 

A new method of detecting petroleum hydrocarbon 

vapors at low ppb levels is discussed. Results of 

experiments testing the capabilities of the sensor are 

included . 

Swannell, R., et al . A field demonstration of the efficacy of 

bioremediation to treat oiled shorelines following 

the Sea Empress incident . Environmental 

Technology. 1999; 20 (8) :863-873 . ISSN: 0959-3330. 

The grounding of the Sea Empress in 1996, stranded 

a mixture of cargo oil (Forties Blend) and heavy fuel 

oil onto the shoreline of Bullwell Bay, Milford 

Haven, LTk. Two bioremediation treatments : a weekly 

application, consisting of single application of a 

slow-release fertilizer and mineral nutrients dissolved 

in seawater was investigated for their bioremediation 

effects. Results clearly show that the addition of both 

liquid inorganic and slow-release mineral fertilizer 

were capable of significantly stimulating the 

biodegradation of the oil mixture. 

Taylor, C. ; Viraraghavan, T. A bench-scale investigation of 

land treatment of soil contaminated with diesel 

fuel. Chemosphere. 1999 ; 39 (10) :1583-1593 . ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Over a 17-week testing period, a bench-scale 

investigation was conducted on degradation rates of 

diesel-contaminated soil under different treatment 

conditions . Biodegradation success rates were 

obtained at maximum by the addition of nutrients to 

the diesel contaminated soil . 

Thomann, R. V. ; Komlos, J. Model of biota-sediment 

accumulation factor for polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 1999; 18 (5):1060-1068. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Thomas, S. D. ; Li, Q. X. Immunoaffmity chromatography 

for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

in corals. Environmental Science & Technology. 

2000; 34 (12) :2649-2654. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

An immunoaffmity chromatographic method is 

developed for the quantitative cleanup of 

supercritical COz extracts of coral for the analysis of 

PAHs. 

Stefess, G. C. Monitoring of environmental effects and 

process performance during biological treatment 

of sediment from the petroleum harbor in 

Amsterdam. Water Science and Technology. 1998; 

37 (6/7):395-402 . ISSN: 0273-1223. 

36 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Thouand, G. ; et al . Laboratory evaluation of crude oil 

biodegradation with commercial or natural 

microbial inocula. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology . 1999; 45 (2) :106-115. ISSN: 0008-

4166. 

Natural and commercial inocula are compared for 

their effectiveness in biodegradation of crude oil. 

Results of laboratory experiments using inocula are 

evaluated and presented in the paper. 

van Balen, R. T. ; et al . Modelling the hydrocarbon 

generation and migration in the West Netherlands 

Basin, the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of 

Geosciences. 2000; 79 (1):29-44 . ISSN: 0016-7746. 

The objective of this study is to increase the 

understanding of the evolution of hydrocarbon 

accumulations in terms of timing of hydrocarbon 

generation and migration, in relation to the tectonic 

evolution of the basin. 

Tian, G. L. ; Lei, Q. H. ; Lui, W. D. ; Li, F. Colloid chemistry 

in petroleum industry in China. Journal of 

Dispersion Science and Technology. 2000; 21 

(4):433-448. ISSN: 0193-2691 . 

Tiehm, A. ; Stieber, M. ; Werner, P. ; Frimmel, F. H. 

Surfactant-enhanced mobilization and 

biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in manufactured gas plant soil . 

Environmental Science & Technology. September 

1997; 31 (9):2570-2576. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

To counteract the limitations of bioremediation of 

contaminated soil due to low bioavailability of the 

contaminants, gas plant soil treated with two 

nonionic surfactants was tested in soil columns 

percolated by recirculating flushing water. 

Tran, T. D. ; Derwin, D. J. ; Zaleski, P. ; Song, X. ; Kinoshita, K. 

Lithium intercalation studies of petroleum cokes 

of different morphologies . Journal of Power 

Sources. 1999; 82 ;296-299. ISSN: 0378-7753 . 

Traulsen, F. ; Andersson, J. T. ; Ehrhardt, M. G. Acidic and 

non-acidic products from the photo-oxidation of 

the crude oil component dibenzothiophene 

dissolved in seawater. Analytica Chimica Acta. 

1999; 392 (1):19-28 . ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Photo-oxidation of dibenzothiophene in seawater 

under natural sunlight appears to be a major removal 

process for this crude oil component under marine 

environmental conditions . A combination of using 

SPE and HPLC in the ion-pair mode along with GCMS analysis proved very effective for the extraction 

procedure of carboxylic acids and seems to be a 

promising new way for the analysis of acids from 

natural seawater environments. This result supports 

the view that the isolation and identification of acidic 

products is essential to gaining profound knowledge 

about environmental degradation processes. 

Utvik, T. I. R. Chemical characterization of produced 

water from four offshore oil production platforms 

in the North Sea. Chemosphere. 1999; 39 (15) :2593-

2606. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

van Hamme, J. D. ; Odumeru, J. A. ; Ward, O. P. Community 

dynamics of a mined-bacterial culture growing on 

petroleum hydrocarbons in batch culture. 

Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2000; 46 (5):441-

450. ISSN: 0008-4166. 

Mixed-bacterial cultures were exposed to various 

hydrocarbon substrates to examine community 

structure and the dynamics of the cultures involved in 

treatment. 

van Hamme, J. D. ; Ward, O. P. Influence of chemical 

surfactants on the biodegradation of crude oil by a 

mined bacterial culture. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology . 1999; 45 (2):130-137. ISSN: 0008-

4166. 

Chemical surfactants have the potential to improve 

the microbiological methods used to remediate crude 

oil contaminated wastes . Factors such as molecular 

structure, hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB), and 

surfactant concentrations should be considered when 

applied to microbial systems. 

Wang, Z. D. ; Fingas, M. ; Page, D. S. Oil spill identification . 

Journal of Chromatography A. 1999; 843 (1/2):369-

411 . ISSN: 0021-9673. 

This article reviews the most recent development and 

advances of chemical fingerprinting and data 

interpretation techniques, which are most frequently 

used in oil, spill identification studies. The article 

also addresses the issue of how biogenic and 

pyrogenic hydrocarbons are distinguished from 

petrogenic hydrocarbons. An example from the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill is also reviewed in this paper 

to illustrate how complex hydrocarbon mixtures were 

identified and allocated to multiple sources by using 

advanced chemical fingerprinting techniques . 

Wang, Z. D., et al . Source identification of unknown spilled 

oil from Quebec (1998) by unique biomarkers and 

diagnostic ratios of "source-specific marker" 

compounds. Environmental Technology. 1999; 20 

(8):851-862. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

A detailed analytical approach using unique 

biomarkers and diagnostic ratios of 'source-specific 

marker' compounds for spill source identification and 

characterization of chemical compositions are 

described in this study. 

37 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Wang, Z. D., et al . Comparison of oil composition changes 

due to biodegradation and physical weathering in 

different oils. Journal of Chromatography A. June 5, 

1998 ; 809 (1/2):89-107. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

The study determined that biodegradation produces 

distinct oil composition changes that are very 

different from physical weathering patterns . 

Biodegradation potential indices for various oils were 

calculated using equations proposed by Environment 

Canada, and the US National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration . 

Wheelock, C. E. ; et al . Hsp60-induced tolerance in the 

rotifer Brachionus plicatilis exposed to multiple 

environmental contaminants. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 1999; 

36;281-287 . ISSN: 0090-4341 . 

Results of this study suggest that induction of hsp60 

by chronic low-level exposure may serve as a 

protective mechanism against subsequent or multiple 

stressors and that hsp60 level are not additive for the 

toxicants tested in this study, giving no dose-response 

relationship . 

Warton, B. ; Alexander, R. ; Kagi, R. I. Characterization of 

the ruthenium tetroxide oxidation products from 

the aromatic unresolved complex mixture of a 

biodegraded crude oil. Organic Geochemistry . 

2000; 31 (2/3):249 . ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Waseda, A. ; Nishita, H. Geochemical characteristics of 

terrigenous- and marine-sourced oils in Hokkaido, 

Japan. Organic Geochemistry . 1998 ; 28 (1/2):27-41 . 

ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Using bulk properties, carbon-isotope compositions 

and biomarker distributions, crude oils in Hokkaido, 

Japan can be easily typed into two source categories. 

The marine oils are found in areas of high volcanic 

activity heat flow, or where the Neogene and 

Quaternary sediments are thick. 

Weimer, P. ; Crews, J. R. ; Crow, R. S. ; Varnai, P. Atlas of 

petroleum fields and discoveries, northern Green 

Canyon, Ewing Bank, and southern Ship Shoal 

and South Timbalier areas (offshore Louisiana), 

northern Gulf of Mexico. AAPG Bulletin -

American Association of Petroleum Geologists . May 

1998; 82 (5 Part B):878-917. ISSN: 0149-1423. 

Seismic profiles, wireline logs, and production 

characteristic summaries are given for 35 fields in 

offshore Louisiana. 

Weise, A. M. ; Nalewajko, C. ; Lee, K. Oil-mineral fine 

interactions facilitate oil biodegradation in 

seawater . Environmental Technology. 1999; 20 

(8):811-824. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

This study was conducted by Shaker Flask 

experiments under simulated environmental 

conditions . This method was used to measure the 

significance of the intrinisic oil spill remediation 

process for coastal environments, and provide direct 

evidence of enhanced bacterial activity and oil 

degradation rates in micro-aggregate structures 

formed by oil-mineral interactions . 

White, P. A. ; Rasmussen, J. B. ; Blaise, C. Genotoxic 

substances in the St . Lawrence system 1 : 

Industrial genotozins sorbed to particulate matter 

in the St. Lawrence, St. Maurice, and Saguenay 

Rivers, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. February 1998; 17 (2):286-303 . ISSN: 

0730-7268 . 

Whyte, L. G. ; Bourbonniere, L. ; Greer, C. W. Biodegradation 

of petroleum hydrocarbons by psychrotrophic 

pseudomonas strains possessing both alkane (alk) 

and naphthalene (nah) catabolic pathways. 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology . September 

1997; 63 (9):3719-3723. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Wilkes, H. ; Boreham, C. ; Harms, G. ; Zengler, K. ; Rabus, R. 

Anaerobic degradation and carbon isotopic 

fractionation of alkylbenzenes in crude oil by 

sulphate-reducing bacteria. Organic Geochemistry . 

2000; 31 (1):101-115. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

In a laboratory experiment alkylbenzenes were 

selectively removed from crude oil taken from a 

North Sea oil tank by enriched sulphate-reducing 

bacteria during growth . Alkylated benzoic acids may 

be used as a specific indicator of initial 

biodegradation of crude oils and fossil fuels in 

various environments. 

Williams, C. M. ; Grimes, J. L. ; Mikkelsen, R. L. The use of 

poultry litter as Co-substrate and source of 

inorganic nutrients and microorganisms for the ex 

situ biodegradation of petroleum compounds. 

Poultry Science. 1999; 78 (7) :956-964. ISSN: 0032-

5791 . 

A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to 

investigate and determine the feasibility of utilizing 

poultry liter as a source of microorganisms, cosubstrate, nitrogen and phosphorus to enhance the 

biodegradation of petroleum compounds in 

contaminated soil . Results demonstrate that 

bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum 

compounds was significantly enhanced when 

supplemented with poultry litter in concentrations of 

10% soil volume. 

38 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Winkels, H. J., et al. Geochronology of priority pollutants in 

sedimentation zones of the Volga and Danube 

delta in comparison with the Rhine delta. Applied 

Geochemistry . July 1998; 13 (5) :581-591 . ISSN: 

0883-2927. 

Five decades of sediment core data were compared to 

determine trends in pollution concentration in the 

deltas of the Volga, Danube and Rhine rivers . The 

Rhine sediments have remained the most polluted. 

Wischmann, H. ; Steinhart, H. The formation of PAH 

oxidation products in soils and soiUcompost 

mixtures . Chemosphere. October 1997; 35 (8):1681- 

1698 . ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Wrenn, Brian A., et al. Influence of tide and waves on 

washout of dissolved nutrients from the 

bioremediation zone of a coarse-sand beach: 

application in oil-spill bioremediation. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (2) :89-98 . 

ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

A conservative tracer (LiN03) was applied to a 

beach surface during full-moon spring tides and 

during neap tides . The tracer was gone from the 

beach in one day during the tunes of spring tide 

application, but it remained for several days during 

times of neap tide application. 

Xie, G. B. ; Barcelona, M. J. ; Fang, J. S. Quantification and 

interpretation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in 

sediment samples by a GC/MS method and 

comparison with EPA 418.1 and a rapid field 

method. Analytical Chemistry. 1999 ; 71 (9) :1899-

1904. ISSN: 0003-2700. 

This paper presents three currently used methods 

(GC/MS, conventional EPA 418.1, and a rapid field 

method PetroFLAG) performed to quantify, 

standardize and improve the comparability of total 

petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) data in sediment 

samples. 

Yamanaka, T. ; Mizota, C. ; Murae, T. ; Hashimoto, J. 

Currently forming petroleum associated with 

hydrothermal mineralization in a submarine 

caldera, Kagoshima Bay, Japan. Geochemical 

Journal. 1999; 33 (6):355-367. ISSN: 0016-7002. 

Yang, G. P. ; Zhang, Z. B. Adsorption of dibenzothiophene 

on marine sediments treated by a sequential 

procedure. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 

August 15, 1997; 192 (2):398-407 . ISSN: 0021-9797. 

Sorption isotherms for dibenzothiophene on both no 

treatment and treated sediments were linear . 

Nonlinear adsorption isotherms of dibenzothiophene 

were observed on sediments treated with H202. 

Yang, Y. ; Miller, D. J. ; Hawthorne, S. B. Solid-phase 

microeztraction of polychlorinated biphenyls. 

Journal of Chromatography A. March 27, 1998; 800 

(2) :257-266. ISSN: 0021-9673 . 

Yilmaz, K., et al. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAHs) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 1998 ; 36 (11) :922-925 . ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

In the Mediterranean Sea, surface waters do not show 

high levels of pollution, but the PAH pollution in the 

sediments has increased over the 10 years examined . 

Yin, X. C. ; Zhang, L. M. ; Li, Z. M. Studies on new 

ampholytic cellulose derivative as clay-hydration 

inhibitor in oil field drilling fluid. Journal of 

Applied Polymer Science. October 31, 1998; 70 

(5):921-926 . ISSN: 0021-8995. 

Acrylamide and dimethyldiallylammonium chloride 

were grafted onto carboxymethyl cellulose to 

produce a new ampholytic cellulose derivative for 

use in drilling . This ampholytic cellulose derivative 

has a hydration inhibitive property . 

Yuste, L. ; et al . Characterization of bacterial strains able to 

grow on high molecular mass residues from crude 

oil processing. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2000; 

32 (1):69-75 . ISSN: 0168-6496. 

Soil was contaminated with a number of high 

molecular mass compounds, including PAHs, to 

determine if bacteria could degrade the compounds. 

Seven bacterial strains were identified as being 

capable of degrading long-chain-length alkanes, but 

not PAHs. Some strains however, were able to 

degrade pure napthalene, when the napthalene was 

the sole source of carbon and energy. 

Zakaria, M. P. ; et al . Oil pollution in the Straits of Malacca, 

Malaysia: Application of molecular markers for 

source identification . Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2000; 34 (7):1189-1196. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

This paper examines the utility of triterpanes as a 

biomarker compound, to identify the source of oil 

spills in the Straits of Malacca. Middle East crude 

oils, South East Asian crude oils, tarballs, sediments, 

and mussels were analyzed to determine the exact 

source of the spills . 

Zanardi, E. ; Bicego, M. C. ; Weber, R. R. Dissolved dispersed 

petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons in the Sao 

Sebastian Channel, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 (5) :410-413 . 

A monitoring program at Sao Sebastian Channel, Sao 

Paulo, Brazil, was conducted in terms of 

dissolved dispersed petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons 

(DDPAH) in water analyzed by fluorescence 

spectroscopy . The study was conducted to establish a 

baseline data for the area and verify the petroleum 

hydrocarbon influence from the oil terminal and other 

human activities over the channel. 

39 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

Zanardi, E. ; et al. Distribution and origin of hydrocarbons 

in water and sediment in Sao Sebastian, SP, 

Brazil . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 (4):261-

267. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Dissolved dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons 

(DDPH) found in surface water and bottom 

sediments samples taken from the Sao Sebastian 

Channel were influenced by anthropogentic 

activities . 

Zhang, Y. M. ; Maier, W. J. ; Miller, R. M. Effect of 

rhamnolipids on the dissolution, bioavailability 

and biodegradation of phenanthrene. 

Environmental Science & Technology. August 1997; 

31 (8) :2211-2217. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

A monorhamnolipid and a dirhamnolipid surfactant 

were tested, and both were found to increase the 

solubility and enhance the rate of Phenanthrene 

biodegradation . 

Zinjarde, S. S . ; Pant, A. ; Deshpande, M. V. Dimorphic 

transition in Yarrowia lipolytica isolated from oilpolluted sea water. Mycological Research . May 

1998; 102 (Part 5) :553-558 . ISSN: 0953-7562 . 

The yeast form of Y. lipolytica degraded the aliphatic 

fraction of crude oil and alkanes under aerobic 

conditions . 

Zylstra, G. J. ; Kim, E. Aromatic hydrocarbon degradation 

by Sphingomonas yanoikuyae B1 . Journal of 

Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 

November-December 1997; 19 (5/6):408-414. ISSN: 

0169-4146. 

40 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Albright, James N. ; Dreesen, Donald S. Microhole 

technology lowers reservoir exploration, 

characterization costs. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 

(2):39-41 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article examines some of the rationale, benefits, 

and sources of cost reduction for the new 

development of technology to drill small-diameter 

boreholes with micro-instrumentation, for both 

exploration and instrumentation access . 

Ali, Syed A. ; Henry, L. R. ; Darlington, J. W. ; Occapinti, J. 

New filtration process cuts contaminants from 

offshore produced water. Oil & Gas Journal. 

November 2, 1998 ; 96 (44) :73-78 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A two-part filtration process of Crudesorb technology 

and a polymeric resin has been shown to effectively 

reduce oil and grease in offshore-discharged water 

produced during offshore drilling . 

Ali, Syed A., et al. Offshore frac packs benefit from 

seawater-based borate fluid. Oil & Gas Journal. 

Sept . 28, 1998 ; 96 (39) :49-62 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Seawater-based frac fluids are replacing freshwater 

frac fluids in offshore drilling in high-permeability 

sands. Operators are installing more probes to 

monitor sand and erosion. 

Allen. J. Flow assurance-developing technology. Sea 

Technology. 1999 ; 40 (4) :25-31 . ISSN: 0093-3651. 

Deepwater offshore fields are being developed at 

increased stepout distances, which also create a 

challenge in cold-water environments. A new 

commercial fiber-optic temperature/pressure 

technique with new reservoir/well management 

methodology abets a flow-assurance procedure for 

deepwater production which is critical to the success 

and economic operations of the production system. 

An, Chang-Fa; Brown, H. M. ; Goodman, R. H. ; Clavelle, Eric . 

Animation of boom failure processes. Spill Science 

& Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4) :221-224. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

Images are obtained from a graphical output of 

numerical modelling using a computational fluid 

dynamics (CFD) program, Fluent, which is a useful 

tool for demonstrating oil-water flow around a boom 

and boom failure process. 

Anderson, Roger N. Oil production in the 21st century. 

Scientific American. March 1998 ; 278 (3) :86-91 . 

ISSN: 0036-8733. 

The article discusses four advances in locating and 

retrieving oil deposits : Tracking subterranean oil in 

4-D, Injecting liquid carbon dioxide to raise oil 

levels, directional drilling with sensors and deep 

water drilling . 

Barrau, J. Profile indicator helps predict pipeline holdup, 

slugging. Oil & Gas Journal. February 21, 2000; 98 

(8):58-62 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The pipeline Profile Indicator (PI) constitutes an 

additional engineering tool to be used from 

conceptual design to operational studies of 

multiphase pipelines. This technology has been 

developed quantitatively to characterize pipelines 

based on the propensity of their profiles to induce 

liquid holdup. 

Barsamian, Ara; Whitehead, Richard. Statistical method used 

to estimate refining tankage. Oil & Gas Journal. 

February 28, 2000; 98 (9):51-53 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

By using a statistical risk simulator program, 

estimation of needed storage capacity results in 

significant savings in capital expenditures for 

building new tanks and lines. It also increases the 

throughput of an existing facility by maximizing the 

efficiency of its use. 

Birkeland, Reidar; Lilleland, S. E. ; Johnsen, R. ; Braaten, N. A. 

Erosion monitoring manages sand production . Oil 

& Gas Journal. Sept . 28, 1998; 96 (39) :64-71 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

On-line sand monitoring systems can be mounted on 

subsea christrnas trees and help reduce damage to 

processing equipment due to sand intake . On-line 

sand monitoring systems can establish optimum flow 

rates with regards to tolerable sand production during 

initial well testing. 

Blomberg, E. ; Claeson, C. M. Oil spill clean-up technologies 

for rivers, ports and sheltered waters . Part I -

hydrodynamic circus . Spill Science & Technology. 

1997; 4 (1):45-53 . ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The article describes the circus, an oil spill control 

and recovery device suitable for use in fast flowing 

rivers and mobile sweep operations . The circus can 

be used as a stationary system in currents up to 4 

knots, and as a sweep system with jibs advancing at 3 

knots. 

Blondina, Gloria J., et al . A modified swirling flask efficacy 

test for oil spill dispersants. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (3):177-185. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

The state of California has modified the EPA's 

Swirling Flask Test procedure and implemented it as 

the standard method for evaluating dispersant 

effectiveness on petroleum products found in coastal 

waters . The modifications include the use of a closed 

test vessel, gas chromatography chemical analysis 

and correction for dispersant contribution . 

41 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Bodenhamer, Kevin C. ; Laguens, J. P. New gulf pipeline 

begins feeds to Louisiana processing. Oil & Gas 

Journal. Oct. 19, 1998 ; 96 (42) :73-78 . ISSN: 0030-

1388 . 

The Discovery pipeline, ranking as the deepest 30-

inch line in the gulf, brings wet gas from Gulf of 

Mexico producers' offshore Louisiana to processing 

and marketing onshore. 

Brown, Carl E., et al . Laser fluorosensor overflights of the 

Santa Barbara oil seeps. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4):227-230. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

The laser environmental airborne fluorosensor 

(LEAF) is able to discriminate between nonfluorescing, biogenic oils produced by kelp and 

fluorescing petroleum oils . 

Bouzige, M. ; Pichon, V. ; Hennion, M. C. On-line coupling of 

immunosorbent and liquid chromatographic 

analysis for the selective extraction and 

determination of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in water samples at the ng 1(-1) 

level. Journal of Chromatography A. October 9, 

1998; 823 (1/2):197-210. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

An immunoaffinity chromatography method was 

developed for selective extraction of PARs from 

water samples. 

Boyadjieff, George. Computers, automation, and offsite 

personnel to operate tomorrow's rigs . Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999; 97 (50) :46-58 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

As computers, automation, and offsite personnel 

become more prevalent in the 21st century for the 

operations of oilrigs, predictions for traditional 

support by humans will become less common. 

Brandvik, P. J. ; Daling, P. S. Optimizing oil spill dispersants 

as a function of oil type and weathering degree : a 

multivariate approach using partial least squares 

(PLS). Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory 

Systems. August 24, 1998; 42 (I/2 Sp. Iss.) :73-91 . 

ISSN: 0169-7439. 

Characterization of oil type and weathering degree by 

principal component analysis was used in the partial 

least squares algorithm to predict optimized 

dispersant composition. 

Brandvik, P. J. ; Daling, P. S . Optimization of oil spill 

dispersant composition by mixture design and 

response surface methods. Chemometrics and 

Intelligent Laboratory Systems. August 24, 1998; 42 

(1/2 Sp. Iss.) :63-72 . ISSN: 0169-7439. 

The combined use of mixture design and response 

surface methods was verified as an appropriate 

dispersant optimization technique. 

Brown, Carl E. ; Nelson, Robert D. ; Fingas, Mervin F. 

Recovery of the Irving Whale Oil Barge: 

overflights with the laser environmental airborne 

fluorosensor. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

1996; 3 (4):231-234. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Using the real-time laser environmental airborne 

fluorosensor to detect leaks during a barge recovery 

operation, radar operators were able to radio spill 

response personnel on the surface with the locations 

of the spills . 

Brown, H. M. ; Goodman, R. H. ; An, Chang-Fa; Bittner, J. 

Boom failure mechanisms: comparison of channel 

experiments with computer modelling results. 

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4):217-

220. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The computer simulated measurements of boom 

failure mechanisms compared very well with actual 

measurements taken from channel experiments. 

Bunting, U. ; Karlitschek, P. Mathematical model for 

optimum fiber optic probe design and 

characterization. Spectrochimica Acta Part A -

Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 

September 1998 ; 54 (10) :1369-1374. ISSN: 1386-

1425. 

A mathematical model for the optimization of a fiber 

optic probe is described and applied to an in situ fiber 

optic laser fluorometer for the detection of water 

pollution. 

Burns. R. F. World's deepest water drilling production 

platform. Sea Technology. 1999; 40 (1):19-23 . 

ISSN: 0093-3651. 

Exxon and BP Amoco, in co-development of the 

Hoover/Diana fields in the western Gulf of Mexico, 

will set a record for the deepest drilling and 

production platform with an associated subsea 

development. The Hoover/Diana project advances 

deepwater technology in design and installation of 

pipelines, risers, and mooring systems. 

Bye, C. M. ; Dold, P. L. Evaluation of correlations for zone 

settling velocity parameters based on sludge 

volume index-type measures and consequences in 

settling tank design. Water Environment Research . 

1999; 71 (7):1333-1344 . ISSN: 1061-4303 . 

Cadei, J. Composites for the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry -

Design and Application. MSP. Manunsell, Kent, UK: 

Professional Engineering Publishing Limited; 1999; 

101 p. ISBN: 1-860-58229-X. 

As offshore production installation evolved toward 

unmanned systems and deeper water fields, the 

consequential benefits of reduced weight and low 

maintenance are becoming more significant. This 

paper offers a brief overview of a method to design 

primary structures in composite materials for the 

offshore oil and gas industry . 

42 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Corbett, S. ; Rayson, Martin. Global positioning technologies 

provide essential exploration tool. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999; 97 (26) :54-58 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

GPS satellite systems and derivatives provide the oil 

and gas industry with a host of applications that are 

essential to exploration and production . For the oil 

and gas industry the Differential Global Positioning 

System (DGPS) is primarily used for the horizontal 

positional precision capability, which is 95% accurate 

in positing a drilling rig. 

Crawford, W. R., et al . Current predictions for oil spill 

models. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 1996 ; 3 

(4):235-239. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The researchers developed and applied a background 

data set of surface currents and wind responses to be 

used with oil spill software programs . 

Daidola, J. C. ; Reyling, Christopher J. ; Ameer, Paul G. Oil 

outflow estimates for tankers and barges. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (2):89-98 . 

ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Pre-1vIARPOL, IVIARPOL'73, and IvIARPOL'73/'78 

were the three baseline tanker types used in this 

experiment. Four tanker sizes, and various pollution 

control measures, were tested . 

Davidson, B. M., et al . Study offshore Trinidad determines 

frac-pack effectiveness. Oil & Gas Journal. Sept . 7, 

1998; 96 (36) :100-110. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

It was determined that frac-packing was not the cause 

of low yields from Trinidad's Soldado field. 

Derkach, D. N. ; Drutik, N. E. High-torque gear reducer 

expands turbodrill capabilities . Oil & Gas Journal. 

1999; 97 (27) :53-62 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

New developments in turbodrill application aided by 

high-torque gear reducers, provide a reliable sealing 

system that can be upgraded to meet the requirements 

for modem drilling equipment and technological 

advances. 

Development of a method for the evaluation of fireresistant oil spill containment boom. Journal of 

Research of the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology. January-February 1998 ; 103 (1):122 . 

ISSN: 1044-677X. 

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology have designed a wave tank capable of 

evaluating the performance of 15 m sections of 

booms under fire during high waves. The tank can 

produce 03 m waves and has a 5 m fire diameter. 

Dimov, N. ; Pavlova, A. Traceability from weathered oil 

spills in the marine environment to the original 

contamination source. A case study. Journal of 

Environmental Monitoring. 2000; 2 (3):266-270. 

ISSN: 1464-0325 . 

Douligeris, C., et al . Development of a national marine oil 

transportation system model. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (2):113-121 . ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

This high-level strategic decision-malting tool will be 

used to identify causes of oil spills and prioritize oil 

pollution. 

Dynamic positioning, compact power system create new 

life for semi submersible. Oil & Gas Journal. Oct. 

5, 1998; 96 (40) :60-61 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Noble Drilling Corp. has a newly redesigned semi 

submersible, called the Paul Wolf£ It is scheduled to 

depart from Port Sabine, TX this fall to the Campos 

basin in the South Atlantic . 

Edwards, John, et al . Geosteering techniques avoid 

production completions. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 

97 (47) :43-48 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

A combination of innovative geosteering techniques, 

aided by state-of-the-art logging-while-drilling 

(LWD) technologies, will provide an alternative 

method for collision avoidance with existing 

wellbores. 

Eiber, Bob, et al . Full-scale tests confirm pipe toughness for 

North American pipeline . Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 

97 (45) :48-54. ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Full-scale burst tests performed on line pipe typical 

of pipe being installed on the Canadian-US Alliance 

project have validated fracture control for the 

pipeline system . Tests demonstrated that under 

typical worst-case operating conditions, fractures that 

occur would quickly arrest . 

Elskens, Frank. Environmental impacts on dredging 

technologies . Sea Technology. 1999; 40 (9):53-58 . 

ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

Pressure is on to ensure that the removal and disposal 

of all dredged material adheres to the strictest 

standards in environmental dredging. In recent years 

contractors have developed new tools for 

environmental dredging and handling of 

contaminated sediments from harbor bottom, and 

channels. 

Engelhardt, F. R. Remote sensing for oil spill detection and 

response . Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1999 ; 71 

(1) :103-111 . ISSN: 0033-4545. 

Satellite remote sensing in spill response provides 

essential information to enhance strategic and tactical 

decision-making. Growing recognition for the use of 

aircraft remote sensing platforms to aid cleanup 

response efforts can mitigate the effects of oil on the 

environment, as well as reduce cleanup costs. 

43 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Eoff, L. ; Griffith, J. Acrylate monomer solution stops 

artesian water, geopressured sand flows. Oil & 

Gas Journal. November 2, 1998 ; 96 (44) :89-91 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The acrylate monomer solution is pumped into wells 

as a thin liquid, but it gels into an impermeable 

barrier effective in temperatures from 50 to 200° F. 

Gaddy, Dean E. Equipment upgrades minimize drillstring 

fluid losses. Oil & Gas Journal. August 2, 1999 ; 97 

(31) :59-61 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Mud-bucket/spill-tray assemblies, vacuum systems, 

integrated rig-floor troughs, and splashguard 

equipment upgrades are successfully reducing 

drilling-fluid losses during pipe-handling operations . 

Exxon sets drilling record . Ocean News & Technology. 

2000; 6 (1):20. ISSN: 1082-6106. 

Exxon has set a world record for extended-reach 

drilling at its Sacate Field, offshore California . The 

well reaches water depths greater than 700 feet, and 

is the longest extended reach documented in any 

depth in US offshore waters . 

Fingas, M. F. ; Brown, C. E. Review of oil spill remote 

sensing. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

December 1997; 4 (4):199-208. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Active and passive airborne and space-borne sensors 

are reviewed and evaluated according to their 

usefulness in responding to oil spills . Examples of 

recent developments are given. 

Fingas, Merv. ; Fieldhouse, Ben; Mullin, Joseph V. Studies of 

water-in-oil emulsions: stability studies. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4):189-190. 

ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Emulsions made from crude oil and water has 

different stabilities based on asphalting content. 

Fingas, Merv. The evaporation of oil spills : prediction of 

equations using distillation data. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4) :191-192. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

Of the 19 oils tested, diesel fuel, FCC Heavy Cycle 

and Bunker C light oils were the only three that did 

not follow logarithmic evaporation curves . 

Gaaseidnes, K. ; Turbeville, J. Separation of oil and water in 

oil spill recovery operations . Pure and Applied 

Chemistry. 1999; 71 (1):95-101 . ISSN: 0033-4545. 

Separation of water from oil that is collected in any 

spill recovery operation and the effects of weathering 

and emulsion generation which increase the problems 

normally associated with water extraction, is 

addressed in this paper. Separation theory, practical 

separation technology and recommendations for the 

future direction of research and development are 

presented. 

Gaddy, D. E. Next-generation drilling equipment pushes 

back water depth barrier. Oil & Gas Journal. 

March 2, 1998; 96 (9):74-78 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

With the 21 newly built floating rigs under 

construction, the capability for water-depth drilling 

will exceed 7,500 ft. The rigs are equipped with 

heavy-duty draw works, top drives, rotary tables and 

mud pumps. 

Gaddy, Dean E. DP drillships target deepwater operations . 

Oil & Gas Journal. August 23, 1999; 97 (34) :70-79 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Dynamic positioning (DP) is the new state of the art 

technology for drillships used in deepwater 

operations . Oil companies are choosing DP 

technology that combines computer-positioning 

sensors and telecommunication technologies as a 

means of station keeping. 

Gaddy, Dean. Coiled-tubing drilling technologies target 

niche markets. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (2) :29-

34. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Coiled-tubing drilling (CTD) has been successfully 

used to access hard-to reach, overlooked, and 

depleted reservoirs from existing wellbores . Much of 

this work involves sidetrack, slim-hole, under 

balanced, and through-tubing applications that 

provide distinct economic and operational advantages 

over conventional methods . This article provides 

information on current applications and prior 

developments, shedding light on the various rig 

types, markets, myths, and problems that may be 

encountered while working with coiled-tubing 

drilling . 

Galt, J. A. The integration of trajectory models and 

analysis into spill response information systems. 

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (2):123-

129 . ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

No single trajectory model can account for the 

uncertainties encountered in any spill, therefore this 

researcher proposes using a series of models to 

compliment one another. 

Garcia-Martinez, R. ; Flores-Tovar, H. Computer modelling 

of oil spill trajectories with a high accuracy 

method. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 2000; 

5 (5/6)323-330 . ISSN: 1353-2561. 

A high accuracy numerical method to model oil spill 

trajectories using a particle-tracking algorithm is 

proposed in this paper. 

Gilchrist, R. T., Jr . Here are design procedures for 

installing deepwater PLEM. Oil & Gas Journal. 

November 2, 1998; 96 (44) :63-71 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Due to high deepwater pipe tensions and the need for 

remote installations, pipeline-end manifolds (PLEMs) 

must be models of design and installation simplicity . 

44 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Global sets pipelay record . Ocean News & Technology. 

2000; 6 (1):20. ISSN: 1082-6106. 

Global Industries, Ltd, Mexican subsidiary, used an 

automatic welding system to install the Atasta 

pipeline . This welding substitute drives welding units 

around pipe joints to make high quality welds. By 

utilizing this automatic welding unit, Global achieved 

a record of pipelay production of 210 pipe joints in 

one day. 

Goodman, R. H. ; Brown, H. M. ; An, Chang-Fa; Rowe, 

Richard D. Dynamic modelling of oil boom failure 

using computational fluid dynamics. Spill Science 

& Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4):213-216. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

Fluent, a commercial computational fluid dynamics 

program was used to model oil-water flow around a 

boom. The results indicated that boom performance 

tests should be conducted using oil on the water, as 

oil changes the flow patterns around booms . 

Grierson, I . T. Use of airborne thermal imagery to detect 

and monitor inshore oil spill residues during 

darkness hours. Environmental Management . 

November-December 1998 ; 22 (6) :905-912. ISSN: 

0364-152X. 

An airborne video system operating in visible, near 

infrared, and thermal wavelengths was tested for 

detecting oil spills under nighttime conditions. The 

thermal imagery proved to be the most successful, 

and it was suggested that a tracking buoy be used to 

locate the spill . "The airborne imagery can then be 

used for more quantitative measurements . 

Hands, N. ; Kowbel, K. ; Maikranz, S . ; Nouris, R. Drill-in fluid 

reduces formation damage, increases production 

rates. Oil & Gas Journal. July 13, 1998; 96 (28) :65-

69. ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Production rates were nearly double the predicted 

rates for the subhorizontal development well treated 

with sodium formate drill-in fluid system. 

Hanna, I . S. ; Abukhamsin, S . A. Plant design allows drillers 

to reuse and recycle OBM. Oil & Gas Journal. June 

15, 1998; 96 (24) :71-76 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Oil-based mud facilities that recycle drilling fluids 

and allow drillers to reuse them are described. 

Haugen, J. Rotary steerable system replaces slide mode for 

directional drilling applications . Oil & Gas Journal. 

March 2, 1998 ; 96 (9) :65-71 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

With the aid of a downhole computer, the rotary 

steerable system combines drilling efficiency with 

bent-housing motor course control. The new system 

also uses logging-while-drilling sensors located close 

to the drill bit. 

Heerema, E. P. Major deepwater pipelay vessel starts work 

in North Sea. Oil & Gas Journal. May 4, 1998; 96 

(18) :78-88 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Solitaire, a dynamically positioned pipelay vessel of 

about 350 m including stinger, can lay very large 

diameter pipe at a very high rate (6 km/day). 

Hodgins, D. O. ; Salvador, S . S. ; Tinis, S . E. ; Nazarenko, D. 

Radarsat SAR for oil spill response . Spill Science 

& Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4):241-246. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

SAR can be used to monitor oil spill distributions 

when the sea surface is calm enough to be 

differentially damped by the oils . Oil thickness can 

also be determined using SAR. 

Hogg, Rudy S. Storage-tank leak detection improved with 

cable-sensor system . Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 

(2) :46-52 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Cable-sensor systems improve leak detection from 

their above ground storage tanks. This simple 

operation provides good repeatability, because each 

of the two or more flasher units at each tank is a 

stand-alone leak-detection system. 

Intervention mast speeds well logging in North Sea. Oil & 

Gas Journal. February 28, 2000; 98 (9):54. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

A new innovative, self-contained and self-supporting 

unit, called the Mast, designed by the PSL Group, 

Aberdeen, minimizes the time to switch from coiled 

tubing to wireline logging. The Mast provides limited 

support from platform cranes and allows good 

maneuverability and positioning of the coiled-tubing 

injector. Coiled tubing is capable of handling both 

real tune and memory logging tools. 

Jian, W. ; et al . Removal of oil pollutants in seawater as 

pretreatment for reverse osmosis desalination 

process. Water Research . 1999; 33 (8) :1857-1863 . 

ISSN: 0043-1354 . 

Pretreatment of reverse osmosis desolation processes 

are used to investigate the behavior of soluble oil 

components in seawater and for removal of 

weathered oil contaminates in seawater . 

Jones, B. ; Mitchelson Jacob, E. G. On the interpretation of 

SAR imagery from the Sea Empress oil spill. 

International Journal of Remote Sensing. March 10, 

1998 ; 19 (4) :789-795 . ISSN: 0143-1161 . 

A modelling technique for filtering out radar 

backscatter due to surface waves was discussed. 

Jovancicevic, B. ; Polic, P. N-alkanes as a tool for 

estimation of the biodegradation of oil-type 

pollutants in alluvial sediments (Danube, 

Yugoslavia). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin . 

2000; 9 (3/4):232-237 . ISSN: 1018-4619 . 45 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Karafyllidis, I. A model for the prediction of oil slick 

movement and spreading using cellular automata. 

Environment International. November-December 

1997; 23 (6):839-850. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Karstad, Eirik; Aadnoy, B. S. Temperature model provides 

information for well control. Oil & Gas Journal. 

Sept . 14, 1998 ; 96 (37) :76-84 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A model is given for deriving exact temperature 

information from wells during drilling to aid in 

predicting actual bottom-hole pressures. 

Kenawy, Farouk; Ellaithy, Wael F. Cost, lay method major 

factors in subsea coiled-tubing pipeline . Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999 ; 97 (44):83-90. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Coiled tubing has been used in the oil and gas 

industry, primarily in well-servicing work. However, 

reeled steel pipe can be traced to applications during 

World War II . Since the mid-1960s, progressive 

developments in material capability and fieldhandling equipment have resulted in significant 

growth for the downhole coiled-tubing industry . 

Companies that have used this technology, and have 

considered or tried several installation methods, find 

an economic gain when compared to traditional 

methods. 

Knott, David. Spray-on cure for corrosion headache. Oil & 

Gas Journal. November 9, 1998 ; 96 (45) :43 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Enviropeel, produced for 30 years by Alocit, Ltd. of 

the U.K., is a thermoplastic polymer containing a 

corrosion inhibitor used to coat flanges, pipe work 

and machinery. Recent technological advances have 

made it possible to heat and apply Enviropeel in the 

field. 

Knott, David. Deep-sea mooring test successful. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999 ; 97 (46) :38-40. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A project sponsored by five major Gulf of Mexico 

operators has demonstrated a new ultra-deepwater 

mooring system for mobile drilling units. The new 

technology's components are expected to allow 

drilling units to be moored in water as deep as 10,000 

ft . 

Kronfeldt, Heinz-Detlef; Schmidt, Heinar. Submersible fiberoptic sensor system for coastal monitoring . Sea 

Technology. November 1999; 40 (11) :51-55 . 

A European collaboration project SOFIE, and it's 

innovative design of sensors, enable in-situ detection 

of selected pollutants, and salinity at trace levels in 

complex matrices . 

Lee, C. M. ; Kang, K. H. ; Cho, N. S. Trapping of leaked oil 

with tandem oil fences with Lagrangian analysis 

of oil droplet motion. Transactions - ASME: Journal 

of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. 1998; 

120 (1):50-55 . ISSN: 0892-7219. 

Mathematical modelling was used to predict the 

effectiveness of tandem oil fences . Experimental 

models using paraffin and kerosene in the place of oil 

were also run. The models show that most of the 

leaked oil can be contained within the fences as long 

as the distance between the fences is approximately 

10 times the draft of the fore fence. 

Lee, Kenneth; Weise, Andrea M. ; St-Pierre, Sylvie . Enhanced 

oil biodegradation with mineral fine interaction. 

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4):263-

267. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Laboratory shaker-flask experiments showed that the 

interaction of oil and mineral fine stimulated 

microbial degradation of oil. 

Lehr, William J. Modelling the benzene inhalation hazard 

from spilled oil. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4):199-202. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Evaporation models were combined with an air 

dispersion model to provide estimates of benzene 

evaporation from freshly spilled oil. 

Li, Z-W. ; Mead, C. T. ; Zhang, S.-S. Modelling of the 

behavior of marine oil spills : applications based 

on random walk techniques. Journal of 

Environmental Sciences. 2000; 12 (1) :1-6 . 

Liukkonen, S. ; Rytkonen, J. ; Alhimenko, A. ; Kniazeva, E. On 

the adhesion of oil and ice. Oceanographic 

Literature Review. May 1998; 45 (5):823 . ISSN: 

0967-0653 . 

Diesel fuel and fresh and artificially pre-altered North 

Sea Brent crude oil were tested on ice in air and 

under ice in water. Static and dynamic friction 

between oil and ice was indicated by inclination 

angle measurements . 

Lonin, Serguei, A. Lagrangian model for oil spill diffusion 

at sea. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 2000; 5 

(5/6):331-336. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Both the Euleurian and Lagrangian descriptions are 

used to determine pollutant dynamics in continuous 

media. A mathematical description of the vertical 

movement of an oil droplet in the ocean is proposed 

based on the Langeven equation . Analytical test 

results are presented. 

46 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Lu, J. ; Lim, H. ; Liew, S. C. Oil pollution statistics in 

Southeast Asian waters compiled from ERS SAR 

imagery. Earth Observation Quarterly. 1999; 61 ;13-

17 . 

A spatial distribution map of ocean oil pollution in 

Southeast Asian waters has been compiled after 

analyzing 2530 intermediate resolution ERA SAR 

quick look images . The results will help in locating 

potentially vulnerable areas, and serve as a reference 

in future ocean oil spill monitoring campaigns. 

Miller, N. J. ; Mudge, S. M. The effect of biodiesel on the 

rate of removal and weathering characteristics of 

crude oil within artificial sand columns. Spill 

Science & Technology. 1997; 4 (1) :7-33 . ISSN: 1353-

2561 . 

The removal of weathering characteristics of crude 

oil within artificial sand columns are thoroughly 

investigated using GC/MS techniques . This study 

focuses on the use of biodiesel (rape seed oil methyl 

ester), a relatively low toxicity compound and its 

effects on weathered and un-weathered crude oil. 

Marsh, G. Oil recovery-DIP method makes headway. 

Oceanographic Literature Review. 1998 ; 45 (5):828 . 

ISSN: 0967-0653 . 

Over 200 dynamic inclined plane (DIP) oil recovery 

systems are in use on oil recovery vessels worldwide. 

The DIP was designed by JBF Environmental 

Systems. 

May, R. ; Schroder, P. ; Sandermann, H. Ex-situ process for 

treating PAH-contaminated soil with 

Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Environmental 

Science & Technology. September 1997; 31 (9):2626-

2633 . ISSN: 0013-936X. 

An experimental reactor system with separate soil 

extraction and fungal incubation units was 

constructed and tested. Biodegradation rates were 

favorable enough to consider up-scaling the system. 

McBarnet, A. A new sense of gravity for offshore 

exploration. Offshore Engineer . February 1999; 

2 ;17-19 . 

This article outlines the history and development of 

3D full tensor gradient (FTG) technology and its 

potential and applications for oil and gas exploration. 

Mearns, A. J. Oil spill treating agents : Present knowledge 

and toxicity testing needs. Microscale Testing in 

Aquatic Toxicology : Advances, Techniques, and 

Practices. CRC Press Inc; 1998; 575-590. ; ISBN: 0-

8493-2626-5 . 

Michel, J. ; Hayes, M. O. Weathering patterns of oil residues 

eight years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 1999 ; 38 (10) :855-863 . ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

The objective of this study was to sample persistent 

oil residues, not characterize the overall rate of oil 

removal. Samples were collected at the same 

locations on the beach face over time, but at varying 

depths depending on visual observations of where the 

heaviest oil occurred. Oil residues in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska range from moderately to extremely 

weathered, eight years following the Exxon Yaldez 

spill. 

Milligan, T. G. ; Hill, P. S. A laboratory assessment of the 

relative importance of turbulence, particle 

composition, and concentration in limiting 

maximal floc size and settling behavior . Journal of 

Sea Research . June 1998 ; 39 (3/4):227-241 . ISSN: 

1385-1101 . 

Floc size and settling velocity were shown to be 

significantly dependant on turbulence and type of 

suspended material after a 20-hour test cycle. 

Concentration did not appear to control floc size and 

settling velocity . 

Mighty Servant 1 delivers Brazilian semi submersible. Oil 

& Gas Journal. February 28, 2000; 98 (9):54. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Recently, Dockwise's Mighty Servant 1 (MS 1) set a 

transport weight record for a semi submersible heavy 

transport ship . The vessel delivered the 32,767-ton 

semi submersible production unit Petrobras 36 from 

Canada to Rio de Janeiro. Mighty Servant 1, with a 

deadweight capacity of 45,402 tons and the ability to 

submerge up to 14 m above deck, is the only vessel 

in the world capable of loading and carrying unit 

loads of this type . 

Moritis, Guntis. Complex well geometries boost Orinoco 

heavy oil producing rates. Oil & Gas Journal. 

February 28, 2000; 98 (9) :42-46 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Petrozuata's heavy oil project in the Orinoco belt, 

Venezuela, is estimated to contain 1 .2 trillion bbl of 

heavy and extra-heavy crude in place. The 

completion of the complex multilateral well for the 

recovery of the oil will accelerate the production rate 

for recovery of the oil. 

Moritis, Guntis . Emerging technologies to boost 

hydrocarbon production efficiency. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999; 97 (50) :63-66 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Using new technologies for accelerated production, 

and extracting hydrocarbons, the Downhole Flow 

Control device directs production from different 

downhole intervals to allow through-tubing 

intervention . This method adds improved, more costeffective methods for recovering sufficient 

hydrocarbons to meet projected increased demands. 

47 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Moritis, Guntis. Options to produce deepwater oil, gas to 

proliferate. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 (50) :69-74 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Various subsea and floating production concepts 

offer a number of choices for implementing an 

economically viable project. Downhole development 

economics can be improved by increasing the 

production per well with such technology 

applications as multilateral wells, smart completions, 

and other technologies that are also being designed 

for non-deepwater environments. 

Moritis, Guntis. Massive oil resource to be targeted by new 

FOR techniques. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999 ; 97 

(50) :75-78 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Mature U.S . oil fields, as well as huge Middle East 

oil fields, are predicted to experience steep 

production declines in the next millennium, and are 

the target for the use of FOR techniques . Significant 

oil can be recovered with this technically proven 

enhanced oil recovery technique, but economics still 

inhibit these methods from being widely 

implemented. 

Mooring world record . Ocean News. 1999; 5 (5):23 . ISSN: 

1082-6106. 

Aker Marine Contractors (AMC) Inc. has recently set 

a new world water depth record for conventionally 

moored drilling rigs using onboard mooring systems. 

AMC secured the Diamond offshore drilling rig by 

using the rig's eight-drag embedment, high holding 

power anchors in water depths to 5,800 feet . 

Mullin, J. V. ; Lane, J. Ohmsett: The nation's oil spill 

response test facility . Sea Technology. April 1998 ; 

39 (4) :57-61 . ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

Located on the Naval Weapons Station in Leonardo, 

New Jersey, Ohmsett is the world's largest tow/wave 

tank facility designed to be used in the testing of oil 

and hazardous material spills . The facility tests 

monitoring, clean up and detection equipment. 

Munro, P.D ., et al . Solid-phase test for comparison of 

degradation rates of synthetic mud base fluids 

used in the off-shore drilling industry. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. October 

1998 ; 17 (10) :1951-1959. ISSN: 0730-7268 . 

Neff, Jerry M. ; Ostazeski, S. ; Gardiner, W. ; Stejskal, Iva. 

Effects of weathering on the toxicity of three 

offshore Australian crude oils and a diesel fuel to 

marine animals. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2000; 19 (7):1809-1821. ISSN: 0730-

7268 . 

Three Australian Northwest shelf crude oils and an 

Australian diesel fuel were examined for their 

weathering properties and chemical composition, to 

determine the toxicity effects on water column 

organisms near the surface slick within a few hours to 

a day after a spill. 

Neff, Jerry M. ; Ostazeski, Stanley A. ; Stejskal, Iva. The 

weathering properties of four unique crude oils 

from Australia. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin . 1996; 3 (4):203-205. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Laboratory weathering experiments of four crude oils 

showed that the oils have very different compositions 

and exhibit a wide range of physical and chemical 

properties . 

New floating disk skimmer recovers oil. Oil & Gas Journal. 

August 23, 1999; 97 (34) :85 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The new high efficiency skimmer, RO-DISC, is for 

inland waters, and process applications such as 

separators and tanks. Oil is recovered from the water 

surface as it adheres to the disk surface. The skimmer 

offers efficiency rates up to 99%. 

Nenkov, N. D. ; Bednarz, Stanislaw; Nedyalkov, P. V. Wire 

line retrieval coring technology shows promise. Oil 

& Gas Journal. August 2, 1999; 97 (31) :62-64 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Incorporating wire line retrievable coring technology 

with slim-hole drilling operations is important for 

remote, difficult, and ecologically vulnerable regions. 

This new technique minimizes environmental 

damage by reducing drilling wastes and can be used 

with less expensive mining exploration rigs or high 

technology, automated slim-hole drilling rigs . 

Nicodem, David E., et al . Photochemical processes and the 

environmental impact of petroleum spills . 

Biogeochemistry. 1997; 39 (2):121-138 . ISSN: 0168-

2563 . 

This article is a review of the process of 

biodegradation and its interaction with photochemical 

treatment. The review emphasizes processes of 

emulsification, water solubility, and toxicity . 

Nielsen, Rod A., et al . Deepwater production drives design 

of new gulf gas plant. Oil & Gas Journal. March 16, 

1998 ; 96 (11) :87-90 . ISSN: 0003-1388 . 

The Destin pipeline and the Pascagoula gasprocessing plant are being built to handle the 

successful deepwater, eastern Gulf of Mexico gas 

production . 

Nwokoma, M. Nigeria's Escravos gas project starts up. Oil 

& Gas Journal. April 20, 1998; 96 (16) :78-84 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Chevron Nigeria Ltd. and Nigerian National 

Petroleum Corp. began processing gas in November 

1997 in Escravos. The gas plants are described. 

48 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Oebius, Horst U. Physical properties and processes that 

influence the clean up of oil spills in the marine 

environment. Spill Science & Technology. 1999; 5 

(3/4):177-289. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The material featured in this special issue of Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin was initially prepared 

and published in German, as a technical report . This 

review addresses the fundamentals and physical 

properties that govern the control of spilled liquid 

chemicals in water, particularly with respect to oil. 

Offshore service companies prepare development concepts 

for W. Africa's deepwater fords. Oil & Gas 

Journal. January 18, 1999; 97 (3) :39-44 . ISSN: 0030-

1388 . 

Four flow enhancement methods were considered to 

optimize output from the West African Deepwater 

wells. 

Osadchy, V. U. ; Shifrin, K. S. ; Gurevich, I. Y. The airborne 

identification of oil films at the Caspian Sea 

surface using COZ lidar. Oceanologica Acta. 1999; 

22 (1):51-56 . ISSN: 0399-1784 . 

A series of tests were conducted over the Caspian Sea 

from an aircraft carrying a COz laser sensor . This 

method was used to estimate the contribution of 

reflectivity of seawater and oil films on seawater, and 

the damping effect by the oil film on the sea waves. 

The spectral behavior of the contrast and its 

relationship with the film thinckness was calculated 

fro an undisturbed sea surface. 

Oyeneyin, M. Babs. Sand, gravel properties key to 

optimum designs. Oil & Gas Journal. January 26, 

1998 ; 96 (4):84-87 . ISSN: 0300-1388 . 

The first article in a three part series covers key 

factors that influence effective sand control. 

Oil and debris recovery technology for ports, rivers and 

sheltered coastal waters. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (4):267 . ISSN: 1353-

2561 . 

The new design of a twin-circus 8-meter oil and 

debris recovery catamaran allows for faster, more 

effective recovery sweeps and high maneuverability. 

Oil spills : mechanical or chemical combatting? 

Oceanographic Literature Review. 1998 ; 45 (5): 828 . 

ISSN: 0967-0653. 

The article reviews the European and U.S . preferred 

mechanical and chemical methods for combatting oil 

spills . 

Oil slicks in a roll . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 2000; 40 

(5) :363 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

"Hydrogel" developed by scientists at the University 

of Bradford, UK, is made up almost entirely of water 

but is one thousand times stronger than other gels of 

similar design. A molecular cross which links two 

separate polymers makes it much stronger, existing 

halfway between a liquid and a solid. The hydrogel is 

sprayed onto the oil spill, and once it has thickened, it 

is rolled up and removed. 

Oradovskii, S. G. ; et al. Calculation of petroleum product 

transport from emission sources in the Gulf of 

Taganrog of the Sea of Azov. Russian Meteorology 

and Hydrology. 1999; 5:49-59 . ISSN: 1068-3739. 

Orbell, J. D., et al. Oil spill remediation using magnetic 

particles - An experiment in environmental 

technology. Journal of Chemical Education. 

December 1997; 74 (12) :1446-1448. ISSN: 0021-

9584 . 

Students ran an experiment using steel 'isoshot' 

pellets coated with an oil-absorbing polymer 

(polyethylene or polyvinylchloride) to soak up spilled 

oil. The beads may also be recycled and the oil 

reclaimed. 

Page, C. A. Behavior of chemically dispersed oil and whole 

oil on a near-shore environment. Water Research . 

2000; 34 (9):2507-2516. ISSN: 0043-1354 . 

Experiments were conducted in wave tanks to 

simulate oil spills in a surf-zone environment. The 

behavior of whole oil and dispersed oil were 

analyzed over a 10-day period, as were sediments and 

the water column. 49% of whole oil sorbed to 

sediments and other surfaces, while virtually no 

sorbtion occurred in the chemically dispersed oil 

tank . The chemical dispersant was effective in 

eliminating the build-up of oil residue in the beach 

substrate. 

Parascin, D. Welding enclosure eliminates platform shut-in. 

Oil & Gas Journal. May 4, 1998; 96 (18) :90-92 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

A self-contained welding habitat allows welding to 

occur in well bays on offshore platforms without 

shutting off all other wells. 

Partidas, Carmen J. ; Trebbau, Gariela; Smith, Thomas L. 

Microbes aid heavy oil recovery in Venezuela. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 1998 ; 96 (24) :62-64 . ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Microbial treatments in Lake Maracaibo included 

Para-Bac/S, Ben-Bac and Corroso-Bac. Overall, the 

treated reservoirs showed oil production increases 

from 50-200%. 

Payne, John W. First fiber optic cable system in the Gulf of 

Mezio. Sea Technology. 1999; 40 (9):59-65 . ISSN: 

0093-3651 . 

A fiber optic cable system called the FiberWeb, is 

currently being installed by Petroleum 

Communications Inc., (PetroComg), in the Gulf of 

Mexico. The use of Fiber Web's advanced 

technology promises to revolutionize the engineering 

of future offshore oil platforms and will provide a 

number of enhanced services that will transform how 

work is performed offshore . 

49 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Payne, M. L. ; Sathuvalli, R. B. Pipe-collapse issues provide 

economic opportunities. Oil & Gas Journal. 

February 21, 2000; 98 (8):38-46 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

This report reassesses the well economics and 

operations of conventional design methodology used 

in drilling casing design . 

PDVSA modernizes controls at the Jusepin oil production 

complex. Oil & Gas Journal. February 21, 2000; 98 

(8):63-67 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Petroleos de Venezuela S. A., is upgrading its Jusepin 

production complex serving the Furrial oil field, east 

of Caracas, to automatic controls . This integrated 

automation technology will replace electronically 

monitored local pneumatic instruments. 

PetroCom enhances product portfolio. Sea Technology. 

2000; 41 (1) :84. ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

The first-ever voice paging service to the offshore oil 

and gas industry is being provided by Petroleum 

Communications Inc. (PetroCom), Houston, Texas. 

The paging system will allow users to receive voice 

messages from a small handset, comparable in size to 

a pager. PetroCom is currently building FiberWebs"', 

the first fiber-optic cable network in the Gulf of 

Mexico and on land from Houston to New Orleans. 

This advanced technology will provide offshore oil 

production platforms with the infrastructure for highvolume, high-speed voice, data, and video 

capabilities . 

Petrobras sets milestone. Ocean News & Technology. 2000; 

6 (1):20. ISSN: 1082-6106. 

The deepwater drillship Peregrine 4, owned by R&B 

Falcon, and operating for Petrobras offshore Brazil, 

used a state-of-the-art Multiplexed Drilling Control 

System to establish an ultra-deepwater well in 9,111 

feet of water. 

Petzet, G. Alan. Chevron starts U.S. Gulfs first lower 

cretaceous flow. Oil & Gas Journal. 1998; 96 

(24) :85-86 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Chevron's Mobile 991 No. 1 well will begin the 

company's production of gas from lower cretaceous 

rocks in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Pipeline spill drill tests industry's response capability . Oil 

& Gas Journal. August 18, 1997; 95 (33) :22. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

An emergency-response oil spill drill was staged in 

the Houston Ship Channel in August 1997. Three 

government agencies and people from nine major oil 

companies participated in the drill. 

Rasheed, Wajid. ; Jones, Mike. ; Betts, Mick. Underreaming 

technologies provide array of applications . Oil & 

Gas Journal. February 21, 2000; 98 (8):47-52 . ISSN: 

0030-1388 . 

Undeneaming is a new application for deepwater 

drilling . This technology differs from bicenter bits in 

that it features a two-piece design, allowing for 

greater flexibility in pilot bit selection. Directional 

control is conducted through a steerable motor. 

Underreaming can provide significant time and cost 

savings. 

Rayson, M. Oil companies underscore importance of 

geodetic positioning. Oil & Gas Journal. July 6, 

1998 ; 96 (27) :72-79 . ISSN: 0300-1388. 

Recent field examples are given detailing geodetic 

problems along with step-by-step directions for 

correcting the drilling mishaps. 

Riazi, M. R. ; Edalat, M. Prediction of the rate of oil removal 

from seawater by evaporation and dissolation. 

Oceanographic Literature Review. September 1997; 

44 (9):1049. ISSN: 0967-0653. 

This paper reports on the methods used to determine 

the effects of temperature and salt concentration on 

the rate of oil vaporization and dissolution for an oil 

spill floating on the surface. 

Ridout, P. Oil out of the blue. Sea Technology. 1999 ; 40 

(4):37-39. ISSN: 00993-3651 . 

This article describes the challenges of deepwater 

engineering for the oil industry . Structures that sit on 

the seabed in deep-water sites must withstand height 

pressures and low temperatures and prohibit the 

ingress of seawater or the escape of oil, thereby 

increasing the demands of long-term reliability of 

equipment. 

ROS wellhead system . Ocean News & Technology. 2000; 6 

(1):20. ISSN: 1082-6106. 

A deepwater wellhead inspection system will be 

installed on Petrobras' Peregrine 23 deepwater 

drilling vessels. The stainless steel system is rated to 

3,000 meters, consist of two color zoom cameras, two 

HID lights, and two pan & tilt units. The system is 

operated by a single subsea control bottle and 

connected with stainless steel armored PBOF cables 

and connectors to Cameron Controls MLTX. The 

systems' telemetry and video will be transmitted via 

fiber optics ; position feedback will allow the system 

to work on most major topside camera networks . 

Rahman, A. R. A. ; Al-Thani, N. H. ; Ishikura, M. ; Kikkawa, Y. 

First LNG from North field overcomes feed, startup problems. Oil & Gas Journal. Aug. 24, 1998; 96 

(34) :41-47 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The article discusses the landmark achievements for 

the Qatar Gas LNG in the North field. 

50 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Sanni, S. ; Oysaed, K. B. ; Hoivangli, V. ; Gaudebert B. A 

continuous flow system (CFS) for chronic 

exposure of aquatic organisms. Marine 

Environmental Research . 1998 ; 46 (1/5):97-101 . 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

This paper details a continuous flow system that is a 

flexible tool, adjustable to a wide range of 

experiments. The system can be run with fresh or salt 

water, with multiple species of organisms 

simultaneously, and pollutants can be introduced into 

the system in a number of different ways. 

Satellites on oil spill patrol . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1998 ; 

36 (4):252. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and processing 

(CRISP) are developing and using satellites to 

monitor ship movement and to detect oil pollution if 

it occurs. 

Szczepanski, R. ; Edmonds, B. ; Brown, N. ; Hamilton, T. 

Research provides clues to hydrate formation and 

drilling-hazard solutions. Oil & Gas Journal. 

March 9, 1998 ; 96 (10) :52-56 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The article discusses the conditions under which 

hydrates form, lists hydrate molecules likely to form 

or to be encountered while drilling, and offers 

techniques for dealing with them. 

Tinis, Scott, W. ; Hodgins, Donald O. ; Fingas, Merv. 

Assimilation of radar measured surface current 

fields into a numerical model for oil spill 

modelling. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

1996; 3 (4):247-251 . ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Data from a SeaSonde portable shore-based HF radar 

system were blended with numerical model fields and 

used as input for a set of auto-regressive movingaverage (ARMA) statistical models. 

Shaughnessy, J. M. ; Hemnann, R. P. Concentric riser will 

reduce mud weight margins, improve gashandling safety . Oil & Gas Journal. November 2, 

1998; 96 (44) :54-62 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A high-pressure concentric riser is pre-run with a 

casing string inside attached to a seafloor blowout 

preventer. A second blowout preventer is attached to 

the casing string at the surface, thus containing the 

gas pressure, and allowing for a dual-density mud 

system. 

Shell claims record for ESP tieback. Oil & Gas Journal. 

January 26, 1998 ; 96 (4) :47. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Shell U.K. Exploration & Production has supposedly 

completed the world's longest subsea tieback of an 

electrical submersible pump (ESP). The ESP offers 

new possibilities for development of satellite fields . 

Skaug, L. C. New designs advance spar technology into 

deeper water. Oil & Gas Journal. November 2, 

1998 ; 96 (44) :53. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Recent spar technology developments include a spar 

designed for drilling in waters over 8,000 ft and a 

split-tree production riser system for spars in ultra 

deepwater. 

Stelmaszewski, A. Selected physical properties of Baltic 

crude oil. Oceanologia. 1998 ; 40 (1):11-25 . ISSN: 

0078-3234. 

Stokes, D. J. ; Thiel, B. L. ; Donald, A. M. Direct observation 

of water-oil emulsion systems in the liquid state by 

environmental scanning electron microscopy . 

Langmuir. August 4, 1998 ; 14 (16) :4402-4408. ISSN: 

0743-7463 . 

Environmental scanning electron microscopy can 

image fluid systems in their natural state at 

significantly higher resolutions than conventional 

optical microscopy . 

Toyoda, M. ; Inagaki, M. Heavy oil sorption using exfoliated 

graphite - New application of exfoliated graphite 

to protect heavy oil pollution. Carbon. 2000; 38 

(2):199-210. ISSN: 0008-6223. 

The sorption of heavy oils into exfoliated graphite's 

was studied using four kinds of heavy oils with 

different viscosities. The sorption mechanism of 

heavy oils onto graphite must be clarified to 

determine the most appropriate exfoliation conditions 

of graphite, and to develop effective and practical 

techniques to recover heavy oil from sorbed graphite . 

True, Warren R. Subsea pipelay systems, repair tools 

advance. Oil & Gas Journal. September 6, 1999; 97 

(36) :52-54 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Italian contractor Saipem, introduced the world's 

largest May semi submersible crane tower earlier this 

year . The vessel Sunrise 2000, has been upgraded to 

Class III dynamic-positioning vessel and combined 

with the May tower system has successfully 

complete sea trials, which included a diverless repair 

of a subsea pipeline in a project the company said 

was the deepest flow line repair on the sea floor ever 

attempted. 

True, Warren R. Deepwater pipeline-repair system 

deployed to Mediterranean. Oil & Gas Journal. 

November 16, 1998 ; 96 (46) :80-83 . ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The Arcos diverless repair system, designed by 

Sonsub International Inc., locates damaged section of 

pipe, removes it, connects the remaining open ends of 

pipe with a spool piece and returns the damaged 

section to the surface. 

Tumeo, M. A. ; Cote, A. Effect of flush water temperature 

and type on commercial shoreline cleaning agent 

efficiency . Journal of Soil Contamination. 1998 ; 7 

(2):213-226. ISSN: 1058-8337. 

51 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

U. K. firm unveils new platform design. Oil & Gas Journal. 

November 30, 1998; 96 (48) :24. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Arup energy has unveiled a low-cost oil production 

platform . The base structure is laid out on the seabed 

floor, and the topsides unit, which consists of a barge 

and jackable legs, is secured to the base . 

Valusek, Jay E. Unocal Thailand slashes well planning cycle 

time. Oil & Gas Journal . December 28, 1998; 97 

(2):45-48 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Cycle times were greatly reduced by integrating 

seismic interpretation and well-path design 

throughout the well-planning stage and drilling 

operation for natural gas in Thailand. 

van Weering, Dr. Tjeerd . ; van Hemvaarden, Johan. ; Thomsen, 

Dr. Laurenz; Viergutz, Thomas. New technique for 

long-term deep seabed studies. Sea Technology. 

2000; 41 (2):17-26 . ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

This article describes the Modular Seabed Lander 

(BOBO II) that is designed for in-situ measurements 

of the lowermost 2.5 meters of the benthic boundary 

layer, in water depths down to 5,000 meters. This 

new instrument will provide long-term, detailed, and 

high-resolution monitoring of environmental 

conditions from the rapidly increasing exploration of 

deeper parts of the continental margin . 

van Wijck, Michiel; Bassett, Stephen. Controller installation 

pays off for North Sea oil terminal. Oil & Gas 

Journal. October 4, 1999 ; 97 (40) :80-83 . ISSN: 

0003-1388 . 

BP Amoco's crude oil stabilization plant has installed 

the Honeywell RMPCT multivariable controller at 

the front end of the plant where dissolved gas is 

separated from crude oil. The multivariable controller 

has help to reduce fuel consumption, loss to flare, and 

the probability of cut backs in North Sea crude oil 

production. 

Veire, Helene, et al . New methods boost 4D seismic role in 

reservoir management. Oil & Gas Journal. Sept . 

14, 1998; 96 (37) :41-46 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Seismic 3D surveys are repeated, and the changes in 

the seismic response during the lapse time are 

attributed to changes in fluid saturation, pressure and 

temperature of the reservoir. The article discusses 

various methods of obtaining repeatability of 

readings . 

Vollmer, D. P., et al. Low-corrosion brine provides hightemperature completion alternative. Oil & Gas 

Journal. Aug. 24, 1998 ; 96 (34) :48-55 . ISSN: 0030-

1388 . 

A new non-halide brine composed of sodium salts of 

carboxylic acid has been used to complete four hightemperature wells in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Wacker, H. Jason; Parker, Robert M. Test proves out tripleaction pump in downhole separation. Oil & Gas 

Journal. October 4, 1999; 97 (40) :49-55 . ISSN: 

0003-1388 . 

The triple-action pumping system (TAPS) has been 

tested for separating oil and water downhole in the 

wellbore. This new system included several 

breakthroughs that will push gravity-segregation 

technology towards widespread industry and 

government acceptance . By virtue of its capability to 

inject at high pressure, TAPS provides a new, lesscostly, method for waterflooding. 

Walz, M. A. Second phase evaluation of a protocol for 

testing a fire resistant oil spill containment boom. 

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 2000; 5 

(5/6) :341-345. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

In situ burning of oil at sea calls for the use of a fire 

resistant boom to contain the oil during a burn. 

Presently, there is no standard method for the use of 

fire-resistant booms to evaluate the anticipated 

performance of different booms. Therefore, a second 

series of experiments was conducted to evaluate a 

protocol for testing the ability of fire-resistant booms 

to withstand both fire and waves. 

Wang, H. ; Priestman, G. H. ; Beck, S. B. M. ; Boucher, R. F. A 

remote measuring flow meter for petroleum and 

other industrial applications . Measurement Science 

& Technology. May 1998 ; 9 (5) :779-789. ISSN : 

0957-0233 . 

The blown venturi flow meter was investigated. 

Predictions of pressure pulse strength, pressure loss 

and frequency for the flow meter in an oil production 

string were made. 

Warren, Tommy. Technology gains momentum. Oil & Gas 

Journal. December 21, 1998 ; 96 (51) :101-105 . ISSN : 

0030-1388 . 

This article, the first in a two part series, compares 

the differences between conventional mud motorbased directional drilling systems and rotarysteerable systems. The second article will define 

implementation issues with which operators should 

be concerned. 

Warren, Tommy. Implementation issues concern operators. 

Oil & Gas Journal. December 28, 1998; 96 (52) :80-

83 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Significant benefits from rotary- steerable systems can 

be gained during the well-planning and drilling 

execution phases for directional wells. Well design 

changes must be implemented to take advantage of 

the unique benefits of a rotary-steerable system. 

52 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Wilhelm, R. ; Franceware, L. B. ; Guzman, C. E. Seismic 

pressure-prediction method solves problem 

common in deepwater Gulf of Mexico. Oil & Gas 

Journal. Sept . 14, 1998; 96 (37) :67-75 . ISSN: 0030-

1388 . 

The normal pressure interval travel time (ITT)-shale 

compaction trend is established using a significantly 

thick, hydrostatically pressured section of the shelf 

model. The article describes the method and gives 

successful case studies for shelf and deepwater wells. 

Wilson, N. G. ; Bradley, G. A study of a bacterial 

immobilization substratum for use in the 

bioremediation of crude oil in a saltwater system . 

Journal of Applied Microbiology. October 1997; 83 

(4):524-530. ISSN: 1364-5072. 

Dritzit immobilization matrix was examined using a 

number of tests. Dritzit was found to be ideal for 

bioremediation of oil. It exhibited good cell-loading 

capacity and high oil absorbency. 

World's deepest on-bottom pipeline repair . Ocean News. 

1999; 5 (5):23 . ISSN: 1082-6106. 

Ocean Intervention and Oceaneering WASP 

atmospheric diving system assisted by an ROV has 

completed the repair of a subsea pipeline system 

using diverless procedures in water depths up to 

1,000 feet. This repair is believed to be the deepest 

flow line repair ever attempted. The pipeline covers 

over 14 miles of the Gulf's bottom and connects the 

Mariner Energy's Dulcimer subsea to the Chevron 

platform. 

Yeung, P. Y. ; Johnson, R. L. ; Xu, J.G. Biodegradation of 

petroleum hydrocarbons in soil as affected by 

heating and forced aeration. Journal of 

Environmental Quality. November-December 1997; 

26 (6) :1511-1516. ISSN: 0047-2425. 

A contaminated sample was tested under different 

bioremediation facility treatments . Heating affected 

hydrocarbon degradation more than forced aeration, 

although both had positive outputs. 

Yost, K. ; Lopez, J. R. ; Mok, J. Topsides equipment, 

operating flexibility key floating LNG design. Oil 

& Gas Journal. March 9, 1998; 96 (10) :67-72 . ISSN : 

0030-1388 . 

This article features the design for a large-scale 

floating liquefied natural gas plant, which is 

technically feasible, economical, safe and reliable . 

Zhang, D. F. ; Easton, A. K. ; Steiner, J. M. Simulation of 

coastal oil spills using the random walk particle 

method with Gaussian Kernel weighting. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 1997 ; 4 (2):71-88 . 

ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The highlights of this modelling procedure include 

performing calculations at closed boundaries 

consisting of a variety of shoreline types, calculations 

of open boundaries with an extended computation 

region, and determination of the mass concentration 

of the spill. 

Wylde, Richard. UK changes coordinate system west of 

Britain. Oil & Gas Journal. February 28, 2000; 98 

(9):47-48 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The Oil & Gas Licensing Division of the United 

Kingdom Department of Trade & Industry, has 

selected a pragmatic unambiguous approach for the 

petroleum industry users to merge positional data 

throughout the UK and its continental shelf. This 

system provides an important step in ensuring the 

spatial integrity of offshore geotechnical data. 

Yapa, Poojitha D. ; Zheng, Li . Modelling oil and gas releases 

from deep water: a review . Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1997 ; 4 (4):189-198. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

This paper reviews the methods used to numerically 

model underwater oil and gas plumes, and gives a 

complete reference for these models. 

53 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Abdel-kader, A. F. ; Nasr, S. M. ; El-Gamily, H. I. ; El-Raey, M. 

Environmental sensitivity analysis of potential oil 

spill for Ras-Mohammed coastal zone, Egypt. 

Journal of Coastal Research . Spring 1998; 14 

(2):502-511 . ISSN: 0749-0208 . 

SPOT-XS remote sensing images, topographic 

information, and field survey data were combined 

with GIS modelling to develop land use/land cover; 

shoreline and foreshore sensitivity; and critical 

natural resources maps of the Ras-Mohammed study 

area . The information was used in area protection 

planning. 

A1 Bakri, D. ; Kittaneh, W. Physicochemical characteristics 

and pollution indicators in the intertidal zone of 

Kuwait: implications for benthic ecology. 

Environmental Management . May-June 1998; 22 

(3):415-424. ISSN: 0364-152X. 

High temperature and salinity is suspected to restrict 

benthic fauna diversity. Benthic faunas in areas of 

high TOC and TDS concentrations were showing 

signs of degradation. 

A1 Bakri, D. ; Behbehani, M. ; Khuraibet, A. Quantitative 

assessment of the intertidal environment of 

Kuwait I : Integrated environmental classification. 

Journal of Environmental Management. December 

1997; 51 (4) :321-332 . ISSN: 0301-4797. 

Al-Madfa, H. ; Abdel-Moati, M. ; Al-Naama, A. Beach tar 

contamination on the Qatari coastline of the Gulf. 

Environment International. 1999; 25 (4):505-513. 

ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Due to the relatively high intensity of oil activity in 

the Persian Gulf, tar pollution has become a serious 

problem along the coastlines . Beach tar 

concentrations were collected and measured from 11 

locations along the Qatari coastline. Tar 

concentrations varied in space and time with values 

ranging between 2 and 1132 g m-i (average 290 g m1) of beachfront. Strict regulations on ballast water 

disposal into the Gulf has led to a clear declination in 

tar depositions since 1993, reaching baseline limits in 

some locations. 

Baker, J. M. Ecological effectiveness of oil spills 

countermeasures: how clean is clean? Pure and 

Applied Chemistry. 1999; 71 (1) :135-151 . ISSN: 

0033-4545. 

This review addresses the issues of contingency 

planning along with ecological and socioeconomic 

considerations for oil spill clean up methods. 

'Operational feasibility', the practicality and 

feasibility of the proposed actions to achieve the 

ecological objective, must be re-evaluated at the time 

of the spill, taking into consideration real time 

conditions . 

Balbinski, E. F. ; Fishlock, T. P. ; Goodyear, S . G. ; Jones, P . I. 

R. Key characteristics of three-phase oil relative 

permeability formulations for improved oil 

recovery predictions. Petroleum Geoscience. 1999: 

5 (4):339-346. ISSN: 1354-0793. 

Banat, I . M. ; Hassan, E. S. ; Elshahawi, M. S . ; Abuhilal, A.H. 

Post-Gulf-War assessment of nutrients, heavy 

metal ions, hydrocarbons, and bacterial pollution 

levels in the United Arab Emirates coastal waters. 

Environment International. January-February 1998; 

24 (1/2):109-116. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Bermudan caves used as oil dump by Royal Navy. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . September 1997; 34 (9):683 . 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A three-year clean up is underway of an estimated 

one million gallons of oil waste found in caves near 

the old HMS Malabar in Bermuda. The Royal Navy 

has been dumping in the area for decades. The 

reclaimed oil is being used in road construction . 

Beyeler, Marc. Radical surgery at Avila Beach. California 

Coast & Ocean. 2000; 16 (1):3-9 . ISSN: 1052-5823 . 

The author traces the troubled history of Avila Beach 

and various forms of oil spills, including the 

discovery by Unocal of 400,000 pounds of petroleum 

products leaking underground, which resulted in the 

decision to excavate the beachfront and a sizeable 

section of town known as Front Street. The author 

laments the destruction of the Front street area, 

known for its unique charm. 

The black waters of Karachi Harbor. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin . September 1997; 34 (9):683 . ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Frequent spillage of oil transported from ships in the 

Karachi Harbor, Pakistan to storage tanks and then to 

ground transport tankers is leaving the waters in the 

Harbor black and smelling of oil. Karachi Harbor has 

no adequate pipes to deal with the spillage, and it 

appears the Harbor has escaped environmental 

assessment in the past . 

Burns, K.A., et al . Dispersion and fate of produced 

formation water constituents in an Australian 

Northwest Shelf shallow water ecosystem. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 1999 ; 38 (7):593-603 . ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

An offshore production platform located on the 

Australian Northwest Shelf, in a shallow tropical 

marine ecosystem, is being used as a study site for 

evaluating produced formation water (PFW). A 

combination of oceanographic, geochemical, 

chemical and biological assessment methods is 

crucial to improving the understanding of distribution 

and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons and added 

nutrients being discharged from the platform into the 

shallow ecosystem. 

54 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Butler, J. N. ; Wells, P. G. ; Johnson, S. ; Manock, J. J. Beach 

tar on Bermuda: recent observations and 

implications for global monitoring . Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . June 1998 ; 36 (6):458-463 . ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

A correlation is shown between the beach tar on a 

south-facing open ocean beach of Bermuda and the 

estimated input to the North Atlantic Ocean from oil 

spills and drilling operations . 

Dixon, I. Nigerian oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

February 1998; 36 (2):115-116. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Off the coast of Nigeria, a pipeline rupture at the 

Idoho platform spilling forty thousand barrels of 

crude oil. In little more than two weeks, the slick had 

spread over 90% of the Nigerian coast. This caused 

large fish kills, damage to coastal vegetation and soil, 

and human illness due to contaminated drinking 

water. 

Carter, T. The Sea Empress oil spill. Water and Environment 

Manager. 1998; 3 (3):10-11 . ISSN: 0967-0653. 

The oil spill and subsequent clean-up are described. 

The effects of the oil spill on fish and birds are 

evaluated. 

China's oil imports rase possible boom for U. S. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999 ; 97 (23) :24-26 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A new study assess China's rapidly growing need for 

imported oil can serve as the basis for constructive U. 

S. diplomacy throughout Asia. With domestic 

production unlikely to change and economic growth 

lifting oil demands, China soon will become aworldclass oil importer . 

Cuthbertson, Zoe. Pollution threat from HMS Royal Oak. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1998; 36 (10) :761-762. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Nearly 60 years ago, a battleship sank in Scapa Flow, 

in the Orkney Islands. Recently, oil has begun to leak 

from the wreck. The UK's Ministry of Defense and 

Orkney Islands Council are initiating environmental 

and engineering studies and continuing to look for a 

long-teen solution to the problem. 

Danube clean-up. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 

(8):625 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

As a result of NATO's bombing campaign in the war 

over Kosovo, oil refineries and chemical plants on 

the banks of the river Danube, and its tributaries in 

Yugoslavia, were among targets. Reports of large 

amounts of toxic chemicals and oil leaked into the 

river because of the bombing. 

Deis, D. R. ; French, D. P. The use of methods for injury 

determination and quantification from natural 

resource damage assessment in ecological risk 

assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 

August 1998; 4 (4 Part 2) :887-903. ISSN: 1080-7039. 

Delaune, R. D. ; Lindau, C. W. ; Jugsujinda, A. Effectiveness 

of "Nochar" solidifier polymer in removing oil 

from open water in coastal wetlands . Spill Science 

& Technology Bulletin . 2000; 5 (5/6)357-359 . ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

A field experiment conducted in a coastal wetland 

area in Louisiana was used to determine the 

effectiveness of a solidifier for the removal of South 

Louisiana Crude. Results demonstrated that the 

solidifier under certain conditions might be an option 

for removing oil from wetlands. 

Douabul, A. A. -Z. ; Al-Shiwafi, Nabeel A. 

Dissolved dispersed hydrocarbons in the Arabian 

region. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1998 ; 36 

(10) :844-850. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The purpose of this research was to estimate the 

impact of chronic petroleum discharges on the 

Arabian ecosystem and to devise monitoring 

strategies for long-term environmental quality 

assessment. 

Engelhardt, F. R. A perspective on the application of 

chemistry to oil spill response . Pure and Applied 

Chemistry. 1999 ; 71 (1):1-4 . ISSN: 0033-4545. 

This review reflects the current state of knowledge in 

topic areas of the most recent surge in research and 

development activities, for oil spill response; 

stimulated particularly by the Exxon Valdez spill in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989. It appears 

that oil spill research undergoes cycles of interest, 

activity and funding, linked to key oil spills . 

Effectively every element of an oil spill, whether it is 

environmental, physical, operational or legal, is 

related to the complex chemistry of the oil and its 

breakdown products released to the environment. 

Feder, H. M. ; Blanchard, A. The deep benthos of Prince 

William Sound, Alaska, 16 months after the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

February 1998; 36 (2):118-130. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The studies of the deep benthos 16 months after the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill showed no significant signs of 

oil pollution remained . 

Fiocco, R. J. ; Lewis, A. Oil spill dispersants. Pure and 

Applied Chemistry. 1999; 71 (1):27-42 . ISSN: 0033-

4545. 

The chemistry and physics of dispersants, planning 

and decision-making considerations, and finally their 

practical application and operational use in oil spill 

response is discussed. 

Gabbasova, I. M. ; Abdrakhmanov, R. F. ; Khabirov, I. K. ; 

Khaziev, F.K. Changes in soil properties and 

groundwater composition under the impact of 

pollution by oil and sewage waters from the oil 

fields of Bashkortostan. Eurasian Soil Science. 

November 1997; 30 (11) :1219-1229. ISSN: 1064-

2293. 

55 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Galt, J. A. Uncertainty analysis related to oil spill modeling. 

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (4):231-

238. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

A digital standard was developed for implementing 

'minimum regret' strategic approach to delivering 

forecast information into a spill response system. 

Gilfillan, E. S . ; et al . A comparison of shoreline assessment 

study designs used for the Exacon Valdez oil spill. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 (5):380-388. 

ISSN: 0025-236X. 

Three shoreline assessment programs were conducted 

after the Exxon Valdez oil spill to examine the study 

design, analysis methods, and ability to detect oil 

spill effects. 

Glassom, D. ; Prochazka, K. ; Branch, G. M. Short-term 

effects of an oil spill on the west coast of the Cape 

Peninsula, South Africa. Oceanographic Literature 

Review. May 1998 ; 45 (5):827 . ISSN: 0967-0653 . 

Survey data taken directly after an oil spill, as a result 

of the Apollo Sea sinking in 1994, was compared 

with data taken two months before the spill. Results 

are presented. 

Hofer, T. Tanker ships in the marine environment - Part 

IV: Regulations to recent marine pollution 

tankships in the marine environment. 

Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 

1999; 6 (2):107-114. ISSN: 0944-1344. 

Husain, T. Terrestrial and atmospheric environment 

during and after the Gulf War. Environment 

International. January-February 1998; 24 (I/2) :189-

196. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Irvine, G. V. ; Mann, D. H. ; Short, J. W. Multi-year 

persistence of oil mousse on high energy beaches 

distant from the Exxon Valdez spill origin. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 (7):572-584 . ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

Weathering of oil mousse that is trapped on the 

shoreline of the Katmai National Park and Preserve is 

due to the intertidal zone being armored by large 

boulders, which prevent waves from disturbing the 

substrate and its included oil. Although a biological 

threat is posed by the stranded oil, it is probably 

slight. The oil could have the ability to be chemically 

toxic if released through disturbance of the armoring 

boulders by unusually high wave events . 

Gray, J. S. ; Bakke, T. ; Beck, H. J. ; Nilssen, I. Managing the 

environmental effects of the Norwegian oil and gas 

industry: from conflict to consensus. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 (7):525-530. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

In the late 1960's, the first exploitation of oil 

resources began on Norway's continental shelf, and 

there was little control over environmental impacts. 

Some 20 years later, Norwegian authorities started 

imposing restrictions on discharges of oil-based 

drilling cuttings to sea on the Norwegian shelf. A 

final implementation of changing Norway's offshore 

monitoring from field based monitoring of sediments, 

to a regional monitoring of both sediments and the 

water column. By doing so, the changes make it 

possible to obtain a better overview of the 

environmental conditions . 

Harris, B. C. ; Bonner, J. S. ; Autenrieth, R. L. Nutrient 

dynamics in marsh sediments contaminated by an 

oil spill following a flood. Environmental 

Technology. 1999; 20 (8) :795-810. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

A group of pipelines ruptured during floodwaters, 

releasing crude oil, diesel fuel and gasoline into the 

San Jacinto River near Houston, TX. During a period 

of over a year following the spill, natural levels of the 

nutrient analytes were estimated by monitoring their 

values . Data suggest that nutrient dynamics, with the 

associated environmental disturbances (flood, 

erosion, fire, and deposition) provided favorable 

conditions for the degradation of the petroleum 

contamination. 

Kim, J. Y. ; Song, M. G. ; Kim, T. S. ; Kim, J. D. Effectiveness 

of a new water-based oil spill dispersant 

comprised of an alkyl polyglycoside . Journal of 

Surfactants and Detergents. 1999; 2 (4) :539-544 . 

ISSN: 1097-3958 . 

In order to create an effective and environmentally 

safe recovery of spilled oil, accelerating the break up 

of oil is critical . Chemical agents which contain a 

surfactant adsorb at the oil/water interface and reduce 

the interfacial tension of seawater. This article 

introduces alkyl polyglycoside (AP) and its use with 

a water-based oil spill dispersant, which shows 

maximal performance at typical concentrations . 

Kirchgessner, D. A., et al . Estimate of methane emissions 

from the US natural gas industry. Chemosphere. 

September 1997 ; 35 (6):1365-1390. ISSN: 0045-

6535 . 

Kizu, R. ; Ando, K. ; Hayakawa, K. Oil spill accident in the 

Sea of Japan. Japanese Journal of Toxicology and 

Environmental Health . October 1998 ; 44 (5) :321-

333 . ISSN: 0013-273X. 

Knight, R. L. ; Kanlec . R. H. ; Ohlendorf, H. M. The use of 

treatment wetlands for petroleum industry 

effluents. Environmental Science & Technology. 

1999; 33 (7):973-980. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

This paper reviews treatment wetland performance 

for the removal of pollutants from petroleum industry 

wastewaters. 

56 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Kornilios, S. ; Drakopoulos, P. G. ; Dounas, C. Pelagic tar, 

dissolved dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons and 

plastic distribution in the Cretan Sea, Greece. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1998 ; 36 (12) :989-993 . 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Floating tar, litter and seawater were sampled in July 

1997 in the Cretan Sea. The mean pelagic tar 

concentration was more than two times higher than 

what was previously reported in the area, and is 

thought to be entering the Cretan Sea through the 

Ionian Sea. 

Krahn, M. M. ; Stein, J. E. Assessing exposure of marine 

biota and habitats to petroleum compounds. 

Analytical Chemistry. March 1, 1998; 70 (5) :A186-

A 192. ISSN: 0003-2700. 

Sample questions that should be asked about a spill 

prior to establishing a sampling and analysis plan ; a 

tiered analysis approach, and sampling quality 

assurance are discussed. 

Law, R .J . ; Campbell, J. A. The effects of oil and chemical 

spillages at sea. Journal of the Chartered Institution 

of Water and Environmental Management. August 

1998; 12 (4):245-249. ISSN: 0951-7359. 

The grounding of the Sea Empress in Wales, and the 

loss of the Braer tanker in the Shetland islands are 

case studies used to explore damages caused by oil 

and chemical spillages. 

Lee, Choung Mook; Kang, Kwan Hyoung. Prediction of oil 

boom performance in currents and waves. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (4):257-266. 

ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

This paper gives some helpful guidelines in making 

decisions on oil boom usage and type of deployment 

strategy for a given oil spill. Surface currents causing 

the entrainment failure for oil booms are investigated . 

Wave motion and its degradation effect on the oil 

booms is also discussed. 

MacDonald, I. R. Natural oil spills. Scientific American. 

November 1998; 279 (5):56-61 . ISSN: 0036-8733. 

The article discusses the natural oil and gas 

discharges from the sea floor in the Gulf of Mexico. 

The characteristic shape and features of these natural 

oil slicks and the organisms that feed off the leaks are 

described. It is estimated that 40 million liters of oil 

flow naturally into the Gulf of Mexico every decade . 

Madany, I . M. ; Jaffar, A. ; Al-Shirbini, E. S. Variations in the 

concentrations of aromatic petroleum 

hydrocarbons in Bahraini coastal waters during 

the period October 1993 to December 1995. 

Environment International. 1998; 24 (1/2):61-66 . 

ISSN: 0160-4120. 

A chronic oil pollution problem was indicated after 

two years of testing (from October 1993 to December 

1995) in the Arabian Gulf. 

Massoud, M. S. ; Alabdali, F. ; Alghadban, A. N. The status of 

oil pollution in the Arabian Gulf by the end of 

1993. Environment International. January-February 

1998; 24 (1/2):11-22 . ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Matishov, G. G. ; Zuev, A. N. ; Shparkovskii, I . A. Estimation 

of possible contamination of the Pechora Sea area 

coastal zone at the oil spill at the Prirazlomnoe oil 

field. Doklady Akademii Nauk. 1999; 367 (5):702-

704. ISSN: 0869-5652. 

Mezzomo, Roberto F. Program advances oil recovery 

technology in Brazil. Oil & Gas Journal. October 4, 

1999 ; 97 (40) :56-60 . ISSN: 0003-1388 . 

Over a 5-year period, seven projects were undertaken 

to test different technologies for improving oil 

recovery from oil fields in Brazil . This program, 

know as 'PRAVAP' (Programa de Recuperagao 

Avangada de Petroleo), produced 374 technical 

publications on a diversity of scientific and technical 

subjects, and played a decisive role in the economic 

feasibility of several exploration and production 

projects . 

Lin, Dong. Water treatment complicates heavy oil 

production. Oil & Gas Journal. September 20, 1999 ; 

97 (38) :76-78 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The Liaohe oil fields in China produce a significant 

amount of heavy oil. These oil fields do not provide 

an option for increasing water injection. Therefore, 

finding methods for treating this large water volume 

has been a complicating factor in producing heavy oil 

in this part of China. 

Longpre, Darcy; Jarry, Vincent; Fortin, Marie-Jose'. 

Environmental impact sampling designs used to 

evaluate accidental spills . Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (3) :133-139. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

Researchers studied recent literature to assess the 

effectiveness of various oil spill evaluation 

techniques and sampling designs. 

Monastersky, R. Do offshore wells fight natural pollution? 

Science News. November 1999 ; 156326. ISSN: 

0036-8423 . 

Off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, oil seeps 

have been reported and documented as far back as the 

early Spanish explorers. Oil and gas companies have 

established 30-meter-wide steel tents on the seafloor 

to capture escaping gas and oil, therefore reducing 

the amount of hydrocarbons leaking out from the 

seafloor . 

Nakata, Kisaburo; Sugioka, Shin-Ichi; Hosaka, Takuji . 

Hindcast of a Japan sea oil spill. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (4) :219-229. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

57 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Nordvik, Atle . B. Time window-of-opportunity strategies 

for oil spill planning and response . Pure and 

Applied Chemistry. 1999; 71 (1) :5-16. ISSN: 0033-

4545 . 

This paper presents an integrated scientific and 

engineering strategy that provides policy to improve 

and implement decision-making for marine oil spills . 

Nordvik, Atle B. Summary of development and field testing 

of the Transrec oil recovery system . Spill Science 

& Technology Bulletin . 2000; 5 (5/6)309-322 . ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

Performance data collected for 11 years from the 

Transec oil recovery system was used to demonstrate 

the improvement of this oil recovery system and 

shortcomings of other systems. 

Number of large oil spills decreases. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin . November 1997; 34 (11) :853 . ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

The International Tanker Owners Pollution 

Federation (ITOPF) released 1996 statistics that 

indicate fewer large oil spills, but a rise in actual oil 

spilt overall. The Sea Empress spill was the largest 

contributor to the increased quantity of oil spilt. 

Obire, O. ; Okudo, I.V. Effect of crude oil pollution on a 

freshwater stream in Nigeria. Discovery and 

Innovation . June 1997; 9 (1/2):25-32 . ISSN: 1015-

079X. 

Office of Research and Development. US Geological SurveyBiological Resources Division . ; (EPA) Gulf of 

Mexico Program. State of Gulf of Mexico 

Estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 2000; 40 (1):5-

6. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

This article is based on a published report entitled, 

The Ecological Conditions of Estuaries in the Gulf of 

Mexico. The report focuses and evaluates the Gulf 

estuaries in regard to benthic communities, sediment 

contaminants, low dissolved oxygen, commercial fish 

and shellfish landings, populations of waterfowl and 

other coastal birds and wetland loss issues . 

Olagbende, O.T., et al . Scientific and cleanup response to 

the IDOHO-QIT oil spill, Nigeria. Environmental 

Technology. 1999; 20 (11) :1213-1222. ISSN: 0959-

3330. 

On January 12, 1998, approximately 40,000 bbls of 

Qua Iboe light crude oil was spilled from a pipeline 

that ruptured from the IDOHO platform to the Mobil 

Qua Iboe terminal . This paper describes the 

fundamental constituents of the cleanup response and 

the elements and key findings of the short-term 

scientific response . 

Oil and gas seepage from ocean floor reduced. Sea 

Technology. 2000 ; 41 (1):84. ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

Over a 22 year period, studies of the area around 

Platform Holly, located in the Santa Barbara 

Channel, California showed a 50 percent decrease in 

seepage of naturally occurring, reactive, organic 

gases. This seepage was equal to twice the emission 

rate from all the on-road vehicle traffic in Santa 

Barbara County in 1990. According to researchers at 

the University of California, Santa Barbara, 

"worldwide decreases in natural hydrocarbon seepage 

related to onshore and offshore oil production may be 

causing a global reduction in natural methane 

emission rates" . 

Oil spill at Johor River heading for power station. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 (5):338 . ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

The tanker Bunga Cempaka 1, which was undergoing 

repairs at a Malaysian shipyard, accidentally released 

50 tons of oil. Port authorities, the Department of 

Environment, and Malaysian shipyard engineers 

worked continuously to contain the spill before it 

reached the nearby power station. 

Pagano, S. S . Deepwater offshore oil: where the action is . 

Sea Technology. 1999; 40 (4):33-34 . ISSN: 0093-

3651 . 

The Gulf of Mexico is one of several expanding 

deepwater hot spots around the globe. Projected 

development activity in the Gulf of Mexico is 

expected to gather momentum when oil prices 

recover. However, Brazil remains one of the most 

active deepwater regions, particularly as the country 

invites foreign participation for exploration and field 

development joint ventures . 

Page, David S., et al . An estimate of the annual input of 

natural petroleum hydrocarbons to seafloor 

sediments in Prince William Sound, Alaska. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin . September 1997; 34 

(9) :744-749. ISSN: 0025-386X. 

Natural petroleum seepage is difficult to measure due 

to fluctuating seepage rates over time, and a lack of 

sufficient geographic sampling density over time . 

The minimum baseline for petroleum seepage in the 

area was estimated at 360-1200 tons per year. 

Park, J. M. ; Holliday, M. G. Occupational-health aspects of 

marine oil-spill response . Pure and Applied 

Chemistry. 1999; 71 (1):113-133 . ISSN: 0033-4545. 

Pelletier, E. ; Siron, R. Scilicone-based polymers as oil spill 

treatment agents. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 1999; 18 (5):813-818. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

The practical aspects of preparing and applying new 

silicone-based treating agents are described along 

with conditions for their possible use to mitigate the 

effects of oil spills . 

58 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Pezeshki, S. R. ; Hester, M. W. ; Lin, Q. ; Nyman, J. A. The 

effects of oil spill and clean-up on dominant US 

Gulf coast marsh macrophytes: a review . 

Environmental Pollution. 2000; 108 (2) :129-139. 

ISSN: 0269-7491 . 

This review uses existing information in regard to the 

efficiency of using macrophytes for oil spill-response 

in coastal systems. 

Pipeline causes oil slick off California coast. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin . November 1997; 34 (11) :856 . 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

An underwater pipe belonging to the Torch Operating 

Company, operating platform Irene for Nuevo 

Energy Company of Houston, TX, spilt 

approximately 10,000 gallons of oil near Santa 

Barbara, CA, in September. 

Price, A. R. G. Impact of the 1991 Gulf War on the coastal 

environment and ecosystems: current status and 

future prospects. Environment International. 

January-February 1998 ; 24 (1/2) :91-96 . ISSN: 0160-

4120. 

Prince, R. C. ; Vardara, R. ; Fiocco, R. J. ; Lessard, R. R. 

Bioremediation as an oil spill response tool . 

Environmental Technology. 1999 ; 30;891-896. 

The optimal oil spill response is to collect the spilled 

oil rapidly, but this is rarely achieved after a major 

spill. Dispersants such as Corexit 9527 and Corexit 

9500 not only remove floating slicks from the surface 

of the sea, but also enhance the biodegradation of the 

oil, removing it more rapidly from the environment. 

This modern paradigm of environmental engineering; 

working with nature, will achieve the desired 

response most effectively and expeditiously. 

Raghavan, P. U. M. ; Vivekanandan, M. Bioremediation of 

oil-spilled sites through seeding of naturally 

adapted Pseudomonas putida. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 1999; 44 (1):29-

32 . ISSN: 0964-8305. 

Randolph, R. C., et al. Toxicity and persistence of nearshore 

sediment contamination following the 1991 Gulf 

War. Environment International. January-February 

1998 ; 24 (1/2):33-42 . ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Rao, G. K. Geo-hazard with oil and gas production in 

Krishna-Godavary basin. Current Science. March 

25, 1998 ; 74 (6):494 . ISSN: 0011-3891 . 

Reilly, T. J. The use of mesocosms in marine oil spills 

ecological research and development. Pure and 

Applied Chemistry. 1999; 71 (1):153-160. ISSN: 

0033-4545. 

Mesocosm systems provide an environment in which 

a controlled field study can be conducted and used to 

identify optimal response and clean-up strategies . 

While valuable for realism, the mesocosm system is 

expensive and often difficult to implement because of 

regulatory barriers . 

Richard, J. Y. ; Vogel, T. M. Characterization of a soil 

bacterial consortium capable of degrading diesel 

fuel. International Biodeterioration & 

Biodegradation . 1999; 44 (2/3) :93-100. ISSN: 0964-

8305 . 

Rye, H. ; Brandvik, P. J. ; Strem, T. Subsurface blowouts : 

results from field experiments. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1997; 4 (4):239-256. ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

Field experiments carried out in June of 1996 

determined that the current field methodology used to 

study blowout releases appears to be appropriate. 

They also showed that surface oil slicks from 

subsurface releases are characteristically much wider 

and thinner than surface oil releases, and only 15-

20% of the spill is evident on the surface. 

Salmon, David K. Lessons in political oceanography part 1 : 

A preliminary analysis of whether an oil spill off 

Cape Hinchinbrook, Alaska could (or would) 

directly impact the Copper River Delta. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 1997 ; 4 (3):141-146. 

ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The Cooper River Delta is located just east of Prince 

William Sound, and during eastward excursions of 

the Alaska coastal current it is subject to 

contamination of oil spills . 

Sauer, T. C. ; Michel, J. ; Hayes, M. O. ; Aurand, D. V. 

Hydrocarbon characterization and weathering of 

oiled intertidal sediments along the Saudi Arabian 

coast two years after the Gulf War oil spill. 

Environment International. January-February 1998; 

24 (1/2):43-60 . ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Scott, P . J. B. ; Davies, M. Retroactive determination of 

industrial contaminants in tropical marine 

communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin . November 

1997; 34 (11) :975-980. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Upon a request from oil companies, these researchers 

used a method of determining all heavy metal 

contaminants in coral skeletons. They found that each 

of the three sites they tested exhibited different 

metals in the coral, thus no predictions should be 

made about which metals will remain after a spill 

event. 

Shore, R. F. ; et al . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 

residues in the eggs of coastal-nesting birds from 

Britain. Marine Polluton Bulletin. 1999; 38 (6):509-

513. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

This current study presents results from field analysis 

and controlled experiment with background levels of 

PAH residues in egg and their embryotoxic effects on 

birds nesting in the coastal areas of Britain. 

Shriadah, Mohammed M. A. Petroleum hydrocarbons along 

the Arabian Gulf coast of United Arab Emirates . 

Indian Journal of Marine Science. 1999; 28 (1):10-

16 . ISSN: 0379-5136. 

59 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Shriadah, Mohammed M. A. Impacts of oil spill on the 

marine environment of the United Aab Emirates 

along the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

1998 ; 36 (11) :876-879. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Objectives of this paper are to assess the marine 

environmental recovery after cleanup and evaluate 

the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and 

organic carbon contents at the time of the March 31, 

1994 tanker collision incident. 

Shriahah, Mohammed M. A. Oil contamination along oil 

tanker routes off the United Arab Emirates (The 

Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman). Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 1999; 

63 (2):203-210. ISSN: 0007-4861 . 

The present study is aimed at examining the current 

state of oil contamination in offshore areas and along 

oil tanker routes in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of 

Oman. It is estimated that 57.1% and 22% of total oil 

contamination in the Gulf has originated from tanker 

and offshore production contribution, respectively . 

Simonic, M. ; Ozim, V. Purification of a contaminated 

thermal well at an oil drilling site . Environmental 

Toxicology. 1999; 14 (2) :211-216. ISSN: 1520-4181. 

A method is described for producing water suitable 

for bathing from thermal waters derived from former 

oil drilling sites that are contaminated with HzS, 

organic compounds, and bacteria . 

Smith, D. L. ; Proffitt, C. E. The effects of crude oil and 

remediation burning on three clones of smooth 

cordgrass (Spartina alterniJlora Loisel). Estuaries. 

1999; 22 (3A) :616-623 . 

This paper describes a fully crossed 6-month 

greenhouse experiment designed to assess the effects 

of Venezuelan crude oil alone; and oil followed by 

burning on three clonal genets of Spartina 

alterniflora . 

Taylor, C. ; Viraraghavan, T. A bench-scale investigation of 

land treatment of soil contaminated with diesel 

fuel. Chemosphere. 1999; 39 (10) :1583-1593. ISSN: 

0045-6535 . 

Tokyo Bay oil spill less than thought. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin . August 1997; 34 (8) :596 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Fifteen hundred tons of crude oil was spilled from the 

Diamond Grace when it struck the Nakanose reef in 

Tokyo Bay. Although the oil spill was well 

contained, Japanese environmentalist are concerned 

with the bay, because of its enclosed body of water. 

Environmentalist anticpate damage to tidal flats and 

wildlife in the bay area . 

US Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Region, New Orleans, LA. Gulf-Wide Information 

System (GWIS), MMS 2000-027. 

The Gulf-Wide Information system (GWIS) is a 

geographic database that provides a complete and 

consistent view of marine and coastal data for the 

entire study area, and can be used in oil-spill 

contingency planning, oil-spill response, and 

environmental planning and assessment in the marine 

and coastal areas. 

Ussenkov, S. M. Contamination of harbor sediments in the 

eastern Gulf of Finland (Neva Bay), Baltic Sea. 

Oceanographic Literature Review. June 1998; 45 

(6) :1019. ISSN: 0967-0653 . 

The sediments contain very high concentrations of oil 

products and heavy metals . 

Vanden Belt, M. ; Deutsch, L. ; Jansson, A. A consensus-based 

simulation model for management in the 

Patagonia Coastal Zone. Ecological Modelling. July 

1, 1998; 110 (1 Sp. Iss.) :79-103. ISSN: 0304-3800. 

A scoping model, which includes simulated impacts 

of oil spills, was constructed to integrate ecological 

and economic aspects of coastal zone management of 

Patagonia. 

Veil, John A. ; Daly, Joseph M. ; Johnson, Nancy. EPA speeds 

regs for offshore synthetic-based mud. Oil & Gas 

Journal. September 13, 1999; 97 (37) :78-84 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

SBM (synthetic-based mud), is a drilling fluid 

believed to be environmentally friendly for 

discharging. EPA recognizes that current regulations 

and permits inadequately address SBM discharge 

issues, and is willing to modify the offshore and 

coastal effluent limitation guidelines . 

Vidakovic-Cifrek, Z. ; Tkalec, M. ; Horvatic, J. ; Regula, I . 

Effects of oil industry high density brines in 

miniaturized algal growth bioassay and Lemna 

test . Phyton - Annales Rei Botanicae. 1999; 39 

(3):193-197. ISSN: 0079-2047. 

Vitis, D. D. ; Nolan, K. ; Schmidt, W. Test and evaluation of 

four fire resistant booms at OHMSETT. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 2000; 5 (5/6):345-

347. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

Commercial fire booms were involved in burn testing 

to measure the oil collection containment 

performance, ease of handling, and the sea keeping 

ability when subjected to a variety of towing and 

wave conditions. 

Unlu, K. ; Demirekler, E. Modeling water quality impacts of 

petroleum contaminated soils in a reservoir 

catchment. Rostlinna Vyroba. 2000; 120 (1/2):169-

193 . ISSN: 0049-6979. 

60 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Wang, Zhendi, et al. Study of the 23-year old Nipisi oil spill: 

persistence of oil residues and comparisons 

between surface and subsurface sediments. 

Environmental Science & Technology. 1998; 32 

(15) :2222-2232. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Evaluation of the Nipisi oil spill showed degradation 

of surface sample residual oil, great quantities of oil 

in the subsurface samples, and similar oil trends 

across the site, even where different treatments were 

used after the spill. 

Wattayakorn, G. ; King, B. ; Wolansi, E. ; Suthanaruk. Seasonal 

dispersion of petroleum contaminants in the Gulf 

of Thailand . Continental Shelf Research . 1998 ; 18 

(6):641-659. ISSN: 0278-4343. 

During 1994 and 1995, the waters of the Gulf of 

Thailand circulated slowly, and the Gulf was poorly 

flushed. An oil spill model using the observed 

currents, dissolved, and dispersed petroleum 

hydrocarbons predicted that acute contamination 

occurs everywhere in the Gulf at least once a year. 

Wellman, D. E. ; Reid, D. A. ; Ulery, A. L. Elevated soil 

arsenic level at a former crude oil storage facilityassessment, remediation, and possible sources. 

Journal of Soil conaminaton. 1999; 8 (3):329-341 . 

ISSN: 1058-8337. 

Williams, Bob. Arco's Villano project: improvised solutions 

in Ecuador's rainforest. Oil & Gas Journal. August 

2, 1999; 97 (31) :19-24 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

ARCO's Villano flowline lies in a pristine area of 

rainforest in Ecuador. A improvised monorack 

system is designed to lessen environmental impact in 

the rainforest and to minimize the operation's 

'footprint' on the remote rainforest escarpment. 

Yoshioka, G. ; et al. Past in situ burning possibilities. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin . 2000; 5 (5/6):349-

351 . ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The objective of this study is to evaluate the degree 

to which in situ burning can be used as an oil 

response technique. It also seeks to establish a criteria 

to assess whether a burn would have been successful 

and apply this criteria to the analysis of each of the 

past major oil spills . 

61 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

A restaurant chain assists in lobster habitat restoration. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 (4) :237 . ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

NOAA's Restoration Centre and the Red Lobster 

restaurant chain have joined forces in an attempt to 

restore the damaged marine lobster habitats around 

Rhode Island's Narragansett Bay. In 1989, the World 

Prodigy oil spill killed hundreds of adult lobsters as 

well as eggs and larvae . Money made available from 

the settlement of the oil spill will be used to fund the 

project. 

API to target more independents as members. Oil & Gas 

Journal. January 26, 1998 ; 96 (4) :38-41 . ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The American Petroleum Institute is trying to recruit 

small, independently owned oil companies to reflect 

the shift in today's oil industry trends . 

American Institute of Petroleum. International oil spill 

conference: improving environmental protection -

progress, challenges, and responsibilities . 

Proceedings, Fort Lauderdale, April 1997. 

American Institute of Petroleum Publication. 1997; 

4651 ;1056. ISSN: 0967-0653. 

The papers from the conference span on topics such 

as training and exercises, case studies, response, 

planning, technology, research and development, 

spill prevention and management. 

BP Amoco strikes tentative deal in Alaska. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999; 97 (46) :36. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

In order to secure Alaska's approval of the BP Amoco 

takeover of ARCO; BP Amoco agreed to sell 

producing assets amounting to 175,000 bo/d of 

output, together with associated infrastructure, 

620,000 acres of Alaskan exploration leases, and a 

13% stake in the Trans Alaska Pipeline System. 

API: U. S. petroleum statistics show a robust industry in 

1997. Oil & Gas Journal. January 26, 1998; 96 

(4):40. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

U.S . oil consumption, supply side, fuel breakouts, 

and drilling statistics for 1997 are shown and 

discussed. 

API: U. S. oil inventories at 3-year high. Oil & Gas Journal. 

December 22, 1997; 95 (51) :25-26 . ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Deliveries of petroleum products to the U.S . market 

in November were up 1 .8%, and crude oil stocks are 

up 8% from a year ago. 

Aalund, L. R. Sizzling Qatar boom sparked by foreign 

money, technology, and gas. Oil & Gas Journal. 

April 27, 1998 ; 96 (17) :33-43 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The article details the companies and rigs now active, 

or soon to be active, in Qatar on the Persian Gulf. 

Alaskans grappling with dramatic change in state oil, gas 

industry looming with BP Amoco-Arco deal. Oil & 

Gas Journal. September 6, 1999; 97 (36) :33-51 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The proposed acquisition of ARCO by BP Amoco is 

of utmost concern in Alaska . The combined 

companies will own almost three-fourths of the 

Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, as well as almost the 

entire North Slope production infrastructure . 

Alliance lowers compression costs for U. K. southern gas 

field. Oil & Gas Journal. February 2, 1998; 96 

(5):66. ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Five vendors allied with British Petroleum to 

substantially reduce the cost of installing a 

compression platform in Cleeton field. 

Beck, R. J. Demand growth to continue for oil; resume for 

gas this year in the U.S . Oil & Gas Journal. January 

26, 1998; 96 (4):57-75 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article features statistics from the last 10 years 

on supply and demand, prices, production, 

consumption, exports and imports, rig activity, stocks 

and much more. 

Beck, R. J. ; Bell, L. OGJ 200 companies posted strong 

financial year in 1997. Oil & Gas Journal. Sept. 7, 

1998 ; 96 (36) :49-77 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

1997 was the second straight strong financial year for 

companies on the OGJ200 list of publicly traded oil 

and gas producers. Rankings and production levels of 

each company are given. 

Beck, R. J. ; Radler, M. Government oil companies dominate 

OGJ1001ist of production leaders outside U.S . Oil 

& Gas Journal. Sept . 7, 1998; 96 (36) :78-87 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Financial rankings of the OGJ100 list of production 

leaders outside the U.S . are not possible since many 

government companies only report production and 

reserves . The list is organized by company 

headquarter regions. 

Beck, R. J. OPEC discipline, inventory cuts key to oil 

prices in second half. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 

(30) :49-56 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

By utilizing withdrawals from the excess inventories 

that accumulated during late 1997 and 1998, OPEC is 

achieving a balanced market for growth demand and 

demand for new production . 

Beck, Robert. First quarter profits fall with oil prices . Oil & 

Gas Journal . 1998; 96 (28) :36-37 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Total first quarter profits for 129 oil companies were 

down 43 .4% from the first quarter profits last year . A 

detailed table is presented. 

62 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Beginning outlook for the Oil & Gas Industry. Ocean News 

& Technology. 2000; 6 (1):19. ISSN: 1082-6106. 

A comprehensive survey of oil company exploration 

and production expenditures has been completed by 

the Lehman Brothers. The survey indicates that 320 

oil and gas companies plan a meager, leading to 

10.2% growth in their worldwide E&P expenditures 

in 2000. However, spending by major international 

oil companies declines compared to North America 

and Canada, who are planning an increase in 

spending of 22.5%. 

Benton inks Senegal E&D MOU. Oil & Gas Journal. 

December 22, 1997; 95 (51) :27. ISSN: 0030-

1388.Petrosen, a Senegal state-oil company, signed a 

memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Benton 

Oil & Gas Co. of Cacpinteria, CA. Benton Oil now 

has operatorship and a 45% working interest in the 

These Block in northwestern Senegal. 

Burden, Paul L. A. ; Davies, Christopher P. N. Oribi field is 

South Africa's first offshore crude oil production . 

Oil & Gas Journal. September 15, 1997; 95 (37) :63-

65 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Production from the Oribi oil field, owned by Soekor 

E&P and Energy Africa Bredasdorp (Pty .) Ltd., 

began in early May 1997 . It is expected that 18 

million bbl of light crude oil will be recovered over a 

4 year period . 

Cakerawala OK heads Malay-Thai action . Oil & Gas 

Journal. January 26, 1998; 96 (4):46. ISSN: 0030-

1388 . 

Development of the first gas field in the Malay-Thai 

shared waters of the Gulf of Thailand has been 

approved . Production is scheduled to begin late in the 

year 2000. 

Canada warns ships over illegal spills that kill thousands 

of seabirds. Marine Pollution Bulletin . September 

1998 ; 36 (9) :656-657. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Canadians report some 20,000-100,000 seabirds are 

dying from oiling . Analysis of the oil contamination 

shows that the samples consist mainly of fuel oils, 

lubricating and hydraulic oils, suggesting illegal 

discharging of machinery waste rather than crude oil 

tanker leaks. 

Campbell, Colin J. ; Laberrere, Jean H. The end of cheap oil. 

Scientific American. March 1998; 278 (3):78-83 . 

ISSN: 0036-8733 . 

Oil production is expected to begin slowing down 

within the decade . Oil prices are expected to climb 

unless demand for oil tapers . 

Champ, Michael A. The history of the Japanese 

international oil spill symposia. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin . 1997 ; 4 (4):Preface . ISSN: 

1353-2561 . 

Bottomley, Steven; Pritchard, Graham. Tulenovo field holds 

key to new drilling in Bulgaria . Oil & Gas Journal. 

March 2, 1998 ; 96 (9) :110-114. ISSN: 0033-1388 . 

The Tulenovo oil field is located on the Black Sea 

coast 25 km south of the Romanian border. There is 

an estimated 69 million bbl of oil to be harvested. 

The MMS is looking for investors. 

Bray, John. Petroleum and human rights : the new frontiers 

of debate. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 (44) :56-69 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

This article has three objectives . First, it analyzes the 

sources of pressure for change. Second, it discusses 

how companies can meet new challenges . Thud, it 

identifies the most sensitive issues in the current 

international debate and describes the likely way to 

proceed. 

Burns, R. F. World's deepest water drilling/production 

platform . Sea Technology. 1999; 40 (4):19-23 . 

ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

Exxon has begun development of the Hoover and 

Diana fields 160 miles east of Corpus Christi, TX, in 

the Western Gulf of Mexico. This development is 

first of seven key worldwide deepwater discoveries 

announced in the last two years. The Hoover/Diana 

production facilities are designed to handle 100,000 

barrels/day of crude and 325 million cubic feet/day of 

gas. 

China accelerates shift in energy policy, restructuring of 

state petroleum firms. Oil & Gas Journal . 2000; 98 

(2):14-18 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

In the last few years China's energy policy has gone 

through major changes. The restructuring has led to a 

number of strategic changes in the country's oil and 

gas industry by raising funds for capital investment, 

cutting costs, and focusing on development of cleaner 

fuels. 

Cross, Ian. Several world regions still recovering from '98-

'99 exploration slump. Oil & Gas Journal. February 

28, 2000; 98 (9):55-67 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article focuses on exploration, completion of 

delineation wells; and contracts or concessions 

awarded to give an idea of 1999 world activity levels . 

Crow, Patrick. Alaskan issues . Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 

(26) :30. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Alaskans are facing a decision on how they will 

continue to pay for public services . The state's 

primary funding comes from oil royalties, but 

concurrent dips in oil prices and production has left 

the state with a considerable deficit. Sate officials are 

proposing to fund some state operations with monies 

accrued form the North Slope oil revenues. 

63 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Crow, Patrick. Change in China. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 

97 (25) :32. ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

CNPC and Sinopec, two of China's major oil 

employers, are planning to cut their workforces to 1 

million by 2004 from 1 .5 million in order to reduce 

cost and better compete in the global market. 

Crow, Patrick. Sanctions showdown. Oil & Gas Journal. 

October 13, 1997; 95 (41) :35-36 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Three international oil firms (France's Total, Russia's 

Gazprom, and Indonesia's Petronas) signed a contract 

with the Iranian National Oil Co. in 1997 that appears 

to violate the 1996 Iran-Libya Sanctions Act. 

Crow, Patrick. Colombia's prospects. Oil & Gas Journal. 

December 22, 1997; 95 (51) :26. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Colombia's oil and gas licensing teens have been 

revised, and revitalization in exploration and 

production is expected as a result . 

Crow, Patrick. Ukraine's woes. Oil & Gas Journal. January 

26, 1998 ; 96 (4) :44. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Ukraine wants to increase its gas and condensate 

output, but they are having difficulty conforming to 

the practices of foreign oil companies . 

Crow, Patrick. Santa Fe Snyder makes another S. China 

Sea find . Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 (46) :32. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Santa Fe Synder Corporation has made a new oil 

discovery on Block 15/34 in the Pearl River Mouth 

basin in the South China Sea. Evaluations based on 

an appraisal well drilled in August 1999, confirmed 

an estimated 50 million bbl of crude oil could be 

recovered. 

Data warehouse manages offshore project information. Oil 

& Gas Journal. May 4, 1998; 96 (18) :94. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Norway's Asgard project data will be managed by a 

data warehouse adopted from the POSC/Caesar data 

model. 

Davies, G. Offshore Kazakhstan: Ultimate challenge for 

the oil industry. Marine Pollution Bulletin . January 

1998; 36 (1) :7 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Due to challenges such as sulfur present in the strata 

surface operating conditions in Kazakhstan, and strict 

legislative regimes, the exploration and development 

in the Kazakh sector is best left to a consortium of 

international oil companies rather than individual 

ones. 

DeBaie, B. Resources base, pipeline networks position 

Canadian producers for greater share of U.S . oil 

and gas demand. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999 ; 97 

(26) :34-53 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Outlined in this article are proposed oil and gas 

pipeline expansion and the relationship between 

Canadian producers and pipeline companies that are 

working together to keep Canada's resource basins 

competitive and ready to capitalize on market 

opportunities. 

Deepwater Gulf of Mexico production rising. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999; 97 (44)34. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

In 1998, production of oil and gas from the 

deepwater areas of the Gulf of Mexico reached an alltime high. The rising production from the deepwater's 

of the Gulf of Mexico has great momentum and will 

continue to play a key role in our national energy 

strategy. 

Deepwater plans for 2000. Ocean News & Technology. 2000; 

6 (1):20. ISSN: 1082-6106. 

According to Offshore Data Services' Gulf of Mexico 

Newsletter, December 27, 1999, US Gulf of Mexico 

operators have filed plans to drill 44 wells in water 

depths greater than 1,500 feet, with seven planned for 

ultra-deepwater of greater than 7,500 feet . 

Deis, D. R. ; French, D. P. The use of methods for injury 

determination and quantification from natural 

resource damage assessment in ecological risk 

assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 

August 1998; 4 (4 Part 2) :887-903. ISSN: 1080-7039 . 

Natural resource damage assessment regulations and 

procedures are used to identify and quantify natural 

resource injury, determine damages resulting from 

the injury, and develop restoration actions. Pre-spill 

planning is emphasized. 

Demumen, Femih. Despite recent gains in momentum, 

prospects for the Baku-Ceyhan Caspian oil export 

line remain doubtful. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 

(46) :23-28 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

In fall of 1999, an unconfirmed press report stated 

that BP Amoco had announced it would back the 

Baku-Ceyhan pipeline, after opposing it consistently 

since 1995 . BP Amoco's announcement notwithstanding the fundamentals of the Baku-Ceyhan 

dispute has not changed, and there is no guarantee 

that the project will materialize. 

Dion, R. R. Long view of Caspian oil export options tilts to 

Kazakhstan-China. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 

(23) :21-28 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Political litigation has been a long-teen problem with 

the Caspian oil pipeline . Utilizing Kazakhstan's 

territory for a future pipeline would have a huge 

advantage, because it is largely a one-man state able 

to dictate activities related to the development of the 

routes . 

64 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Dion, R. R. Petroleum companies must fight corruption; 

instill responsibility in evolution of social 

awareness. Oil & Gas Journal. February 21, 2000; 

98 (8):21-25 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Over the last 30 years the social awareness in which 

oil companies conduct their business has been 

dramatically transformed. The industry has become 

more receptive to the needs of the countries in which 

they operate. 

Ducrotoy, Jean-Paul; Elliott, Michael. Interrelations between 

science and policy-making: the North Sea 

example. Marine Pollution Bulletin . September 

1997; 34 (9):686-701 . ISSN: 0025-386X. 

Protection of the North Atlantic now falls under 

OSPARCOM (Oslo and Paris Commission). There is 

now a greater possibility of overlap of the efforts of 

OSPARCOM and the increasing EU (European 

Union) . The article discusses the impact of the 

possible new international legislation from a 

scientific research standpoint . 

Edwards, J . D. Crude oil and alternate energy production 

forecasts for the twenty-first century : The end of 

the hydrocarbon era. AAPG Bulletin - American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists. August 1997; 

81 (8) :1292-1305. ISSN: 0149-1423 . 

World oil production rates, and alternate energy 

source, predictions are made through the year 2100. 

Edwards, R. The Sea Empress oil spill. Oceanographic 

Literature Review. May 1998 ; 45 (5) :826 . ISSN: 

0967-0653 . 

Emerson, Sarah. Recent oil price trends underscore OPEC's 

unwieldy market power. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 

98 (24) :89-90 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

With the Asian economic crisis unfolding at the end 

of 1997, and OPEC raising production, some industry 

observers claim that OPEC was out of touch, if not 

moribund . Traditionally, OPEC's production policies 

have been discussed in terms of the trade-off between 

maximizing price or maximizing market share. This 

dichotomy, however, provides only a simple 

framework, which is misleading in its 

characterization of OPEC's alternatives . The member 

states of OPEC are well aware of their dependence on 

steady oil consumption. Moreover, they know that 

high prices encourage investment in non-OPEC 

countries. 

ExxonMobil sells properties, organizes. Oil & Gas Journal. 

1999; 97 (51) :26-29 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

ExxonMobil Corporation and BP Amoco have agreed 

to dissolve their European fuels and lubricants joint 

venture and split the assets in line with their equity 

stakes . 

Febvre, A. Oil spills research funded. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin . September 1997 ; 34 (9) :682-683 . ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

The European Union (EU) will fund a two year 

project aimed at developing oil spill detection and 

monitoring in the Mediterranean and south-west 

Atlantic coast with the purpose of studying the 

feasibility of an early warning system for oil spills . 

Fouda, Safaa A. Liquid fuels from natural gas. Scientific 

American. March 1998; 278 (3):92-95 . ISSN: 0036-

8733. 

Diesel and other fuels are now being produced using 

natural gas, a more plentiful and cleaner energy 

source than oil. 

Four operators get set for Falklands drilling. Oil & Gas 

Journal. February 23, 1998 ; 96 (8):30-32 . ISSN: 

0030-1388 . 

In May 1998, four drilling rig operators will begin 

jointly drilling five wildcat wells off the Falkland 

Islands, each sharing the cost of mobilizing the 

drilling rig to the Falkland Islands. 

Gaddy, Dean E. Pioneering work, economic factors provide 

insights into Russian drilling technology. Oil & 

Gas Journal. July 6, 1998; 96 (27) :67-69 . ISSN: 

0300-1388 . 

Russian achievements in horizontal and multilateral 

drilling technologies are examined along with a 

discussion on the economic differences, which 

directed Russian and American research. 

Gaddy, Dean. E. Rig activity drops as oil prices decline. Oil 

& Gas Journal. Sept . 21, 1998; 96 (38) :49-59 . ISSN: 

0030-1388 . 

The number of rigs worldwide for oil and gas drilling 

dropped 19% over the last year to 1,764 as a result of 

a decline in oil prices . 

Gaddy, Dean E. Fresh opportunities arise in Russia as 

country's oil majors respond to lessons learned 

from the 1990s. Oil & Gas Journal. February 28, 

2000; 98 (9):23-26 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Gaddy, Dean E. Rig clubs help alleviates Caspian Sea 

drilling shortage. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 

(45) :63-67 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Several international consortia in the Caspian Sea 

have formed rig-sharing groups . This will provide a 

means to fulfill production-sharing obligations with a 

limited number of mobile offshore drilling units. 

Gaddy, Dean E. Russian oil major Yudos implements 

wester-style reorganizaton. Oil & Gas Journal. 

1999; 97 (24) :21-26 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

An aggressive two-part reorganization plan by 

Russia's Yukos Oil Co. is being implemented. By 

reducing costs and improving operation efficiencies, 

Yukos Oil Co., is determined to become a worldclass oil company. 

65 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Ganten, R. H. HNS and oil pollution developments in the 

field of compensation for damage to the marine 

environment. Oceanographic Literature Review. 

1998; 45 (2):394 . ISSN: 0967-0653 . 

The 'International Convention on Liability and 

Compensation for Damage in Connection with the 

Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by 

Sea' (HNS Convention) was compared to recent 

amendments in oil pollution protocols. 

Gay, Joel Crude behavior . National Fisherman. 1998 ; 79 

(3):20-21 . ISSN: 0027-9250. 

Exxon called for a mistrial of the 1995 case against 

them in which they were ordered to pay $5 billion in 

punitive damages on the grounds of jury tampering. 

A decision on the call for a new trial will be made 

this summer, and if denied, Exxon's appeals will be 

bundled into one hearing later in the fall . 

Gibbs, Barry. Offshore structure abandonment: solutions 

for an aging industry. Sea Technology. 2000; 41 

(4):25-32 . ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

The National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 and 

the Texas Artificial Reef Act of 1989 provide a 

program for oil companies to donate their in place, 

decommissioned oil structures to the TPWD 

Artificial Reef Program (TARP). The TARP program 

is able to maintain the abandoned structures with 

funds that would have been used to clean and remove 

the platforms. These structures provide a natural 

marine habitat. 

Goldstein, Lawrence J. Risks to global crude oil flow sustain 

need for strategic reserve. Oil & Gas Journal. 

September 15, 1997 ; 95 (37) :20-24 . ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) level is in 

danger of being reduced by a number of proposed 

bills. The paper discusses the effects reduction of 

SPR levels would have on transit risks, prices, 

sanctions issues, draw down, sales and other uses . 

Grau, M. V. ; Groves, T. The oil spill process: the effect of 

coast guard monitoring on oil spills . 

Oceanographic Literature Review. June 1998 ; 45 

(6) :1038. ISSN: 0967-0653. 

Coast Guard enforcement efforts work to decrease 

both the frequency and size of oil spills . Impending 

fines have no effect on oil spill size, and few spills 

from non-monitored transfers are detected. 

Greenberg, Jerry. Turnkey management allows operators to 

manage drilling risk. Oil & Gas Journal. Sept. 21, 

1998; 96 (38) :60-66 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Drilling management contractor services may one 

day be useful for complete field development 

programs . Case studies and efficiency measures are 

given. 

Gregoli, M. K. ; Brett, J. F. ; Gahan, B. C. Drilling industry 

benefits by sharing successful drilling practices. 

Oil & Gas Journal. Sept . 28, 1998; 96 (39) :85-89 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Successful drilling practices consist of aggregated, 

small-scale tasks that serve to improve overall 

drilling processes. 

Grigalunas, T. A. ; Opaluch, J. J. ; Diamantides, J. ; Mazzotta, 

M. Liability for oil spill damages: issues, methods, 

and examples. Coastal Management . April-June 

1998 ; 26 (2) :61-77 . ISSN: 0892-0753 . 

FTC finally clears Exxon-Mobil merger. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999; 97 (49)30-31 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The US Federal Trade Commission has finally 

allowed Exxon Corporation to acquire Mobil 

Corporation, but they will require the firms to shed 

many assets . 

Harris, P. M. Amoco saves $31 million in deepwater drilling 

operations . Oil & Gas Journal. May 4, 1998 ; 96 

(18) :65-74 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The article reviews offshore drilling expansions in 

the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea. 

Hiney, J. There's oil down there . . .way down there. Texas 

Shores. Spring 1998; 31 (1):2-25. ISSN: 0747-0959. 

The article discusses the current trends, technology, 

economic feasibility and drilling sites for harvesting 

deepwater oil reserves . 

Hoskins, B. ; Ram, N. M. ; Patrick, P. ; Cawley, J. M. Variation 

in the use of risk-based groundwater clean-up 

levels at petroleum release sites in the United 

States . Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 

September 1997; 3 (4):521-535. ISSN: 1080-7039. 

State regulations governing assessment and clean up 

of petroleum release sites were examined between 

November and December 1996. Six categories of 

risk-based corrective action (RBCA) were identified . 

Regulation source documents from each state are 

listed . 

Gray, Glenn. Alaska finds consistency effective in managing 

oil and gas development. Coastal Services . 

May/June 2000; 3 (3):2-3 . 

This article provides an overview of the Northstar oil 

development project scheduled to begin in 2001 . It 

also provides a socioeconomic evaluation of the 

development of Alaska over the past 30 years and 

shows how the State has been directly tied to oil 

development. 

Huge fine for oil spillers . Marine Pollution Bulletin . January 

1998; 36 (1):4 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The captains of the tug, Scandia, and the president of 

Ekl Marine Corporation of New York were fined 

three million dollars for the January 1996 oil spill in 

Provincetown . This is the second largest criminal 

fine issued for an oil spill. 

66 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Ireland offers oil discovery, frontier blocks for bidding. Oil 

& Gas Journal. October 13, 1997; 95 (41) :37 . ISSN: 

0030-1388 . 

Ireland's Department of Marine and Natural 

Resources is offering for bid, leases in Seven Heads 

and frontier acreage in the South Porcupine basin. 

Companies have until April 8, 1998 to submit 

applications for a lease in Seven Heads and until 

December 15, 1998 for bids on South Porcupine 

basin. 

Jian, Sanqiang . Multinational oil companies and the Spratly 

dispute. Oceanographic Literature Review. 1998; 45 

(2):394 . ISSN: 0967-0653 . 

This article analyzes the issue focusing on the impact 

of multinational oil companies on the national 

policies of the littoral countries and on the territorial 

dispute in the South China Sea. 

Khartukov, Eugene M. Low oil prices, economic woes 

threaten Russian oil exports. Oil & Gas Journal. 

1998; 96 (23) :25-30 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Russian oil profit margins plunge as their oil 

production and exportation rises exponentially. 

Khurana, S. Patents protect deepwater platform concepts. 

Oil & Gas Journal. June 22, 1998; 96 (25) :59-61 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The author discusses existing deepwater platform 

patents and encourages building on to existing 

patents and coming up with new patent ideas to 

reduce the cost of drilling . 

Knight, Roger; Westwood, John. Long-term prospects very 

bright for deep waters off West Africa. Oil & Gas 

Journal. January 18, 1999; 97 (3) :33-38 . ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Reserve estimates for West African fields are given. 

Jones, C. A. Compensation for natural resource damages 

from oil spills : a comparison of US law and 

international conventions. Internation! Journal of 

Environment and Pollution. 1999; 11 (1):86-107. 

ISSN: 0957-4352. 

The focus of this paper is on measuring natural 

resource damages from oil spills . The Oil Pollution 

Act (OPA) of 1990 (USA) is compared with the 1969 

Act for International Convention on Civil Liability 

for Oil Pollution Damage and the 1971 Act for 

International Funds for Compensation for Oil 

Pollution Damage. 

Kasprzak, R. A. Use of oil and gas platforms as habitat in 

Louisiana's artificial reef program. Gulf of Mexico 

Science. 1998; 16 (1) :37-45 . 

In 1986, the Louisiana Fishing Enhancement Act was 

signed into law creating the Louisiana Artificial Reef 

Program. This program was designed to take 

advantage of fishing habitat opportunities offered by 

obsolete platforms. Federal regulations require that 

these structures be removed within 1 yr after the 

mineral lease is terminated. Disposal of abandoned 

offshore structures is not only a financial liability for 

the oil industry, but can also result in a loss of 

productive marine habitats . 

Kelly, S. J. Canadian heavy crude production seen 

rebounding early next decade. Oil & Gas Journal. 

1999; 97 (26) :17-24 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

As a result of fallout from the Asian financial crisis 

and a resulting decrease in petroleum demand and 

low oil prices, the Canadian heavy crude oil sector 

has suffered this past year . However, due to decline 

of indigenous oil production in the Rocky Mountain 

states, a growing dependence on Canadian crude is 

forecasted. 

Knott, David. North Sea reserves life pegged at 25 years. 

Oil & Gas Journal. September 15, 1997; 95 (37) :26. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

North Sea gas production is expected to rise . 

Knott, David. Huge potential seen in Europe's offshore 

frontiers. Oil & Gas Journal. September 15, 1997 ; 

95 (37) :26. ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

At the Offshore Northern Europe conference in 

Aberdeen, the Atlantic margin's Barents Sea was 

spotlighted for its huge gas producing potential. 

Knott, David. Solar campaign at oil show. Oil & Gas 

Journal. September 15, 1997; 95 (37) :27. ISSN: 

0030-1388 . 

Greenpeace had a booth promoting solar energy at 

the Offshore Northern Europe oil and gas conference 

in September. 

Knott, David. OPEC's weak ray of hope. Oil & Gas Journal. 

January 26, 1998; 96 (4):41 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

As a result of falling oil prices, OPEC is 

reconsidering the high production quotas they set in 

November. 

Knott, David. Mongolia re-joins oil producing world. Oil & 

Gas Journal. February 23, 1998 ; 96 (8):33. ISSN: 

0030-1388 . 

SOCO International of London has begun oil 

production operations in Mongolia for the first time 

in over 30 years. 

67 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Knott, David. Climate changes issue a litmus test for oil 

company survival . Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 

(50) :27-29 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Looking toward the new millennium, most petroleum 

companies have made tremendous improvements in 

the environmental performance of their operations . 

Yet it is already possible to identify those companies 

that are in danger of extinction and those that have 

begun to evolve in response to this latest 

environmental challenge. 

Knott, David. Long-term stability of crude oil prices 

debated. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 (48) :25. 

During the first International Oil Summit held in 

Paris, November 16, 1999 and organized by Institut 

Francaise du Petrole, discussion over long-term oil 

price stability fueled debate . It could not be said if 

compliance with the current agreements will continue 

until its scheduled expiration, or if there will be a 

meeting to formulate policy . 

Knott, David. California-Texas crude oil line future in 

doubt. Oil & Gas Journal. 1999; 97 (48) :27 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Plains All American Pipeline LP is taking 

preliminary steps to shut down its California-toTexas crude oil pipeline. The pipeline designed to 

handle 300,000 b/d of crude, has been operating at 

much lower throughput rates . As a result, the pipeline 

has been little more than a financial drain on its 

owners since it was first filled in 1987 . Plains has 

said that if no other shippers step forward to supply 

the line fill, it will consider other uses for the 

pipeline, such as shipping refined products or laying 

fiber optic cables . 

Knott, David. BP Amoco-ARCO merger hits snags in 

Alaska; concessions required . Oil & Gas Journal. 

1999; 97 (44) :27-32 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Greenpeace, an environmental campaign group, and a 

number of Inupiat activists from Alaska's North 

Slope area, have filed a lawsuit in the United States, 

in a bid to prevent BP Amoco from building a 

drilling and production facility 6 miles off the coast 

of Alaska. Inupiat activists and Greepeace claim that 

the Northstar project lacks an adequate oil-spill plan 

and jeopardizes the fragile marine and coastal 

environment of the Arctic . 

Large fme for oil polluter . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

November 1997; 34 (11) :853 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Twenty metric tons of crude oil was spilled by the 

Norwegian tanker, Tove Knutsen at the entrance to 

the Humber River near Grimsby in January 1997 . 250 

birds from the nearby Tetney Nature Reserve were 

oiled. 

Lennox, R. Implications of oil spills . Dock and Harbour 

Authority. 1998; 78;882-883 . ISSN: 0012-4419 

The United Kingdom's Marine Pollution Control Unit 

Maintains the country's contingency plan for oil 

spills . It also directs offshore operations during a 

major spill and helps to co-ordinate shoreline spill 

response activities . 

Lennox, R. Implications of oil spill. Dock and Harbour 

Authority. 1998 ; 78 (882-883):241-243 . ISSN: 0012-

4419 

Linden, H. R. Flaws seen in resource models behind crisis 

forecasts for oil supply, price. Oil & Gas Journal. 

December 28, 1998 ; 96 (52) :33-68 . ISSN: 0030-

1388 . 

Charts of estimated proved reserves and oil 

production broken down by country are presented. 

MNIS to alter valuation of oil on Indian lands. Oil & Gas 

Journal. February 23, 1998; 96 (8):37. ISSN: 0030-

1388 . 

The proposed new rule for setting the value of oil 

produced on Indian lands will use the highest of three 

measures : Nynex futures prices, the lessee's gross 

proceeds, or an MMS-calculated major portion value. 

Macary, S. ; El-Haddad, A. Decision trees optimize workover 

program. Oil & Gas Journal. December 21, 1998 ; 

96 (51) :93-97 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Risk-assessment techniques can be used to minimize 

risks associated with workovers. Operations in 

Egypt's largest oil producing field, the October Field, 

were evaluated. 

Martin, Tim W. Global refining addresses increased oil 

demands, new challenges . Oil & Gas Journal. 

March 16, 1998; 96 (11) :51-58 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The article discusses global and U.S . asset 

rationalization and supply and demand. There are 

also production summaries for various countries. 

Labelle, Robert P. ; Danenberger, Elmer P. Oil-spill research 

program of the US Minerals Management Service. 

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 1998 ; 4 (2):107-

111 . ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The MMS encourages technology development in 

areas of in situ burning, large wave-tank testing of 

spill countermeasures, remote sensing and oil-spill 

trajectory analysis . 

Martinez, A. R. ; McMichael, C. L. Petroleum reserves : new 

definitions by the Society of Petroleum Engineers 

and the World Petroleum Congress. Journal of 

Petroleum Geology. 1999; 22 (2):133-140. ISSN: 

0141-6421 . 

McCabe, P. J. Energy resources-Cornucopia or empty 

barrel? AAPG Bulletin-American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists . November 1998; 82 

(11) :2110-2134 . ISSN: 0149-1323. 

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SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

McInnes, R. G. Oil pollution - the local authority response 

in England and Wales. Proceedings - ICE: 

Municipal Engineer. 1998 ; 127 (1) :6-12. ISSN: 

0965-0903. 

This is one paper in a series of topic reports provided 

to the Technical Advisory Group Coastal 

Management Committee for the assistance of 

organizations involved in coastal work. 

Melancon, J. Michael. Oil and gas activity in the Gulf of 

Mexico federal OCS: 1990-1998. Sea Technology. 

1999; 40 (8):37-42. ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

This paper presents a statistical analysis of several 

activities and forecast daily oil and gas production 

projections through the year 2003 . 

Mooers, Christopher N. K. South Florida Oil Spill Research 

Center. Spill Science & Technology. 1997; 4 (1):35-

44. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

The South Florida Oil Spill Research Center, 

operated by the University of Miami, currently has 

three projects : the Straits of Florida 

Nowcast/Forecast System (SFNFS), Oil Spill 

Information Management System (OSIMS), and 

National Marine Oil Transportation System 

(NMOTSM) . The SFNFS is described in this paper. 

Newell, E. P. Canada's oilsands industry comes of age. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 1999; 97 (26) :44-53 . ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Canada's oilsands resource is spread across 77,000 

sq . km and with current technologies and processes, 

about 300 billion bbls are considered recoverable. 

This puts Canada's oilsands resources on par with 

Saudi Arabia's provided oil reserves which makes it 

one of the largest hydrocarbon deposits in the world. 

Oceaneering awarded MOPU Contract. Sea Technology. 

2000; 41 (1):85 . ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

Oceaneering International Inc. recently announced 

their three-year award contract, at a day rate service 

arrangement, to provide mobile offshore production 

unit (MOPU) for development of the Legendre North 

and South oil fields on the North West Shelf of 

Western Australia. Oceaneering expects to increase 

annual earnings by $030 per share during this 

primary contract term. The company is excited with 

the exposure and the opportunity to serve Australian 

operations in mobile production, subsea tieback, and 

conventional support services . 

Offshore environmental concerns mitigated by onshorebased, extended-reach drilling . Oil & Gas Journal. 

May 4, 1998 ; 96 (18) :118-120. ISSN: 0300-1388. 

By using extended-reach drilling from near an 

onshore, pre-existing facility to tap into distant, 

offshore drilling targets, fewer new platforms may 

need to be erected, and the risk of offshore spills may 

decline. 

Oil and hope for Chad. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (24) :25. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The World Banks' role in the Chad-Cameroon oildevelopment and pipeline project is to provide loans 

to two countries' governments and to the jointventure pipeline companies. By financing the 

governments' equity stakes, the World Bank gains 

political influence unattainable by the private 

companies and important to the disposition of the 

state share of project proceeds. 

Oil piracy posses growing menace to tanker traffic in 

South China Sea. Oil & Gas Journal. October 16, 

1999; 97 (42) :23-25 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Oil piracy in the South China Sea is a growing crisis 

for Maritime officials. These attacks are very violent 

toward the crewmen, which in most cases leaves the 

vessel unmanned and could lead to an environmental 

catastrophe and human loss . 

Oil price management: Why OPEC needs a real gulf crude 

market. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (24) :92-98 . 

ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Over the past 4 years, oil prices have lurched from 

crisis to crisis in a boom-and-bust cycle that is a 

direct result of OPEC's failure to react promptly to 

clear market signals . OPEC finally seems to have 

realized that it needs to find a more effective way to 

manage the oil market if it is to achieve its price 

objectives . 

Oliver, P. Environmental assessment for oil and gas 

projects . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1998; 36 

(4):177-180. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Mandatory environmental statements for Offshore 

Petroleum Production and Pipelines (Assessment of 

Environmental Effects) Regulations 1998 will go into 

effect for certain proposed oil and gas projects on the 

United Kingdom Continental Shelf Statements will 

allow the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry to 

consider the environmental issues affecting projects 

when deciding whether or not to authorize them. 

Ornitz, B. Transport of oil at the crossroads: a legal 

perspective. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

1999; 5 (2):103-107. ISSN: 1353-2561 . 

This article deals with several issues regarding 

unfettered freedom of United States and International 

shipping communities as the millennium approaches. 

Pagano, S. S. Offshore oil & gas: 'sweeping optimism' . Sea 

Technology. January 1998; 39 (1):14-17 . ISSN: 

0093-3651 . 

1997 was a year of high yields, high profits and good 

exploration. The offshore rig market made a strong 

recovery, and the trend is expected to continue . 

69 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Pagano, S . S. Deep water plays: where the action remains. 

Sea Technology. April 1998 ; 39 (4) :10-16 . ISSN: 

0093-3651 . 

Despite dropping oil prices, new rig orders are very 

active. More than 60 new rigs are deep water capable, 

and orders are up for semi submersibles, jackups, and 

more ships for the drill fleet. 

Park, J. M. ; Holliday, M. G. Occupational-health aspects of 

marine oil-spill response. Pure and Applied 

Chemistry. 1999; 71 (1):113-133. ISSN: 0033-4545. 

Concern about health and safety is a normal part of 

every oil spill. In general, safety is easier to 

understand and address than are concerns about 

exposure to crude oil and other chemicals, which 

might be used in the response. This paper addresses 

chemical aspects of occupational health and marine 

oil-spill response and is restricted to exposures to 

crude oil in its various forms. 

Pearce, Jack B. A short history of marine environmental 

monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1998; 37 

(1/2) :1-2 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A short bibliography is provided that may be useful 

for historical water quality assessment. 

Pettingill, Henry S. Turbidite plays' immaturity means big 

potential remains. Oil & Gas Journal. Oct. 5, 1998; 

96 (40) :106-112. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Deepwater drilling of turbidite plays offers 

significant untapped resources. 

Petzet, G. Alan. ; Beck, R. J. Dip in drilling likely for the 

U.S ., Canada in 1998. Oil & Gas Journal. January 

26, 1998; 96 (4):80-81 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The article cites sufficient supplies of crude oil 

worldwide, weakening oil and gas prices, Southeast 

Asian economics, and the fact that 1997 was a record 

drilling year for Canada, as reasons for the predicted 

dip in 1998 drilling . 

Petzet, G. Alan. Seismic, other sound at issue in deepwater 

Gulf of Mexico. Oil & Gas Journal. September 13, 

1999; 97 (37) :105-106. ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

As exploration ventures into the deepwater's of the 

Gulf of Mexico, pressure has mounted with 

recognition that sound levels in the ocean may have 

increased dramatically, and may be causing harm to 

marine life . Currently MMS has little scientific data 

relating to disturbances of such marine mammals. In 

the next few years data will likely become available 

and emphasis will mainly focus on mitigating the 

effects, if any, of industrial sound on sea life . 

Pipeline will move Siberian crude oil to China. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2000; 98 (24) :75 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Earlier this year, government officials from Russia 

and China signed an agreement to begin construction 

in 2003 of the $1 .7 billion crude oil pipeline that will 

stretch 2,330 km from Angarsk, to Mongolia, and 

then into Beijing. Oil analysts have praised the 

Russia-China pipeline project because Russia has 

long needed additional export routes and China is a 

fast-growing market . 

Poruban, Steven. Ocean Energy, Seagull tout merger 

benefits . Oil & Gas Journal. December 28, 1998; 96 

(52) :26-27 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Ocean Energy Inc. and Seagull Energy Corp., both of 

Houston, TX, have merged in order to combat low oil 

and gas prices . The company's drilling and 

production activities are outlined . 

Radler, Marilyn. Worldwide construction. Oil & Gas 

Journal. Oct. 5, 1998; 96 (40) :63-103. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Major construction projects are listed by processing 

and pipeline categories . 

Rhodes, Anne. Vastar uses technology, strategy to compete 

with majors in deep water. Oil & Gas Journal. 

December 7, 1998; 96 (49) :27-33 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Vastar Resources, Inc., an independent Houstonbased oil firm, is using state-of-the-art seismic 

interpretation tools and creative partnership 

arrangements to compete with major oil firms for 

deepwater wells in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Rhodes, Anne. Year 2000 glitch presents problem of 

unprecedented scope for petroleum industry. Oil 

& Gas Journal. Sept . 28, 1998; 96 (39) :29-36 . ISSN: 

0030-1388 . 

Companies are preparing their software portfolios, 

operational control systems and facilities for 

problems associated with the year 2000 date change . 

The article discusses the immense resource drain 

being placed on oil companies. 

Roberts, Rebecca B. Surge in gulf gas will impact Louisiana 

facilities . Oil & Gas Journal. August 18, 1997; 95 

(33) :45-47 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

As deepwater developments come online in the Gulf 

of Mexico, gas production is expected to increase in a 

range of 3-9 bcfd by 2005 . 

Roland, K. Technology will continue to profoundly affect 

energy industry. Oil & Gas Journal. March 30, 

1998 ; 96 (13) :69-74 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

The time, money, and effort required obtaining and 

paying for an energy source is constantly shrinking 

with developing technologies . 

70 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Roland, K. Perceptions of future, often flawed, shape plans 

and policies . Oil & Gas Journal. February 23, 1998; 

96 (8):56-61 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This is a Norwegian perspective of the international 

oil industry and the factors that influence its future . 

Russia to see its first merger of oil majors. Oil & Gas 

Journal. January 26, 1998; 96 (4):42-44 . ISSN: 0030-

1388 . 

Yukos Oil Corp. and Siberian Oil Co. (Sibneft) are 

merging to form Yuksi, representing the largest oil 

reserves holdings and the third highest oil production 

of any non-state oil company. 

Santos expands Indonesian holdings. Oil & Gas Journal. 

December 22, 1997; 95 (51) :27. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Pertamina, a state-owned oil company, awarded 

Santo Ltd. of Adelaide, 45% interest in a productionsharing contract off Surabaya, Indonesia. 

Sayre, Alan. Oil boom, buyout fever fed Louisiana's 

economy in '97 . The Courier, (Houma, LA). 

Thursday, January 1, 1998; 120 (1) :1B. 

Approximately 25,000 more non-farm jobs exist in 

Louisiana now in comparison with a year ago. Many 

of the workers formerly employed bought-out 

manufacturing plants and are being retrained for 

work offshore or along the coast in the oil and gas 

industries . 

Schmoker, James W. ; Dyman, Thaddeus S. How perceptions 

have changed of world oil, gas resources. Oil & 

Gas Journal. February 23, 1998; 96 (8):77-80 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The perception of both oil and gas reserves are 

constantly being adjusted upward. Future reserve 

growth of discovered oil and gas fields is always 

being underassessed. 

Sea Empress Report Published. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 

September 1997; 34 (9):682 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) 

published its report fifteen months after the oil tanker 

Sea Empress released -72,000 tons of crude oil into 

Milford Haven Harbor in south Wales. It is suspected 

that a lack of understanding of tidal stream 

information and having the salvage operation 

conducted 'by committee' were important factors 

compounding the accident . Milford Haven Port 

Authority and the Milford Harbor Master are being 

held responsible. 

Sea Technology Staff. Offshore : dramatic recovery key to 

ocean markets comeback. Sea Technology. 41 

(4):10-14. ISSN: 0093-3651 . 

Dramatic recovery of the oil and gas industry during 

the past year is an indicator of the committed oil 

companies around the world. Deepwater drilling and 

production remains the focus of these players in the 

Gulf of Mexico and in international regions as oil & 

gas markets improve. 

Shell okays field development of Nigeria. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1999; 97 (44) :34. ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

In 1965, Shell discovered fields 90 km south of 

Warrin's shallow waters off Nigeria, but the complex 

geological settings prohibited early development. The 

company cited new drilling technology as the key to 

making the field economically viable . 

Stagg, R. M. The development of an international program 

for monitoring the biological effects of 

contaminants in the OSPAR convention area. 

Marine Environmental Research . July-December 

1998; 46 (1/5):307-313. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Under the OSPAR convention, programs were 

developed to control pollution in the northeastern 

Atlantic, the North Sea, the Celtic Seas, and the 

coastal zones of Western Europe . This paper 

discusses new programs to monitor the impacts of 

PAHs, tributyltin, heavy metals and marine 

environment quality. 

Talon, Manouchehr. U.S. sanctions against oil giants at odds 

with its Caspian policy. Oil & Gas Journal. October 

13, 1997; 95 (41) :27-33 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

U.S . sanctions on Iran's, Iraq's, and Libya's oil 

industries also effect U.S . oil companies and 

international oil markets. 

Trapmann, William; Shambaugh, Phil . EIA completes 

corrections to drilling estimates series. Oil & Gas 

Journal. November 23, 1998; 96 (47) :85-90 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Drilling estimates before and after the data correction 

are compared. The Energy Information 

Administration resolved the two data problems 

responsible for offsetting the data set and generated 

revised time series estimates for well completions 

and footage drilled. 

True, W. R. Oil, gas tanker industry responding to 

demand, contract changes. Oil & Gas Journal. 

March 2, 1998; 96 (9):99-102. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Some shipping routes are being altered due to 

changes in contractual relationships . Details about 

fleet age and tanker makers are given. 

71 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

U. S. Government sues Caribbean Petroleum. Marine 

Pollution bulletin . 1999 ; 38 (4):237 . ISSN: 0093-

3651 . 

Caribbean Petroleum Refining intends to restart its 

operations at its Catao refinery in Puerto Rico, which 

will significantly increase the volume of wastewater 

it discharges . The US Government has filed suit 

against CPR, alleging that this discharge is in severe 

violation of pollutant limits indicated in the Clean 

Water Act permit . 

Wasserstrom, Robert; Reider Susan. Oil firms in 

environmentally sensitive areas learning to 

balance stakeholder interests. Oil & Gas Journal. 

August 18, 1997; 95 (33) :23-27 . ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Conoco, Inc.'s pulling out of Ecuador's eastern rain 

forest is used as an example in this paper. Strategies 

are proposed for helping large oil companies learn to 

keep a lower profile in environmentally sensitive 

areas. 

Weber, J. M. ; Crew, R. E. Deterrence theory and marine oil 

U

spills : Do coast guard civil penalties deter . S. imposes sanctions against Sudan oil project. Oil & 

Gas Journal. February 28, 2000; 98 (9) :32. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The United States has issued sanctions against a 

multi-international oil venture operating in Sudan, in 

the Greater Nile Oil Project. The sanctions apply only 

to the activities of the joint venture and do not 

prevent other business dealings with the involved 

companies. 

U. S. oil firms improve environmental record. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 1998 ; 96 (24) :32. ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

The API used 1996 data from survey responses and 

governmental statistics to determine that oil firms 

spent less in 1996 on environmental measures and 

capital expenditures . 

Valdez sentence begins. Marine Pollution Bulletin . 1999; 38 

(8):627 . ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Captain Joseph Hazelwood, skipper of the ill-fated 

oil tanker the Exxon Valdez, started to serve his 

sentence nine years after his conviction for illegally 

spilling oil into the sea of Alaska. The court has 

sentenced Mr. Hazelwood to 1,000 hours of 

community service. In March 1989, over 1,000 miles 

of Alaska's coastline was affected by the oil spill, 

which initiated the largest oil spill response cleanup 

ever . 

Verleger, Jr ., Philip K. Third oil shock: real or imaginary? 

Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (24) :76-80 . ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

In 1973 and 1979 the world experienced two oil 

shocks, with the first one following the Arab-Israeli 

war and the second one following the Shah of Iran's 

fall from power. Oil analysts beginning in the fall of 

2000 are predicting a third oil crisis . "Oil shock" or 

"significant decline" is defined as a reduction in the 

growth of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) below 

projected rates by 2-3 percentage points . The 

episodes in 1973 and 1979 both qualify as oil crises 

by this definition, showing the decline of the GDP of 

4 .7% in the US, 2.5% in Europe, and 7% in Japan in 

1973 . Increases in oil prices in 1979 caused world 

GDP to drop by 3% from the trend. 

pollution? Journal of Environmental Management. 

2000; 58 (3):161-168 . ISSN: 0301-4797 . 

Research suggests that deterrence theory is applicable 

to oil spill prevention and if applied by U. S. 

government agencies, would result in a reduction of 

spills . 

Williams, Bob. Oil producers face key questions: how long 

will prices stay low? Oil & Gas Journal. December 

28, 1998 ; 96 (52) :18-23 . ISSN: 0030-1388 . 

Stock histories and changes in oil outlooks are 

reviewed. 

72 
HT Or y~y The Department of the Interior Mission 

`. p As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility 

for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering 

sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; 

preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; 

~4RCH 3 ~e~9 and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation . The Department assesses 

our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best 

interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. 

The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities 

and for people who live in island territories under U.S . administration . 

."T °"A The Minerals Management Service Mission 

a~a~ 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS) 

w primary responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer 

z Continental Shelf (OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian 

lands, and distribute those revenues. 

'y"nnceM` 

Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program 

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally 

sound exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral 

resources. The MMS Minerals Revenue Management meets its responsibilities by ensuring the 

efficient, timely and accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and 

production due to Indian tribes and allottees, States and the U.S . Treasury . 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being 

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially 

affected parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the 

quality of life for all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic 

development and environmental protection .