Biological Sciences Report 

USGS BSR 2002-0005 

OCS Study MMS 2002-039 

Potential for Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Petroleum Structures 

to Function as Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) – 

Scientific Information Summary and Bibliography 

 

September 2001 

Prepared by 

US Geological Survey 

Florida Caribbean Science Center 

7920 NW 71st Street 

Gainesville, FL 32653 

 

in cooperation with the 
ii

PROJECT COOPERATION 

This study was performed to meet information needs identified by Minerals Management Service (MMS) 

in concert with the U.S. Geological Survey. 

DISCLAIMER 

This report was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey. This report has been technically reviewed by the 

USGS and MMS, and has been approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents 

necessarily reflect the views and policies of the USGS or MMS, nor does mention of trade names or 

commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. It is, however, exempt from 

review and compliance with the MMS editorial standards.

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Extra copies of this report may be obtained from the following address: 

U.S. Department of Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 

Public Information Office (MS 5034) 

1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, LA 70123-2394 

Telephone: (504) 736-2519 or 

1-800-200-GULF 

SUGGESTED CITATION 

U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Caribbean Science Center. 2002. Potential for Gulf of Mexico Deepwater 

Petroleum Structures to Function as Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) – Scientific Information Summary 

and Bibliography. Final Project Report. U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, USGS BSR 

2002-0005 and Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA, OCS 

Study MMS 2002-039. 261 pp. 
iii 

AUTHORS 

Randy E. Edwards2,3 (Corresponding Author) and Kenneth J. Sulak1

1--USGS, Florida Caribbean Science Center, Gainesville, FL 

2--Johnson World Controls, USGS Center for Coastal and Regional Marine Studies, 600 4th St. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, 

Telephone: (727) 803-8747, Email: redwards@usgs.gov 

3--University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The contributions of the following individuals are greatly appreciated: Larry Connor, 

Debra Murie, and Mike Allen arranged inclusion of the “Rigs and FADs” technical 

session in the American Fisheries Society Southern Division meeting. Doug Weaver and 

James Berg provided logistic assistance for the “Rigs and FADs” technical session. 

Craig Brown, Jim Franks, Martin Hall, Kim Holland, Bob Hueter, John Lamkin, JeanYves Le Gall, Milton Love, Ed Richardson, John Sibert, and David Snyder contributed to 

the “Rigs and FADs” technical session as invited speakers; Steve Atran, Jim Ray, Mitch 

Roffer, and Jill Stevenson contributed as invited panelists. George Dennis provided 

valuable editorial comments. James Russell reviewed portions of the bibliography. Jana 

Miller created the cover and other artwork. Fish images are from the North Carolina 

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries “Fish 

Finder.” Lisa Robins provided facilities and a pleasant, collegial atmosphere in which to 

work at the Center for Coastal and Regional Marine Studies, St. Petersburg, FL. Ann 

Scarborough Bull developed the draft study plan. Greg Boland, MMS, coordinated 

USGS/MMS interactions. Gary Brewer, USGS Eastern Regional Office, provided 

continuing support and guidance. 
iv 
v 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Acronyms..........................................................................................................................vii 

Executive Summary...........................................................................................................1

Introduction .......................................................................................................................3 

Methods..............................................................................................................................4

Results.................................................................................................................................6 

Conclusions ......................................................................................................................12 

Bibliography – Alphabetic List of References with Key Words .................................17 

Bibliography – Numeric List of References..................................................................76 

Abstracts – Alphabetic List ..........................................................................................122 

Key Word Indices..........................................................................................................213 

Alphabetic List ....................................................................................................213 

Geographic List ...................................................................................................224 

Taxonomic List....................................................................................................225 

FADs, Operational/General List..........................................................................225 

Aggregation/Attraction-Related Phenomena and Processes List ........................226 

FADs Research/Study Techniques List...............................................................227 

Fisheries-Related List..........................................................................................227 

Bibliographic List................................................................................................228 

Miscellaneous List...............................................................................................228 
vi 

Appendices .....................................................................................................................231 

A. FADs Technical Session Proposal to American Fisheries Society ..........231 

B. FADs Technical Session ("Rigs and FADs") Announcement Flier ........237 

C. FADs Technical Session Program Announcement...................................241 

D. FADs Technical Session Abstracts.............................................................247 

 
vii 

ACRONYMS 

AR artificial reef 

AT Association Thoniere 

AFS American Fisheries Society 

BACI before after control impact 

CD-ROM compact disk read-only memory 

CPUE catch per unit effort 

CTD conductivity-temperature-depth 

DCP despositifs de concentration des poissons (French term for FAD) 

DPS deepwater petroleum structure 

EDF Electricité de France 

EEZ Exclusive economic zone 

ESP Explained Sums of Peaks 

FAD Fish aggregating device 

GOM Gulf of Mexico 

GTS Global Telecommunications System 

HTML Hypertext Markup Language 

IATTC Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 

ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Tunas 

IFREMER Instutut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer 

IPFC Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission 

IPTP The Indo-Pacific Tuna Development and Management Programme 

LIDAR light detection and ranging 

MBACI multiple before after control impact 

MMS Minerals Management Service 

MT metric ton 

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

ORSTOM Institut Français de la Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en 

Coopération

PIRATA Pilot research moored array 

PTR2 Regional Tuna Programme 2 

PFRP Pacific Fisheries Research Program 

PVC polyvinyl chloride 

SCUBA self contained underwater breathing apparatus 

SD Southern Division (American Fisheries Society) 

SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community (formerly South Pacific 

Commission) 

SWIOP Southwest Indian Ocean Fishery Development and Management 

Programme 

TAO Tropical Atmosphere Ocean 

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development 

USGS U.S. Geological Survey 
1 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

Fish aggregating devices (FADs) have been extensively used throughout the world oceans, 

with a major portion of the total tuna commercial catch now being caught from around 

them. In 1997, MMS identified the issue of new deepwater petroleum structures (DPSs) in 

the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) potentially acting as FADs and thus impacting pelagic fish and 

fisheries.

USGS conducted a project to research, compile, analyze, and synthesize existing scientific 

information about FADs, fish aggregation, fish attraction, and related processes and 

phenomena pertinent to GOM DPSs. The project included involvement and participation 

of U.S. and international FADs scientists through a scientific meeting and follow-up 

information exchange on the topic of the potential for GOM DPSs to function as FADs.

A computerized bibliographic database containing 465 references pertinent to GOM DPSs 

was compiled. This bibliography is provided in alphabetically and numerically ordered 

formats. The bibliography is indexed by key words (148 key words). Abstracts of 

important, pertinent references are included. 

The bibliographic database will be disseminated in various formats, including Acrobat 

(.pdf), rich text (.rtf), and HTML as a USGS Open File Report (CD). A separate CD with 

the bibliographic database in Papyrus 7.0 format will be available on request.

Only 30% of the available references were peer-reviewed journal articles or published 

books; the rest were unpublished proceedings, reports or other gray literature. Less than 

15% of the technical key word entries were those categorized as directly related to 

scientific understanding of FADs and fish aggregation/attraction; most of the remainder 

were focused on FADs fisheries or fishery-related issues. 

FADs can be broken into two, probably differently functioning, main categories, drifting 

FADs and moored (anchored) FADs. Drifting FADs are now widely used in tuna purseseine fisheries around the world. Moored FADs have been used most extensively in the 

Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. 

A number of major hypotheses have been proposed in the literature to explain FADs, but 

only a few (e.g., attraction due to presence of forage species) have been discounted; the 

rest remain largely untested. This demonstrates the unresolved nature of FADs science. 

Tunas, particularly yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, and skipjack tuna, are the species that are 

most aggregated by FADs, and they can be expected to aggregate to GOM DPSs. Tuna 

aggregations and recreational fishing around GOM DPSs (e.g., Exxon “Hoover/Diana” 

complex) have already been reported. Other pelagic species may aggregate around GOM 

DPSs, but probably to lesser degrees than tunas. Benthic fish and invertebrates may utilize 

DPSs as substrate and habitat, but this topic is outside the main focus of this project and 

report.
2 

Existing scientific information is insufficient for understanding or predicting potential 

FADs effects of GOM DPSs. However, spatial and temporal relationships of tunas to 

FADs are well known and may be useful in assessing GOM DPS effects. 

In the few instances where studies have been conducted, object (FAD) characteristics (e.g., 

color, shape, surface area, volume, epibiota, etc.) have shown little or no relationship to 

aggregated tuna abundance. Object size similarly has shown no relationship to FADs 

effects, as long as minimum dimension is greater than about one meter. 

Based on information on FADs in other places, a number of ramifications of DPS 

deployment in the GOM are possible. Primary ecological effects could include: a) changes 

in species distributions, b) changes in species movement and migration patterns, and c) 

changes in spawning and larval survival/recruitment. Secondary effects of DPSs acting as 

FADs may include: a) increased fishing mortality, b) changes in population age structure, 

e) changes in commercial and recreational fisheries, d) changes in fisheries bycatch within 

FADs-associated fisheries, and f) changes in fishery management and monitoring. Most 

primary effects would be negative, whereas secondary effects could be either positive or 

negative. Important recreational fisheries (as well as some commercial fisheries) may 

spring up in areas of DPS deployment, but existing FADs knowledge indicates that any 

such enhancement will be due to attraction instead of production. 

If FADs effects of GOM DPSs are to be assessed and quantified, direct studies will be 

needed, rather than extrapolation or inference from existing scientific information. A 

number of techniques have been successfully used to assess and understand FADs and 

could be used to study GOM DPS FADs effects; they include acoustic telemetry and 

tracking, automatic acoustic monitoring, hydroacoustic surveys, combined acoustic 

tracking and hydroacoustic survey, tagging/recapture studies, fishery-dependent 

monitoring, fishery-independent monitoring, exploratory fishing, and mathematical 

modeling. If GOM DPSs are to be directly studied to evaluate their FADs effects, it is 

important that such studies be done soon, before so many DPSs have been deployed that 

natural distributions and movements will already have been substantially altered. 

Some of the uncertainty about FADs effects of GOM DPSs has to do with uncertainty 

inherent in the rapidly developing and evolving technology of deepwater petroleum 

exploitation; scenarios and estimates of future deepwater development are needed. Given 

this dynamic state of deepwater development, it is likely that DPS FADs effects will have 

to be studied over time. Early study and assessment, however, could begin to provide 

managers with reasonable evidence as to whether DPS impacts on GOM pelagic fisheries 

may or may not be substantial. 
3 

INTRODUCTION 

Background.—The fact that large pelagic fish are attracted to floating objects in the open 

ocean has been long known, probably since people first began to build boats and make 

ocean voyages. Although fishermen have long recognized and utilized the propensity for 

fish to be attracted to and aggregate near floating objects (177), it was not until the 1970’s 

that floating objects began to be purposely deployed as fish aggregating devices (FADs) 

(126). Shortly thereafter, the use of FADs grew explosively, first in the eastern Pacific 

Ocean, then in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean in the 1980’s, and finally in the 

Atlantic in the 1990’s (283). FADs were found to be highly effective in attracting and 

aggregating a large suite of pelagic fish species, especially tunas. In recent years, more 

than half of the world commercial tuna catch has been caught from around FADs (283), 

thus demonstrating the strength and significance of the phenomenon of fish aggregation to 

floating objects. Consequently, scientific interest and research on FADs phenomena and 

fishery impacts was stimulated and initiated. Recently, scientists have raised a large 

number of questions about potential important negative effects of FADs on fish and 

fisheries, including ecological as well as fishery effects. The most important negative 

ecological effects involve changes in movements and migration arising from the strong 

attraction to FADs. Some scientists have even proposed that FADs may act as “ecological 

traps” (252). 

Relevance.—Starting in the mid 1990’s the petroleum industry in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico (GOM) began to rapidly expand into deep waters (depths greater than 1,000 ft or 

~300 m) (183). The Minerals Management Service (MMS) convened the Workshop on 

Environmental Issues Surrounding Deepwater Oil and Gas Development (165) in 1997. In 

that meeting, MMS raised the issue of the potential for deepwater petroleum structures 

(DPSs) to impact Gulf of Mexico (GOM) fish and fisheries by acting as FADs. That 

workshop also identified the need for examination of existing scientific information 

pertinent to this issue. 

Response.—The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in its role of addressing information 

needs of the Minerals Management Service (MMS), developed a project aimed at finding, 

examining, compiling, and analyzing existing scientific information on FADs and related 

topics pertinent to the potential FADSeffects of GOM DPSs. The purpose of this project 

was to provide a tool with which MMS and other involved parties could determine the 

degree to which existing science could be used to assess the potential impacts of 

deployment of large numbers of petroleum structures in deep waters of the northern Gulf 

of Mexico. 

Product.—This report and included bibliographic documents provide compilation, 

synthesis, and analysis of scientific information on FADs and fish aggregation from the 

perspective of potential impacts of deepwater GOM DPSs on pelagic, highly-migratory 

fish species. The nature of the report and project is mission-oriented, applied (to GOM 

DPS FADs issues), and practical rather than academic. However, it also provides a 

detailed compendium of FADs information that should be generally useful to FADs 

scientists and resource managers. 
4 

 

METHODS 

Bibliographic Data Search and Acquisition.—Standard bibliographic methods were used 

to search for existing FADs literature. Online, computer-searchable databases were 

searched for references that include FAD-related terms in their title, abstract, or key words. 

Primary emphasis was placed on published, peer-reviewed journal articles. Conference 

and symposia proceedings were also thoroughly searched. Where possible, gray literature, 

including reports and non-journal articles were included. Additional information was 

obtained by searching the Internet and popular literature (e.g., magazines). 

Literature identified above was reviewed and examined for FAD-related references. Any 

such references were in turn examined for further references. Further identified references 

were added to the bibliographic database. This process was iterated until additional 

references were not found. References pertinent to GOM DPSs were reviewed, entered 

into the bibliographic database, keyworded, and abstracts were added (copied if available, 

written if unavailable). Key word assignment was necessarily subjective and conservative, 

with key words not assigned unless they were a significant component of the reference. 

Copies of directly pertinent references were made or ordered through interlibrary loans, or 

in some cases were available from online sources. 

Bibliographic Data Management.—References were compiled into a bibliographic 

database management system program (Papyrus Ver. 7.0, Research Software Design). The 

system allows full entry and management of reference citations, including abstracts, 

comments, and key words. It includes facility for searches for terms, key words, titles, 

dates, authors, journals, etc. Bibliographies can be output into various formats adjusted for 

style and content. 

Dissemination.—The bibliographic sections, along with the report text will be made 

available and disseminated on CD-ROM in hypertext markup language (.html), Adobe 

Acrobat (.pdf) and rich text (.rtf) formats (on the same CD). The bibliographic database 

(Papyrus files1) will be provided as a separate CD. This will allow readers to access and 

use the information in ways that are most effective and convenient for their individual 

applications. The first CD will be distributed and made generally available as a USGS 

Open-File Report, while the latter will be made available upon request. 

Interim Publication/Project Report.—Early findings and conclusions based on 

preliminary bibliographic searches and analyses pertinent to the Gulf of Mexico were 

presented at a MMS sponsored meeting: Gulf of Mexico Fisheries: Bringing Together New 

and Recent Research (October 24-26, 2000, New Orleans, LA). A paper was prepared and 

submitted for publication in the meeting proceedings (158). 

FADs Technical Session.— In order to insure that scientific literature, information and 

understanding of FADs had been thoroughly researched, information exchange with 

 

1

 Registered copies of Papyrus or freeware Papyrus Retriever (read only) can be used to search and 

manipulate the database. 
5 

prominent FADs scientists was developed. This was accomplished by convening a 

technical meeting bringing important FADs scientists together to discuss GOM DPS FADs 

issues. 

A proposal (Appendix A) was developed and submitted to the organizing committee for 

the American Fisheries Society (AFS), Southern Division (SD) Midyear Meeting, Feb 22-

25, 2001, Jacksonville, Florida. Six months prior to submission of the session proposal, 

the preceding AFS SD Midyear Meeting (Savannah, GA) was attended and preliminary 

contacts and arrangements for the session were made. 

Prominent FADs scientists and pertinent resource managers were identified from important 

FADs literature, and a select group was contacted and invited to participate as technical 

presenters or as part of a panel discussion group. An extensive contact database of marine 

research and management institutions and individuals was developed and used to 

disseminate a session announcement flier (Appendix B). Selected individuals were 

contacted, directly by mail, email, or telephone, and were urged to attend. Special 

emphasis was placed on obtaining participation by a full spectrum of national and 

international FADs research experts, federal, regional, and state resource management 

agencies, and representatives of the petroleum industry. 

After the session, participants were contacted directly through a series of email messages 

to solicit their comments about the session, suggestions for future research or management 

activities, and ideas about need and possible venue for a follow-up meeting/session. 

Participants were provided with a preliminary copy of the bibliography and were asked to 

provide citations to important literature not yet included. 
6 

RESULTS 

Bibliographic Database Composition.—The bibliography includes 465 references. Of 

these, only 140 (30%) are peer-reviewed journal articles2

; four are published books. The 

rest are non-peer-reviewed symposia/meeting proceedings, unpublished reports, or other 

gray literature, references to information available only from the Internet, or popular 

articles. The earliest reference (Kojima, 1956) was the only reference earlier than the 

1960’s, for which period five references were identified. There were 19 references from 

the 1970’s, 106 from the 1980’s, 250 from the 1990’s and 82 from 2000 or later. 

The bibliography is provided (attached) in the following hard-copy formats: 

 Alphabetic List of References 

 Numeric List of References 

 Abstracts – Alphabetic List 

The alphabetic (author) list of references includes full citation (AFS format and style, 

except with full journal names), plus a list of key words for that reference. The numeric 

list consists of the same references (without key words) ordered by reference number (from 

computerized data base) and is provided to allow citations be made by reference numbers 

in this report. Abstracts are provided separately and are listed alphabetically by author 

(without full citations or key words). 

A total of 148 key words were developed by combining key words cited in references with 

those added from reading and analysis of references. Key words were listed in an 

alphabetic (all) list with each key word followed by a list of references citing that key 

word, and the total number of references (ranging from one [11 key words] to 370 [one key 

word]) to which the key word applies. 

To facilitate manual search and perusal of the references by key words, the following 

cross-indices are provided: 

 Geographic 

 Taxonomic 

 FADs Operational/General 

 Aggregation and Attraction (to FADs and Objects) Related Phenomena/Processes 

 FADs Research/Study Techniques 

 Fisheries Related 

 Bibliographic 

 Miscellaneous 

FADs Information Availability and Character.—A large body of information about FADs 

exists. Although the bibliography includes a total of 465 references, most are focused on 

specific FADs fisheries or fishery applications, and most of these have little pertinence to 

scientific understanding of how FADs function or how GOM petroleum structures may 

function as FADs. Much of the literature derives from early development of moored FADs 

as a fishing technique (e.g., 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 59, 289) and programs for further deployment 

 

2

 Depending on how certain publications are categorized (e.g., ICCAT, SCRS). 
7 

of FADs and development of artisanal and commercial fisheries of oceanic island nations 

in the Pacific and Indian oceans (3, 57, 246, 278, 301, 367, 368, 387, 447). Many other 

publications focus on practical subjects such as FADs design and technology, and 

associated fishing techniques, and are of little pertinence or value to understanding GOM 

DPS issues. In compiling the bibliography, all FADs-related references were included if 

they could be identified and obtained through normal library resources. Publications and 

reports with content limited to local, artisanal fisheries or catch statistics for FADs 

fisheries were included if they could be obtained, although generally they are of little value 

for analysis of DPS FADs issues. 

Information on phenomena and processes related to attraction and aggregation of fish to 

objects was limited, and the bibliography included only 314 such key word entries 

(keyword index category “Aggregation and Attraction [to FADs and Objects] Related 

Phenomena/Processes”) out of 2,205 technical key word entries (excluding bibliographic 

key words). This proportion (14%) is a measure of the limited degree to which existing 

FADs literature has value or application with regard to understanding potential impacts of 

GOM DPSs. Although the information directly useful for understanding GOM DPS FADs 

issues is limited, there are a few areas that are of clear utility for understanding and 

predicting DPS FADs impacts. 

Types of FADs.—The literature separates FADs into two main categories: 1) drifting 

FADs and 2) moored (anchored) FADs. Drifting FADs includes natural floating objects 

such as trees, floating algae, and even whale carcasses; as well as man-made objects such 

as shipping containers, pallets, and floating structures that are specifically designed and 

constructed to be deployed as devices that attract and aggregate fish. Moored FADs 

usually are designed and deployed to aggregate fish, although some large moored buoys 

(e.g., weather buoys) aggregate fish and are exploited by fishermen (326). GOM DPSs 

include a variety of types of structures and components (183), so it is uncertain as to 

whether they would function more like drifting FADs or moored FADS. It is unknown 

whether fish aggregate for the same reasons around drifting and moored FADs (203). 

Species.—The three species that are most aggregated by FADs and most important to 

FADs fisheries throughout the world oceans are yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), 

skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). These three 

species are listed as key words in 63, 47, and 29 references respectively, and are mentioned 

prominently in many other publications in which they are not listed as a keyword. All 

three are found in the GOM and commercially harvested, although not as intensively as in 

most other oceans or seas. These three species, due to their great affinity and attraction to 

almost all objects in the open sea, can be expected show some attraction and aggregation to 

GOM DPSs. Yellowfin tuna are already known to concentrate around GOM DPSs, and 

are caught there by recreational fishermen (207). Skipjack have been taken in commercial 

quantities from around FADs deployed near Cuba (131). 

Information available to predict whether bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) may aggregate 

around GOM DPSs is sparse. Bluefin tuna are attracted to FADs in the Mediterranean 
8 

(456) and Pacific (105). An important recreational fishery exists off Cape Hatteras, NC, 

where many large bluefin aggregate near wrecks, further suggesting their propensity to 

aggregate to objects. The GOM is the only known spawning grounds for the Western 

Atlantic stock of bluefin tuna (460), and it has been suggested that if they are attracted to 

and aggregated to DPSs during their spawning season, they may spawn in sub-optimal 

environments, causing important negative effects on reproduction and recruitment (458) of 

a species that is already considered to have been reduced to near-extinction population 

levels (459). 

Dolphin (AFS common name, also called dolphinfish, dorado, and mahi-mahi in some 

places) (Coryphaena hippurus) is another species that aggregates around moored and 

drifting FADs in abundances high enough to support commercial fisheries. Given its wellknown tendency to aggregate around floating objects and to be caught around FADs (36, 

128, 189, 199, 291, 311, 312, 325, 414, 423, 456, 457), and because the species is 

abundant in the GOM, dolphin can be expected to be attracted to GOM DPSs. 

Other important GOM species known to aggregate and be caught around FADs include: 

blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) (243, 282, 298, 323), amberjack (Seriola dumerili) 

(128, 191,192, 199, 291, 410), wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) (84, 282, 290, 312, 368, 

410, 412, 415, 423), sharks (161, 164, 198, 199, 203, 290, 410, 412, 415, 423, 427), 

rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata) (36, 84, 443), and marlins (290, 368, 412, 414, 415, 

423, 427, 436). Blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) are targeted and caught by recreational 

anglers fishing near GOM DPSs (207). 

Coastal pelagic species, such as king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) and cobia 

(Rachycentron canadum), also will be attracted and aggregated to DPSs, but their presence 

would be expected to be less than that reported for shallow rigs (282) that are present in 

their inshore, primary habitats. Coastal pelagics are outside the main focus of this report 

and bibliography. 

Benthic fish and invertebrates may utilize DPSs as artificial substrate and habitat, as has 

been well documented for petroleum structures in shallower waters (110, 153, 204). Such 

structures may provide “islands” of habitat for rare or unusual species (110), particularly 

by providing habitat for larval settlement and recruitment. Since the focus of this project is 

aggregation of pelagic species, this project was not designed to research the extensive 

literature on benthic species relationships to artificial structures. 

Hypotheses.—A number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain FADs. The 

hypotheses explaining the association between fish and floating objects (203) include: 

 Concentration of food supply hypothesis* (407). 

 Schooling companion hypothesis* (178). 

 Substitute environment hypothesis * (178). 

 Cleaning station hypothesis* (176). 

 Shelter from predator hypothesis (176). 

 Spatial reference hypothesis (146). 

 Comfortability stipulation hypothesis* (164). 
9 

 Generic-log hypothesis (and related hypotheses) (424). 

 Meeting point hypothesis (380). 

 

Review of the hypotheses (308) has eliminated concentration of food as obviously invalid 

for schooling fish around FADs, and has combined or eliminated several others (*), 

leaving four major hypotheses (bold). 

These remaining hypotheses can be summarized as follows (308): a) the shelter from 

predator hypothesis proposes that fish aggregate around objects because they can be used 

by prey as a refuge, b) the spatial reference hypothesis proposes that fish aggregate around 

objects because objects provide spatial reference points to which fish can orient in the 

otherwise unstructured pelagic environment, c) the generic or indicator log hypothesis is 

based on the fact that natural floating objects are often indicators of productive areas (e.g., 

Langmuir cells), and d) the meeting point hypothesis suggests that objects can be used to 

increase encounter rate between isolated individuals or small schools and other schools. 

The fact that such disparate and possibly interacting hypotheses exist and are as-yet 

untested, indicates how relatively little is understood about fish attraction and aggregation 

to objects. It further shows that in-depth understanding of how GOM DPSs may attract 

and aggregate fish is not possible from present scientific understanding of FADs. 

Spatial/Temporal Relationships.— Spatial relationships between tunas and moored FADs 

is another area in which scientific consensus exists. Tuna remain close, within 1.8 km to 

FADs during the day and move away from FADs during the night (4, 260). The attractive 

influence of a FAD for adult yellowfin tuna disappears at around 9 km (4), and the radius 

of influence of a FAD for juvenile yellowfin tuna and juvenile bigeye tuna is about 5 

nautical miles (9.3 km) (260). These conclusions were obtained through acoustic tracking 

studies. They agree with modeling studies that find that presence of four or five FADs in a 

50 km x 50 km area reduces movement of skipjack out of the area by 50% (454). These 

findings are of direct value in projecting or estimating the effects of GOM DPSs. 

However, the future spatial distribution of DPSs is itself uncertain, because deepwater 

petroleum exploitation is evolving and changing. 

Object Characteristics and Size.—Little is known about how object characteristics affect 

the degree to which fish aggregate to it, and only three references (417, 420, 442) 

addressed this topic directly. No clear relationships were found between aggregation (as 

measured by catch) and object characteristics including material, shape, color, surface area, 

volume, and epibiota (417, 420). Only two references addressed the topic of the effect of 

object size (159, 420). Size of drifting objects was found to be unimportant as long as the 

minimum dimension was greater than about 1 m (420). Effects of object characteristics 

and size have not been evaluated for moored FADs. 

Interim Publication/Project Report.— Based on initial review of extensive, but not 

exhaustive, compilation of FADs literature and information (457), we reached a number of 
10 

interim conclusions that helped guide the project. These conclusions were all consistent 

with the final project conclusions. 

These conclusions and hypotheses included: 

 FADs recently had been deployed and used effectively around the world, but not 

extensively in the Gulf of Mexico. 

 In almost every instance in which they have been used, FADs have been shown to 

have large effects on fish and fisheries, particularly tunas. 

 Many highly migratory pelagic fish species are greatly attracted and aggregated by 

FADs. 

 A number of FADs issues and problems have been identified, including increased 

catch of smaller/younger fish and potential impacts on distribution and migration. 

 Species aggregated by FADs included a number of species present and important in 

the Gulf of Mexico, including: yellowfin, skipjack, blackfin, and bluefin tuna. 

 Therefore, it is likely that GOM deepwater petroleum structures will have 

measurable impacts on fish and fisheries. 

 Processes and factors involved in fish aggregation by floating objects are complex 

and scientifically not well understood. 

 A preliminary review of FADs literature and information suggested that available 

science would be insufficient for predicting the types and degrees of impacts. 

 Directed research and study may be needed to assess and estimate GOM DPS 

impacts. 

Rigs and FADs Technical Session.—The daylong session was held on February 24, 2001 

as part of the SD AFS midyear meeting in Jacksonville, FL. It included 13 technical 

presentations (Appendix C) by U.S. and international experts. Abstracts of presentations 

are provided in Appendix D. A panel discussion followed and included participation of 

representatives from regional (Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council) and federal 

(National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Division) fishery 

management agencies, the GOM oil and gas industry, recreational fishing interests, invited 

speakers, and session attendees. 

Follow-up responses from FADs experts indicated that the session had been well received, 

and that the preliminary bibliography had no major omissions or deficiencies. A few, 

mainly peripheral, citations were offered and added. 
11 

Some of the significant follow-up comments included: 

 It is critical to determine the potential impact on migrating/spawning adult 

bluefin tuna. 

 It would seem that information on FADs effects of petroleum structures in other 

parts of the world should be available, but the experts do not know of any. 

 More emphasis on fishery management issues particular to GOM DPSs impacts 

is needed in any subsequent meetings. 

 Information on GOM tuna movements is needed, and if not available, tagging 

studies should be conducted. 

 More information on types and distribution of GOM DPSs (present and future) is 

needed. 

 More information on existing GOM commercial and recreational fisheries is 

needed. 

 Directed studies are needed in order to determine FADs effects of DPSs. 

Most of the contacted participants were enthusiastically in favor of a follow-up meeting or 

technical session. Suggestions for a venue for such a meeting included the Annual Tuna 

Conference (California), somewhere else in California, or Hawaii. The respondents were 

interested in a follow-up meeting as a way to develop research plans that, in their opinions, 

were needed and could provide many answers to FADs issues surrounding GOM DPSs. A 

number of FADs experts expressed opinions that techniques and methodology for direct 

assessment of GOM DPS FADs effects have been developed and are available from FADs 

research conducted previously. These approaches could be effectively applied to directly 

applied to answer many of the important questions and include: acoustic 

telemetry/tracking (e.g., 1, 78, 104, 259, 364), hydroacoustics (e.g., 201, 235, 379), 

combined sonic tracking and hydroacoustics (235, 383), remote sonic monitoring stations 

on or near DPSs (270, 384), tag/recapture studies (28, 238, 265), and modeling (42, 238, 

258, 265, 272, 273). A nucleus of interest and support from government agencies, 

academia, and others could make such a meeting productive and effective. In that light, 

USGS is continuing to explore the possibility of organizing such a meeting. 
12 

CONCLUSIONS 

Projections from Existing Knowledge.— Existing scientific information, from published 

studies of FADs elsewhere or from fundamental understanding of fish aggregation and 

attraction phenomena and processes, is not sufficient for understanding or predicting 

potential FADs effects of GOM DPSs. However, some valuable conclusions can be made 

from the existing body of knowledge. 

The existing information on FADs indicates that several commercially and recreationally 

important species will be or are already being attracted to GOM DPSs. The main species 

are yellowfin tuna, skipjack tuna, and bigeye tuna. 

Based on FADs research and experience around the world, it may be subjectively inferred 

that GOM DPS FADs effects are likely to be significant and possibly could be substantial. 

However, the existing information is inadequate for scientifically predicting the degree to 

which such aggregation will occur, let alone for predicting impacts on populations or 

fisheries. Aggregation of other species such as billfish, wahoo, dolphin, sharks, and 

coastal pelagics may occur but is unlikely to be substantial relative to overall population 

levels and distributions. 

Similarly, the existing information is insufficient with regard to understanding the 

phenomena or processes involved in fish attraction to objects. Thus, it is impossible to 

make scientific projections as to the degree to which different structures or DPS 

components would attract large pelagic fish. Existing information is completely 

inadequate for analyzing factors such as size, color, shape, lighting, etc. Therefore, there is 

little in the available information that can be used to design or manage DPSs with regard to 

their FADs effects. 

There is a strong consensus of scientific opinion that open-ocean fish are not attracted to 

objects for trophic reasons (254, 260, 453). Thus they are not attracted by the presence of 

prey species around the object, as has been reported for coastal FADs (109, 146). Instead, 

pelagic fish (particularly tunas) are attracted to objects for other intrinsic reasons that are 

yet to be fully understood (113, 164, 308, 424, 457). It is possible, but not conclusively 

determinable from existing literature, that some less-abundant species like blue marlin and 

wahoo are attracted by small tunas and other small fish that aggregate around FADs. 

Spatial and temporal relationships between yellowfin, bigeye and skipjack tunas and FADs 

have been reasonably well studied and probably could be applied to GOM DPSs. 

Similarly, knowledge of tuna movement patterns between and among FADs probably also 

could be applied to GOM DPSs. 

However, it appears that tuna relate to drifting FADs differently than they do to moored 

FADs. Tuna aggregate under drifting FADs at night (421, 424), whereas they aggregate 

near moored FADs during daylight hours (50, 78, 235, 260, 261), perhaps utilizing moored 

FADs as extensions of the reef dropoff zone (78). They move away from moored FADs to 
13 

deep waters during the night, perhaps to feed on vertically migrating squid and shrimp 

(78). 

Neither reef dropoffs nor open-ocean depths exist immediately near GOM DPSs. 

Therefore, it is unknown whether diurnal and spatial distributions around DPSs would be 

more like those for drifting FADs or those for moored FADs. 

The situation may be further complicated due to night-time illumination from DPSs. 

Lights are often deployed on drifting FADs to attract tuna and other species near drifting 

FADs at night (114, 120, 437), however the responses of fish to various kinds of light and 

intensity are complicated (145, 166, 203) and largely unknown for tunas and other FADs 

species. Thus the effects of DPS lights cannot be evaluated from the literature. 

Potential Ramifications of DPS FADs Effects.—If, as suggested by existing FADs 

information, GOM DPSs have FADs effects, there are a number of possible ramifications 

that should be considered. These may include primary ecological effects including: a) 

changes in distributional patterns (particularly due to aggregation and concentration in 

areas with DPSs), b) changes in movement and migration patterns (42, 311, 312, 454), c) 

changes in spawning and larval survival/recruitment (due to a and b above). 

It may be hypothesized that fish respond to floating or moored objects based on evolved 

behaviors that normally confer selective advantage when evoked by natural objects and 

processes (257, 412, 415, 422), but such responses may be dysfunctional and confer 

disadvantage relative to arrays of unnatural objects in an oceanic environment where 

objects are normally rare (e.g., northern Gulf of Mexico). Under some circumstances, 

FADs may act as an “ecological trap” that can have serious negative effects by retaining 

fish in unfavorable environments (252). Locations of primary spawning grounds of 

yellowfin and bluefin tuna in the GOM are not well understood. FADs effects could have 

important consequences on bluefin tuna spawning (458). Thus effects of DPS FADs 

effects on distribution and spawning of GOM tunas cannot be directly estimated. 

Secondary, indirect effects of DPS FADs may include: a) increased catchability and 

fishing mortality due to aggregation around DPSs, b) changes in population age structure 

(283) due to increased or changed age-specific mortality due to fishing, c) changes in 

commercial and recreational fisheries due to aggregation, concentration and location 

predictability, d) changes in fisheries bycatch due to changes in fishing gears and 

techniques utilized around DPS FADs, and e) changes in fishery management required by 

new situations due to DPS FADs. 

Indirect effects may be either positive or negative. For example, fishing gears and 

techniques developed to fish near DPS FADs may be more or less optimal relative to 

harvested age/size. Increased commercial or recreational catches can be considered to be 

advantageous or disadvantageous, depending on the degree to which they change and the 

status of the stocks – increased catches can be considered positive if stocks are less than 

fully exploited but negative if stocks are already fully exploited. Depending on the types 

of fishing techniques developed for fishing around DPS FADs, undesirable bycatch may be 
14 

either decreased or increased. For example, vertical longlines fished around DPSs may 

result, because of shorter time setting and retrieval, in less bycatch mortality of billfish 

than conventional, horizontal longlines. It is also possible, however, that due to 

aggregation of billfish around DPS FADs, more billfish bycatch and mortality would be 

incurred in such a fishery. Increased fisheries around DPSs may be advantageous to 

fishery management agencies by virtue of being easier to monitor, or they may cause 

complications in that conventional (away from DPSs) catch data will no longer be 

adequate for stock assessment. 

 

Important and valuable recreational fisheries may spring up in areas of DPS deployment. 

In Hawaii, for example, a network of FADs has been established around the islands to 

enhance recreational and hook-and-line artisanal fisheries, primarily targeting yellowfin 

tuna and blue marlin (285). Concentrations of and enhanced fishing for yellowfin tuna and 

blue marlin have already been reported around certain GOM DPSs, including Exxon 

“Hoover/Diana” complex and other structures over 185 km offshore (207). Because prey 

biomass around FADs has been shown to be inadequate for supporting aggregated tuna 

biomass (308), the impact of DPSs will be primarily due to attraction, as opposed to the 

alternative explanation of increased production. 

Information Needs.—If FADs effects of GOM DPSs are to be assessed and quantified, 

they will have to be done through direct studies, instead of by extrapolation or inference 

from existing scientific literature. If GOM DPSs are to be directly studied, it is important 

that such studies be started soon, before so many DPSs have been deployed that natural 

distributions and movements will already have been substantially altered. Before-and-after 

studies are an important and powerful tool (156), without which impacts of DPSs may 

never be fully determined or understood. 

There are a number of effective, proven ways that assessment of GOM DPS FADs effects 

can be made. Much of the existing information about FADs effects on tunas has been 

obtained through acoustic telemetry and tracking (1, 4, 19, 25, 89, 103, 104, 171, 174, 190, 

236, 255, 259, 270, 364, 379, 384, 398, 399, 400, 433, 406). Automatic acoustic 

monitoring stations have been used to detect return and evaluate site fidelity of tunas to 

structures (270, 384, 466), and this technique could be very easily applied at DPSs. 

Hydroacoustic techniques also have been found to be useful in assessing presence and 

distributional patterns of tunas around FADs (65, 112, 222, 235, 255, 260, 379, 383). 

Combination of acoustic tracking and hydroacoustic survey has provided important 

information (255, 383) and with the development of sophisticated new hydroacoustic 

instruments (65) offers great promise for assessing FADs effects of GOM DPSs. 

Other techniques that have been used to assess and understand FADs include tag/recapture 

studies (28, 163, 238, 258, 265, 272, 273, 433, 436, 442) and fishery-dependent 

monitoring, as has been done around inshore GOM petroleum structures (197). Both of 

these approaches are contingent on presence of active large fisheries, which may not yet 

exist in the deepwater petroleum development areas of the GOM. Fishery-independent 

techniques (49, 63, 71, 76) and exploratory fishing could be used to preliminarily assess 

DPSs. Modeling (42, 92, 202, 237, 238, 258, 264, 272, 273, 454, 463) has provided 
15 

valuable insights into tuna-FADs relationships, and could be expected to do the same for 

GOM DPSs. Given the great depths to which FADs-associated tunas are found (171,235, 

364), aerial-visual or LIDAR surveys (112) are unlikely to be fully effective, but they may 

still be useful – especially to determine presence of bluefin tuna or large schools of 

yellowfin tuna. 

Some of the uncertainty about FADs effects of GOM DPSs has to do with uncertainty 

about DPS development. Due to uncertainties inherent in rapidly developing and evolving 

deepwater technology, the future numbers, types, and distributions of deepwater structures 

cannot be accurately predicted or projected. Therefore, it is likely that most future 

consideration, management, or mitigation of DPS FADs effects on fisheries will have to be 

tactical rather than strategic. MMS could help efforts to assess these effects by providing 

scenarios and estimates of future deepwater development. 

Part of the uncertainty depends on the degree to which subsurface completion DPSs will be 

developed and utilized, relative to surface DPS deployment. It is unknown whether tunas 

and other pelagic fish will aggregate around such subsurface structures. The answer may 

be conditional on the depth, size and configuration of the subsurface completion units. It is 

known, however, that tunas aggregate around subsurface structures such as seamounts (28, 

238, 268, 431) and possibly even around smaller structures like ship wrecks. Even 

subsurface completion involves, during their drilling and construction, large moored 

surface structures that will probably act as FADs. Additionally, DPS support vessels may 

themselves have temporary FADs effects. 

Due to uncertainty about how GOM pelagic fish will be aggregated by DPSs, how DPS 

technology will develop, and how fisheries will change, it is unlikely that the issue of DPS 

FADs effects can be immediately resolved. It probably will have to be studied and 

monitored over time. On the other hand, if direct studies and assessments of DPS FADs 

were initiated, and if direct aggregation effects on important pelagic fish were to be 

documented as small or minimal, resource managers could have reasonable confidence that 

deepwater development would not have major negative impacts on GOM pelagic fisheries. 
16 
17 

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40:448-453. Keywords: ATTRACTION, BARRACUDA, FADS, SHARKS. 

 183. Baud, R.D., R.H. Peterson, C. Doyle, and G.E. Richardson. 2000. Deepwater Gulf of 

Mexico: America's emerging frontier. U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office, New Orleans, 

LA. Keywords: DEEPWATER, GOM, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES. 

 71. Beets, J. 1989. Experimental evaluation of fish recruitment to combinations of fish 

aggregating devices and benthic artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 

44:973-983. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, CARIBBEAN, FADS, RECRUITMENT, REEF FISH. 

 166. Beltestad, A.K., and O.A. Misund. 1988. Attraction of Norwegian spring-spawning 

herring to underwater light. p. 18-19 in Proceedings of World Symposium on 

fishing gear and fishing vessel design. Keywords: ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, ATTRACTION, CLUPEID, DEPTH, LIGHT, 

MOVEMENTS. 

 334. Benni, G. 1986. IMR/Fiji Fisheries Division FAD project. University of the South 

Pacific, Suva, Fiji. 8 p. Keywords: FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 335. Benson, B.L., and R.M. Buckley. 1983. Application and evaluation of habitat 

enhancement and fish aggregation technologies in Washington's developing 
23 

coastal recreational fisheries. Washington State Department of Fisheries, 

Seattle, WA. 65 p. Keywords: FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 167. Ben-Yami, M. 1976. Fishing with Light. FAO. Rome. Keywords: ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, ATTRACTION, FISHERY TECHNOLOGY, FISHING 

GEAR, LIGHT. 

 336. Bergstrom, M. 1989. Fish aggregation devices. Bay of Bengal Programme, Madras. 5 

p. Keywords: FADS, INDIAN OCEAN. 

 56. Bertignac, M., and J. Moron. 1994. Preliminary assessment of interactions in the 

fishery for small tunas off the South China Sea coast of Thailand and 

Malaysia. IPTP Collective Volume. Colombo. No. 8. p. 203-209. Keywords: 

FADS. 

 301. Bertram, I., and S. Tatuava. 2000. The development of Fish Aggregating Devices 

(FADs) in the Cook Islands. Pages 356-370 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and 

M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. 

Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ARTISANAL, FADS, FISHERIES, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 337. Beverly, S., and P. Cusak. 1993. Report of a pilot fish aggregation device (FAD) 

deployment off Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, 27 June - 8 August 1992. 

Coastal Fisheries Programme, SPC, Noumea. 29 p. Keywords: FADS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 338. Bhavani, V. 1982. Fish aggregation devices: information sources. Information Paper 

2. Bay of Bengal Programme, Madras, India. 9 p. Keywords: FADS, 

INDIAN OCEAN. 

 340. Biais, G., and M. Taquet. 1988. Technologie des dispositifs de concentration de 

poissons et techniques de pêches aux gros pelagiques. Institut Francais de 

Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER, Paris. 33 p. Keywords: FADS, 

INDIAN OCEAN. 

 339. Biais, G., and M. Taquet. 1990. Dispositifs de concentration de poissons autour d l'ile 

de Reunion. RIDRV-90.05-RH/La Reunion. Institut Francais de Recherche 

pour l'Exploitation de la MER, Paris. 26 p. Keywords: FADS, INDIAN 

OCEAN. 

 265. Bills, P.J., and J.R. Sibert. 1997. Design of tag-recapture experiments for estimating 

yellowfin tuna stock dynamics, mortality and fishery interactions. University 

of Hawaii, School of Oceanography and Earth Science Technology 

Publication Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Contribution 

97-313. Keywords: EXPERIMENTS, TAGGING, TUNAS. 
24 

 48. Bortone, S.A., J. Van Tassell, A. Brito, J.M. Falcon, J. Mena, and C.M. Bundrick. 

1994. Enhancement of the nearshore fish assemblage in the Canary Islands 

with artificial habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:602-608. Keywords: 

ARTIFICIAL REEFS, ATLANTIC, FADS, HABITAT IMPROVEMENT 

(PHYSICAL), SP. DIVERSITY. 

 233. Boy, R.L., and B.R. Smith. 1984. Design improvements to fish aggregation device 

(FAD) mooring systems in general use in Pacific Island countries. South 

Pacific Commission Handbook No. 24. New Caledonia. Keywords: 

DESIGN, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 168. Brandt, A.von. 1984. Fish Catching Methods of the World. Fishing News Books, 

Oxford. Keywords: FADS, FISHING, FISHING GEAR, FISHING 

TECHNIQUES. 

 1. Brill, R.W., B.A. Block, C.H. Boggs, K.A. Bigelow, E.V. Freund, and D.J. 

Marcinek. 1999. Horizontal movements and depth distribution of large adult 

yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) near the Hawaiian Islands, recorded 

using ultrasonic telemetry: Implications for the physiological ecology of 

pelagic fishes. Marine Biology 133:395-408. Keywords: ACOUSTIC 

TELEMETRY/TRACKING, BLUE MARLIN, DEPTH, FADS, FISHERY 

OCEANOGRAPHY, HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION, MARLINS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 104. Brill, R.W., K.N. Holland, and J.S. Ferguson. 1984. Use of ultrasonic telemetry to 

determine the short-term movements and residence times of tunas around fish 

aggregating devices. Proceedings of the Pacific Congress on Marine 

Technology, Honolulu, HI, April 24-27, 1984. p. MRM1/1-7. Keywords: 

ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING, ARTIFICIAL REEFS, 

ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

MOVEMENTS, PACIFIC OCEAN, SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

341. Brock, R.E. 1982. The potential enhancement and aggregation of fishery resources 

due to floating objects. Pacific Islands Development Commission, Honolulu, 

HI. 25 p. Keywords: FADS, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, PACIFIC 

OCEAN. 

119. Brock, R.E. 1984. FADs (fish aggregating devices) and tuna movements. Sea 

Grant Cooperative Report, Hawaii University:32-39. Keywords: 

ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING 

BUOYS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 

254. Brock, R.E. 1985. Preliminary study of the feeding habits of pelagic fishes around 

Hawaiian fish aggregating devices, or can fish aggregation devices enhance 
25 

local fish productivity? Bulletin of Marine Science 37:40-49. Keywords: 

ANCHORED FADS, DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 342. Brock, R.E. 1985. Fish aggregation devices: how they work and their place in 

fisheries enhancement. p. 193-202 in Proceedings of the 1st World Angling 

Conference, Cap d'Agde, France, 12-18 September 1984. International Game 

Fish Association, Fort Lauderdale. Keywords: FADS. 

 102. Brouard, F., R. Grandperrin, and E. Cillaurren. 1984. Growth of small yellowfin tuna 

(Thunnus albacares) and skipjacks (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the western 

Tropical Pacific. [French]. Notes et documents d'oceanographie. Mission 

ORSTOM de Port-Vila. Port-Vila. 1984. No. 10. 23 p. Keywords: 

AGE/GROWTH, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN, SCOMBRIDAE, SIZE 

DISTRIBUTION, SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 184. Brown, C., and G. Scott. 2001. Tuna in the Gulf of Mexico. Abstract of paper 

presented at "Rigs and FADs" special session of the American Fisheries 

Southern Division Meeting, January 22-25, 2001, Jacksonville, FL. 

Keywords: ABUNDANCE, GOM, SKIPJACK, STOCK ASSESSMENT, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 343. Bruyere, F., A. Guillou, and A. Lagin. 1995. Rèsultats compares de pêche autour de 

dispositifs de concentration de poissons en Guadeloupe en 1992, 1993 et 

1994. Laboratoire Ressources Haieutiques, Martinique. IFREMER, Paris. 13 

p. Keywords: CARIBBEAN, FADS. 

 86. Buckley, R.M. 1989. Habitat alterations as a basis for enhancing marine fisheries. 

California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports 30:40-45. 

Keywords: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, FADS, FISHERIES, HABITAT 

IMPROVEMENT (PHYSICAL), SP. DIVERSITY. 

344. Buckley, R.M. 1988. Fish aggregation device (FAD) enhancement of offshore 

fisheries in American Samoa. South Pacific Commission Fisheries Newsletter 

37:37-41. Keywords: FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 225. Buckley, R.M. 1994. Artificial reef and fish aggregating device habitats in 

Washington state. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1330. Keywords: FADS. 

 70. Buckley, R.M., D.G. Itano, and T.W. Buckley. 1989. Fish aggregation device (FAD) 

enhancement of offshore fisheries in American Samoa. Bulletin of Marine 

Science 44:942-949. Keywords: CATCH/EFFORT, DESIGN, FADS, 

FISHERY MANAGEMENT, FISHING, TROLLING, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 38. Buckley, T.W., and B.S. Miller. 1994. Feeding habits of yellowfin tuna associated 

with fish aggregation devices in American Samoa. Bulletin of Marine 

Science 55:445-459. Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, 
26 

DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, PACIFIC OCEAN, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 145. Bullis, H.R., Jr., and C.M. Roithmayr. 1972. Observations on night-light fish 

attraction and experimental fish pumping in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Pages 

13-16 in Proceedings of Symposium on Investigations and Resources of the 

Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions. UNESCO, Rome. Keywords: 

ATTRACTION, CARIBBEAN, CLUPEID, COASTAL PELAGICS, 

LIGHT. 

294. Buurt, G. van. 2000. Implementation of an ongoing FAD programme in Curacao 

(Netherlands Antilles) during the period 1993-2000. Pages 230-249 in J.Y. 

Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de 

concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and 

fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: 

CARIBBEAN, DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, FADS. 

130. Buurt, G. van. 1999. Technical paper on the implementation of a FAD program in 

Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Pages 36-37 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and 

M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices (collection of 

abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. Keywords: DESIGN, FADS. 

39. Buurt, G. van. 1995. The construction and deployment of deep water fish aggregating 

devices in the Island of Curacao. FAO, Santiago (Chile). Keywords: 

ANCHORED FADS, FADS. 

 429. Caddy, J.F., and J. Majkowski. 1992. Tuna and trees: a reflection on the long-term 

perspectives for tuna fishing around floating timber. Pages (mimeo) in M. 

Hall, editor. The association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, 

CA. Keywords: FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, 

TUNAS. 

 395. Caddy, J.F., and J. Majkowski. 1996. Tuna and trees: a reflection on a long-term 

perspective for tuna fishing. Fisheries Research (Amsterdam) 25:369-376. 

Keywords: DOLPHINS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS. 

 306. Cannizaro, L., A. Potoschi, G. Bono, A. Celesti, and P. Rizzo. 2000. Diversifying 

fishing effort in Sicilian fisheries: the case of Fish Aggregating Devices 

(FADs). Pages 449-464 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. 

Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest 

Cedex. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, CATCH COMPOSITION, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, MEDITERRANEAN SEA. 
27 

165. Carney, R.S. 1997. Workshop on environmental issues surrounding deepwater 

oil and gas development: Final report. OCS study MMS 98-0022. U.S. 

Dept. Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 

New Orleans, LA. 163 p. Keywords: DEEPWATER 

 182. Castor, J.J., J.A. Santiago, and V. Hernandez-Garcia. 1999. Fish associate with fish 

aggregation devices off the Canary Islands (Central-East Atlantic). Scientia 

Marina 63:191-198. Keywords: ARTISANAL, DRIFTING/FLOATING 

STRUCTURES, FADS, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 19. Cayre, P. 1991. Behaviour of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack tuna 

(Katsuwonus pelamis) around FADs as determined by sonic tagging. RAPA 

Report 1991/11:41-60. Keywords: ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY 

/TRACKING, ARTISANAL, ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN, 

SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 259. Cayre, P. 1991. Behaviour of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack tuna 

(Katsuwonus pelamis) around fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the 

Comoros Islands as determined by ultrasonic tracking. Aquatic Living 

Resources 4:1-12. Keywords: ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING, 

BEHAVIOUR, FADS, MOVEMENTS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 396. Cayre, P. 1991. Dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP) et pêche artisanal. p. 

54-59 in Actes de la Conference Thonière Regionale (Antanarivo, 

Madegascar, 9-12 Mai 1990); Le Gall, de Reviers et Roger, Ed. scient., in the 

series "Colloques et Seminares, ORSTOM, Ed., Vo. 144. Keywords: 

ARTISANAL, FADS, FISHERIES. 

 397. Cayre, P. 1991. Physiologie et etud du comportement. Application practique des 

resultats. p. 61-65 in Actes de la Conference Thonière Regionale (Antanarivo, 

Madegascar, 9-12 Mai 1990); Le Gall, de Reviers et Roger, Ed. scient., in the 

series "Colloques et Seminares”, ORSTOM, Ed., Vol. 144. Keywords: 

BEHAVIOUR, FADS, PHYSIOLOGY, TUNAS. 

 398. Cayre, P. 1995. Comportement de l'albacore (Thunnus albacares) a petite echeell 

d'espace et de temps et modelisation de sa distribution vertical a parit de 

donnèes de marquage acoustique et de parametêrs locaux d'environnement. 

Journal de recherche oceanographique 20:146-149. Keywords: ACOUSTIC 

TELEMETRY/TRACKING, DEPTH, FADS, TUNAS, YELLOWFIN 

TUNA. 

 190. Cayre, P., and J. Chabanne. 1986. Sonic tracking experiments and behavior of 

tropical tunas (yellowfin tuna: Thunnus albacares, and skipjack tuna: 

Katsuwonus pelamis) in the vicinity of a fish aggregating device. 
28 

Oceanographie tropicale 21:167-183. Keywords: ACOUSTIC 

TELEMETRY/TRACKING, ANCHORED FADS, BEHAVIOUR, DEPTH, 

FADS, SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR, SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 399. Cayre, P., J. Chabanne, G. Moari, and B. Ugolini. 1986. Premieres experiences de 

marquages acoustiques et de poursuite de thonides en Polynesie francaise. 

Cah. EVAAM, No 11. 44 p. Keywords: ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY 

/TRACKING, TUNAS. 

 17. Cayre, P., X. De Reviers, and A. Venkatasami. 1991. Practical and legal aspects of 

settlement and exploitation of fish aggregating devices (FADs). RAPA 

Report 1991/11:75-82. Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, FISHING TECHNIQUES, 

INDIAN OCEAN, LEGAL ASPECTS. 

 452. Cayre, P., X. De Reviers, and A. Venkatasami. 1996. Practical and legal aspects of 

fish aggregating devices (FADs) settlement and exploitation. South Pacific 

Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 1:27-28. 

Keywords: FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, LEGAL 

ASPECTS. 

 18. Cayre, P., D. Le Touze, D. Norungee, and J. Williams. 1991. Artisanal fishery of 

tuna around fish aggregating devices (FADs) in Comoros Islands. 

Preliminary estimate of FAD efficiency. RAPA Report 1991/11:61-74. 

Keywords: ARTISANAL, ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, 

CATCH/EFFORT, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING TECHNIQUES, 

INDIAN OCEAN, SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 345. Cayre, P., and F. Marsac. 1991. Report and preliminary results of the tagging 

programme of natural drift log in the tuna purse seine fishery of the western 

Indian Ocean. Pages 125-133 in Collective Volume of Working Documents 

Presented at the 4th Southeast Asian Tuna Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 

27-30 November 1990. FAO, IPTP, Columbo, Sri Lanka. Keywords: 

DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHING, PURSE 

SEINING, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, INDIAN OCEAN. 

 171. Cayre, P., and F. Marsac. 1993. Modeling the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) 

vertical distribution using sonic tracking. Aquatic Living Resources 6:1-14. 

Keywords: ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING, DEPTH, 

MOVEMENTS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 16. Chabanne, J. 1991. Fish aggregating devices in French Polynesia. RAPA Report 

1991/11:83-95. Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, 

FISHING TECHNIQUES, PACIFIC OCEAN. 
29 

 3. Chapman, L. 1997. Fishing around fish aggregating devices (FADS) in Vanuatu. 

South Pacific Commission Fisheries Newsletter:27-32. Keywords: 

ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

FISHING TECHNIQUES, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 300. Chapman, L. 2000. Small-scale FAD-associated fishing techniques used in the 

Pacific region. Pages 346-355 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, 

editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes 

Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: FADS, FISHING TECHNIQUES, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 15. Christy, L. 1991. Artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices: Legal issues. RAPA 

Report 1991/11:105-115. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, LEGAL 

ASPECTS. 

 346. Cillaurren, E. 1990. Fish aggregation devices: are they really helping fishing? 

Example, South West Efate (Vanuatu). Working Paper 28. 22nd Regional 

Technical Meeting on Fisheries. SPC, Noumea. 9 p. Keywords: FADS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 347. Cillaurren, E. 1990. Initial analysis: economic viability of ships fishing around FADs 

off the south-west coast of Efate. Working Paper 13. 22nd Regional 

Technical Meeting on Fisheries. SPC, Noumea. 5 p. Keywords: 

ECONOMICS, FISHERY, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 50. Cillaurren, E. 1994. Daily fluctuations in the presence of Thunnus albacares and 

Katsuwonus pelamis around fish aggregating devices anchored in Vanuatu, 

Oceania. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:581-591. Keywords: CATCH 

STATISTICS, DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, TUNA, PACIFIC OCEAN, SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR, 

SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 76. Clavijo, I.E., J. LaPlace, and W. Tobias. 1989. Construction and evaluation of a 

midwater FAD design in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 

44:1065-1066. Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, COASTAL 

WATERS, DESIGN, FADS, FISHERY TECHNOLOGY, FISHING, 

TROLLING, MIDWATER. 

 321. Coan, A.L., and N.W. Bartoo. 2000. Emerging US tropical tuna purse seine fishery 

on FADs in the Central Western Pacific Ocean. Pages 677 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. 

Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration 

de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish 

aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: 
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DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

FISHING, PURSE SEINING, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 400. Conand, F. 1995. Etude du comportement alimentaire et du comportement de 

deplacement suivi par marquage acoustique. Rapport d'avancement de 

l'action III du CAN Reunion, PTR2. Manuscript, 33 p. Keywords: 

ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING, DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, 

MOVEMENTS, TUNAS. 

 348. Conand, F., and E. Tessier. 1996. FAD deployments around Reunion Island. South 

Pacific Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 1:3-6. 

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 210. Cranswick, D., and J. Regg. 1997. Deepwater in the Gulf of Mexico: America's new 

frontier. U.S. Deparment of Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of 

Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans. OCS Report 97-0004. Keywords: 

DEEPWATER, GOM, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES. 

 85. Crook, M. 1987. Static fishing around fish aggregating devices (FADs) and offshore 

banks in American Samoa. South Pacific Commission Fisheries Newsletter 

42:27-32. Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHING 

GEAR, FISHING TECHNIQUES, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 84. Cusack, P. 1987. Phosphate, FADs, and fish. South Pacific Commission Fisheries 

Newsletter 43:34-40. Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, BIGEYE 

TUNA, FADS, FISHING OPERATIONS, PACIFIC OCEAN, RAINBOW 

RUNNER, SCAD, SKIPJACK, WAHOO, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 349. Cusack, P. 1996. Two FAD systems recommended by SPC. South Pacific 

Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 1:10-15. 

Keywords: DESIGN, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 380. Dagorn, L. 1994. Le comportement des thons tropicaux modelise selon de la vie 

artificielle. Ph.D. Dissertation. Ecole nationale supérieu agronomique. 

Rennnes, France. Keywords: BEHAVIOUR, TUNAS. 

 170. Dagorn, L., P. Bach, and E. Josse. 1977. Modeling effects of anchored FADs and 

prey distribution on horizontal and vertical movements of tuna in the French 

Polynesia EEZ. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, DEPTH, FADS, 

MOVEMENTS, TUNAS. 

 202. Dagorn, L., and P. Freon. 1999. Tropical tuna associated with floating objects: a 

simulation study of the meeting point hypothesis. Canadian Journal of 

Fisheries and Aquatic Science 56:984-993. Keywords: AGGREGATION, 

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 236. Dagorn, L., E. Josse, and P. Bach. 2000. Individual differences in horizontal 

movements of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in nearshore areas in 

French Polynesia, determined using ultrasonic telemetry. Aquatic Living 

Resources 13:193-202. Keywords: ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY 

/TRACKING, DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, FADS, MOVEMENTS, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 237. Dagorn, L., E. Josse, and P.B. Bach. 2000. Modeling tuna behaviour near floating 

objects: from individuals to aggregations. Aquatic Living Resources 13:203-

211. Keywords: BEHAVIOUR, FADS, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, 

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 191. D'Anna, G., F. Badalamenti, and S. Riggio. 1999. Traditional and experimental 

floating fish aggregating devices in the Gulf of Castellammare (NW Sicily): 

results from catches and visual observations. Scientia Marina 63:209-218. 

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 228. Dedios, P. 1991. Fish aggregation device. Pesca, Lima 56:26-29. Keywords: FADS. 

 219. Delgado de Molina, A., P. Pallares, J. Ariz, and J.C. Santana. 1999. Posible efectos 

de la ved sobre objectos en la pesqueria Espanol de cerco tropical. ICCAT, 

SCRS 99/133:1-7. Keywords: ATLANTIC, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

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 221. Delgado de Molina, A., J.C. Santana, J. Ariz, and P. Pallares. 1999. Analisis de datos 

de listado obtenidos en campanas de observadores en el Oceano Atlantico. 

ICCAT, SCRS 99/62:1-15. Keywords: ATLANTIC, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS. 

 14. Delmendo, M.N. 1991. A review of artificial reefs development and use of fish 

aggregating devices (FADs) in the ASEAN region. FAO RAPA Report 

1991/11:116-141. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, 

FISHERY, COASTAL, FISHING TECHNIQUES. 

 89. Depoutot, C. 1987. (Contribution to the study of fish aggregating devices from 

Polynesian experience.). [French]. Notes et documents d'oceanographie. 

Centre de Tahiti, ORSTOM. Papeete. 1987. No. 33, 159 p. Keywords: 

ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING, ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, 

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SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 350. Desurmont, A. 1992. Fish aggregation device (FAD) assistance programme: Report 

of visit to the Cook Islands, 23 November - 21 December 1991. SPC, 

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 351. Desurmont, A. 1992. Regional trials with a new FAD raft type. Working Paper 14. 

24th Regional Technical Meeting on Fisheries. SPC, Noumea. 5 p. 

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 446. Desurmont, A. 1996. Editorial. Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) Bulletin 1:1-2. 

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 134. Desurmont, A. 1999. FAD models developed by SPC: critical review and future 

prospects. Pages 44-45 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. 

Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). 

IFREMER, Plouzane. Keywords: ARTISANAL, DESIGN, ECONOMICS, 

FISHERY, FADS, FISHERIES. 

 296. Desurmont, A. 2000. FAD models developed by SPC: review and future prospects. 

Pages 276-289 in J.Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche 

thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest 

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 125. Desurmont, A., and L. Chapman. 1999. The use of anchored FADs in the area served 

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24-25 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and 

fish aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. 

Keywords: ARTISANAL, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING, POLELINE, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

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dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. 

(Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. 

Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, PACIFIC 

OCEAN, REVIEW/SUMMARY. 

 115. de Sylva, D.P. 1981. Potential for increasing artisanal fisheries production from 

floating artificial habitats in the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Gulf and 

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 172. Detolle, J.P., E. Tessier, D. Roos, F. Rene, and J. Sacchi. 1998. The dynamics and 

effects of FADs in La Reunion Island. South Pacific Commission Fish 

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ECONOMICS, FISHERY, FADS, FISHERIES, PACIFIC OCEAN, 

SOCIOECONOMIC. 
33 

 401. Detolle, J.P., E. Tessier, D. Roos, F. Rene, and J. Sacchi. 1996. Etude en vue 

d'optimiser le cout et la longevite des dispositifs de concentration de poissons 

de l'ile de La Reunion, approche technico-economique. IFREMER/RIDV No. 

94.14 RH/La Reunion. 73 p. Keywords: ECONOMICS, FISHERY, FADS, 

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192. Deudero, S., P. Merella, B. Morales-Nin, E. Massuti, and F. Alemany. 1999. Fish 

communities associated with FADs. Scientia Marina 63:199-207. Keywords: 

AMBERJACK, DOLPHIN, FADS, JUVENILE FISH, MEDITERRANEAN 

SEA, WRECKFISH. 

352. Dickie, B. 1989. The FADs of Northland. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial 

Research Organisation, Tasmania, Australia. 4 p. Keywords: FADS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 59. Dickson, J.O. 1993. Deepsea fish aggregating devices for commercial fisheries in the 

Philippines. Infofish International 4:51-56. Keywords: ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING TECHNIQUES, PACIFIC 

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 126. Dickson, J.O. 1999. A review of the "payaw": the Philippines' FAD. Pages 26-27 in

J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish 

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 289. Dickson, J.O., and A.C. Natividad. 2000. Tuna fishing and a review of payaos in the 

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Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest 

Cedex. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, DEPTH, FADS, FISHERIES, 

TUNA, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, FISHING TECHNIQUES, PACIFIC 

OCEAN, REVIEW/SUMMARY. 

 142. Ditton, R.B., and J. Auyong. 1984. Fishing offshore platforms Central Gulf of 

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offshore petroleum structures. Minerals Management Series Project Report 

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 353. Doulman, D.J. 1989. Japanese distant-water fishing in the South Pacific. Pacific 

Economic Bulletin 4 December 1989:22-29. Keywords: ECONOMICS, 

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 24. Doumenge, F. 1995. Artificial reefs: status and trend. [French]. Biologia Marina 

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 43. Druce, B.E., and M.J. Kingsford. 1995. An experimental investigation on the fishes 

associated with drifting objects in coastal waters of temperate Australia. 

Bulletin of Marine Science 57:378-392. Keywords: AGGREGATION, 

ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, AUSTRALIA, COASTAL WATERS, 

FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 354. Edsall, P.G., and M.H. Walker. 1985. The Western Australian fish aggregation 

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fish aggregating devices: an in-progress project report. Proceedings of Gulf of 

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113. Edwards, R.E., K.J. Sulak, and D. Weaver. 2001. Deepwater petroleum structures in the 

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Jacksonville, FL. Keywords: BIGEYE TUNA, FADS, FISHERY 

RESOURCES, GOM, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SKIPJACK, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

158. Edwards, R.E. and K.J. Sulak. 2002. The potential of deepwater petroleum structures to 

affect Gulf of Mexico fisheries by acting as fish aggregating devices (FADs). 

Minerals Management Service Information Transfer Meeting, 2002. 

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PETROLEUM STRUCTURES. 

 106. Elst, R. van der, W. Blankley, and S. Chater. 1983. Richards Bay rafts. Fifth National 

Oceanographic Symposium, 24-28 January 1983. Rhodes University, 

Grahmstown. Abstracts. p. E 11. Keywords: FADS. 

 438. Fedoryako, B.I. 1982. Langmuir circulations as possible mechanisms of fish 

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FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 439. Fedoryako, B.I. 1982. Annotated list of fishes associated with drifting flotsam. 1982. 

Pages 110-118 in Poorly known fishes of the open ocean. Moscow: Inst. 

Okeanologiya. Keywords: FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, SP. DIVERSITY. 
35 

 440. Fedoryako, B.I. 1988. Fish accumulations in the open ocean near stationary buoys. 

Okeanologiya 28:667-669. Keywords: DRIFTING/FLOATING 

STRUCTURES, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 81. Feigenbaum, D., C. Blair, A. Friedlander, and M. Bushing. 1989. The feasibility of 

using fish aggregating devices (FADs) off Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the 

Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute 39:218-229. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL 

REEFS, CARIBBEAN, FADS, FISHERY, PELAGIC, FISHING GEAR, 

FISHING TECHNIQUES, GEAR RESEARCH, HABITAT 

IMPROVEMENT (PHYSICAL). 

 69. Feigenbaum, D., A. Friedlander, and M. Bushing. 1989. Determination of the 

feasibility of fish attracting devices for enhancing fisheries in Puerto Rico. 

Bulletin of Marine Science 44:950-959. Keywords: ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, CARIBBEAN, CATCH/EFFORT, FADS. 

 140. Feigenbaum, D.L., and C.H. Blair. 1987. Determination and demonstration of the 

feasibility of using fish aggregating devices (FADS) to enhance recreational 

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CARIBBEAN, COASTAL WATERS, FADS, FISHING, SPORT. 

 266. Fonteneau, A. 1991. Seamounts and tuna in the tropical eastern Atlantic. Aquatic 

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 382. Fonteneau, A. 1992. Pêche thonière et objets flotants: Situation mondial et 

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 322. Fonteneau, A. 2000. Comparison of the species composition of tuna schools take on 

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poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation 

devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ATLANTIC, CATCH 

COMPOSITION, DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS. 
36 

 241. Fonteneau, A., J. Ariz, D. Gaertner, V. Nordstrom, and P. Pallares. 2000. Observed 

changes in the species composition of tuna schools in the Gulf of Guinea 

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Aquatic Living Resources 13:253-257. Keywords: ATLANTIC, 

BEHAVIOUR, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR, 

SKIPJACK, SP. DIVERSITY, TUNAS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 120. Fonteneau, A., M. Hall, J. Hampton, P. Pallares, and R. Pianet. 1999. Development 

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Pages 14-15 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing 

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Keywords: FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, 

PROBLEMS. 

 283. Fonteneau, A., P. Pallares, and R. Pianet. 2000. A worldwide review of purse seine 

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paper presented at "Rigs and FADs" special session of the American 

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Keywords: AMBERJACK, DEEPWATER, FADS, FISHING, SPORT, 

GOM, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SCAD, WAHOO, YELLOWFIN 

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 282. Franks, J.S. 2000. A review: pelagic fishes at petroleum structures in the northern 

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 203. Freon, P., and O.A. Misund. 1999. Dynamics of pelagic fish distribution and 

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FISHERY RESOURCES, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, FISHING, SPORT, 

HABITAT IMPROVEMENT (PHYSICAL), REEF FISH. 

 49. Friedlander, A., J. Beets, and W. Tobias. 1994. Effects of fish aggregating device 

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 93. Frusher, S.D. 1986. Utilization of small-scale fish aggregation devices by Papua New 

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 411. Gaertner, D., and M. Medina-Gaertner. 1999. An overview of the tuna fishery in the 

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Keywords: BIGEYE TUNA, FADS, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, FISHING, 

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 204. Gallaway, B.J., and G.S. Lewbel. 1982. The ecology of petroleum platforms in the 

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 205. Gallaway, B.J., L.R. Martin, R.L. Howard, G.S. Boland, and G.D. Dennis. 1981. 

Effects on artificial reef, demersal fish and macrocrustacean communities. 

Pages 237-239 in B. Middleditch, editor. Environmental effects of offshore 

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 416. Garcia, M., M.A. Hall, A. Pares-Sierra, and P. Arenas. 1999. Simulated trajectories 

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MIGRATIONS, MOVEMENTS, TUNAS. 

 13. Garcia, S. 1991. Artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices in Southeast Asian 

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 355. Gates, P.D. 1990. Workshop on fish aggregation devices (FADs): review of Pacific 

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 137. Gerkas, A.J. 1979. Hawaii's proposed program on fish aggregation system. Pacific 

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 65. Gerlotto, F. 2001. From two dimensions to three: The use of multibeam sonar for a 

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TECHNIQUES, CARIBBEAN, FADS, FISHERY, PELAGIC, FISHING 

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 176. Gooding, G.W., and J.J. Magnuson. 1967. Ecological significance of a drifting object 

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 44. Gorman, T. 1995. A nationwide network of fish aggregating systems for Australia. 

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 307. Goujon, M., and C. Labaisse-Bodilis. 2000. Consequences of the Atlantic tuna 

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dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. 

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Keywords: ATLANTIC, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

FISHING, PURSE SEINING, PROBLEMS. 

 177. Greenblatt, P.R. 1979. Associations of tuna with flotsam in the eastern tropical 

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STRUCTURES, FADS, TUNAS. 

 356. Guillen, R., and D.A. Bratten. 1981. Anchored raft experiment to aggregate tunas in 

the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 

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 357. Guillou, A., F. Bruyere, and A. Lagin. 1995. Activities nouvelles de pêche observees 

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 292. Guillou, A., A. Lagin, A. Lebeau, D. Priour, M. Repecaud, L. Reynal, J. Sacchi, and 

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 129. Guillou, A., J. Sacchi, A. Lagin, and M. Taquet. 1999. Process of FADs 

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abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. Keywords: ATLANTIC, DESIGN, FADS. 

 269. Hall, M. (editor). 1992. The association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in 

the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, San 

Diego, CA. Keywords: FADS, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, TUNAS. 

 424. Hall, M. 1992. The association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean. VI. Some hypotheses on the mechanisms governing 

the association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins. Pages (mimeo) in

M. Hall, editor. The association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in 

the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La 

Jolla, CA. Keywords: ASSOCIATION, DOLPHINS, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, HYPOTHESES, MOVEMENTS, PACIFIC OCEAN, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 257. Hall, M. 2001. Questions about the association of tunas and other species with 

floating objects. Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and FADs" technical 

session of the Southern Division American Fisheries Society Meeting, 

Jacksonville, FL, January 22-25, 2001. Keywords: FADS, HYPOTHESES, 

REVIEW/SUMMARY. 

 418. Hall, M., P. Areans, and F. Miller. 1992. The association of tunas with floating 

objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. I. Environment and fishing 

areas. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The association of tunas with 

floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American 

Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: DOLPHINS, 

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 421. Hall, M., and M. Garcia. 1992. The association of tunas with floating objects and 

dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. IV: Study of repeated sets on the same 

object. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The association of tunas with 

floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American 

Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: AGGREGATION, 

FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, HYPOTHESES, MOVEMENTS, PACIFIC 

OCEAN, SKIPJACK, TUNAS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 422. Hall, M., M. Garcia, A. Pares-Sierra, and P. Arenas. 1992. The association of tunas 

with floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. V: Simulated 

trajectories of floating objects entering the eastern Pacific Ocean. Pages 

(mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The association of tunas with floating objects and 

dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna 

Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: AGGREGATION, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, MODEL, MOVEMENTS, PACIFIC OCEAN, TUNAS. 
41 

 425. Hall, M., and C. Lennert. 1992. The association of tunas with floating objects and 

dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. VI. A proposed migratory circuit for 

yellowfin tuna in the EPO. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The association 

of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. InterAmerican Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, JUVENILE FISH, MIGRATIONS, MOVEMENTS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN, SPAWNING, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 419. Hall, M., C. Lennert, and P. Arenas. 1992. The association of tunas with floating 

objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. II: The purse-seine fishery 

for tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The 

association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific 

Ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: 

DOLPHINS, FISHERIES, FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHY, FISHING, 

PURSE SEINING, PACIFIC OCEAN, TUNAS. 

 420. Hall, M., C. Lennert, and P. Arenas. 1992. The association of tunas with floating 

objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. III: Characteristics of 

floating objects and their attractiveness for tunas. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, 

editor. The association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, 

CA. Keywords: FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, OBJECT 

CHARACTERISTICS, OBJECT SIZE, PACIFIC OCEAN, SKIPJACK, 

TUNAS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 461. Hall, M.A. 2001. The fishery for tunas associated with flotsam and FADs in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean (Part 1). Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and 

FADs" technical session of the Southern Division American Fisheries Society 

Meeting, Jacksonville, FL, January 22-25, 2001. Keywords: 

DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHERIES, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, TUNAS. 

 462. Hall, M.A. 2001. The fishery for tunas associated with flotsam and FADs in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean (Part 2). Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and 

FADs" special session of the American Fisheries Southern Division Meeting, 

January 22-25, 2001, Jacksonville, FL. Keywords: DRIFTING/FLOATING 

STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHERIES, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, 

SKIPJACK, TUNAS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 412. Hall, M.A., M. Garcia, C. Lennert-Cody, P. Arenas, and F. Miller. 1999. The 

association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific 

Ocean: a review of the current purse-seine fishery. Pages 87-194 in M.D. 

Scott, W.H. Baliff, C.E. Lennert-Cody, and K.M. Schaefer, editors. 

Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Ecology and Fisheries for 

Tunas Associated with Floating Objects. Inter-American Tropical Tuna 

Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: BYCATCH, DOLPHIN, 
42 

DOLPHINS, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, 

FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, MARLINS, PACIFIC OCEAN, SHARKS, 

SKIPJACK, WAHOO, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 417. Hall, M.A., C. Lennert-Cody, M. Garcia, and P. Arenas. 1999. Characteristics of 

floating objects and their attractiveness for tunas. Pages 396-458 in M.D. 

Scott, W.H. Baliff, C.E. Lennert-Cody, and K.M. Schaefer, editors. 

Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Ecology and Fisheries for 

Tunas Associated with Floating Objects. Inter-American Tropical Tuna 

Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: ATTRACTION, FADS, FISHERY 

OCEANOGRAPHY, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, OBJECT 

CHARACTERISTICS, PACIFIC OCEAN, SKIPJACK, TEMPORAL, 

TUNAS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 358. Hallier, J.P. 1994. Purse seine fishery on floating objects: what kind of fishing effort, 

what kind of abundance? in Proceedings of the Expert Consultation on Indian 

Ocean Tunas, Mahe, Seychelles, 4-8 October 1994. J.D. Adrill (ed.) IPTP 

Collective Volumes No. 8: 192-198. Keywords: FADS, FISHERIES, 

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 428. Hallier, J.P., and J.I. Parajua. 1992. Fishing for tunas on the same floating object. 

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objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American Tropical 

Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: CATCH COMPOSITION, 

DEPTH, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN, RESIDENCE TIME, SKIPJACK, TEMPORAL, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 430. Hallier, J.P., and J.I. Parajua. 1992. Review of tuna fisheries on floating objects in the 

Indian Ocean. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The association of tunas 

with floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. InterAmerican Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: BIGEYE 

TUNA, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING, PURSE 

SEINING, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, INDIAN OCEAN, SKIPJACK, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 431. Hallier, J.P., and J.I. Parajua. 1992. Tropical tuna at sea: what are they associated 

with? Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The association of tunas with 

floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American 

Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: ASSOCIATION, 

BIGEYE TUNA, FISHERIES, TUNA, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, 

INDIAN OCEAN, SEAMOUNTS, SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 413. Hallier, J.P., and J.I. Parajua. 1999. Review of tuna fisheries on floating objects in the 

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and K.M. Schaefer, editors. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the 
43 

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 313. Hallier, J.-P., and A. Delgado de Molina. 2000. Baitboat as a tuna aggregating 

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Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest 

Cedex. Keywords: BOAT (AGGREGATION TO), DRIFTING/FLOATING 

STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA. 

 206. Hammond, D.L., D.D. Myatt, and D.M. Cupka. 1977. Evaluation of midwater 

structures as a potential tool in the management of the fisheries resources on 

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 436. Hampton, J., and K. Bailey. 1992. Fishing for tunas associated with floating objects: 

a review of the western Pacific fishery. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The 

association of tunas with floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific 

Ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: 

ANCHORED FADS, BIGEYE TUNA, BYCATCH, CATCH 

COMPOSITION, CATCH/EFFORT, DEPTH, DIURNAL VARIATIONS, 

DOLPHIN, FADS, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, MARLINS, MOVEMENTS, PACIFIC OCEAN, SIZE 

DISTRIBUTION, SKIPJACK, TAGGING, WHALE SHARKS, WHALES, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 267. Hampton, J., and K. Bailey. 1993. Fishing for tunas associated with floating objects: 

a review of the western Pacific fishery. SPC Tuna and Billfish Assessment 

Programme Tech. Rep. 31. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New 

Caledonia. Keywords: FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, PACIFIC OCEAN, REVIEW/SUMMARY, TUNAS. 

 414. Hampton, J., and K. Bailey. 1999. Fishing for tunas associated with floating objects: 

a review of the western Pacific fishery. Pages 222-284 in M.D. Scott, W.H. 

Baliff, C.E. Lennert-Cody, and K.M. Schaefer, editors. Proceedings of the 

International Workshop on the Ecology and Fisheries for Tunas Associated 

with Floating Objects. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, 

CA. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, BIGEYE TUNA, BYCATCH, 

CATCH COMPOSITION, CATCH/EFFORT, DEPTH, DIURNAL 

VARIATIONS, DOLPHIN, FADS, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, 

FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, MARLINS, MOVEMENTS, PACIFIC 

OCEAN, SIZE DISTRIBUTION, SKIPJACK, TAGGING, WHALE 

SHARKS, WHALES, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 
44 

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PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 53. Hassan, R.B.B.R. 1994. Comparative studies of various fish aggregating device 

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AGGREGATION, CATCH/EFFORT, COMPARATIVE STUDIES, 

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 193. Hastings, R.W., L.H. Ogren, and Mabry MT. 1975. Observations on the fish fauna 

associated with offshore platforms in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. 

Fishery Bulletin 74:387-402. Keywords: DEPTH, GOM, HORIZONTAL 

DISTRIBUTION, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 360. Hawaii Department of Land and Mineral Resources. 1978. A statewide fish 

aggregating system. Department of Land and Mineral Resources, Honolulu, 

HI. 18 p. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 359. Hawaii Department of Land and Mineral Resources. 1983. Hawaiian fish aggregation 

buoys. Department of Land and Mineral Resources, Honolulu, HI. 13 p. 

Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 361. Hawaii National Marine Fisheries Service. 1979. Summary of a workshop on fish 

aggregating buoys held in Honolulu, 22 February 1979. National Marine 

Fisheries Service, Honolulu Laboratory, HI. 15 p. Keywords: ANCHORED 

FADS, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 362. Hawaii National Marine Fisheries Service. 1980. Report on fish aggregating 

workshop held in Honolulu, 23 October 1980. National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Honolulu Laboratory, HI. 17 p. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, 

FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 363. Hawaii Southwest Fisheries Center. 1988. Report of the Fish Aggregation Devices 

Workshop. Southwest Fisheries Center, Honolulu, HI. 15 p. Keywords: 

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 52. Hensley, R.A., T.S. Sherwood, and G. Davis. 1994. Computer program for 

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FADS, FISHING BUOYS, FISHING GEAR. 

 437. Hiatuka, K. 1992. A note on an attempt to make free swimming tuna schools 

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 92. Hilborn, R., and P. Medley. 1989. Tuna purse-seine fishing with fish-aggregating 

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YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 364. Holland, K.N. 1987. Ultrasonic telemetry of horizontal and vertical movements of 

pelagic fish species associated with fish aggregation devices. National Marine 

Fisheries Service, Honolulu, HI. 15 p. Keywords: ACOUSTIC 

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DISTRIBUTION, MOVEMENTS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 260. Holland, K.N. 1996. Biological aspects of the association of tunas with FADs. South 

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FADS, HYDROACOUSTICS, MOVEMENTS, RESEARCH, 

REVIEW/SUMMARY, TUNAS. 
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DEPTH, DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, EXPERIMENTS, FADS, 

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION, MOVEMENTS, PACIFIC OCEAN, 

TAGGING, TUNAS. 

 78. Holland, K.N., R.W. Brill, and R.K.C. Chang. 1990. Horizontal and vertical 

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 268. Holland, K.N., P. Kleiber, and S.M. Kajiura. 1999. Different residence times of 

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 394. Hong, S.W., M. Okamoto, T. Imai, and S. Fuwa. 1996. Effect of fish aggregating 

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 222. Hong, S.-W., M. Okamoto, T. Imai, and S. Fuwa. 1998. Studies on the school 

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 442. Inoue, M., R. Amano, and Y. Iwaski. 1968. Studies environmental alluring skipjack 

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 173. Izumi, M. 1993. Introduction to payao development and management in Okinawa, 

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 36. Jayakody, D.S., and S.S.C. Pieris. 1994. Trials with fish aggregation devices (FADs) 

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 366. Josse, E, J. Chabanne, S. Yen, and F. Leproux. 1990. General description of the fish 

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 261. Josse, E. 1992. Different ways of exploiting tuna concentrations associated with fish 

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 381. Josse, E. 1992. Different ways of exploiting tuna associated with Fish Aggregating 

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 383. Josse, E., P. Bach, and L. Dagorn. 1997. Tuna-prey relationships studied by 

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 255. Josse, E., P. Bach, and L. Dagorn. 1998. Simultaneous observations of tuna 

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 196. Kallaur, C.U. 2000. The deep sea is not so deep any more. Gulf of Mexico Science 

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 226. Kerr, S. 1992. Artificial reefs in Australia. Working Paper, Bureau of Rural 

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 368. Kikutani, K., T. Toyoshima, and I. Tokuda. 1996. The FAD project of Tokunoshima 

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 223. Kitamado, T., and C. Kataoka. 1996. A study for the realization of sustainable 

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 454. Kleiber, P., and J. Hampton. 1996. Modeling effects of FADs and islands on 

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 262. Klieber, P., and J. Hampton. 1992. Progress report on the development of the 

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 406. Klimley, A.P., F. Voegeli, S.C. Beavers, and B.J. Le Boef. 1998. Automated 

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 407. Kojima, S. 1956. Fishing for dolphins in the western part of the Japan Sea. II. Why 

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 304. Laurans, M., M. Taquet, L. Reynal, and A. Lagin. 2000. Comparisons of large 

pelagic fish catches in Martinique, with or without FADs. Pages 421-434 in

J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs 

de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing 

and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: 
52 

ANCHORED FADS, CARIBBEAN, CATCH COMPOSITION, 

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, FADS, FISHERIES. 

 310. Laurans, M., M. Taquet, L. Reynal, and A. Lagin. 2000. Underwater observations of 

fish communities around coastal FADs in Martinique. Pages 516-527 in J.-Y. 

Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de 

concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and 

fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: 

CARIBBEAN, COASTAL WATERS, COLOR, DESIGN, FADS, FISHERY 

DEVELOPMENT, SP. DIVERSITY, UNDERWATER OBSERVATION. 

 245. Laurans, M., M. Taquet, M. Reynal, and A. Lagin. 2000. Comparison of large 

pelagic fishes catches in Martinique, with or without FAD. Pages 421-434 in

J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish 

aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. 

Keywords: ATLANTIC, FADS. 

 2. Le Gall, J.Y., P. Cayre, and M. Taquet (editors). 1999. Tuna Fishing and Fish 

Aggregating Devices (Symposium Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 October 

1999) Abstracts Collection. [French, English]. IFREMER, Brest, Cedex. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, CONFERENCES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING TECHNIQUES, 

SOCIOECONOMIC. 

 303. Le Gall, J.-Y. 2000. Contribution of drifting and anchored FADs for increasing the 

fishing power of tuna vessels. Pages 389-420 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and 

M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. 

Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, 

DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERIES, 

TUNA, FISHING POWER, FISHING TECHNIQUES. 

 234. Le Gall, J.-Y., P. Cayre, and M. Taquet. 2000. Mechanisms and effects of the 

aggregation of tuna by Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). Aquatic Living 

Resources 13:181. Keywords: AGGREGATION, FADS, TUNAS. 

 453. Lehodey, P. 1996. Fish aggregating devices and feeding habits of tuna in French 

Polynesia. South Pacific Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information 

Bulletin 1:29-30. Keywords: ALBACORE, DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, 

FADS, SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 124. Lennert-Cody, C., M. Garcia, and M. Hall. 1999. The development of FAD fishery in 

the Eastern Pacific Ocean: 1992-1998. Pages 22-23 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. 

Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices 

(collection of abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. Keywords: 
53 

DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 287. Lennert-Cody, C.E., and M.A. Hall. 2000. The development of the purse seine 

fishery on drifting Fish Aggregating Devices in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: 

1992-1998. Pages 78-107 in J.Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. 

Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest 

Cedex. Keywords: COLOR, DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, 

FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, PACIFIC 

OCEAN, REVIEW/SUMMARY. 

 135. Leproux, F. 1999. Technological evolution of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in 

French Polynesia and associated fishing methods. Pages 46-47 in J.-Y. Le 

Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish aggregating 

devices (collection of abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. Keywords: FADS, 

FISHING TECHNIQUES, LINES, DRIFT. 

 328. Leproux, F. 2000. Technological evolution of FADs in French Polynesia. Pages 290-

303 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et 

dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. 

(Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. 

Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, FADS, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 385. Leproux, F., and A. Desurmont. 1996. Latest type of FAD used in French Polynesia. 

South Pacific Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 

2:285-308. Keywords: DESIGN, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 370. Leproux, F., G. Moarii, and S. Yen. 1990. Fishing techniques used around fish 

aggregation devices in French Polynesia. Working paper 14. 22nd Regional 

Technical Meeting on Fisheries, SPC, Noumea. 5p. Keywords: FADS, 

FISHING TECHNIQUES, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 371. Leproux, F., S. Yen, and E. Josse. 1990. Evolution of the design of fish aggregation 

devices in French Polynesia. Working paper 15. 22nd Regional Technical 

Meeting on Fisheries, SPC, Noumea. 7 p. Keywords: DESIGN, FADS, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 271. Lindberg, W.J. 1996. Fundamental design parameters for artificial reefs: interaction 

of patch reef spacing and size. Submitted to Office of Fisheries Management 

and Assistance Services, Division of Marine Resources, Florida Department 

of Environmental Protection (Grant Number C-6729, Final Project Report), 

Gainesville, FL. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, DESIGN. 
54 

 209. Linton, T.L. 1994. A comparison between fish species harvested in the Gulf of 

Mexico and the number of production platforms present. Bulletin of Marine 

Science 55:1334. Keywords: GOM, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SP. 

DIVERSITY. 

 110. Love, M. 2001. Now it can be told: 5 long years of deepwater surveys around the oil 

platforms of southern California. Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and 

FADs" technical session of the Southern Division American Fisheries Society 

Meeting, Jacksonville, FL, January 22-25, 2001. Keywords: PACIFIC 

OCEAN, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 180. Love, M.S., J.E. Caselle, and L. Snook. 1999. Fish assemblages around seven oil 

platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel area. Fishery Bulletin 98:96-117. 

Keywords: DEPTH, FADS, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SP. 

DIVERSITY. 

 186. Love, M.S., and W. Westphal. 1990. Comparison of fishes taken by a sportfishing 

party vessel around oil platforms and adjacent natural reefs near Santa 

Barbara, California. Fishery Bulletin 88:599-605. Keywords: FISHING, 

SPORT, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES. 

 11. Malig, J.B., A.S. De Jesus, and J.O. Dickson. 1991. Deep-sea fish aggregating 

devices (FADs) in the Philippines. FAO RAPA Report 1991/11:214-228. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING 

GEAR, FISHING TECHNIQUES, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 174. Marsac, F., and P. Cayr. 1997. Fish telemetry applied to behavior analysis of 

yellowfin tuna movements in a fish aggregating devices network. 2nd 

Conference on Fish Telemetry in Europe, La Rochelle, 5-9 April 1997. 

Keywords: ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING, BEHAVIOUR, FADS, 

MOVEMENTS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 4. Marsac, F., and P. Cayre. 1998. Telemetry applied to behaviour analysis of yellowfin 

tuna (Thunnus albacares, Bonnaterre, 1788) movements in a network of fish 

aggregating devices. Hydrobiologia 371-372:155-171. Keywords: 

ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING, BEHAVIOUR, DEPTH, FADS, 

INDIAN OCEAN, MIGRATIONS, MOVEMENTS, NETWORK, 

TAGGING, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 25. Marsac, F., P. Cayre, and F. Conand. 1996. Analysis of small-scale movements of 

yellowfin tuna around fish-aggregating devices (FADS) using sonic tags. 

IPTP Collected Volumes 9:151-159. Keywords: ACOUSTIC 

TELEMETRY/TRACKING, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHERY 

OCEANOGRAPHY, FISHERY SURVEYS, INDIAN OCEAN, 

MIGRATIONS, MOVEMENTS, TAGGING, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 
55 

 312. Marsac, F., and A. Fonteneau. 1999. Drifting FADs used in tuna fisheries: an 

ecological trap? Pages 100-101 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, 

editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Recueil 

des resumes. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, 

Plouzane. Keywords: DOLPHIN, DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, 

FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, PROBLEMS, SP. DIVERSITY, WAHOO. 

 252. Marsac, F., A. Fonteneau, and F. Menard. 2000. Drifting FADs used in tuna 

fisheries: an ecological trap? Pages 537-552 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and 

M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. 

Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

HYPOTHESES, PROBLEMS, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 131. Martin, C.C. 1999. Results of the use of FADs in the pole and line skipjack 

(Katsuwonus pelamis) fishery in the North-West coast of Cuba. Pages 38-39 

in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish 

aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. 

Keywords: ATLANTIC, DESIGN, FADS, SKIPJACK. 

 189. Massuti, E., B. Morales-Nin, and S. Deudero. 1999. Fish fauna associated with 

floating objects sampled by experimental and commercial purse nets. Scientia 

Marina 63:219-227. Keywords: AMBERJACK, DOLPHIN, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, SAMPLING, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 108. Matsumoto, W.M., T.K. Kazama, and D.C. Aasted. 1981. Anchored Fish 

Aggregating Devices in Hawaiian Waters. Marine Fisheries Review 43:1-13. 

Keywords: FADS, NETWORK. 

 60. Matsumura, Y. 1992. Factors affecting catch of young flying fish in northern coastal 

waters of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. [Japanese]. Bulletin of the Japanese 

Society of Scientific Fisheries/Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 58:1049-1055. 

Keywords: CATCH/EFFORT, FADS, FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHY, 

FLYING FISH, PACIFIC OCEAN, STOCK ASSESSMENT. 

 373. Matthews, J., and T. Butcher. 1983. FAD research in New South Wales. Australian 

Fisheries 46:49-51. Keywords: FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN, RESEARCH. 

 62. McElroy, J.K., and J.C.B. Uktolseja. 1992. Skipjack pole-and-line operations in East 

Indonesia. Marine Policy 16:451-462. Keywords: CATCH STATISTICS, 

CATCH/EFFORT, FADS, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, FISHING 

GROUNDS, FISHING, POLE-LINE, MIGRATIONS, PACIFIC OCEAN, 

SKIPJACK. 

 41. McElroy, J.K., and J.C.B. Uktolseja. 1994. Skipjack pole and line fishing in East 

Indonesia. Conference internationale de l'IIFET. [6-9 Jul 1992: Paris 
56 

(France)].; [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the International Institute 

of Fisheries Economics and Trade.] Actes De La Sixieme Conference De 

L'Association Internationale D'Economie Des Pêches; IFREMER Cent. Paris. 

Issy Les Moulineaux (France): 1417-1430. Keywords: ECONOMICS, 

FISHERY, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING, FISHING 

GROUNDS, FISHING, POLE-LINE, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 116. McElroy, J.K., and Wijopriono. 1994. Java Sea purse seiners: The impact of 

innovation on performance. Conference internationale de l'IIFET. [6-9 Jul 

1992: Paris (France)].; [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the 

International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade.] Actes De La 

Sixieme Conference De L'Association Internationale D'Economie Des 

Pêches; IFREMER Cent. Paris. Issy Les Moulineaux (France): 617-633. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, CATCHABILITY, 

ECONOMICS, FISHERY, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING, FISHING 

TECHNIQUES, FISHING VESSELS, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, 

LIGHT, LUNAR PHASES. 

 139. McIntosh, G.S. 1985. Design, construct, deploy and monitor a pelagic fish 

aggregating device (FAD) in the Southeast region of the United States. Final 

Project Report: NMFS-SK-89-025, Project NA82GA-H-00006. Keywords: 

ATLANTIC, COASTAL WATERS, FADS, FISHING, SPORT. 

 83. McIntosh, G.S. 1986. Progress with the development of fish aggregating devices in 

the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute 

37:64-66. Keywords: FADS. 

 326. McPhaden, M.J., P. Freitag, J. Servain, and E. Josse. 2000. Effects of fishing activity 

on tropical moored buoy arrays. Pages 683 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. 

Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. 

Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, FADS, FISHING 

OPERATIONS, PACIFIC OCEAN, PROBLEMS. 

 256. Menard, F., A. Fonteneau, D. Gaertner, V. Nordstrom, B. Stequert, and E. Marchal. 

2000. Exploitation of small tuna by a purse seine fishery with fish 

aggregating devices and their feeding ecology in an eastern tropical Atlantic 

ecosystem. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:525-530. Keywords: 

ATLANTIC, DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA. 

 240. Menard, F., B. Stequert, A. Rubin, and E. Marchal. 2000. Food consumption of tuna 

in the Equatorial Atlantic ocean: FAD-associated versus unassociated 

schools. Aquatic Living Resources 13:233-240. Keywords: ATLANTIC, 

DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, FADS, TUNAS. 
57 

 386. Moarii, G., and F. Leproux. 1996. The drop-stone technique used by artisanal 

fishermen in French Polynesia. South Pacific Commission Fish Aggregating 

Device Information Bulletin 1:16-18. Keywords: ARTISANAL, FADS, 

FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING, FISHING TECHNIQUES, PACIFIC 

OCEAN. 

 169. Mohan, M., and K.K. Kunhikoya. 1985. Comparative efficiency of live-baits for 

skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis fishery at Minicoy. Journal of the Marine 

Biological Association (India) 27:21-28. Keywords: FISHERIES, TUNA, 

LIGHT. 

 231. Monintja, D.R. 1988. Analysis of the use of the rumpon as fish aggregation device on 

the skipjack tuna fisheries in Indonesia. Report of the 2nd Southeast Asian 

Tuna Conference and 3rd Meeting of Tuna Research Groups in the Southeast 

Asian Region, Kuala, Terengganu, Malaysia, 22-25 August, 1988. p. 114-

139. Keywords: DEPTH, FADS, SKIPJACK. 

 229. Monintja, D.R. 1989. The development of rumpon as a fish aggregation device for 

skipjack tuna fisheries in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 1988 World 

Symposium on Fishing Gear and Fishing Vessel Design. p. 180-189. 

Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, DESIGN, FADS, SKIPJACK. 

 305. Monintja, D.R., and C.P. Mathews. 2000. The skipjack fishery in Eastern Indonesia: 

distinguishing the effects of increasing effort and deploying rumpon FADs on 

the stock. Pages 435-448 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. 

Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest 

Cedex. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, FADS, FISHERIES, SKIPJACK, 

STOCK ASSESSMENT. 

 227. Monintja, D.R., A. Purbayanto, and R.I. Wahju. 1991. Study on the development of 

prospective fish aggregation device for tuna fisheries in Pelabuhan Ratu 

waters. Maritek. 1:1-12. Keywords: CATCH/EFFORT, FADS, FISHERIES, 

TUNA. 

 128. Morales-Nin, B., L. Canizzaro, E. Massuti, A. Potoschi, and F. Andaloro. 1999. An 

overview of the FADs fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea. Pages 30-31 in J.-

Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish 

aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. 

Keywords: AMBERJACK, CARANGIDAE, DOLPHIN, FADS, 

MEDITERRANEAN SEA, PILOTFISH. 

 291. Morales-Nin, B., L. Cannizaro, E. Massuti, A. Potoschi, and F. Andaloro. 2000. An 

overview of the FADs fishery in the Mediterranean Sea. Pages 184-207 in

J.Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs 

de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing 
58 

and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: 

AMBERJACK, DOLPHIN, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING TECHNIQUES, 

MEDITERRANEAN SEA, REVIEW/SUMMARY. 

 82. Mueller, E.L. 1988. Managing inter-reefal environments and resources by artificial 

constructions. Proceedings of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, 

Townsville, Australia, 8-12 August 1988. Vol. 2: Contributed Papers. 

Townsville, Queensland. p. 387-391. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, 

ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS. 

 448. Mullen, A. 1989. Aggregation of fish through variable diffusivity. Fishery Bulletin 

87:353-362. Keywords: AGGREGATION, HYPOTHESES. 

 230. Munday, P.L., G.P. Jones, M.C. Oehman, and U.L. Kaly. 1998. Enhancement of 

recruitment to coral reefs using light-attractors. Bulletin of Marine Science 

63:581-588. Keywords: LARVAL FISH, LIGHT. 

 450. Munprasit, A., and I. Chanrachij. 1996. Observation report on tuna purse-seine 

fishing operations around Seychelles waters onboard Nippon Maru, 8 

November 1992 to 7 January 1993. South Pacific Commission Fish 

Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 1:23-25. Keywords: FADS, 

FISHING, FISHING TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN, LIGHT. 

 94. Murray, J.D., J.C. Howe, D.G. Lindquist, and D.C. Griffith. 1987. Using FADs to 

attract fish at coastal fishing piers. Marine Fisheries Review 49:143-154. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, CATCH/EFFORT, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHING, SPORT. 

 100. Murray, J.D., D.G. Lindquist, D.C. Griffith, and J.C. Howe. 1985. Use of midwater 

fish aggregating devices to attract marine fish at two North Carolina fishing 

piers. Working paper. North Carolina University Sea Grant Program. Raleigh 

NC. 1985. 57 p. Keywords: FADS. 

 33. Naamin, N., C.P. Mathews, and D. Monintja. 1996. Studies of Indonesian tuna 

fisheries, part 1: Interactions between coastal and offshore tuna fisheries in 

Manado and Bitung, North Sulawesi. FAO Fisheries. Technical Paper; 

Shomura, R.S; Majkowski, J; Harman, R.F; FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 

No. 365. Available as: Staus of Interactions of Pacific Tuna interactions of 

Pacific Tuna Fisheries in 1995. Proceedings of the Second FAO Expert 

Consultation on Interactions of Pacific Tuna Fisheries. Shimizu, Japan, 23-

31 January, 1995. 1996. p. 282-297. Keywords: CATCH/EFFORT, FADS, 

FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHERY, COASTAL, FISHING, POLE-LINE, 

FISHING, PURSE SEINING, PACIFIC OCEAN, SKIPJACK, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 
59 

 68. Naeem, A. 1988. Fish aggregation devices (FADs) in the Maldives. Rasain 8:179-

200. Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHING 

TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN. 

 45. Naeem, A., and A. Latheefa. 1994. Biosocioeconomic assessment of the effects of 

fish aggregating devices in the tuna fishery in the Maldives. Bay of Bengal 

Program for Fisheries Development, Madras (India). Keywords: FADS. 

 460. Nemerson, D., S. Berkeley, and C. Safina. 2000. Spawning site fidelity in Atlantic 

bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus: the use of size-frequency analysis to test for 

the presence of migrant east Atlantic bluefin tuna on Gulf of Mexico 

spawning grounds. Fishery Bulletin 98:118-126. Keywords: BLUEFIN 

TUNA, GOM, MIGRATIONS, SPAWNING. 

 372. Newton, D. 1990. Tuna behavior around FADs. Hawaii Fishing News 6:6-9. 

Keywords: BEHAVIOUR, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN, TUNAS. 

 150. Ogren, L. 1974. Midwater structures for enhancing recreational fishing. Pages 65-67 

in L. Colunga, and R. Stone, editors. Proceedings of an International 

Conference on Artificial Reefs. Texas A&M Sea Grant, College Station, TX. 

Keywords: FADS, GOM, MIDWATER. 

 112. Oliver, C.W., and E.W. Edwards. 1996. Dolphin-Safe Research Program Progress 

Report II (1992-1996). Administrative Report J-96-13, Southwest Fisheries 

Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA. 

Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, DOLPHINS, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

HYDROACOUSTICS, LIDAR, TUNAS. 

 393. Palladin, M. 1998. Safety system developed for light FADs. South Pacific 

Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 3:35-36. 

Keywords: DESIGN, FADS. 

 147. Pallares, P., J. Pereira, N. Miyabe, and A. Fonteneau. 1998. Atlantic bigeye tuna: 

overview of present knowledge (November 1996). Pages 20-80 in R.B. 

Deriso, W.H. Bayliff, and N.J. Webb, editors. Proceedings of the First World 

Meeting on Bigeye Tuna. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La 

Jolla, CA . Keywords: ATLANTIC, BIGEYE TUNA, FADS. 

 432. Parajua, J.I., and J.P. Hallier. 1992. Western Indian Ocean purse seine fishery on 

yellowfin tuna: its specifications regarding log and free swimming school 

catches. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The association of tunas with 

floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American 

Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: FISHERIES, TUNA, 

FISHING, PURSE SEINING, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, INDIAN 

OCEAN, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 
60 

 441. Parin, N.V. 1963. Some results of studies of pelagic fishes of the Pacific and Indian 

Ocean attracted by electric light. Trudy Institute Oceanology 62:128-144. 

Keywords: ATTRACTION, INDIAN OCEAN, LIGHT, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 443. Parin, N.V., and B.I. Fedoryako. 1999. Pelagic fish communities around floating 

objects in the open ocean. Pages 447-458 in M.D. Scott, W.H. Baliff, C.E. 

Lennert-Cody, and K.M. Schaefer, editors. Proceedings of the International 

Workshop on the Ecology and Fisheries for Tunas Associated with Floating 

Objects. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. 

Keywords: FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, RAINBOW RUNNER, SP. 

DIVERSITY. 

 374. Parrish, F.A. 1980. Fish aggregating devices for improving surface fishing in 

Hawaii. Pacific Islands Development Commission, Honolulu, HI. 5 p. 

Keywords: FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 55. Pianet, R. 1994. The second regional tuna programme of the AT (Commission de 

L'Ocean Indien). IPTP Collective Volume No. 8. p. 38-41. Colombo (Shri 

Lanka). Keywords: FADS. 

 456. Pipitone, C., F. Andaloro, S. Campagnuolo, M. Romanelli, and A. Potoschi. 2000. 

Trophic relationships between some FADs associated fishes. Page 140 in in

J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish 

aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). Keywords: BLUEFIN TUNA, 

CARANGIDAE, DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, DOLPHIN, 

MEDITERRANEAN SEA, PREY, WRECKFISH. 

 32. Plante, R. 1997. The coelacanthe: a reprieve for a fossil. [French]. Oceanorama. 

Institut oceanographique Paul Ricard. Marseille 27:16-18. Keywords: FADS, 

FISHERY RESOURCES, FISHING TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN. 

 280. Pollard, D.A. 1989. Artificial habitats for fisheries enhancement in the Australia 

region. Marine Fisheries Review 51(4):11-26. Keywords: AUSTRALIA, 

FADS. 

 279. Pollard, D.A., and J. Mathews. 1985. Experience in the construction and siting of 

artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices in Australian waters. Bulletin of 

Marine Science 37:299-304. Keywords: AUSTRALIA, DESIGN, FADS. 

 5. Polovina, J.J. 1991. Assessment of biological impacts of artificial reefs and FADs. 

FAO RAPA Report 1991/11:258-263. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL REEFS, 

ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERY 

DEVELOPMENT, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, HABITAT 

IMPROVEMENT (PHYSICAL). 
61 

 10. Polovina, J.J. 1991. A global perspective on artificial reefs and fish aggregating 

devices. FAO RAPA Report 1991/11:251-257. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL 

REEFS, ARTISANAL, ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, FISHING TECHNIQUES, 

FISHING, SPORT, HABITAT IMPROVEMENT (PHYSICAL). 

 246. Pooley, S.G., and C.H. Boggs. 1990. USAID and NOAA Fisheries Workshop on 

Planning a System of Fish Aggregating Devices for Less Developed 

Countries. Administrative Report H90-15. National Marine Fisheries Service 

Honolulu Laboratory, Honolulu, HI. Keywords: FADS, FISHERY 

DEVELOPMENT. 

 181. Potts, T.A. 1991. The structural influences of artificial and natural habitats on fish 

aggregations in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. M.S. Thesis. University of 

North Carolina at Wilmington. Keywords: AGGREGATION, FADS. 

 188. Potts, T.A., and A.W. Hurlbert. 1992. The use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) as 

an alternative to small-scale reefs. Pages 133-140 in L.B. Cahoon, editor. 

Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, Twelfth 

Annual Scientific Diving Symposium "Diving for Science..1992". American 

Academy of Underwater Sciences, Cosa Mesa, CA. Keywords: DESIGN, 

FADS, MIDWATER. 

 278. Powell, W.I. 1990. FAD history and notes: Cook Islands. Ministry of Marine 

Resources, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 8 p. Keywords: FADS, FISHERIES, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 9. Prado, J. 1991. Some considerations on surface/midwater FADs, technology and 

utilization. FAO RAPA Report 1991/11:264-278. Keywords: ARTISANAL, 

ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, DESIGN, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERY 

MANAGEMENT, FISHERY, COASTAL. 

 157. Prado, J., and S. Drew. 1999. Research and development in fishing technology in 

Latin America. FAO Fisheries Circular, No. 944. FAO, Rome. Keywords: 

CARIBBEAN, FADS. 

 8. Preston, G.L. 1991. Fish Aggregation Devices in the Pacific Islands region. FAO 

RAPA Report 1991/11:279-294. Keywords: ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, 

FISHERY MANAGEMENT, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, PACIFIC 

OCEAN, SKIPJACK, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 244. Preston, G.L., L.B. Chapman, and P.G. Watt. 1998. Vertical longlining and other 

methods of fishing around fish aggregating devices (FADs): a manual for 

fishermen. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Nomia, New Caledonia. 
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Keywords: FADS, FISHING, FISHING GEAR, LONGLINE, LONGLINE, 

VERTICAL, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 187. Punsly, R.G., P.K. Tomlinson, and A.J. Mullen. 1993. Potential tuna catches in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean from schools not associated with dolphins. Fishery 

Bulletin 22:132-143. Keywords: FISHERIES, TUNA, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, SKIPJACK, TUNAS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 297. Ravier, C., F. Marsac, A. Fonteneau, and P. Pallares. 2000. Contribution to the study 

of tuna concentrations in the eastern tropical Atlantic. Collected Volume of 

Scientific Papers, International Commission for the Conservation of Tunas 

51:699-713. Keywords: DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, TUNA, POPULATION DYNAMICS, SCHOOLING 

BEHAVIOR, SKIPJACK, SP. DIVERSITY, TUNAS. 

 111. Relini, G., M. Relini, and Torchia G. 1997. Fish recruitment on artificial reefs in the 

Ligurian Sea. [Italian]. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 4:269-276. Keywords: 

AMBERJACK, ARTIFICIAL REEFS, FADS, MEDITERRANEAN SEA, 

RECRUITMENT, REEF FISH. 

 200. Render, J.H., and C.A. Wilson. 1994. Hook and line mortality of caught and released 

red snapper around oil and gas platform structure habitat. Bulletin of Marine 

Science 55:1106-1111. Keywords: GOM, MORTALITY, PETROLEUM 

STRUCTURES. 

 26. Renones, O., E. Massuti, S. Deudero, and B. Morales-Nin. 1998. Biological 

characterization of pilotfish (Naucrates ductor) from the FADS fish 

aggregation devices fishery of the island of Mallorca (western 

Mediterranean). Bulletin of Marine Science 63:249-256. Keywords: 

AGE/GROWTH, CARANGIDAE, DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, FADS, 

FISHERIES, MEDITERRANEAN SEA, POPULATION STRUCTURE. 

 248. Rey, H. 1998. Fish aggregating devices (FAD) development in the Indian Ocean 

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strategies. Pages 313-335 in P. Cayre, and J.Y. Le Gall, editors. Le thon. 

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 284. Reyal, N., G. van Buurt, and M. Taquet. 2000. Prospects for the development of 

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Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. 

Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

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 320. Rey-Valette, H., and P. Martins. 2000. Assessment and prospect on the development 

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 208. Richardson, G.E. 2001. Deepwater development structures. Abstract of paper 

presented at "Rigs and FADs" special session of the American Fisheries 

Southern Division Meeting, January 22-25, 2001, Jacksonville, FL. 

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 199. Riera, F., A. Grau, A.M. Grau, E. Pastor, A. Quetglas, and S. Pou. 1999. 

Ichthyofauna associated with drifting floating objects in the Balearic Islands 

(western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 63:229-235. Keywords: 

AMBERJACK, DOLPHIN, DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, 

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 402. Roger, C. 1984. Relationships among yellowfin and skipjack tuna, their prey-fish, 

and plankton in the tropical western Indian Ocean. Ocean. Fish. Oceanogr. 

3:133-138. Keywords: DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, PLANKTON, PREY, 

SKIPJACK, TUNAS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 403. Roger, C., and R. Grandperrin. 1976. Pelagic food webs in the tropical Pacific. 

Limnology and Oceanography 21:731-735. Keywords: DIETS/FOOD 

/FEEDING, PACIFIC OCEAN, TUNAS. 

 318. Romagny, B., F. Menard, P. Dewals, D. Gaertner, and N. N'Goran. 2000. Local 

market fish in Abidjan and purse seine fishing on artificial floating logs in the 

Tropical Eastern Atlantic: distribution network, social and economic rules. 

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thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

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Cedex. Keywords: ATLANTIC, ECONOMICS, FISHERY, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, 

SOCIOECONOMIC. 

 299. Roos, D., E. Tessier, P. Berthier, and L. Berthier. 2000. Fishing in Reunion Island: 

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 99. Roullot, J., and A. Venkatasami. 1987. Fish aggregating devices (FADs). The 

Mauritian experience. [French]. Collective Volume of Working Documents 

Presented at the Expert Consultation on Stock Assessment of Tunas in the 

Indian Ocean Held in Column, Sri Lanka, 4-8 December 1986. p. 226-238. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

FISHING TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN, SCOMBRIDAE. 

 91. Roullot, J., A. Venkatasami, and S. Soondron. 1988. Fishing of big pelagic fishes 

around fish aggregating devices in Mauritius. Collective Volume of Working 

Documents. Vol. 3. Presented at the Expert Consultation on Stock 

Assessment of Tunas in the Indian Ocean, Held in Mauritius, 22-27 June 

1988. p. 233-250. Keywords: ARTISANAL, ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERY, PELAGIC, FISHING TECHNIQUES, 

INDIAN OCEAN. 

 61. Roullot, J., A. Venkatasami, and S. Soondron. 1990. The first three years experience 

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 72. Rountree, R.A. 1989. Association of fishes with fish aggregation devices: Effects of 

structure size on fish abundance. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:960-972. 

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 77. Rountree, R.A. 1990. Community structure of fishes attracted to shallow water fish 

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CARANGIDAE, COASTAL WATERS, FADS, FILEFISH, FISHERY 

SURVEYS, SCAD, UNDERWATER OBSERVATION. 

 392. Sacchi, J., and A. Lagin. 1983. Experimentation de dispositifs de concentration de 

poisson en Martinique. Document interne l’Institut Scientifique et Technique 

des Pêches maritimes. Le Robert, Martinique. Keywords: ATLANTIC, 

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 132. Sacchi, J., and E. Tessier. 1999. Analysis of FADs loss reasons in La Reunion 

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 294. Sacchi, J., and E. Tessier. 2000. Analysis of FAD loss reasons in la Reunion (Indian 

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 459. Safina, C. 1993. Bluefin tuna in the West Atlantic: negligent management and the 

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 302. Sakagawa, G.T. 2000. The impact of FAD innovation on the performance of US tuna 

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concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and 

fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: 

DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERIES, 

TUNA, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 98. Samples, K.C. 1986. A socioeconomic appraisal of fish aggregation devices in 

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 73. Samples, K.C., and J.R. Hollyer. 1989. Economic considerations in configuring fish 

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 247. Samples, K.C., and J.P. Sproul. 1985. Fish aggregating devices and open access 

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37:305-317. Keywords: ECONOMICS, FISHERY, FADS, FISHERIES. 

 390. de San, M., and A. Pages. 1998. FADs - The Western Indian Ocean experience. 

South Pacific Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 

3:24-29. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, DEPTH, DESIGN, FADS, 

FISHING TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN, LONGLINE, LONGLINE, 

VERTICAL. 

 74. Sanjeeva Raj, P.J. 1989. Modified artisanal artificial fish habits on the Tamil Nadu 

Coast of India. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:1069-1070. Keywords: 

ARTISANAL, ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERY 

MANAGEMENT, HABITAT IMPROVEMENT (PHYSICAL), INDIAN 

OCEAN. 

 211. Scarborough-Bull, A. 1989. Fish assemblages at oil and gas platforms, compared to 

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 212. Scarborough-Bull, A., and J.J. Kendall. 1994. An indication of the process: offshore 

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 409. Scott, M.D. 1999. Report of the workshop on the ecology and fisheries for tunas 

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Workshop on the Ecology and Fisheries for Tunas Associated with Floating 

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 408. Scott, M.D., W.H. Bayliff, C.E. Lennert-Cody, and K.M. Schaefer (editors). 1999. 

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Tunas Associated with Floating Objects. February 11-13, 1992, Special 

Report 11. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. 

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 152. Shepard, P.J. 1974. Texas's artificial reef program. Pages 137-140 in L. Colona, and 

R. Stone, editors. Proceedings of an International Conference on Artificial 

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 155. Shinn, E.A. 1973. Pipes, plankton and pompano. Shell News 17:6-7. Keywords: 

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 151. Shinn, E.A. 1974. Oil structures as artificial reefs. Pages 91-96 in L. Colunga, and R. 

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SP. DIVERSITY. 

 153. Shinn, E.A., and R.I. Wicklund. 1989. Artificial reef observations from a manned 

submersible of Southeast Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:1041-1050. 

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 375. Shoura, R.S., and W.M. Matsumoto. 1982. Structured flotsam as fish aggregating 

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 463. Sibert, J.R. 2001. Integrated statistical models of tuna movement in relation to fish 

attractors. Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and FADs" special session of 

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 273. Sibert, J.R., and P.J. Bills. 1997. Use of Monte Carlo methods as an aid to the design 

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editors. Proceedings of the "aha Hulko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop, 

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238. Sibert, J., K. Holland, and D. Itano. 2000. Exchange rates of yellowfin and bigeye 

tunas and fishery interaction between Cross seamount and near-shore FADs 

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 272. Sibert, J.R., J. Hampton, A. Fournier, and P.J. Bills. 1999. An advection-diffusionreaction model for the estimation of fish movement parameters from tagging 

data, with application to skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). Canadian 

Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56:925-938. Keywords: MODEL, 

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 274. Sibert, J.R., J. Hampton, and D.A. Fournier. 1996. Skipjack movement and fishery 

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editors. Proceedings of the Second FAO Expert Consultation on Interactions 

of Pacific Ocean Tuna Fisheries; January 23-31, 1995, Shimizu, Japan. FAO 

Fisheries Technical Paper 365, Rome, Italy. Keywords: FISHERIES, TUNA, 

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 319. Sibisopere, M.B. 2000. The significant contribution of FADs to Solomon Taiyo 

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Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ARTISANAL, ECONOMICS, 

FISHERY, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, FISHING, 

PURSE SEINING, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 376. Simard, F. 1991. Two examples of artificial floating reefs in Japan. Pages 314-339 in

Papers presented at the Symposium on Artificial Reefs and Fish Aggregating 

Devices as Tools for the Management and Enhancement of Marine Fishery 

Resources, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 14-17 May 1990. FAO RAPA Report 

1991/11. Bangkok, Thialand. Keywords: DESIGN, DRIFTING/FLOATING 

STRUCTURES, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 387. Sims, N. 1992. A cost-benefit analysis of fish aggregation devices (FADs) in the 

artisanal fisheries in Rarotonga (Cook Islands). SPC Papers on Fisheries 
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 207. Sloan, R. 2001. Boom off Texas. Saltwater Sportsman Magazine June 2001:79-113. 

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 464. Snyder, D.B., L. Lagera, P. Arnold, L. de Wit, G.H. Burgess, and C. Friel. 2001. 

Potential interactions between pelagic longline fishing and deepwater oil gas 

structures in the Gulf of Mexico. Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and 

FADs" special session of the American Fisheries Southern Division Meeting, 

January 22-25, 2001, Jacksonville, FL. Keywords: DOLPHIN, FISHERIES, 

GOM, LONGLINE, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, PROBLEMS, 

WAHOO, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 327. Solana-Sansores, R., G. Compean-Jimenez, and G. Aldana-Flores. 2000. Length 

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and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de 

poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation 

devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: DRIFTING/FLOATING 

STRUCTURES, FADS, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, PACIFIC OCEAN, 

SIZE DISTRIBUTION, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 213. Stanley, D.R., and C.A. Wilson. 1989. Utilization of offshore oil platforms by 

recreational fishermen and scuba divers off the Louisiana coast. Bulletin of 

Marine Science 44:767-775. Keywords: FISHING, SPORT, GOM, 

PETROLEUM STRUCTURES. 

 197. Stanley, D.R., and C.A. Wilson. 1990. A fishery-dependent based study of fish 

species composition and associated catch rates around oil and gas structures 

off Louisiana. Fishery Bulletin 88:719-730. Keywords: FISHERYDEPENDENT, GOM, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES. 

 198. Stanley, D.R., and C.A. Wilson. 1990. Factors affecting the abundance of selected 

fishes near oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery 

Bulletin 89:149-159. Keywords: FISHERY-DEPENDENT, GOM, 

PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SHARKS, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 201. Stanley, D.R., and C.A. Wilson. 1996. Abundance of fishes associated with a 

petroleum platform as measured with dual-beam hydroacoustics. ICES 

Journal of Marine Science 53:473-475. Keywords: ABUNDANCE, GOM, 

HYDROACOUSTICS, PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 214. Stanley, D.R., and C.A. Wilson. 1997. Seasonal and spatial variation in the 

abundance and size distribution of fishes associated with a petroleum 
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Aquatic Sciences 54:1166-1176. Keywords: ABUNDANCE, GOM, 

PETROLEUM STRUCTURES, SIZE DISTRIBUTION. 

 75. Stephan, C.D., and D.G. Lindquist. 1989. A comparative analysis of the fish 

assemblages associated with old and new shipwrecks and fish aggregating 

devices in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:698-

717. Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, COMPARATIVE 

STUDIES, FADS, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, FISHERY, PELAGIC, 

FISHING, SPORT, SP. DIVERSITY. 

 148. Stobberup, K.A., F. Marsac, and A.A. Anganuzzi. 1998. A review of the biology of 

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Ocean. Pages 81-128 in R.B. Deriso, W.H. Bayliff, and N.J. Webb, editors. 

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 264. Stocker, S. 1999. Models for tuna school formation. Mathematical Bioscience 

156:167-190. Keywords: MODEL, SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR, TUNAS. 

 435. Suzuki, Z. 1992. General description on tuna biology related to fishing activities on 

floating objects by Japanese purse seine boats in the western and central 

Pacific. Pages (mimeo) in M. Hall, editor. The association of tunas with 

floating objects and dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-American 

Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: FISHING, PURSE 

SEINING, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, PACIFIC OCEAN, TUNAS. 

 444. Suzuki, Z. 1999. Distribution of floating logs in the Pacific and purse-seine-sets on 

tunas associated with logs by Japanese boats in the tropical western and 

central Pacific. Pages 459-479 in M.D. Scott, W.H. Baliff, C.E. LennertCody, and K.M. Schaefer, editors. Proceedings of the International Workshop 

on the Ecology and Fisheries for Tunas Associated with Floating Objects. 

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: 

FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, FLOATING 

OBJECTS/LOGS, PACIFIC OCEAN, TUNAS. 

 216. Taquet, M. 1998. The fish aggregating device (FAD): An alternative to the great 

fishing pressure on reef resources in Martinique. Proceedings of the Gulf and 

Caribbean Fisheries Institute 50:249-261. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, 

CARIBBEAN, FADS, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT. 

 391. Taquet, M., P. Gervain, and A. Lagin. 1998. Recovering FADs lost at a depth of 

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Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest 

Cedex. Keywords: BLACKFIN TUNA, CARIBBEAN, FADS, FISHING 

TECHNIQUES. 

 465. Taquet, M., and J.-Y. Le Gall. 2001. Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices. 

Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and FADs" special session of the 

American Fisheries Southern Division Meeting, January 22-25, 2001, 

Jacksonville, FL. Keywords: FADS, FISHERIES, REVIEW/SUMMARY, 

TUNAS. 

 311. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, and M. Laurans. 2000. Do FADs influence the geographical 

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concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and 

fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ANCHORED 

FADS, CARIBBEAN, DOLPHIN, FADS, MOVEMENTS, PROBLEMS. 

 243. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, M. Laurans, and A. Lagin. 2000. Blackfin tuna (Thunnus 

atlanticus) fishing around FADs in Martinique (French West Indies). Aquatic 

Living Resources 13:259-262. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, 

ATLANTIC, BLACKFIN TUNA, DEPTH, FADS, FISHING, 

EXPERIMENTAL, FISHING, TROLLING, LONGLINE, SIZE 

DISTRIBUTION. 

 323. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, M. Laurans, and A. Lagin. 2000. Blackfin tuna (Thunnus 

atlanticus) around Martinican FADs: biology and exploitation. Page 680 in

J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs 

de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing 

and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: 

ANCHORED FADS, BLACKFIN TUNA, CARIBBEAN, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHING, COMMERCIAL. 

 324. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, M. Laurans, and A. Lagin. 2000. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus 

albacares) around Martinican FADs: biology and exploitation. Page 681 in

J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs 

de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing 

and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: 

ANCHORED FADS, CARIBBEAN, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING, 

COMMERCIAL, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 325. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, M. Laurans, and A. Lagin. 2000. Dolphinfish (Coryphaena 

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concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and 

fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ANCHORED 

FADS, CARIBBEAN, DOLPHIN, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING, 

COMMERCIAL. 

 121. Taquet, M., G. Van Buurt, and L. Reynal. 1999. Situation and future prospects of 

FAD development in the Western Central Atlantic. Caribbean regional 

synthesis. Pages 16-17 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. 

Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). 

IFREMER, Plouzane. Keywords: ARTISANAL, CARIBBEAN, FADS. 

 141. Tear, L.M. 1989. Potential impacts of OCS oil and gas activities: Annotated 

bibliography on fisheries, Vol. 2. Technical Resources Inc., Rockville MD, 

Minerals Management Service, Atlantic OCS Region, Herndon, VA, Final 

report sponsored by Minerals Management Service. Keywords: 

PETROLEUM STRUCTURES. 

 117. Tearii, T., and N. Sims. 1990. Preliminary report on the artisanal troll fishery around 

Rarotonga with notes on the significance of FADs. Fisheries Division, 

Rarotonga, Cook Islands, 6 p. Keywords: ARTISANAL, FADS, PACIFIC 

OCEAN. 

 410. Telleria, J.A., A. Delgado de Molina, A. Fonteneau, F.G. Costas, and P. Pillares. 

1999. Logs and tunas in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic: a review of present 

knowledge and uncertainties. Pages 21-65 in M.D. Scott, W.H. Baliff, C.E. 

Lennert-Cody, and K.M. Schaefer, editors. Proceedings of the International 

Workshop on the Ecology and Fisheries for Tunas Associated with Floating 

Objects. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. 

Keywords: AMBERJACK, ATLANTIC, BARRACUDA, BIGEYE TUNA, 

BLUE MARLIN, DOLPHIN, DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES, 

FADS, FISHERIES, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, FISHING, PURSE 

SEINING, FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS, POPULATION DYNAMICS, 

RESEARCH, SHARKS, SKIPJACK, WAHOO, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 250. Tessier, E., and F. Poisson. 1997. Bilan sur la mise en place d'un systeme de recolte 

de donnees sur la pêche artisanale sur DCP. Commission de l'ocean IndienAssociation thonière/IFREMER Doc. Scient. PTRII, IFREMER, La Reunion. 

Keywords: ARTISANAL, FADS. 

 316. Tessier, E., and F. Poisson. 2000. FADs and the longline fishery in Reunion Island: 

antagonism or complementarity? Pages 605-620 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, 

and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de 

poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation 

devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: FADS, INDIAN OCEAN, 

LONGLINE, PROBLEMS. 
72 

 290. Tessier, E., H. Rey-Valette, D. Ah-Nieme, R.-M. Bargain, A. Venkatsamy, and B. 

Wendling. 2000. Halieutic systems and FADs in the Indian Ocean: a review 

of the various trials carried out and results obtained in terms of integration 

and overall benefits. Pages 159-183 in J.Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, 

editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes 

Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ALBACORE, BARRACUDA, 

BIGEYE TUNA, DESIGN, DOLPHIN, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, 

FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, INDIAN OCEAN, MARLINS, 

REVIEW/SUMMARY, SHARKS, SKIPJACK, SWORDFISH, WAHOO, 

YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 127. Tessier, E., H. Rey-Valette, J.N. de Lestang, A. Venkatasamy, and B. Wendling. 

1999. Halieutic systems and FADs in the Indian Ocean: a review of the 

various trials carried out and results obtained in terms of integration and 

overall benefit. Pages 28-29 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, 

editors. Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). 

IFREMER, Plouzane. Keywords: ARTISANAL, FADS, FISHERIES, 

TUNA, INDIAN OCEAN. 

 27. Tomlinson, P.K. 1998. Assessment studies of bigeye tuna in the eastern Pacific 

Ocean. Pages 250-290 in R.B. Deriso, W.H. Bayliff, and N.J. Webb, editors. 

Special Report. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission/Comision 

Interamericana del Atun Tropical. No. 9. Proceedings of the First World 

Meeting on Bigeye Tuna. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La 

Jolla, CA . Keywords: BIGEYE TUNA, CATCH STATISTICS, FADS, 

FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHERY MANAGEMENT, FISHERY 

RESOURCES, FISHING, PURSE SEINING, LONGLINE, PACIFIC 

OCEAN, STOCK ASSESSMENT. 

 136. Torres, A. 1999. Guam FADs Program. Pages 48-49 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and 

M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices (collection of 

abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. Keywords: ECONOMICS, FISHERY, 

FADS, FADS LOSS, FISHERIES. 

 329. Torres, A. 2000. Guam Fish Aggregating Device programme. Pages 304-320 in J.-Y. 

Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de 

concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and 

fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ANCHORED 

FADS, DESIGN, FADS, FADS LOSS, FISHING, COMMERCIAL, 

PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 378. Ugolini, B., and F. Leproux. 1983. An evaluation of fish aggregation devices in 

French Polynesia. Working Paper 11: 15th Regional Technical Meeting on 

Fisheries. SPC, Noumea. 15 p. Keywords: FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 
73 

 377. Ugolini, B., and R. Robert. 1982. Aggregation devices in French Polynesia. Working 

Paper 23: 14th Regional Technical Meeting on Fisheries. SPC, Noumea. 12 

p. Keywords: FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 51. Vande Vusse, F.J., and E. Pileo. 1994. FADs as a tool in Philippine artisanal fisheries 

management. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1357. Keywords: 

AGGREGATION, ARTISANAL, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHERY 

MANAGEMENT, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 67. Venkatasami, A. 1990. Introduction of fish aggregating devices in the southwest 

Indian Ocean (a case study). SWIOP DOC./DOC. OISO. 1990. No. 49. 21 p. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, CATCH COMPOSITION, 

FADS, FISHING TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN. 

 7. Venkatasami, A. 1991. Introduction of fish Aggregating devices in the southwest 

Indian Ocean. A case study. FAO RAPA Report 1991/11:364-383. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, CATCH STATISTICS, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, FISHERY, COASTAL, 

INDIAN OCEAN. 

 22. Venkatasami, A., and A. Sheik Mamode. 1996. Fish-aggregating devices (FADS) as 

a tool to enhance production of artisanal fishermen: problems and 

perspectives. IPTP Collected Volumes 9:121-125. Keywords: ARTISANAL, 

ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, TUNA, FISHING 

TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN. 

 317. de Verdihac, P., J.-M. Maggiorani, and P. Debouvry. 2000. Promotion of FADs in 

Sao Tome and Principe Islands, a pedagogical experience for long-lasting 

adoption of this innovation. Pages 621-633 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. 

Taquet, editors. Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. 

Actes Colloque IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). 

IFREMER, Brest Cedex. Keywords: ATLANTIC, DESIGN, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHERY DEVELOPMENT, GULF OF GUINEA, 

SOCIOECONOMIC. 

 79. Wahlert, G. von, and H. von Wahlert. 1990. Mariculture – a factor in biogeography 

and evolution. Bulletin of Marine Science 47:261. Keywords: ARTIFICIAL 

REEFS, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 90. Watanabe, Y., T. Tsunekawa, M. Takahashi, M. Tabuchi, and T. Sugawara. 1988. 

Results on the experimental purse seine fishing with FADs in the Indian 

Ocean by R/V Nippon Maru. Collective Volume of Working Documents. 

Vol. 3. Presented at the Expert Consultation on Stock Assessment of Tunas in 

the Indian Ocean, held in Mauritius, 22-27 June 1988. p. 227-232. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHING 
74 

TECHNIQUES, FISHING, EXPERIMENTAL, INDIAN OCEAN, PACIFIC 

OCEAN, SKIPJACK. 

 97. Weerasooriya, K.T. 1987. Experiences with fish aggregating devices in Sri Lanka. 

FAO/SIDA, Madras. Keywords: FADS. 

 133. Wendling, B. 1999. Technology and use of anchored FADs in the territorial water 

from the French Republic's Collectivity of Mayotte (Indian Ocean). Pages 42-

43 in J.-Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish 

aggregating devices (collection of abstracts). IFREMER, Plouzane. 

Keywords: ARTISANAL, FADS, FISHING TECHNIQUES, LINES, 

DRIFT. 

 295. Wendling, B., and S. Le Calve. 2000. Technology and use of anchored FADs in the 

territorial waters from the French Republic's Collectivity of Mayotte (Indian 

Ocean). Pages 261-275 in J.Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. 

Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Actes Colloque 

IFREMER, 28. (Tuna fishing and fish aggregation devices). IFREMER, Brest 

Cedex. Keywords: DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, FADS, 

FISHING TECHNIQUES, INDIAN OCEAN. 

 109. Wickham, D.A., and G.M. Russell. 1974. An evaluation of mid-water artificial 

structures for attracting coastal pelagic fishes. Fishery Bulletin 72:181-191. 

Keywords: COASTAL PELAGICS, FADS, GOM, MIDWATER. 

 144. Wickham, D.A., and W.R. Seidel. 1973. A self-contained subsurface light source 

system for fish attraction. NOAA/NMFS Report MFR-PAPER-1011. 

Keywords: ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, COASTAL WATERS, 

FISHERIES, HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION, LIGHT. 

 80. Wilkins, R.M., and M.H. Goodwin. 1989. Progress report on the evaluation of fish 

aggregating devices for the eastern Caribbean. Proceedings of the Gulf and 

Caribbean Fisheries Institute 39:405-407. Keywords: ARTISANAL, 

CARIBBEAN, CATCH/EFFORT, FADS, FISHERIES, FISHERY 

MANAGEMENT, FISHING GEAR, GEAR RESEARCH. 

 6. Willmann, R. 1991. Economic and social aspects of artificial reefs and Fish 

Aggregating Devices. FAO RAPA Report 1991/11:384-391. Keywords: 

ARTIFICIAL REEFS, ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHERIES, 

FISHERY MANAGEMENT. 

 215. Wilson, C.A., and D.R. Stanley. 1991. Technology for assessing the abundance of 

fish around oil and gas structures. Pages 217-231 in M. Nakamura, R.S. 

Grove, and C.J. Sonu, editors. Recent advances in aquatic habitat technology. 

Environmental Research Report Series 91-RD-19. Southern California 

Edison Company, Los Angeles, CA. Keywords: HYDROACOUSTICS. 
75 

 154. Winfield, T. 1973. A fish story you can believe. Shell News Reprint 17:1-5. 

Keywords: PETROLEUM STRUCTURES. 

 64. Wood, J. 1989. Cape Verde consultancy for construction and deployment of fish 

aggregating device (FAD) in the Republic of Cape Verde (8 April-7 June 

1989). FAO, Rome. Keywords: ATLANTIC, ATTRACTING 

TECHNIQUES, FADS, FISHING OPERATIONS, FISHING 

TECHNIQUES. 

 96. Workman, I.K., A.M. Landry, J.M. Watson, and J.W. Blackwell. 1985. A midwater 

fish attraction device study conducted from Hydrolab. Bulletin of Marine 

Science 37:377-386. Keywords: FADS, MIDWATER. 

 54. Yahaya, J. 1994. Fish aggregating devices (FADs) and community-based fisheries 

management in Malaysia. FAO RAPA Publication, Bangkok, No. 8. p. 315-

326. Keywords: ARTISANAL, ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES, FADS, 

FISHERIES, FISHERY MANAGEMENT. 

 29. Yen, S., F. Leproux, and E. Josse. 1990. Analyses of results of the fish aggregation 

device (FAD) programme in French Polynesia: June 1981 - June 1990. 

Working Paper 22. 22nd Regional Technical Meeting on Fisheries. SPC, 

Noumea. 5 p. Keywords: ANCHORED FADS, FADS, PACIFIC OCEAN. 

 449. Yesaki, M. 1983. Feeding habits of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) captured by 

handlines under payaos in the North Celebes Sea. Page 2 in R.J. Olsen, 

editor. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Tuna Conference. Inter-American 

Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA. Keywords: 

DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING, FADS, YELLOWFIN TUNA. 

 263. Yonemori, T. 1982. Study of tuna behavior, particularly their swimming depths, by 

the use of sonic tags. Far Seas Fisheries Research Laboratory (Shimizu) 

Newsletter 44:1-5. Keywords: ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING, 

BEHAVIOUR, DEPTH, TUNAS. 

 388. Yuen, H.S.H. 1970. Behavior of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, as determined 

by tracking with ultrasonic telemetry. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board 

of Canada 27:2071-2079. Keywords: ACOUSTIC 

TELEMETRY/TRACKING, BEHAVIOUR, PACIFIC OCEAN, 

SKIPJACK. 
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 448. Mullen, A. 1989. Aggregation of fish through variable diffusivity. Fishery Bulletin 

87: 353-362. 

 449. Yesaki, M. 1983. Feeding habits of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) captured by 

handlines under payaos in the North Celebes Sea. Page 2 in R.J. Olsen, 

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 450. Munprasit, A., and I. Chanrachij. 1996. Observation report on tuna purse-seine 

fishing operations around Seychelles waters onboard Nippon Maru, 8 

November 1992 to 7 January 1993. South Pacific Commission Fish 

Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 1: 23-25. 

 451. Anonymous. 1996. Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission (IPFC) report of the 

Symposium on Artificial Reefs and Fish Aggregating Devices as Tools for 
120 

the Management and Enhancement of Marine Fishery Resources, Colombo, 

Sri Lanka, 14-17 May 1990. South Pacific Commission Fish Aggregating 

Device Information Bulletin 1: 26-27. 

 452. Cayre, P., X. De Reviers, and A. Venkatasami. 1996. Practical and legal aspects of 

fish aggregating devices (FADs) settlement and exploitation. South Pacific 

Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information Bulletin 1: 27-28. 

 453. Lehodey, P. 1996. Fish aggregating devices and feeding habits of tuna in French 

Polynesia. South Pacific Commission Fish Aggregating Device Information 

Bulletin 1: 29-30. 

454. Kleiber, P., and J. Hampton. 1996. Modeling effects of FADs and islands on 

movement of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis): Estimating parameters 

from tagging data. South Pacific Commission Fish Aggregating Device 

Information Bulletin 1: 31. 

455. Afonso, P., J. Fontes, H.M. Silva, J.P Barreiros, and E. Wegner. 2000. Fishes associated 

to an offshore oil platform in southern Brazil. American Society of 

Ichthyologists and Herpetologists—80th Annual Meeting Program, p. 67. 

 456. Pipitone, C., F. Andaloro, S. Campagnuolo, M. Romanelli, and A. Potoschi. 2000. 

Trophic relationships between some FADs associated fishes. Page in J.-Y. Le 

Gall, P. Cayre, and M. Taquet, editors. Tuna fishing and fish aggregating 

devices (collection of abstracts). 

 457. Edwards, R.E., K.J. Sulak, and D. Weaver. 2000. Deepwater petroleum structures as 

fish aggregating devices: an in-progress project report. Proceedings of Gulf of 

Mexico Fish and Fisheries: Bringing Together New and Recent Research, 

October 24-26, 2000, New Orleans, LA. (submitted). 

 458. Lamkin, J.T., J.J. Govoni, and T.D. Leming. 2001. Cold-core eddies, the Loop 

Current and larval tuna; a preferred spawning and nursery habitat? Abstract 

of paper presented at "Rigs and FADs" technical session of the Southern 

Division American Fisheries Society Meeting, Jacksonville, FL, January 22-

25, 2001. 

 459. Safina, C. 1993. Bluefin tuna in the West Atlantic: negligent management and the 

making of an endangered species. Conservation Biology 7: 220-234. 

 460. Nemerson, D., S. Berkeley, and C. Safina. 2000. Spawning site fidelity in Atlantic 

bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus: the use of size-frequency analysis to test for 

the presence of migrant east Atlantic bluefin tuna on Gulf of Mexico 

spawning grounds. Fishery Bulletin 98: 118-126. 
121 

 461. Hall, M.A. 2001. The fishery for tunas associated with flotsam and FADs in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean (Part 1). Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and 

FADs" technical session of the Southern Division American Fisheries Society 

Meeting, Jacksonville, FL, January 22-25, 2001. 

 462. Hall, M.A. 2001. The fishery for tunas associated with flotsam and FADs in the 

eastern Pacific Ocean (Part 2). Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and 

FADs" special session of the American Fisheries Southern Division Meeting, 

January 22-25, 2001, Jacksonville, FL. 

 463. Sibert, J.R. 2001. Integrated statistical models of tuna movement in relation to fish 

attractors. Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and FADs" special session of 

the American Fisheries Southern Division Meeting, January 22-25, 2001, 

Jacksonville, FL. 

 464. Snyder, D.B., L. Lagera, P. Arnold, L. de Wit, G.H. Burgess, and C. Friel. 2001. 

Potential interactions between pelagic longline fishing and deepwater oil gas 

structures in the Gulf of Mexico. Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and 

FADs" special session of the American Fisheries Southern Division Meeting, 

January 22-25, 2001, Jacksonville, FL. 

 465. Taquet, M., and J.-Y. Le Gall. 2001. Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices. 

Abstract of paper presented at "Rigs and FADs" special session of the 

American Fisheries Southern Division Meeting, January 22-25, 2001, 

Jacksonville, FL. 
122 

ABSTRACTS3,4 – Alphabetic List 

455. Afonso, P., J. Fontes, H.M. Silva, J.P Barreiros, and E. Wegner. 2000.

ABSTRACT: The results of a first survey on the fish community associated 

to an offshore Petrobras PXIV oil platform in Sta. Catarina, Southern Brazil, 

carried out during January-February 2000, are present here. A total of 34 

species and 18 families were identified through shallow-water visual census 

and photography, deep-remote video camera or after being captured. 

Carangidae was the most numerous family (7 species). At the surface, the 

platform aggregates two types of species: i) the pelagic species assemblage, 

dominated by Thunnus albacares, Coryphaena hippurus and Balistes 

carolinensis, and ii) the benthonic coastal species (Holocentrus adscencionis, 

Epinephelus marginatus, Paranthias furcifer, Acanthurus baihanus, A. 

chirurgus, Abudefduf saxatilis, Chromis multilineata, Cantherinnes pullus

and Aluterus scriptus), associated to the platform structure and occurring in 

very reduced numbers. At mid-depths (50-100 m), we found a large mixed 

schools of Seriola rivoliana and S. lalandi in every remote filming. Near the 

bottom (208 m), the fish assemblage is dominated by the golden grouper, 

Epinephelus niveatus, which apparently aggregates around the platform 

extraction structure. 

 

58. Ahmed, M.K. 1993. ABSTRACT: Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) are structures 

of permanent or temporary nature made of any material to lure or aggregate 

fish. Importance of such structures also now known as "artificial reefs" is 

explained. Different structures are described. Illustrations from different 

sources have been reproduced. 

 46. Ajayi, T.O., T.G. Tobor, A. Amadi, and R.E.K. Udolisa. 1994. ABSTRACT: A 

12-month exploratory pole and line tuna fishing survey implemented in 1982-

1983 encountered a mean of 10 schools per day on the fishing grounds within 

Nigeria's EEZ, and landed an average of 3.0 tons per day out of port. Subsurface fish aggregating devices installed later within 30 nm of the coast, off 

Lagos, Nigeria, yielded as much as 10 tons per day. More importantly, the 

innovation drastically reduced search time, and bunker requirements, thus 

transforming the economics of operations. Clearly, the entire fishing industry 

in Nigeria has to devote considerable attention to the emerging science of 

habitat enhancement and related technologies, in their full ramifications. 

 23. Anderson, R.C., A. Hafiz, and M.S. Adam. ABSTRACT: The Maldivian tuna 

fishery has been in existence for centuries, and is still of central importance; 

 

3

 Original abstracts (where available) were edited to correct spelling and some minor 

grammatical errors that might affect meaning. However, published original abstracts were 

not changed to conform with American standard style. 

4

Abstracts included in references 2 and 234 were in some cases different, while in others were identical. For 

completeness, both are included. 
123 

the great majority of the tuna catch is landed by live-bait pole-and-line 

vessels. Catch statistics are provided for skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye, frigate 

tuna and kawakawa, giving also details of the tuna bycatch. Fleet trends, sport 

fishing, bait fishing and the use of FADs are examined briefly. Although 

tunas form a major part of the Maldivian diet, they also form a large part of 

the Maldivian export industry. The EEZ fishery and catch data of foreign 

vessels are included. 

 34. Anibal, O. 1995. ABSTRACT: An account is given of the use of Fish Aggregating 

Devices (FADs) in Sao Tome and Principe. The FADs have helped the 

fishermen decrease the amount of time spent looking for fish, thereby 

reducing the length of fishing trips and thus also saving on fuel. At the same 

time, the fishermen are also able to spend more time on other fishing 

techniques or on the maintenance of the craft or fishing gear. Lists are 

provided of the material necessary for the construction of FADs at depths of 

1000 m and 200 m. 

 107. Anonymous. 1982. ABSTRACT: This bibliography contains papers on fish 

aggregating devices (FAD). A list of institutions that have engaged in work 

on FADs is also included. 

 105. Anonymous. 1983. ABSTRACT: The use of anchored buoys as "fish aggregating 

devices" (FADs) was pioneered in the United States by the Honolulu 

Laboratory of the Southwest Fisheries Center (SWFC). Off the California 

coast, bluefin tuna show up regularly in summer and fall, and are caught by 

purse seiners working out of San Pedro and Port Hueneme. Researchers at the 

SWFC Laboratory at Tiburon, Calif., believe the FADs deployed at strategic 

areas may attract and hold the fish, providing greater efficiency to the fishery. 

A cooperative project to install FADs has been initiated by the Fishermens’ 

Cooperative Association of San Pedro, the Southwest Region and NMFS, and 

the SWFC Tiburon Laboratory. 

 87. Anonymous. 1989. ABSTRACT: The booklet shows how to make and set Fish 

Aggregating Devices and is presented in text which is easy to understand 

with numerous illustrations. Although it is written especially for fishermen, it 

can also be of use to fishery schools and in the training of practical fishing 

technologists and extension workers in small-scale fisheries. 

 66. Anonymous. 1990. ABSTRACT: The manual discusses the use of FADs as a means 

of improving fish catches; with the use of simple text and numerous drawings 

and photographs. Details are given regarding the construction and putting 

into operation of different types of FADs. Although the manual is aimed in 

particular for the fisherman, it may be found to be of use in fishery schools 

and training activities in rural environments. 
124 

 30. Anonymous. 1994. ABSTRACT: The results and conclusions are presented of six 

case studies conducted in the framework of the project “Bioeconomics of 

small-scale fisheries in the Bay of Bengal': 1) Bangladesh –Biosocioeconomic assessment of the impact of estuarine set bagnet fishery on the 

marine fisheries; 2) Indonesia – Bio-socioeconomics of the shrimp fisheries 

in Langkat District, North Sumatra Province; 3) Malaysia –Biosocioeconomic assessment of the shrimp fisheries in Kuala Sepetank, Perak 

State; 4) Maldives – Bio-socioeconomic assessment of the impact of Fish 

Aggregating Devices (FADs) on tuna fisheries; 5) Sri Lanka – Biosocioeconomic study of the fisheries for small pelagics along the southwest 

coast of Sri Lanka; and, 6) Thailand –Bio-socioeconomic assessment of the 

impact of Artificial Reefs (ARs) on the small-scale fisheries in Ranong 

Province. The findings indicated that many management measures had been 

introduced by almost all the member countries, but very few of them had 

been effectively implemented due to incomplete understanding of the 

problems and insufficient cooperation of the fisherfolk. The 

recommendations of the project are included. 

 35. Anonymous. 1996. ABSTRACT: This document is the final version of the report of 

the Fifth Session of the Committee for the Development and Management of 

Fisheries in the Lesser Antilles, held in Roseau, Dominica, from 14 to 16 

November 1995. Major topics discussed were: 1) Specific problems in the 

small island States of the Lesser Antilles, 2) Experiences in the integration of 

fisheries into coastal area management, 3) Follow-up to the Fourth Session, 

4) Progress in the use of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in some Islands, 

5) Role of the CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management 

Programme (CFRAMP) in the Sub-region, 6) Caribbean Aquaculture 

Development Project proposal, and 7) Future activities of Working Parties. A 

list of the main recommendations on future actions to be endorsed by the 

Western Central Atlantic Fishery Commission is included at the end of the 

document. 

2. Anonymous. 1999. ABSTRACT: The international symposium "Tuna fishing and Fish 

Aggregating Devices", October 1999, in Martinique, takes stock of the 

exploitation of large pelagic fish around FADs, based on regional synthesis 

for the three oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. Main themes include 

technology, fishing methods, impact on resources, biology of fish 

aggregation, anthropology and economic aspects of FAD exploitation. The 

meeting will gather and disseminate results from recent and ongoing studies 

on FADs in the different oceans of the world, enhance collaboration between 

scientists and managers involved in the development of FADS, promote the 

emergence of scientific and technical research, form a network for 

cooperation and enhance communications between researchers in the 

different locations concerned.. Original Abstract: Le colloque international 

"Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons" organise en 

Octobre 1999 en Martinique, permet de dresser un bilan, sous forme de 
125 

syntheses regionales, de l'exploitation des grands poissons pelagiques a l'aide 

de DCP dans les trois oceans et en Mediterranee. La technologie, les 

methodes de pêche, l'impact sur les ressources, le comportement agregatif des 

poissons et les aspects socio-economiques de l'utilisation des DCP sont les 

principaux themes developpes. Ces travaux permettront d'assurer une 

diffusion large des resultats a l'echelle de l'ocean mondial, de favoriser les 

echanges entre les scientifiques et les gestionnaires impliques dans le 

developpement des systemes DCP, de promouvoir l'emergence de themes et 

projets de recherche scientifique et technologique, de mettre en oeuvre un 

reseau de communication et d'echanges entre les sites et les regions 

concernees. 

 95. Aprieto, V.L. 1987. ABSTRACT: Tuna production increased phenomenally from 

less than 10,000 mt in 1971 to 124,000 mt in 1976 when bamboo raft or 

payao, a FAD was innovated in tuna fishing. Peak production of 261,000 mt 

was attained in 1985 comprising 20% of the national fish catch that year. 

Consequently, the Philippines maintained self sufficiency in food fish and 

became the biggest tuna producer in Southeast Asia, and the fifth in the 

world. 

 88. Aprieto, V.L. 1988. ABSTRACT: Two types of artificial habitats for fisheries are 

widely used in the Philippines: the bamboo raft or payao, a deep-water fish 

aggregating device (FAD) for catching tunas, and the benthic shallow water 

artificial reefs made of bamboo or concrete which are populated by small 

pelagic and reef fishes. The use of payao has increased tuna production 

making the Philippines the biggest producer of tuna in Southeast Asia. 

However, tuna FADs catch considerable quantities of undersized juveniles 

and apparently alter migratory and feeding patterns of tuna. The government 

and the industry have so far deployed over 13,500 artificial reef modules and 

about 3,000 tuna payaos countrywide. However, there have not been 

systematic studies on the ecology, biology, fisheries, socio-economics, 

liability concerns and political consequences needed for the formulation of a 

rational development programme for artificial habitats for fisheries. Areas of 

investigation for the proper management of artificial fisheries habitats are 

indicated. 

 423. Arenas, P., M., Hall, and M., Garcia. 1992. ABSTRACT: Analysis of eastern 

Pacific Ocean tuna vessel onboard observers' data (presence) was made of 

species composition of fauna associated with floating objects. A large suite 

of species was found to be fairly uniformly distributed, with some 

concentration in the coastal zone. A list of 39 species groups of biota 

associated with floating object is given. In addition to tunas, species groups 

found to be frequently associated with floating objects included marlin, 

dorado, wahoo, rainbow runner/yellowtail, sharks, and sea turtles. 
126 

 415. Arenas, P., M., Hall, and M., Garcia. 1999. ABSTRACT: Species composition 

data (presence/absence) for samples associated with floating objects was 

carried out during 1987-1991. Species composition varies by area, but 

commonly observed species or groups are found throughout the eastern 

Pacific Ocean. Main species include dorado, yellowfin, skipjack and several 

shark species. Marlin were evenly distributed, and many are juveniles. It is 

suggested that some species use floating objects as links between islands and 

seamounts along their movement patterns. 

 433. Ariz, J., A. Delgado, A. Fonteneau, F. Gonzales-Costas and P. Pallares. 1992.

ABSTRACT: In the Atlantic, the log fishery contributes to a relatively minor 

proportion of the purse seine catches (approximately 15% during the period 

1988-1990). The dominant species on log schools is skipjack (76%), 

followed by yellowfin (17%) and bigeye (7%). The skipjack taken under 

logs have a size distribution identical to the free school ones (average weight 

1988-1990 = 2.2 kg), when the yellowfin and bigeye show a majority of 

small fishes (less than 5 kg) in numbers, but also a significant proportion of 

the large individuals and subsequent to an average weight of 5.3 kg for 

yellowfin and 4.5 kg for bigeye. The fishing seasons and locations on logs 

are limited and stable from year to year during the period under study. As in 

other oceans, the catch per set under logs is on the average greater than on 

free schools (41 versus 19 t), and the rate of unsuccessful set is low compared 

to free swimming school (6% versus 28% on free school). Many logs in the 

Atlantic seem to be of natural origin and are drifting in the surface currents of 

the area. The exact origin of the logs is still questionable, especially the 

proportion from the Amazon and from African rivers (especially) Zaire, both 

located at similar distances from the fishing zone. The accumulation of logs 

in the north equatorial convergency has been noticed and allows important 

tuna catches on logs. More recently, since the end of 1990, artificial logs 

have been deployed in great numbers in the offshore area by purse seiners, 

and allow them to catch skipjack in new fishing zones and also yellowfin of 

larger sizes. Yield per recruit analysis has been conducted and concludes that 

a further development of the artificial log fishery should increase the yield per 

recruit of the total fishery, the potential benefit being mainly for skipjack. 

Research recommendations are developed in order to improve the knowledge 

upon the tuna and logs association and dynamics, and also to estimate the 

abundance in a purse seine fishery which develops a log fishing strategy, such 

as presently in the Atlantic. 

 434. Ariz, J., A. Delgado, A. Fonteneau, F. Gonzales-Costas and P. Pallares. 1992.

ABSTRACT: In the Atlantic, the log fishery contributes to a relatively minor 

proportion of the purse seine catches (approximately 15% during the period 

1988-1990). The dominant species on log schools is skipjack (76%), 

followed by yellowfin (17%) and bigeye (7%). The skipjack taken under 

logs have a size distribution identical to the free school ones (average weight 

1988-1990 = 2.2 kg), when the yellowfin and bigeye show a majority of 
127 

small fishes (less than 5 kg) in numbers, but also a significant proportion of 

the large individuals and subsequent to an average weight of 5.3 kg for 

yellowfin and 4.5 kg for bigeye. The fishing seasons and locations on logs 

are limited and stable from year to year during the period under study. As in 

other oceans, the catch per set under logs is on the average greater than on 

free schools (41 versus 19 t), and the rate of unsuccessful set is low compared 

to free swimming school (6% versus 28% on free school). Many logs in the 

Atlantic seem to be of natural origin and are drifting in the surface currents of 

the area. The exact origin of the logs is still questionable, especially the 

proportion from the Amazon and from African rivers (especially) Zaire, both 

located at similar distances from the fishing zone. The accumulation of logs 

in the north equatorial convergency has been noticed and allows important 

tuna catches on logs. More recently, since the end of 1990, artificial logs 

have been deployed in great numbers in the offshore area by purse seiners, 

and allow them to catch skipjack in new fishing zones and also yellowfin of 

larger sizes. Yield per recruit analysis has been conducted and concludes that 

a further development of the artificial log fishery should increase the yield per 

recruit of the total fishery, the potential benefit being mainly for skipjack. 

Research recommendations are developed in order to improve the knowledge 

upon the tuna and logs association and dynamics, and also to estimate the 

abundance in a purse seine fishery which develops a log fishing strategy, such 

as presently in the Atlantic. 

 138. Armstrong, W.A., and C.W. Oliver. 1996. ABSTRACT: Although the precise 

mechanisms involved in the attraction of fish to floating objects are 

unknown, it occurs with sufficient regularity to justify research that explores 

the use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) to enhance dolphin-safe fishing 

efforts in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP). The focus of NMFS 

Dolphin-Safe FAD research is to develop methods to build and deploy 

relatively inexpensive drifting and anchored FADs that will attract mature 

tuna in sufficient abundance to supplement current harvest levels and to 

decrease fishing activity associated with dolphins. The purpose of this report 

is to provide some background on the potential of FADs to aggregate tuna, 

describe the investigations undertaken by NMFS, and present the results of a 

cooperative research project. 

 20. Atapattu, A.R. 1991. ABSTRACT: In Sri Lanka, FADs have been used traditionally 

in coastal areas for a long time, but experimental work with a view to 

increasing their use was undertaken only in the early eighties. A brief account 

is given of the fishery industry in Sri Lanka prior to this period. The main 

objective of establishing FADs in Sri Lanka is to increase catch rates with a 

reduction in the cost of production; another objective is to harvest fish from 

lightly exploited stocks, by aggregating them. Site selection and materials, 

designing and construction of FADs are discussed. The importance of careful 

monitoring of FADs is stressed and an examination is made of the biological, 
128 

economic and social influence of FADs. Management measures and controls 

are also described. 

 427. Au, D.W., R.L. Pitman, and L.T. Ballance. 1992. ABSTRACT: Data from dolphin 

surveys and from tuna fleet observers were to analyze species interactions 

and co-occurrences. Sharks were conspicuously associated with yellowfin 

tuna, occurring in 40% of the log-associated sets overall, and up to 90% of 

the sets in some trips. Silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) was most 

common, averaging 30 per set, but ranging up to 500 per set. Billfish were 

associated with tuna in 9% of all sets, but in some trips were associated in up 

to 43% of the sets. 

 143. Auble, G.T., A.K. Andrews, R.A. Ellison, D.B. Hamilton, and R.A. Johnson. 

1982. ABSTRACT: This publication summarizes findings of a workshop 

held September 14-18, 1981, under a Federal Interagency 

Energy/Environment Agreement between the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The U.S. EPA 

Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida, was host for the 

sessions held on Pensacola Beach, FL. Discussions focused on information 

pertaining to fate and effects, identification of general relationships between 

drilling mud fluids and the marine environment, and identification of sitespecific variables likely to determine impacts of drilling muds and cuttings in 

various marine sites. The workshop was structured around the construction 

of a model simulating fate and effects of discharges from a single rig into 

open waters of the Gulf of Mexico. 

 101. Bailey, K. 1985. ABSTRACT: Details are given of the use of fish aggregating 

devices in New Zealand waters and their success with tuna. 

 163. Barut, N.C. 1992. ABSTRACT: Fishing operations around Philippine payao FADs 

is described. The number of payaos deployed has increased, and it is 

suggested that the number of tunas is dispersed among a greater number of 

payaos. The distance between payaos is about eight nautical miles. The 

number of days required for a payao to aggregate large numbers of tunas is 

variable. Tagging studies found that tagged small tunas could move to a 

different payao in as little as 24 hr, while some remained at the same payao 

for many days. Recaptures indicate that most of the tuna are retained within 

the fishing grounds and do not move out of the area. 

 71. Beets, J. 1989. ABSTRACT: Fish aggregating devices (FADs) and benthic artificial 

reefs have been documented to enhance local fisheries. This study was 

conducted to investigate experimentally the relative success of combining 

FADs with benthic artificial reefs and attempt to observe some of the 

mechanisms by which enhancement occurs. Six replicates (two each of three 

treatments) were constructed in 26 m of water on a sparsely-colonized algal 

plain, approximately equals 2 km S. of St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. The 
129 

experimental treatments were (1) two benthic artificial reefs constructed of 

equivalent volumes of queen conch (Strombus gigas) shells; (2) two conch 

shell reefs surrounded with a cluster of five mid-water FADs; and (3) two 

clusters of FADs deployed without associated benthic artificial reefs. The 

replicates were spaced approximately equals 300 m apart along a transect 

line. The FAD + artificial reef combinations attracted more species and 

individuals than the other two treatments. 

 56. Bertignac, M., and J. Moron. 1994. ABSTRACT: Landings of small tunas from the 

Gulf of Thailand increased from 19,000 tonnes in 1980 to 141,000 t in 1989. 

Thai tuna fleets were responsible for 93% of the 1989 small tuna landings, 

while Malaysia accounted for the remainder. Purse seines, including luring 

purse seines which fish on FADs, are the most important gears in the Thai 

fishery and accounted for 90% of the small tuna catch. In Malaysia, 25% of 

the catch is made by this gear, the major fishery being by troll boats. In 1989, 

species composition of the small tuna catch was as follows: 50% longtail tuna 

(Thunnus tonggol) and 25% of kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) and frigate tuna 

(Auxis thazard) respectively. This paper attempts to assess potential 

interactions between main fleets by estimating fishing mortality coefficients 

using a length-based pseudo-cohort analysis. A simulation model is then used 

to evaluate the impact of modifications in fishing mortalities on the 

production. To avoid overestimating fishing mortalities from the model, an 

emigration rate was included as from a certain size. Expected gains in 

production and CPUE predicted by the simulation model are low. The model 

also predicts that reducing the fishing mortality vector of Thai luring purse 

seines would increase the catch of the other fleets on kawakawa and frigate. 

This increase could attain 25% on the total kawakawa catch if the Thai tuna 

purse seine fishing mortality were increased at the same time. 

 301. Bertram, I., and S. Tatuava. 2000. ABSTRACT: Since 1980 a programme of Fish 

Aggregation Device (FAD) deployment has been carried out in the Cook 

Islands. Government has deployed all FADs between 1 to 3 nautical miles 

from shore at depths ranging from 800 to 1,600 meters. The FADs have 

undergone various designs with varying degrees of success. The average 

FAD lifespan during the early 1980s was nine months; however, it increased 

to 18 months, with some FADs in operation in excess of 30 months. Each 

FAD cost between NZ$ 7,000 and NZ$ 9,000 to build and deploy. Since their 

introduction, FAD have been widely accepted as a very effective apparatus in 

coastal small-scale fishing activities, specifically for pelagic species. Judging 

by the progressive behaviour of local fishing communities, there is sufficient 

reason to believe that FADs have created productive fishing zones for Cook 

Islands fishermen to enable them to supply the ever-increasing local market 

for fresh fish. FADs are an integral part of local fishing communities and 

provide a reasonable form of income to the increasing fishing community. 
130 

 48. Bortone, S.A., J. Van Tassell, A. Brito, J.M. Falcon, J. Mena, and C.M. 

Bundrick. 1994. ABSTRACT: Point count surveys (5 min, 100 m super(2)) 

were conducted to gather fish assemblage data on the efficacy of using FADs 

and/or cinder blocks to increase fishery resources in an area along the 

southern coast of Gran Canaria. A comparison between the pre- and postdeployment faunal parameters indicates that 16 more species were attracted 

to the study area. The dependent variables (i.e., number of species, number of 

individuals and average length) increased after artificial habitat deployment 

regardless of the configuration type of FAD alone, block alone, or FAD and 

block together after deployment. The values for these variables were also 

higher for sand areas proximate to the reefs. Although the assemblage 

parameters were higher for nearly all variables, the increases were 

attributable to fishes unimportant to the commercial and recreational fisheries 

of the Canaries. Lack of available recruits or local perturbations may be 

responsible for the lack of preferred fishes being attracted to the reef. 

 1. Brill, R.W., B.A. Block, C.H. Boggs, K.A. Bigelow, E.V. Freund, and D.J. 

Marcinek. 1999. ABSTRACT: We measured the horizontal and vertical 

movements of five adult yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, estimated body 

mass 64 to 93 kg) near the main Hawaiian Islands, while simultaneously 

gathering data on oceanographic conditions and currents. Fish movements 

were recorded by means of ultrasonic depth-sensitive transmitters. Depthtemperature and depth-oxygen profiles were measured with vertical 

conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) casts, and the current-velocity field 

was surveyed using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). Large adult 

yellowfin tuna spent similar to 60 to 80% of their time in or immediately 

below the relatively uniform-temperature surface-layer (i.e., above 100 m), a 

behavior pattern similar to that previously reported for juvenile yellowfin 

tuna, blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), and striped marlin (Tetrapturus 

audax) tracked in the same area. In all three species, maximum swimming 

depths appear to be limited by water temperatures 8 degree C colder than the 

surface-layer water temperature. Therefore, neither large body mass, nor the 

ability to maintain elevated swimming-muscle temperatures due to the 

presence of vascular counter-current heat exchangers in tunas, appears to 

permit greater vertical mobility or the ability to remain for extended periods 

below the thermocline. In those areas where the decrease in oxygen with 

depth is not limiting, the vertical movements of yellowfin tuna, blue marlin 

and striped marlin all appear to be restricted by the effects of water 

temperature on cardiac muscle function. Like juvenile yellowfin tuna, but 

unlike blue marlin and striped marlin, adult yellowfin tuna remained within 

18.5 km of the coast and became associated with floating objects, including 

anchored fish-aggregating devices (FADs) and the tracking vessel. Like 

juvenile yellowfin tuna, large adult yellowfin repeatedly re-visit the same 

FAD, and appear able to navigate precisely between FADs that are up to 18 

km apart. The median speed over ground ranged from 72 to 154 cm/s. 

Neither speed nor direction was strongly influenced by currents. 
131 

 104. Brill, R.W., K.N. Holland, and J.S. Ferguson. 1984. ABSTRACT: Little is known 

about the optimal placement of fish aggregating devices (FADs) with respect 

to oceanographic or bathymetric conditions, or to each other. Also, there is 

little or no direct information available on the true effects of FADs on the 

behavior of commercially important fish species or the ultimate impact of 

FADs on fishery resources. It was therefore decided that much could be 

learned about the optimal placement and effects of FADs by using ultrasonic 

telemetry techniques to determine the short-term (1-12 days) behavior around 

FADs of commercially important fish species such as tunas. Yellowfin tuna, 

Thunnus albacares, and skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, are the primary 

FAD associated target species in the Pacific. To monitor the fish's swimming 

depth, as well as their daily movements and residence times around FADs it 

was decided to employ depth sensitive ultrasonic telemetry systems. 

 102. Brouard, F., R. Grandperrin, and E. Cillaurren. 1984. ABSTRACT: This paper 

describes the growth of small yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and 

skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) trolled in 1983 around fish aggregating 

devices (FADs) deployed southwest of Efate Island in Vanuatu. The growth 

parameters have been calculated from length - frequency data using a BASIC 

program modified from ELEFAN 1 (Pauly and David, 1981). This program 

allows the calculation of several values of L infinity and k which are 

represented by several "Explained Sums of Peaks" (ESP). The average 

growth rate of yellowfin in the size range 30-50 cm was 1.3 cm per month; it 

might increase with age. The growth rate of skipjack between 30 and 50 cm 

averaged 1.9 cm per month. Diagrams showing ESP and growth curves are 

included. The BASIC program as well as an example of data transformation 

are given as appendices. 

 86. Buckley, R.M. 1989. ABSTRACT: Artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices 

(FADs) can be used to alter marine habitats to increase fishery productivity. 

Artificial reefs enhance marine fisheries through both aggregation and 

production of marine resources. FADs can also enhance resource production. 

Most artificial reef designs do not completely replicate natural reef habitats. 

Considerable artificial reef construction has been in response to incentives for 

solid waste disposal. Recruitment and survival of juveniles is restricted 

because of the prevalent use of "materials of opportunity" for constructing 

artificial reefs. FADs are usually lost as a result of inadequate design and 

engineering. Funding has been haphazard and inadequate for developing 

artificial reef and FAD technologies. Most applications lack realistic, justified 

fishery enhancement objectives as the incentive for altering habitat. Solving 

these major constraints will make it possible to evaluate habitat-alteration 

technologies as a basis for enhancing marine fisheries. 

 70. Buckley, R.M., D.G. Itano, and T.W. Buckley. 1989. ABSTRACT: Fish 

Aggregation Devices (FADs) have become an established part of efforts to 
132 

enhance catches of offshore fishery resources throughout the Pacific region. 

Support for FAD programs has usually been based on fishery catch reports 

providing only sporadic, qualitative, and circumstantial information. Federal 

funding for a FAD program in American Samoa began in 1979. Troll fishing 

test fishery analysis of FADs in American Samoa began in 1980. In 1985, test 

fishery procedures were standardized to use quantitative troll fishing 

techniques. This enabled assessment of the effectiveness of FADs in 

enhancing offshore fisheries through comparisons with offshore banks and 

open-water "control" areas. Analysis of test fishery CPUE's showed a 

significant difference between open-water areas and offshore banks, but no 

significant difference between FADs and offshore banks. 

 38. Buckley, T.W., and B.S. Miller. 1994. ABSTRACT: In American Samoa, Fish 

Aggregation Devices (FADs) provide target fishing locations with high catch 

rates, but little is known about their ecological impact. The effect on the diet 

of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) associating with FADs has been 

examined in the Philippines, French Polynesia and Hawaii, but results differ 

among the regions. Diel patterns of movement around FADs appear to be 

consistent among regions. The stomach contents of yellowfin tuna were 

compared from FADs, offshore banks, areas away from these features and 

from before FADs were deployed in American Samoa. Differences were 

minimal among these four groups of yellowfin tuna in the frequency of 

occurrence of important prey in their diets. Diurnal patterns in the stomach 

fullness and the frequency of occurrence of some prey in the diet indicate that 

these yellowfin tuna are not feeding at night and that they may prey on 

vertically migrating mesopelagic organisms during crepuscular periods. 

FAD- and bank-associated yellowfin tuna probably follow the diel movement 

patterns observed in other areas. The regional differences in the apparent 

effect of FAD association on the diet of yellowfin tuna are discussed and 

possible explanations are given. 

145. Bullis, H.R., Jr., and C.M. Roithmayr. 1972. ABSTRACT: The Caribbean sea 

fauna is relatively rich, both in species and numbers of small clupeoid fishes. 

These small fishes are potential resource that cannot be exploited by 

traditional techniques such as seines or trawls. 

293. Buurt, G. van. 2000. ABSTRACT: In Curacao, deep-water FADs with GRP surface 

buoys were developed and tested. The first FAD was deployed in 1993. Up to 

now, a total of five FADs were deployed at the following depths: 730, 685, 

700, 754 and 574 metres. Changes were made to the surface buoy, resulting 

in an improved design, the MKII surface buoy. One FAD lasted three years 

and one month. The main features of the design used are: the use of a 

sparbuoy design with constant tension on the moving chain to avoid 

slamming and jerking of the surface buoy; liberal use of sacrificial anodes, 

and maintenance to replace these anodes about once a year; the use of a short 

anchor chain with depth buoys, that does not touch bottom; a one-piece 
133 

inverted mushroom anchor. With the GRP surface buoy, a reserve buoyancy 

of approximately 800 kg is obtained with chain as external ballast about 610 

kg of net buoyancy remains (it would seem that the reserve buoyancy needed 

where strong currents occur, has been underestimated in many designs). Five 

new GRP MKII buoys are now under construction. Utilizing the experience 

gained with the deep-water FADs, two new types of FADs made of 500 mm 

diameter pvc tubes were designed to be used in waters of shallow and 

medium depth (150-400 m). One design uses a 3-m length of pvc tube, the 

other a 5-m tube (500 mm diameter). One FAD with 3-m pvc buoy has been 

tested successfully, two 5-m pvc buoys are under construction. The use of 

pvc results in a buoy which is substantially less expensive than a GRP buoy. 

On the other hand, this type of buoy can probably not withstand the same 

forces as a GRP buoy and we assume that for use in deeper waters the GRP 

mkii buoy will still be needed. 

130. Buurt, G. van. 1999. ABSTRACT: In Curacao, deepwater FADs with GRP surface 

buoys were developed and tested. The first FAD was deployed in 1993. Up to 

now, a total of five FADs were deployed at the following depths: 730, 685, 

700, 754 and 574 m. Changes were made to the surface buoy, resulting in an 

improved design, the MKII surface buoy. One FAD lasted three years and 

one month. The main features of the design used are: the use of a sparbuoy 

design, with constant tension on the moving chain to avoid slamming and 

jerking of the surface buoy; liberal use of sacrificial anodes, and maintenance 

to replace these anodes about once a year; the use of a short anchor chain, 

with depth buoys, that does not touch bottom; a one-piece inverted mushroom 

anchor. With the MKII surface buoy, a reserve buoyancy of approximately 

800 kg is obtained, with chain as external ballast about 610 kg of net 

buoyancy remains (it would seem that the reserve buoyancy needed where 

strong currents occur has been under-estimated in many designs). Five new 

GRP MKJI buoys are now under construction. Utilising the experience 

gained with the deepwater FADs, two new types of FADs made of 500 mm 

diameter PVC tubes were designed to be used in waters of shallow and 

medium depth (150-400 in). One design uses a 3-m length of PVC tube, the 

other a 5 m tube (500 mm dia). One FAD with 3-m PVC buoy has been 

tested successfully, two 5-m PVC buoys are under construction. The use of 

PVC results in a buoy which is substantially less expensive than a GRP buoy 

On the other hand, this type of buoy can probably not withstand the same 

forces as a GRP buoy and we assume that for use in deeper waters the GRP 

MKII buoy will still be needed. 

 39. Buurt, G. van. 1995. ABSTRACT: Three deepwater fish aggregating devices 

(FADs) were built, two of which have been deployed along the South coast of 

Curacao. The objective of the program is to develop durable FADs which 

could be anchored at various sites along the coast of Curacao on a permanent 

basis. The effectiveness of these FADs and their usefulness to the local fleet 
134 

of trolling vessels were evaluated. A Simrad EA300P portable precision 

echo-sounder with a 49KHz transducer was used. The buoys are made of 

GRP materials and have a spar buoy design. In this report, design 

considerations, construction details and deployment methods which may be 

of use to others are emphasized. 

 429. Caddy, J.F., and J. Majkowski. 1992. ABSTRACT: The sources of floating timber 

in tuna fishing grounds are usually rivers flowing out of tropical rainforests. 

Continuing deforestation may have effects on the supply and abundance of 

logs in major tuna fishing grounds. Man-made "logs" or FADs could be used 

to offset the decrease in logs. 

 19. Cayre, P. 1991. ABSTRACT: The Regional Tuna Project of the Indian Ocean 

Commission, includes a Sonic Tagging Programme. The results of the sonic 

tracking of three yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and five skipjack 

(Katsuwonus pelamis) in Comoros Islands are presented. The vertical 

swimming behaviour observed within an area with a deep and slightly 

marked thermocline, are analyzed in terms of percentage of the time spent at 

different depths or temperatures during the day and night. The results agree 

well with previous experiences in other oceans. The sonic tagging also 

indicates a short residence time of tunas concentrated by the DCP moored in 

the area. An important turnover of fish joined to an important migratory flow 

through that area, appear to characterise the concentrations of tunas exploited 

around the FAD. As far as the actual fishing pattern (artisanal fishery) is 

concerned, it seems that an increase in the number of FADs will be limited by 

the local market possibilities. 

 17. Cayre, P., X. De Reviers, and A. Venkatasami. 1991. ABSTRACT: The various 

fields where the effects of exploitation of fish aggregating devices (FADs) 

can be assessed is illustrated by the results of experiences of anchored FADs 

recently conducted in four island countries of the Western Indian Ocean (i.e., 

Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius and La Reunion). It appears that only a 

wide programme including studies in the different biological, economic and 

social fields can lead to appreciation of the real benefits which can be 

obtained through the mooring and exploitation of FADs. The too frequent 

straight comparisons of the results obtained in one field only (e.g., fishing 

efficiency) from area to area is misleading in evaluating the impact of the 

exploitation of FADs. The authors propose a scheme of steps and questions 

which should be considered before starting an FAD programme or during its 

execution. The FAD entity appears as a rich and wide field of integrated 

research. 

 452. Cayre, P., X. De Reviers, and A. Venkatasami. 1996. ABSTRACT: This is an 

abstract of a paper (#17) presented in 1990. 
135 

 18. Cayre, P., D. Le Touze, D. Norungee, and J. Williams. 1991. ABSTRACT: The 

settlement of fish aggregating devices (FADs) around Anjouan Island 

(Comoros) was undertaken by the Regional Tuna Project of the Indian Ocean 

Commission. A statistical coverage of the important artisanal canoe fishery 

was simultaneously set up to assess the FAD efficiency on the CPUE of the 

yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas. 

The detailed data obtained for the last six months of 1989 are analyzed. It 

appears that FADs significantly enhanced the CPUE of both species for 

handline fishing gear, and only the CPUE of yellowfin tuna for troll lines. 

These heterogeneous results are discussed as well as the total FAD efficiency, 

as measured by the CPUE, on all pelagic species exploited around FADs and 

in the open sea. Due to the social importance of the artisanal fishery operating 

with numerous non-motorized canoes and handlines, the continuation of FAD 

settlement, with a careful monitoring of its economic and social aspect, is 

desirable. 

 16. Chabanne, J. 1991. ABSTRACT: A review is made of the use of fish aggregating 

devices (FADs) in French Polynesia, which initiated in the late 1970s. The 

introduction of FADs was meant as a possible solution to improve fishing 

yield and solve economic problems. Structures utilized for aggregating fish 

are of the anchored-buoy type, using various kinds of materials – wood, 

polyester, iron. Since the start of an FAD project in 1981, some 113 FADs 

have been deployed; by October 1989, 35 are still in operation. Socioeconomic aspects and biological impacts are examined. From the overall 

economic point of view, FADs have not increased production figures. They 

have not raised any new problems in the management of existing fisheries, 

whose main problem remains development. 

 3. Chapman, L. 1997. ABSTRACT: A discussion is presented on the use of fish 

aggregating devices (FADs) in the waters around Vanuatu to attract and hold 

schools of tuna for domestic fishermen to exploit. Particular reference is 

made to trials conducted in May 1997, following the deployment of one FAD 

with the assistance of the Fishery Department and Mr. Rene Laurant. 

 300. Chapman, L. 2000. ABSTRACT: Over the last 16 years, the Secretariat of the 

Pacific Community (SPC - formerly the South Pacific Commission) has been 

developing and providing information on mid-water fishing techniques 

targeting the larger, deeper-swimming tunas that aggregate around FADs. 

SPC masterfishermen have conducted in-country fishing trials to test 

methods, such as vertical longlines, and train local fishermen in their 

construction and use. Vertical longline catch rates have varied considerably 

due to a range of reasons with no catches reported in some locations, or just 

sharks, to highs of over 6.5 kg/10 hooks/hour being reported in other 

locations. Other methods like drop-stone, palu-ahi, and single-hook drifting 

lines have been developed within the region, with SPC adopting and 

transferring this technology to other locations. To further disseminate this 
136 

information, SPC has recently published a technical manual outlining a range 

of mid-water fishing gears and techniques that can be used in association with 

FADs. An outline of the main gears and techniques with catch data where 

available is presented, with factors influencing catches discussed based on the 

findings of SPC masterfishermen over the year. 

 15. Christy, L. 1991. ABSTRACT: How artificial reefs (ARs) and fish aggregating 

devices (FADs) work is not well understood, however their main effect seems 

to be the concentration of fish, making them easier to find and catch. In 

general, there is a lack of both legal measures explicitly directed at ARs and 

FADs and also of legal studies analyzing their position under the general law. 

An examination is made of the legal treatment of ARs and FADs, considering 

national legislation, the right to place FADs and reefs, and FADs in 

international waters. Safety of navigation and environmental concerns related 

to ARs and FADs are discussed briefly. Fisheries legislation and management 

aspects are also considered. 

 50. Cillaurren, E. 1994. ABSTRACT: An analysis of the catches and daily observations 

were carried out on schools of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares and 

skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis, between June 1982 and July 1985 from six 

small-scale fishing boats around five Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) 

anchored off Efate in Vanuatu. One of the aims was to investigate daily 

fluctuations in surface school occurrence. Regularity of observation and time 

spent on monitoring enabled us to bring to light the more striking behavioral 

characteristics of aggregated schools. 91% of the total number of catches 

were skipjacks (K. pelamis) and yellowfins (T. albacares). Mixed schools of 

skipjack and yellowfin tuna were present within a 500 m range around the 

rafts just before sunrise, the yellowfin being nearer to the FADs than the 

skipjack. The abundance and extensiveness of surface schools diminished 

throughout the day. Towards midday, the highest catches of yellowfin tuna 

were taken in a circle of 100 m radius around the rafts, whereas an increase of 

skipjack yields was recorded 1 h before sunset. For both species, the 

proportion of smaller specimens increased from dawn to sunset. K. pelamis

did not take an obvious position in relation with the direction of the current, 

while T. albacares was mostly found in a downstream position. 

 76. Clavijo, I.E., J. LaPlace, and W. Tobias. ABSTRACT: The Division of Fish and 

Wildlife of the U.S. Virgin Islands worked on the development of a small 

(approximately 20 m) midwater fish aggregation device, or FAD, during 

1981 to 1985 primarily for the use of recreational fishermen. The improved 

design, named the LaPlace FAD, was simple and easily constructed from 

PVC tubes, polyethylene sheets, polypropylene rope and concrete. The 

assembled FAD can be deployed readily from a small boat. Longevity studies 

showed that the improved design lasts up to two years in inshore sites. Minor 

repairs or replacement of parts can be easily accomplished in the field as 

needed. Two phases of the study were carried out. One included 50 structures 
137 

deployed linearly, the other included 60 structures deployed in clusters of six 

units. LaPlace FADs were evaluated by trolling on the structures and visually 

using SCUBA. 

 321. Coan, A.L., and N.W. Bartoo. 2000. ABSTRACT: US purse seining for tropical 

tunas in the central-western Pacific started in 1976. The fleet grew quickly 

from three vessels in 1976 to 62 in 1983, then decreased to 39 in 1998. 

Catches peaked at 216,000 mt in 1991 and decreased to 177,000 mt in 1998. 

The majority of the catch is skipjack tuna, with lesser quantities of yellowfin 

(21%) and bigeye tunas (9%). The fleet concentrated mainly on schools 

associated with logs (60-80%) until 1984, fished an equal proportion of log 

sets and free-swimming school sets until 1988, and then fished a majority of 

school sets (70-80%) until 1995. Since 1996, the fleet fished almost an equal 

proportion of free-swimming school sets and floating object sets. However, 

the majority of the floating object sets were on Fish Aggregating Devices 

(FADs, drifting rafts) instead of logs. Vessels deployed approximately 14 

FADs at the beginning of each trip and revisited them as the trip progressed. 

Each evening, vessels would find a FAD, place lights on them and drift until 

early morning when they would set on the FAD. As a result, FAD catches 

increased from 2,000 mt in 1995 to 64,000 mt in 1996, FAD sets increased 

from 38 mt in 1995 to 1,860 mt in 1996, FAD catch per set remained high, 

bigeye tuna catches increased almost three-fold, by-catch of non-tuna species 

increased and catches of small fish increased. 

 348. Conand, F., and E. Tessier. 1996. ABSTRACT: This article describes the FADs 

network and related fisheries around Reunion Island. Starting in 1998, 6 - 16 

FADs have been deployed per year, and 2 - 17 have been lost per year. In 

1994, there were an average of 25.7 FADs deployed on station, and 85% of 

the large pelagic catch of 635 t were made from around FADs. 

 85. Crook, M. 1987. ABSTRACT: Details are given of a program conducted in 

American Samoa in order to investigate the feasibility of static fishing for the 

pelagic species usually caught by trolling around FADs and offshore banks, 

e.g., Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus albacares, T. obesus, Acanthocybium 

solandri and Coryphaena hippurus. The fishing gear used, "palu ahi", is 

described in detail. Findings indicate that this method can be more productive 

or economic than trolling, but due to the various problems encountered, 

should not be considered the only way to approach fishing the FADs in the 

area studied. It is concluded that American Samoa palu ahi fishing around the 

FADs is a useful but limited alternative to trolling, which can also enhance 

bottom fish catches while anchored on offshore banks. 

 84. Cusack, P. 1987. ABSTRACT: An account is given of the fishery existing along a 

system of deep-water moorings developed for the loading of vessels involved 

in the phosphate mining industry of Nauru. The mooring system shows a rich 

ecosystem with schools of mackerel scad (Decapterus pinnulatus), rainbow 
138 

runner (Elagatis bipinnulata), tunas (Thunnus albacares, T. obesus and 

Katsuwonus pelamis) and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri). Techniques used 

for each of these fisheries are described briefly. 

 202. Dagorn, L., and P. Freon. 1999. ABSTRACT: Among the different assumptions 

proposed to explain why tropical tuna, Thunnus spp. aggregate around 

floating objects (`logs'), one of the most recent is that floating objects may 

represent meeting points for tuna. This “meeting point hypothesis” proposes 

that tuna can use these floating objects to form larger schools after school 

fission or dispersion. The influence of meeting points on tuna school sizes is 

explored through different individual-based models that consider a single 

fusion rule and a variety of fission rules based on energetic considerations, 

the role of school size on school cohesion, predator attacks, and dispersion 

during the night. Results are first analyzed using an averaging approach to 

study the overall mean school size in habitats having different floating object 

densities. Second, a dynamic approach is used to compare the temporal 

dynamics of associated and free-swimming school sizes. The averaging 

approach indicates that in all the models (except those based on energetics), 

floating objects increase school size, at least up to a certain object density. 

The dynamic approach clearly illustrates different dynamics in the school size 

of associated and free-swimming schools. Most of the authors' models show 

that tuna associated with logs resume schooling in larger schools after fission 

events. 

 236. Dagorn, L., E. Josse, and P. Bach. 2000. ABSTRACT: This article describes 

tracking experiments conducted on eleven yellowfin tuna using ultrasonic 

transmitters in French Polynesia between 1985 and 1997. Nine fish were 

caught near Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) while the other two were 

tracked in coastal areas without FADs. The fish showed different patterns of 

horizontal movements: tight associations with FADs lasting several days, 

foraging movements confirmed by simultaneous acoustic observations of 

prey-sized fauna, movements parallel to the shore, and traveling between 

FADs. This intra- and inter-individual variety of behaviour might depend on 

the local environment (prey), and on individual biological differences. The 

influence of FADs, coastlines, and prey on tuna movements is discussed. The 

lack of information about the surrounding environment, the internal state of 

the fish and the recent history of the fish usually prevent scientists from 

adequately interpreting the observed movements. Ideas for future research to 

studying tuna behaviour near FADs are discussed. 

 237. Dagorn, L., E. Josse, and P. Bach. 2000. ABSTRACT: A fuzzy logic model of tuna 

behaviour near Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) was developed to 

reproduce individual differences in horizontal movements observed from 

ultrasonic telemetry experiments. In this model, the behaviour of an 

individual is based on its surrounding environment (FADs and prey) and on 

its internal state (stomach fullness), which depends on its recent past actions. 
139 

Internal sensors are used to determine the motivation of the fish, combined 

with external sensors, this determines its movements. Sensory information 

and motivation are modeled using fuzzy sets. A FAD attracts an individual 

when it is located within the FADs range of influence. The time spent near a 

FAD depends on the feeding motivation of the fish and on its surrounding 

environment. If the fish is not hungry, it stays near the FAD. Otherwise, the 

fish has to forage in order to eat, and might therefore leave the FAD if no 

prey is available in its vicinity. By varying the environmental conditions near 

FADs, the model reproduces the different horizontal movement patterns 

observed for tunas. The model is then extended to allow multiple individuals 

to co-exist, each individual modeled through the above behavioural model, 

without any direct or indirect interactions between them. This way, we study 

the effects of individual behaviour on tuna aggregation near FADs. We find 

that the model predicts the temporal dynamics of aggregation around FADs 

exhibited by tunas. By examining the effects of several FAD network models 

on the aggregation, we also estimate optimal spatial arrangements of FADs. 

 14. Delmendo, M.N. 1991. ABSTRACT: A review is made of the current state of 

development of artificial reefs (ARs) in the ASEAN region, describing the 

experiences gained by the member countries (Malaysia, Philippines, 

Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei) regarding the use of ARs and fish 

aggregating devices (FADs). The materials used, designs, patterns of 

installation and cost of construction of ARs are outlined. The effects of ARs 

on fishery resources and the impacts of FADs on fisheries are examined. 

 89. Depoutot, C. 1987. ABSTRACT: Anchored fish aggregating devices (FADs) for the 

catch of high sea pelagic fish have been used ever since 1981. The 

programme's main purpose is to bring help to artisanal tuna, Katsuwonus 

pelamis and Thunnus albacares, fishery. The study of the action of FAD is 

conducted through three ways: 1) by comparing results of tuna fishing on and 

out of FAD; 2) by studying the induced concentration by the FAD by means 

of acoustical survey techniques; 3) by studying the fish behaviour through 

sonic tracking. The proportions of small and big fish in FAD catches are 

higher than out of FAD ones, however, small fish are not so numerous as 

under flotsam and big fish are fewer than when there are surface prey fish. 

The abundance of skipjacks during FAD fishing depends on that of the 

neighbouring areas, which is not true for yellowfin. The observations of the 

individual behaviours of a skipjack and a yellowfin confirm the daily 

variations of the depth of swimming. It is not the case for horizontal moves. 

 446. Desurmont, A. 1996. ABSTRACT: This article introduces the Bulletin and 

describes its purposes. 

 134. Desurmont, A. 1999. ABSTRACT: Since the early 1980's, the Secretariat of the 

Pacific Community (SPC, formerly the South Pacific Commission) has 

contributed to the development of FAD programmes for the artisanal fisheries 
140 

sector in the Pacific region. In particular, it has put considerable efforts into 

developing technology that would assure a two-year average FAD lifespan, 

while maintaining costs under US$ 4,000 per FAD unit. From 1996 to 1998, 

this work led to the publication of three volumes of the SPC FAD Manual. 

Volume 2 of this manual, "Rigging Deep-Water FAD Moorings", describes 

in great detail two FAD models that were developed from the original 1983 

SPC-recommended model, and gives precise instructions on the way to 

construct them. Despite SPC's work, the objectives set, in particular the twoyear average lifespan for FADs, have not been consistently met, resulting in 

many FAD programmes in the region being suspended An analysis of the 

reasons why this has occurred is presented, along with a short description of 

the practical research that could be pursued, using different objectives, to 

introduce new FAD programmes in the region. 

296. Desurmont, A. 2000. ABSTRACT: Since the early 1980's, the Secretariat of the 

Pacific Community (SPC, formerly the South Pacific Commission) has 

contributed to the development of FAD programmes for the artisanal 

fisheries sector in the Pacific region. In particular, it has put considerable 

efforts into developing technology that would assure a two-year average 

FAD lifespan, while maintaining costs under US$ 4,000 per FAD unit. 

From 1996 to 1998, this work led to the publication of three volumes of the 

SPC FAD Manual. Volume 2 of this manual, "Rigging Deep-Water FAD 

Moorings", describes in great detail two FAD models that were developed 

from the original 1983 SPC-recommended model, and gives precise 

instructions on the way to construct them. Despite SPC's work, the 

objectives set, in particular the two-year average lifespan for FADs, have 

not been consistently met, resulting in many FAD programmes in the region 

being suspended. An analysis of the reasons why this has occurred is 

presented, along with a short description of the practical research that could 

be pursued, using different objectives, to introduce new FAD programmes 

in the region. Original Abstract: Depuis le debut des annees quatre-vingt, le 

secretariat general de la communaute du Pacifique (SPC, anciennement 

commission du Pacifique Sud) a soutenu et accompagne le developpement 

de programmes DCP destines au secteur de la pêche artisanale, dans la 

region Pacifique. Il s'est en particulier efforce de mettre au point des 

modeles de DCP repondant principalement aux deux criteres suivants: duree 

de vie superieure a deux ans et cout unitaire moyen inferieur a 4 000 dollars 

US. Entre 1996 et 1998, ces travaux ont abouti a la publication en trois 

volumes du manuel de la SPC sur les DCP. Le volume 2 de ce manuel, " La 

fabrication de DCP pour grandes profondeurs ", presente deux evolutions 

d'un modele concu en 1983 et en detaille tres precisement les methodes de 

fabrication. Le present document analyse les raisons pour lesquelles, malgre 

les efforts deployes, les objectifs fixes, et en particulier la duree de vie 

minimum de deux ans pour les DCP, n'ont pas ete pleinement atteints et la 

plupart des programmes DCP de la region ont ete interrompus. Il donne 

egalement une breve description des axes de recherche appliquee qui 
141 

pourraient etre suivis, en se fixant d'autres objectifs, pour relancer des 

programmes DCP dans la region. 

 125. Desurmont, A., and L. Chapman. 1999. ABSTRACT: In the area served by the 

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), which includes 22 Pacific Island 

countries and territories, anchored FADs have been used since the late 1970s. 

First introduced from the Philippines, via Hawaii, they were quickly adopted 

by both industrial and artisanal fisheries sectors in 1984 more than 600 

anchored FADs had been deployed in the region. Since these early days, the 

development of the technique by the industrial and the artisanal sectors have 

followed parallel paths with little interaction. In the industrial private sector, 

companies are funding, deploying and monitoring their own FADs. For some 

fishing companies, using purse seiners and pole-and-line vessels, from the 

Solomon Islands or Papua-New-Guinea, these FADs have become a 

necessity. FAD programmes for small-scale fisheries have been almost 

exclusively run by the public sector, with technical support from regional and 

international development agencies and financial assistance from overseas 

funding agencies. These programmes have had mixed successes becoming an 

on-going and essential tool in some places like French Polynesia or Guam; or 

being momentarily suspended, like in Vanuatu or Tonga, because of the lack 

of funds, partly due to the scarcity of proven economic return to the fishing 

communities. This document is an attempt to synthesize the current 

information on these very diverse situations, including technical, economical 

and social considerations. 

 288. Desurmont, A., and L. Chapman. 2000. ABSTRACT: First introduced from the 

Philippines, via Hawaii, they were quickly adopted by both industrial and 

artisanal fisheries sectors : in 1984, more than 600 anchored FADs had been 

deployed in the region. Since these early days, the development of the 

technique by the industrial and the artisanal sectors have followed parallel 

paths with little interaction. In the industrial private sector, companies are 

funding, deploying and monitoring their own FADs. For some fishing 

companies, using purse seiners and pole-and-line vessels, from the Solomon 

Islands or Papua-New-Guinea, these FADs have become a necessity. FAD 

programmes for small-scale fisheries have been almost exclusively run by the 

public sector, with technical support from regional and international 

development agencies and financial assistance from overseas funding 

agencies. These programmes have had mixed successes : becoming an ongoing and essential tool in some places like French Polynesia or Guam; or 

being momentarily suspended, like in Vanuatu or Tonga, because of the lack 

of funds, partly due to the scarcity of proven economic return to the fishing 

communities. This document is an attempt to synthesize the current 

information on these very diverse situations, including technical, economical 

and social considerations. 
142 

59. Dickson, J.O. 1993. ABSTRACT: A discussion is presented on the use of fish 

aggregating devices in the Philippines fisheries; FADs have substantially 

increased the catch of tuna, scad and mackerel enabling the country to enter 

the international tuna market. Details are given of the different types of FADs 

in use, which include: traditional; deepsea/offshore FADs; 2-layered bamboo 

raft; rectangular steel-type buoy; steel pontoon-bamboo raft combination; and 

galvanized drum payaw. Three types of fishing units use FADs to harvest fish 

- handlines, steel or wooden purse seiners, and wooden ringnetters. 

126. Dickson, J. 1999. ABSTRACT: Payaw is a traditional concept which has been 

successfully commercialized to increase the landings of several species 

valuable to the country's export and local industries. It has become one of the 

most important developments in pelagic fishing which significantly 

contributed to increased tuna production and expansion of purse seine and 

other fishing gears. The introduction of payaw in tuna and coastal fishing in 

1975 triggered the rapid development of the tuna and small pelagics fishery. 

With limited management schemes and strategies, unstable tuna and tuna-like 

species production, however, had been experienced in the 1980s and 1990s. 

In this paper, the evolution and development of the payaw with emphasis on 

the technological aspect are reviewed. The present practices and techniques 

of payaw in various parts of the country, including its structure, ownership, 

distribution, and fishing operations are discussed. Monitoring results of purse 

seine/ringnet operations including handline using payaw in Celebes Sea and 

Western Luzon are presented to compare their fishing styles/techniques, 

payaw designs and species caught. The fishing gears in various regions of the 

country for harvesting payaw are enumerated and discussed. The inshore and 

offshore payaws in terms of sea depth, location, designs, fishing methods and 

catch composition are also compared. Fishing companies and fisherfolk 

associations involved in payaw operation are presented to determine extent of 

utilization and involvement in the municipal and commercial sectors of the 

fishing industry. The issues and problems concerning the use of payaw, and 

its biological, economic impact as well as management aspect are presented. 

A list of recommendations are presented for future research and action plans. 

 289. Dickson, J.O., and A.C. Natividad. 2000. ABSTRACT: Payao is a 

traditional concept, which has been successfully commercialized to increase 

the landings of several species valuable to the country's export and local 

industries. It has become one of the most important developments in pelagic 

fishing that significantly contributed to increased tuna production and 

expansion of purse seine and other fishing gears. The introduction of the 

payao in tuna fishing in 1975 triggered the rapid development of the tuna and 

small pelagic fishery. With limited management schemes and strategies, 

however, unstable tuna and tuna-like species production was experienced in 

the 1980s and 1990s. In this paper, the evolution and development of the 

payao with emphasis on the technological aspect are reviewed. The present 
143 

practices and techniques of payao in various parts of the country, including its 

structure, ownership, distribution, and fishing operations are discussed. 

Monitoring results of purse seine/ringnet operations including handline using 

payao in Celebes Sea and Western Luzon are presented to compare fishing 

styles and techniques, payao designs and species caught. The fishing gears in 

various regions of the country for harvesting payao are enumerated and 

discussed. The inshore and offshore payaos in terms of sea depth, location, 

designs, fishing methods and catch composition are also compared. Fishing 

companies and fisherfolk associations involved in payao operation are 

presented to determine extent of utilization and involvement in the municipal 

and commercial sectors of the fishing industry. The issues and problems 

concerning the use of payao, and its biological, economic impact as well as 

management aspect are presented. Recommendations are given for future 

research and actions. 

 

 24. Doumenge, F. 1995. ABSTRACT: Many integrated coastal resources management 

include the building of large artificial reefs and the use of Fish Aggregating 

Devices. The Japanese concept is oriented through the conservation of living 

resources for the support of traditional fishermen's village life. For the USA 

policy the rehabilitation and development of fishing grounds are oriented to 

the maintenance of the sport fisheries. For the Mediterranean Sea, Italy is 

more in advance owing to the conjunction between public policy planning 

coastal, fishermen's request and scientific expertise. In reverse, France cannot 

start large scale programs due to the lack of interest from the scientists and 

the bureaucrats. Artificial reefs and FADs pave the way for a marine living 

resources conservation policy and support a sustainable development in 

accordance with the renewable resources. 

43. Druce, B.E., and M.J. Kingsford. 1995. ABSTRACT: The association of 

fish with natural and experimental drifting objects was investigated in the 

coastal waters near Sydney, Australia (during 1990). Controlled experiments 

were conducted using small fish attraction devices (FADs) and algae obtained 

from reefs to test the effects of drift time, size, color and type of object on the 

fish attracted; “control seines” were done in open water. Total densities of 

fish were generally higher around the natural drift algae and experimental 

drift objects than in the adjacent open water. Although well pigmented 

juvenile fish were most abundant, some larvae and a few adults were also 

caught around drift objects. Families of fish associated with the drift algae 

included juvenile mullids, pomacentrids and teraponids as well as larval 

ambassids and gerreids. Fish were quickly attracted to FADs of different 

sizes and colors and to experimental algae. Patterns of colonization by fish to 

drifting objects varied among sampling times, often due to very low numbers 

of fish captured on some sampling occasions. Families of fish caught around 

FADs in great numbers that were present in low abundance in open water 

included pelagic, reef and estuarine-associated fish as follows: juvenile 
144 

carangids, sphyraenids, mullids, mugilids and larval ambassids, sillaginids, 

sparids and gerreids. When large numbers of fish were captured, similar 

densities and types of fish were attracted to all types of FADs and 

experimental algae. Many larval fish demonstrated no affinity for algae with 

high numbers caught in open water and around the drifting objects (e.g., 

clupeids and atherinids). Drift objects influence the distribution of fish in 

surface waters. FADs provide a useful method for the collection of small fish 

and as tools for conducting controlled experiments. 

457. Edwards, R.E., K.J. Sulak, and D. Weaver. 2000. ABSTRACT: Fish aggregating 

devices (FADs) recently have been utilized around the world and have been 

shown to have large effects on fish and fisheries, particularly tunas and tuna 

fisheries. Other pelagic fish species also are aggregated and impacted by 

FADs. Fishery problems and potential problems have been identified with 

FADs, primarily those of increased relative catch of smaller/younger fish and 

potential changes in distribution and migration. FADs also can have positive 

effects, primarily by making fishing more effective and efficient. Important 

and valuable commercial and recreational fisheries have been established by 

deployment of FADs. The offshore oil and gas industry in the Gulf of 

Mexico (GOM) recently has been expanding into deep waters of the outer 

continental shelf and slope where petroleum structures have the potential to 

act as FADs. A project is being conducted by the US Geological Survey - 

Biological Resources Division (USGS-BRD) in collaboration with the 

Minerals Management Service (MMS) in order to assess and anticipate any 

potential impacts of increased numbers of deepwater petroleum structures on 

highly migratory fish species in the GOM. Preliminary review of scientific 

literature on FADs suggests that processes and factors involved in fish 

aggregation by objects are complex and that the current scientific 

understanding of FADs is insufficient for prediction of the potential fish 

aggregating impacts of deepwater petroleum structures in the GOM. 

Although present understanding of FADs suggests that deepwater structures 

are likely to have measurable impacts, direct research and study may be 

needed to fully assess and estimate such impacts. 

 113. Edwards, R.E., K.J. Sulak, and D. Weaver. 2001. ABSTRACT: In view of 

recently accelerating deployment of petroleum structures in deep waters 

(>1,000 ft) in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), the Minerals Management 

Service (MMS) recognized the potential for such structures to act as FADs. In 

order to allow assessment of this potential, we have researched and organized 

existing information and literature on FADs and on GOM highly migratory 

species (HMS) into an annotated, key worded, bibliographic database. This 

very large body of diffuse information has been reviewed and analyzed. It is 

being synthesized to provide MMS with a scientific basis for predicting and 

understanding potential impacts of deepwater structures on HMS. The 

existing body of information and literature clearly documents the importance 

and large impacts of FADs on fish and fisheries around the world. 
145 

Extrapolation to the GOM from literature on FADs elsewhere indicates that 

yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and 

skipjack (Euthynnus pelamis) have high potential to be impacted. However, 

detailed predictions of FADs effects of GOM deepwater structures cannot be 

made from existing literature It is likely that direct studies of fish 

aggregations around various types of deepwater petroleum structures will be 

needed. 

 106. Elst, R.van der, W. Blankley, and S. Chater. 1983. ABSTRACT: The discharge of 

harmful waste products into the seas around South Africa will increase 

appreciably in the future, especially with the proposed massive outfall at 

Richards Bay. Sessile organisms readily encrust submerged and floating 

objects at sea. Small fish, prawns, crayfish larvae, crabs, etc. are also attracted 

because of the food and shelter that floating objects provide. It was thus 

proposed that a series of specially designed rafts (known as Fish Aggregating 

Devices - FADS) should be suitably anchored in the vicinity of marine 

outfalls such as the one proposed for Richards Bay. Six of these rafts are now 

in place and regularly sampled in order to detect any changes that may occur 

in the abundance, species composition, diversity or growth rates of the 

associated fauna. Such changes, should they occur, are first evaluated in 

terms of natural fluctuations, and then assessed in the light of man induced 

changes. 

 81. Feigenbaum, D., C. Blair, A. Friedlander, and M. Bushing. 1989. ABSTRACT: 

Fish Aggregating Devices known as FADs have been employed in a number 

of places, principally in the tropical Pacific, to attract migratory pelagics for 

recreational and commercial fishing. The nature of their attractiveness is not 

fully understood. Within days of their placement, often before significant 

fouling has taken place, FADs attract large numbers of small fishes. Larger 

predatory species may come to prey on these using an innate sense to forage 

around objects in the pelagic realm. For various reasons, including unit 

failure, their effectiveness has not been well documented. In the present study 

we set out to fill this void and to evaluate the effectiveness of FADs in a 

Caribbean tropical island environment. 

 69. Feigenbaum, D., C. Blair, A. Friedlander, and M. Bushing. 1989. ABSTRACT: 

Six fish attracting devices (FADs), made with tractor-tire buoys and 

subsurface attractors, were placed off the northeast coast of Puerto Rico in 

June 1986 and monitored through December 1986. Three of the units were 

deployed in 91 m depth, approximately 10 km offshore, and three were 

placed in 550 m depth, 7 km further offshore. Evaluation of the effectiveness 

of the FADs was made primarily by quantitative fishing. SCUBA divers 

examined structural integrity and made qualitative observations on biota. 

FADs enhanced trolling success. The mean rate of catch and strikes/rod/h 

was 0.5 near FADs, compared with 0.01 in the control area, and 0.16 and 

0.04 in the shelf and offshore transition zones, respectively. There was no 
146 

significant difference between trolling catch rates: (a) of inshore vs. offshore 

FADs; (b) among FADs with different (or no) attractors; (c) of FADs due to 

their relative position in the array. 

 140. Feigenbaum, D.L., and C.H. Blair. 1987. ABSTRACT: The project demonstrated 

the feasibility of using fish aggregating devices (FADs) to increase harvest of 

underutilized species in Puerto Rico. A siting plan for FADs and artificial 

reefs around Puerto Rico was also developed. The report describes and 

documents the project which evaluated the use of FADs between June and 

December 1986, by trolling, SCUBA diving, monitoring commercial live bait 

night fishing, study team night fishing, and experimental longlining. 

 322. Fonteneau, A. 2000. ABSTRACT: This poster shows the species composition (tunas 

and associated species) estimated by scientific observers of Atlantic seiners 

between 1980 and 1999. Each of the seine sets observed, being almost 3,000 

observations, is individually represented by a pie chart with five slices, the 

surface area of which proportional to each catch (five slices corresponding to 

four tuna species, and the fifth one for the total of by-catch species). This 

diagram will be stratified for each period (1) by ecological fishing zone and 

(2) by fishing mode, free schools and FAD-associated schools. This diagram 

does show that free schools with mixed species of small tunas (yellowfin, 

skipjack and bigeye) were often observed before the recent development of 

FADs. With the massive seeding of FADs, it appears that nowadays thes 

mixed schools of small tunas are always taken under FADs, and are no longer 

found in free schools. This observation may indicate a strong attraction of 

small tunas with FADs, at least in the Equatorial area, and a major change 

introduced by the present massive use of FADs. 

 241. Fonteneau, A., J. Ariz, D. Gaertner, V. Nordstrom, and P. Pallares. 2000.

ABSTRACT: This paper compares the species composition of free 

swimming schools and schools associated with fish aggregating devices (or 

FADs) observed by scientists in the eastern equatorial Atlantic during the 

early eighties and late nineties. This comparison shows that in free swimming 

schools, big changes in the species composition have occurred. The main 

change is a rarefaction of mixed species free schools (skipjack and small 

yellowfin or bigeye). This change is probably a real biological one, and 

possibly a consequence of the large numbers of FADs seeded in the area 

since 1990. Nowadays, most small tuna living in the equatorial area appear to 

be concentrated under these drifting FADs instead of in free schools. Further 

study is recommended in order to evaluate the validity and interpretation of 

this result and to examine its implications. 

 120. Fonteneau, A., M. Hall, J. Hampton, P. Pallares, and R. Pianet. 1999.

ABSTRACT: This conference will develop a comparative overview of the 

development of FAD by the tropical purse seine fisheries in the various 

oceans (Atlantic, Indian, Western and Eastern Pacific oceans). First a 
147 

comparative review of fishery statistics will be developed. This comparison 

will cover geographical patterns, trends over time, seasonality, species 

composition, size taken, sizes of schools in the various FAD fisheries. Then a 

comparative review of observer data will be done. Rate of unsuccessful sets 

on FAD, times of setting, variance of species composition between FAD 

schools, the observed by-catches by species observed in the various oceans 

will be compared. The FAD technology used in the various oceans (radio 

location, underwater nets, numbers, turn over, use of sounders, satellite 

positioning, use of underwater light, tracking of FAD with satellite and PCs, 

use of bait, auxiliary boats, etc.) will then be reviewed and compared. The 

environment and water masses (currents, thermocline, wind, etc.) in which 

FADs are used more efficiently by purse seiners will be analyzed and 

discussed. Potential problems introduced by FADs in the tuna stock 

assessment, primarily because FADs are heavily changing the nature of 

fishing effort and then most stock assessment, will be discussed. As a last 

point, the management of FADs presently done or in view by the various tuna 

bodies will be introduced. It appears that the present massive use of FADs 

world wide is probably an unsafe fishing mode which need to be limited to 

reasonable biological levels. 

 283. Fonteneau, A., P. Pallares, and R. Pianet. 2000. ABSTRACT: This paper develops 

a comparative overview of the development of Fish Aggregating Devices (or 

FADs) by the tropical purse seine fisheries in various ocean areas (Atlantic, 

Indian, Western and Eastern Pacific Oceans). First, a comparative review of 

fishery statistics is developed. Recent catches on FADs by purse seiners can 

be estimated at a level of one million tons yearly. This comparison allows to 

describe the fishing zones and catch trends over time, the species composition 

and size taken in the various FAD fisheries. Skipjack tuna is the dominant 

species in most FAD fisheries, but significant amounts of yellowfin and 

bigeye are also frequently taken under FADS. The paper also presents an 

overview of various observer data concerning the by-catches of the various 

fisheries using FADS. This comparison allows to estimate the total 

worldwide yearly by-catches at about 100,000 t, and their species 

composition in each ocean. The FAD technology used in the various oceans 

by purse seiners is described. The recent use of FADS by purse seiners has 

introduced major uncertainties in most stock assessments, because analyses 

are hampered by changes in the fishing effort in a FAD fishery, by changes in 

fishing zones and in sizes caught. As a last point, the management of FADS 

presently done or in view by the various tuna bodies are introduced. It 

appears that the present massive use of FADs worldwide is perhaps an unsafe 

fishing mode, which could produce serious overfishing of many stocks. There 

is then a consensus that the use of FADS needs to be controlled and limited to 

sustainable biological levels. 

 282. Franks, J.S. 2000. ABSTRACT: Approximately 4,000 petroleum (oil and gas) 

platforms exist in the northern Gulf of Mexico and form one of the world's 
148 

most extensive de facto artificial reef systems. Collectively, these structures 

may comprise one of the largest FAD (Fish Aggregating Device) arrays in the 

world, attracting surface and midwater pelagic fishes. The diverse 

composition of pelagic fish fauna at NGOM platforms is described and 

includes valued species such as Thunnus albacares, Thunnus atlanticus, 

Coryphaena hippurus, Acanthocybium solandri, Rachycentron canadum, 

Seriola dumerili, Scomberomorus cavalla, and Decapterus punctatus. 

Petroleum platforms influence pelagic fishery resources and are an important 

component of the Gulf's commercial and recreational fishing industries. 

Reviewed literature revealed a sparsely of fundamental knowledge of 

densities, temporal and spatial occurrence, and fishing effort/catch rates of 

pelagic fishes at platforms. The role of Gulf petroleum platforms "as FADs" 

is examined, possible mechanisms for aggregation are reviewed, and a 

synopsis of the author's preliminary findings on life history aspects of A. 

solandri and R. canadum from platforms is presented. It is proposed that 

platforms provide opportunities for the study of pelagic species to better 

understand the life history, ecology, behaviour, and habitat requirements of 

pelagic fishery resources in the Gulf of Mexico. 

 63. Friedlander, A., and J. Beets. 1992. ABSTRACT: Artificial habitats ranging from 

sunken vessels to designed artificial reefs have been utilized by fishermen for 

many years in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Continuing experiments have 

documented appropriate materials and design to enhance fisheries habitat 

using artificial structures. Extreme habitat degradation and overfishing have 

necessitated the development of these enhancement measures. Experimental 

artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices (FADs) have been used as models 

to determine optimal design and location. Inexpensive, easily deployed FADs 

have been developed to improve recreational commercial catches of 

migratory pelagics such as wahoo, kingfish, dolphin, tuna and billfish. 

Experimental inshore artificial reefs have been used to document the 

importance of structure, material effectiveness, optimal location and design of 

artificial reefs used to enhance abundances of important target species. 

 49. Friedlander, A., J. Beets, and W. Tobias. 1994. ABSTRACT: Fish aggregating 

devices (FADs) of various designs were deployed around the U.S. Virgin 

Islands to test their relative effectiveness in concentrating pelagic fishes and 

improving recreational and commercial fishing. Subsurface FADs were 

deployed along the shelf edge and inshore off St. Thomas. Off St. Croix, 

surface and subsurface FADs were placed along the shelf edge. Fishing 

success was evaluated by experimental trolling around FAD and control 

locations. Over 170 trolling trips comprising 447 fishing h were conducted 

between 1986 and 1990. Catch per boat hour ranged from 0.04 to 1.054 on 

the FADs and 0.07 to 0.305 on the controls. Trolling around FADs yielded a 

significantly greater number of fish and strikes than control areas except for 

the St. Croix subsurface FADs. Species diversity of catch also was 

significantly greater on the FADs compared to controls except for the St. 
149 

Croix subsurface units. No significant differences in fishing success were 

found between the St. Thomas subsurface FADs and the St. Croix surface 

FADs. The St. Thomas subsurface FADs attracted more coastal pelagic 

species such as barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), jacks (Carangidae) and 

king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla), while the St. Croix surface FADs 

attracted more oceanic pelagics such as tunas (Scombridae) and dolphin 

(Coryphaena hippurus). The evaluation of various FAD designs and 

locations can help in the decision of future FAD deployment to meet specific 

management needs. 

 93. Frusher, S.D. 1986. ABSTRACT: Fish aggregation devices, (FADs) have been one 

of the most significant introductions to the commercial tuna fishery over the 

last decade. In this study two FADs were deployed in 160 m and 390 m, 

respectively, close to the Papua New Guinea coast (< 10 km). The shallower 

FAD proved unsuccessful both in the amount of fish it aggregated and the 

consistency with which they were aggregated. In contrast, the FAD in 390 m 

provided consistent troll catches averaging 12 kg/hr/vessel with several 

catches exceeding 40 kg/hr/vessel. The deeper water FAD tripled the annual 

harvest of tunas by artisanal fishermen in Wewak. Euthynnus affinis

dominated the species composition around the FAD, while Thunnus 

albacares, Auxis thazard, A. rochei and Coryphaena hippurus showed 

seasonal abundance. 

 426. Gaertner, D., and M. Medina-Gaertner. 1992. ABSTRACT: In the southern 

Caribbean Sea, about half of the catch of tunas comes from free swimming 

schools and the other half from schools associated with whales and whale 

sharks. Few are caught from schools associated with floating objects, as 

there are few floating objects in the prime fishing grounds. Most of the 

yellowfin caught in this fishery are small. 

 411. Gaertner, D., and M. Medina-Gaertner. 1999. ABSTRACT: In the southern 

Caribbean Sea, over half of the sets were made on tuna schools associated 

with whales or whale sharks, while the rest of the sets were made on nonassociated schools ("school sets"). An analysis of data collected between 

1987 and 1991 showed that sets on tunas associated with whales shifted from 

November to July from one year to the next, whereas sets on schools 

associated tunas associated with whale sharks occurred consistently between 

December and January. Sets on schools of tunas associated with flotsam 

represented less than 1% of all observations. The low percentage of 

observations on tunas associated with flotsam may be a result of the location 

of the fishing grounds with respect to terrestrial sources of flotsam and ocean 

circulation patterns. 

 416. Garcia, M., M.A. Hall, A. Pares-Sierra, and P. Arenas. 1999. ABSTRACT: A 

Lagrangian simulation model is used to predict and analyze the trajectories of 

floating objects entering the eastern Pacific Ocean through five selected 
150 

locations near the mouths of major rivers of the region. Most objects are 

retained relatively close to their source for considerable periods. It is 

suggested that the association of tunas with floating objects is a retention 

mechanism, keeping the tunas in the rich coastal areas, and eventually 

carrying them west through the most productive areas of the eastern Pacific 

Ocean. 

 13. Garcia, S. 1991. ABSTRACT: An examination is made of artificial reefs (ARs) and 

fish aggregating devices (FADs) in Southeast Asian fisheries from a 

management context. A reef deployment programme raises 2 types of issues 

related respectively to the administration of the programme (planning, 

deployment, maintenance, etc.) and to the management of the fisheries on and 

around the artificial structures. The implementation of such a programme 

involves various activities related to site selection, delivery of permits for site 

exploitation, monitoring of structure integrity (safety), maintenance and other 

interventions of a technical nature. The techniques relevant to the 

management of fisheries on artificial structures are not very different from the 

general fisheries management tools, but artificial structures raise particular 

issues related to the availability of data, the alleged effects on resource 

concentration and generation, their potential role in conflict resolution, 

resource allocation, coastal protection and development and their cost 

effectiveness. Coastal areas represent a domain where natural resources are 

available that can be used for industrial development, tourism, capture 

fisheries and aquaculture, recreation, waste dumping, mineral extraction, 

navigation etc. ARs and FADs are just one additional way of using the 

coastal zone resources and they interact with others. They can be beneficial 

for or in conflict with other uses of the coastal space. Their deployment must 

therefore be considered within the framework of integrated coastal 

management. 

 65. Gerlotto, F. 2001. ABSTRACT: A methodology is presented applying multibeam 

sonar for three-dimensional (3D) observation of fish schools that enhances 

the conventional use of vertical scientific echo sounders. The sonar employed 

has 60 beams of 1.5 degree each. Its working frequency is 455 kHz. It is 

applied on a vertical plan normal to the vessel route, observing from the 

surface line to the bottom with a range set to 100 m. The sampled volume is 

14 times larger than the volume observed with vertical echo sounding. The 

contribution of this new technology to fisheries acoustics is detailed for 

school classification, internal school structure, spatial distribution of schools, 

fish behaviour, and biomass estimates. For each of these points, some 

preliminary results are presented with the aim of defining the real progress in 

fisheries acoustics research as a result of 3D acoustics. Finally, a list of 

technical and methodological improvements is presented that are being 

developed in order to make multibeam sonar fully adapted to fisheries 

acoustics. 
151 

 40. Gomes, C., R. Mahon, S. Singh-Renton, and W. Hunte. 1994. ABSTRACT: The 

role of naturally-occurring drifting objects in fisheries for pelagic species in 

the southeastern Caribbean was investigated by conducting a questionnaire 

survey of 253 fishers, 50 from each of St. Lucia, Barbados, Grenada, Tobago 

and 53 from St. Vincent. The study showed that drifting objects play an 

important role in large pelagic fisheries in the southeastern Caribbean by 

attracting fish and thereby increasing their capability. This effect is seasonal, 

being between January and March in all islands, but having a more extended 

seasonal duration in Grenada and Tobago. The effect is most marked in water 

which is green or brown in colour. Fish associate with both natural and 

anthropogenic drifting objects, with no apparent preference within or between 

these groups. Fishers actively seek and fish around drifting objects. Fishers 

from St. Lucia, Barbados, Grenada and Tobago target flyingfish by deploying 

drifting FADs which they construct of naturally-occurring material. However, 

no fishers use drifting FADs which they deploy to target large pelagics. The 

information acquired in this study indicates that the deployment of anchored 

FADs should succeed in increasing catch rates of large pelagics, and suggests 

that the potential for developing fisheries for large pelagics by deploying 

drifting FADs should be explored. 

 44. Gorman, T. 1995. ABSTRACT: Mahi-mahi (dorado, or dolphin fish) is a widely 

acclaimed table fish, especially in Hawaii, but not well known in Australia; it 

has the potential as the basis of a lucrative export industry. It is one of the 

species whose fishery would benefit from the establishment of a national 

network of fish attracting devices (FADs). FADs have been successfully tried 

off Western Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. These have 

however been of a type whose expense could not be justified by their 

effective life. A simpler design such as is used in Asia could be more costeffective. Problems of funding and property rights to the advantage of FADs 

are briefly discussed. 

 307. Goujon, M., and C. Labaisse-Bodilis. 2000. ABSTRACT: In 1998, the French and 

Spanish tuna-boat owners associations have voluntarily reconducted the 

Atlantic tuna protection plan (also called moratorium) initiated the previous 

year. This plan which has become an ICCAT recommendation for 1999, 

consists mainly in preventing fishing on floating objects (logs) and in having 

observers on board tuna purse seiners. Data collected by these observers and 

landing statistics allow to draw preliminary conclusions on some effects of 

the protection plan, on the fleets and on the Atlantic tuna stocks. Largely 

respected, the moratorium has led to a spatial redistribution of the fishing 

effort, an important reduction of the proportion of sets on logs and a decrease 

of the landings by one third compared to those realized the years before 

during the same months, particularly for the skipjack and the bigeye tunas. 

Moreover, data collected allow to calculate catch rates for a number of bycatch species in the purse seine fishery. 
152 

 292. Guillou, A., A. Lagin, A. Lebeau, D. Priour, M. Repecaud, L. Reynal, J. Sacchi, 

and M. Taquet. 2000. ABSTRACT: Since 1983, the research on the optimal 

conception of FADs in Martinique was particularly focused on the 

improvement of their resistance to different maritime or human aggressions. 

Following several experimentations made with different types of FADs, the 

choice was brought on light devices anchored in 1,500 to 2,000 m depths and 

an experimental approach was conducted to identify the causes of loss of 

FADs and to attempt to modelize their hydrodynamic behaviour with relation 

to the sea conditions. Three mathematical models are used to simulate the 

FAD behaviour under current action and swell, and to estimate the forces 

exerted on each part of the device. The results of this study are presented. The 

FAD design used nowadays for the development of pelagic fishing in 

Martinique, recommendations for maintenance and preservation of the FADs 

are also proposed. Original Abstract: De 1983 a 1994, les recherches sur une 

conception optimale des DCP de la Martinique ont ete plus particulierement 

orientees sur l'amelioration de leur resistance aux diverses agressions marines 

ou humaines. Suite aux multiples experimentations menees avec differents 

types de DCP, le choix de systemes legers ancres par fonds de 1 500 a 2 000 

m a conduit a une demarche scientifique comprenant a la fois une analyse des 

causes de perte des DCP et la modelisation de leur comportement 

hydrodynamique en fonction des conditions de mer. Les resultats de ce 

programme ainsi que le plan du DCP retenu pour le developpement de la 

pêche des poissons pelagiques en Martinique sont presentes. Des 

recommandations pour la maintenance et la preservation des dispositifs sont 

egalement proposees. 

 129. Guillou, A., J. Sacchi, A. Lagin, and M. Taquet. 1999. ABSTRACT: From 1983 

to 1994, the research on the optimal conception of FADs in Martinique was 

particularly focused on the improvement of their resistance to different 

marine or human aggressions that these devices could be incurred and 

otherwise in the aim of the respect of the international rules of beaconing. 

Following the several experimentations of different FADs types, the choice 

was brought on light devices anchored on 1,500 to 2,000 m depths and led to 

an experimental approach including the identification of the loss reasons and 

a modeling of the hydrodynamic behaviour in relation with the sea 

conditions. The results of this study are presented here as the FAD design 

used at present time for the pelagic fishing development in Martinique. 

Recommendations for maintenance and preservation of the FADs are also 

proposed. 

 424. Hall, M. 1992. ABSTRACT: Several hypotheses are presented, including: 1) The 

timing and location of yellowfin spawning are selected to take maximum 

advantage of coastal production cycles, periods of high input from rivers, and 

drift patterns. 2) The fishery on logs and schools in an area exploits the same 

section of the population, which feeds in unassociated schools during the day 

and drifts with logs at night. 3) The association with a log is adaptive 
153 

because it keeps the tunas in rich water masses (Indicator-Log Hypothesis). 

4) The floating object is simply an indicator; its characteristics may influence 

its detection, but not its adaptive value (Generic-Log Hypothesis). 

 462. Hall, M. 2001. ABSTRACT: Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the 

association of tunas and other species with floating objects in the world 

oceans. These are reviewed, in an attempt to assess which ones best explain 

the association of tunas with floating objects. The emphasis is on 

experimental approaches that could shed light on the remaining alternatives. 

Besides the adaptive value of the association, it is also important to address 

other issues that should help in understanding the ecological and behavioral 

responses to the floating objects: How are the objects detected/found? Are all 

objects attractive? What is the residence time under an object? Are there diel 

changes in the association? Is there fidelity to individual objects? Why do 

some species or sizes associate with floating objects, while others do not? 

 418. Hall, M., P. Areans, and F. Miller. 1992. ABSTRACT: Data was collected by 

observers placed aboard tuna boats and included characteristics of the 

environment, floating objects, and the tunas and dolphins that form 

associations. The influence of terrestrial ecosystems was discussed. The 

characteristics of the pelagic communities around floating objects were 

defined. 

 421. Hall, M., and M. Garcia. 1992. ABSTRACT: EPO purse-seine fishery observer 

data was examined with regard to catch rates in consecutive (next day) sets 

around floating objects in order to examine hypotheses about fidelity of 

associated tunas. The hypotheses were that a school of tunas: 1) is associated 

with a specific floating object, which it leaves by day to forage and to which 

it returns every night; 2) is associated with a group of objects, which it visits 

periodically; 3) associates with any floating object it encounters in the 

evening; and 4) is permanently associated with one floating object, whose 

vicinity it never leaves, but scatters and perhaps also goes deeper during the 

day and re-groups in a more compact group under the object at night. 

Statistical tests showed that there is a significant decline in the average 

catches in the categories of all tunas, skipjack and tunas other than yellowfin, 

and skipjack on consecutive nights. Decline of yellowfin catch was 

marginally statistically significant. Authors conclude that these results are 

closer to what would be expected under 3) and 4); and that 3) seems more 

likely, because 4) would not allow the tunas a large enough foraging area. 

 422. Hall, M., M. Garcia, A. Pares-Sierra, and P. Arenas. ABSTRACT: A Lagrangian 

simulation model is used to predict and analyze the trajectories of floating 

objects entering the eastern Pacific Ocean through five selected locations near 

the mouths of major rivers of the region. For each location, basic 

characteristics, seasonality, and annual variability are presented and 

discussed. The main conclusions are that: (1) through either cyclic current 
154 

patterns or oscillating north-south movements, most objects are retained 

relatively close to their source for considerable periods; (2) practically all the 

transport offshore occurs along 10 deg N, which receives objects from the 

north and south: (3) El Nino events alter the patterns substantially, increasing 

the velocity of the offshore movements of the objects, but always along 10 

deg N. It is suggested that the associations of tunas with floating objects is a 

retention mechanism, keeping the tunas in rich coastal areas, and eventually 

carrying them west through the most productive areas of the Pacific Ocean. 

 425. Hall, M., and C. Lennert. 1992. ABSTRACT: A migratory circuit for yellowfin 

tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) is proposed. In this circuit, spawning 

occurs in the coastal zone, newly recruited juveniles are retained in the 

coastal zone by floating objects, larger yellowfin migrate offshore along 10 

deg N in association with dolphins, and adults return to the coastal spawning 

grounds aided by the subsurface Cromwell Current. 

 419. Hall, M., C. Lennert, and P. Arenas. 1992. ABSTRACT: The EPO purse-seine 

fishery, where tunas are caught in association with dolphins, in association 

with floating object and in unassociated schools is described, particularly 

with respect to sample sizes, number of sets, percentage of successful sets 

(those with more than 0.5 t caught), and the proportion of catch discarded at 

sea. 

 420. Hall, M., C. Lennert, and P. Arenas. 1992. ABSTRACT: Data collected by 

observers in the EPO purse-seine fishery was analyzed with regard to catch 

per successful set (sets in which catch was at least 0.5 t) relative to 

characteristics of floating objects on which the set was made. Characteristics 

examined included: month, location, time of day, sea-surface temperature, 

water clarity, wind index, current strength, type of object, shape, material, 

origin, color, percent submerged, estimated time adrift, angle in water, 

longest dimension, surface of object, estimated volume, epibiota, tree 

characteristic, and previous sets. The only object characteristic that seemed 

to affect yellowfin tuna was percentage of object submerged, with catches 

increasing with percentage. Object characteristic effects were less clear, with 

color and shape perhaps important. 

 461. Hall, M.A. 2001. ABSTRACT: Since its inception, the purse-seine fishery for 

tropical tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean has obtained substantial portions of 

its catches from sets on flotsam and on fish-aggregating devices (FADs) 

placed by the fishers. Many other fisheries, both commercial and recreational, 

also utilize a variety of floating objects to find their target species. This paper 

describes the tuna fishery with respect to its evolution, the location, the 

techniques employed, the catches and by-catches, and also the characteristics 

of the flotsam and FADs. This mode of fishing has increased considerably in 

recent years, and it is currently being regulated with temporal closures. 
155 

Fishing on anchored FADs is not currently practiced in the EPO, but some 

coastal nations have plans to develop this type of fishery. 

 412. Hall, M.A., M. Garcia, C. Lennert-Cody, P. Arenas, and F. Miller. 1999.

ABSTRACT: In tropical (and some temperate) regions of the eastern Pacific 

Ocean schools of tropical tunas (mainly yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares

and skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis) are known to form associations with 

floating objects and with dolphins, in addition to forming unassociated 

schools. These behaviors have given rise to three modes of purse seining for 

tunas. An analysis of the relative importance of the three fishing modes for 

the purse seine-fishery between 1980 and 1990 is presented. Spatial and 

temporal variability in fishing effort, measured in terms of numbers of sets, 

and average catches of yellowfin and skipjack tuna are described. A brief 

review of the physical and biological characteristics of the eastern tropical 

Pacific Ocean is provided, and the effects of the environment on fishing 

operations and tuna associations are discussed. 

 417. Hall, M.A., C. Lennert-Cody, M. Garcia, and P. Arenas. 1999. ABSTRACT: 

Using data collected between 1987 and 1991 by IATTC observers, general 

linearized model techniques were used to investigate relationships between 

object characteristics and environmental conditions, and tuna catch. The 

most important factors affecting catch per set of all tunas caught were the 

object's location, the time of day when the set was made and the number of 

sets made previously on the floating object. Season of deployment was 

important. Generally, the characteristics of the floating object appear to not 

have had a significant affect on successful catch of tunas. Objects greater 

than 1 m yielded fewer successful sets. Percentage of object submerged was 

important, whereas other characteristics, such as color, were not significantly 

important. Sample sizes were inadequate for fully definitive conclusions. 

 428. Hallier, J.P., and J.L Parajua. 1992. ABSTRACT: Data from purse-seine vessel 

logbooks were analyzed with regard to catches taken from objects fished 

several times consecutively. Total catch (mt/set) averaged 58.5, 39.5, 33.9, 

29.8, 24.6, 22.3 and 11.6 mt in the 1st through 7th consecutive sets. The 

decline was largely due to decreased skipjack catch, whereas yellowfin catch 

averaged 6.7, 7.3, 6.6, 8.1, 7.4, 8.3, 7.0 mt in the 1st through 7th sets. Authors 

hypothesized that this was due to a large body of deep-swimming yellowfin 

moving toward the surface as the shallow-swimming skipjack were caught 

and removed. 

 430. Hallier, J.P., and J.L. Parajua. 1992. ABSTRACT: The tuna fisheries in the 

Western Indian Ocean are described and the degree to which fishing on 

floating objects is quantified. For the French, Spanish, and Japanese fleets, 

the percentage of catch made from schools associated with floating objects is: 

yellowfin 27%, skipjack 72%, bigeye 69% and albacore 8%. Purse seine 

depth ranges from 210 to 300 m. Size distributions of skipjack caught on log 
156 

and free schools are very similar, while yellowfin and bigeye caught from log 

schools are smaller than those caught from free schools. Most of the 

yellowfin caught from log schools are immature. Japanese vessels deploy 

artificial floating objects to extend the season through periods in which 

natural logs are scarce. 

 431. Hallier, J.P., and J.L. Parajua. 1992. ABSTRACT: Log book data from French 

and Spanish purse seiners were analyzed relative to tuna association with 

objects. Success rates and catch per set are also related to log book data. 

Analysis of data for catches near a sea-mount ("Gevred sea-mount"), that 

rises from 4,000 m to 191 m, shows that yellowfin (53%) are more abundant 

than skipjack (42%) and bigeye (5%). The fact that the distribution is 

different than that from around floating objects, suggests that the sea-mount 

does not simply act as a super giant "log." 

 413. Hallier, J.P., and J. L.Parajua. 1999. ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on the tuna 

fishing on floating objects by the purse-seine fishery. It includes fishing on 

FADs, as well as logs. 

 313. Hallier, J.-P., and A. Delgado de Molina. 2000. ABSTRACT: The original baitboat 

fishing technique using a permanent association between the fishing boat and 

the tuna school has been developed by the baitboat fleet of Dakar, Senegal 

and is also in use in the Canary Islands. This new fishing technique, the result 

of 20 years of continuing improvements, has induced a dramatic increase of 

the catch yields which, in turn, has sustained the survival and even a recent 

development of the fleet. This technique is based on the aggregating 

behaviour of tropical tunas. However, it contains a dynamic component 

which is not found in tuna fishing on drifting or anchored FADs. The 

specifications of the method, its refinement over the years and its main 

consequences for the fishery are described together with the school 

exchanges between baitboats over months even from one year to the next. 

Based on the analysis of 1228 recoveries from 5500 tagged fish, tuna 

movements among associated schools, between associated schools and free 

schools fished by purse seiners and movements in and out of the baitboat 

fishing grounds help to better understand the dynamics of tunas and schools 

of this peculiar tuna association. These data show a very high recovery rate, a 

remarkable tuna fidelity to the original school for all species, a small number 

of recoveries within the purse seine catch as well as the rare tuna movements 

outside the baitboat area. The study highlights the complexity and the 

numerous consequences of tuna and school behaviour. 

 436. Hampton, J., and K. Bailey. 1992. ABSTRACT: The tuna fishery in the western 

and central Pacific Oceanis the world's largest. The purse seine fleet sets on a 

variety of floating objects including logs, drifting and anchored FADs, and 

occasionally whales and whale sharks. Sets on dolphins are not made. 

Bycatch is more extensive for log and FAD sets than for school or animal 
157 

sets. Blue marlin are often caught in log sets. Larger yellowfin are caught 

most frequently in school sets, but large bigeye are more caught most 

frequently in log sets. Very small yellowfin and skipjack tuna are often 

caught beneath logs and FADs and may be discarded by purse seiners. Most 

sets on logs and FADs are make just before dawn and occasionally at dusk. 

Tuna aggregations associated with logs may exceed 300 mt, but typically are 

less than 50 mt. Frequently fished FADs probably support smaller 

aggregations due to the limited time for recruitment between successive sets. 

 414. Hampton, J., and K. Bailey. 1999. ABSTRACT: The tuna fishery in the western 

and central Pacific Ocean is the world's largest. The purse seine fleet sets on 

a variety of floating objects including logs, drifting and anchored FADs, and 

occasionally whales and whale sharks. Sets on dolphins are not made. 

Bycatch is more extensive for log and FAD sets than for school or animal 

sets. Blue marlin are often caught in log sets. Larger yellowfin are caught 

most frequently in school sets, but large bigeye are more caught most 

frequently in log sets. Very small yellowfin and skipjack tuna are often 

caught beneath logs and FADs and may be discarded by purse seiners. Most 

sets on logs and FADs are make just before dawn and occasionally at dusk. 

Tuna aggregations associated with logs may exceed 300 mt, but typically are 

less than 50 mt. Frequently fished FADs probably support smaller 

aggregations due to the limited time for recruitment between successive sets. 

 12. Hardjono. 1991. ABSTRACT: Fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the form of 

rumpon and payaos have been deployed in Indonesian fisheries for a long 

time. Three kinds of FADs are recognized to be in specific use, namely: 

rumpon, which are usually used for small pelagic fishing; payaos, which are 

usually used for tuna fishing; and, rumpon used for creating artificial reefs. In 

general, the shape and design of rumpon and payaos operated in Indonesia 

are the same, comprising float, attractor, rope and sinker/anchor. Proper 

management measures, control and monitoring of the use of rumpon/payaos 

need to be developed in order to avoid undesirable effects on the fishing 

communities such as conflicts and adverse effects on the resources and 

environment. 

 53. Hassan, R.B.B.R. 1994. ABSTRACT: A study was conducted in 1988 and 1989 to 

determine the viability of using steel FAD (payao) as an alternative to the 

traditional FAD. The commercial capture of fish aggregated at the FADs was 

done by three local purse-seine boats. The size of the boats was more than 70 

GRT. Three designs of aggregating devices were used and the catches for 

each design at every fishing trip were monitored. Traditional FADs produced 

higher catch in terms of volume, but comprised a high percentage of low 

quality fish. The mean fork length of fish caught from the vicinity of the 

steel-made FAD was found to be larger compared to those caught by 

traditional FADs. The FAD fitted with plastic strips took a much longer time 

to aggregate pelagic fish when compared to the traditional FAD. Dominant 
158 

species caught from the steel FADs were Decapterus sp., Selar mate, Selar 

crumenophthalmus, Rastrelliger kanagurta and Euthynnus affinis. Amongst 

the three designed FADs, the cylindrical one was found to be the most 

effective. 

 52. Hensley, R.A., T.S. Sherwood, and G. Davis. 1994. ABSTRACT: Accurate 

mooring lengths for fish aggregating devices (FADs) are a critical component 

of the FAD design. Using the reverse catenary loop, the calculations for 

lengths of floating and sinking line can be cumbersome, requiring a good deal 

of training, time and effort. Because all staff deploying FADs do not have a 

mathematical background and/or the training to do these calculations, a 

computer program was developed to make this step in FAD construction less 

troublesome. The computer program was formatted for use with Macintosh 

computers, because of the ease of operation of these systems. Input into the 

program, in either English or metric system, consists of all parameters used in 

construction (i.e., deployment depths, hardware weights) and can be 

manipulated by the user. Once calculations have been performed, the user can 

save the calculations for future use. A help section is included for problems 

that may be encountered during the program. By using this program, the 

speed for calculating mooring lengths has been greatly reduced. Since the 

accuracy should also improve, this program could greatly enhance a FAD 

program by decreasing the amount of FADs lost due to mooring system 

failure from errors in mooring length calculations. 

 437. Hiatuka, K. 1992. ABSTRACT: The fishing vessel was aided by a speed boat in 

attempts to catch unassociated schools of tuna. The speedboat towed a large 

plastic sheet and was 90% successful in getting free-swimming tuna schools 

to associate with the sheet and speed boat and to be caught by purse seine 

vessel. The importance of "shadow" both in the sheet/speed boat association 

and association with lights at night was hypothesized. 

 47. Higashi, G.R. 1994. ABSTRACT: Fish aggregating devices (FADs) were 

introduced in Hawaii in an attempt to increase sportfishing opportunities and 

revitalize the fishing industry by taking advantage of the "aggregating" 

behavior of pelagic fishes around floating objects. In 1980, the State of 

Hawaii's Department of Land and Natural Resources established a FAD 

system of 26 buoys around the main Hawaiian Islands. Since their 

introduction, FAD buoy and mooring system designs have undergone 

considerable technological changes. The Hawaii FAD System evolved from 

the use of foam-filled tire buoys, using one type of synthetic line to the 

present sphere buoy design with two types of line. The design changes were 

developed to create a buoy and mooring line system that would remain on 

station for a long time and enhance sportfishing opportunities. Today, 

Hawaii's 78 FADs make up a system, including 56 surface and 22 midwater 

buoys. The FADs have proven to be very popular among Hawaii's fishermen. 

Catch statistics show that the FADs have contributed to increased catches and 
159 

historical data on FAD survival in the field show that design improvements 

have produced longer lasting FADs. Future developments in FAD systems 

point to a combination of surface and midwater FADs around the main 

Hawaiian Islands. 

 92. Hilborn, R., and P. Medley. 1989. ABSTRACT: A model is proposed for the 

analysis of fishing tuna from fish-aggregating devices (FAD), and parameters 

for the model are estimated. Methods are described for determining the 

optimum number of FADs to be deployed and the optimum number of 

vessels in a fishery. Field measurement of recruitment and loss of fish 

associated with FADs is needed for adequate biological or economic analysis 

of FAD fishing. Results show that if recruitment to FADs is proportional to 

the biomass not associated with FADs, then increasing the number of FADs 

beyond some limit will actually decrease total catch. 

 122. Holland, K. 1999. ABSTRACT: Hawaii was one of the first locations to adapt the 

Philippine payao concept for use in high energy, deep-water environments. In 

1980, the State of Hawaii started deploying FADs in a program that has 

expanded to its current status of 52 approved surface FAD sites. These sites 

were chosen after consultation with fishermen at public hearings. FAD sites 

range between 3.5 and 28 nautical miles from shore and mooring depths 

range between 300 and 3,000 meters. Hawaii's FADs evolved through two 

previous designs before the current system of a single 1.5-meter diameter 

sphere was adopted. Today's FADs, have an "inverse catenary" mooring 

system comprised of sections of floating and sinking rope attached to a 

"tripod" concrete block anchor system. Initially, funding for the FAD system 

came from the State of Hawaii. However, the system is currently funded with 

U.S. federal monies (Dingell-Johnson program) with some matching support 

from the State of Hawaii and the University of Hawaii. Each FAD costs 

approximately ~US$ 7,500 to build and deploy. Approximately 20 FADs are 

replaced each year and the average life span is about 20 months. There are no 

differences in FAD longevity based on mooring depth, but there does seem to 

be a difference between windward and leeward locations. Hawaii's FADs are 

heavily used by artisanal and sport fishermen and by small-scale commercial 

fishermen. Commercial pole-and-line boats occasionally use the FADs to 

capture skipjack tuna. Hawaii's FADs continue to be used for various types of 

pelagic fisheries research. These will be discussed and future research 

directions will be described. 

 103. Holland, K., R. Chang, and S. Ferguson. 1985. ABSTRACT: A summary is 

presented of results obtained during tracking research on tuna (Thunnus 

obesus and T. albacares). Eight fish were tracked: six fish aggregating 

devices tracks and two non-FADs tracks. 

 464. Holland, K.N. 2001. ABSTRACT: The state of knowledge of the influence of 

anchored FADs on the behavior and distribution of pelagic fishes 
160 

(predominantly tuna) will be reviewed. Various techniques have been 

employed to investigate the influence of FADs on fish behavior. These 

methods include gut analyses, tag-and-recapture experiments and sonic 

tracking. Tag-and-recapture experiments are demonstrating that FADs can 

have a very strong influence on the movements of tuna (and on fishing effort) 

on a regional level. Sonic tracking has taken two forms; active tracking of 

animals equipped with transmitters and passive monitoring of fish 

movements by data loggers placed on the FADs. In the former case, tracking 

vessels are used to follow individual fish and continuously monitor their 

horizontal and vertical movements - both when they are near a FAD and 

when they move away. Passive monitoring can elucidate the long-term 

revisitation patterns of tuna and also possibly give indication of school 

cohesion and longevity. Current data will be discussed in terms of possible 

pertinence to Gulf of Mexico fisheries. 

 78. Holland, K.N., R.W. Brill, and R.K.C. Chang. 1990. ABSTRACT: The horizontal 

and vertical movements of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares and bigeye tuna 

T. obesus captured near fish-aggregating devices (FADs) were determined 

using pressure-sensitive ultrasonic transmitters. The movements of these 

FAD-associated fish were compared with the tracks of yellowfin tuna not 

associated with FADs. Tracks from 11 yellowfin and 4 bigeye tuna were 

obtained; these included 23 complete 24-hour periods of observation. 

Whether associated with FADs or a 40-fathom (75-m) reef dropoff, most 

yellowfin and bigeye tunas exhibited similar diurnal patterns. The fish tended 

to remain tightly associated with FADs or the reef dropoff during the day, 

move away at night, and return the next morning. Swimming strategies 

possibly associated with energy and thermoconservation were observed. 

 285. Holland, K.N., A. Jaffe, and W. Cortez. 2000. ABSTRACT: Hawaii was one of the 

first locations to adapt the Philippine payao concept for use in high energy, 

deep-water environments. Initial experimental FAD deployments were made 

by the National Marine Fisheries Service in 1977. In 1980, the State of 

Hawaii started deploying FADs in a programme that has since expanded to its 

current status of 52 approved surface FAD sites. Funding is primarily derived 

from federal US programmes and the FADs are primarily focused on the 

sport fishing community. FAD sites were selected to expedite access by sport 

fishermen; specific sites were chosen after consultation with fishermen at 

public hearings. Since 1997, the FAD system has been managed on a 

collaborative basis between the State of Hawaii and the University of Hawaii. 

Hawaiian FADs evolved through two previous designs before the current 

system of single-sphere spar-buoy was adopted. Today's FADs have an 

"inverse catenary" mooring system comprised of sections of floating and 

sinking rope attached to a "tripod" concrete block anchor system. FAD sites 

range between 3.2 km and 46 km from shore. Mooring depths range between 

200 and 3,000 meters. Average on-site longevity is 31 months; there is no 

correlation between longevity and depth of mooring. Windward locations 
161 

have significantly shorter lifespans than leeward locations. Ten to twenty 

FADs are replaced each year. Each FAD costs approximately US$ 7,500 to 

build and deploy. Hawaiian FADs are heavily used by private and 

commercial sport fishermen and by small-scale artisanal and commercial 

fishermen. Commercial pole-and-line boats occasionally use the FADs to 

capture skipjack tuna. Hawaiian FADs will continue to be used for various 

types of pelagic fisheries research. 

194. Hueter, R., and J. Childs. 2001. ABSTRACT: Offshore petroleum and gas 

structures can function as attracting devices for a variety of marine species, 

including elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays). Sharks and rays may use 

these structures as refuges, as core areas for daily activities, and as sources of 

food, both natural and anthropogenic (bait, offal). In the shallow depths 

surrounding these structures in the Gulf of Mexico, sharks such as the silky 

shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) 

and whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and rays such as the spotted eagle ray 

(Aetobatus narinari) and the Atlantic manta (Manta birostris) are often 

observed. Some pelagic elasmobranch species, such as the silky shark, 

appear to use these structures as core areas for juvenile stages. In the deep 

waters surrounding the structures (>1000 ft), species of deepwater sharks 

such as sixgill sharks (Hexanchus spp.) and large deepwater dogfishes 

(Centrophorus spp.) have been observed by ROV-mounted video cameras 

deployed from the rigs. The implications of these various observations will 

be discussed in reference to the emerging trend of deeper petroleum and gas 

rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. 

 31. Ibrahim, S., M.A. Ambak, L. Shamsudin, and M.Z. Samsudin. 1996.

ABSTRACT: Various hypothesis have been proposed to explain why floating 

artificial habitats are successful in attracting fishes. Food may be a stimulus 

for aggregating some species around Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). This 

study attempts to discover if sessile marine organisms which readily encrust 

traditional FADs, are important food organisms for fish. A new group of 

FADs was installed in a rich fishing ground. Different parts of the FADs were 

sampled every two weeks for identification of encrusted organisms, and 10 

species were identified. the density of the organisms fluctuated with time of 

immersion. Plankton collected from the water at the FAD sites was also 

identified. Stomach contents of 90 fishes caught around these FADs were 

analysed and the organisms found in the stomachs were compared with those 

on the FADs. This study suggests that the attraction of fishes to FADs is due 

to mechanisms other than feeding on organisms encrusting the FADs. 

 57. Ibrahim, S.M., I. Mohamad, and M.A. Ambak. 1994. ABSTRACT: Several forms 

of fishing gear are operated together with fish aggregating devices (FADs) in 

Malaysia. In terms of catch volumes, purse seines are the most important. The 

devices are normally deployed in fishing grounds at depths of 10-30 m. Such 
162 

aggregating of fish prior to harvesting has improved the economics of fishing 

operations by reducing the time and fuel spent in searching for the fish. 

 113. Itano, D.G. 1996. ABSTRACT: The Pelagic Fisheries Research Program (PFRP) of 

the University of Hawaii funds several projects on the pelagic fishery 

resources of the central and western Pacific. Dr. Kim Holland is the active 

principal investigator to a small-scale mark and recapture study for bigeye 

and yellowfin tuna in Hawaiian waters funded by the PFRP. The Hawaii 

Tuna Tagging Project (HTTP) was originally requested by a small group of 

fishermen who exploit tuna on a highly-productive seamount and near 

offshore anchored fish-aggregation devices (FADs). The project is restricted 

in release sites to the Cross Seamount, located 160 nautical miles south of 

Honolulu, Hawaii, and the offshore FADs located between 150 and 180 miles 

from shore. The PFRP has also funded a modeling study to optimize the 

design of a larger-scale tuna tagging project for the entire Hawaii EEZ. The 

participants in the fishery target juvenile bigeye and yellowfin tuna that 

aggregate to the Cross Seamount and offshore FADs. The fishery consists of 

small vessels of 10 to 30 meters in length that use simple handline or troll 

gear to take bigeye and yellowfin in the 6- to 25-kg range. The area near the 

seamount has also been historically exploited by Hawaii-based longline 

vessels targeting larger bigeye and yellowfin tuna. Initial concern by the 

handline fishermen regarding gear interaction and sustainability issues drove 

the initial funding of this project. 

 28. Itano, D.G. 1998. ABSTRACT: The Pelagic Fisheries Research Program (PFRP) of 

the University of Hawaii funds several projects on the pelagic fishery 

resources of the central and western Pacific. Dr. Kim Holland is the active 

principal investigator to a small-scale mark and recapture study for bigeye 

and yellowfin tuna in Hawaiian waters funded by the PFRP. The Hawaii 

Tuna Tagging Project (HTTP) was originally requested by a small group of 

fishermen who exploit tuna on a highly-productive seamount and near 

offshore anchored fish-aggregation devices (FADs). The project is restricted 

in release sites to the Cross Seamount, located 160 nautical miles south of 

Honolulu, Hawaii, and the offshore FADs located between 150 and 180 miles 

from shore. The PFRP has also funded a modeling study to optimize the 

design of a larger-scale tuna tagging project for the entire Hawaii EEZ. The 

participants in the fishery target juvenile bigeye and yellowfin tuna that 

aggregate to the Cross Seamount and offshore FADs. The fishery consists of 

small vessels of 10 to 30 meters in length that use simple handline or troll 

gear to take bigeye and yellowfin in the 6- to 25-kg range. The area near the 

seamount has also been historically exploited by Hawaii-based longline 

vessels targeting larger bigeye and yellowfin tuna. Initial concern by the 

handline fishermen regarding gear interaction and sustainability issues drove 

the initial funding of this project. 
163 

 239. Itano, D.G., and K.N. Holland. 2000. ABSTRACT: In Hawaii, a variety of smalland medium-scale pelagic fisheries target fishing effort on a network of 

coastal moored FADs, natural inshore tuna aggregation points, offshore 

seamounts and offshore weather monitoring buoys. Large-scale longline 

vessels also operate in the Hawaii exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and 

beyond. These circumstances provide an ideal setting for tag-and-release 

experiments designed to elucidate the movement patterns, residence times, 

exchange rates and vulnerability of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and 

yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares) within the Hawaiian EEZ. Preliminary 

recapture data indicate that FADs, island reef ledges and seamounts exert an 

overwhelming influence on the catchability of tuna. Recapture rates from 

these locations vastly outweigh tag returns from open water areas. As of 

August 31, 1999, a total of l5387 bigeye and, yellowfin tuna ranging in size 

from 29 to 133 cm fork length (FL) and from 26 to143 cm FL respectively 

(mean 59.8 ± 14.1 cm; 58.4 ± 17.3 cm) have been tagged and released 

throughout the Hawaii EEZ. Recapture rates for both species have been 

similar with an overall recapture rate of 10.3%. The location of tag releases 

reflects the importance of associative behavior and schooling to the 

vulnerability of tuna; seamounts and FADs accounted for 72.4% and 23.5% 

of all tag releases. Within the main Hawaiian Island group (excluding the 

offshore seamounts and buoys), 83.1% of all recaptures have been made on 

anchored FADs and 11.9% of recaptures have come from ledges or tuna 

aggregation areas close to the islands where bigeye and yellowfin tuna 

become vulnerable to hook and line gear. As these studies continue, 

additional and longer-term recaptures will provide increasingly detailed 

information on the movement patterns and vulnerability of bigeye and 

yellowfin tuna as they grow, move and recruit to different fisheries. 

 36. Jayakody, D.S., and S.S.C. Pieris. 1994. ABSTRACT: Three fish aggregation 

devices (FADs), made from bamboo and other locally available materials, 

were deployed on the continental slope off Lunawa, Panadura (West coast of 

Sri Lanka) and Ambalangoda (Southwest coast of Sri Lanka). Information on 

fishing effort associated with the FADs, catch and species composition were 

collected during weekly visits. When compared to other non-FAD associated 

fisheries conducted by the same gear, handline fishing with live bait using 

non-mechanized traditional canoes was shown as the ideal fishing craft/gear 

combination to fish around FADs. Coryphaena hippurus and Elagatis 

bipinnulata contributed 42.4% and 21.7% respectively to the total catch. As 

these two species are not caught in large quantities in other fisheries, FADs 

proved to be useful in exploiting this underutilized resource. 

 235. Josse, E., L. Dagorn, and A. Bertrand. 2000. ABSTRACT: Eighty-seven two-hour 

acoustic surveys (radius 0.8 nautical mile, vertical range 0-500 m) around 17 

fish aggregating devices (FADs) were conducted in French Polynesia 

between December 1995 and February 1997. Associated tuna densities were 

calculated using two different techniques: echo counting when the fish had 
164 

sufficient distances from each other and echo integration when the fish swam 

close together (in schools). No acoustic detection of tuna was observed 

during 27 of the 87 surveys, representing 81% of all the nocturnal surveys 

and 15% of the diurnal ones. The 60 other surveys showed three different 

classes of aggregations: (1) “deep scattered fish”, observed 45 times, (2) 

“intermediate scattered fish”, observed 16 times, and (3) “shallow schooling 

fish”, observed 16 times. Sometimes aggregations of different classes were 

observed beneath the same FAD. The size of the fish inside the aggregations 

(determined from target strength values), the distance between the 

individuals, and the depth of the fish all decreased from “deep scattered fish”

to “shallow schooling fish” (100-300 m for “deep scattered fish”, 50-150 m 

for `intermediate scattered fish”, and above the depth of 50 m for “shallow 

schooling fish”). Fish densities also varied according to the class of 

aggregations: 7.3, 26, and 801 fish per km3 on average for “deep scattered 

fish”, “intermediate scattered fish”, and “shallow schooling fish”, 

respectively. The highest densities were observed during daytime, while 

night-time observations indicated a variety of situations, from the absence of 

individuals to large amounts of fish. 

 37. Kailola, P.J. 1995. ABSTRACT: The results are presented of a consultancy 

conducted between November 1995 and January 1996 in order to review 

policies and initiatives to enhance fisheries management and development in 

Fiji. The following areas were covered: 1) Review of inshore fisheries for 

subsistence and small-scale fisheries, export, aquaculture; 2) Review of 

offshore fisheries – tuna fishery, deepslope fishery, recreational gamefish 

fishery, trollfish fishery, broadbill swordfish fishery, sharkfin fishery; 3) 

Fishing effort and fish supply –inshore fishing effort, fish for domestic 

markets, fish for export markets; 4) Infrastructure needs; – FADs, 

information services, improved fisheries legislation, enforcement, improved 

in-house management of the FD, fish quality management program, valueadding, ice availability, berthing facilities, marketing services, extension 

services, training opportunities, stock assessments, marine reserves; 5) 

Increasing private sector participation in fisheries – ice, freshwater 

aquaculture, mariculture, Fiji Development Bank, provision of FD services, 

FADs, value-adding and new fisheries. A list is included of the main 

recommendations made. 

 286. Kakuma, S. 2000. ABSTRACT: In early 1980s, FAD fisheries were introduced 

from the Philippines to Japan, mainly to Okinawa. The fisheries have well 

developed becoming one of the main fisheries in Okinawa where 210 FADs 

are approved to deploy in 1999. The annual catch by roughly 1,000 boats 

(most of them are small) is 2500-4000 mt; average catch from one FAD is 

about 20 mt; average catch by one boat on one day is 73 kilogrammes. FADs 

are also important for easing the fishing pressures on bottom fish stocks. 

Most of the FADs were deployed and managed by local fishermen's groups 

that have improved the structures of the system to withstand typhoons. The 
165 

catches are strongly depending on the sites, usually the farther offshore, the 

better the catches. A variety of fishing methods are devised targeting each 

species and the size of the fish. Being most abundant and having relatively 

higher prices, yellowfin tuna is the most important and consists 68% of the 

total production. There have been conflicts among fishermen on the use of 

FADs since the early stage of the fisheries development. Now, the number of 

FADs is regulated by a management committee. Conflicts between fishermen 

and sport fishermen have become problems; on the other hand, the sport 

fishing could lead to further development of the fisheries. Degraded fish meat 

caused by high meat temperature and occasional oversupply have been major 

marketing problems since prices are strongly related to the meat quality and 

the fish supply. 

 367. Kakuma, S. 1996. ABSTRACT: Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a main 

target for the fisheries at Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) off the south of 

Okinawa island. Catch and weight composition of the tuna were monitored at 

a fisheries cooperative market from 1989 to 1998. Some distinct weight 

groups (considered to represent cohorts) appeared in the catch and the weight 

of these groups increased monthly - presumably as individual tuna grew. 

Although small, light weight fish were caught year-round, the 2 kg weight 

group that was recruited in May grew to about 15 kg by May of the next year. 

There was a significant seasonal cycle in the monthly catches. The catch of 

heavier weight groups decreased in winter indicating the tuna moved out of 

this FAD area. At one of huge FADs (Nirai), fifteen nautical miles southeast 

of Okinawa island (depth about 1,300 m), a current meter (Aanderaa RCM-7) 

recorded current and water temperature from June 1995 to March 1996. The 

current meter was attached to the FAD at 4 m depth. When typhoons attacked 

Okinawa, the water temperature drastically dropped. Typically, average 

current speed was 29 cm/s and eastward current was most frequent. Being 

affected by tide, the current was averaged over twenty-five hours. Current 

speed was correlated with the yellowfin catch in 120 daily sets at the FAD; 

the weaker the current speed, the greater the catch. Although not significant, 

the catch was greater with northeastward current than with southwestward 

current. 

 123. Kakuma, S. 1999. ABSTRACT: In early 1980s, FAD fisheries were introduced 

from the Philippines to Japan, mainly to Okinawa. The fisheries have well 

developed becoming one of the main fisheries in Okinawa where 210 FADs 

are approved to deploy in 1990, The annual catch by roughly 1,000 boats 

(most of them are small) is 2,500-4,000 mt; average catch from one FAD is 

about 20 mt; average catch by one boat on one day is 80 kg. FADs are also 

important for easing the fishing pressures on bottom fish stocks. Most of the 

FADs were deployed and managed by local fishermen's groups who have 

improved the structures of the system to withstand typhoons. The catches are 

strongly depending on the sites; usually the farther offshore, the better the 

catches. Variety of fishing methods are devised targeting each species and the 
166 

size of the fish. Being most abundant and having relatively higher prices, 

yellowfin tuna is the most important and consists 70% of the total production. 

There have been conflicts among fishermen on the use of FADs since the 

early stage of the fisheries development. Now, the number of FADs is 

regulated by a management committee. The conflicts between fishermen and 

sport fishermen have become problems, on the other hand, the sport fishing 

could lead to further development of the fisheries. Degraded fish meat caused 

by high temperature and occasional over supply have been major marketing 

problems since prices are strongly related to the meat quality and the fish 

supply. 

309. Kakuma, S. 2000. ABSTRACT: Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a main 

target for the fisheries at Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) off the south of 

Okinaw Island. Catch and weight composition of the tuna were monitored at 

a fisheries cooperative market from 1989 to 1998. Some distinct weight 

groups (considered to represent cohorts) appeared in the catch, and the weight 

of these groups increased monthly, presumably as individual tuna grew. 

Although small, light-weight fish were caught year round, the 2 kg-weight 

group that was recruited in May grew to about 15 kg by May of the next year. 

There was a significant seasonal cycle in the monthly catch. The catch of 

heavier weight groups decreased in winter, indicating the tuna moved out of 

this FAD area. There was also a large fluctuation in the annual catch. The 

number of 15 kg-weight group in May and the annual catch of that year were 

significantly correlated. 

At one of the huge FADs (nirai), fifteen nautical miles southeast of of 

Okinawa Island (depth about 1,300 m), a current meter (Aanderaa RCM-7) 

recorded current and water termperature from June 1995 to March 199. The 

current meter was attached to the FAD at 4 m depth. When typhoons 

attacked Okinawa, the water temperature drastically dropped. Typically, 

average current speed was 29 cm/s and eastward current was most frequent. 

Being affected by tide, the current was averaged over twenty-five hours. 

Current speed was correlated with the yellowfin catch in 120 daily sets at the 

FAD; the weaker the current speed, the greater the catch. Although not 

significant, the catch was greater with northeastward current than with 

southwestward current. 

 21. Kellison, G.T., and G.R. Sedberry. 1998. ABSTRACT: Attraction of demersal 

finfish to six artificial reef designs off Charleston, South Carolina, was 

studied using a SCUBA visual census technique. The experiment was 

designed to examine the effect of (1) increased vertical profile and (2) hole 

diameter on the recruitment and retention of demersal finfish to each of the 

six artificial reef designs. Increased vertical profile was accomplished through 

the addition of fish aggregation devices (FADs) to half of the benthic 

artificial reef units, which were concurrently equipped with large diameter 

holes (25.4 cm diameter), small diameter holes (12.7 cm diameter), or no 

holes. Mean abundances of demersal finfish individuals were significantly 
167 

greater on FAD units than on units lacking FADs. Hole diameter was only 

occasionally a significant factor affecting mean total number of demersal 

individuals and species and did not significantly affect estimated average 

total lengths of species present. Hole presence (both hole diameters) had a 

positive significant affect on mean numbers of demersal individuals and 

species. The dominant species observed on the reefs included Decapterus 

punctatus, Stenotomus chrysops, Centropristis striata, Monacanthus hispidus, 

and Haemulon aurolineatum. Early observations of the unit designs have 

already prompted the South Carolina Marine Artificial Reef Program to 

deploy artificial reef units of the same design in a permitted reef site. 

 368. Kikutani, K., T. Toyoshima, and I. Tokuda. 1996. ABSTRACT: The fisher 

cooperative had 144 members with landings income of US$ 1.5 to 2.0 million 

per year. Ten FADs were moored on the eastern side of the island and 

accounted for 15.6% of the fish landed. Species fished included wahoo, 

skipjack, yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, mahi mahi, and blue marlin. 

 156. Kingsford, M.J. 1999. ABSTRACT: There is widespread use of fish attraction 

devices (FADs) in commercial fisheries and research. Investigations on the 

utility of FADs to catch fishes, and factors influencing fishes associated with 

FADs, require careful consideration of experimental designs. The 

development of appropriate models, from observations and the literature, 

should be developed before hypotheses can be tested with robust sampling 

designs. Robust sampling designs may only be possible if investigators have 

some role in the planning stage of deploying FADs. If the objective of the 

study is to determine the influence of FADs on assemblages of fishes, then 

experimenters need to consider that a “FAD-effect” (= impact) cannot be 

demonstrated without controls. Some preliminary studies may be required to 

determine the spatial extent of a FAD-effect before suitable sites can be 

chosen for controls. Other controls may also be necessary, depending on the 

method used to estimate numbers of fishes (e.g., controls for disturbance). 

Recent advances in sampling designs that are applicable to impact studies are 

discussed. Beyond-BACI (Before After Control Impact) and MBACI 

(Multiple BACI) designs are recommended because they cater for temporal 

and spatial variation in the abundance of organisms, which is generally great 

for pelagic fishes. The utility of orthogonal sampling designs is emphasized 

as a means of elucidating the influence of multiple factors and, importantly, 

interactions between them. Further, nested analyses are suggested to deal 

with multiple temporal and/or spatial time scales in sampling designs. The 

independence of replicate FADs should also be considered. Problems of 

independence include: FADs that are connected, thus providing potential 

routes of movement of associated fishes; temporal dependence where the 

number of fish at a time influences the number at the next time due to fish 

becoming residents; and the fact that the proximity of other FADs may 

influence numbers of fishes. Solutions to these problems are suggested. The 
168 

recommendations in this paper are relevant to investigations on pelagic fish 

of all sizes, with and without FADs. 

 42. Kleiber, P., and J. Hampton. 1994. ABSTRACT: From an experiment with 

ordinary dart tags, the authors found evidence of the effect of fishaggregating devices (FADs) and of islands on the movements of skipjack 

tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) around the Solomon Islands. By fitting a fish 

movement model to the tag data, we were able to estimate mortality and 

movement parameters (including diffusivity), parameters of a function that 

models FAD attraction, and a separate parameter of island attraction. 

Diffusivity was high enough to effectively distribute fish throughout the 

island archipelago (approximately 150,000 km2)) within a few months. 

Estimates of FAD parameters indicate that the presence of up to four or five 

FADs in an area approximately 50 x 50 km can reduce the propensity for 

skipjack to leave that area by approximately 50%, but that deploying 

additional FADs in such an area does not significantly increase their 

effectiveness in holding skipjack. Estimates of the island attraction parameter 

imply that the propensity of skipjack for movement away from the 

archipelago is less than half the propensity for movement within it. 

 454. Kleiber, P., and J. Hampton. 1996. ABSTRACT: This is a summary of Kleiber and 

Hampton (1994) (#42). 

 146. Klima, E.F., and D.A. Wickham. 1971. ABSTRACT: Artificial structures 

positioned off Panama City, Florida During July 1969 proved effective in 

attracting commercial quantities of round scad, Spanish sardines, and scaled 

sardines. The structures' positions in the water column and their design were 

important in attracting fish. Midwater structures which resembled a small 

pup tent were effective in attracting up to 25 metric tons of fish and 

consistently attracted from 1/2 to 5 metric tons daily. SCUBA divers made 

visual estimates of the number of each species present at the structures. This 

paper discusses the behavior of the fish and presents a possible explanation of 

why fish are associated with submerged structures. 

 458. Lamkin, J.T., J.J. Govoni, and T.D. Leming. 2001. ABSTRACT: Bluefin tuna, 

Thunnus thynnus and other scombrids spawn in the Gulf of Mexico in late 

April, May, and into early June. The relationship between larval bluefin tuna 

and thermal fronts has been established through previous studies, while an 

assessment of eddies and their associated fronts as spawning and nursery 

habitat has not been undertaken. In 1995 we began a three year effort in the 

eastern Gulf of Mexico to examine the influence of these eddies and the Loop 

Current on the distribution of scombrid larvae. Preliminary results indicate 

that scombrid larvae were located in the upper 25 meters, and were most 

abundant near the cold-core ring - Loop Current interface. Understanding the 

dynamics of scombrid spawning habitat is difficult in view of the scale and 

variance in inter- annual and decadal circulation patterns in the Gulf of 
169 

Mexico, and our efforts are far from complete. However, we are concerned 

that offshore oil structures acting as FADS could disrupt this spawning 

behavior by concentrating bluefin in non-traditional spawning sites. This 

would not only increase their vulnerability to longline and recreational 

fishing gear, but could lead to greatly increased larval mortality as well. 

 310. Laurans, M., M. Taquet, L. Reynal, and A. Lagin. 2000. ABSTRACT: Fishing 

with a beach seine for catching small pelagic fishes is a traditional activity in 

Martinique. Since the early eighties, an important decrease in the number of 

fishermen practicing this activity has been recorded. In the context of high 

exploitation of reef resources, the beach seine presents a low selectivity, 

catching too many juveniles of demersal fish. The FADs established in 

coastal areas, have been successfully used in others regions of the world for 

exploiting small pelagics. Thus, it could allow to favour a change of 

exploitation style of these resources in Martinique. In partnership, IFREMER, 

the Regional Council and the Fishing Committee have began an evaluation of 

the potentialities for this type of structures around the island. To achieve this 

study, several experimental coastal FADs have been established in different 

places. Surveys by subaquatic observations are periodically carried out to 

compare the attractive power of different aggregation devices (colour, shape, 

volume) and understand the factors influencing the determinism of the 

aggregation (biotic and abiotic). The results presented and discussed 

correspond to the initial stage of this study which should be pursued in the 

next month.. Original Abstract: La pêche a la senne de plage pour la capture 

des petits poissons pelagiques est une activite halieutique traditionnelle et 

ancienne en Martinique. Depuis le debut des annees quatre-vingt, une 

diminution importante du nombre de pêcheurs pratiquant cette activite est 

enregistree. Les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP) implantes en 

zone cotiere sont abondamment utilises dans d'autres regions du monde avec 

succes. Ils pourraient donc permettre de redynamiser ce secteur en 

Martinique. L'IFREMER, le conseil regional et le comite des pêches ont 

entrepris, en partenariat, une etude permettant d'evaluer les potentialites du 

developpement de ce type d'amenagement autour de l'ile. Pour realiser cette 

etude, plusieurs DCP cotiers experimentaux ont ete implantes dans differents 

sites. Ils font l'objet d'un suivi halieutique base sur les comparaisons des 

captures realisees par les professionnels sur et hors DCP. En parallele, des 

campagnes d'observations sous-marines sont effectuees de facon periodique. 

Elles permettent d'une part de comparer les pouvoirs attractifs de differents 

dispositifs d'agregation (forme, volume, couleur) et, d'autre part, de mieux 

comprendre les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques influencant le determinisme 

de l'agregation. Les resultats presentes et discutes correspondent a la phase 

initiale de l'etude qui doit se poursuivre dans les prochains mois afin de 

couvrir toute la saison de pêche. 

245. Laurans, M., M. Taquet, M. Reynal, and A. Lagin. 2000. ABSTRACT: In recent 

years, the use of FADs in Martinique has evolved from an experimental stage 
170 

to a productive one. This transformation results in the pitching up of 

operational device park by the regional fishery committee. Nevertheless, this 

technical change in fishing practices is not implemented in a homogeneous 

way all around the island; some differences exist especially between the 

Atlantic and the Caribbean coasts. From surveys carried out during an annual 

cycle on two main landing sites, this study describes the pelagic fishing 

activity around FADs and in the open sea. A comparison of fishing strategies 

adopted in different places as well as an analysis of the results obtained by the 

fishing units in terms of species (size of catches and daily yields) allow to 

describe the progress made in the implementation adoption of this new 

fishing practice. For several fishermen, fishing around FADs has become an 

exclusive job, practiced all year round. For others, FADs is used in addition 

to traditional fishing activity on flotsam, "Miquelon" fishing and keeps a 

seasonal character. Original Abstract: Au cours des recentes annees, 

l'utilisation des DCP en Martinique est passee du stade experimental au stade 

operationnel. Cette mutation se traduit par la prise en charge du parc de 

dispositifs operationnels par le comite regional des pêches. Toutefois, 

l'adoption de cette nouvelle technique d'exploitation ne s'effectue pas de 

facon homogene dans toutes les communes de l'ile, des differences existent 

notamment entre les cotes Atlantique et Caraibe. A partir d'enquetes 

effectuees pendant un cycle annuel, sur deux principaux points de 

debarquement, cette etude decrit l'activite de pêche des poissons pelagiques 

avec ou sans DCP. Une comparaison des strategies de pêche developpees 

dans les differents sites ainsi qu'une analyse des resultats obtenus par les 

unites de pêche en termes d'especes, de taille des captures, de rendement 

journalier permettent de decrire la progression differenciee de l'adoption de 

cette nouvelle activite halieutique. Pour certains pêcheurs, la pêche sous DCP 

est devenue un metier exclusif, pratique tout au long de l'annee. Pour d'autres, 

le DCP est utilise en complement de l'activite traditionnelle de pêche sous 

bois derivants, "pêche a Miquelon", et conserve un caractere saisonnier. 

 303. Le Gall, J.-Y. 2000. ABSTRACT: Tuna world fisheries yield 3 million tons per 

year; the increase rate of whole production is constant and sustained since 30 

years. This original figure for marine fisheries is due to enlargement of tuna 

fleets and fishing grounds over all the world ocean, the continuous increase of 

tuna fishing power by in board equipment and remote sensing equipment for 

searching and scouting (on board, aircraft, satellite, telecommunication). 

During the last 20 years, the log-associated tuna fishing has contributed to the 

local individual and tuna fleets efficiency and fishing power either for large 

industrial tuna seiners by radio-equipped buoys on natural (debris) or 

artificial man-made logs. The same trend is noted for numerous artisanal tuna 

and large pelagic coastal fisheries on moored fishing aggregating devices and 

networks. The first part of the paper is a review of data and results to assess 

and rank the "Surfaces prospected by in board tuna seiners and associated 

aircraft and satellite techniques" (visual, radar, sar-radar and satellite 

altimetry sensors). The final objective is the comparison with the surfaces and 
171 

volumes associated to FADs. Since 20 years, tuna ecology and behaviour 

data from ultrasonic tagging (short-term depth/distance/time migration 

around logs and FADs) are used for fishing of tuna associated with floating 

objects, namely FADs. The second part of this paper is an "Assessment of 

FADs aggregating associated surface and volume" linked with oceanographic 

data: large oceanic geostrophic current and observed drift speed of radioequipped FADs in the Indian Ocean. Using the available data on FADs, tuna 

fishing technology linked with oceanographic and biological data results from 

ultrasonic tuna tracking experiments, the paper is an attempt to identify and 

place the FADs technology in the scale of tuna fishing devices as a 

contribution to the increase of tuna fishing power either individual tuna boat 

or tuna fleets. Original Abstract: La production mondiale des pêcheries 

thonières est actuellement de l'ordre de 3 millions de tonnes par an et 

conserve depuis pres de 50 ans un taux de croissance annuel soutenu. Cette 

croissance, exceptionnelle pour un secteur des pêches maritimes, est due a 

plusieurs causes: accroissement des effectifs et des puissances de pêche des 

grandes flottes thonières industrielles oceaniques qui exploitent les ressources 

thonières de l'ocean mondial et le developpement conjoint de nouvelles 

techniques de pêche et de nouvelles technologies d'aide a la pêche, telles que 

les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP). L'accroissement de la 

puissance individuelle des navires est du au developpement de la construction 

navale (mecanisation, propulsion, hydraulique, conservation et traitement a 

borda) et a l'utilisation d'une gamme diversifiee d'aides a la pêche : 

navigation, telecommunication, localisation des zones favorables, detection 

visuelle ou radiometrique assistee par equipement a bord, en helicoptere et 

avion, detection acoustique, detection par radar de bord, radar-avion ou, a 

terme, antenne SAR sur satellite. Plus recemment, soit depuis 20 ans, les 

caracteristiques du comportement, migration de court terme, agregation et 

concentration des poissons pelagiques, fixation et retention des bancs de 

thons, sont utilisees, par les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP) 

ancres ou derivants. Cette contribution a pour objectif de situer et placer les 

DCP fixes ou derivants sur cet ensemble de techniques d'aide a la pêche 

thonière. Les donnees pour cet essai de classement sont d'ordres biologique, 

ethologique et comportementaux (amplitude de deplacement des thons et 

dimension de la sphere d'attraction d'un DCP) et d'ordres environnemental et 

oceanographique : masse d'eau concernee par un DCP dans une large veine 

de courant oceanique ou cotier. On tente de quantifier et d'ordonner les 

surfaces et les volumes prospectes par les thoniers et particulierement les 

volumes et masses d'eau exploites par les thoniers utilisant des DCP. Ce 

classement des DCP dans la serie des dispositifs d'aide a la pêche thonière 

facilitera l'appreciation de leur contribution a l'augmentation des puissances 

de pêche des thoniers. 

 2. Le Gall, J.Y., P. Cayre, and M. Taquet. 1999. ABSTRACT: The international 

symposium "Tuna fishing and Fish Aggregating Devices", October 1999, in 

Martinique, takes stock of the exploitation of large pelagic fish around FADs, 
172 

based on regional synthesis for the three oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. 

Main themes include technology, fishing methods, impact on resources, 

biology of fish aggregation, anthropology and economic aspects of FAD 

exploitation. The meeting will gather and disseminate results from recent and 

ongoing studies on FADs in the different oceans of the world, enhance 

collaboration between scientists and managers involved in the development 

of FADS, promote the emergence of scientific and technical research, form a 

network for cooperation and enhance communications between researchers in 

the different locations concerned. Original Abstract: Le colloque 

international "Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons" 

organise en octobre 1999 en Martinique, permet de dresser un bilan, sous 

forme de syntheses regionales, de l'exploitation des grands poissons 

pelagiques a l'aide de DCP dans les trois oceans et en Mediterranee. La 

technologie, les methodes de pêche, l'impact sur les ressources, le 

comportement agregatif des poissons et les aspects socio-economiques de 

l'utilisation des DCP sont les principaux themes developpes. Ces travaux 

permettront d'assurer une diffusion large des resultats a l'echelle de l'ocean 

mondial, de favoriser les echanges entre les scientifiques et les gestionnaires 

impliques dans le developpement des systemes DCP, de promouvoir 

l'emergence de themes et projets de recherche scientifique et technologique, 

de mettre en oeuvre un reseau de communication et d'echanges entre les sites 

et les regions concernees. 

 234. Le Gall, J.-Y., P. Cayre, and M. Taquet. 2000. ABSTRACT: The associative 

behaviour of large pelagic fish, tuna and related species, is strongly 

influenced by the presence of fixed or drifting, natural or artificial floating 

objects such as FADs. The number of FAD for the development or 

maintenance of tuna fisheries, both oceanic industrial and small coastal 

fisheries, is increasing in such a way that at present one quarter of the 

worldwide production of tuna (one out of four million tons produced 

annually) is dependent upon the use of FAD. This evolution is, in some 

respects, worrying and has justified holding an international meeting on the 

theme "Tuna fishing and FAD". This symposium took place in October 1999 

at La Martinique (French West Indies). It follows an international working 

group organized by the IATTC in Jolla (California) in 1996 (Scott et al., 

1999). The papers presented during the symposium are published in two 

different publications: Proceedings "Les Actes de Colloques" (Le Gall et al., 

2000) bring together regional summaries (Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans 

and Mediterranean sea), questions relating to the technology of FAD and 

associated fishing techniques, the behaviour of tuna towards fishing detection 

equipment, the impact of FAD on the behaviour of fishermen; This special 

issue of the journal Aquatic Living Resources: Mechanisms and effects of the 

aggregation of tuna by Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs), attempts to 

provide some understanding of the determinism of the association between 

attracting objects and large pelagic fish, to propose a model of tuna 

movement, to describe the preferential distribution of species and size of 
173 

aggregated fish, to compare the specific duration of residence in the different 

types of aggregation (FAD, sea mounts, etc.). The need to conduct research 

programs on an international level in order to progress in the understanding 

of this phenomenon has been emphasized. What is the role of FAD in the 

oceanic environment: refuge from predators, concentration of food, signs of 

rich environment, points of spatial reference and orientation support, meeting 

point (Fréon and Dagorn, 2000)? Amongst the hypotheses developed to 

explain the aggregation of pelagic fish on FAD, some have been the subject 

of presentations and discussions concerning the experimental designs already 

implemented or which will serve as the basis for future scientific 

investigations. The main research presented in this special issue deals with: 

the changes in associative behaviour of tuna in relation to FAD through the 

joint use of underwater acoustic prospecting (echo sounders, sonar) and 

detecting by ultrasonic devices; the analysis and model building of movement 

and migration surrounding FAD networks and of exchanges between offshore 

areas and coastal fisheries; the effects of FADs on the ecology of tuna, and in 

particular the alteration of their place in the food chain system caused by 

FADs; the impact of changes in the means of operation on production in 

specific tuna fisheries in terms of size levels and species diversity; the 

organization and emergence of industrial and local networks, and their effect 

on the marketing of fish products. 

 453. Lehodey, P. 1996. ABSTRACT: The article summarizes a student thesis (DEA) on 

the subject. Stomach contents of yellowfin, skipjack and albacore caught 

around FADs in French Polynesia were analyzed relative to their capture 

locations. Fish dominated the prey composition. Many of the stomach 

contents were reef species, suggesting that the tuna migrated to reefs to feed. 

 124. Lennert-Cody, C., M. Garcia, and M. Hall. 1999. ABSTRACT: In the early 

1990's, the adoption of the “dolphin-safe" label by a sector of the canning 

industry closed markets to vessels that set their nets on schools of tunas 

associated with dolphins. As a result, fishing on drifting FADs developed as 

an alternative method for catching tunas. The vessels typically deploy 

bamboo rafts, often equipped with radio transmitters that allow for semicontinuous tracking of the FADs. Beginning in 1992, more and more vessels 

began to use this fishing strategy, and added a large area to the already 

extensive tuna fishing grounds in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. This paper is 

based on data collected by observers of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna 

Com-mission which covers practically all of the fishing effort on floating 

objects by vessels of more than 363 mt of fish-carrying capacity. In this 

paper, we describe in quantitative terms the way the FAD fishery operates, 

including target species, catches, discards, bycatches, fishing grounds, 

seasonality, size distribution of the catches, and the physical characteristics of 

the FADs. Many patterns are not yet clearly established because the fishery 

on drifting FADs in the Eastern Pacific Ocean is a relatively new fishery. 
174 

 287. Lennert-Cody, C.E., and M.A. Hall. 2000. ABSTRACT: The development of this 

fishery for larger vessels is described using data collected by observers 

aboard vessels of more than 363 metric tons fish-carrying capacity. Bamboo 

rafts, equipped with radio-transmitters that allow for semi-continuous 

monitoring, are typically used as FADs. Old purse seine netting is often 

suspended below the bamboo raft to give the FAD an enhanced underwater 

profile. Similar to the fishery on flotsam between 1992-1998, most sets on 

FADs were made before 8 AM, with skipjack and bigeye being the dominant 

tuna species caught, and yellowfin tuna captured in lesser amounts. Discard 

ratios of skipjack and bigeye were comparable for the two modes of fishing; 

however, the success rate on FADs for bigeye was more than twice that on 

non-FAD floating objects ("logs"). In addition, the fishery on logs was 

largely a coastal fishery, while the fishery on FADs extended west to 150o W, 

into areas that had not been significantly utilized by the purse seine fleet. The 

capture of tunas per set varied most with area, season and year. Nonetheless, 

capture per set for at least one of the three tuna species was also found to vary 

with the depth of the purse seine net and the amount of the netting hanging 

below the FAD. The effect of net depth and FAD depth on tuna capture 

varied by area, season and FAD color. 

 135. Leproux, F. 1999. ABSTRACT: French Polynesia started it's Fish Aggregating 

Device programme in June 1981 with the positioning of the first buoy 

offshore of the main island of Tahiti. Since then, 251 structures have been 

installed throughout the five archipelagoes of this French overseas territory. 

The shape and size of the devices have evolved eight times over this period, 

however, a single model has not yet been adopted. Trials are currently 

underway using lighter structures similar to those found in the Indian Ocean. 

The anchoring lines have progressively been modified through better 

knowledge of material and product availability, as well as better 

understanding of environmental constraints. The programme is entirely 

financed by the territorial government and managed by the public sector. This 

ongoing technical assistance, aimed towards the local small-scale coastal 

fishery, is considered an important factor to maintaining this activity alive. 

Up until 1997, this economical support policy of outer island populations far 

from the metropolis central town, along with incidental fishing methods 

around FADs, have given mitigated results without nevertheless putting into 

cause this programme. The use of “drifting handlines” retained at the surface 

by small indicator floats are one of the contributing factors to the degradation 

of the anchor lines. It is now commonly accepted that a new fishing strategy 

must be adopted so that professional coastal fishermen become more aware 

with regards to an expensive work tool due to local bathymetric conditions, 

so that fishing effort is increased through the development of better adapted 

fishing techniques, and finally so that community spirit rules over 

individualism. 
175 

 463. Love, M. 2001. ABSTRACT: Beginning in 1995, we have been conducting surveys, 

using an untethered research submersible, of the fish assemblages of seven oil 

and gas production platforms and numerous natural reefs in southern 

California. Thirty-five species of rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) form the 

dominant taxa over both artificial and natural structures; they comprise over 

90% of all fishes by both number and biomass. There are three distinct fish 

assemblages around platforms: 1) midwater, 2) near-platform benthic and 3) 

the shell mound surrounding the platform. Young-of-the-year (YOY) 

rockfishes predominate in the midwater, subadult and adult rockfishes are 

found near the bottom and a separate suite of YOY rockfishes live on the 

shell mound. Because the midwater assemblage depends on YOY rockfish 

recruitment strength, it exhibits strong annual variability, depending on ocean 

conditions. The near-platform benthic assemblage appears to be more stable. 

There is some evidence that platforms both produce and aggregate fishes, 

depending on species. 

 180. Love, M.S., J.E. Caselle, and L. Snook. ABSTRACT: In 1996 we surveyed the 

fishes living on and around seven offshore oil platforms in the Santa Barbara 

Channel area. We conducted belt transects at various depths in the midwater 

and around the bottoms of each platform using the research submersible 

Delta. The bottom depths of these platforms ranged from 49 to 22 m and the 

midwater beams ranged from 21 to 196 m. We found that there were several 

distinct differences in the fish assemblages living in the midwater and bottom 

habitats around all of the platforms. Both midwater and bottom assemblages 

were dominated by rockfishes. Platform midwaters were dominated by 

young-of-the-year (YOY) or juveniles up to two years old. Rockfishes larger 

than about 18 cm total length were rarely seen in the midwater. The fish 

assemblages around the bottoms of the platforms were dominated by larger 

individuals, primarily subadults or adults. Density of all fishes was similar 

between the bottoms and midwater of any given platform. However, the total 

biomass was much greater on the bottoms, owing to larger fish living there. 

There was a consistently greater number of species on the bottom than in the 

midwater of each platform, likely because of a larger variety of habitat types 

on the bottom. The fish assemblages also differed among platforms. We 

found significantly higher densities of young-of-the-year rockfishes around 

platforms north of Pt. Conception compared with those in the Santa Barbara 

Channel, probably because the more northerly platforms are located in the 

more productive waters of the California Current. 

 11. Malig, J.B., A.S. De Jesus, and J.O. Dickson. 1991. ABSTRACT: Fish aggregating 

devices (FADs) have been associated with Filipino fishermen. Recognizing 

their importance and potential, the fishermen have adopted the device with 

modifications to suit the different types of fish caught, fishing methods and 

techniques. At present, it is estimated that there are 3000 FADs, or “payaws” 

in the country. A description is given of the payaw, which consists of four 

functional parts, namely: floating section; anchoring section, mooring section 
176 

and attractant section. There are currently four types of payaw in use, 

according to the float section material: 2-layered bamboo raft; rectangular 

steel buoy-type; steel pontoon-bamboo raft combination; and, galvanizeddrum payaw. The types of payaw users include municipal tuna handliners, 

municipal ringnetters, commercial ringnetters, and commercial tuna purse 

seiners. The impact of FADs on marine resources is examined briefly and 

various conflicts and solutions among the payaw users are outlined. 

 4. Marsac, F., and P. Cayre. 1998. ABSTRACT: This paper analyses acoustic tagging 

of eight yellowfin tunas undertaken around Fish Aggregating Devices 

(FADs) in La Reunion island (Indian Ocean). Emphasis is laid on the 

horizontal movements and thus complete previous studies on vertical 

movements around the same FADs. The first result of the present study deals 

with the relative dwelling time of yellowfin over the distance to FAD where 

tagged, in 0.9 km intervals. Distributions of dwelling time are different 

between day and night. During daytime, the fishes remain in the close 

vicinity of the FAD (mostly within a 1.8 km radius), whilst a drastic 

disassociation to the FAD occurs at night. During the day, the attractive 

influence of the FAD disappears 9.3 km away; this finding leads to the 

suggestion that a minimum distance of 18 km between neighbouring FADs 

should be applied in La Reunion to avoid overlapping radii of influence. The 

second group of results points out the potential use of the vertical and total 

swimming speeds as indicators of the foraging activity of the fish and of the 

type of movements (behaviour of tight association to FAD, transit among 

FADs or offshore migration, away from the area of FADs). The day/night 

change affects the vertical activity, with large magnitude of vertical 

movements exhibited at night. The total speed during the offshore 

movements is estimated about 1.2 m s-1: the shift from a phase of tight 

association to FAD toward a phase of transit movement is characterized by an 

increase of the total speed. A typology of the relationships between 

swimming speed and feeding activity is proposed and discussed. 

 25. Marsac, F., P. Cayre, and F. Conand. 1996. ABSTRACT: The ongoing ultrasonic 

experiments of phase 2 of the Regional Tuna Project (Commission de l'Ocean 

Indien) are reported and analysed in relation to the local environmental 

parameters. Although seven yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) were tagged 

during the first three cruises of the project, only five of them are considered 

in this paper, as they were tracked around FADs. Seasonal trends affect the 

horizontal movements associated with FADs: strong association and homing 

behaviour during the fishing season vs. weaker association when the fishing 

season comes to an end and the fish start migrating from the area. The 

vertical movements are analysed in order to provide a typology of the 

distribution of tuna in relation to different features (FAD association by day 

and at night, transits between FADs by day and by night) from which other 

variables are considered: life stage juvenile or adult), moon phase and 

thermal structure. 
177 

 312. Marsac, F., and A. Fonteneau. 1999. ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the 

hypothesis that small tunas and the various species found in association with 

drifting FADs (such as "mahi-mahi", rainbow runner, wahoo, etc.) may be 

biologically trapped by such a strong association. Massive seeding of drifting 

artificial FADs was observed worldwide during recent years. In this 

hypothesis, we suggest that FADs may alter some biological characteristics 

of epipelagic populations associated with them: migration, growth, condition 

factors, predation and natural mortality. As FADs are most often used in the 

equatorial currents, they tend to exhibit zonal drift. Therefore, the associated 

populations would be artificially transferred from one part of the ocean to 

another, when they would show different movement patterns in the absence 

of FADs. Natural logs were probably beneficial in terms of ecology and 

evolution, because they tend to accumulate in convergence areas, most often 

considered as rich forage areas. Now, FADs are seeded in offshore areas, 

which are not necessarily favourable for tuna feeding. This apparently strong 

association between fishes and drifting FADs may then produce an 

unexpected biological impact on tuna populations and their associated fauna. 

The plan is to test this hypothesis in the Atlantic, developing an ad hoc

research programme based on tagging, biological and physiological studies, 

in association to an analysis of high resolution fishery data before and after 

the development of the FAD fishery. 

 252. Marsac, F., A. Fonteneau, and F. Menard. 2000. ABSTRACT: This paper 

discusses the hypothesis that small tunas and the various species found in 

association with drifting FADs (such as "mahi-mahi", rainbow runner, 

wahoo, etc.) may be biologically trapped by such a strong association. 

Massive seeding of drifting artificial FADs was observed worldwide during 

recent years. In this hypothesis, we suggest that FADs may alter some 

biological characteristics of epipelagic populations associated with them: 

migration, growth, condition factors, predation and natural mortality. As 

FADs are most often used in the equatorial currents, they tend to exhibit 

zonal drift. Therefore, the associated populations would be artificially 

transferred from one part of the ocean to another, when they would show 

different movement patterns in the absence of FADs. Natural logs were 

probably beneficial in terms of ecology and evolution, because they tend to 

accumulate in convergence areas, most often considered as rich forage areas. 

Now, FADs are seeded in offshore areas, which are not necessarily 

favourable for tuna feeding. This apparently strong association between 

fishes and drifting FADs may then produce an unexpected biological impact 

on tuna populations and their associated fauna. The plan is to test this 

hypothesis in the Atlantic, developing an ad hoc research programme based 

on tagging, biological and physiological studies, in association to an analysis 

of high resolution fishery data before and after the development of the FAD 

fishery. Original Abstract: Cet article discute l'hypothese selon laquelle les 

petits thons et les differentes especes associees a des DCP derivants (comme 
178 

les coryphenes, elagatis, thazards, etc.) pourraient etre pris dans un piege 

biologique resultant de cette forte association. Le deploiement massif de DCP 

artificiels derivants a ete constate a l'echelle mondiale au cours des dernieres 

annees. Dans cette hypothese, ces DCP, colonises en permanence par de 

grandes fractions de populations epipelagiques, pourraient modifier les 

caracteristiques biologiques des especes concernees: leur migration, leur 

croissance, leurs facteurs de condition, la predation et la mortalite naturelle. 

Les DCP etant plus frequemment utilises dans les courants equatoriaux, ils 

tendent a deriver zonalement. Ainsi, les populations associees seraient 

artificiellement transferees d'un bord a l'autre de l'ocean, alors qu'elles 

manifesteraient d'autres types de deplacements en l'absence de DCP. Les 

debris naturels etaient probablement benefiques sur le plan de l'ecologie et de 

l'evolution car ils s'accumulent dans des zones de convergence le plus 

souvent considerees comme des zones riches en nourriture. Maintenant, les 

DCP sont mouilles au large, dans des zones qui peuvent ou non etre 

favorables a l'alimentation des thons. Cette association apparemment forte 

entre poissons et DCP derivants pourrait alors causer un impact biologique 

inattendu sur les populations pelagiques (thons et faune accompagnante). 

L'objectif est de tester cette hypothese dans l'Atlantique au moyen d'un 

programme de recherche s'appuyant sur du marquage et des etudes 

biologiques et physiologiques, parallelement a une analyse des donnees de 

pêche (tailles et CPUE, avant et apres le deploiement des DCP derivants). 

 131. Martin, C.C. 1999. ABSTRACT: From 1981 to 1994, several tests were carrying 

out with different types of FAD. The best result was obtained with a floating 

part made with three oil drums in a steel cage. The anchor line was made 

considering the instructions of Matsumoto (1981), Murdy (1980), DeJesus 

(1982) and Boy and Smith (1984), overdimensioned the relation 

weight/depth. The main goal of the test was to investigate the possibilities of 

FAD in the rehabilitation of "pesqueros" places in which the skipjack 

concentrates or "resident schools" used to be fished. Knowledge of the 

resistance of the anchor line test, under bad whether conditions and current 

strength over 5 km, and the behaviour of the fishes concentrated was also an 

objective of this study. Overall satisfactory results was obtained in the 4.8 

month the FAD exists; the total catch of 5.6 ton, a yield of 852 kg/boat/day 

during winter season and its resistance on a total of 15 days North wind colds 

and one low intensity hurricane (80 km/h). The FAD disappeared at April 

when in the area of deployment mostly has a calm sea. Vandalism may be the 

cause of the lost of the FAD. 

 60. Matsumura, Y. 1992. ABSTRACT: The catch of young flying fish, Cypselurus 

hiraii and Cypselurus heterurus doederleini, by boat seine fishery in the 

northern coastal waters of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan shows wide yearly 

fluctuations. The effects of five factors on the fluctuations were recognized 

by multiple regression analysis using data from 1976 to 1987. The factors are 

as follows: annual catch of adult flying fish by nine set-nets in the coastal 
179 

region of Yamaguchi Prefecture (X1); average surface water temperature in 

July (X2) and catch by FADs of dolphin fish as predators in August (X5) in 

the offshore region of Yamaguchi Prefecture; days of northeast wind at 

Hirado Meteorological Station, Nagasaki Prefecture (X6); and number of boat 

seine belonging to Ikitsuki Fisheries Cooperative Association, Nagasaki 

Prefecture (X7). 

 62. McElroy, J.K., and J.C.B. Uktolseja. 1992. ABSTRACT: There is a wide 

geographical spread of skipjack pole-and-line fishing bases in East Indonesia. 

The article identifies and analyses the relative importance of several 

interactive factors on pole-and-line vessel catch performance, including the 

effects of the vessel (e.g., its size, horsepower and age), baitfish (its 

availability and abundance), the crew (number and skill), season, weather, 

use of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs), geographical location of the fishing 

ground, and "fleet congestion." The importance of FADs in improving catch 

performance is particularly highlighted. Partly from this comparative 

analysis, it is postulated that the resident stock of skipjack in this area is 

supplemented by large seasonal migrations from the western tropical Pacific 

stock. As the bulk of this migration passes through the waters north of Irian 

Jaya, this region must offer some of the best fishing opportunities, and hence 

will have the highest priority for the future development of skipjack pole-andline and purse seine bases in Indonesia. 

 41. McElroy, J.K., and J.C.B. Uktolseja. 1994. ABSTRACT: Given the geographic 

spread of existing skipjack pole-and-line fishing bases in east Indonesia, the 

paper analyses the relative importance of several interactive factors on poleand-line vessel catch performance, including the effects of vessel size, horse 

power and age; crew size and skill; availability and abundance of bait; 

season; weather; use of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs); location of the 

fishing ground, and “fleet congestion'. Partly from this comparative analysis, 

it is postulated that the resident stock of skip jack in this area is supplemented 

by large seasonal migrations from the western Pacific stock. As the bulk of 

this immigration must pass through the waters north of Irian Jaya, this region 

must offer some of the best fishing opportunities, and hence will have the 

highest priority for the future development of skip jack pole-and-line bases in 

Indonesia. 

 116. McElroy, J.K., and Wijopriono. 1994. ABSTRACT: Given the significance of the 

purse seine fleet to fish supplies in Java, an island in Indonesia with a 

population approaching 100 million, the paper analyses the relative 

importance of several interactive factors on Javanese purse seine vessel catch 

and economic performance, including the effects of vessel size, age, speed, 

net size, use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) and fishing lights, lunar 

period, season, oceanographic and weather characteristics, distance to and 

location of the fishing ground, the impact of navigation, fish location and 

communication aids, “fleet cooperation” and “fleet congestion”, time/distance 
180 

to port auction. The importance of vessel size, on fishing pattern and 

preservation method(s) used is highlighted, as is the importance of lunar 

period and brightness of artificial fishing lights. 

 139. McIntosh, G.S. 1985. ABSTRACT: The project was undertaken to improve existing 

fish aggregating device (FAD) technology and to enhance pelagic finfish 

capture by recreational fishermen off Southeast Florida. Previous FAD 

experience by other workers in the Pacific Basin indicated that, although 

FADs were effective devices to manage wild stocks of fish, they suffered a 

distinct disadvantage by being short lived. A literature search was performed, 

data were reduced and analyzed and a computer program developed to assist 

future workers in FAD component selection, mooring design and 

configuration. A new design was developed and deployed off Fort 

Lauderdale, Florida. These FAD installations were monitored for a period of 

18 months by diver observations, color fathometer readings and land based 

interviews. Catch per unit effort was determined and cost estimates 

associated with fishing "on" or "off" the FADs were developed. 

 83. McIntosh, G.S. 1986. ABSTRACT: As a direct result of the 1979 conference, the 

author submitted a proposal to the Caribbean Conservation Association for 

the introduction of artificial reef construction techniques to the region. 

Although the construction of FADs was not a priority element in the body of 

the proposal, reference was made to the design, construction and installation 

of specific reefs for specific marine species. This might be considered the 

first attempt to introduce FADs and fishery enhancement technology into the 

region. 

 326. McPhaden, M.J., P. Freitag, J. Servain, and E. Josse. 2000. ABSTRACT: Moored 

buoy arrays in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are essential 

components of present day climate observing systems. The Tropical 

Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array in the Pacific, supported by the US, Japan, 

France, and Taiwan, consists of approximately 70 deep ocean moorings 

spanning the width of the basin between 8oN and 8oS. The Pilot Research 

Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), supported by Brazil, 

France and the US, extends across 0-35oW, 10o'S-15oN. The purpose of these 

arrays is to provide high quality, in situ, real-time data for climate research 

and forecasting. Array measurements consist of surface winds, sea surface 

temperature, upper ocean temperature, and a wide variety of other 

meteorological and oceanographic parameters. Data are telemetered in realtime via Service Argos, and a subset of these data is placed on the Global 

Telecommunications System (GTS) for distribution to operational centers for 

assimilation into weather and climate forecast models. In this presentation, 

we show examples of data from the 1997-1999 El Nino/La Nina cycle in the 

Pacific, and from a major Atlantic warm event in 1998-1999. We also discuss 

the impact of the fishing activity around the moored buoys, which by their 

nature act as fish aggregation devices (FADs). Fishing in the vicinity of TAO 
181 

and PIRATA buoys often leads to gear conflict with resultant losses of 

mooring equipment and fishing equipment. Moreover, fishing related activity 

is the primary cause of data loss in these arrays in the western and eastern 

Pacific, and in the eastern Atlantic. Attempts to reduce these losses through 

informational outreach programs have been attempted, without much 

apparent success. Efforts to increase awareness in the fishing community 

about the highly detrimental effects of fishing activity around deep ocean 

moored buoys continue. 

 240. Menard, F., B. Stequert, A. Rubin, and E. Marchal. 2000. ABSTRACT: Since 

1991, fishing operations on tuna schools associated with drifting Fish 

Aggregating Devices (FADs) have become widespread in the purse seine 

fishery in the Gulf of Guinea. In the offshore South Sherbro area (05° N, 10-

20° W), FAD-associated catches represent about 75% of the total catch. This 

FAD fishery exploits concentrations of skipjack mixed with a smaller amount 

of bigeye and yellowfin tuna of similar size (46 cm), and some large 

yellowfin. Catches on unassociated tuna schools are mainly composed of 

large yellowfin in breeding phase and skipjack. Here we studied tuna diet in 

relation with the aggregation mode (FAD-associated or unassociated tuna 

schools), species, and size. The stomach contents of around 800 fish were 

analysed. Numerous empty stomachs were found, especially in fish caught 

under FADs. Diets were similar for all small-size tuna sharing the same 

aggregation type. Small tuna mainly feed on Vinciguerria nimbaria

(Photichthyidae), a mesopelagic fish of the micronekton, whereas large tuna 

mainly feed on Scombridae, mixed with Cubiceps pauciradiatus (Nomeidae) 

when they were caught in unassociated schools. The feeding habits of tuna 

are discussed with emphasis on the behavior of V. nimbaria. Estimations of 

the daily ration of similarly sized tuna with the same aggregation mode were 

very close. The low estimated rations for small, FAD-associated tuna show 

that logs do not have a trophic function, but rather are a refuge. In contrast, 

FADs seem to influence the diet of large tuna because of the Scombridae 

prey that probably is associated to the FAD. 

 386. Moarii, G., and F. Leproux. 1996. ABSTRACT: Artisanal fishermen fish a 400 m 

long mainline (250 lb-test) attached to a 2 m leader of 180-220 lb-test 

monofilament with a 12/0 or larger circle hook. The bait is lowered by 

wrapping line around a rock and the rock falls away allowing the bait and 

small pieces of chum (also wrapped up by line around the rock) to drift 

freely. The main line is attached to a float and allowed to drift near the FAD. 

 305. Monintja, D.R., and C.P. Mathews. 2000. ABSTRACT: Rumpons, (FADs) were 

widely deployed in Indonesia in the eighties. In the Halmahera area, rumpons 

increased CPUE by 41%, landings of fish per ton of live bait increased by 

24%, the consumption of diesel oil for tuna catches reduced by 46%, and 

profits increased from Rp 10 to 60 million by boat per year. Tuna aggregation 

around rumpon increased catchability by more than 40% compared to free 
182 

swimming tuna. The Halmahera skipjack fishery was assessed by combining 

catch and effort data from rumpon and pre-rumpon areas of the fishery, and 

showed that controlled effort could increase landings of approximately 

15,000 t per year. Tagging data show that the Halmahera skipjack fishery is 

probably supported by a local unit stock. Philippine rumpons (payaos) were 

fished with small mesh purse seine and ring nets fishing small sized tunas 12-

35 cm FL (40-50% of landings) and caused recruitment overfishing. 

Indonesian rumpons were fished with pole-and-line causing neither 

recruitment nor growth overfishing. 

 128. Morales-Nin, B., L. Canizzaro, E. Massuti, A. Potoschi, and F. Andaloro. 1999.

ABSTRACT: The Mediterranean small-scale fleet is highly adaptive, 

showing a dynamic fishing intensity and strategy, and exploiting seasonal 

abundant resources. In this area, the aggregatory behaviour of juvenile fish 

under floats has been used since ancient times to exploit oceanic migratory 

species such as dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), using anchored Fish 

Aggregation Devices (FADs). In the last ten years, the critical fishery 

situation caused by traditional resources overexploitation increases strongly 

the dolphinfish fishery in Italian, Spain, Tunisian, Libyan and Maltese seas. 

A total of 2,300 boats are engaged in this fishery from August to December, 

being Malta, Tunisia, Sicily and Majorca the main fishing areas. An annual 

yield of around 1,000 tonnes is obtained, with most catches on SeptemberOctober. The FADs (~1 m2

) are made by different cheap floating materials, 

and are moored in fixed places, ranging from shore waters to areas 60 miles 

off the coast (1,500 m depth). Between 20 and 100 FADs are deployed by 

each boat. The gears used are special surrounding nets without purse line, and 

conventional purse seine nets. The fishery exploits young-of-the-year 

dolphinfish (<6 months old), originated by a pre-spawning migration of 

adults from Atlantic waters. Their catches show high annual and monthly 

variability, depending on the recruitment and the accessibility of recruits to 

the fishery. Pilotfish (Naucrates ductor) and greater amberjack (Seriola 

dumerili) are also exploited in this fishery as by-catch. In total about 1,000 

metric tons of dolphinfish are yearly captured. The FADs are historically 

placed in the sea in August. Recently, the FADs fishing period has become 

longer in Sicily, and the FADs are placed in July to catch pilotfish and greater 

amberjack juveniles. In recent years, the interest for this fishing method and 

the study of these fisheries have increased in the Mediterranean. Although it 

can be considered as an under-exploited resource in the area, and the fishery 

is economically profitable with good revenue, the market and its seasonality 

limit this exploitation. 

 291. Morales-Nin, B., L. Cannizaro, E. Massuti, A. Potoschi, and F. Andaloro. 2000.

ABSTRACT: The Mediterranean small-scale fleet is highly adaptive, 

showing a dynamic fishing intensity and strategy, and exploiting seasonal 

abundant resources. In this area, the aggregatory behaviour under floats of 

juvenile fish has been used since ancient times to exploit oceanic migratory 
183 

species such as dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), using Fish Aggregating 

anchored Devices (FADs). A total of 2,300 boats are engaged in this fishery 

from August to December, the main fishing areas being those around Malta, 

Tunisia, Sicily and Majorca. The FADs (~1 m2

) are made of different cheap 

floating materials, and are moored in fixed places, ranging from shore waters 

to areas 60 miles off the coast (1,500 m depth). Each boat deploys an average 

of 20 to 100 FADs. The gears used are special surrounding nets without purse 

line, and traditional purse seine nets. The fishery exploits young-of-the-year 

dolphinfish (<6 months old), originated by a pre-spawning migration of 

adults from Atlantic waters. Their catches show high annual and monthly 

variability, depending on the recruitment and the accessibility of recruits to 

the fishery. Pilotfish (Naucrates ductor) and greater amberjack (Seriola 

dumerili) are also exploited in this fishery as by-catch. A total of about 1,000 

metric tons of dolphinfish are yearly caught mainly in September-October. 

The FADs are historically laid in August. Recently, the FADs fishing period 

has increased in Sicily, and the FADs are laid in July, so as to catch pilotfish 

and greater amberjack juveniles. In recent years, the interest for this fishing 

method and the study of these fisheries has increased in the Mediterranean. 

Though the market and its seasonality limit this exploitation, this fishery is 

economically profitable with good revenue. 

 82. Mueller, E.L. 1988. ABSTRACT: Extensive mariculture methods in inter-reef areas 

and in areas of dead coral reefs were tested. Local fisherman constructed 

artificial tire reefs and fish aggregation devices (FADs). The process of 

building artificial shelter or substrate for fish, maintenance and harvest as part 

of development work of a church agency is an example which could be used 

more extensively. Improved traditional coastal resource management for 

tropical mariculture in developing countries like Papua-New Guinea needs 

more knowledge and experience at grass root level. Experience gained, both 

in marine and social knowledge, are presented as a result of trials. 

 450. Munprasit, A., and I. Chanrachij. 1996. ABSTRACT: Article describes FADs 

deployed and purse-seine fishing techniques. FADs were 3-5 m long x 2-4 m 

wide x 6-8 m deep and make of bamboo, wood, iron, netting and plastic 

sheets. 

 94. Murray, J.D., J.C. Howe, D.G. Lindquist, and D.C. Griffith. 1987. ABSTRACT: 

Eighteen midwater fish aggregating devices (FADs) were deployed 

alternately off the ends of two piers (one acting as a control) in Wrightsville 

Beach, NC, to evaluate their ability to attract coastal fishes. Creel censuses of 

pier fishermen and diver surveys of FADs were conducted to determine: 1) 

The aggregation capabilities of FADs, by number, size, and fish species; 2) 

the effect of FADs on catch per unit of effort by species; and 3) the durability 

of the FADs in this environment. Results of the study were mixed. The FADs 

proved to be successful in aggregating baitfish in the nearshore environment. 

An average of 3.67 plus or minus 8.91 fish, representing 35 different species, 
184 

appeared on each FAD. The control site had no fish. The FAD units were not 

successful in improving fishing success at the fishing piers most likely due to 

the distance of placement from the end of the pier (229 m). The FAD units 

were durable enough to hold up under normal conditions, but slightly more 

than half of the FADs were lost and most were damaged during a Category 2 

hurricane. 

 100. Murray, J.D., D.G. Lindquist, D.C. Griffith, and J.C. Howe. 1985. ABSTRACT: 

In recent years, due in part to rising energy costs, there has been increased 

effort toward the development of midwater fish aggregating devices (FADs). 

The purpose has been to aggregate fish in order to reduce the search time for 

commercial and recreational fishermen. In the fall of 1983, a small grant was 

obtained from the UNC Sea Grant College Program to investigate the 

potential of FADs to aggregate fish in the nearshore ocean environment and 

to determine if catch per unit of effort could be improved on fishing piers. 

(Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina Univ. at Wilmington, and East 

Carolina Univ., Greenville, NC. Inst. for Coastal and Marine Resources. 

Sponsored by NOAA, Rockville, MD. Office of Sea Grant, and North 

Carolina State Dept. Admin., Raleigh, NC.). 

 33. Naamin, N., C.P. Mathews, and D. Monintja. 1996. ABSTRACT: Since 1990, an 

important offshore industrial tuna fishery has been established in northern 

Indonesian waters. This fishery is theoretically confined to the EEZ, but in 

practice it occupies large areas of territorial and archipelagic waters. Fishing 

is carried out by “sets” or groups of boats based on a single purse seiner, 

supported by carrier and smaller patrol boats. These groups fish around 

“rumpon” (FADS) deployed in waters from 200-4,000 m deep, and take 

substantial catches, most of which are landed directly into General Santos 

City and other southern Philippine ports. The offshore fishery lands more 

than 50,000 mt per year from waters around North Sulawesi and northern 

Irian Jaya. Coastal fishing is carried out for skipjack by two kinds of small 

pole-and-line vessels (“funai”: 5-15 GT; “huhate”: 20-30 GT) in North 

Sulawesi. The coastal fishery landed less than 9,000 mt of skipjack in 1989, 

the last year before large scale offshore fishing commenced. Data for Manado 

and Bitung (North Sulawesi) were analysed to determine the effects of the 

offshore fishery on the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin 

(Thunnus albacares) fisheries based in these cities. Skipjack CPUE fell in 

Manado (from 50-70 mt/boat/year in 1980 to less than 20 mt/boat/year in 

1992) and Bitung (from more than 100 mt/boat/year in 1980 to about 60 

mt/boat/year in 1990). Effort on skipjack in Bitung rose slowly from 

approximately 40 boats in 1986 to more than 100 boats in 1991, and then fell 

to under 35 boats in 1995, the decline was probably due to competition with 

the industrial fishery. Industrial CPUE fell from 0.69 mt of tuna/GT of 

effort/year in 1993 to 0.37 mt/GT In 1995. Available data are insufficient for 

a complete analysis of offshore-onshore tuna fishery interactions. 

Nevertheless it is likely that industrial, offshore tuna fishing impacted the 
185 

coastal fisheries in Manado and Bitung by reducing the amount of skipjack 

and yellowfin available to the coastal fishery. 

 68. Naeem, A. 1988. ABSTRACT: Experience gained over the past seven years shows 

that large quantities of fish become attracted to artificial floating objects 

tethered to the ocean floor, in the same way as fish are seen to aggregate 

around some surface-floating debris found in the open seas. The advantages 

of utilizing FADs for fishing are prominent. The one and only problem is the 

unpredictable durability and premature loss of these devices which often 

cause the loss of not only the FAD itself but also large quantities of fish 

attracted to them. Considerable effort has been made to improve the 

reliability of FADs and to develop FAD fishing in the Maldives. 

 45. Naeem, A., and A. Latheefa. 1994. ABSTRACT: Fish aggregating devices (FADs) 

have proved very successful in the Maldives, where there is a countrywide 

FAD installation programme by the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture 

(MOFA) underway. The main reason for the success of FADs in the 

Maldives is their applicability to the existing fisheries. With the motorization 

of the fishing fleet, the efficiency and range of operation of the fleet has 

increased. FADs help not only to reduce searching time and fuel costs, but 

they also considerably increase production. Although the aggregation of fish 

around FADs has been demonstrated successfully, and the merits of FADfishing proven, data on the cost-effectiveness of FADs are still lacking. 

MOFA, with the assistance of the Bay of Bengal Programme's (BOBP) 

regional "Bioeconomics" project (RAS/91/006), therefore, undertook to 

assess and quantify the impact of FADs in tuna fishing. The project installed 

two FADs in two separate areas in the Maldives and closely studied the 

biological, economic and sociological effects of them on the fisheries and on 

the island communities in the two areas. The effectiveness of the two FADs 

was measured by comparing data collected one year before and one year their 

installation. The results of the study are presented in this paper. 

 460. Nemerson, D., S. Berkeley, and C. Safina. 2000. ABSTRACT: The Gulf of Mexico 

is the only known spawning area for bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus) 

in the western Atlantic. Although it is known from tag recaptures that eastern 

Atlantic bluefin tuna travel to the western Atlantic, whether or not these fish 

spawn in the western Atlantic is of critical importance in interpreting the 

significance of this movement. East Atlantic bluefin tuna mature at a younger 

age (4-5 yr) and smaller size (45 kg) than western bluefin tuna (8 yr and 135 

kg), and tag recaptures indicate that some young fish make the trans-Atlantic 

swim. Thus, the presence of small (<135 kg) bluefin tuna in the Gulf of 

Mexico during spawning season would constitute evidence that bluefin tuna 

of East Atlantic origin spawn in the west. We used size-frequency analysis to 

test the hypothesis that Atlantic bluefin tuna of eastern and western origins 

mingle on the Gulf of Mexico spawning grounds. We created a simple model 

to estimate the proportion of small eastern spawning fish that should be 
186 

found in the Gulf of Mexico catch, assuming a 2% east-to-west transfer rate 

and complete mixing of eastern and western fish. Using conservative 

assumptions, the model predicts that between 5% and 10% of the bluefin 

tuna catch in the Gulf should consist of fish that are less than 135 kilograms 

in weight, and thus are presumably eastern migrants. We analyzed Gulf of 

Mexico catch records from 1980 to 1992 for the presence of bluefin tuna less 

than 135 kg. These small fish represented from 0% to 0.9% of the catch 

annually, and only 0.3% for the entire period. We conclude that eastern 

migrant tuna do not mix completely, if at all, with western bluefin tuna on the 

Gulf of Mexico spawning grounds. 

 147. Pallares, P., J. Pereira, N. Miyabe, and A. Fonteneau. 1998. ABSTRACT: 

Fisheries, biology, stock structure and projections for Atlantic bigeye tuna are 

summarized. 

 443. Parin, N.V., and B.I. Fedoryako. 1999. ABSTRACT: Fish communities of the 

biotope of floating objects are divided into intranatant (small fishes of 

demersal origin), extranatant (fishes that swim at a close distance to the 

floating object during the day), and circumnatant (comprised mainly of large 

active predatory fishes like dolphinfish, rainbow runner, skipjack and juvenile 

yellowfin tuna). 

 55. Pianet, R. 1994. ABSTRACT: A second phase of the Regional Tuna Programme 

(PTR2) of the Association Thonière (AT) was funded for three years by the 

EDF for ORSTOM execution in collaboration with national support centres 

in Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and La Reunion. Eight 

scientific projects cover, for the western Indian Ocean tropical tunas, the 

collection and analysis of statistics, population dynamics, behaviour and 

migrations, biology, oceanographic and biological environment and fish 

aggregation around logs, FADs and sea mounts. The feasibility of starting an 

albacore fishery is also being evaluated from historical and environmental 

data. 

 456. Pipitone, C., F. Andaloro, S. Campagnuolo, M. Romanelli, and A. Potoschi. 

2000. ABSTRACT: Ten fish species have been recorded under the FADs 

used in the dolphinfish fishery off the Sicilian coasts: dolphinfish 

(Coryphaena hippurus), pilot fish (Naucrates ductor), greater amberjack 

(Seriola dumerili), triggerfish (Balistes carolinensis), wreckfish (Polyprion 

americanus), bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), blue runner (Caranx crysos), 

lesser amberjack (Seriola fasciata), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) 

and imperial blackfish (Schedophilus ovalis). The most abundant species 

were dolphinfish, pilot fish and greater amberjack. The diet of the first two 

species, which are caught at a subadult or adult stage, has been studied in 

order to shed light on the relationships existing between them. Also the diet 

of very small greater amberjacks associated with FADs has been taken into 

account. The study showed that the diet of the three studied species collected 
187 

under FADs off the Sicilian coasts are based on different items, or on 

different proportions of similar items, so that the dietary overlap is reduced to 

a minimum. Dolphinfish feed essentially on fishes and, to a lesser extent, on 

pelagic invertebrates (mostly decapod larvae and hyperiid amphipods). The 

diet of pilot fish is based on the same pelagic invertebrates as dolphinfish and 

also on small amounts of fish larvae. Juvenile greater amberjacks feed almost 

exclusively on pelagic amphipods and on larvae of several invertebrates. 

None of the FAD-related fish species have been recorded in the stomach 

contents analysed, with the exception of a few small-sized triggerfishes found 

in dolphinfish stomachs. 

 32. Plante, R. 1997. ABSTRACT: The discovery of a coelacanth at Anakao 

(Madagascar) has given a new glimmer of hope to biologists. The minds and 

eyes of the scientific community are now on the alert to track down these fish 

in other waters. Three coelacanths have been caught off the coast of South 

Africa. With the one caught at Anakao, that makes four. In 1995, our 

scientific campaign had confirmed the worst fears for one thing, the 

coelacanth population at Grand Comore was even smaller than had 

previously been thought: fewer than two hundred individuals at the time of 

our investigation; at the same time, coelacanth catches were on the increase. 

Towards the 1970s, the Fonds Europeen de Developpement (FED) and the 

French Scientific Cooperation organisation ORSTOM had developed a 

programme in the Comores aimed at offering local fishermen the means to 

fish in the open sea by trolling, by means of Fish Aggregation Devices 

(FADs), in waters 1000 to 2000 m deep. To make this possible, a parallel 

programme enabled fishermen to acquire seagoing canoes with outboard 

engines. The operation was a success. Deep sea fishes – tuna, bonito, sailfish, 

big shark – gathered under the FADs, providing the fishermen with an 

abundant and valuable resource, that was held in high esteem on the local 

market. This meant that the fishermen could give up one of their traditional 

fishing techniques: bottom fishing for the oilfish, Ruvettus pretiosus. It was 

while fishing for this species that they had accidentally caught coelacanth. All 

went well, and the catch rate of coelacanth had begun to drop encouragingly. 

But unfortunately, the FED programme was halted. The fishermen went back 

to fishing for oilfish, and the catch rate for coelacanth reached new heights: a 

dozen specimens a year caught at Grand Comore.. from a total population of 

a few adults. This is a danger that could prove fatal, and in the short term. So 

what is to be done? Ban bottom fishing altogether? Obviously, that would be 

out of the question. Our feeling is that the battle must be waged on two 

fronts: by providing the fishermen with an alternative resource, by implanting 

FADs at intermediate depths closer to the coast than were the FED 

programme structures. The fishermen could come and fish there in simple 

paddle-powered canoes; by running educational campaigns which could 

dovetail with intelligent forms of tourism. The coelacanth has become a real 

symbol for the archipelago. Our aim is to set up a Coelacanth Park offering a 

range of facilities: information for tourists, educational facilities for local 
188 

fishermen and villagers and research facilities for scientists from all over the 

world. 

 5. Polovina, J.J. 1991. ABSTRACT: Biological impacts of artificial reefs and fish 

aggregating devices are discussed. Three types of impacts on the exploitable 

biomass and total stock due to the artificial habitat are considered: 1) impacts 

due to a redistribution of exploitable biomass; 2) impacts due to increased 

exploitable biomass but not stock size; and, 3) impacts when total stock size 

increases. In all functions, artificial habitat has the potential to alter fishing 

effort, gear, size at entry to the fishery, species targeted and hence fishing 

mortality. It is concluded that more rigorous experimental designs are needed 

to document the biological impacts of artificial habitat. These designs need to 

use large numbers of artificial habitat to ensure sufficient statistical power 

exists to detect impacts in the presence of considerable natural variation 

which occurs in many marine systems. 

 10. Polovina, J.J. 1991. ABSTRACT: A review is made of four applications and 

worldwide impacts of artificial reefs (ARs) and fish aggregating devices 

(FADs): 1) enhancement of artisanal fishing; 2) small-scale commercial 

fishing; 3) recreational fishing and diving; and, 4) mitigation of habitat loss 

due to shoreside development. Experience in many countries has shown that 

properly constructed and sited ARs and FADs can create convenient fishing 

sites, and also prove to be particularly effective for artisanal applications in 

which fishing effort is relatively low. However, since these structures serve to 

change the distribution of fishing effort and fish, they must be viewed within 

an overall fishery management plan. Their impacts need to be considered in a 

broad socio-economic context, rather than just in terms of changes in CPUE. 

 9. Prado, J. 1991. ABSTRACT: An examination is made of various types of 

surface/midwater fish aggregating devices (FADs) currently in use. The two 

main types are: 1) traditional FADs, made on the spot with local materials 

and used in shallow coastal waters by small-scale fishermen to catch small 

pelagic fish and bait, e.g., payaos, unjang, rumpon; and, 2) modern FADs, a 

result of imported technology and materials which are either anchored or left 

drifting offshore in deep waters to help the offshore, artisanal and industrial 

fleets to catch big pelagic fish. Some ongoing activities with 

surface/midwater FADs are outlined and some observations and 

recommendations are given regarding construction, position and setting, 

duration and maintenance, efficiency, utilization, impact, legal aspects and 

regulations and cost and revenue. In addition to existing international 

conventions concerning the safety of navigation and dumping at sea, it is 

concluded that some specific internationally agreed standards and guidelines 

are needed to assist administrations of coastal states to legislate on and 

manage the installation and utilization of FADs. 
189 

 157. Prado, J., and S. Drew. 1999. ABSTRACT: A significant amount of research and 

development is being conducted in fishing technology in Latin America. The 

Fishing Technology Service of the FAO Fisheries Department sent inquiries 

to contacts in Latin American countries to gather information on current 

activities and on the potential for increased international cooperation. The 

document includes responses from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, 

Peru and Venezuela. Some common research areas of interest include fishing 

gear efficiency and selectivity, bycatch reduction, improvement of artisanal 

fishing technology, the introduction of more advanced electronics, remote 

sensing, exploration of deepwater resources, and exploration of nontraditional species and fishing All respondents indicated interest in expanding 

international cooperation. Considering the similarities in biological, technical, 

social and economic challenges that fisheries organizations now face, and the 

wealth and variety of expertise within the region, the potential benefits from 

increased cooperation appear very great. 

 8. Preston, G.L. 1991. ABSTRACT: A summary is given of the historical development 

of Fish Aggregation Device (FAD) programmes and the major issues that 

concern FAD utilisation in the South Pacific Commission (SPC) region at 

present. The paper is intended to refer only to anchored FADs: there is no 

reference to artificial reefs, which are essentially unused in the region. 

Because of its currency, as well as the paucity of documentation on Pacific 

Island FAD programmes, much of the information contained is necessarily 

anecdotal and/or speculative. References are provided where written sources 

have been used. SPC's historical and possible future involvement in FADrelated issues is also discussed. 

 297. Ravier, C., F. Marsac, A. Fonteneau, and P. Pallares. 2000. ABSTRACT: Spatial 

and temporal distribution of tropical tunas (yellowfin, Thunnus albacares, 

skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis, bigeye, Thunnus obesus) is characterized by 

fishes congregating in schools and schools gathering into concentrations. 

These concentrations are essential for the purse seine fisheries of the eastern 

tropical Atlantic. Because of this periodic and important biomass, purse 

seiners can make considerable catches with a limited searching effort. Taking 

advantage of these aggregations, a fishery on floating artificial logs has been 

successfully developed since 1991. In the present paper, we present an 

automatic computerized method to identify the concentrations from fine catch 

and effort data (daily logbooks). The results contribute to defining the major 

characteristics of the concentrations during historical (1980-1990) and recent 

periods (1991-1997). Since 1991, two fishing modes, free swimming schools 

and floating objects (FADs), were distinguished. It appears that the change in 

fishing mode and exploitation rate has affected both the number and the 

species composition of the concentrations. FADs allow the exploitation of 

new concentrations, particularly of skipjack tunas. The decreasing abundance 

of tropical tunas leads to a decreasing number of concentrations as well as a 

lower biomass. 
190 

 111. Relini, G., M. Relini, and Torchia G. 1997. ABSTRACT: Recruitment of fishes in 

the artificial reefs of Loano (western Liguria, Italy) and Lavagna (eastern 

Liguria) is described. The fish assemblages were studied by means of visual 

census at five different sites differing in terms of length of exposure, depth, 

presence of FADs, and design. Thus it was possible to highlight seasonal 

variations, the presence of new species (colonization) and the arrival of new 

specimens of species previously recorded (recruitment). In total, the young of 

the year of 18 fish species were recorded, which are divided into three 

different groups: 1) four taxa (Symphodus spp, Chromis chromis, Apogon 

imberbis, Coris julis) which reside on the artificial reef from early larval 

stages; 2) nine species (Mullus barbatus, M. surmuletus, Oblada melanura, 

Phycis phycis, Scorpaena notata, S. porcus, S. scrofa, Serranus cabrilla) 

recorded on the artificial reef some months after hatching; and 3) six species 

(Diplodus annularis, D. sargus, D. vulgaris, Pagellus acarne, Spondyliosoma 

cantharus, Seriola dumerili) which come to the artificial reef from shallow 

water when they are 4-12 months old. 

 26. Renones, O., E. Massuti, S. Deudero, and B. Morales-Nin. 1998. ABSTRACT: 

The pilotfish (Naucrates ductor Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces: Carangidae) is an 

epipelagic oceanic species almost cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical 

seas. However, despite its world-wide distribution, very little biological 

information is available. Only Maksimov (1968) studied the trophic and 

reproductive biology of N. ductor in the Galapagos Islands and more recently, 

Relini et al. (1994) reported some data on its length-frequency distribution 

and feeding behavior from specimens associated with an offshore buoy in the 

Ligurian Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, N. ductor is caught as a by-catch of 

the seasonal dolphin-fish (Coryphaena hippurus) fisheries carried out in 

Malta, Sicily and Mallorca, using special surrounding nets and fish 

aggregation devices (FADs). These are traditional commercial fisheries 

undertaken from late August to early December by the small-scale fleets. In 

Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) annual catches of N. 

ductor from 1981 to 1995, have showed large variations. The maximum 

catches were obtained in 1989 (30.5 mt) and the minima were registered in 

1984 and 1993, with 0.92 and 1.1 mt respectively. Although the dolphin-fish 

fishery was not carried out from January to August, occasional catches of N. 

ductor were still recorded, but they never represented more than 1% of the 

total annual catch for this species. The object of the present note is to 

contribute to the knowledge of the biology of this little studied species, 

although the seasonality of the fishery does not give a complete view of its 

life cycle. Consequently, the population structure, reproduction, feeding 

habits, age and growth are reported, based on specimens caught in the 

Mallorcan dolphin-fish fishery. 

 248. Rey, H. 1998. ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to assess the experimentations of 

Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) in the countries of the Tuna-Fish 
191 

Association, considering that these devices may constitute a major 

innovation, able to modify noticeably the dynamics of the fish-systems in 

which they are placed. After a review of the main realisations, our analysis 

was centered on the evolution and transformation processes that FAD imply 

in the fish systems. These processes are examined as depending of the fish 

resources and of the fishing tactics, as well as of the regulation modes that 

they may imply to solve appropriation conflicts. Attention will be put here 

not only on the results, in terms of efficiency, but also on the determining 

factors of the evolution process. 

 284. Reyal, N., G. van Burrt, and M. Taq. 2000. ABSTRACT: This summary tackles 

the development of fisheries in the Caribbean using FADs. It highlights the 

principal causes which explain why, in spite of more than thirty years of 

experimenting, fishing on FADs has not developed as much as had been 

hoped. Whereas the deep-sea production of pelagic fish by the continental 

countries of the region has considerably increased since the early eighties, 

that of the Lesser Antilles has grown more slowly. Anchored FADs have 

given the boats of the small-scale fisheries from three islands (Guadeloupe, 

Martinique and Curacao) access to these pelagic resources. The various 

modes of development and management of the FADs observed in each island 

are described. The first available data are used to provide some indications of 

the effects of the various strategies implemented and the changes induced by 

this new fishing technique. 

 242. Rey-Valette, H., E. Cillaurren, and D. Gilbert. 2000. ABSTRACT: Since fifteen 

years the introduction of anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) has 

been an important component in the development of the small-scale fishery 

of many tropical island countries. Results however, have not always been as 

good as expected. In this paper we propose the use of a method to assess the 

diversity and complexity of changes caused by the FADs on one side, and the 

sustainability of this innovation process on the other side. The concept of 

sustainability includes both ecological and socio-economical purposes. The 

first aims to preserve the resource, the second to secure the innovation 

process. The assessment framework is based on a grid of twenty-one key 

parameters of biological, technical, economical and sociological nature. A 

value ranging from zero to three is given to each parameter according to its 

effect (no effect, doubtful effect, sustainable effect). An example of this grid 

is presented by combining experts' viewpoints in three cases (Comoros, 

Reunion Island, Vanuatu), which are representative for the diversity of FAD 

projects. A graphic representation is given for an easier reading of the grid 

and to improve its use for decision making. 

 320. Rey-Valette, H., and P. Martins. 2000. ABSTRACT: A new programme 

concerning the experimentation of about thirty Fish Aggregating Devices 

(FADs) is to start in the Cape Verde Islands at the end of 1999. In this 

context, this communication is intended: - to evaluate the alieutic, economic 
192 

and social conditions of the artisanal fishery in this archipelago, notably in 

terms of assets and constraints. Although these conditions are very 

heterogeneous depending on islands, the FADs seem to be able to help the 

stabilization and the development of the fishing activities, disadvantaged by a 

low productivity, limited operating ranges of boats, and very irregular outings 

at sea.. But the narrowness of the domestic market is likely to cause drops in 

the fish prices if the production increases, while the level of absence of 

institutional framework may be a handicap at the level of the management (of 

the programme itself, and/or of some possible conflicts of uses); - to carry out 

an assessment of the former experiments. It emphasized the insufficiency of 

the follow-up and the maintenance of the structures, of which the lifespan 

varied at the most between four and six months, as well as the positive effects 

of the concentration, and the interest of the fishermen already sensitized with 

these structures. 

 318. Romagny, B., F. Menard, P. Dewals, D. Gaertner, and N. N'Goran. 2000.

ABSTRACT: Abidjan is the biggest fishing harbour of tropical tunas in the 

Gulf of Guinea (around 100,000 mt per year). Three canneries work on four 

species (yellowfin, skipjack, bigeye and albacore). Small size tuna, minor 

tuna and by-catches are refused by the canneries and are sold on the local 

market fish. It is the only part of the industrial purse seine catches directly 

sold in Abidjan. Since 1990, fishing operations on schools of tuna associated 

with artificial drifting FADs has become widespread. Log fishery allows 

catches in which the majority is small tunas, and generates by-catches of 

various other pelagic species associated to the logs. The landed amounts of 

local market fish have increased: from 8,500 mt per year estimated between 

1987 and 1990, 21,000 mt is reached between 1991 and 1993. Since 1994, 

controls have been carried out by French fishing companies. A sampling 

scheme allows us to analyse precisely the landings since 1998. From an 

interdisciplinary approach, we study the socio-economic role of this local fish 

market, especially the links between the different actors on this market, and 

we analyse his impact on fishing strategies by identifying the distribution 

networks (actors, prices, profit) and estimating the turnovers connected to this 

sector. 

 99. Roullot, J., and A. Venkatasami. 1987. ABSTRACT: An examination is made of 

findings of a pilot study in Mauritania regarding the use of fishery 

aggregating devices as a means of controlling the fish catches. 

 91. Roullot, J., A. Venkatasami, and S. Soondron. 1988. ABSTRACT: FADs have 

been set around Mauritius since 1985 in the coastal waters at depths from 900 

to 3,000 mt and between 2.5 to 12 nm. from the coast. Meant to be used by 

the artisanal fishery, FADs were also visited by the sports vessels and 

amateur fishermen. Catch data were collected from these fisheries and 

supplemented by the more complete data recorded by the project vessels. 

Over 330 tons of pelagic fish was caught around the FADs last year and the 
193 

catch per boat of the artisanal fishery manned by two or three fishermen was 

between 40 and 56 kg daily. The main fishing methods were trolling, hand 

lining and longlining, and the predominant species in the catch of the project 

boats were the dolphin-fish while it was the yellowfin tuna which had the 

main share in the catch of the artisanal fishermen. 

 61. Roullot, J., A. Venkatasami, and S. Soondron. 1990. ABSTRACT: Fish 

Aggregating Devices (FADs) have been set around Mauritius since 1985 and 

the observations, catch data and fishing techniques used since then have been 

analysed. Following the development of a design suited to the Mauritian 

context, 23 FADs were set, 15 of which are still in place. Fishing in the 

vicinity of FADs by artisanal, sports and part time fishermen is successful 

and is increasing progressively. By conservative estimate, over 330 t of 

pelagic fish are caught annually around the FADs. The average daily catch 

per boat of the artisanal fishery is 50 kg, compared to a catch rate of less than 

5 kg per fisherman in the lagoon and outer reef area. The catch per FAD per 

year was estimated at around 47.5 t of fish. The main species caught are 

given. 

 72. Rountree, R.A. 1989. ABSTRACT: The hypothesis that the abundance of fishes 

associated with fish aggregation devices (FADs) is a function of the degree of 

shelter provided by the structure was tested by comparing recruitment to three 

sizes of mid-water FADs. Each treatment was replicated six times and the 

eighteen FADs were deployed in a randomized block array in 14 m of water 

in the Atlantic Ocean off South Carolina. A total of thirteen species of fishes 

was observed to associate with the FADs. Eighty-nine FADs were censused 

in eight surveys from May through November 1985. The fauna associated 

with the FADs was very similar to published reports of fauna associated with 

Sargassum spp. and jellyfish, suggesting similar origins and causes of these 

associations. 

 77. Rountree, R.A. 1990. ABSTRACT: Twenty-two fish aggregation devices were 

deployed in 14 m of water off South Carolina (USA). Species composition 

and abundance were determined by diver visual census on eight occasions 

from May through November, 1985. A total of 21 families and 36 species of 

fishes was observed at 121 stations. Pelagic fishes dominated the fauna with a 

99.3% relative abundance, and Decapterus punctatus accounted for 97.6% of 

the individuals. Caranx crysos, Diplectrum formosum, Decapterus punctatus, 

Centropristis striata and Monacanthus hispidus were the most frequent 

species. Total fish abundance, number of species and abundance of four of 

the six most common species were significantly affected by season. 

Hurricane activity may have caused a significant drop in pelagic fish 

abundance at the FADs in July. No significant correlations among species 

abundances were found after removal of season and FAD type effects. Spatial 

zonation and seasonal occurrence patterns suggest some competition among 

pelagic fishes. 
194 

 132. Sacchi, J., and E. Tessier. 1999. ABSTRACT: The development of the FAD gave 

rise to technical problems owing to their conception, their setting spot and of 

their utilisation. Failings generated by the unreliability of components or the 

uncertain repair precariousness, those can prove to be here more and more 

expensive with the progression of the ageing of devices and reasons of their 

loss. For as various domains that aerospace or the fishing deck layout, the 

engineering has functional analysis tools that permit to reduce conception 

uncertainties of systems by the mean of a hierarchical classification of 

function values of components. The application of one of these techniques, 

the FMEA, Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, to the study of reasons of 

FAD loss in La Reunion describes perfectly everything that this type of 

method can bring to the appraisal in fishing technology. This preventive 

analysis method assess the potential risks integrates perfectly in the mind of a 

precaution approach as it would agree to see to apply to the FADs and to their 

exploitation. 

 294. Sacchi, J., and Tessier, E. 2000. ABSTRACT: Since 1983, the research on the 

optimal conception of FADs in Martinique was particularly focused on the 

improvement of their resistance to different maritime or human aggressions. 

Following several experimentations made with different types of FADs, the 

choice was brought on light devices anchored in 1,500 to 2,000 m depths and 

an experimental approach was conducted to identify the causes of loss of 

FADs and to attempt to modelize their hydrodynamic behaviour with relation 

to the sea conditions. Three mathematical models are used to simulate the 

FAD behaviour under current action and swell, and to estimate the forces 

exerted on each part of the device. The results of this study are presented. 

The FAD design used nowadays for the development of pelagic fishing in 

Martinique, recommendations for maintenance and preservation of the FADs 

are also proposed. 

 459. Safina, C. 1993. ABSTRACT: The bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is a creature of 

superlatives. Growing to 1500 pounds (700 kilos), traveling on transoceanic 

migrations, and reputedly capable of swimming 50 miles (90 km) per hour, it 

is one of the largest, most wide-ranging, and fastest of animals. To anyone 

who has seen this saberfinned giant explode through the surface of the sea, it 

is among the most magnificent. The bluefin is also one of the most valuable 

and most over-exploited of creatures. Its west Atlantic breeding population 

has plummeted 90% since 1975, from an estimated quarter million to 22,000 

animals (ICCAT 1991). The east Atlantic adult population is currently 

estimated to be half what it was in 1970 (ICCAT 1992). A highly prized 

delicacy in Japan's most exclusive sushi restaurants, a single bluefin can bring 

fishermen up to US$30,000, sell at auction in Tokyo for more than 

US$60,000, then cost diners US$350 per pound. Most fishing for bluefin tuna 

is driven by the Japanese market and this international trade. 
195 

 302. Sakagawa, G.T. 2000. ABSTRACT: It is generally accepted that innovations in tuna 

purse seine technology have affected fishing operations and the traditional 

measurement of fishing effort, days fished including searching time. Not 

much is known, however, about the actual effects of the innovations on 

fishing performance. Data from the US tuna purse seine fishery in the western 

Pacific Ocean were used to determine the impact of drifting Fish Aggregating 

Devices (FADs) on the performance of the US fleet. The results indicate, 

inter alia, a high rate of success (96%) in catching tuna and high yield rate 

(37 t/successful set) for FAD sets. Log sets were comparable in success rate 

(94%) and catch rate (36 t/successful set). Unassociated sets, on the other 

hand, had a higher catch rate (42 t/successful set) than FAD sets, but a low 

success rate, 53 per cent. FAD sets significantly improved the fleet's 

performance. 

 98. Samples, K.C. 1986. ABSTRACT: This report describes the socioeconomic 

characteristics, attitudes, and motives of (fish aggregation devices) FAD users 

based on a 1984 survey. It also describes the costs of Hawaii's FAD program 

and the monetary benefits that accrue to users. The 622 surveyed fishermen 

made 13,819 visits to FADs, or 26.4 visits each during a 12-month period in 

1983-84. An average of 4.4 fish, consisting primarily of various tuna species, 

were caught per FAD visit. Fishermen generally claimed that fish catch and 

overall fishing fun were improved around FADs, but they also frequently 

identified crowding as a detracting factor. A benefit-cost analysis of Hawaii's 

FAD program shows that, on an annual basis, users' willingness to pay for 

FADs ($184,906) slightly exceeds estimated average annual program costs 

($182,000). 

 73. Samples, K.C., and J.R. Hollyer. 1989. ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the 

problem of configuring fish aggregation device (FAD) networks to achieve 

maximum social value in commercial fisheries. A simplified network 

planning situation is analyzed from an economic perspective to optimize the 

number and location of FAD stations. Prioritization of potential deployment 

sites is conditional upon fleet dispersion and composition. Site ranking also 

depends on whether or not catch rates are sensitive to aggregate fishing 

pressure exerted at FAD locations. Clustering of aggregation devices in close 

proximity to one another is a viable alternative only when fishing effort and 

catch rates are inversely related. Economic efficiency criteria are used to 

determine the optimal number of FAD stations given programmatic budget 

constraints. Optimal system size is conditional on placement decisions. 

 74. Sanjeeva Raj, P.J. 1989. ABSTRACT: Bergstrom (1983) reviewed traditional fish 

aggregating devices used in the Bay of Bengal. Some fishing villages on the 

Bay of Bengal coast, 20 to 30 km south of Madras, have traditionally used 

column fish aggregating devices (FADS) called "kambi." Column FADs are 

composed of a long rope with coconut fronds fastened at 0.3 m (1 ft) intervals 

and attached to a float at one end and anchored at the other end. A lift-net, 
196 

called "mada valai," is used to fish these FADs (Hornell, 1924). Some 

fishermen make benthic artificial reefs, called "mullom," from tree branches 

weighted with a rock. These are fished by hook and line. Some fishermen 

combine the two structures and fish with both gears. In recent years, most 

local artisanal fishermen were disinclined to fish with artificial structures in 

part because of conflicts with trawl fishermen whose nets often got damaged 

by these traditional artificial fish habitats. Over the years extensive trawling 

has damaged the inshore habitat and fisheries. Here we attempted to revive 

artificial habitat use and evaluate their efficacy for enhancing catches of the 

artisanal fishery. 

 409. Scott, M.D. 1999. ABSTRACT: This is a summary and overview of the 1992 

workshop. 

 153. Shinn, E.A., and R.I. Wicklund. 1989. ABSTRACT: Examination of 16 artificial 

reef structures with a two-person submersible in depths ranging from 30 to 

120 m (100-400 ft) indicated that the highest numbers of fish are found 

around reefs in water shallower than 46 m (150 ft). Structures that penetrated 

above the thermocline, such as two upright oil "rigs" and a hopper barge, 

were also effective reefs. The open structure and high profile of the rigs 

enhance their use as artificial reefs by providing a range of well-aerated 

habitats. Any effect of substrate or post-deployment age on fish abundance 

could not be documented. Wood appeared to be a more effective fishconcentrating material but has a shorter useful life than does steel. 

 238. Sibert, J., K. Holland, and D. Itano. 2000. ABSTRACT: Yellowfin and bigeye 

tunas (Thunnus albacares and Thunnus obesus) were tagged and released 

between August 1995 and December 1997 at Cross Seamount and NOAA 

weather buoys about 200 nmi south of Honolulu. The release and recapture 

data were stratified into five sites, and a bulk transfer model was used to 

estimate natural mortality, fishing mortality and transfer rates between the 

five sites. Bigeye are much more persistent at Cross seamount and less 

vulnerable to the fishery than yellowfin. Fishing accounts for about 5% of the 

total mortality of both bigeye and yellowfin at Cross Seamount. Yellowfin 

are a major component of catches at inshore FADs in Hawaii. The rate of 

immigration from Cross Seamount to the inshore FADs is very low for both 

species. The fishing mortality at Cross Seamount is substantial but is not 

adversely impacting the populations either at Cross or the inshore FADs. 

 319. Sibisopere, M.B. 2000. ABSTRACT: From 1972, when Solomon Taiyo Limited 

(STL) started a pole-and-line fishing operation, to 1980, STL vessels had 

been catching tuna almost exclusively from surface free-swimming schools. 

In 1981, a FAD programme group purse-seining fishing operation, using the 

Filipino "payao" model, was put in place. Results were excellent and STL 

vessels quickly adapted their fishing methods to make the best use of FADs. 

STL slightly modified the original payao design to better suit its own needs 
197 

and nowadays, about 90% of the group purse seine catch, i.e., 5,800 t 

annually, and around 60-70% of the pole-and-line catch, i.e., about 15,000 t 

annually, come from FAD fishing. FADs bring benefits not only to STL but 

also to the rural communities of the region. For STL, it allows savings on the 

operational costs, especially those of pole-and-line fishing operations, 

reduction of searching time and a better regularity of fish landings. For the 

rural communities, it gives better returns to bait-ground owners through 

royalties paid by STL for their baitfishing boats and it allows local fishing 

communities (known as canoe-fishermen) to increase their catches using 

fishing methods (artisanal) such as trolling and midwater handlines set 

around FADs. This provides fish for family consumption and a source of 

income from fish sold. Overall, the importance of FADs to STL's fishing 

operation, and therefore to the local economy as a whole, is high, although no 

precise value can be attached to it. 

 207. Sloan, R. 2001. ABSTRACT: The article discusses sportfishing for yellowfin tuna in 

the Gulf of Mexico off of Texas. Yellowfins are caught by sport-fishermen 

by trolling near deepwater petroleum structures including Hoover Rig, 

located 123 miles off Freeport and sitting in 4,800 ft of water. Other rigs 

lying 100 to 130 miles offshore are also are places where large yellowfin tuna 

are caught. Sportfishing boats also target and catch blue marlin around these 

structures. Yellowfin tuna are also caught in shallower water, and a primary 

tactic of sportfishermen is to fish near deepwater shrimp boats that are 

discarding bycatch that attracts tuna. Some of the best catches are made in 

water as shallow as 300 ft. 

464. Snyder, D.B., L. Lagera, P. Arnold, L. de Wit, G.H. Burgess, and C. Friel. 2001.

ABSTRACT: The fishing and offshore energy industries have coexisted and 

developed amicably for many years in shelf waters of the northern Gulf of 

Mexico. Recently, the offshore energy industry in the Gulf has shifted its 

interest beyond the shelf and into deep waters (>200 m). Currently there are 

over 3,500 active leases and 48 development/production facilities in water 

depths greater than 200 m. Deepwater oil and gas structures include fixed 

platforms, sub-sea completions, moored floating structures, and dynamically 

positioned ships. These surface-piercing structures represent obstacles to 

passively drifting longlines. The longline fishery targets yellowfin tuna and 

swordfish. From 1994 to 1998 permitted longline vessels made over 4,000 

sets per year with an average length 37 miles of main line per set. Spatial 

distribution of longine sets and catches of major species for 1994 to 1998 

period were plotted. These plots were compared with the location of current 

and future oil and gas structures structures to identify potential problem areas. 

Field observations around deepwater structures indicate that tuna, dolphin, 

and wahoo are attracted to deepwater structures. 

 327. Solana-Sansores, R., G. Compean-Jimenez, and G. Aldana-Flores. 2000.

ABSTRACT: We compared the length structure of yellowfin tuna, (Thunnus 
198 

albacares) caught in three different sets, dolphin sets (ds), tuna sets (ts), and 

log sets (ls), of the Mexican tuna fleet that operated in the Eastern Pacific 

Ocean, between 1995 and 1998. The data sampled of fork length (FL) were 

obtained aboard the ships through three-stage strata probabilistic sampling 

design. The strata corresponded to those defined for the management of this 

resource by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). The 

stages of sampling were as follows: random fish sample (stage 3), from sets 

that were selected by systematic sample (stage 2), of fishing trips that were 

selected through random sampling (stage 1), in a period of one year. We have 

defined equations for average weight, total number of fish in the commercial 

catch and the number of fish by length class. The results showed that the 

average weights and average lengths at the ds and ts are more important than 

those for ls. Besides, we found that the total fish number catch by ton at the ls 

was highest and their length structure tended to values lower than 60 

centimetres. We observed that the ds and ts are more productive than ls to the 

Mexican fisheries. This sampling design allowed comparing the characteristic 

of the length structure by zone and type of sets. 

 75. Stephan, C.D., and D.G. Lindquist. 1989. ABSTRACT: As an aid to determining 

the best artificial habitat for use by North Carolina's pelagic sport fishermen, 

we examined the fish assemblages associated with three structurally different 

artificial reefs: an old dredge wreck (ca 1940s); a new tugboat wreck (placed 

February 1985); and four arrays of FADS (deployed May 1985). The fish 

populations were estimated by use of the stationary diver survey technique. 

Surveys were performed on 19 days (weather permitting) during the period of 

June to December 1985. A total of 48 species was recorded in association 

with the structures during the survey period. Species richness was highest at 

the dredge (40 species), high on the recently sunken tugboat (37 species), 

and, low on the FADs (16 species). Species diversity for each site followed 

the same pattern, and species evenness did not differ significantly between 

the dredge and tugboat. 

 148. Stobberup, K.A., F. Marsac, and A.A. Anganuzzi. 1998. ABSTRACT: 

Biogeography, movements, reproduction, feeding habits, growth, weightlength relationship, natural mortality, stock structure, fisheries, and stock 

assessment are reviewed. As tuna fisheries management is implemented in 

the Indian Ocean with the recent establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna 

Commission, bigeye will become one of the main focuses of interest. The 

status of the stock is currently unknown, although concerns have been raised 

regarding the potential impact of recent catches of bigeye by the surface 

fisheries on the long-term productivity of the stock and on the catches of the 

traditional longline fisheries operating in the region. Age-structured stock 

assessment should be undertaken to assess the recent trends in the age 

composition of the population and the possible trade-offs in productivity 

resulting from the changes in age-specific fishing mortality. Further research, 

especially tagging experiments, would contribute to better understanding of 
199 

stock structure (including migration and ranges of exchange among various 

areas) and natural mortality. These population parameters are crucial to 

assess the extent of interactions among fisheries and future effects of changes 

in exploitation patterns. 

 216. Taquet, M. 1998. ABSTRACT: There are two types of tuna fisheries in the 

Caribbean region. The Venezuelan and American fleets are the most 

important high seas fleets; these are purse-seine, longline and pole and line 

fleets. There are also artisanal fishing fleets of insular states that regularly 

fish on the tuna resources crossing through their waters. Since there is 

intensive exploitation of reef resources, these artisanal fleets increase their 

fishing efforts for tunas and tuna-like fishes. In the Caribbean region, as in 

some other regions of the intertropical area, the use of moored Fish 

Aggregating Devices (FADs) has been one of the main methods of 

developing these fisheries during the last decades. More than twenty years 

after the first tests in the French West Indies, a first evaluation must be 

carried out by analyzing the results obtained in different spots and 

understanding the conditions that led to good results. The future prospects of 

this fishing activity will be discussed in reference to the development of 

FADs. Research around FADs, aggregating determinism, and impacts on the 

fishery (including the resources and the fishers). These research priorities 

could be established on the basis of recent work with results obtained on a 

large geographic scale. International scientific and technological 

collaborations might allow a greater efficiency which would benefit both 

fishermen and scientists. It is in this context, and to reach the latter goal, that 

an international symposium “Tuna fishing and FADs” will be held this 

October in Martinique. 

 311. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, and M. Laurans M. 2000. ABSTRACT: For most 

fisheries, increasing the local production of pelagic fish is the main objective 

of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). This does not rule out the existence of 

a larger-scale impact, especially on the migratory behaviour of fish. The 

analysis of data collected during 25 experimental fishing surveys around 

Martinique between 1995 and 1997 has led to the hypothesis that FADs 

influence the migratory behaviour of young dolphinfish. Unlike recent studies 

of dolphinfish migration in the Caribbean, which tend to show an annual 

migration pattern with a seasonal passage through the French West Indies, the 

experimental fishing surveys done over more than a year on a monthly basis 

on a single cohort, show that the migratory pattern of part of the regional 

stock could be disrupted. This analysis has made it possible to estimate an 

average growth rate for this species during the first year of life. 

 243. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, M. Laurans, and A. Lagin. 2000. ABSTRACT: This paper 

examines the fishing of blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) around Fish 

Aggregating Devices (FADs) in Martinique (French West Indies). It is based 

on the compared analysis of catches from monthly experimental fishing 
200 

surveys and sampling of commercial landings. The data collected in these 

two different ways allowed comparison of blackfin tuna length frequencies. 

A large part of the commercial landings were made up of young immature 

tuna with a fork length of less than 40 cm, whereas the experimental longline 

catches were mainly made up of fish with a fork length ranging between 55 

and 75 cm. We give evidence that these discrepancies were mostly due to the 

fishing technique used. Indeed, contrarily to the experimental surveys, 

Martinican fishermen only fish during daytime and usually on the surface by 

trolling. This way, fishermen do not have access to the largest fish, which are 

found deeper. Our results suggested that a new fishing technique such as 

vertical longlining, could improve commercial catches of big blackfin tuna 

under FADs. 

 323. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, M. Laurans, and A. Lagin. 2000. ABSTRACT: Data on 

the biology and behaviour of blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) have been 

collected during 24 experimental fishing surveys, seven days each, carried 

out from October 1995 to October 1997 around Martinican FADs. FAD have 

been used as scientific tool, to concentrate biological observations on fish 

present in the area. Following these surveys, landings of fishermen who work 

around FADs and offshore have been observed two times a week. Sampling 

occurs on some main landing sites of the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts. 

These observations feed the data base on the large pelagic fishes occurring in 

Martinican waters. This poster shows a synthesis of the main biological and 

fishing results obtained on this species by using this data base. Original 

Abstract: Une serie de 24 campagnes de pêche experimentale de sept jours 

chacune, realisee entre octobre 1995 et octobre 1997 au voisinage des dcp 

implantes autour de la Martinique, a permis de collecter des donnees sur la 

biologie et le comportement du thon noir (Thunnus atlanticus). Le dcp a ete 

utilise comme un outil scientifique permettant de concentrer des observations 

biologiques sur les poissons presents dans la zone. DT la suite de ces 

campagnes, un suivi des captures des professionnels operant sous et hors dcp 

a ete initie sur une base bihebdomadaire et se poursuit actuellement. Les 

echantillonnages realises sur plusieurs sites principaux de debarquement, sur 

les cotes caraibe et atlantique, permettent de completer la base de donnees sur 

les grands poissons pelagiques frequentant les eaux martiniquaises. Ce poster 

presente une synthese des principaux resultats biologiques et halieutiques 

obtenus sur l'espece a partir des observations effectuees. 

 324. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, M. Laurans, and A. Lagin. 2000. ABSTRACT: Data on 

the biology and behaviour of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) have been 

collected during 24 experimental fishing surveys, seven days each, carried 

out from October 1995 to October 1997 around Martinican FADs. FADs 

have been used as scientific tool, to concentrate biological observations on 

fish present in the area. Following these surveys, landings of fishermen who 

work around FAD and offshore have been observed two times a week. 

Sampling occurs on some main landing sites of the Caribbean and Atlantic 
201 

coasts. These observations feed the data base on the large pelagic fishes 

occurring in Martinican waters. This poster shows a synthesis of the main 

biological and fishing results obtain on this species by using this data base. 

Original Abstract: Une serie de 24 campagnes de pêche experimentale de 

sept jours chacune, realisee entre octobre 1995 et octobre 1997 au voisinage 

des DCP implantes autour de la Martinique, a permis de collecter des 

donnees sur la biologie et le comportement de l'albacore (Thunnus 

albacares). Le DCP a ete utilise comme un outil scientifique permettant de 

concentrer des observations biologiques sur les poissons presents dans la 

zone. A la suite de ces campagnes, un suivi des captures des professionnels 

operant sous et hors DCP a ete initie sur une base bi-hebdomadaire et se 

poursuit actuellement. Les echantillonnages realises sur plusieurs sites 

principaux de debarquement sur les cotes Caraibe et Atlantique permettent de 

completer la base de donnees sur les grands poissons pelagiques frequentant 

les eaux martiniquaises. Ce poster presente une synthese des principaux 

resultats biologiques et halieutiques obtenus sur l'espece a partir des 

observations effectuees. 

 325. Taquet, M., L. Reynal, M. Laurans, and A. Lagin. 2000. ABSTRACT: Data on 

the biology and behaviour of dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) have been 

collected during 24 experimental fishing surveys, seven days each, carried 

out from October 1995 to October 1997 around Martinican FADs. FADs 

have been used as scientific tool, to concentrate biological observations on 

fish present in the area. Following these surveys, landings of fishermen who 

work around FAD and offshore have been observed two times a week. 

Sampling occurs on some main landing sites of the Caribbean and Atlantic 

coasts. These observations feed the data base on the large pelagic fishes 

occurring in Martinican waters. This poster shows a synthesis of the main 

biologic and fishing results obtain on this species by using this data base. 

Original Abstract: Une serie de 24 campagnes de pêche experimentale de 

sept jours chacune, realisee entre octobre 1995 et octobre 1997 au voisinage 

des DCP implantes autour de la Martinique, a permis de collecter des 

donnees sur la biologie et le comportement de la dorade coryphene 

(Coryphaena hippurus). Le DCP a ete utilise comme un outil scientifique 

permettant de concentrer des observations biologiques sur les poissons 

presents dans la zone. A la suite de ces campagnes, un suivi des captures des 

professionnels operant sous et hors DCP a ete initie sur une base bihebdomadaire et se poursuit actuellement. Les echantillonnages realises sur 

plusieurs sites principaux de debarquement sur les cotes Caraibe et Atlantique 

permettent de completer la base de donnees sur les grands poissons 

pelagiques frequentant les eaux martiniquaises. Ce poster presente une 

synthese des principaux resultats biologiques et halieutiques obtenus sur 

laespece a partir des observations effectuees. 

 121. Taquet, M., G. Van Burrt, and L. Reynal. 1999. ABSTRACT: This conference 

will develop a comparative overview of the development of FADs by the 
202 

tropical purse seine fisheries in the various oceans (Atlantic, Indian, Western 

and Eastern Pacific oceans). First a comparative review of fishery statistics 

will be developed. This comparison will cover geographical patterns, trends 

over time, seasonality, species composition, size taken, sizes of schools in the 

various FAD fisheries. Then a comparative review of observer data will be 

done. Rate of unsuccessful sets on FADs, times of setting, variance of species 

composition between FAD schools, the observed by-catches by species 

observed in the various oceans will be compared. The FAD technology used 

in the various oceans (radio location, underwater nets, numbers, turn over, 

use of sounders, satellite positioning, use of underwater light, tracking of 

FAD with satellite and PCs, use of bait, auxiliary boats, etc.) will then be 

reviewed and compared. The environment and water masses (currents, 

thermocline, wind, etc.) in which FADs are used more efficiently by purse 

seiners will be analyzed and discussed. Potential problems introduced by 

FADs in the tuna stock assessment, primarily because FADs are heavily 

changing the nature of fishing effort and then most stock assessment, will be 

discussed. As a last point, the management of FADs presently done or in 

view by the various tuna bodies will be introduced. It appears that the present 

massive use of FADs world wide is probably an unsafe fishing mode which 

need to be limited to reasonable biological levels. 

 410. Telleria, J.A., A. Delgado de Molina, A. Fonteneau, F.G. Costas, and P. Pillares. 

1999. ABSTRACT: The goal of this study is to review the tuna fisheries 

associated with floating logs in the eastern tropical Atlantic. In the Atlantic, 

the log fishery contributes a relatively minor proportion of the purse-seine 

catches (approximately 15% during the time period 1988-1990). The 

dominant species in log sets is skipjack (76% for the same period), followed 

by yellowfin (17%) and bigeye (7%). Skipjack taken with logs have a 

weight distribution identical to those in free schools (average weight of 5.3 

kg for yellowfin and 4.5 kg for bigeye). The fishing seasons and locations 

on logs are geographically restricted and stable from year to year during the 

period under study. As in other oceans, the catch per set under logs is on the 

average greater than on free schools (34 t versus 19 t), and the rate of 

unsuccessful sets is low compared to free-swimming schools (6% versus 

28%). Many logs in the Atlantic seem to be from natural origin and are 

drifting in the surface currents of the area. The exact origin of the logs is 

still questionable, especially the proportions from the Amazon and from 

African rivers (especially Zaire), both located at similar distances from the 

fishing zone. The accumulation of logs in the north equatorial convergence 

zone has been noticed and contributes to important tuna catches. Since the 

end of 1990, artificial logs have been deployed in large numbers in the 

offshore area by purse seiners and have enabled catches of skipjack and 

larger yellowfin in new fishing zones. Yield per recruit analysis has been 

conducted and concludes that a further development of the artificial log 

fishery should increase yield per recruit of the total fishery, the potential 

benefit being mainly for skipjack. Research recommendations are 
203 

developed in order to improve knowledge about tuna and log dynamics, and 

also to estimate the tuna abundance in a purse-seine fishery developing a log 

fishing strategy. 

 316. Tessier, E., and F. Poisson. 2000. ABSTRACT: More than ten years after its 

launching, an evaluation of the results of the FADs programme carried on in 

Reunion Island has been made. Its implementation and its impact on artisanal 

fishery in Reunion Island have been analysed. This analysis demonstrates 

that, following a continuously ascending phase, the production of fish caught 

on FADs has reached a plateau. Parallel to the FAD-associated fishery, the 

longline fishery has developed since 1991. This type of fishery includes 

production units whose operating zone is bordering the FAD installation area. 

Analysing the evolution of the small longliner sector is based on general 

activity indicators (number of ships, production, fish selling prices). Besides, 

a synthesis of the interactions between those two types of fisheries, whether 

in terms of exploited resources, space conflicts, fishing population or market, 

has been effected. Judging from the complementary and antagonistic natures 

of the two fisheries identified above and given their evolution, the future of 

the FADs programme is pending. Have the FADs just been a step in the 

evolution of the Reunion fishing system or have they modified it on a longterm basis? 

 290. Tessier, E., H. Rey-Valette, D. Ah-Nieme, R.-M. Bargain, A. Vnkatsamy, and B. 

Wendling. 2000. ABSTRACT: The first FADs in the islands of the South 

West Indian Ocean were moored in the fifties. The area under study forms 

part of the Indian Ocean Commission which include Comoros, Madagascar, 

Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion and the island of Mayotte. After a few 

isolated trials that turned to be inconclusive, especially for lack of reliability 

of the devices moored, trials were pursued under the auspices of international 

organizations. A new type of FAD was successfully designed and 

implemented in Mauritius. This model was then applied in the Comoros in 

1987, in La Reunion and Madagascar in 1988 and in Mayotte in 1989. The 

various programmes have had various results. In some cases such as La 

Reunion and Mauritius, they have played a key role in the development of the 

inshore fishery. In other cases they have been less significant. Finally in other 

cases although a significant impact on artisanal fishery, the experience was 

halted due to financial constraints. Beyond the history of the various 

programmes and the results obtained, thus have attempted to underline the 

social and economic factors that have characterized the various trials in the 

different regional countries. 

 127. Tessier, E., H. Rey-Valette, J.N. de Lestang, A. Venkatasamy, and B. Wendling. 

1999. ABSTRACT: The first FADs in the islands of the South West Indian 

Ocean were moored in the 50's. These islands are memberships of the Indian 

Ocean Commission which include Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, 

Seychelles, France (Reunion) and the island of Mayotte. After a few isolated 
204 

trials that proved to be inconclusive, especially for lack of reliability of the 

devices moored, trials were pursued under the auspices of international 

organisations. A new model was successfully tried and implemented in 

Mauritius. This model was then transferred to the Seychelles in 1983, in the 

Comoros in 1987, in La Reunion and Madagascar in 1988 and in Mayotte in 

1989. The various programmes have had various results. In certain cases, 

such as La Reunion and Mauritius, they have played a key role in the 

development of the inshore fishery. In other cases, they have been less 

significant. Finally, in certain cases, although the impact on artisanal fishery 

was significant the experience was not pursued due of financial constraints. 

Beyond the history of the various programmes and the results obtained, the 

authors have attempted to underscore the various ecological, social and 

economic factors that have characterised the various trials in the different 

regional countries. 

 27. Tomlinson, P.K. 1998. ABSTRACT: During the mid-1950s, Japanese longline 

vessels began to fish in the eastern Pacific Ocean east of 150 degree W (EPO) 

and their catches of bigeye increased over time, reaching a peak of 97 

thousand metric tons in 1986. In the 1965-1993 period, 24 to 43 percent of 

the world catches of bigeye came from the EPO and were caught mostly by 

longlines. During late 1993 purse seine vessels operating in the EPO 

discovered that bigeye associated with floating objects, but well beneath the 

surface of the water, can be detected with sonar, and they developed methods 

for catching them. Many of these floating objects were fish-aggregating 

devices (FADs) placed in the water by the fishermen. Most of these purseseine catches of bigeye were taken between 5 degree N and 10 degree S. 

Accordingly, beginning in 1995, the IATTC staff further increased its studies 

on bigeye, principally to estimate the effects of increased catches by the 

surface fishery on the longline fishery and on the sustainable yield. 

 136. Torres, A. 1999. ABSTRACT: Guam is a territory of the United States with a 

population of approximately 133,000 people. It is the largest and 

southernmost island of the Mariana Archipelago in the western Pacific 

Ocean. Installation and maintenance of FADs by the Government of Guam 

began in 1979, initially with funding from the Salstonstall-Kennedy Act 

through the Pacific Tuna Development Foundation. Current funding for the 

Guam FAD project is provided through the Dingell-Johnson/Wallop-Breaux 

Sport Fish Restoration program, a Federal Aid Project funded by taxes 

collected on the purchase of fishing equipment and motorboat fuels 

nationwide. There are now sixteen operational FAD sites in Guam's waters. 

At a cost of approximately $US10,000 per system, concern for the rising 

costs of replacing and maintaining FAD systems has prompted the 

Department of Agriculture's Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources 

(DAWR) to investigate alternative FAD maintenance strategies and system 

design. Several cost-cutting measures being considered include the use of 

reliable solar-powered navigation lights to reduce the number of maintenance 
205 

trips required, and switching to a newer generation of lighter, more durable 

buoys and mooring systems. Average time on station for a DAWR FAD 

system is nearing two years. Interestingly, in most cases where an errant 

system is recovered, the failure in the mooring system was observed to occur 

at a depth of between 35-500 m. These observations have lead to speculation 

that additional protection of the mooring line down to 500 m may result in 

doubling the average time on station of most FAD systems. 

 329. Torres, A. 2000. ABSTRACT: Installation and maintenance of FADs by the 

Government of Guam began in 1979, initially with funding from the 

Salstonstall-Kennedy Act through the Pacific Tuna Development Foundation. 

Current funding for the Guam FAD project is provided through the DingellJohnson/Wallop-Breaux Sport Fish Restoration programme, a Federal Aid 

Project funded by taxes collected on the purchase of fishing equipment and 

motorboat fuels nationwide. There are now sixteen operational FAD sites in 

Guam's waters. At a cost of approximately US$10,000 per system, concern 

for the rising costs of replacing and maintaining FAD systems has prompted 

the Department of Agriculture's Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources 

(DAWR) to investigate alternative FAD maintenance strategies and system 

design. Several cost-cutting measures being considered include the use of 

reliable solar-powered navigation lights to reduce the number of maintenance 

trips required, and switching to a newer generation of lighter, more durable 

buoys and mooring systems. Average time on station for a DAWR FAD 

system is nearing two years. Interestingly, in most cases where an errant 

system is recovered, the failure in the mooring system was observed to occur 

at a depth from 35 to 500 m. These observations have led to speculation that 

additional protection of the mooring line down to 500 m may result in 

doubling the average time on station of most FAD systems. 

 51. Vande Vusse, F.J., and E. Pileo. 1994. ABSTRACT: The "payao" an indigenous 

deep water FAD, attracts juvenile tuna and small pelagics for commercial 

harvest by pursuing seines of varying sizes. Unrestricted use of the 

payao/purse seine combination contributes to overfishing. Artisanal 

fishermen compete for the same fish using multiple hook (200-250) hand 

lines trolled from outrigger canoes. Harvests vary, averaging 2 kg/day. Net 

income is $1.53/day from a $2.00 gross. Fishing at commercial payaos is 

good in the brief interval between attraction and a school's harvest by purse 

seine. Payaos were established in municipal waters (to 5.6 km) exclusively 

for hand line fishermen to try to provide more regular harvests while reducing 

direct competition with purse seines. They also served as a community 

organization focal point. As fish were not routinely caught or scattered by 

purse seines, hand line harvests became more regular. Average catch doubled 

and costs decreased 50% as fewer hooks (25-40) were needed. Average net 

income increased 140% to $3.78/day. Organized artisanal fishermen have 

forced purse seines offshore resulting in a redistribution of the harvest, 
206 

increased fishery profit with a more equitable distribution and reduced fishing 

pressure in municipal waters. 

 67. Venkatasami, A. 1990. ABSTRACT: Details are given of experience with FADs in 

the Southwest Indian Ocean, discussing their use in the following countries: 

Comores, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Reunion, Seychelles, and 

Tanzania. The design, construction and longevity of the FADs are described 

and fishing techniques outlined, indicating species caught and giving an 

analysis of catch data. Socioeconomic and other aspects of FADs are also 

considered. 

 7. Venkatasami, A. 1991. ABSTRACT: An account is given of experience with FADs 

in the Southwest Indian Ocean, considering the following countries 

individually: Comores, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Reunion, 

Seychelles, Tanzania. The design of long-lived FADs developed in the region 

is described, outlining design consideration, construction details, longevity 

and reasons for loss and location. FADs and fishing production is also 

considered, indicating fishing techniques, species caught, and catch data 

analysis. Socio-economic and other aspects of FAD fisheries are examined 

briefly. It is concluded that the introduction of FADs in certain countries of 

the region is positively perceived by the fishermen communities. The 

investment required for the programme is relatively low compared to the 

benefits derived by the fishermen and the country. Landings from FADs are 

expected to increase gradually, as more and more fishermen, motivated by 

higher catch rates, join the fishery. 

 22. Venkatasami, A., and A. Sheik Mamode. 1996. ABSTRACT: Mauritius is one of 

the first countries in the South West Indian Ocean to have started a fishery 

associated with Fish-Aggregating Devices (FADs). The productivity of 

fishermen engaged in this fishery is quite low compared to neighboring 

Reunion and Comoros Islands. An FAD efficiency assessment survey 

revealed that production of fish could easily increase. This paper analyses the 

fishermen's catches, the problems they encounter, and the high performance 

some of them achieve. 

317. de Verdihac, P., J.-M. Maggiorani, and P. Debouvry. 2000. ABSTRACT: A 

development programme for the promotion of FADs in Sao Tome and 

Principe has implemented an original interactive approach by granting a 

predominant place to the initiative of the target group and its participation 

in decision making. The appropriation process of the innovative FADs by 

the beneficiaries takes place in three stages described herewith. 

- the technical research phase. This consists of formally describing an idea 

in reply to an expressed or potential need. The envisaged FAD type is 

developed and tested by the project's agents in order to obtain a technically 

appropriate prototype. 
207 

- the research and adjustment phase. The FAD is given to a small number 

of people to be used in real-life conditions. Reaction surveys will enable its 

pertinence to be tested and its adaptation to normal conditions of use. This 

second phase results in the production of a technically and socioeconomically appropriated FAD. 

- the diffusion-perpetuation phase. This entails i) identification of the 

sequences of the various stages, ii) definition and grouping of contributions 

by the various parties, iii) production of educational auxiliaries, iv) 

initiating actions for user awareness and demonstration, v) staff training, vi) 

monitoring of the FAD "socialisation", vii) solving funding problems. 

Original Abstract: Un projet visant, entre autres, la promotion de DCP pour 

la pêche artisanale fonctionne a Sao Tome et Principe depuis 1993. Le 

processus d'appropriation daune telle innovation par les beneficiaires 

comprend trois etapes ici decrites. La phase de recherche technique. Il s'agit 

d'instrumentaliser une idee en reponse a un besoin exprime ou potentiel. 

L'innovation envisagee est mise au point et testee par les agents du projet en 

milieu controle de facon a obtenir un prototype techniquement approprie. 

La phase de recherche-developpement: l'outil est confie a un petit nombre 

de personnes pour une utilisation en conditions reelles. C'est une phase de 

mise au point interactive, seule susceptible de provoquer une reelle 

appropriation par les recipiendaires. Des enquetes de reaction permettront 

de tester sa pertinence et de l'adapter aux conditions normales d'utilisation. 

Cette seconde phase debouche sur la production d'un outil de reference 

approprie techniquement et socio-economiquement. La phase de diffusionperennisation: il s'agira la : i) d'identifier les sequences d'intervention, ii) 

d'identifier et de regrouper les apports des differentes parties, iii) de definir 

et de produire les auxiliaires pedagogiques (manuels, affiches, radio), iv) 

d'entreprendre des actions de sensibilisation et de demonstration, v) de 

former les personnels, vi) de veiller a la socialisation de l'innovation, pour 

les outils collectifs, vii) de resoudre le probleme du financement. 

 79. Wahlert, G. von, and H. von Wahlert. 1990. ABSTRACT: Oil rigs are known to 

offer homesteads to territorial fish, and to attract also more vagrant feeders. In 

recent years open sea mariculture with floating Fish Aggregating Devices 

(FADs) and "artificial reefs" on the sea bottom has become state of the art in 

fisheries development in rural areas and industrialized countries. In rural 

fisheries traditional methods of building FADs from bamboo (or, if available, 

old car tires) are revived; Japan erects underwater structures with an outlay of 

about $1 billion in ten years. This development deserves the attention of 

students of ecology, faunistics, biogeography and evolution. Even if 

mariculture will remain restricted to coastal and shelf areas, it might amount 

here in due time to changes comparable to the far-reaching effects of forestry 

and agriculture on land. Whether or not this new partnership between man 

and animals will induce evolutionary changes in the latter comparable to 

those studied by and since Darwin in domesticated animals, the future will 
208 

show. We will review recent developments in this field and the authors' own 

experiences in rural mariculture development in the Pacific area since 1972. 

 90. Watanabe, Y., T. Tsunekawa, M. Takahashi, M. Tabuchi, and T. Sugawara. 

1988. ABSTRACT: The results are presented of experimental purse seine 

fishing for tuna in the Indian Ocean using two types of fish attracting devices 

(payao and raft). Catch data are given for the periods 1985-86 and 1986-87. 

Findings indicate good possibility for Japanese single purse seiners fishing 

for skipjack in the Indian Ocean. 

 97. Weerasooriya, K.T. 1987. ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the experiences of the 

small-scale fisheries project of the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP) with 

fish aggregating devices (FADs) in Sri Lanka from 1982 to 1986. 

133. Wendling, B. 1999. ABSTRACT: The volcanic island of Mayotte (374 km2

) is part 

of the Comoros Archipelago, which is situated on the North of 

Mozambique’s Canal (Indian Ocean). Mayotte is composed of two islands 

and some thirty small islands distributed in a lagoon of more than 1,000 km2

. 

Being one of the French Republic's Territorial Collectivity, this island is 

characterized by a very fast demographic evolution (growth rate : 5.8%), 

which constitutes the foundation of the development problematic. Most of 

local halieutic production comes from the reef (nearly 2,000 t in 1999), the 

technique of "palangrotte" (deep line) is still dominating. The fishing fleet is 

composed of monoxyl pirogues and polyester fishing boats for the 1,200 

fishermen. The first FADs (Fish Aggregating Devices) were installed in 

1989. Now, five FADs are situated in the lagoon whereas ten others have 

been installed out of it. If it is very hard to evaluate economic impact of FAD 

in Mayotte, their success seems to be limited because of several local 

constraints fear to fish out of the lagoon, little interest in tuna, lack of 

formation. Nevertheless, faced with the demographic evolution and the 

decrease of the reef resources, a program of fishing development on FAD has 

been initiated in 1998, with those following themes realization of a new 

prototype of FAD, experimental fishing program with vertical drift "long 

line”, teaching programs for the local fishermen. Today, it is too early to 

analyze the information already collected, but the results are very promising, 

and validate the technical improvement of the new prototype. 

295. Wendling, B., and S. Le Calve. 2000. ABSTRACT: The volcanic island of 

Mayotte (374 km2

) is part of the Comoros Archipelago, which is situated on 

the North of Mozambic's Canal (Indian Ocean). Mayotte is composed of two 

islands and some thirty small islands distributed in a lagoon of more than 

1,000 km2. Being one of the French Republic's Territorial Collectivity, this 

island is characterized by a very fast demographic evolution (growth rate : 

5.8%), which constitutes the foundation of the development problem. Most of 

local halieutic production comes from the reef (nearly 2,000 t in 1999), the 

technique of "palangrotte" (deep line) is still dominating. The fishing fleet is 
209 

composed of monoxyl pirogues and polyester fishing boats for the 1,200 

fishermen. The first FADs (Fish Aggregating Devices) were installed in 

1989. Now, five FADs are situated in the lagoon whereas ten others have 

been installed out of it. If it is very hard to evaluate economic impact of FAD 

in Mayotte, their success seems to be limited because of several local 

constraints: fear to fish out of the lagoon, little interest in tuna, lack of 

formation. Nevertheless, faced with the demographic evolution and the 

decrease of the reef resources, a program of fishing development on FAD has 

been initiated in 1998, with those following themes: realization of a new 

prototype of FAD, experimental fishing program with vertical drift "long 

line", teaching programs for the local fishermen. Today, it is too early to 

analyze the information already collected, but the results are very promising, 

and validate the technical improvement of the new prototype. Original

Abstract: L'ile volcanique de Mayotte (374 km2) fait partie de l'archipel des 

Comores situe au Nord du canal du Mozambique (ocean Indien). Mayotte 

comprend deux iles et une trentaine d'ilots repartis dans un lagon de plus de 1 

000 km2

. Collectivite territoriale de la Republique francaise, l'ile se 

caracterise par une evolution demographique tres rapide (taux de croissance: 

5,8%), qui constitue le socle de toutes les problematiques de developpement. 

L'essentiel de la production halieutique provient du milieu recifal (environ 2 

000 t en 1999), la pêche a la ligne de fond reste la technique dominante. La 

flottille de pêche est constituee de pirogues monoxyles et de barques 

polyester pour une population de 1 200 pêcheurs. Les premiers DCP 

mahorais furent installes en 1989. A ce jour, on denombre cinq DCP dans le 

lagon et dix hors lagon. Il semble que leur succes soit reste limite en raison de 

plusieurs contraintes locales : peur de la pêche hors lagon, peu d'interet pour 

les poissons pelagiques, manque de formation. Neanmoins, face a l'explosion 

demographique et a l'appauvrissement des ressources lagonaires, un nouveau 

programme de developpement de la pêche sur DCP a ete initie en 1998. Ce 

programme comporte trois axes : realisation d'un nouveau prototype de DCP, 

lancement d'un programme de pêches experimentales a la palangre verticale 

derivante et formation des pêcheurs. A ce jour, les informations obtenues sont 

trop parcellaires pour etre analysees mais les donnees et observations 

realisees sur les nouveaux dispositifs permettent de valider leur conception 

technique. 

 144. Wickham, D.A., and W.R. Seidel. 1973. ABSTRACT: The report discusses studies 

with mid-water artificial structures which showed that certain species of both 

pelagic baitfish and sport fish can be concentrated with artificial structures, 

thereby increasing their availability to both commercial and sport fishermen. 

Multiple structures appear to be significantly more effective than single 

structures. The range of a structure's attraction seems to be limited by factors, 

such as water clarity, which affect the visibility of the structure or associated 

baitfish schools. 
210 

 80. Wilkins, R.M., and M.H. Goodwin. 1989. ABSTRACT: Many eastern Caribbean 

countries are net importers of seafood. While the current harvest of traditional 

shallow-water marine resources is close to sustainable levels, pelagic fishes 

found in deeper waters appear to have significant potential for increased 

landings to the small island nations of the eastern Caribbean. Fish 

aggregating devices (or FADs) have been used in many parts of the world as 

an aid to the harvest of pelagic fishes. A grant was secured from the United 

States Agency for International Development to support a pilot scale FAD 

project which was launched in St. Kitts. The objectives of this project were to 

evaluate the usefulness of fish aggregating for improvement of artisanal 

fisheries in the eastern Caribbean, and to adapt and develop appropriate 

mooring, deployment, and monitoring techniques to assist local use of FADs 

in the region. 

 6. Willmann, R. 1991. ABSTRACT: A framework is provided for social and economic 

analyses which are needed in the planning, monitoring and evaluation of 

artificial reef (AR) and fish aggregating device (FAD) development 

programmes. Following an examination of the various objectives which are 

pursued with such structures, a discussion is presented on the costs and 

benefits from FADs and ARs and derives social and economic information 

needs which are of relevance in planning and monitoring and evaluation. It is 

concluded that the efficiency of FADs and ARs is closely related to their 

proper management. 

 64. Wood, J. 1989. ABSTRACT: The report describes the findings of a consultancy 

conducted in Cape Verde regarding the construction of FADs made from 

locally available materials and their deployment in suitable localities around 

the islands. In all, 12 FADs were positioned; the following types of fishing 

gear are recommended for working in the area of FADs: handlines, trolling 

lines, long lines, pole-and-line, purse seine, drifting gillnet, and light 

attraction. 

 54. Yahaya, J. 1994. ABSTRACT: In Malaysia, Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) have 

been widely deployed to increase the productivities of fish biomass in the 

surrounding waters, thereby enhancing fishermen's catch and income. The 

FADs are usually constructed by LKIM, a government agency entrusted with 

the socio-economic development of the fishing communities. In some 

instances, however, FADs are privately constructed and owned by individual 

boat owners or groups of boat owners who have exclusive use right over the 

FADs. Under their own management regime including a rental scheme to 

other fishermen who wish to fish in their FADs areas. Understanding and 

documenting the management systems currently practised by fishermen in the 

FADs areas are therefore of crucial importance. This paper examines the 

different types of institutional arrangements and management practices 

established over the artificial structures and the surrounding fisheries 

resources. Issues and problems related to the management of FADs are also 
211 

discussed. Some general suggestions on the possibility of using FADs as a 

community-level mechanism in the implementation of a community-based 

management system in the artisanal fisheries are included. 
212 
213 

Key Word Indexes 

ALPHABETIC 

 Key word, followed by reference numbers for references with the key 

word. 

Total No. 

 

 ABUNDANCE 

184, 201, 214 

3 

 ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY/TRACKING 

379, 1, 104, 19, 259, 398, 190, 399, 171, 400, 236, 89, 103, 364, 433, 383,

255, 384, 270, 406, 174, 4, 25, 263, 388 

25 

 AGE/GROWTH 

102, 26 

2 

 AGGREGATION 

202, 43, 308, 314, 203, 49, 421, 422, 53, 52, 433, 268, 239, 235, 454, 407,

234, 448, 181, 51 

20 

 ALBACORE (Thunnus alalunga) 

453, 290 

2 

 AMBERJACK (Seriola sp.) 

191, 192, 179, 189, 128, 291, 111, 199, 410 

9 

 ANCHORED FADS 

331, 281, 220, 253, 163, 254, 39, 306, 190, 170, 191, 288, 289, 356, 436, 

414, 360, 359, 361, 362, 363, 260, 285, 261, 381, 286, 304, 303, 328, 326,

229, 305, 112, 163, 284, 390, 409, 408, 216, 311, 243, 323, 324, 325, 329,

29 

46 

 ARTIFICIAL REEFS 

58, 46, 71, 48, 104, 86, 15, 14, 24, 81, 63, 13, 206, 12, 195, 21, 271, 82, 5,

10, 111, 212, 155, 153, 79, 6 

26 

 ARTISANAL 

447, 301, 182, 19, 396, 18, 134, 125, 115, 93, 122, 386, 10, 9, 242, 91, 61,

74, 319, 387, 121, 117, 250, 127, 51, 22, 133, 80, 54 

30 

 ASSOCIATION 

427, 424, 431, 437 

4 

 ATLANTIC 31 
214 

427, 424, 431, 437 

 ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES 

58, 105, 87, 66, 20, 101, 71, 166, 167, 104, 119, 38, 19, 17, 18, 16, 3, 15, 

76, 85, 84, 14, 89, 59, 24, 43, 69, 63, 93, 13, 40, 44, 12, 92, 78, 57, 36, 21,

42, 2, 11, 116, 82, 94, 68, 5, 10, 9, 8, 99, 91, 72, 77, 73, 74, 75, 67, 7, 22, 

90, 144, 6, 64, 54 

65 

 ATTRACTION 

159, 162, 164, 166, 167, 145, 167, 159, 308, 417 

15 

 AUSTRALIA 

276, 43, 44, 226, 280, 279 

6 

 BAIT FISHING 

140, 36, 146 

3 

 BARRACUDA (Sphyraena sp.) 

161, 164, 410, 290 

6 

 BEACONS 

147, 148 

2 

 BEHAVIOUR 

163, 259, 397, 190, 380, 237, 241, 308, 260, 78, 146, 270, 174, 4, 372, 263, 

388 

17 

 BIGEYE TUNA (Thunnus obesus) 

185, 220, 217, 84, 113, 28, 149, 445, 411, 430, 431, 413, 436, 414, 149, 

103, 78, 268, 28, 239, 147, 368, 148, 238, 148, 410, 290, 27 

29 

 BLACKFIN TUNA (Thunnus atlanticus) 

282, 298, 243, 323 

4 

 BLUEFIN TUNA (Thunnus thynnus) 

105, 458, 460, 456, 459 

5 

 BLUE MARLIN (Makaira nigricans) 

1, 410 

2 

 BOAT (AGGREGATION TO) 

1, 410 

2 

 BYCATCH 

427, 412, 436, 414 

4 
215 

 CARANGIDAE 

128, 456, 26, 77 

4 

 CARIBBEAN 

71, 343, 145, 293, 115, 81, 69, 140, 63, 49, 426, 40, 357, 292, 315, 304, 

310, 157, 284, 216, 298, 311, 323, 324, 325, 121, 80 

28 

 CATCHABILITY 

239, 116 

2 

 CATCH COMPOSITION 

23, 306, 322, 93, 428, 436, 414, 309, 304, 67 

10 

 CATCH/EFFORT 

217, 70, 18, 69, 436, 414, 53, 60, 62, 227, 94, 33, 80 

13 

 CATCH STATISTICS 

23, 50, 49, 62, 27, 7 

6 

 CLUPEID 

166, 145 

2 

 COASTAL PELAGICS 

145, 146, 109 

3 

 COASTAL WATERS 

76, 43, 140, 78, 146, 310, 139, 77, 144 

9 

 COLOR 

310, 287 

2 

 COMPARATIVE STUDIES 

53, 75 

2 

CONFERENCES = 

CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS/SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS 

2 

1 

 DEEPWATER 

183, 210, 457, 179, 196, 208, 165 

7 

 DEPTH = DEPTH/VERTICALDISTRIBUTION/MOVEMENT 

379, 163, 166, 1, 398, 190, 171, 170, 289, 151, 174, 428, 436, 414, 193, 

364, 433, 78, 222, 21, 180, 4, 231, 390, 151, 243, 263 

27 

 DESIGN (FADs) 32 
216 

105, 233, 70, 293, 76, 349, 351, 134, 292, 129, 53, 52, 310, 385, 371, 271,

131, 229, 393, 279, 188, 9, 132, 294, 390, 376, 290, 329, 130, 317, 295 

 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 

404, 405, 293, 355, 366, 368, 304, 295 

8 

 DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING 

253, 254, 38, 400, 236, 260, 433, 31, 453, 256, 240, 456, 26, 402, 403, 449

16 

 DIURNAL VARIATIONS 

379, 413, 436, 414, 78, 394, 222 

7 

 DOLPHIN (Coryphaena hippurus) 

423, 192, 412, 436, 414, 36, 312, 189, 128, 291, 456, 199, 464, 311, 325, 

410, 290 

17 

 DOLPHINS (mammal) 

395, 424, 418, 419, 412, 112 

6 

 DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES 

159, 275, 251, 160, 333, 38, 182, 345, 50, 321, 440, 322, 314, 49, 177, 461, 

462, 313, 47, 178, 303, 124, 287, 312, 297, 199, 302, 409, 408, 375, 376, 

327, 410 

33 

 ECONOMICS, FISHERY 

404, 347, 134, 401, 353, 315, 41, 116, 318, 73, 247, 319, 387, 136 

31 

 EXPERIMENTS 

265, 314, 356, 433, 156 

5 

 FADS 

147, 58, 224, 46, 114, 185, 330, 447, 404, 23, 34, 275, 107, 276, 105, 331,

405, 87, 66, 30, 35, 451, 95, 88, 281, 220, 251, 160, 434, 138, 20, 101, 277, 

332, 333, 253, 163, 164, 71, 334, 335, 336, 56, 301, 337, 338, 340, 339, 48, 

233, 168, 1, 104, 119, 341, 254, 342, 102, 343, 344, 86, 225, 70, 38, 344, 

293, 39, 429, 306, 182, 19, 259, 396, 397, 398, 190, 17, 452, 18, 345, 16, 3, 

300, 15, 346, 347, 50, 76, 321, 348, 85, 84, 349, 170, 236, 237, 191, 228, 

14, 89, 350, 351, 446, 134, 296, 125, 288, 115, 172, 401, 192, 126, 352, 59, 

289, 353, 24, 43, 354, 457, 113, 106, 28, 160, 149, 81, 69, 140, 382, 322, 

241, 120, 283, 179, 282, 308, 314, 203, 63, 49, 93, 411, 13, 355, 137, 40, 

176, 44, 307, 177, 356, 357, 292, 129, 269, 257, 461, 462, 417, 358, 430, 

313, 206, 436, 267, 414, 149, 12, 53, 360, 359, 361, 362, 363, 52, 47, 92, 

122, 103, 364, 260, 433, 78, 285, 394, 222, 178, 31, 57, 28, 239, 173, 36, 

365, 366, 261, 381, 235, 37, 286, 367, 123, 309, 21, 226, 368, 156, 223, 42, 

454, 262, 146, 384, 369, 315, 458, 304, 310, 245, 2, 303, 234, 453, 124, 

287, 135, 328, 385, 370, 371, 147, 180, 11, 174, 4, 25, 312, 252, 131, 108,

371 
217 

60, 373, 62, 41, 116, 139, 83, 326, 256, 240, 386, 231, 229, 305, 227, 128,

291, 82, 450, 94, 100, 33, 68, 45, 372, 150, 112, 393, 147, 374, 163, 55, 32, 

280, 279, 5, 10, 246, 181, 188, 278, 9, 157, 8, 244, 148, 297, 111, 26, 248,

284, 242, 320, 199, 318, 299, 99, 91, 61, 72, 77, 392, 132, 294, 302, 98, 73, 

247, 390, 74, 409, 161, 164, 375, 238, 463, 319, 376, 387, 327, 75, 148, 

216, 175, 391, 298, 465, 311, 243, 323, 324, 325, 121, 117, 410, 250, 316,

290, 127, 27, 136, 329, 162, 157, 378, 377, 130, 455, 51, 67, 7, 22, 317, 79, 

90, 97, 133, 295, 109, 80, 6, 64, 96, 54, 147, 29, 449, 158 

 FADS LOSS 

401, 132, 294, 175, 391, 136, 329 

7 

 FILEFISH (Monacanthus sp.) 

21, 77 

2 

 FISHERIES 

447, 404, 23, 434, 20, 301, 86, 306, 396, 17, 452, 16, 3, 15, 347, 348, 14, 

134, 59, 353, 445, 322, 426, 13, 44, 307, 418, 419, 461, 462, 358, 430, 12,

57, 367, 368, 315, 304, 2, 303, 11, 41, 116, 305, 291, 94, 5, 10, 278, 9, 8, 

26, 248, 320, 318, 299, 302, 73, 247, 319, 387, 464, 465, 323, 324, 325, 

410, 136, 7, 317, 144, 80, 6, 54 

75 

 FISHERIES, TUNA 

147, 46, 159, 23, 275, 281, 220, 218, 160, 138, 101, 162, 163, 104, 119, 38, 

429, 395, 19, 18, 3, 50, 321, 219, 221, 125, 288, 126, 289, 159, 147, 241, 

120, 283, 93, 307, 430, 431, 313, 267, 92, 103, 285, 28, 286, 309, 42, 2, 

303, 124, 287, 25, 312, 252, 41, 256, 386, 169, 227, 33, 112, 432, 163, 187, 

97, 248, 284, 99, 302, 274, 444, 290, 127, 27, 162, 51, 22 

79 

 FISHERY DEVELOPMENT 

306, 452, 16, 289, 261, 310, 287, 5, 246, 8, 284, 320, 216, 290, 7, 317 

16 

 FISHERY MANAGEMENT 

58, 20, 70, 38, 17, 16, 15, 14, 63, 49, 13, 12, 28, 42, 62, 5, 10, 9, 8, 74, 75,

27, 51, 80, 6, 54 

26 

 FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHY 

1, 49, 418 

8 

 FISHERY RESOURCES 

113, 63, 49, 53, 28, 32, 27, 158 

8 

 FISHERY SURVEYS 

103, 25, 77 

3 
218 

 FISHERY TECHNOLOGY 

46, 160, 167, 76, 160, 139 

7 

 FISHERY, COASTAL 

20, 14, 13, 12, 36, 33, 9, 7 

8 

 FISHERY, PELAGIC 

81, 282, 40, 28, 91, 75 

6 

 FISHERY-DEPENDENT 

197, 198 

2 

 FISHING 

168, 53, 365, 381, 369, 41, 116, 386, 450, 244 

10 

 FISHING BUOYS 

119, 52 

2 

 FISHING EFFORT 

89, 147 

2 

 FISHING GEAR 

87, 101, 167, 168, 85, 81, 52, 365, 11, 244, 80 

11 

 FISHING GROUNDS 

62, 41 

2 

 FISHING OPERATIONS 

163, 84, 326, 64 

4 

 FISHING POWER 

147, 303 

3 

 FISHING TECHNIQUES 

404, 23, 66, 20, 168, 19, 17, 18, 16, 3, 300, 85, 14, 59, 289, 81, 93, 40, 12,

47, 57, 36, 381, 369, 2, 303, 135, 370, 11, 116, 386, 291, 450, 68, 32, 10, 

299, 99, 91, 390, 298, 67, 22, 90, 133, 295, 64 

47 

 FISHING VESSELS 

92, 116 

2 

 FISHING, COMMERCIAL 

347, 322, 63, 411, 412, 92, 328, 320, 319, 327, 323, 324, 325, 410, 329 

15 

 FISHING, EXPERIMENTAL 

36, 243, 90 

3 
219 

 FISHING, POLE-LINE 

46, 125, 28, 62, 41, 33 

6 

 FISHING, PURSE SEINING 

434, 345, 321, 125, 445, 120, 411, 307, 419, 412, 358, 428, 430, 436, 414,

437, 57, 116, 33, 432, 318, 302, 319, 435, 444, 410, 27 

27 

 FISHING, SPORT 

142, 140, 179, 63, 122, 123, 186, 139, 94, 10, 207, 213, 75 

13 

 FISHING, TROLLING 

70, 76, 243 

3 

 FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS 

423, 415, 251, 218, 217, 160, 434, 427, 277, 333, 341, 429, 395, 345, 202,

237, 219, 221, 115, 438, 439, 440, 147, 382, 445, 322, 203, 426, 411, 416,

269, 424, 421, 422, 425, 420, 461, 462, 412, 417, 358, 428, 430, 431, 436,

267, 414, 442, 407, 189, 432, 443, 8, 187, 318, 435, 444, 410 

62 

 FLYING FISH (Cypselurus sp.) 

60 

1 

 GEAR RESEARCH 

81, 80 

2 

 GOM (Gulf of Mexico) 

143, 183, 184, 210, 142, 113, 179, 282, 204, 205, 193, 194, 196, 146, 458,

209, 460, 150, 200, 208, 459, 211, 212, 152, 207, 464, 213, 197, 198, 201,

214, 109, 158 

33 

 GULF OF GUINEA 

317 

1 

 HABITAT IMPROVEMENT (PHYSICAL) 

58, 46, 48, 86, 24, 81, 63, 5, 10, 74 

10 

 HOMING 

270 

1 

 HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION 

1, 193, 364, 235, 433, 222, 156, 454, 463, 144 

8 

 HYDROACOUSTICS 

379, 65, 260, 222, 383, 255, 235, 112, 201, 215 

10 
220 

 HYPOTHESES 

447, 202, 308, 424, 257, 421, 146, 252, 448 

9 

 INDIAN OCEAN 

224, 23, 405, 451, 20, 336, 338, 340, 339, 19, 17, 18, 345, 348, 401, 354, 

445, 430, 431, 413, 36, 4, 25, 450, 68, 432, 441, 32, 148, 248, 299, 99, 91,

294, 390, 74, 148, 316, 290, 127, 67, 7, 22, 90, 295 

45 

 JUVENILE FISH 

415, 192, 425, 394 

4 

 LARVAL FISH 

415, 458, 230 

3 

 LEGAL ASPECTS 

17, 452, 15, 315 

4 

 LIDAR 

112 

1 

 LIGHT 

114, 166, 167, 145, 116, 169, 230, 450 

14 

 LINES, DRIFT 

135, 133 

4 

 LONGLINE 

28, 244, 390, 464, 243, 316, 27 

7 

 LONGLINE, VERTICAL 

244, 390 

2 

 LUNAR PHASES 

116 

1 

 MANUALS 

87, 66 

2 

 MARLINS 

423, 415, 427, 1, 412, 436, 414, 368, 207, 290 

10 

 MEDITERRANEAN SEA 

306, 192, 24, 128, 291, 456, 111, 26, 199 

9 

 MIDWATER 

306, 192, 24, 128, 291, 456, 111, 26, 199 

8 
221 

 MIGRATIONS 

89, 416, 425, 78, 4, 25, 62, 460 

8 

 MODELS 

202, 237, 296, 422, 92, 42, 454, 262, 238, 463, 273, 272, 264 

14 

 MORTALITY 

28, 149, 200 

3 

 MOVEMENTS = MOVEMENTS/DISTRIBUTION 

415, 163, 166, 104, 259, 171, 400, 170, 236, 416, 424, 421, 422, 425, 436,

414, 364, 260, 433, 255, 42, 454, 174, 4, 25, 238, 463, 272, 274, 311 

32 

 NETWORK 

454, 4, 108 

3 

 OBJECT CHARACTERISTICS 

454, 4, 108 

3 

 OBJECT SIZE 

159, 420 

3 

 PACIFIC OCEAN 

114, 330, 447, 331, 451, 281, 423, 415, 138, 427, 379, 101, 277, 332, 333,

253, 163, 334, 335, 301, 337, 233, 1, 104, 119, 341, 254, 102, 344, 70, 38,

344, 16, 3, 300, 346, 347, 50, 321, 85, 84, 349, 89, 350, 351, 446, 296, 125, 

288, 172, 126, 352, 59, 289, 353, 43, 445, 93, 355, 137, 424, 418, 421, 422, 

425, 419, 420, 412, 417, 428, 436, 267, 414, 149, 12, 53, 360, 359, 361, 

362, 363, 437, 47, 103, 364, 433, 78, 285, 394, 31, 57, 28, 239, 173, 365, 

366, 381, 286, 367, 309, 368, 42, 262, 270, 369, 407, 124, 287, 328, 385, 

370, 371, 110, 11, 60, 373, 62, 41, 326, 386, 33, 372, 441, 374, 163, 278, 8, 

244, 403, 302, 319, 376, 387, 327, 435, 444, 117, 27, 329, 378, 377, 51, 79, 

90, 29, 388 

146 

 PETROLEUM STRUCTURES 

455, 143, 183, 210, 142, 457, 113, 151, 179, 282, 204, 205, 193, 194, 196,

195, 209, 110, 180, 186, 200, 208, 211, 212, 152, 155, 151, 153, 207, 464,

213, 197, 198, 201, 214, 141, 154, 158 

39 

 PHYSIOLOGY 

397 

1 

 PILOTFISH (Naucrates ductor) 

128 

1 
222 

 PLANKTON 

402 

1 

 POPULATION DYNAMICS 

297, 410 

2 

 POPULATION STRUCTURE 

26, 72, 459 

3 

 PREY 

379, 383, 255, 456, 402 

5 

 PROBLEMS (NEGATIVE IMPACTS) 

120, 307, 458, 312, 252, 326, 464, 311, 316 

9 

 RAINBOW RUNNER (Elagatis bipinnulata) 

84, 36, 443 

3 

 RECRUITMENT 

71, 458, 111 

3 

 REEF FISH 

71, 63, 111 

3 

 RESEARCH 

260, 373, 410 

3 

 RESIDENCE TIME 

428, 268, 384 

3 

 REVIEW/SUMMARY 

451, 288, 289, 457, 283, 282, 257, 267, 260, 285, 286, 287, 291, 409, 408,

465, 290 

17 

 SAMPLING 

156, 189 

2 

 SCAD (Decapterus sp.) 

84, 179, 21, 77 

4 

 SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR 

190, 50, 241, 65, 47, 270, 297, 264 

8 

 SCOMBRIDAE 

102, 394, 222, 99 

4 
223 

 SEA TURTLES 

415 

1 

 SEAMOUNTS 

266, 431, 268 

3 

 SHARKS 

423, 415, 161, 427, 164, 203, 412, 194, 199, 198, 410, 290 

14 

 SIZE DISTRIBUTION 

434, 102, 413, 436, 414, 147, 309, 327, 214, 243 

11 

 SKIPJACK (Katsuwonus pelamis) 

46, 220, 217, 434, 427, 104, 102, 184, 19, 190, 18, 50, 84, 89, 113, 241, 

421, 420, 462, 412, 417, 428, 430, 431, 413, 436, 414, 442, 368, 223, 42, 

454, 453, 131, 62, 231, 229, 305, 33, 8, 187, 297, 402, 274, 410, 290, 90, 

388 

49 

 SOCIOECONOMIC 

172, 2, 318, 317 

4 

 SP. DIVERSITY = SPECIES DIVERSITY/COMMUNITY 

COMPOSITION/ASSEMBLAGES/ECOLOLOGICAL 

AGGREGATIONS 

455, 423, 415, 161, 427, 379, 48, 86, 182, 43, 167, 438, 439, 440, 241, 204, 

205, 176, 193, 21, 310, 209, 110, 180, 312, 252, 189, 443, 297, 199, 72, 

211, 164, 151, 198, 201, 75 

40 

 SPAWNING 

425,458,460 

3 

 STOCK ASSESSMENT 

184, 28, 60, 305, 27 

5 

 SWORDFISH (Xiphias gladius) 

290 

1 

 TAGGING (mark/recapture) 

163, 265, 436, 414, 433, 442, 28, 42, 4, 25, 238, 273, 272, 

14 

 TEMPORAL 

220, 162, 163, 417, 428, 156 

7 

 TUNAS 

423, 415, 251, 218, 434, 427, 379, 265, 429, 397, 398, 399, 400, 380, 170,

60 
224 

202, 237, 266, 382, 241, 416, 177, 356, 269, 418, 421, 422, 419, 420, 461,

462, 417, 267, 437, 260, 433, 442, 261, 381, 383, 255, 235, 262, 270, 234,

240, 372, 112, 187, 297, 402, 403, 463, 273, 272, 264, 435, 444, 465, 263 

 UNDERWATER OBSERVATION 

146, 310, 77 

3 

 VISION 

394 

1 

 WAHOO (Acanthocybium solandri) 

423, 415, 84, 179, 282, 412, 368, 312, 464, 410, 290 

11 

 WHALES 

426, 411, 436, 414 

4 

 WHALE SHARKS (Rhincodon typus) 

426, 411, 436, 414 

4 

 WRECKFISH (Polyprion americanus) 

192, 456 

2 

 YELLOWFIN TUNA (Thunnus albacares) 

220, 217, 434, 427, 379, 253, 1, 104, 102, 184, 38, 19, 259, 398, 190, 18, 

171, 50, 84, 236, 89, 113, 241, 179, 282, 426, 411, 424, 421, 425, 420, 462, 

412, 417, 428, 430, 431, 413, 436, 414, 103, 78, 268, 28, 239, 309, 368, 

384, 270, 453, 174, 4, 25, 33, 432, 8, 187, 402, 238, 207, 464, 327, 324, 

410, 290, 147, 449 

67 

GEOGRAPHIC

 

 ATLANTIC 

 AUSTRALIA 

 CARIBBEAN 

 GOM (Gulf of Mexico) 

 GULF OF GUINEA 

 INDIAN OCEAN 

 MEDITERRANEAN SEA 

 PACIFIC OCEAN 

 
225 

TAXONOMIC

 

 ALBACORE (Thunnus alalunga) 

 AMBERJACK (Seriola sp.) 

 BARRACUDA (Sphyraena sp.) 

 BIGEYE TUNA (Thunnus obesus) 

 BLACKFIN TUNA (Thunnus atlanticus) 

 BLUE MARLIN (Makaira nigricans) 

 BLUEFIN TUNA (Thunnus thynnus) 

 CARANGIDAE 

 CLUPEID 

 DOLPHIN (Coryphaena hippurus) 

 DOLPHINS (Mammal) 

 FILEFISH (Monacanthus sp.) 

 FLYING FISH (Cypselurus sp.) 

 MARLINS 

 PILOTFISH (Naucrates ductor) 

 RAINBOW RUNNER (Elagatis bipinnulata) 

 SCAD (Decapterus sp.) 

 SCOMBRIDAE 

 SEA TURTLES 

 SHARKS 

 SKIPJACK (Katsuwonus pelamis) 

 SWORDFISH (Xiphias gladius) 

 TUNAS

 WAHOO (Acanthocybium solandri) 

 WHALES 

 WHALE SHARKS (Rhincodon typus) 

 WRECKFISH (Polyprion americanus) 

 YELLOWFIN TUNA (Thunnus albacares) 

FADS, OPERATIONAL/GENERAL 

 

 ANCHORED FADS 

 ATTRACTING TECHNIQUES 

 BEACONS 

 BOAT (AGGREGATION TO) 

 DESIGN (FADs) 

 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 
226 

 DRIFTING/FLOATING STRUCTURES 

 FADS (General) 

 FADS LOSS 

 FLOATING OBJECTS/LOGS 

 LEGAL ASPECTS 

 MANUALS 

 MIDWATER 

AGGREGATION AND ATTRACTION (TO FADS AND OBJECTS) RELATED 

PHENOMENA/PROCESSES 

 

 ABUNDANCE 

 AGE/GROWTH 

 AGGREGATION 

 ASSOCIATION 

 ATTRACTION 

 BEHAVIOUR 

 COLOR 

 COMPARATIVE STUDIES 

 DEPTH/VERTICALDISTRIBUTION/MOVMENT 

 DIETS/FOOD/FEEDING 

 DIURNAL VARIATIONS 

 HOMING 

 HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION 

 HYPOTHESES 

 LIGHT 

 LUNAR PHASES 

 MIGRATIONS 

 MODELS 

 MORTALITY 

 MOVEMENTS = MOVEMENTS/DISTRIBUTION 

 NETWORK 

 OBJECT CHARACTERISTICS 

 OBJECT SIZE 

 PHYSIOLOGY 

 POPULATION DYNAMICS 

 POPULATION STRUCTURE 

 PREY 

 PROBLEMS (NEGATIVE IMPACTS) 

 RECRUITMENT 

 RESEARCH 
227 

 RESIDENCE TIME 

 SAMPLING 

 SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR 

 SP. DIVERSITY = SPECIES DIVERSITY/COMMUNITY 

COMPOSITION/ASSEMBLAGES/ECOLOGICAL AGGREGATIONS 

 SIZE DISTRIBUTION 

 SPAWNING 

 TEMPORAL 

 VISION 

FADS RESEARCH/STUDY TECHNIQUES 

 

 ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY 

 FISHERY-DEPENDENT 

 HYDROACOUSTICS 

 LIDAR 

 MODELS 

 SAMPLING 

 TAGGING (mark/recapture) 

 UNDERWATER OBSERVATION 

FISHERIES RELATED 

 

 ARTISANAL 

 BAIT FISHING 

 BYCATCH 

 CATCHABILITY 

 CATCH COMPOSITION 

 CATCH/EFFORT 

 CATCH STATISTICS 

 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 

 ECONOMICS, FISHERY 

 FISHERIES 

 FISHERIES, TUNA 

 FISHERY, COASTAL 

 FISHERY-DEPENDENT 

 FISHERY DEVELOPMENT 

 FISHERY MANAGEMENT 

 FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHY 
228 

 FISHERY, PELAGIC 

 FISHERY RESOURCES 

 FISHERY SURVEYS 

 FISHERY TECHNOLOGY 

 FISHING 

 FISHING BUOYS 

 FISHING, COMMERCIAL 

 FISHING EFFORT 

 FISHING, EXPERIMENTAL 

 FISHING GEAR 

 FISHING GROUNDS 

 FISHING OPERATIONS 

 FISHING, POLE-LINE 

 FISHING POWER 

 FISHING, PURSE SEINING 

 FISHING, SPORT 

 FISHING TECHNIQUES 

 FISHING, TROLLING 

 FISHING VESSELS 

 GEAR RESEARCH 

 LEGAL ASPECTS 

 LINES, DRIFT 

 LONGLINE 

 LONGLINE, VERTICAL 

 SIZE DISTRIBUTION 

 SOCIOECONOMIC 

 STOCK ASSESSMENT 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC 

 

 COMPARATIVE STUDIES 

 CONFERENCES = CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS/SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS 

 REVIEW/SUMMARY 

MISCELLANEOUS 

 

 ARTIFICIAL REEFS 

 COASTAL PELAGICS 

 COASTAL WATERS 
229 

 DEEPWATER 

 HABITAT IMPROVEMENT (PHYSICAL) 

 JUVENILE FISH 

 LARVAL FISH 

 PETROLEUM STRUCTURES 

 PLANKTON 

 REEF FISH 

 SEAMOUNTS 
230 
231 

APPENDIX A 

FADs Technical Session Proposal to American Fisheries Society. 
232 
233 

PROPOSAL FOR SPECIAL SESSION FOR 

2001 SOUTHERN DIVISION MIDYEAR MEETING 

FISH ATTRACTING DEVICES (FADs): SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES, 

WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON GULF OF MEXICO PELAGIC FISHES AND 

OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS STRUCTURES 

Objectives: The objective of the session is to assemble a wide range of scientists and 

resource managers to consider the phenomenon of fish attraction to objects in the pelagic 

environment. Fish attracting devices (FADs) have been found to be very effective and 

recently have been widely employed around the world in pelagic fisheries, particularly 

tuna fisheries. Technical developments in the offshore oil and gas production industry 

have made it likely that large numbers of deepwater (>300 m) drilling and production 

platforms will soon be deployed on the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) outer continental shelf. 

The potential FADs effects and fisheries impacts of a network of large structures needs to 

be considered early in the design and permitting process. Additional science may be 

required. Additionally, commercial fisheries in the Gulf may some day adopt FADs 

fishing techniques now used to a high degree (over half of catch now taken from FADs) 

in Pacific tuna fisheries. Therefore, the general objective of the session is to determine 

what is known and what needs to be known about FADs and related processes in order to 

assess potential impacts of deepwater structures and other FADs in the GOM and similar 

marine environments. 

Interest: Because FADs issues are of global importance, the session will not just be of 

interest to and attract participation from the southern US, but is expected to have national 

and international appeal and involvement. Its focus on Gulf of Mexico makes it highly 

appropriate for inclusion in the Southern Division AFS meeting. 

Schedule: A full-day session will be broken roughly into a morning session in which 

individual papers on the full range of FADs science and management issues will be 

presented, and an afternoon panel discussion session. Science issues in the morning 

session will include basic processes and phenomena pertinent to fish attraction and 

aggregation, as well as recent empirical studies of FADs. Management issues will 

include the effects and potential impacts of FADs on recreational and commercial 

fisheries, with special emphasis on the Gulf of Mexico or comparable environments. If 

more papers than can be presented in the morning are submitted, we will have the 

flexibility to schedule the afternoon such that contributed papers are continued in the 

early afternoon, with the remaining portion of the day allocated to the panel discussion. 

The afternoon session will consist of a facilitated panel discussion in a format 

encouraging a high level of input from audience participants. The panel will be 

comprised of scientists and resource managers with knowledge and/or involvement in 

FADs or Gulf of Mexico pelagic fisheries. The goal of the afternoon panel session will be 

to examine the current state of knowledge about FADs scientific understanding and 

management issues. The panel will be directed to identify critical scientific information 

needs or gaps, and to make prioritized suggestions for research needs. The panel will 
234 

similarly analyze existing and needed resource management understanding of FADs, and 

it will be directed to identify potential problems, solutions, and opportunities with regard 

to GOM deepwater structures and other FADs. Prior to the meeting, the panel members 

will receive background information on FADs issues and phenomena, goals and structure 

of the panel discussion, and instructions for preparing statements on topics pertinent to 

their expertise and experience. In short, we will make every effort to make this be a well 

organized, focused and productive panel discussion. 

Participants: Although individual participants cannot be definitively identified until the 

session has been formally approved for inclusion in the meeting, numerous potential 

participants have been contacted and already have indicated likelihood of participation. 

Interest has been indicated from individuals from a wide range of institutions including: 

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), Institut Francais de Recherche pour 

l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER); Gulf Coast Research Laboratory; Louisiana State 

University; University of California, Santa Cruz; MacIntosh Marine Inc.; and others. 

Immediately upon receipt of official approval of inclusion of this symposium in the 

midyear meeting, an intensive advertising and networking effort will be started. All 

major marine laboratories (academic, federal, state), all major universities with marine 

research programs, all marine resource management agencies (state, federal and 

regional), and all known FADs-related researchers in the US will be contacted 

(individuals by email, institutions will receive hard-copy fliers) to publicize the meeting 

and to solicit contributions and attendance. Additionally, the session will be widely 

publicized through posters, fliers and a paper5

 presented at a major regional fishery 

meeting this fall. 

Organizers: This session is an essential and important component of an ongoing and 

funded research project being conducted by USGS-BRD on behalf of MMS. Because of 

this, the project PI’s (Ken Sulak, Randy Edwards and Doug Weaver) will act as session 

organizers2. We have been actively working to develop this session and will work 

diligently toward making it the kind of session that will be a credit to the AFS Florida 

Chapter and Southern Division. We will be available to directly assist the Program 

Committee Co-Chairs in all aspects of the session. Randy Edwards is the primary contact 

person for any such participation and assistance. 

Visual aids/resources: Normal visual aids (carousel projector, overhead projector, and, 

if possible, LCD projector and PC with MS PowerPoint) will be needed for the technical 

session. The same equipment will be needed for the panel discussion, plus at least one or 

two table-top microphones and PA system. Arrangements will have to be made for 

 

5

 Edwards, Sulak and Weaver. 2000. Deepwater petroleum structures as fish aggregating devices: an inprogress project report. To be presented at: Gulf of Mexico Fish and Fisheries: Bringing Together New 

and Recent Research. New Orleans, Louisiana, Oct 24–26, 2000. 

2

 Organizers: Dr. Kenneth J. Sulak and Mr. Doug Weaver, USGS-BRD, Florida Caribbean Science Center, 

7920 NW 71 Street, Gainesville, Florida 32653-3071, Telephone: 352-378-8181, FAX: 352-378-4956, 

Email: ken_sulak@usgs.gov, doug_weaver@usgs.gov; Dr. Randy E. Edwards, USGS-BRD/CFCG, 600 

Fourth St. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, Telephone: 727-803-8747, FAX 727-803-2030, Email: 

redwards@usgs.gov. 
235 

proper tables and chairs for the panel. Session organizers will be available and pleased to 

assist the Program Committee in any way requested. 
236 
237 

APPENDIX B 

FADs Technical Session (“Rigs and FADs”) Announcement Flier. 

 
238 
239 

Call for Papers and Participants 

DEEP RIGS as FADS

Technical Session and Panel

AFS Southern Division Midyear Meeting 

Jacksonville, FL, Feb. 22-25, 2001 



   http://www.sdafs.org/meetings

	



to: redwards@usgs.gov

or to: Randy E. Edwards 

USGS-BRD-FCSC-CCG 

600 Fourth Street South 

St. Petersburg, FL 33701 

(727)803-8747/803-2030(FAX) 

The goal of this technical session and panel is to facilitate 

interaction of a broad range of scientists and managers having 

expertise or interest in fish attraction, fish aggregation, FADs, and 

related biological, ecological, behavioral, and environmental 

processes. Focus will be given to (but not restricted to) potential 

impacts of deepwater petroleum and gas structures in the Gulf of 

Mexico and similar environments. 
240 
241 

APPENDIX C 

FADS Technical Session Program Announcement 
242 
243 

Reminder and Invitation 

Special Session – Southern Division AFS Midyear Meeting, Jacksonville, FL 

February 24, 2001 (All Day) 

Detailed information on the meeting (including registration and accommodations) is 

available at: http://www.sdafs.org/meetings/01sdafs/2001home.htm. 

RIGS AND FADS -- FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES (FADs): SCIENCE AND 

MANAGEMENT ISSUES, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON GULF OF MEXICO 

PELAGIC FISHES AND OIL AND GAS STRUCTURES 

You are reminded of and urged to attend this important session that is now 

only one month away (Feb. 24, 2001). National and international experts 

on FADs and related issues will provide technical and background 

information on this issue of potentially great importance. 

CONTENT: This session will assemble a wide range of FADs experts, scientists and 

resource managers to consider the phenomenon of fish attraction to objects in the pelagic 

environment – with particular focus on potential developments in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico. Fish aggregating devices (FADs) have been found to be very effective and 

recently have been widely employed around the world in pelagic fisheries, particularly 

tuna fisheries. Recent technical developments in the offshore oil and gas production 

industry have made it likely that large numbers of deepwater (>300 m) drilling and 

production platforms will soon be deployed on the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) outer 

continental shelf. The potential FADs effects and fisheries impacts of a network of large 

structures needs to be considered early in the design and permitting process. Additional 

science may be required. Additionally, commercial fisheries in the Gulf may some day 

adopt FADs fishing techniques now used to a high degree (over half of catch now taken 

from FADs) in Pacific tuna fisheries. Therefore, the general objective of the session is to 

determine what is known and what needs to be known about FADs and related processes 

in order to assess potential impacts of deepwater structures and other FADs in the GOM 

and similar marine environments. 

PROGRAM: An inclusive spectrum of national and international experts on FADs and 

related fishery issues will provide analysis and overview of current understanding of 

FADs science and management issues in the context of predicting fish aggregating 

effects of deepwater GOM petroleum structures. 

Session Schedule 

• Deepwater development structures. G.E. Richardson (U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office, New 

Orleans, LA). 
244 

• Deepwater petroleum structures in the Gulf of Mexico – Assessment of their potential 

to function as fish aggregating devices (FADs). R.E. Edwards, K.J. Sulak, and D. 

Weaver ( USGS-BRD, Florida Caribbean Research Center, Gainesville, FL). 

• The fishery for tunas associated with flotsam and FADs in the eastern Pacific Ocean. 

M.A. Hall (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission). 

• Questions about the association of tunas and other species with floating objects. 

M.A. Hall (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission). 

• Fish and FADs: A review of the influence of FADs on the movement and distribution 

of Pelagic Fishes. K.N Holland (Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of 

Hawaii). 

• Tuna fishing and fish aggregating devices. M. Taquet (Ifremer, Laboratoire 

Ressources Halieutiques, Réunion) and J.-Y. LeGall (Département Halieutique, 

Rennes, France). 

• Integrated statistical models of tuna movement in relation to fish attractors. J. Sibert 

(Pelagic Fisheries Research Program, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric 

Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa). 

• Tuna in the Gulf of Mexico. C. Brown (NMFS/SEFSC Sustainable 

Fisheries Division) and G. Scott (NMFS/South East Regional Office). 

• Petroleum platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Deepwater structures as fish 

attracting devices for pelagic fishes. J.S. Franks (Center for Fisheries Research and 

Development, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, 

Ocean Springs) 

• Cold-core eddies, the Loop Current and larval tuna; a preferred 

spawning and nursery habitat? J.T. Lamkin (NMFS/SEFC, Miami), 

J.J. Gavoni (NOAA National Ocean Service Beaufort Marine 

Laboratory, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research), and 

T.D. Leming (NOAA NMFS, Stennis Space Center, MS). 

• Gulf of Mexico petroleum and gas rigs as FADs for sharks and rays. R. Hueter (Mote 

Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL) and J. Childs (Center for Coastal Studies, Texas 

A&M University, Corpus Christi TX). 

• Now it can be told: 5 long years of deepwater surveys around the oil platforms of 

southern California. M. Love (Marine Science Institute, University of California, 

Santa Barbara). 

• The role of petroleum platforms as artificial reefs in the northern Gulf 

of Mexico. C.A. Wilson. (Coastal Fisheries Institute, Department of 
245 

Oceanography of Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton 

Rouge, Louisiana). CANCELLED 

• Potential interactions between pelagic longline fishing and deepwater 

oil and gas structures in the Gulf of Mexico. David B. Snyder1, Luis 

Lagera1, Peter Arnold2, LeRay de Wit3, George H. Burgess4 and Chris 

Friel5. (1-Continental Shelf Associates, Inc. 759 Parkway Street, 

Jupiter, FL 33477, 2-914 Beau Chene Drive, Mandeville, LA 70471, 3-

2054 Bluerock Circle, Concord, CA 94521, 4-Florida Museum of 

Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, 5

-

Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL). 

• Panel Discussion. 
246 
247 

APPENDIX D 

FADs Technical Session (“Rigs and FADs”) Abstracts. 
248 
249 

Deepwater Development Structures 

G. Ed Richardson

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office 

1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, Louisiana 70123-2394 

Email: Ed.Richardson@mms.gov 

 Deepwater leasing activities in the Gulf of Mexico have expanded rapidly in the last few 

years. Currently, the Gulf of Mexico has approximately 7,600 active leases – about 48 percent 

of these (about 3,650 leases) are in deepwater (1,000 ft or more of water depth). Only a 

portion of these deepwater leases will be drilled and explored. If commercial quantities of 

recoverable hydrocarbons are discovered through drilling activities, deepwater structures may 

be emplaced. These deepwater structures will reside on the OCS for the “production life” of 

the field – maybe 5 to 20 or more years. The deepwater structures may also serve as fish 

aggregating devices in the Gulf. 

 This paper will explain the current types and characteristic of the Gulf of Mexico’s 

deepwater development structures including 

• Bottom Supported and Vertically Moored Structures 

• Fixed Platforms 

• Compliant Towers 

• Tension Leg Platforms 

• Mini Tension Leg Platforms 

• Floating Production and Subsea Systems 

• Spar Platforms 

• Floating Production Systems 

• Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading Systems 

• Subsea Systems 

 Pipelines, both in-field and export/right-of-way, will be briefly discussed. The concept 

of “host facilities” will be introduced. Graphics will depict the location of existing deepwater 

structures, proposed or projected deepwater structures, and subsea developments. 
250 

Deepwater petroleum structures in the Gulf of Mexico – Assessment of their potential to 

function as fish aggregating devices (FADs) 

Randy E. Edwards1

, Kenneth J. Sulak2, and Doug Weaver2

(1) U.S. Geological Service, Biological Research Division 

Florida Caribbean Science Center 

Center for Coastal Geology 

600 Fourth St. S. 

St. Petersburg, FL 33701-4846 

redwards@usgs.gov

(2) U.S. Geological Service, Biological Research Division 

Florida Caribbean Science Center 

7920 NW 71st St. 

Gainesville, FL 32653 

ken_sulak@usgs.gov, doug_weaver@usgs.gov

In view of recently accelerating deployment of petroleum structures in deep waters (>1,000 ft) 

in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), the Minerals Management Service (MMS) recognized 

the potential for such structures to act as FADs. In order to allow assessment of this potential, 

we have researched and organized existing information and literature on FADs and on GOM 

highly migratory species (HMS) into an annotated, key worded, bibliographic database. This 

very large body of diffuse information has been reviewed and analyzed. It is being synthesized 

to provide MMS with a scientific basis for predicting and understanding potential impacts of 

deepwater structures on HMS. The existing body of information and literature clearly 

documents the importance and large impacts of FADs on fish and fisheries around the world. 

Extrapolation to the GOM from literature on FADs elsewhere indicates that yellowfin tuna 

(Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and skipjack (Euthynnus pelamis) have 

high potential to be impacted. However, detailed predictions of FADs effects of GOM 

deepwater structures cannot be made from existing literature. It is likely that direct studies of 

fish aggregations around various types of deepwater petroleum structures will be needed. 
251 

The fishery for tunas associated with flotsam and FADs in the eastern Pacific Ocean 

Martin A. Hall 

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037, 

e-mail: mhall@iattc.org 

Since its inception, the purse-seine fishery for tropical tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean has 

obtained substantial portions of its catches from sets on flotsam and on fish-aggregating 

devices (FADs) placed by the fishers. Many other fisheries, both commercial and recreational, 

also utilize a variety of floating objects to find their target species. This paper describes the 

tuna fishery with respect to its evolution, the location, the techniques employed, and the 

catches and by-catches, and also the characteristics of the flotsam and FADs. This mode of 

fishing has increased considerably in recent years, and it is currently being regulated with 

temporal closures. Fishing on anchored FADs is not currently practiced in the EPO, but some 

coastal nations have plans to develop this type of fishery. 
252 

Questions about the association of tunas and other species with floating objects 

Martin A. Hall 

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037, 

e-mail: mhall@iattc.org 

Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the association of tunas and other species 

with floating objects in the world oceans. These are reviewed, in an attempt to assess which 

ones best explain the association of tunas with floating objects. The emphasis is on 

experimental approaches that could shed light on the remaining alternatives. Besides the 

adaptive value of the association, it is also important to address other issues that should help in 

understanding the ecological and behavioral responses to the floating objects: How are the 

objects detected/found? Are all objects attractive? What is the residence time under an object? 

Are there diel changes in the association? Is there fidelity to individual objects? Why do some 

species or sizes associate with floating objects, while others do not? 
253 

Fish and FADs: A Review of the Influence of FADs on the Movement and Distribution of 

Pelagic Fishes. 

Kim N. Holland 

Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology 

University of Hawaii 

Coconut Island, Kaneohe, Hawaii, 96744 

(808) 236 7410 kholland@hawaii.edu

The state of knowledge of the influence of anchored FADs on the behavior and distribution of 

pelagic fishes (predominantly tuna) will be reviewed. Various techniques have been employed 

to investigate the influence of FADs on fish behavior. These methods include gut analyses, 

tag-and-recapture experiments and sonic tracking. Tag-and-recapture experiments are 

demonstrating that FADs can have a very strong influence on the movements of tuna (and on 

fishing effort) on a regional level. Sonic tracking has taken two forms; active tracking of 

animals equipped with transmitters and passive monitoring of fish movements by data loggers 

placed on the FADs. In the former case, tracking vessels are used to follow individual fish and 

continuously monitor their horizontal and vertical movements - both when they are near a 

FAD and when they move away. Passive monitoring can elucidate the long-term revisitation 

patterns of tuna and also possibly give indication of school cohesion and longevity. Current 

data will be discussed in terms of possible pertinence to Gulf of Mexico fisheries. 
254 

Tuna Fishing and Fish Aggregating Devices 

Marc Taquet 1

 and Jean-Yves Le Gall 2 

(1) Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, 

BP 60, 97822, Le Port Cedex, 

Ile de La Réunion - Océan Indien 

France 

Email : Marc.Taquet@ifremer.fr

(2) Ensar, Département Halieutique 

rue de Saint Brieuc 

35000 – Rennes 

France 

Email : legall@roazhon.inra.fr

The international symposium "Tuna Fishing and Fish Aggregating Devices", October 1999, in 

Martinique, takes stock of the exploitation of large pelagic fish around FADs, based on 

regional synthesis for the three oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. Main themes included 

technology, fishing methods, impact on resources, biology of fish aggregation, anthropology 

and economic aspects of FAD exploitation. This meeting gathered results from recent and 

ongoing studies on FADs in different oceans of the world, enhanced collaboration between 

scientists and managers involved in the development of FADs, promoted the emergence of 

scientific and technical research and formed a first network for cooperation on this topic. This 

communication resumes the main discussions and results of this worldwide consultation on 

FADs purposes. 
255 

Integrated Statistical Models of Tuna Movement in Relation to Fish Attractors. 

John R. Sibert 

Pelagic Fisheries Research Program 

Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR) 

University of Hawaii at Manoa 

1000 Pope Road, Honolulu HI 96822 

808 956-7895 jsibert@soest.hawaii.edu

Integrated statistical models combine theoretical models of biological processes with statistical 

models of the observational errors in measuring the dependent variables in the process model. 

Three classes of integrated statistical models will be are presented — compartment models, 

advection-diffusion-reaction models, and state space Kalman filter models. The data 

requirements, expected output and possible interpretations of each class of model will be 

presented with examples of application for the analysis of tuna tagging data. The applicability 

of these models to the study of the movement of pelagic fish in relation to deep water rigs. 
256 

Title: Tuna in the Gulf of Mexico 

Authors: Craig Brown and Gerald Scott 

Address: NMFS/SEFSC Sustainable Fisheries Division 

 75 Virginia Beach Dr. 

 Miami, FL 33149 

Phone: (305)361-4590 and (305)361-4220 

Fax: (305)361-4562 

E-mail: craig.brown@noaa.gov and gerry.scott@noaa.gov

A general overview of tuna biology, ecology and fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico will be 

presented, with emphasis on yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus 

pelamis) tuna, species known to associate with fish aggregating devices (FADs). In the 

context of considering potential impacts on fish populations and fisheries by the presence of 

FADs, the current state of knowledge regarding various aspects of tuna biology and fisheries 

will be discussed, as well as some potentially important areas where more information is 

needed. Recent results from studies regarding yellowfin abundance trends and spawning in 

the Gulf of Mexico will be presented. The potential impact of FADs on stock assessments will 

also be discussed, with reference to recent Atlantic tuna assessments. 
257 

Petroleum Platforms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Deepwater Structures as Fish 

Attracting Devices (FAD) for Pelagic Fishes 

James S. Franks 

Center for Fisheries Research and Development 

Institute of Marine Sciences 

University of Southern Mississippi 

Ocean Springs, Mississippi 

PH: 228-872-4202 

FAX: 228-872-4204 

email: jim.franks@usm.edu

Petroleum platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) comprise one of the largest 

FAD (fish aggregating device) arrays in the world, attracting surface and midwater pelagic 

fishes. Petroleum platforms influence pelagic fishery resources and are an important 

component of the northern Gulf’s commercial and recreational fishing industries. Among the 

numerous pelagic fishes attracted to offshore NGOM platforms are Rachycentron canadum, 

Seriola dumerili, Scomberomorus cavalla, Decapterus punctatus, Coryphaena hippurus, 

Acanthocybium solandri, Thunnus albacares, and Thunnus atlanticus. The role of offshore 

NGOM platforms as FADs for pelagic fishes is examined, and possible mechanisms for the 

attraction of pelagic species to platforms are explored. Potential interactions/interrelationships 

between “deepwater” (300 - 1,550 m) platforms and pelagic fishes (predators and forage 

species) are discussed. Deepwater platforms provide new opportunities for the study of pelagic 

species to better understand their life history, ecology, behavior, and habitat requirements in 

the Gulf of Mexico. 
258 

Cold-core eddies, the Loop Current and larval tuna; a preferred spawning and nursery 

habitat? 

JOHN T. LAMKIN, JOHN J. GOVONI, and THOMAS D. LEMING 

(JTL): NOAA — National Marine Fisheries Service 

Southeast Fisheries Science Center 

75 Virginia Beach Drive 

Miami Florida 33149 

Telephone (voice): (305) 361-4226 

Email: John.Lamkin@noaa.gov

(JJG): NOAA National Ocean Service 

Beaufort Marine Laboratory 

Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research 

101 Pivers Island Road 

Beaufort North Carolina 28516 

(TDL): NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service 

Stennis Space Center 

Bldg 1103, Room 218 

Stennis space Center Mississippi, 39529 

Bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus and other scombrids spawn in the Gulf of Mexico in late April, 

May, and into early June. The relationship between larval bluefin tuna and thermal fronts has 

been established through previous studies, while an assessment of eddies and their associated 

fronts as spawning and nursery habitat has not been undertaken. In 1995 we began a three 

year effort in the eastern Gulf of Mexico to examine the influence of these eddies and the 

Loop Current on the distribution of scombrid larvae. Preliminary results indicate that 

scombrid larvae were located in the upper 25 meters, and were most abundant near the coldcore ring - Loop Current interface. Understanding the dynamics of scombrid spawning 

habitat is difficult in view of the scale and variance in inter- annual and decadal circulation 

patterns in the Gulf of Mexico, and our efforts are far from complete. However, we are 

concerned that offshore oil structures acting as FADS could disrupt this spawning behavior by 

concentrating bluefin in non traditional spawning sites. This would not only increase their 

vulnerability to longline and recreational fishing gear, but could lead to greatly increased 

larval mortality as well. 
259 

Gulf of Mexico petroleum and gas rigs as FADs for sharks and rays

Robert Hueter1

 and Jeff Childs2

1 Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, 

Sarasota FL 34236; 941-388-4441; fax 941-388-4312; rhueter@mote.org

2 Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi TX 

78412; 361-825-5869; fax 361-825-2770; jchilds@falcon.tamucc.edu

Offshore petroleum and gas structures can function as attracting devices for a variety of 

marine species, including elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays). Sharks and rays may use 

these structures as refuges, as core areas for daily activities, and as sources of food, both 

natural and anthropogenic (bait, offal). In the shallow depths surrounding these structures in 

the Gulf of Mexico, sharks such as the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), scalloped 

hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) and whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and rays such as the spotted 

eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) and the Atlantic manta (Manta birostris) are often observed. 

Some pelagic elasmobranch species, such as the silky shark, appear to use these structures as 

core areas for juvenile stages. In the deep waters surrounding the structures (>1000 ft), 

species of deepwater sharks such as sixgill sharks (Hexanchus spp.) and large deepwater 

dogfishes (Centrophorus spp.) have been observed by ROV-mounted video cameras deployed 

from the rigs. The implications of these various observations will be discussed in reference to 

the emerging trend of deeper petroleum and gas rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. 
260 

Now It Can Be Told: 5 Long Years of Deepwater Surveys Around the Oil Platforms of 

Southern California 

Milton Love 

Marine Science Institute 

University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106 

 (805) 893-2935, (805) 893-8062 Fax 

love@lifesci.ucsb.edu

 Beginning in 1995, we have been conducting surveys, using an untethered research 

submersible, of the fish assemblages of seven oil and gas production platforms and numerous 

natural reefs in southern California. Thirty-five species of rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) form the 

dominant taxa over both artificial and natural structures; they comprise over 90% of all fishes 

by both number and biomass. There are three distinct fish assemblages around platforms: 1) 

midwater, 2) near-platform benthic and 3) the shell mound surrounding the platform. Youngof-the-year (YOY) rockfishes predominate in the midwater, subadult and adult rockfishes are 

found near the bottom and a separate suite of YOY rockfishes live on the shell mound. 

Because the midwater assemblage depends on YOY rockfish recruitment strength, it exhibits 

strong annual variability, depending on ocean conditions. The near-platform benthic 

assemblage appears to be more stable. There is some evidence that platforms both produce and 

aggregate fishes, depending on species. 
261 

Potential interactions between pelagic longline fishing and deepwater oil gas structures 

in the Gulf of Mexico.

David B. Snyder1

, Luis Lagera1, Peter Arnold2, LeRay de Wit3, George H. Burgess4 and Chris 

Friel5

1

-Continental Shelf Associates, Inc. 759 Parkway Street, Jupiter, FL 33477 

2

-914 Beau Chene Drive, Mandeville, LA 70471 

3

-2054 Bluerock Circle, Concord, CA 94521 

4

-Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 

5

-Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL. 

The fishing and offshore energy industries have coexisted and developed amicably for many 

years in shelf waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Recently, the offshore energy industry in 

the Gulf has shifted its interest beyond the shelf and into deep waters (>200 m). Currently 

there are over 3,500 active leases and 48 development/production facilities in water depths 

greater than 200 m. Deepwater oil and gas structures include fixed platforms, sub-sea 

completions, moored floating structures, and dynamically positioned ships. These surfacepiercing structures represent obstacles to passively drifting longlines. The longline fishery 

targets yellowfin tuna and swordfish. From 1994 to 1998 permitted longline vessels made over 

4,000 sets per year with an average length 37 miles of main line per set. Spatial distribution of 

longline sets and catches of major species for 1994 to 1998 period were plotted. These plots 

were compared with the location of current and future oil and gas structures to identify 

potential problem areas. Field observations around deepwater structures indicate that tuna, 

dolphin, and wahoo are attracted to deepwater structures.