OCS Study 

MMS 96-0020 

NBS 96-01 

Northeastern Gulf of Mexico 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : 

Data Search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography 

Appendix F, Part 1 : Socioeconomics 

AL. i Pensacola 

Mobile t 

0 F L Tallahassee 

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STUDY Cedar Key 

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Springs 

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

NB S AM National Biological Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Eastern Region 
OCS Study 

MMS 96-0020 

NBS 96-01 

Northeastern Gulf of Mexico 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : 

Data Search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography 

Appendix F, Part 1 : Socioeconomics 

Compiler 

Science Applications International Corporation 

September 1996 

Prepared under NBS Contract 

1445-CT0009-95-002 

by 

Science Applications International Corporation 

Raleigh, North Carolina 27605 

Published by 

U.S. De partment of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service National Biological Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Eastern Region 
DISCLAIMER 

This report was prepared under contract between the National Biological 

Service (NBS) and Science Applications International Corporation . This report 

has been technically reviewed by the NBS and the Minerals Management Service 

(MMS), and has been approved for publication . Approval does not signify that 

the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the NBS or MMS, 

nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement 

or recommendation for use . It is, however, exempt from review and compliance 

with the MMS editorial standards . 

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Extra copies of this report may be obtained from : 

U .S . Department of the Interior U .S . Department of the Interior 

National Biological Service Minerals Management Service 

Eastern Region Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 

1700 Leetown Road Public Information Unit (MS 5034) 

Kearneysville, WV 25430 1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, LA 70123-2394 

Telephone : (304) 725-8461- x675 

Telephone: (504) 736-2519 or 

1-(800)-200-GULF 

CITATION 

Suggested citation : 

Science Applications International Corporation . 1996 . Northeastern Gulf of 

Mexico Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : Data search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography . Socioeconomics . OCS Study NBS 96-01 and MMS 

96-0020 . U .S . Dept . of the Interior, National Biological Service, 

Eastern Region, Kearneysville, WV and U .S . Dept . of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA . 

55 pp . 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

Thanks are extended to Paul Blankinship whose knowledge of Papyrus was 

essential to integrating the results of the many different electronic search 

formats . Those from outside this project who made our job more manageable by 

locating and sending the requested electronic copies of existing 

bibliographies include : 

" Dr . Worth Nowlin and Maureen Reep, Texas A&M University 

" Dr . Allan Clarke, Florida State University 

" Steven Wolfe, Dept . of Environmental Regulation, State of Florida 

" Carla Langley, MMS 

" Michele Tetley, MMS 

" Rosalie Shaffer, NOAA/NMFS 

All the above are thanked for their efforts . A number of others went to 

considerable effort in locating and sending printed versions of existing 

bibliographies . They too are thanked . 
Alphabetic Index 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O 

P 

R 

S 

T 

V 

W 

Y 

Adams, C .M. and F .J . Lawlor III . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- .- "" - 

Bell, F .W . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Caillouet, C .W . et al . 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .--- " 

Day, F . and C . Jackson . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

Eales, J . and J .E . Wilen . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

Farger, M .I . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

Gill, D .A. et al . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Hagy, J .R . 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

Keithly, W .R . et al . 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . 

29 

Lamb, S .T . et al . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Mackenzie, C .R ., Jr . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

Nakamura, E .L . et al . 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

O'Connor, D .M . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

Pascale, C .A. 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

Raizin, M . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

Salvesen, D . 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

Terrebonne, R .P . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

Vondruska, J . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

Walsh, C . 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

Yon, J .W . et al . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 
Adams, C .M . and F .J . Lawlor III . 1988 . Trends in the Importation of Selected 

Fresh and Frozen Seafood Products into the Southeastern United States, 

Draft Report . Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of 

Florida . Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . This paper describes the general trends in imports for selected 

seafood products arriving at Southeastern U.S . ports of entry. These 

trends are discussed in terms of volumes, seasonality, fresh versus 

frozen, product form, and country of origin . The major ports of entry are 

identified . 

Adams, C .M . and F .J . Prochaska . 1985 . Principle Economic Factors Determining 

U .S . Shrimp Prices at Alternative Market Levels . Draft Rept ., Tropical 

and Subtropical Fisheries Tech . Conf . Proceedings 

Abstract . This paper (1) reviews trends in prices, margins, and market shares 

for 21-25 and 31-40 count (tails per pound) raw, headless shrimp, (2) 

determines the direction of price flows and the nature of upward and 

downward price response between ex-vessel, wholesale, and retail market 

levels, and (3) determines the factors affecting prices for the two size 

classes at the three market levels . 

Adams, F .H . 1994 . Tallahassee awaits a high-tech renaissance . Florida Trend . 

36(12) :101-104 . 

Abstract . City and regional officials are counting on the national magnet 

laboratory to create high-paying jobs . Reflecting a nationwide trend of 

gradual growth, business in the East Panhandle is generally riding a 

rising tide . But in a few sectors, some players are still struggling, and 

in small communities that has a stinging effect . Perhaps the county that 

best epitomizes this region's contrasts is Leon . On one hand, the 

National High Magnetic Field Laboratory is drawing leading-edge research 

and industry. On the other, many of the jobs created in Leon in 1993 pay 

little more than minimum wage . At first glance, it would seem 1993 was 

kind to the Tallahassee area . After all, according to the Bureau of 

Economic and Business Research at the University of Florida, Leon 

County's unemployment rate fell from 4 .0% to 3 .7`k . 

Agresti, B .F . 1979 . Household composition, the family circle, and economic 

hardship in a postbellum southern county-walton County, Florida, 1870-

1885 . International Journal of Sociology of the Family . 9(2) :245-258 . 

Andrew, C .O., F .J. Prochaska and J . Alvarez . 1975 . Florida Shrimp : From the Sea 

Through the Market . SUSF-SG-75-005 . Department of Food and Resource 

Economics, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Florida Sea Grant 

Program, Marine Advisory Program . 15 pp . 

Abstract . Even though shrimp are the most valuable seafood species landed in 

Florida, landings have not kept pace with growth of the shrimp processing 

industry . Landings from Florida waters have remained constant over time, 

but has declined as a share of total shrimp processed due to increased 

imports and the decline in Florida landings from Campeche and the 

Caribbean. 

Anon. 1971 . Escarosa : A preliminary study of coastal zone management problems 

and opportunities in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Florida. Florida 

Coastal Coordinating Council . Tallahassee, FL . 29 pp . 

1 
Abstract . The Coastal Coordinating Council was charged by the 1970 Florida 

Legislature to develop a plan for the protection, development and zoning 

of the coasts of Florida. Escarosa (Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties) was 

selected as a preliminary project as an overview of the principal 

problems of coastal zone management . These problems are typical of most 

populated coastal areas of Florida . The Northwest Florida Regional 

Coastal Management Plan will be developed for the entire Florida coast . 

Anon . 1976 . Florida Regional Coastal Zone Environmental Quality Assessment, 

Region 3, North Coastal Florida . North Central Florida Regional Planning 

Council . Gainesville, FL . 62 pp . 

Abstract . The environmental quality of the Gulf coasts of Dixie and Taylor 

counties in north central Florida is generally excellent with few 

problems of regional significance . Major concerns at present are the 

potential reduction of species diversity and numbers due to forestry 

harvesting practices and forest drainage . The most significant problem in 

this region appears to be the effect of the industrial discharge of 

treated effluent from paper mills . Another major problem in development 

of the region is due to storm events, which have the capability of 

raising water levels by 14 feet during the 100 year storm . Such an event 

would flood the entire coastline up to ten miles inland . The region does 

have potential problems including : (1) construction and dredge and fill 

operations in the coastal marsh and estuary systems, (2) utilization of 

groundwater resources, (3) improvement of public wastewater and disposal 

systems, (4) oil spill potential, (5) development in flood plains, anal 

(6) damage to seagrass beds from modern shrimp trawling practices . 

Nevertheless, the problems associated with coastal development in the 

more densely developed areas of Florida have not yet occurred in these 

counties . 

Anon . 1977 . Economic adjustment plan for Okaloosa County, Florida . Economic 

Development Administration, 14th between E Street and Constitution 

Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20231, Rept . No . : EDA-77-026 . West Florida 

Regional Planning Council . Pensacola, FL . 103 pp . 

Abstract . Economic dislocation and adjustment problems created by the plant 

closure of the Texas Instrument plant formulated a comprehensive economic 

adjustment plan for the area . The manufacturing strategy proposes two 

site improvement projects to enhance the growth potential of the 

industrial parks located at Fort Walton Beach and Crestview. The 

conversion of a center into a child care facility would serve the needs 

of the females seeking employment--especially heads of households . The 

fact that Okaloosa County had no railroad service, the transportation 

strategy suggests a project to study the feasibility of extending rail 

service into the area . 

Anon . 1992 . Coastal Pete seeks offshore drilling permits . PR Newswire . 

Abstract . Company today announced that it has filed applications with Florida's 

Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to drill offshore oil and gas 

exploration wells off Manasota Key and Naples . Coastal, which has an 

800,000-acre petroleum and mineral leasehold along most of Florida's Gulf 

Coast, said additional permit applications for petroleum prospects in the 

Apalachicola Embayment, off Franklin County, will be filed later this 

week . Phillip W . Ware, president of Coastal, said the company already has 

sought approval to conduct seismic, magnetic anomaly, and gravitational 

2 
testing on its leasehold, and that DNR is expected to issue the testing 

permit shortly. "We would like to obtain a drilling permit as soon as the 

administrative review process can be completed," said Ware, "so the 

company can proceed to explore prospects on this very promising offshore 

acreage." Ware said the three-mile-wide leasehold, 7 .4 to 10 .4 miles 

offshore, parallels the coastline from Apalachicola Bay to Naples (425 

statute miles), and borders federal offshore acreage to seaward. 

Anon . 1993a . A climate for success . Florida Trend. 36(6) :NW1-NW6 . 

Abstract . It's got all of the elements people come to Florida for : beaches, 

warm weather, great fishing, golf and accommodations to fit even the most 

leisurely lifestyle . But Northwest Florida has even more . There are 

advantages for business -- two deepwater ports anchored at both ends ; a 

change of seasons that people in the southern half of the state often 

envy ; and there's the Southern hospitality that has total strangers 

exchanging pleasantries and the work force producing more . It's an 

attitude . Many still marvel at the relatively uncelebrated image the 

northwest part of Florida enjoys . That's why locals often will talk about 

the area being "discovered" and volunteer stories about people deciding 

to move to the area after only one visit. 

Anon . 1993b . Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties . Florida Trend . 36(6) :NW66-NW79 . 

Abstract . At the tip of Northwest Florida, with the Alabama state line to the 

north and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, are Escambia and Santa Rosa 

countries . Pensacola, "Florida's first-place city," is the economic hub . 

The oldest settlement in the United States, it was founded by a Spanish 

explorer in 1559 . History and location have played a huge role in shaping 

the development of the area . As the more mature of its counter-parts, 

Pensacola has traditionally served in a support capacity for other 

counties in Northwest Florida requiring specialty health care and 

advanced education . Naval aviation originated there, and military 

installations continue to influence the economy . Escambia is home to the 

Naval Air Station, where the famous naval fight demonstration team, "The 

Blue Angels" is based, and Whiting Field is located in Santa Rosa County . 

Being a coastal region, Escambia and Santa Rosa counties also are 

capturing the same interests as other parts of Florida, becoming a haven 

for tourism . Newcomers often note the differences between this are and 

the state's southern and central regions . There's a distinct change of 

season -- though Florida sunshine still wards off most of the chill --

and there's more of an identification with Southern traditions . 

Anon . 1993c . A golden retirement opportunity. Florida Trend . 36(6) :NW86-NW88 . 

Abstract . Looking for a place to spend their golden years, more retirees are 

looking no further than Northwest Florida . And businesses that cater to 

the older generation are paying attention . "It's a matter of playing to 

your strengths," says Edward Ranelli, president of azalea Trace, 

continuing-care retirement community in Pensacola . Pensacola has been 

ranked as a top retirement location by various national magazines, 

Ranelli says . And in the 1990 edition of Retirement Places Rated, 

Pensacola was ranked fourth out of 151 cities, as one of the best 

retirement locations nationwide . The April 1991 issue of American 

Demographics called Pensacola one of the nation's "hottest" areas for 

retirement of military personnel . 

3 
Anon . 1993d . Okaloosa and Walton Counties . Florida Trend . 36(6) :NW40-NW54 . 

Abstract . The most-often talked about assets in Okaloosa and Walton counties 

fall under two categories : Brains and Beauty . Each plays a significant 

role in the makeup of the economy. The brains, of course, refers to the 

technology, innovation and skill that reside in this northwest region of 

the state . And beauty? The area is enough to turn anyone's head -- with 

its glistening blue-green waters and white sand beaches that resemble 

snow-drifts . Features found in these two counties parallel much of what 

is found throughout state . There's the Blitz and glamour of places like 

the Sandestin Resort ; a very rural, slow-paced lifestyle in the area 

surrounding DeFuniak Springs; and pockets of high-tech and manufacturing 

sprinkled throughout . 

Anon . 1994 . Sunshine partners adjust equity positions . PR Newswire . 

Abstract . Partners in the proposed Sunshine Pipeline Project have announced the 

restructuring of their equity interests in the more than $600-million 

natural gas pipeline project after Florida Power Corporation withdrew as 

an equity partner today . Florida Power will continue as a major customer 

of the pipeline but has elected not to be an equity partner . Subsidiaries 

of The Coastal Corporation of Houston (NYSE : CGP) and TransCanada 

Pipelines Limited of Calgary will now hold equal interests in the 

project . "Although Florida Power Corporation has withdrawn as an equity 

partner, Florida Power's management has expressed strong support for 

bringing a second source of natural gas to Florida and remains an 

important customer for the project," said E .,T . Burgin, SunShine's 

president . "Florida Power's early commitment as a customer was 

instrumental in establishing Sunshine as a viable project . 

Applegate, A .V . 1983 . Principal oil fields in Florida and possible future oil 

and gas fields in the state and offshore . The Interstate Oil Compact 

Commission Committee Bulletin . 25(2) :38-41 . Fla . Dep . Nat . Resour ., Bur . 

Geol ., Tallahassee, FL . Papers delivered before standing committees of 

the Interstate Oil Compact Commission, Herschler, E . (chairperson) . 

Interstate Oil Compact Comm ., Oklahoma City, OK, Conference date : Dec . 4-

7, 1983 . 

Aschoff, S . 1990 . People, people everywhere . (Citrus, Hernando, Levy, Marion, 

and Sumter Counties, Florida) . Florida Trend . 32(13) :87-90 . 

Abstract . Once a quiet retreat, the region is drowning in newcomers and 

struggling to meet the mandates of growth . The two lanes of U.S . 41 wind 

past the cluttered store-fronts and aging houses of Inverness to unroll 

into the neighborhoods of the 1990s : wind-swept fields dotted with golf 

carts and greens and crisscrossed by the invisible lines demarcating 

vacant lots awaiting their retiree owners . Citrus County, like much of 

the North Central region of Florida, is showing the symptoms of its 

explosive growth . The quaint towns and pastoral farms elbow fast-food 

joints and real estate sales offices . And on Highway 41, the boom is as 

inescapable as the cars and trucks inching bumper-to-bumper through 

Inverness all day long . 

Aschoff, S . 1991 . Seeing the future in a U.S . pastime; despite hard times, 

spring baseball and a number of small businesses are providing an 

economic boost . (1991 Yearbook : North Central Florida ; economic 

forecasting for that region) . Florida Trend . 33(12) :83-86 . 

4 
Abstract . In northeast Citrus County, just past the fork in the road where 

lumbering freight trucks veer east to Ocala or hang a left on U.S . 41, 

lies a dusty, brush-covered patch of dirt the locals have dubbed their 

field of dreams ." They see an $8 .2 million stadium and spring training 

complex for major league baseball's Cleveland Indians, a spacious park 

and a new 150-room hotel . They hear the crack of bat against BALL, the 

roar of the fans, the jingle of coins in cash registers . They believe, in 

this county hungry for new industry and rife with retirees, in the 

promise: "If you build it, they will come ." "I can't think of a cleaner, 

better industry than major league spring baseball . It won't be a cureall, but it will be an impetus to provide spinoff businesses and jobs," 

says Alex Griffin, a former Citrus County commissioner, real estate agent 

and leader of the "Join the Tribe" push . 

Bell, F .W . 1989 . Application of Wetland Valuation Theory to Florida Fisheries . 

Florida Sea Grant College Report . 118 :95 . Department of Economics, 

Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida . 

Abstract . The focus of this report is an evaluation in economic terms of the 

value of estuarine wetlands to marine fisheries in Florida. The marginal 

productivity theory of estuarine wetland valuation is used to determine 

the value of the marginal products of an acre of saltwater marsh in the 

production of estuarine dependent species of fish . 

Bell, F .W. and V.R. Leeworthy. 1987 . Economic demand for marinas and projected 

impact on wetlands . Land Economics . 63(1) :79-91 . 

Abstract . This article develops a theoretical framework for marina demand and 

empirically estimates such a logic and OLS model using Florida as a case 

study . Projections of the pattern of land use for marinas can be studied 

in the light of current environmental policies . The analysis for Florida 

indicates that environmental concerns involving marinas and the call for 

rigid permitting of additional sites may not be based on large wetland 

requirements and that marina-wetland compatibility studies should be 

considered. 

Bell, F .W ., P .E . Sorensen and V .R . Leeworthy . 1982 . The Economic Impact and 

Valuation of Saltwater Recreational Fisheries in Florida . Florida Sea 

Grant College Report . SGR-47 :118 . 

Abstract . This project quantifies both the market and nonmarket value and 

economic importance of Florida's saltwater recreational fishery. The 

objectives are: (1) to produce statistically reliable estimates of the 

value per recreational day and yearly of Florida's saltwater sport 

fishing; (2) to provide a demographic and economic profile of instate and 

out of state sport fishermen; (3) to determine the impact of saltwater 

sport fishing on the Florida economy; and (4) to identify regions of 

critical state concern with respect to a decline in productivity of 

saltwater sport fishing in Florida waters due to overfishing, pollution, 

etc. 

Blomo, V .J . 1983 . Economic Criteria Regarding Diversification Through Public 

and/or Private Sector Financing . pp . 22 . ,In Report V in Assessment of 

Shrimp Industry Potentials and Conflicts . Vol . II . Shrimp Notes 

Incorporated, New Orleans, LA . 

Abstract . Cyclical swings in the profitability of shrimp harvesting operations 

has prompted an evaluation of diversifying the scope of fishing 

5 
activities . This report first develops economic criteria the vessel owner 

can use to determine the profitability of any additional investment 

including the advisability of borrowing additional investment funds . 

Secondly, with financing for diversification from public and/or private 

sources being likely, economic criteria will be developed so that funds 

from these sources are loaned out and committed with minimal risk and 

with a high degree of accountability to the public for public funds . 

Blomo, V .J . and J .E . Easley . 1983 . Awareness Program for Shrimp Harvesters as 

to the Uses of Various By-Catch, The On-Going Development of the Turtle 

Excluder Device (TED) Information Program . pp . 23 . jn Report IV in 

Assessment of Shrimp Industry Potentials and Conflicts . Vol . II . Shrimp 

Notes Incorporated, New Orleans, LA . 

Abstract . The purpose of this report is to discuss alternatives for an 

awareness program for shrimp fishermen regarding bycatch utilization . 

Bycatch reduction of undesirable sizes and species is an integral part of 

the problem, hence is also addressed . The first section below briefly 

summarizes recent information on bycatch, its utilization and problems 

surrounding bycatch utilization . The second section discusses possible 

objectives of an awareness program and types of information that would be 

required . The third section then addresses strategies that might be 

pursued in terms of vehicles for conducting an awareness program. The 

next section discusses possible content and delivery methods for a Turtle 

Excluder Device (TED) information program . As such, it emphasizes bycatch 

reduction . The last section then discusses techniques for monitoring the 

effectiveness of an awareness program. Monitoring will be important to 

future decisions concerning whether to continue such a program . 

Blomo, V .J . and W .L . Griffin . 1978 . Costs and Returns Data : Florida-Based Gulf 

of Mexico Shrimp Trawlers, 1977 . Texas A&M University, Department of 

Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station . TAMU-SG79-604 :33 . 

Abstract . This report summarizes estimates of costs and returns for vessels of 

different characteristics that anchor in Florida and trawl in the Gulf of 

Mexico . Data for the calendar year 1977 were collected from vessel 

owners . Results are presented in self explanatory tables . No attempt is 

made to draw inferences or discuss implications of trends, or 

relationships that may be apparent in the data . The file also contains a 

June, 1978 draft final report to NMFS . 

Blomo, V .J ., J .P . Nichols, W .L . Griffin and W .E . Grant . 1982 . Dynamic modeling 

of the eastern Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery . American Journal of 

Agricultural Economics . 64(3) :475-482 . 

Abstract . The impact of alternative management schemes on the shrimp fishery of 

the eastern Gulf of Mexico is analyzed and compared to a baseline using 

simulation techniques (GBFSM) . The fishery's biological and economic 

functions are modeled including intraseasonal shrimp growth rates, 

differences in demand for shrimp by size, and a heterogeneous fishing 

fleet. Using consumer and producer surplus techniques, new fishing 

regulations appear socially optimal compared to the baseline . A rent 

maximization scheme increases social surplus to its highest level . 

However, applying such a scheme to one part of the total Gulf of Mexico 

shrimp fishery is not recommended . 

6 
Bohnsack, J .A. and D . Harper . 1987 . Automated Landings Assessment for 

Responsive Management (ALARM) Package for Gulf of Mexico Commercial Reef 

Fish Landings : March 1987 Summary . National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, National Marine Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Reef 

Resources Team . Miami, FL . 16 pp . 

Abstract . A summary of landings of reef fish species for the Gulf of Mexico 

commercial reef fish fishery. 

Bohnsack, J .A ., A. Brown and D . Harper . 1987 . Automated Landings Assessment for 

Responsive Management (ALARM) Package for Gulf of Mexico Commercial Reef 

Fish Landings : 1987 Summary. National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, National Marine Fisheries Center, Coastal Resources 

Division . CRD-86/87-29 :17 . 

Abstract . A summary of the 1986 landings of reef fish species for the Gulf of 

Mexico commercial reef fish fishery. 

Browder, J .A., J .C . Davis and E . Sullivan . 1978 . The Paying Passenger 

Recreational Fisheries of the Florida Gulf Coast and Keys, Draft Rpt . 

National Marine Fisheries Service . Miami, FL . 

Abstract . Four types of paying passenger recreational fisheries operate on the 

Florida Gulf Coast and in the Florida Keys . An estimated 604 captains 

were active in the fisheries in 1977 . Target species differ with fishery 

type and region of operation . Declining catches (catch per unit effort) 

and increased operating costs, particularly for fuel, are major problems 

of these fisheries according to the captains . In those fisheries where 

previous information is available the number of operations has increased 

in the past fifteen years in the Florida Keys, decreased greatly on the 

west Florida coast and decreased slightly on the northwest Florida coast . 

Brown, G .L . 1981 . A Survey of Recreational Shrimping in the Bay and Sound 

Systems of the Gulf Coast for 1980, Final Rpt . Gulf Coast Research 

Laboratory . HSR-RR-81/2-PON :140 . Prepared for Gulf States Marine 

Fisheries Commission, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, 

Mississippi . 

Abstract . This paper reports the results of a 1980 survey of recreational 

shrimpers along the bay and sound systems of the Gulf Coast in 1979 and 

1980 that was conducted complimentarily with the NMFS recreational 

finfish survey . 

Brusher, H .A . and B .J . Palko . Unknown Year . An Analysis of Marine Recreational 

Catch and Effort Data from a 1983 Charterboat Survey of the Southeastern 

United States and the U .S . Caribbean . Southeast Fisheries Center, 

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAH, Panama City Laboratory . Panama 

City, FL . 

Abstract . A survey of charterboats from coastal areas of the southeastern 

United States, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean was undertaken in 1983 . 

Captains were contracted to provide daily catch and effort data . They 

reported on 3,479 of 3,503 available boat fishing weeks . A total of 

348,976 pelagic and demersal fish were caught in 46,921 .5 hours of 

effort . Species catch and catch per boat hour (CPH) are presented 

annually, monthly, and geographically . Data are compared with similar 

results obtained in a 1982 pilot survey . The charterboat survey provided 

timely CPH data . 

7 
Brusher, H .A. and B .J . Palko . 1987 . Results from the 1984 and 1985 charterboat 

surveys in southeastern U.S . Waters and the U.S . Caribbean Sea . Mar . 

Fish . Rev . 49(2) :109-117 . 

Abstract . In 1984 and 1985, surveys of southeastern U .S . waters, including the 

Gulf of Mexico and the U .S . Caribbean Sea, were conducted to gather catch 

and effort records from charterboat captains located along coastal areas . 

Captains were contracted to supply daily records of fishing activity . 

During the 2 year period, 10,380 fishing trips, 48,231 hours of fishing 

effort were expended and 342,258 fishes were caught . Species, catches, 

and catch per boat fishing hour are presented by year, month, and area . 

Major species groups caught by trolling included mackerels and tunas, 

while other than trolling methods caught mostly snappers, groupers, and 

croakers . Annual response rates for returning log forms for the 1984 and 

1985 surveys were 98 .8 and 95 .7 percent, respectively . 

Brusher, H .A ., M .L . Williams, L . Trent and B .J . Palko . 1984 . Using charterboat 

catch records for fisheries management . Mar . Fish . Rev . 46(3) :48-55 . 

Abstract . A pilot survey to study the feasibility of using catch records from 

charterboats for obtaining daily catch and effort data was initiated on 

28 March 1982 . Nine charterboat captains produced records for 39,410 

marine fishes caught in 4,392 trolling hours and in 919.5 hours using 

other fishing techniques . Captains were contracted to supply daily 

records of fishing zones, fishing methods, and all species in their 

respective catches . Response rate (i .e ., weekly submission of logs) was 

90 .4 percent for all boat fishing weeks between 28 March and 31 December 

1982 . The potential use of this type of recreational data is discussed. 

Bruzzese, A . 1992 . Ready to pull out of a rut . Florida Trend . 34(12) :115-118 . 

Abstract . While Santa Rosa enjoys a growth spurt, other Panhandle counties will 

gradually emerge from the downturn . For Jeff Vickers, it's a good problem 

to have . As airport director of the Panama City-Bay County Regional 

Airport, Vickers says business is so good that some of the airlines are 

"overrun" with tourists and business travelers . He expects passenger 

counts to increase at least 20% this year over 1991 . "The North Gulf 

Coast is growing and doing well, despite what the economy has been like," 

Vickers says . "The airlines have been pleasantly surprised ." Business at 

the Panama City airport is more of an exception than the rule, but still 

there is a feeling that the West Panhandle is ready to pull out of a 

years-long economic rut . 

Caillouet, C .w ., F .J . Patella and W .B . Jackson . 1979 . Relationship between 

marketing category (count) composition and ex-vessel value of reported 

annual catches of shrimp in the eastern Gulf of Mexico . Mar . Fish . Rev . 

41(5-6) :1-7 . 

Abstract . The relationship between estimated ex-vessel value of reported annual 

shrimp catches and weight of these catches is used to show the effects of 

regional differences in count composition of these catches, a function of 

differences in shrimp laws and harvesting strategy . It seems clear that 

the strategy of harvesting large proportions of larger shrimp in Texas 

increases both the weight and ex-vessel value of these catches . Social 

impacts and economic inputs beyond the ex-vessel level also require 

consideration in studies of effects of harvesting strategy. The shrimp 

fisheries of the eastern Gulf of Mexico are analyzed . They are those of 

Mississippi, Alabama, and west coast of Florida, and includes pink 

8 
shrimp, P. duorarum, as well as brown and white shrimp . Harvesting 

strategy refers to the sizes of shrimp harvested, retained, and landed . 

The relationship between estimated ex-vessel value and weight of reported 

annual catches of a given species in a given region holds remarkably well 

over a wide range of fluctuations in reported annual catches . In 

fisheries, such as shrimp fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico, in which wide 

fluctuations occur in annual yield in response to fluctuations in 

recruitment, the best that can be done is to make the best use of 

whatever recruitment occurs . This lends support to the concept of 

management of shrimp fisheries by minimum size limits or other approaches 

which regulate the size of shrimp at first harvest, i .e ., closed areas or 

seasons. 

Casteel, P . 1991 . Bycatch a matter of opinion . Texas Shores . 23(3) :1-33 . Texas 

A&M University Sea Grant College Program and Palachios Marine Education 

Center . 

Abstract . A collection of articles concerning bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico 

shrimp fishery. 

Cato, J .C . and H .E . Kumpf . 1990 . The Economic Influence of Population Growth, 

Fisheries, Coastal and Marine Industries, and Tourism Derived from Use of 

The Gulf of Mexico . In Presented at The Environmental and Economic Status 

of the Gulf of Mexico, December 2-5, 1990 . New Orleans, LA . 

Abstract . This paper focuses on the economic use of the Gulf of Mexico's 

resources by pointing out some of the major economic values associated 

with them . 

Cato, J .C . and F .J . Prochaska . 1976 . The Gulf of Mexico commercial and 

recreational red snapper-grouper fishery: an economic analysis of 

production, marketing, and prices . pp . 95-128 . Za H.R . Bullis Jr . and 

A .C . Jones, eds . Proceedings : Colloquium on Snapper-Grouper Fishery 

Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean . Report Number 17 . Gulf 

States Marine Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, LA . (Texas A&M 

University Sea Grant College and Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant 

Consortium .) 

Abstract . Owners and captains of both commercial red snapper boats and party 

boats along the north Florida Gulf coast were interviewed in 1975 . Cost 

and return data were collected and analyzed for 1974 . Also documented and 

analyzed was the economic importance to the region of the commercial and 

party boat industry . Price analyses are conducted and compared with past 

research . A description of marketing channels is provided with special 

emphasis placed on the role of imports. Finally, the need for management 

programs in the red snapper-grouper industry receives comment . 

Cato, J .C . and F .J . Prochaska . 1977 . A statistical and budgetary economic 

analysis of Florida-based Gulf of Mexico red snapper-grouper vessels by 

size and location, 1974-75 . Mar . Fish . Rev . 39(11) :6-14 . 

Abstract . This paper combines the analysis of production data for the northern 

gulf commercial vessels with additional production data collected from 

the Florida west coast or southeastern gulf red snapper-grouper 

production area to provide a comparative report on the costs and returns 

for vessels operation in these two areas . Two methods of analysis were 

used to analyze the cost and returns data . First, an ordinary least 

squares regression equation using dummy variables was used to determine 
if statistically significant differences exist in costs and revenues 

between port locations and size of the fishing firm . Second, specific 

differences in costs and revenues by firm size and port location are 

analyzed using detailed cost and return budgets for the four classes of 

vessels. 

Cato, J .C ., F . J . Prochaska and P .C .H . Pritchard . 1978 . An Analysis of the 

Capture, Marketing and Utilization of Marine Turtles . Purchase Order No . 

01-7-042-11283 . Environmental Assessment Division, National Marine 

Fisheries Service . St . Petersburg, FL. 

Abstract . The objectives of this report are to 1) determine sources of 

published and documented data concerning sea turtle harvesting, 

consumption and prices ; 2) analyze trends in production and consumption 

of sea turtle meats and shells by country from best available statistics ; 

3) determine from available statistics international trade patterns in 

sea turtle meats and shells ; and 4) through informal consultation in 

selected areas gather information on turtle harvest and trade not 

reported in trade statistics because of inadequate or nonexistent record 

keeping or through deliberate attempts to circumvent protective laws . 

Centaur Associates Inc . 1990 . Environmental Costs of Fishing Ground Preemption 

and Gear Loss . pp . 39 . Zn Chapter 6, Draft report prepared for the 

Mineral Management Service, Department of Interior . Mineral Management 

Service, Department of Interior, 

Abstract . This section addresses non-oil spill impacts on the commercial 

fishing industry due to loss of access to fishing grounds, and to damage 

or loss of fishing gear . The placement of OCS structures, such as 

production platforms and pipelines, in the waters of the outer 

Continental Shelf, have been shown to prevent a certain amount of ocean 

area from being used by fishing industry . This area foreclosure can lead 

to a potential reduction in catch for the industry, and an associated 

economic loss . OCS oil and gas activity can also cause loss or damage to 

fishing gear, due to sea floor structures, debris and other sea floor 

disruptions . In certain instances, increased vessel traffic associated 

with offshore oil development can cause damage to fixed fishing gear such 

as pots or traps . 

Christmas, J .Y . and D .J . Etzold . eds . 1977 . The Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of 

Mexico United States : a Regional Management Plan . (Series, 2 .) Gulf Coast 

Research Laboratory, Technical Report . Ocean Springs, MS . 128 pp . 

Abstract . The regional Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery management plan documents 

the problems and lists the goals and objectives necessary to manage the 

shrimp resources of the Gulf of Mexico and provide optimum sustained 

benefits for the nation . The fishery is described, shrimp producing zones 

of the region are identified for preservation and improvement, and 

statistics collection is facilitated . The report promotes research in 

bio-social-economic model development, development of a regional 

management plan, and extension education of shrimp fishermen. 

Christmas, J .Y ., D .J . Etzold, L .B . Simpson and S . Meyers . eds . 1988 . The 

Menhaden Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico United States : A Regional 

Management Plan . Vol . 18 . Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission . Ocean 

Springs, MS . 

10 
Abstract . The first regional management plan (Christmas and Etzold, 1977) was 

adopted and implemented by the Gulf State-Federal Fishery Management 

Board in 1977 . Results of ongoing review and evaluation of research and 

management achievements warranted a revised management plan . The goal of 

the plan is to develop a gulf menhaden management strategy that will 

allow an annual maximum harvest that protects the stock from overfishing 

on a continuing basis . 

Clayton, K. and J . Gordon . 1978 . Gulf County, Florida, Information for Rural 

Development : Population, Housing, Economy, Labor Force, Public Sector . 

Florida Agricultural Market Research Center, Food and Resource Economics 

Department, Agricultural Experiment Station Report . 17 :63 . 

Conand, C . and M . Byrne . 1993 . A review of recent developments in the world sea 

cucumber fisheries . Mar . Fish . Rev . 55(4) :1-13 . 

Abstract . Sea cucumbers (Holothuridae and Stichopodidae) have been harvested 

commercially for at least 1,000 years . The world fisheries for sea 

cucumbers, however, are not well documented and in general are poorly 

managed . Depending upon the species exploited, there are two processing 

procedures for the sea cucumber product . Some species are eaten raw, 

while most commercial species are processed into a dry product called 

beche-de-mer or trepang . This dry product is exported to a central market 

such as Hong Kong and then re-exported to the consumers . In this review, 

recent statistics on the world sea cucumber fisheries, collected from 

different services, are detailed for each major fishing area . Case 

studies for each fishing area are also presented . Recent major changes in 

the Indo-Pacific fishery include the participation of new producer 

countries, the shift in the species being exploited, and an increase in 

the Chinese market . The expansion of the largely monospecific temperate 

North Pacific fisheries is also described . Statistics from Hong Kong, 

Singapore, Taiwan, and the Food and Agriculture Organization provide 

valuable information on the producer and importer countries . Particular 

attention is paid to the reciprocal trade of beche-de-mer between Hong 

Kong and Singapore . An evaluation of the world sea cucumber landings and 

beche-de-mer production is presented . Recent developments include an 

expansion of the Hong Kong market due to increased demand by China, the 

importance of Indonesia as a major world producer, and an increase in the 

fisheries of Tropical Pacific nations . This increase is best documented 

for New Caledonia and Fiji . Ways to improve the access and the 

reliability of the statistics for the sea cucumber fishery are discussed, 

as is the potential for management of artisanal fisheries . 

Conroy, T .F . 1991 . Billion-dollar babies . American Demographics . 13(12) :36-42 . 

Abstract . Nonmetropolitan areas should not be overlooked as significant 

consumer markets because many of these areas report personal incomes 

exceeding one billion dollars . Based on data from the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis, the most affluent nonmetropolitan counties, with total personal 

incomes beyond the two-billion-dollar mark, include Barnstable County, 

MA; Litchfield County, CT ; San Luis Obispo County, CA ; and Ulster County, 

NY . 

11 
Crane, C . 1994 . The pieces are in place to start diversifying . Florida Trend . 

36(12) :107-111 . 

Abstract . Will West Panhandle boosters be able to bring jobs and diversity to 

an economy dependent on the military? When the Pentagon delivered three 

cuts to Escambia County last year, the message quickly became a lesson in 

economic development -- namely, don't count on me . In decisions that will 

cost Escambia millions of dollars in wages, the Defense Department : 

* Decommissioned the USS Forrestal, leaving Pensacola Naval Air Station 

without a training aircraft carrier for the first time in 70 years . 

* Canceled bidding for a 4,000-job defense payroll center after Pensacola 

spent $1 million packaging its bid . * Targeted the 3,300-employee 

Pensacola Naval Air Depot for closure by October 1995, as recommended by 

the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission . "The silver lining to 

this whole thing is its changing attitudes," says Bill Huth, a professor 

of economics at the University of West Florida in Pensacola . "People are 

realizing we can't depend on the defense vehicles forever as the primary 

engine of our economy ." That philosophy is now permeating much of the 

region . Not all the military news was bad . The base closure commission 

will relocate the Naval Air Technical Training Command (NATTC) in 1997 to 

Pensacola from Millington, Tennessee . Conventional analysis has it that 

the swap in workload will result in a net gain of 4,700 jobs for the 

Naval Air Station, making it the state's big winner in the ongoing 

defense shuffle . 

Crane, C . 1995 . On the military roller coaster . Florida Trend . 37(12) :138-142 . 

Abstract . While the Pentagon's presence in Northwest Florida remains volatile, 

most employment growth is coming from the private sector . Just north of 

Eglin Air Force Base in Okaloosa County, Jack Owen pilots a private 

enterprise that could be a model for future economic development in 

defense-dependent Northwest Florida. Capitalizing on the region's ample 

pool of aviation-trained workers, Owen built Crestview Aerospace, an 

aircraft-parts fabrication business . From a low point of 12 employees in 

1990, Crestview's work force has grown to 170 . 

Cummings, N .J . and T .W . Chewning . 1986 . Recent Catch and Catch per Unit of 

Effort of the Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper and Grouper Fisheries . National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division . Miami, FL . 36 pp . 

Abstract . This report provides 1) nominal commercial landings by U.S . fishermen 

of red snapper and groupers (groupers are unclassified as to species in 

the reporting statistics except for Warsaw grouper (E . nigritus) and 

jewfish (E . itajara) from the Gulf of Mexico for 1962-1985, 2) estimates 

of catches of red snapper, red grouper, gag grouper, and black grouper by 

U .S . recreational fishermen for 1978-1985, and 3) results of a 

preliminary CPUE analysis of daily fishing logs of recreational 

charterboats catching red snapper, red grouper, gag grouper, and black 

grouper . 

Cunningham, J .J . 1986 . Status of the Developing Fresh Yellowfin Tuna Industry 

in the Southeast Region, 1980-85, Draft report . National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Southeast Regional Office . St . Petersburg, FL . 7 pp . 

Abstract . An assessment of the yellowfin tuna fishery in the southeastern 

United States for the 1980-85 time period . Two major factors explaining 

12 
the rise in yellowfin tuna production are the increased demand for 

sashimi and sushi in this country and falling rates of return in 

alternative opportunities such as swordfish longlining . 

Day, F . and C . Jackson . 1991 . How to reach military retirees . American 

Demographics . 13(4) :40-43 . 

Abstract . There are 1 .6 million military retirees receiving approximately $2 

billion per month in pre-tax retirement pay . The majority of military 

retirees live in the South, and one-third of all military retirees live 

in California, home to 216,000 retirees, Florida, home to 150,000 

retirees, and Texas, home to 148,000 retirees . Small cities have 

attracted military retirees, who have a major impact on their economies . 

Military retirees have the economic means to relocate to recreation areas 

and are heavily concentrated in coastal areas in Florida, the East Coast, 

and in San Antonio and E1 Paso, TX . Typically, military retirees, 99% of 

whom are men, are well educated, in good health, are involved in their 

communities, and are active consumers . 

Definer, R .L ., C .M . Adams and S .D . Moss . 1989 . An Analysis of Potential 

Regulatory Changes on the Economic Structure of the Eastern Gulf of 

Mexico Finfish Industry Centered in Florida . Department of Food and 

Resource Economics, University of Florida . Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . Long term and seasonal production and market trends for mullet and 

seatrout in Florida are analyzed . Annual boat level earnings profiles for 

fishermen producing mullet, seatrout, and complementary species are 

estimated. Economic impacts on fishermen resulting from alternative 

resource management policies are analyzed on a statewide basis and also 

for individual counties . For the mullet industry, basic elements of 

market structure and concentration are examined, and market channels and 

product flows for mullet in the round, red and white roe, and other 

mullet products are described. 

Ditton, R .B ., S .M . Holland and D .A. Gill . 1992 . The U .S . Gulf of mexico party 

boat industry : activity centers, species targeted, and fisheries 

management opinions . Mar . Fish . Rev . 54(2) :15-20 . 

Abstract . In addition to providing an overview of the party boat fishery in the 

U.S . Gulf of Mexico, a management oriented methodology is presented that 

can be used elsewhere to assess regulatory impacts . Party boat operators 

were interviewed to determine species targeted, percent time committed to 

targeting each species, and opinions of current catch restrictions . Over 

two thirds of the fleet was located on the west coast of Florida . 

Overall, most boats targeted less than 5 species . Four species accounted 

for 90 percent of the estimated effort by party boats in the U.S . Gulf of 

Mexico : snapper, grouper, amberjack, and king mackerel . Party boat effort 

in Texas was devoted primarily to snapper whereas in Florida most effort 

was devoted to snapper and grouper collectively . Party boat operators 

were diverse in their opinions of management regulations in force when 

interviewed . Results revealed why major opposition would be expected from 

Texas party boat operators for red snapper bag limits and other 

restrictions proposed by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council . 

13 
Dunn, J .M . 1990 . Not in my back yard. (controversial industries in Calhoun, 

Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, and Wakulla 

Counties, Florida) (Statistical Yearbook : East Panhandle) . Florida Trend. 

32(13) :107-110 . 

Abstract . Though jobs are scarce, some residents are turning away controversial 

employers because of safety fears . Like most of North Florida, the East 

Panhandle needs jobs . But residents throughout the region are just saying 

no to certain types of economic development . Consider the moves East 

Panhandle counties have made in just the past year : * In Liberty and 

Calhoun counties, residents and local officials turned away Recontek, a 

California company that wanted to build a hazardous-waste recycling 

facility employing 180 and paying average wages of $10 an hour . "There 

was an uprising against it," says John T. Sanders, one of four Liberty 

County commissioners who voted against the plant . He says citizens feared 

health and safety problems from the facility. 

Dunn, J .M . 1991 . Making government smaller doesn't help . (1991 Yearbook : East 

Panhandle, Florida ; economic forecasting for that region) . Florida Trend . 

33(12) :101-104 . 

Abstract . Up to now, the East Panhandle has been lucky . As an area heavily 

dependent upon government spending for its economic health, it has been 

riding a consistent, though not stellar, tide of growth for the past few 

years . But with Gov . Lawton Chiles' new plans to scale back state 

spending and downsize government, the area may be in for a rougher ride 

than it has seen in years . Job loss, it seems, is a certainty, though the 

extent at this point is uncertain . But even if actual layoffs are 

minimal, economists expect the recession to create a further drag on this 

region's economy . Indeed, over the next two years, economists are 

predicting that population and employment growth will slow down in Leon 

County . Fishkind & Associates, the Winter Park econometrics firm, 

estimates Leon's population will grow by 5,100 people, or 2 .6%, in 1991, 

down from 6,800 residents the previous year . Meanwhile, the county is 

expected to add 2,800 new jobs compared to 4,900 in 1990 . For 1992, 

Fishkind predicts even slower growth, as the recession and budget cuts 

continue to affect the area . 

Dunning, R .D . and C .M . Adams . 1995 . Economic analysis of the potential for 

eastern oyster (Crassostrea Virginica Gmlin, 1791) depuration in coastal 

northwest Florida . Jour . Shellfish Res . 14(1) :113-119 . 

Abstract . Illness associated with the consumption of raw shellfish is one 

possible factor that has depressed demand for oysters Crassostera 

virginica in coastal counties of northwest Florida. Controlled 

purification (depuration) has been identified as one method of improving 

public confidence in oysters and increasing sales . This economic analysis 

determines the anticipated costs of depuration processing for 12 design 

options with operating capacities from 30 to 498 bushels per week . The 

area of study is Dixie and Levy counties and adjacent water located in 

northwest Florida . Combined, these two counties have supplied 

approximately 15% of oyster landings for the state over the past 10 

years . Based on the expected volume and cost of shellstock in the area, 

projected capital and operating costs, and the expected premium for 

depurated product, depuration is not an economically feasible method of 

shellfish processing in the area of study. 

14 
Dyer, C .L . and M . Moberg . 1992 . The 'Moral Economy' of Resistance : Turtle 

Excluder Devices and Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishermen . Marine 

Anthropological Studies . 

Abstract . This article examines how shrimp fishermen in two communities on the 

Gulf of Mexico have responded to federal regulations requiring the use of 

Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) on shrimp trawlers . Coming at a time of 

contraction in the fishery due to low producer prices and high operating 

costs, TED regulations have engendered intense opposition in many areas . 

Resistance to TEDs stems from shrimpers, perception that the regulations 

are an unjust threat to their livelihoods . Such beliefs are not unlike 

those underlying other spontaneous resistance movements, such as agrarian 

uprisings of the poor and dispossessed . Recommendations for alternatives 

are made that would provide incentives for conservation while lessening 

the economic hardship of shrimpers and their families . 

Dyer, C .L ., D .A. Gill and J .S . Picou . 1992 . Social disruption and the Valdez 

oil spill : Alaskan natives in a natural resource community . Sociological 

Spectrum . 12 :105-126 . 

Abstract . This study presents a conceptual model for examining the social 

impacts of the Valdez oil spill on natural resource dependent 

communities . Data on social and subsistence disruption experienced by 

Alaskan natives are analyzed for two time periods : 1989 and 1990 . The 

results reveal substantial uncertainty and disruption, with indications 

of changing patterns for long term social impacts . The study concludes 

with recommendations for restoration and recovery suggested from the 

results of our data analysis and the natural resource community model . 

Eales, J. and J.E . Wilen. 1986 . An examination of fishing location choice in 

the pink shrimp fishery. Marine Resource Economics . 2(4) :331-351 . 

Abstract . This article analyzes fishing location choices made by pink shrimp 

(Pandalus jordani) fishermen fishing off the coast of northern 

California . Data were gathered for 17 commercial vessels making 3000 net 

sets over a season . A simple multiple choice logic model was used to 

examine whether recent information on success in various regions aids in 

explaining location choice . Results suggest that fishermen do account for 

economic factors in a manner consistent with economic theories of choice . 

Easley, J .E ., Jr . 1992 . Selected issues in modeling allocation of fishery 

harvests . Marine Resource Economics . 7(2) :41-56 . 

Abstract . This paper examines selected issues that are likely to be important 

in improving economists' models of allocation of fishery harvests between 

commercial and recreational harvesters . Valuation in the commercial 

sector is emphasized with harvests of a species subject to allocation 

viewed as an input into production of consumer fishery goods . 

Substitution possibilities in production of these consumer goods, and 

data generally available to economists are discussed as motivations for 

application of the general equilibrium derived demand to valuation in the 

commercial sector . Conceptual and empirical problems in applying the 

function are discussed . 

Easley, J .E ., Jr . and F .J . Prochaska . 1987 . Allocating harvests between 

competing users in fishery management decisions : Appropriate economic 

measures for valuation . Mar . Fish . Rev . 49(3) :29-33 . 

15 
Abstract . This paper discusses decision making by fishery managers and 

economists' efforts to model fisheries . Arguments and casual evidence are 

presented to suggest that distributional issues matter to managers . The 

paper concludes with a practical measure suggested as a means of 

achieving efficiency goals while simultaneously resolving conflicts 

between competing harvesting groups . 

Easley, J .E ., Jr ., C . Adams, W .N . Thurman and J . Kincaid . 1993 . The Derived 

Demand for Commercially Harvested Gulf and South Atlantic King Mackerel : 

Partial and General Equilibrium Models . Project Report to the Gulf of 

Mexico Fishery Management Council . 42 pp . 

Abstract . This study estimates both partial and general equilibrium demand 

models for the commercial king mackerel fishery using monthly, vessel 

level data covering the 1977-1991 time period in the Gulf of Mexico and 

south Atlantic regions. Estimated changes in consumer welfare given 

hypothetical shifts in commercial king mackerel harvest allocations are 

provided . 

Economics and Statistics Office . 1988 . Fishing trends and conditions in the 

southeast region, 1988 . Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine 

Fisheries Service . Miami, FL . 45 pp . 

Abstract . This report contains information on conditions and developments in 

the fishing industry in the southeastern U .S . during 1988 . The 

information was provided by Federal and State fishery reporting 

specialists located in major fishing ports throughout the southeast . The 

landings and value data in the report are preliminary and subject to 

change . 

Economics and Trade Analysis Division . 1993 . Economic considerations for 

management of Gulf reef fish . National Marine Fisheries Service, 

Southeast Regional Office . St . Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . A review of the available data for the reef fish fishery in the Gulf 

of Mexico . 

Erdman, R .B ., N .J . Blake, F .D . Lockhart, W .J . Lindberg, H .M . Perry and R .S . 

Waller . 1991 . Comparative reproduction of the deep-sea crabs Chaceon 

fenneri and C .quinquedens (Brachyura : Geryonidae) from the northeast Gulf 

of Mexico . Invertebr . Reprod . Dev . 19(3) :175-184 . 

Abstract . Northeastern Gulf of Mexico populations of deep-sea golden crabs 

(Chaceon fenneri) and red crabs (C . quinquedens) were sampled quarterly 

from May 1987 through February 1988 to examine the timing of reproductive 

events . C . fenneri was most abundant at sample depths between 311 and 494 

m while C . quinquedens showed a minimum depth of occurrence of 677 m. 

Both species exhibited an annual reproductive cycle with a distinct 

winter brooding period . However, oviposition in C . quinquedens began in 

May, approximately three months earlier than in C . fenneri; consequently 

the single batch of eggs produced were brooded for nine months in C. 

quinquedens and six months in C. fenneri. Larvae of both species hatched 

during February and March of the following year . Differences in the 

duration of reproductive events may reflect the segregated bathymetric 

distribution of each species . The incidence of molting females and nonovigerous females observed during the fall-winter brooding period 

16 
suggests that although both species reproduce annually on the population 

level, individuals may reproduce biennially . This low frequency of 

reproduction may be a consequence of the reduced food supply 

characteristic of the continental slope environment . 

Farger, M .I . 1990 . Evaluation statistical bias in using catch-rate indices from 

the U .S . Recreational Billfish Fishery for estimating abundance by the 

use of a simulation model . Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Miami, 

Miami, FL . 253 pp . 

Abstract . Catch-rate data are traditionally used to index abundance in fishery 

science . An objective of this research was to evaluate the bias in the 

assumption of linear proportionality between the catch-rate, 

characterized as the number of fish hooked per 100 hours trolling (HPUE), 

and the abundance, for the U . S . recreational billfish fishery . To 

investigate the relationship between APUE and abundance a mathematical 

model of the general fishing process was first developed . Then the 

modular BLLSIM (BiLLfish SIMulation) model was constructed, using the 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico as the study area . Starting with a fixed 

initial abundance, both the boat and the fish would move throughout the 

spatial grid as the fishing day progressed . Spatial data were defined for 

three possible scenarios that represented the environmental quality (EQ) . 

Fish movement was accomplished by the MOVEFISH algorithm which used the 

Circular-Normal distribution with the concentration parameter serving as 

a proxy for the EQ gradient . Hence, fish had a statistically induced 

preference to continue to move in the direction of higher EQ . The 

stochastic model dynamics of BLLSIM allowed for the determination of 

whether a fish and boat were in proximity, then if a fish in that 

proximity was raised to the bait, and then if a raised fish was hooked . 

Simulations were repeated at varying levels of abundance, and the 

functional relationship between HPUE and abundance was derived using 

nonlinear regression techniques . Results were found to be similar to 

those of the mathematical model . Relationships were significantly 

nonlinear and could be conservatively estimated with HPUE being 

proportional to the square-root of abundance . The bias in the assumption 

of proportionality was tabulated in terms of estimated percentage 

decrease in abundance for a given decrease in HPUE . Statistical power was 

estimated via a Monte Carlo simulation routine, ESTPOWER . This generated 

the probability of detecting various decreases in abundance at different 

relative levels of HPUE . Results indicate strong ramifications to this 

fishery because, for example, at acute low levels of HPUE a 20% decrease 

in HPUE indicates an approximate 34% decrease in abundance with a 

probability of being detected of 49% . 

Farger, M .I . 1991 . A methodology for simulating the U .S . recreational fishery 

for billfish . pp . 832-840 . Za 1991 Winter Simulation Conference 

Proceedings Conference Location : Phoenix, AZ, USA . Dec . 8-il, 1991 . IEEE, 

IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ . 

Abstract . A simulation model of the process for recreational tournament fishing 

for billfish is developed, using the northeastern Gulf of Mexico as the 

study area . The objective is to explore the relationship between catchrate and abundance. Starting with an initial fish population, both the 

boat and fish move throughout a spatial grid as the fishing day 

progresses . The simulation first determines if a fish is within proximity 

of a boat and, if so, if the fish was subsequently raised to the bait . It 

17 
then determines if a raised fish was hooked . Data are tabulated on the 

number of fish hooked by all boats fishing during a tournament day per 

100 hours of effort . The catch rate is classically used for indexing 

abundance. 

Fee, R . 1993 . Shrimpers can expect a decline as Louisiana marshland recedes . 

National Fisherman . 73(11) :18-19 . 

Abstract . Louisiana's coastal wetlands are slowly sinking into the sea and with 

them may be going the future of the $400 million a year shrimping 

industry of the northern Gulf of Mexico. 

Feenberg, D . and E .S . Mills . 1980 . Measuring the Benefits of Water Pollution 

Abatement . Academic Press . New York, NY . 

Abstract . This book is about measuring the benefits of water pollution 

abatement, but the techniques also apply to air pollution abatement . It 

is about the benefit side of the benefit-cost calculus . 

Fisher, M .R . and R .B . Ditton . 1992 . A Social and Economic Characterization of 

the U.S . Gulf of Mexico Recreational Shark Fishery, Draft report . 

Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University . 

College Station, TX . 

Abstract . A mail survey of tournament shark anglers and party boat shark 

anglers was completed to examine their fishing activity, attitudes, trip 

expenditures, and consumer surplus . A sample of 700 shark anglers was 

selected from tournaments in the Gulf of Mexico during 1990, and a sample 

of party boat shark anglers was drawn from Port Aransas, Texas party boat 

anglers during the summer of 1991 . A response rate of 58%- (excluding nondeliverables) was obtained from tournament anglers . The sample of party 

boat shark anglers was too small to provide useful results . Tournament 

shark anglers reported fishing an average of 58 days per year and 

targeted sharks and other large marine species . Tournaments occupy a 

small portion of their fishing effort . If this group of anglers were not 

able to fish for sharks, one-third indicated no other species would be an 

acceptable substitute, while others were willing to substitute other 

large marine species . Shark trip expenditures averaged $197 per trip with 

a consumer surplus of $111 per trip . Based on MRFSS estimates of the 

number of shark fishing trips, we estimate a total of $43 million was 

spent by shark anglers in the Gulf of Mexico with a consumer surplus of 

$24 million for a gross value of the shark fishery of $66 million . MRFSS 

estimates of the number of sharks landed indicate an equivalent use value 

of $183 per shark . Logic model results appear incorrect, no explanation 

of consumer surplus derivation is given, no underlying economic model is 

provided . 

Fisher, M .R . and R .B . Ditton . 1993 . A social and economic characterization of 

the U .S . Gulf of Mexico recreational shark fishery . Mar . Fish . Rev . 

55(3) :21-27 . 

Abstract . A mail survey of tournament shark anglers and party boat shark 

anglers was completed to examine their fishing activity, attitudes, trip 

expenditures, and consumer surplus . A sample of 700 shark anglers was 

selected from tournaments in the Gulf of Mexico during 1990, and a sample 

of party boat shark anglers was drawn from Port Aransas, Texas party boat 

anglers during the summer of 1991 . A response rate of 58% (excluding nondeliverables) was obtained from tournament anglers . The sample of party 

18 
boat shark anglers was too small to provide useful results . Tournament 

shark anglers reported fishing an average of 58 days per year and 

targeted sharks and other large marine species . Tournaments occupy a 

small portion of their fishing effort . If this group of anglers were not 

able to fish for sharks, one-third indicated no other species would be an 

acceptable substitute, while others were willing to substitute other 

large marine species . Shark trip expenditures averaged $197 per trip with 

a consumer surplus of $111 per trip . Based on MRFSS estimates of the 

number of shark fishing trips, we estimate a total of $43 million was 

spent by shark anglers in the Gulf of Mexico with a consumer surplus of 

$24 million for a gross value of the shark fishery of $66 million . MRFSS 

estimates of the number of sharks landed indicate an equivalent use value 

of $183 per shark . 

French, C .O . and J .W . Parsons . eds . 1983a . Florida Coastal Ecological 

Characterization : A Socioeconomic Study Of The Northwestern Region . Vol . 

II . Data appendix . Part 2 . (FWS/OBS-83/15-Vo1 .2-Pt .2) Report Number : 

FWS/OBS-83/15-Vo1 .2-Pt .2 . U .S . Fish and Wildlife Service . Slidell, LA . 

395 pp . 

Abstract . Data are compiled from existing sources on the social and economic 

characteristics of the Northwestern coastal region of Florida, which is 

made up of Escambia, Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, Bay, Gulf, and 

Franklin Counties . Described are the components and interrelationships 

among complex processes that include population and demographics 

characteristics, mineral production, multiple-use conflicts, recreation 

and tourism, agricultural production, sport and commercial fishing, 

transportation, industrial and residential development, and environmental 

issues and regulations . Energetics models of socioeconomic systems are 

also presented . This volume contains appendices presenting data on public 

utilities, transportation, recreation and tourism, mineral and oil 

production, and environmental issues and regulations . 

French, C .O . and J .W . Parsons . eds . 1983b . Florida Coastal Ecological 

Characterization : A Socioeconomic Study Of The Northwestern Region . Vol . 

I, Text . (FWS/OBS-83/15-Vol .l) U .S . Fish and Wildlife Service, National 

Coastal Ecosystems Team. Slidell, LA. 326 pp . 

Abstract . Data are compiled from existing sources on the social and economic 

characteristics of the Northwestern coastal region of Florida, which is 

made up of Escambia, Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, Bay, Gulf, and 

Franklin Counties . Described are the components and interrelationships 

among complex processes that include population and demographics 

characteristics, mineral production, multiple-use conflicts, recreation 

and tourism, agricultural production, sport and commercial fishing, 

transportation, industrial and residential development, and environmental 

issues and regulations . Energetics models of socioeconomic systems are 

also presented. 

French, C .O . and J .W . Parsons . eds . 1983c . Florida Coastal Ecological 

Characterization : A Socioeconomic Study Of The Northwestern Region . Vol . 

II . Data appendix, Part 1 . (FWS/OBS-83/15-Vo1 .2-Pt .l) U .S . Fish and 

Wildlife Service, National Coastal Ecosystems Team . Slidell, LA . 330 pp . 

Abstract . Data are compiled from existing sources on the social and economic 

characteristics of the Northwestern coastal region of Florida, which is 

made up of Escambia, Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, Bay, Gulf, and 

19 
Franklin Counties . Described are the components and interrelationships 

among complex processes that include population and demographics 

characteristics, mineral production, multiple-use conflicts, recreation 

and tourism, agricultural production, sport and commercial fishing, 

transportation, industrial and residential development, and environmental 

issues and regulations . Energetics models of socioeconomic systems are 

also presented. This volume contains appendices presenting data on 

populations, employment, health services, agriculture, fish and game, 

industrial and residential development, and land use . 

Gill, D .A ., R .B . Ditton and S .M . Holland . 1993 . Charter and party boat 

operators in the U .S . Gulf of Mexico : A social structure perspective . 

Mar . Fish. Rev . 55(3) :16-20 . 

Abstract . To better address the charter and party boat fishery needs in the 

U.S . Gulf of Mexico, fishery managers must understand the linkages 

between the industry and other groups and organizations that affect its 

success. Gulf state charter and party boat operators were interviewed to 

ascertain the extent of their social network linkages, membership in 

community organizations, business community relationships, and linkages 

to information sources. Approximately one-third to one-half of the 

charter and party boat operators did not belong to local community 

organizations that could assist their business through tourism promotion 

or natural resource protection . Despite their limited integration in the 

community, the vast majority of operators gave and received referrals 

from other businesses . Of four major information sources, the National 

Weather Service and the County Marine Extension agents were rated highest 

and lowest, respectively, in mean importance to charter and party boat 

operators . Results suggest that business success can be enhanced by 

strengthening network ties between operators and local businesses, 

chambers of commerce, and tourism organizations . For this to occur, 

individual operators and charter/party boat organizations need to become 

more effective in representing industry interests . Informational linkages 

between industry and government agencies also need improvement . 

Goodyear, C .P . 1992 . Red Snapper in U .S . Waters of the Gulf of Mexico . 

(Contribution : MIA 91/92-70) Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami 

Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division . Miami, FL . 

Abstract . The biological stock assessment of the red snapper fishery for the 

Gulf of Mexico is presented in this paper. The conservation measures 

currently in place are enhancing the condition of the stock . However, 

without the planned permanent reduction of 50g in the bycatch mortality 

rate in 1994 or an even higher reduction in 1995, it will not be possible 

to attain the spawning stock goals of the Plan by the target date of 2007 

and to also allow the directed fishery to operate under the current catch 

limit of 4 million pounds . 

Goodyear, C .P . 1993 . Red Snapper in U .S . Waters of the Gulf of Mexico, 1992 

Assessment Update . (Contribution : MIA 92/93-76) Southeast Fisheries 

Center, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division . Miami, FL . 

Abstract . This document updates tables and analyses that were presented in the 

1992 assessment (Goodyear, 1992) . New data are available for the 1993 

commercial harvest, the 1992 recreational harvest, and recruitment 

indices for the 1991 and 1992 year classes . These data permit 

characterization of the size and age composition of the 1992 commercial 

20 
and recreational catches that were not available for the previous 

assessment . The time series available to estimate catch per unit effort 

for all sectors of the recreation fishery are also extended through 1992 . 

These data were used to re-estimate historical fishing mortalities for 

the directed fishery and shrimp bycatch mortality using the methods 

described in the earlier assessment . The possible implications for 

several management alternatives were also forecasted based on the current 

best estimates of fishing mortality and recruitment . The results of the 

present analyses are presented in figures and tables numbered to 

correspond to those in the previous work . A new executive summary, 

tables, and figures are provided . 

Goodyear, C .P . 1994a . Biological Reference Points for Red Grouper : Effects of 

Uncertainty about Growth . (MIA-93/94-60) Southeast Fisheries Center, 

Miami Laboratory . Miami, FL . 26 pp . 

Abstract . The effects of uncertainty about growth of U.S . Gulf of Mexico red 

grouper (Epinephelus morio) on estimates of their population statistics 

was evaluated by computing the statistics for each of several competing 

von Bertalanffy growth equations fitted to length at age data from 

different sources and time periods . Estimates of asymptotic lengths 

varied from 27 .7 inches to 68 inches total length . These equations were 

used to estimate the age composition of the 1986-1992 combined harvest 

and to estimate total mortality through means of catch curves constructed 

for 1986-1989, before the 20 inch minimum size and for 1990-1992 when the 

minimum size was in place . All of the mortality rate estimates and yield 

per recruit (YPR) and spawning potential ratio (SPR) evaluations assume 

equilibrium conditions . The catch curve estimates of mortality that were 

derived from ages estimated from lengths were biased low . Simulated data 

were analyzed to develop bias correction equations which were 

subsequently used in an attempt to remove the bias . Estimated total 

mortality for fully recruited ages ranged from Z=0 .286 to Z=0 .548 for 

1986-1989 and from Z=0 .453 to Z=1 .545 for 1990-1992 depending on the 

growth model selected . This equilibrium assumption is known to be 

violated for the later period, because of the introduction of the 20 inch 

minimum size, hence the latter estimates are suspect . The consequence of 

this defect was not evaluated . The results of this study support 

additional detailed examination of red grouper growth rates . Furthermore, 

if age structured assessment methods are to be employed with this stock 

we must begin routine collection of data to develop annual age-length 

keys to estimate the age composition of the catch of this fishery . 

Goodyear, C .P . 1994b . Red Snapper in U .S . Waters of the Gulf of Mexico . 

(Contribution : MIA 93/94-63) Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami 

Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division . Miami, FL . 

Abstract . The 1994 red snapper stock assessment report concludes that the stock 

conservation measures currently in place are enhancing the condition of 

the stock . However, if the 50W reduction in bycatch mortality rate is not 

achieved in the near future, it will not be possible to attain the 

spawning stock goals of the plan by the target date of 2009 and to also 

allow the directed fishery to operate under the current catch limit of 6 

million pounds . These estimates are considerably more pessimistic than 

those presented in 1993, primarily because the 1993 and 1994 catches 

exceeded TAC . 

21 
Goodyear, C .P . and M .J . Schirripa . 1993 . The Red Grouper Fishery of the Gulf of 

Mexico . Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources 

Division . Miami, FL . 122 pp . 

Abstract . The biological stock assessment for red grouper in the Gulf of Mexico 

is presented in the paper . 

Gordon, J . 1978 . Wakulla County, Florida, Information for Rural Development : 

Population, Housing, Economy, Labor Force, Public Sector . Florida 

Agricultural Market Research Center, Food and Resource Economics 

Department, Agricultural Experiment Station Report . 87 :62 . 

Gorte, R .W ., E .H . Buck, D .M . Sale and A .C . Grenfell . 1985 . Limiting Access for 

Commercial Fish Harvesting . Prepared at the Request of the House 

Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries . Congressional Research 

Service, The Library of Congress . Washington, D .C . 71 pp . 

Abstract . Commercial fish harvesters are often able to exploit fisheries 

resources beyond sustainable levels, heightening competition and reducing 

their incomes . Limited access (restricting who is allowed to harvest 

fisheries resources) is one approach to addressing such problems . This 

paper describes the three basic limited access mechanisms (input 

restrictions : licenses and permits ; economic disincentives : taxes and 

fees ; and harvest allocations : harvester quotas and shares) and briefly 

catalogs existing limited access programs . There are also sections on 

case law involving limited access in the United States and on access to 

other natural resources as well as an extensive bibliography on limited 

access . 

Gosselink, J .G ., E .P . Odum and R .M . Pope . 1974 . The Value of the Tidal Marsh . 

LSU-SG-74-03 . Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University. 

Baton Rouge, LA . 30 pp . 

Abstract . Natural tidal marshes are evaluated in monetary terms . By-product 

production (fisheries, etc .) on a per-acre basis yields a value of only 

about $100 per year, even when the whole value of the fishery is imputed 

to the marsh . More intensive uses, such as oyster aquaculture, which 

preserve many of the natural functions of the marsh-estuarine ecosystem, 

have a potential up to $1000 per acre per year . he potential for waste 

assimilation is much higher, about $2500 per acre per year for tertiary 

treatment . Summation of the noncompeting uses approaches an ecological 

life-support value of about $4000 per acre per year, based on the gross 

primary productivity (in energy terms) of the natural marsh, using a 

conversion ratio from energy to dollars based on the ratio of Gross 

National Product to National Energy Consumption . When these annual social 

values of $2500-4000 are income capitalized at 5% interest the estimated 

total social values are $50,000-$80,000 per acre . Some estuaries, such as 

the Potomac or the Hudson, are now performing waste assimilation work of 

even greater value but such estuaries are overloaded to the point of 

degradation . Analysis based on the total value of the life support role 

of a natural tidal marsh-estuary suggests that a strategy of optimization 

in Land use planning should replace, or supplement, reliance on the 

pricing system which is inadequate for preservation of natural systems 

that increase in value with the intensity of adjacent development . 

22 
Green, T .G . 1984 . Compensating and Equivalent Variation of the Florida 

Saltwater Tourist Fishery . Ph .D . Dissertation . Florida State University, 

Department of Economics, Tallahassee, FL . 

Abstract . The study establishes the value in recreational use of Florida's 

saltwater tourist fishery, using exact Hicksian compensating and 

equivalent variation methods . The Hicksian approach removes the 

approximating error of Marshall's consumer surplus measures . The 

theoretical model underlying the angling experience emphasizes the 

multipurpose mature of the tourist trip . It is based upon a Gibbs type 

approach in which variable on-site cost proxies market price and travel 

cost enters the budget constraint . On-site cost and angling success rate 

are explicitly incorporated into a system of behavioral relations . Some 

restrictive assumptions found in similar studies are relaxed with 

composite goods utility . Empirical estimates for aggregated and subgroup 

angling categories are made with multiple equation models of identified 

linear and nonlinear specifications . There is some evidence that shore 

anglers might be more and less sensitive to changes in on-site cost and 

success rate, respectively . Single equation models are also used, but 

exhibit downward coefficient bias . Results corroborate the findings of 

previous studies that the market .and nonmarket values of Florida's marine 

recreational fishery are very large relative to state product and/or 

commercial sector activity . Inelastic short run price and success rate 

elasticity is confirmed . Hicksian methods are not shown to be 

significantly more accurate than most Marshallian ones, except in the 

case of the direct aggregate user opinion method . Sensitivity analysis 

offers policy implications supporting a marine tourist fishing license 

and stock rebuilding schemes, such as bag limits for depleted species . 

The unrecoverable deadweight burden to society caused by a $10 annual 

tourist fishing license is less than one percent of the $31 million in 

direct, adjusted license revenues estimated to be forthcoming annually . 

Green, T .G . 1989 . The Economic Value and Policy Implications of Recreational 

Red Drum Success Rate in the Gulf of Mexico . MARFIN Grant No . NA87WC-H06146 . National Marine Fisheries Service . 

Abstract . The author undertakes an assessment of the MRFSS data base using red 

drum as a target species in a recreational fishing trip . A red drum 

angler profile is provided and success elasticity is estimated and used 

in the estimation of welfare benefits of red drum reallocation management 

measures . A suggested policy to move the fishery closer to optimal yield 

is a reallocation of red drum stocks to recreational anglers . One 

weakness of the study is the lack of a comparable commercial harvest 

sector to base model conclusions concerning reallocation . 

Green, T .G . 1994 . Allocation between commercial and recreational sectors in 

stressed marine fisheries . Society and Natural Resources . 7 :39-56 . 

Abstract . This paper provides an overview of the economic approach to open 

access, optimum fishery allocation between commercial and recreational 

users. The goal is to familiarize noneconomists with efficiency concepts, 

such as net benefit, that pertain to optimum allocation . A theoretical 

model of the policy trade off between economic efficiency and social 

equity is also developed . Net benefit is distinguished from economic 

23 
impact that cannot guarantee optimum allocation . Finally, empirical 

methods are applied to the red drum fishery in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Results support policies that reallocate wild red drum from the 

commercial to the recreational fishery. 

Greene, G ., C .B . Moss and E . Thunberg . 1994b . Estimation of Recreational 

Anglers' Value of Reef-Fish in the Gulf of Mexico, Draft MARFIN report . 

Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida . 

Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . Several public policy issues in the Gulf of Mexico region involve the 

value of the reef fish recreational fishery. This study estimates the 

economic impact of this fishery using a travel cost procedure. Demand for 

recreational reef fishing is estimated as a function of travel costs and 

other costs paid, and of success of catch. The results indicate that the 

fishery generates $566 .8 million within the state of Florida annually . 

Further a 20$ reduction in the average catch reduced these total 

expenditures by $32 .1 million. 

Greene, G ., C .B . Moss and E .M . Thunberg . 1994c . Estimation of Recreational 

Anglers' Value of Reef-Fish in the Gulf of Mexico, Final MARFIN Rpt . 

Contract No . NA37FF0054 . Department of Food and Resource Economics, 

University of Florida . Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . Several public policy issues in the Gulf of Mexico region involve the 

value of the reef fish recreational fishery. This study estimates the 

economic impact of this fishery using a travel cost procedure. Demand for 

recreational reef fishing is estimated as a function of travel costs and 

other costs paid, and of success of catch . The results indicate that a 

20% reduction in the average catch reduced expenditures by $32 .1 million. 

The fishery is estimated to generate $385 .6 million in total expenditures 

within the state of Florida annually . 

Greer, J . 1995 . The Big Business Takeover of U .S . Fisheries : Privatizing the 

Oceans Through Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) . Greenpeace . 

Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . A unique report biased against the adoption of ITQs in U.S . fisheries 

that selectively cites material from the literature and takes quotas from 

authors out of context . Evidence from the literature that does not 

support their position is ignored. Confusion also exists about the basic 

concepts underlying different proposed rights based management 

regulations such as individual quotas and individual transferable quotas . 

Griffin, W .L . 1994 . Shrimp Fishing Cost and Returns in Texas . Department of 

Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University . College Station, TX . 

Abstract . Trends in costs and returns for vessels greater than 60 feet 

operating off the Texas coast . 

Griffin, W .L . and B .R . Beattie . 1978 . Economic impact of Mexico's 200-mile 

offshore fishing zone on the United States Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery . 

Land Economics . 54(1) :27-38 . 

Abstract . A simple static equilibrium model of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp 

fishery is developed using cost data collected for 1974 and 1975 to 

determine the impact of the 200-mile limit imposed by Mexico on shrimp 

24 
fishermen operating out of Texas and Florida . Given the present shrimp 

price and cost of production situation, the adjustment to the Mexican 200 

mile limit will not result in negative rents for the U.S . Gulf shrimp 

fleet . 

Griffin, W .L . and C . Oliver . 1991 . Evaluation of the Economic Impacts of Turtle 

Excluder Devices (TEDs) on the Shrimp Production Sector in the Gulf of 

Mexico, Draft report . Texas A&M University, Agricultural Economics 

Department . MARFIN Project No . NA-87-WC-H-06139 

Abstract . By accounting for the dynamics of the shrimp population, a more 

accurate representation of the gains and losses from the implementation 

of TED regulations was provided . Percent loss by region varied with the 

fishing pressure of each region; the higher the fishing pressure the less 

the overall loss to each region . Across all regions, an estimate by the 

NMFS of a 10% loss in shrimp retention due to the use of TEDs translated 

only to an overall 5 .30 loss in landings in the entire Gulf region . In 

economic terms, this renders a $16 .2m loss of rent to vessels and crew in 

the shrimp fishing industry in the Gulf of Mexico . Regional compliance 

ranged from 61 to 91% based on Coast Guard estimates, therefore, overall 

loss in rent was reduced to $12 .8m . However, the loss in rent to vessel 

owners and crew who complied with the TED regulation was $15 .7m, while 

the gain in rent to non-complying owners and crew was $2 .9m . The overall 

loss to the Gulf of Mexico shrimp industry, based on the 1990 individual 

tow losses of 0 .7%, was a decline in rent of $4 .5m most of which was due 

to the purchase of the TEDs . These short run results indicate that 

nominal days fished in the long run must decrease for the industry to 

move to a new equilibrium . This is true across all vessel classes and 

regions, since they all incurred negative rents . Estimating the net 

present value for this adjustment process, over time, is reserved for 

future analysis . Two problems with the analysis are the short run time 

scale employed and the use of a homogeneous fleet assumption . Limiting 

the analysis to the impacts next year does not allow the fleet size to 

adjust to increased costs and reduced revenues caused by adoption of the 

TEDs in their harvesting operations . A stock effect from reduced fleet 

size should cause the catch per unit effort to increase and total catch 

to remain the same . The analysis uses the assumption of a homogeneous 

fleet where total revenue equals total cost even though three separate 

vessel size classes are employed in the analysis . 

Grigalunas, T .A ., J .J . Opaluch, D . French and M . Reed . 1987 . Measuring Damages 

to Marine Natural Resources from Pollution Incidents under CERCLA : 

Applications of an Integrated Ocean Systems/Economic Model, Staff Paper 

Series . Department of Resources, University of Rhode Island . Kingston, 

RI . 

Abstract . Several pieces of federal environmental regulation establish strict 

liability for damages from spills of oil and hazardous substances . This 

paper discusses the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Coastal 

and Marine Environments that is to be used for assessing damages from 

spills of oil or hazardous substances in coastal and marine environments 

under CERCLA and the Clear Water Act as amended . The approach employs an 

integrated ocean systems/economic model to simulate the physical fates 

and biological effects of a spill and to measure the resulting economic 

damages . To illustrate application of the model, selected results are 

presented for hypothetical spills of a number of substances in a variety 

25 
of environments . The results show that the damage function depends on the 

physical and chemical properties of the substance spilled, the season, 

and the environment in which the spill occurs . 

Grigalunas, T .A ., J .J . Opaluch, D . French and M . Reed . 1988 . Measuring damages 

to marine natural resources from pollution incidents under CERCLA: 

Applications of an integrated ocean systems/economic model . Marine 

Resource Economics . 5 :1-21 . 

Abstract . Several pieces of federal environmental regulation establish strict 

liability for damages from spills of oil and hazardous substances . This 

paper discusses the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Coastal 

and Marine Environments that is to be used for assessing damages from 

spills of oil or hazardous substances in coastal and marine environments 

under CERCLA and the Clear Water Act as amended. The approach employs an 

integrated ocean systems/economic model to simulate the physical fates 

and biological effects of a spill and to measure the resulting economic 

damages. To illustrate application of the model, selected results are 

presented for hypothetical spills of a number of substances in a variety 

of environments . The results show that the damage function depends on the 

physical and chemical properties of the substance spilled, the season, 

and the environment in which the spill occurs . 

Hagy, J .R . 1990 . Catching a glimpse of the future . (Florida's economic future) . 

Florida Trend . 32(13) :11-15 . 

Abstract . What will Florida's economic mix look like in the year 2000? These 

five emerging industries give us a clue . Old-timers like to say that 

Florida's economy is like a sturdy wooden stool, resting on four stout 

legs : agriculture, construction, tourism and retirees . While those remain 

important economic props, an exciting array of emerging industries is 

reshaping our state -- and our economy . By the turn of the century, tens 

of thousands of Floridians will be working in businesses that today are 

just beginning to emerge . Here's a look at five that are among the most 

important . Lasers propel Orlando into the next century . They can blast 

gall stones to bits, play compact discs and unclog arteries, and one day 

soon they may replace the dentist's drill, project images onto highdefinition television screens and weld human tissue with only a trace of 

a scar . 

Hagy, J .R . 1993 . Economic development takes practical approach . Florida Trend . 

35(12) :113-115 . 

Abstract . Cool the high-tech hype . Economic development officials are embracing 

a more realistic way of easing the region's dependence on the military 

and tourism -- trade . For years, economic development officials in the 

West Panhandle have sung the same old song : We're trying to diversify 

from our dependence on tourism and the military by recruiting "clean, 

high-tech" manufacturing . Who isn't? Yeah, a few such companies have 

settled in the shadows of the region's ubiquitous military bases . But the 

truth is the "Redneck Riviera" hasn't exactly become the "Technopolis 

Coast" some have hoped for . "We would like to have high-tech, but I'm not 

optimistic we can get much . We can't compete with the Research Triangle 

or the east coast of Florida," says C.C . Elebash, a finance professor at 

26 
the University of West Florida in Pensacola . "We're not near enough to 

technological areas and population centers ." But now officials are 

turning their attention to a development that holds more promise and 

potential : the North American Free Trade Agreement . 

Harris, W . 1995 . Northern composure . Florida Trend. 37(12) :132-136 . 

Abstract . While the state government's work force in Tallahassee grows slowly, 

industrial employment is expanding in the northern tier of the Apalachee 

region . State government still fuels much of the economy of Leon County, 

home of the state capital . But the private sector is providing 

Tallahassee and other employment centers with more spark . Led by growing 

industrial companies, private employers are fattening payrolls in the 

Apalachee region's most heavily populated counties : Leon, Jackson and 

Gadsden, all located along Florida's northern border with Georgia. 

Meanwhile, the other six counties in the region have fewer job 

opportunities ; several face serious problems in their fishing and forest 

products industries . In Leon County, home to nearly 60% of the Apalachee 

region's population, employment in manufacturing, construction and 

professional services rose by 2,400 jobs last year - more than double the 

number of new jobs in retailing, which generally pay less . Among other 

developments, defense-electronics manufacturers General Dynamics and 

Ta1laCom Industries created 75 jobs each . 

Hecker, S . and E .A. Kennedy . 1988 . Preliminary Studies for the Development of 

Artificial Reef Siting Plans in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico . 

Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . MASGP-85-024 :15 . Presented at 

the Artificial Reef Conference, Held at the University of North Carolina 

at Wilmington on September 30, 1985 . 

Abstract . In response to a request for proposals by the National Marine 

Fisheries Service in early 1983, the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant 

Consortium in cooperation with Continental Shelf Associates, Inc . 

submitted a proposal to 'Develop Siting Plans for the Establishment of 

Artificial Reefs in the Gulf of Mexico' . The objective of the proposal 

was to develop a workable plan that would benefit both recreational and 

commercial fisheries . The plan was to investigate the biological, 

operational, sociological, economic, and legal aspects of using obsolete 

oil and gas platforms as fishing reefs . This appeared to be a logical 

approach since about half of the almost 3500 currently active platforms 

in the Gulf are expected to become obsolete by the turn of the century. 

Under current regulations, platforms which are taken out of service must 

be removed by the owner. 

Holiman, S .G . 1994a . A Discussion of the Economic Implications of Regulatory 

Change in the Gulf of Mexico Recreational Reef Fish Fishery . National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office . St . Petersburg, FL . 

15 pp . 

Abstract . This document presents a discussion of the current management, catch 

performance, management options, and the economic implications of 

regulatory change for the recreational reef fishery of the U.S . Gulf of 

Mexico with emphasis on red snapper, red grouper, and gag . 

27 
Holiman, S .G . 1994b . Management History and Recreational Catch and Effort for 

Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper, Red Grouper, and Gag, 1992-93 . National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office . St . Petersburg, FL . 

13 pp . 

Abstract . This document presents a management history and summary statistics 

for the recreational reef fishery of the U.S . Gulf of Mexico . The 

discussion focuses on red snapper, red grouper, and gag . 

Holiman, S .G . 1994c . Status of the Recreational Fisheries of the South Atlantic 

and Gulf of Mexico, Draft report . National Marine Fisheries Service, 

Southeast Regional Office . St . Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . A review of the status of landings and management measures in place 

for the recreational fisheries of the southeastern region of the United 

States . 

Holland, S .M . and J .W . Milon . 1989 . The Structure and Economics of the Charter 

and Party Boat Fishing Fleet of the Gulf Coast of Florida, Final MARFIN 

Report . Contract No . NA87WC-H-06141 . Department of Recreation, Parks, and 

Tourism and Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of 

Florida . Gainesville, FL . 278 pp . 

Abstract . A study of the Florida west coast charter and party boat fishing 

fleet with a comparison to an earlier study. 

Holland, S .M ., R .B . Ditton and D .A . Gill . 1992 . The U .S . Gulf of Mexico charter 

boat industry : activity centers, species targeted, and fisheries 

management opinions . Mar . Fish . Rev, 54(2) :21-27 . 

Abstract . The charter boat industry in U .S . Gulf of Mexico provides access to 

offshore fishing opportunities for approximately 570,000 passengers per 

year on 971 boats . A 25 percent random sample of charter boat operators 

was interviewed during 1987-1988 to determine species targeted, percent 

time committed to targeting each species and reactions to existing catch 

restrictions . Three-fourths of the charter boat fleet was in Florida, 13 

percent in Texas, 5 percent in Louisiana, 4 percent in Alabama, and 2 

percent in Mississippi . Responses were diverse regarding species focus 

within the region . Species of dominant importance included groupers, 

snapper, king mackerel, spotted seatrout, and red drum . Catch 

restrictions were generally supported with higher levels of opposition to 

restricted high effort fish and/or one fish or closed fishery limits . 

Humes, L . 1995 . Government's helping hand . (Suwannee region, Florida) . Florida 

Trend . 37(12) :126-131 . 

Abstract . In a rural area with the lowest population increase in the state, 

prison construction remains the most consistent growth industry . Change 

comes slowly to the rural counties of Florida's Suwannee region . Most 

leaders would love to see their communities diversify and broaden their 

tax bases . But amid Tallahassee's threats to reduce state spending, the 

11-county region will, for the near future, continue to depend on 

government jobs to provide economic stability throughout the area - more 

specifically, jobs growing out of Florida's commitment to put criminals 

in jail . Take Taylor County, for example . Although officials would gladly 

welcome more tourists and business to the area, Florida's Department of 

Corrections (DOC) remains one of the primary employers . A new prison 

scheduled to open near Perry in July will create 300 new jobs . Don 

Lincoln, chairman of the Taylor County Development Authority (TCDA), says 

28 
they are hopeful DOC will build an annex on adjoining property the state 

already owns and has cleared for such a project . The prison annex, he 

says, would double the number of new hires expected this spring . In 

Hamilton County, a prison annex due to open this summer will create more 

than 250 new jobs . And nearby Columbia County, which already has a prison 

employing more than 300 people, hopes to attract a proposed, privately 

operated youthful-offender facility . 

Keithly, W .R ., K .J . Roberts and J .M . Ward . 1991a . Effects of Shrimp Aquaculture 

on the U.S . Market : An Econometric Analysis, Draft Rpt . Louisiana State 

University . Baton Rouge, LA. 

Abstract . Rapid expansion in the production of farm-raised shrimp during the 

1980's concerns the domestic shrimp industry and is the basis for recent 

attempts at limiting imports. A simultaneous equation model including the 

U.S . and Japan shrimp import markets and U.S . dockside demand was used to 

quantify the impacts of shrimp aquaculture on U.S . imports and domestic 

warm water dockside shrimp prices . Results suggest that current, i.e ., 

1988-1989, U.S . shrimp import levels would be about 175 million pounds 

below observed levels in the absence of shrimp aquaculture and that the 

U.S . import price would be about 70% higher . The domestic dockside warm 

water shrimp price would also be significantly higher . Quotas and tariffs 

were also shown to positively influence domestic dockside prices . It was 

suggested, however, that any rise in domestic warm water shrimp prices, 

brought about by a reduction in imports would encourage additional effort 

in the domestic shrimp fleet and a dissipation of initial gains in 

profit . 

Keithly, W .R ., K .J . Roberts and J .M . Ward . 1991b . Farm-Raised Shrimp Production 

and Its Impact on the U .S . Market, Draft Rpt . Louisiana State University . 

Baton Rouge, LA . 

Abstract . A simultaneous model including the U.S . and Japan shrimp import 

markets and U.S . dockside demand was used to quantify the impacts of 

highly successful shrimp farming activities in the 1980's on U .S . imports 

and domestic warm water dockside shrimp prices . Results of the modeling 

effort suggest that current, i .e ., 1988-1989, U.S . shrimp import levels 

would be in the neighborhood of 200 million pounds below observed levels 

in the absence of farm raised shrimp production on the world market and 

that the import price would be about 80% higher . The domestic dockside 

warm water shrimp price would also be significantly higher . Any rise in 

domestic warm water shrimp prices, brought about by a reduction in 

imports of the farm based product, was shown to encourage additional 

effort in the domestic shrimp fleet and a concurrent decline in industry 

profit . 

Keithly, W .R ., K .J . Roberts and H . Eyster-Kearney . 1993b . The Southeastern 

Seafood Processing Industry : An Economic Assessment for Private and 

Public Management Decision Making, Final Rpt . Contract No . NA90AA-H-SK53 . National Marine Fisheries Service, Coastal Fisheries Institute, 

Center for Coastal, Energy, and Environmental Resources, Louisiana State 

University . Baton Rouge, LA . 

Abstract . This report provides the results of an economic analysis of the 

southeastern seafood processing sector and uses this analysis for the 

purpose of examining historical and potential processor level impacts 

related to harvesting constraints ; either natural or man induced. 

29 
King, D .M . 1989 . Economic Trends Affecting Commercial Billfish Fisheries . 

R .H . Stroud, ed . Planning The Future of Billfish . National Coalition for 

Marine Conservation, Savannah, GA. 

Abstract . A discussion of the fundamental market factors that affect billfish 

demand, supply, and prices and how these factors have changed in recent 

years to create increased fishing pressure on billfish stocks . 

King, D .M . 1991 . Costing out restoration . Restoration and Management Notes . 

9(1) :15-21 . 

Abstract . The transition of restoration from a science, craft, and labor of 

love to a business raises questions about ecological values and economic 

costs . An environmental economist summarizes some problems and offers a 

framework for evaluating the costs and expected results of restoration 

projects . 

Klima, E .F ., G .R . Gitschlag and M .L . Renaud . 1988 . Impacts of the explosive 

removal of offshore petroleum platforms on sea turtles and dolphins . Mar . 

Fish . Rev . 50(3) :33-42 . 

Abstract . Comparisons of turtle strandings during periods characterized by high 

and low numbers of offshore explosions, March-April 1985-88, suggest a 

positive relationship between the frequency of explosions and the 

stranding of turtles . Although dolphins may be impacted by explosions, 

the relationship between the stranding of dolphins and offshore 

explosions was not as conspicuous . 

Klima, E .F ., J .M . Nance, E .X . Martinez and T . Leary . 1990 . Workshop on 

Definition of Shrimp Recruitment Overfishing . NOAA Tech . Memo . NMFS-SEFC264 :21 . 

Abstract . This report summarizes the findings of a two day workshop undertaken 

to (1) draft scientific definitions of overfishing for each of the shrimp 

species in the management unit of the Fishery Management Plan and (2) to 

recommend action that might be taken if overfishing occurred in any of 

these stocks . 

Koenig, J. 1986 . The west Panhandle is catching up . (outpaces rest of state in 

jobs and population growth) . Florida Trend. 28 :129-133 . 

Abstract . Jerry Melvin, the premier promoter of Florida's Panhandle, likes to 

tell the story about the woman who called a few years ago asking if she 

could catch a ferry over to Fort Walton Beach. Her question left him 

momentarily confused . Then, Melvin, who until February was head of the 

Fort Walton Beach Chamber of Commerce, realized she was looking at one of 

those Florida maps that cuts the Panhandle off around Franklin County and 

positions the rest out in the Gulf of Mexico, to the west of Naples . The 

West Panhandle always has been apart, in many ways, from the rest of 

Florida. While the economies of Central and South Florida accelerated to 

Mach speed over the past two decades, the Panhandle trailed along at a 

more languid place. 

Lamb, S .T ., L . Zhito, C . Stooksbury, W . Duzak, J . Gerner and K . Cassedy . 1989 . 

AB spotlights Florida . Amusement Business . 101(8) :15-28 . 

Abstract . Major markets vying for entertainment biz entertainment of all kinds 

is booming in the state of Florida, and residents seem to only want more . 

A look at seven major markets in the state revealed that no matter what 

the attraction, there's probably a market for it in Florida . Furthermore, 

30 
areas such as Miami, Orlando, Tampa/St . Petersburg, Jacksonville, 

Gainesville, Tallahassee and Pensacola have city development plans to 

attract the entertainment industry . AB's research discovered that the 

state's northern cities seem to be growing less rapidly than those in 

other regions . However, the entire state is flourishing, with Orlando and 

Miami leading in revenues generated. The competition between cities is 

fierce, especially in attracting a major league sports team . Many 

officials predict there will be several major teams moving into the state 

within the next five years, and probably much sooner . Ron Safford, 

director of the Dept . of Commerce's Office of Sports Promotion, predicts 

that "no later than 1995, Jacksonville will have an NFL team, and 

Miami/Ft . Lauderdale and the Tampa area will each have a professional 

baseball team, just for starters ." 

Leeworthy, V .R . 1990 . An Economic Allocation of Fishery Stocks Between 

Recreational and Commercial Fishermen : The Case of King Mackerel . Ph .D . 

Dissertation . Florida State University, Department of Economics, 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Abstract . The economic value and the economic impact were estimated for 

Florida's east and west coast recreational and commercial king mackerel 

fisheries using 1986 data . In 1986, king mackerel fisheries in Florida 

were economically more important to both the nation and to the state of 

Florida's economy than the commercial king mackerel fisheries in Florida . 

These conclusions held even assuming large errors in estimation . Separate 

reviews are included that contest the authors conclusions of theoretical 

and empirical grounds . 

Livingston, R.J . 1985 . Organization of fishes in coastal seagrass system : The 

response to stress . pp . 367-382 . Im A. Yanez-Arancibia, ed . Ecologia de 

comunidades de peces en estuarios y lagunas costeros . Hacia una 

integration de ecosistemas . Fish community ecology in estuaries and 

coastal lagoons . Towards an ecosystem integration . Dep . Biol . Sci ., 

Florida State Univ ., Tallahassee, FL . 

Abstract . Shallow coastal portions of the northeast Gulf of Mexico are 

physically unstable in time, with seasonal and annual changes of 

variables such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient distribution. A 9 

year comparison of the biological structure of 2 Gulf estuaries, one 

polluted and one in the natural state, was carried out to determine the 

relationship of fish distribution relative to known trophic states and 

habitat characteristics . Partial recovery of the fish assemblages 

following water quality restoration reinforced the hypothesis that the 

primary difference in the biological structure of the 2 estuaries was due 

to the release of pulp mill effluents . The food web structure of the 

affected estuary was changed because of species-specific responses to 

habitat alteration . With time and water quality improvement, there was a 

shift in the patterns of abundance of dominant species toward those in 

the unaffected estuary, and such incomplete recovery followed that of 

benthic macrophyte associations in affected areas . 

Livinston, R .J . 1984 . Trophic response of fishes to habitat variability in 

coastal seagrass systems . Ecology . 65(4) :1258-1275 . 

Abstract . Shallow coastal areas of the northeast Gulf of Mexico are physically 

unstable in terms of short-term, seasonal, and year-to-year changes in 

temperature, salinity, nutrient concentration, and other water quality 

31 
features . A 9-yr comparison was made of two estuaries, one polluted and 

one in the natural state, to determine the response of fish assemblages 

to habitat alteration . During the study period, extreme natural habitat 

changes due to storm water runoff and low winter temperatures were 

superimposed over water quality changes (increased color, turbidity, 

nutrients; reduced dissolved oxygen) associated with release of pulp mill 

effluents . Various grassbed fishes followed regular seasonal, agespecific feeding patterns, which did not change substantially in terms of 

qualitative foods composition in the unpolluted estuary over a 7-yr 

period of observation . Such feeding behavior helped to explain temporally 

conservative cycles of relative abundance despite extreme (natural) 

habitat change . Anthropogenous habitat alterations, though seemingly 

slight, were associated with reductions in benthic macrophyte 

distribution, enhanced phytoplankton productivity, and changes in the 

relative dominance and numerical abundance of associated fish 

assemblages . Grassbed species were replaced by plankton-feeding fishes, 

and disruption of feeding habits of various species benthic food 

organisms altered their feeding habits during the years of pollution in 

the affected estuary. Subsequent water quality improvement over time was 

associated with shifts in the age-specific dietary patterns of various 

species toward those observed in the unaffected estuary, although such 

recovery varied from species to species according to habitat utilization 

and trophic needs . From these results, it is clear that a relatively 

complex coastal seagrass system exposed to periodic, extreme natural 

disturbance is relatively resilient to such changes in terms of relative 

dominance and food web structure . However, apparently slight water 

quality changes due to pollution, which are outside the evolutionary 

experience of the biotic components, can cause serious disruptions of the 

basic habitat structure, energy flow, and community composition of the 

grassbed assemblages at various levels of biological organization . 

Longman, P . 1991 : Biggest change here : Alachua's attitude . Florida Trend . 

33(12) :95-98 . 

Abstract . Some day, Florida's Big Bend region, also known by its promoters as 

the Suwannee Valley Region, is bound to take off . Crossed by Interstate 

10 and Interstate 75 and also served by excellent rail connections, it is 

perhaps the only area in Florida where inadequate infrastructure is not a 

barrier to economic growth . More important in the long run, the region 

sits on top of virtually unlimited fresh water supplies . The Big Bend may 

lack wide beaches, but it has the University of Florida in Gainesville, 

which is likely to be a much more valuable economic asset than waterfront 

condos in the future . But for now, life goes on pretty much as always . In 

Alachua County, which surrounds Gainesville, population growth has been 

stable since 1986 ; last year it grew 2t . Employment growth was slower . 

Non-agricultural jobs in the greater metropolitan area increased by 1 .3%, 

compared to a 3g increase statewide during the same period . Construction, 

meanwhile, lost 300 jobs, as housing starts dropped from 1,540 in 1989 to 

1,376 last year . With state government the dominant employer, job growth 

is likely to be small or negative this year, and for as long as the 

state's budget remains under pressure . 

32 
Longman, P . 1992 . It gets worse . (Florida's budget deficit) . Florida Trend . 

35(5) :31-38 . 

Abstract . While Florida's political leaders bickered over 'fair share' tax 

plans, they ignored the real problem. Florida is facing a runaway $84 

billion deficit. On a crisp, sunny afternoon in January 1977, Gov. Reubin 

Askew, using an upside-down paint can for a step, climbed through an 

opening on the roof of Florida's new $41 .4 million Capitol . Propping a 

lanky leg on the parapet of the nearly completed building and resting his 

elbow on the twin red bulbs of an aircraft warning beacon, Askew posed 

symbolically on the highest height of the tallest, most lavish statehouse 

in the land, as a photographer clicked away for posterity. 

Longman, P . 1995 . Markets hot (and not) . Florida Trend . 37(12) :26-32 . 

Abstract . The Florida economy is still providing a cornucopia of new jobs, but 

most are low-wage, and there are signs of a slowdown . During the early 

months of 1995, the Florida economy rolled along, emboldening Florida 

business . Indeed, a poll commissioned by the Florida Chamber of Commerce 

found that three out of five Florida executives expected both increased 

sales and profits this year . Does that mean it's time for a harvest 

dance? While most executives may be tapping their toes, the smartest are 

keeping their feet firmly planted under the desk . Because though 1995 

will probably not bring a recession, it will surely bring a slowing 

economy, both in Florida and the nation as a whole . 

Loomis, J .B . and D .M . Larson . 1994 . Total economic values of increasing gray 

whale populations : Results from a contingent valuation survey of visitors 

and households . Marine Resource Economics . 9(3) :275-286 . 

Abstract . The consistency of an individual's willingness to pay (WTP) responses 

for increases in the quantity of an environmental public good (whale 

populations) is tested along three lines . First, we test whether WTP for 

50% and 100 increases in whale populations are statistically different 

form zero . Second, we ask whether the incremental WTP from a 50t increase 

to a 100 increase is statistically significant . Finally, we test whether 

there is diminishing marginal valuation of the second 50% increment in 

gray whale populations . The paired t-tests on open ended WTP responses 

supported all three sets of hypotheses . Both visitors and households 

provided WTP responses that were statistically different from zero and 

increased (but in a diminishing fashion) for the second increment in WTP. 

In this survey both visitors and households provided estimates of total 

economic value (including nonuse or existence values) for large changes 

in wildlife/fishery resources that were consistent with consumer theory . 

Lynne, G .D ., P . Conroy and F .J . Prochaska . 1981 . economic valuation of marsh 

areas for marine production processes . Journal of Environmental Economics 

and Management . 8 :175-186 . 

Abstract . The relationship of natural marsh-estuarine systems to the economic 

productivity of marine systems is not well understood, at least in any 

quantitative sense . An approach is developed for relating blue crab 

economic productivity on Florida's Gulf Coast to marsh availability in 

the area . Previous efforts have not always applied economic concepts 

appropriately in attempts at such quantification . The marginal value 

33 
productivity of marsh is shown to vary with alternative levels of marsh 

and effort in the fishery. The interaction and subsequent interdependence 

is shown to be statistically significant . Data availability on marginal 

response to marsh changes poses a severe obstacle to further progress . 

MacKenzie, C .L ., Jr . 1989 . A guide for enhancing estuarine molluscan 

shellfisheries . Mar . Fish. Rev. 51(3) :1-47 . 

Abstract . Part 1 : Enhancing Estuarine Molluscan Shellfisheries Introduction in 

the eastern United states as well as in many countries where most 

shellfish originate in public beds, shellfishermen, local communities, 

distributors, and consumers have been dependent on wild stocks for 

shellfish supplies . Abundance of shellfish is usually much lower than the 

carrying capacity of the beds and can fluctuate widely among seasons . 

Thus shellfisheries are built upon a relatively weak foundation : 

Uncertain supplies, abundance of which is governed by several natural 

factors . In the eastern United States, the most important estuarine 

shellfishes are the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica ; hard clam, 

mercenaria ; soft clam, Mya arenaria ; and bay scallop, Argopecten 

irradians . Beds of the hard clam, soft clam, and bay scallop remain 

uncultivated . Consequently, production has usually not been high enough 

to make shellfisheries very prosperous, and the market demand for 

shellfish cannot be met when supplies are scarce . Whenever supplies are 

limited, employment for fishermen and packing plant workers is low, 

supplies are small and prices are high in the marketplace . Somewhat of an 

exception is the oyster fishery, where oyster abundance has been 

increased and partially stabilized through shell plantings in several 

states, such as Maryland, and through predator control in Long Island 

Sound . Many acres of productive shellfish beds along the eastern United 

States have been closed because they have become polluted or degraded by 

filling or dredging of navigation channels . As a result, fishermen have 

often lost considerable fishing areas, which in turn has led to a 

considerable loss of employment and wealth . In the future, communities or 

states should be able to compensate their shellfisheries for these losses 

by supporting programs to increase shellfish abundance on the remaining 

beds by improving habitat quality . This would ensure that the 

shellfisheries would remain intact, stable, and without substantial 

losses . 

Mager, A ., Jr . 1988 . National Marine Fisheries Service habitat conservation 

efforts in the coastal southeastern United States for 1987 . Mar . Fish . 

Rev . 50(3) :43-50 . 

Abstract . Data quantifying the cumulative acreage of coastal habitat affected 

by Corps of Engineers (COE) programs that regulate development in 

wetlands of the southeastern United States are provided for 1987 . The 

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southeast Region, made 

recommendations on 4,713 water development proposals submitted by or to 

the COE . Of these, 1,054 proposed to alter 21,756 acres of fishery 

habitat through 3, 506 acres of dredging, 2,899 acres of filling, 1,303 

acres of draining, and 14,048 acres of impounding . The NMFS did not 

object to alteration of 8,135 acres and recommended the conservation of 

13, 621 acres . To offset habitat losses, 7,139 acres of mitigation were 

recommended by NMFS or proposed by applicants and/or the COE . Of the 

wetland alterations accepted by NMFS, nearly 5,000 acres involved 

impounding for marsh management in Louisiana . A follow up survey of 266 

34 
permits issued by the COE during 1987 revealed that only 46 percent of 

NMFS recommendations were accepted by the COE . On a permit by permit 

basis, 25 percent of NMFS recommendations were partially accepted, 21 

percent were completely rejected, and 8 percent were withdrawn. 

Mager, A., Jr . 1990 . National Marine Fisheries Service habitat conservation 

efforts in the southeastern United States for 1988 . Mar . Fish . Rev. 

52(1) :7-13 . 

Abstract . Data quantifying the area of habitat affected by Federal programs 

that regulate development in coastal zones of the southeastern United 

States are provided for 1988 . The National Marine Fisheries Service made 

recommendations on 3,935 proposals requiring federal permits or licenses 

to alter wetlands . A survey of 977 of these activities revealed that 

359,876 acres of wetland s that support fishery resources under NMFS 

purview were proposed for some type of alternation or manipulation . 

Almost 95 percent of this acreage was for impounding and or manipulation 

of water levels in Louisiana marshes . The National Marine Fisheries 

Service did not object to alternation of 173,284 acres and recommended 

the conservation of 186,592 acres . To offset habitat losses, 1,827 acres 

of mitigation were recommended by the NMFS or proposed by applicants 

and/or the Corps of engineers (COE) . From 1981 to 1988 the NMFS has 

provided in-depth analyses on 8,385 projects proposing the alteration of 

at least 656,377 acres of wetlands . 

Mager, A ., Jr . and G .W . Thayer . 1986 . National Marine Fisheries Service habitat 

conservation efforts in the southeast region of the United States from 

1981 through 1985 . Mar . Fish. Rev . 48(3) :1-8 . 

Abstract . The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is quantifying the 

cumulative acreage of habitat involved in the Corps of Engineers' (COE) 

programs relating to water development in the Southeast Region of the 

United States . From January 1981 through December 1985 the NMFS commented 

on 23,292 proposals to alter wetlands that had been submitted to the COE . 

Of these, detailed habitat information was obtained on 5,385 projects 

involving the potential alteration of 184,187 acres of wetlands . Dredging 

was proposed for over 80,227 acres and 45,893 for filling, 5,846 for 

draining, and 52,222 for impounding . NMFS did not object to the 

alteration of 48,500 acres and recommended the conservation of 135,687 

acres . The proposed habitat losses were potentially offset by the 110,406 

acres recommended for mitigation . The degree to which our recommendations 

were incorporated into permits by the COE also was documented . NMFS 

recommendations were accepted overall 50 percent off the time, partially 

accepted 24 percent of the time, and rejected 26 percent of the time . 

Applicant compliance with permit conditions averaged 80 percent . NMFS 

recommendations on permit applications are made by the Southeast Regional 

Office and its area offices, but are dependent on up-to-date research 

information provided by research laboratories of the Southeast Fisheries 

Center . The close link between these facilities in NMFS fisheries habitat 

conservation efforts is described . 

Maguire, Jean-J ., B . Neis and P .R . Sinclair . 1994 . What Are We Managing 

Anyway? : The Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach to Managing Fisheries 

Ecosystems . pp . 14 . JX Theme Session on Improving the Link Between 

Fisheries Science and Management . Biological, Social, and Economic 

Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 

35 
82nd Statutory Meeting, St . John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September . (C .M 

1994/T :48) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea . 

Abstract . This paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach to fisheries 

management and fisheries science as a solution to the problems currently 

facing fisheries managers . 

Mathis, K ., J .C . Cato, R .L . Definer, P .D . Landrum and F .J . Prochaska . 1978a . 

Commercial fishing activity and facility needs in Florida : Citrus County . 

Florida Agricultural Market Research Center, Food and Resource Economics 

Department, Agricultural Experiment Station Report . 78-2 :30 . 

Mathis, K ., J .C . Cato, R .L . Definer, P .D . Landrum and F .J . Prochaska . 1978b . 

Commercial fishing activity and facility needs in Florida : Dixie, Levy 

and Taylor Counties . Florida Agricultural Market Research Center, Food 

and Resource Economics Department, Agricultural Experiment Station 

Report . 78-4 :27 . 

Mathis, K ., J .C . Cato, R .L . Definer, P .D . Landrum and F .J . Prochaska . 1978c . 

Commercial fishing activity and facility needs in Florida : Okaloosa and 

Santa Rosa Counties . Florida Agricultural Market Research Center, Food 

and Resource Economics Department, Agricultural Experiment Station 

Report . 78-5 :32 . 

Mays, B .J . 1991 . Northwest region stresses group business as key to growth ; in 

Tallahassee, sports market accounts for 650 of all room nights . Travel 

Weekly . 50(85) :F19 . 

Abstract . Tourist offices here and along the Panhandle all want more group 

traffic . In Tallahassee, there is a direct mail campaign urging groups to 

visit Florida's great northwest on a "circle tour" of Florida and 

providing itinerary suggestions . In addition, the area has been focusing 

on the sports market, which is projected to account for 65% of overall 

room nights generated by the Tallahassee Area Convention and Visitors 

Bureau in 1991 . The projected annual economic impact of the sports market 

is about $22 .8 million . According to Chris Thompson, executive director 

of the CVB, promotional efforts have been pretty much dedicated to group 

travel . 

Mays, B .J . 1993 . Region to sponsor travel agent seminars in Louisiana, Texas . 

(Northwest Florida) (Florida supplement) . Travel Weekly . 52(84) :F27 . 

Abstract . The Northwest Florida Tourism Council will promote the area to travel 

agents who are attending seminars in Texas and Louisiana . The promotion 

will include using the slogan 'Discover the Other - Northwest Florida .' 

Areas expecting to participate in the promotion include Panama City 

Beach, Tallahassee, Pensacola and the Beaches of South Walton . 

Milon, J .W . 1988 . A nested demand shares model of artificial marine habitat 

choice by sport anglers . Marine Resource Economics . 5(3) :191-214 . 

Abstract . There is a growing public interest in the development of artificial 

habitats to enhance and diversify coastal marine resources for 

recreational and commercial uses . In this paper, a hierarchical discrete 

choice model of recreational demand for artificial habitat is presented 

using a nested multinomial logic analysis of artificial and natural 

habitat site choice by sport anglers . The model can be used to evaluate 

the effects of site characteristics and socioeconomic attributes of 

36 
individual sport anglers on the share allocation of marine fishing trips 

and to estimate the economic benefits of new artificial habitat. An 

empirical application using survey data from sport anglers in southeast 

Florida is reported . The model parameters are used to estimate the 

expected use benefits and distributional implications of alternative new 

artificial habitat sites . Extensions and limitations of the model for 

artificial habitat planning are considered . 

Milon, J .W . 1989a . Estimating recreational angler participation and economic 

impact in the Gulf of Mexico mackerel fishery . Marfin Contract No . 

NA86WC-H-06116 

Abstract . This study uses the Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey 

to estimate travel cost demand models for recreationally caught king 

mackerel in the Gulf of Mexico and to evaluate the economic impact of 

possible alternative catch regulations such as changes in catch rates or 

bag limits . 

Milon, J.W . 1989b . Specification of the recreational catch rate for evaluating 

regulations in the Gulf Of Mexico mackerel fishery, Staff Paper No . 370 . 

Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food and 

Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract. Regulation of marine recreational fishing has been achieved through 

bag restrictions that influence the composition of kept and released 

catch. Prior economic research on marine recreational fishing has focused 

on total daily catch with no recognition of the composition . In this 

paper a formal model of recreational demand for the composition of 

species catch is presented. Empirical analysis using data on king 

mackerel anglers from the 1986 Marine Recreational Fishing Statistics 

Survey for the Gulf of Mexico shows that distinct kept and released 

effects can be identified . welfare measures developed from the empirical 

results reveal a sizable difference in effects of changes in recreational 

catch when alternative catch rate measures are used . Policy evaluations 

that do not account for catch composition in recreational demand models 

may provide incorrect estimates of the economic effects of catch 

regulations . 

Milon, J.W. 1990 . Assessment of methods to model recreational effort, 

participation, and demand for benefits valuation. Draft Report . 

Evaluation and Demonstration of Valuation Methodologies Applicable to 

Sport and Commercial Fisheries . Kearney/Centuar, Alexandria, VA . 

Abstract . Evaluate and assess the quality of travel cost valuation models for 

recreationally caught king mackerel in the Gulf of Mexico reported in 

1988 using data from the Marine Recreational Fishing Statistics Survey 

(MRFSS) . Determine whether the valuation estimates were useful to fishery 

managers responsible for allocation of king mackerel stocks . Assess the 

potential for improved valuation models of marine recreations demand 

based on recent advances in the theoretical literature and possible 

enhancements to the MRFSS . Develop a travel cost modeling approach to 

improve the precision and usefulness to valuation estimates for marine 

fishing . 

37 
Milon, J .W . 1991 . Measuring the economic value of anglers kept and release 

catches . North American Journal of Fisheries Management . 11 :185-189 . 

Abstract . Economic measures of the value of recreational catch typically have 

been based on the aggregate number of fish caught per unit effort . 

Fishery management councils, however, regulate recreational catch through 

bag limits and size restrictions that influence the composition of kept 

and released fish in the catch, not just the number of fish caught . 

Statistical tests for pooled site travel cost demand models for anglers 

of king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalia) in the Gulf of Mexico region 

showed that indicators of kept and released catches outperformed an 

aggregate indicator . Accounting for the composition of catch had a 

significant effect on economic measures of the gains and losses from 

catch regulations and suggested that aggregate indicators may give 

misleading estimates of the change in economic value due to regulations . 

Economic studies of the value of recreational catch in other fisheries 

should give more consideration to the effects of regulations on the 

composition of kept and released catches and to the social factors that 

influence the keep or release decision . To test the results of this 

methodological approach, a data set should be created based on a 

theoretical model of recreational fisherman behavior when exploiting a 

common property resource . Impose management regulations such as size and 

bag limits for a fishing trip . Estimate the model and compare the 

estimated parameters to the known or true parameters for management 

implications (consumer surplus) . Modify the model with a catch and keep 

constraint, if known and estimated parameters differ and compare to the 

Milon elasticity results that seem counter intuitive on page 187 . 

Milon, J .W . 1993 . A study of recreational demand for Gulf of Mexico group king 

mackerel using 1990 and 1991 MRFSS data . (FL 32611-0240 ; Final Report for 

the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Tampa, FL) Food and 

Resource Economics Department, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . Using 1990 and 1991 MRFSS data, this study estimated pooled site 

travel cost demand models for anglers targeting king mackerel within the 

range of the Gulf group king mackerel stock . Econometric results from the 

models indicated that there was no statistical support for a positive 

relationship between king mackerel catch rates and demand . Alternative 

specifications of a pooled site travel cost demand model yielded 

inconsistent and mostly statistically insignificant results for the catch 

rate variables. Other variables in the models performed as expected and 

were consistent with prior pooled site demand model results . Because king 

mackerel catch rates were not statistically significant determinants of 

recreational demand, it was not possible to compute net economic values 

(consumers' surplus) from the pooled site demand models . The econometric 

results raise serious concerns about the usefulness of travel cost demand 

models to estimate net economic values for recreational catch given the 

existing structure of the NlRFSS . The intercept survey does not provide 

sufficient information to estimate changes in anglers' probability of 

targeting different species . More complete data and further research will 

be needed to provide fishery managers with reliable, defensible measures 

of the net economic value of king mackerel to recreational anglers. 

Milon, J .W ., E . Thunberg, C .M . Adams and C .T .J . Lin . 1994 . Recreational 

anglers' valuation of near-shore marine fisheries in Florida . University 

of Florida, Florida Sea Grant College Program Technical Paper . 73 Report 

38 
prepared for the Florida Marine Fisheries Commission under Contract No . 

C-705 from the Florida Department of Natural Resources by the Food and 

Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . This report describes and summarizes the results from a state wide 

survey of Florida resident saltwater anglers . The survey was designed to 

provide estimates of the economic value anglers place on marginal changes 

in management of selected near shore marine species using the contingent 

valuation method. 

Miracle, B . 1992 . Florida at a glance . Florida Trend . 35(8) :520-521 . Newcomer's 

Guide to Florida Business : 1993 . 

Abstract . More than a decade ago, state government created 11 regional planning 

councils throughout the state in an attempt to improve planning and 

growth management . The state's 67 counties are grouped in regions whose 

geographies and economic futures have much in common . 

Miracle, B . 1993 . Small things are a big deal . (Economic development in north 

Florida) . Florida Trend . 35(12) :103-105 . Special Issue : Economic 

Yearbook . 

Abstract . The sale of the P&G cellulose plant and efforts to promote tourism 

are creating some positive momentum in a region where the overall trends 

indicate a shallow, fragile economy. By virtue of its setting and 

population (rural and sparse), economic ups and downs in the Big Bend 

don't register much on Florida's economic Richter scale . But within this 

11-county area in North Florida, small things are often big deals . Take 

tourism. Recognizing the area's undeveloped and largely pristine setting 

as an asset to be tapped, the North Central Florida Regional Planning 

Council recently completed a study of how to expand tourism throughout 

the region . And as part of a three-year plan, the council's Tourism 

Advisory Committee will begin production of a regional tourism marketing 

brochure . 

Mitchell-Tapping, H .J . 1988 . Petrology of partially dolomitized reservoir : 

Blackjack Creek field, Santa Rosa County, Florida . The American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin . 72(9) :1117 . Conference 

Title : Gulf Coast Association of the Geological Society and Gulf Coast 

Section of SEPM meeting, New Orleans, LA, 19 Oct . 1988 . 

Abstract . In January 1972, Blackjack Creek field was discovered by Exxon 

drilling the 13-3 St . Regis well in Santa Rosa County in the Florida 

Panhandle . This well flowed 1379 BOPD on a 13/64 in choke from 

perforations in the Jurassic upper Smackover . The field lies at the 

eastern end of the Dickens-Pollard-Foshee fault system and is on trend 

with other major Smackover oil producing fields . At Blackjack Creek 

field, the Smackover is about 420 ft (128 m) thick, with the pay zone 

occurring at 15,700 ft (4785 m) . The pay-zone thickness varies throughout 

the field, but its maximum thickness occurs at the crest of the 

structure, measuring about 90 ft (27 m) thick . The field was put under 

waterflood and was estimated in 1977 to reach economic reservoir 

depletion by the end of 1986 . However, by the end of 1987, the field was 

still producing oil and gas. This petrological study examined various 

cores and electric logs to determine why the oil production of the field 

39 
continues beyond the estimated recoverable reserves . Other than economic 

values, the preserved porosity and permeability, effects of leaching, 

localized fractures and brecciation, and partial dolomitization are 

considered to be principal contributing factors to continued production . 

Moss, C .B ., G . Greene and E . Thunberg . 1994 . Estimation of recreational 

anglers' value of reef-fish in the Gulf of Mexico, Draft Rpt . Department 

of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida . Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . Several public policy issues in the Gulf of Mexico region involve the 

value of the reef fish recreational fishery. This study estimates the 

economic impact of this fishery using a travel cost procedure . The 

results indicate that the fishery generates $460 million within the state 

of Florida . 

Muller, R .G . and M .D . Murphy . 1994 . Report on inshore finfish trends . Report 

prepared for the Florida Marine Fisheries Commission . Department of 

Environmental Protection, Florida Marine Research Institute . St . 

Petersburg, FL . 16 pp . 

Abstract . This report summarizes landings, effort, and catch per unit effort 

trends for red drum, spotted seatrout, mullet, and an additional 20 

finfish species. 

Munro, G .R . 1989 . Coastal states and distant-water fishing nation relations : An 

economist's perspective . Mar . Fish . Rev . 51(1) :3-10 . 

Abstract . This paper presents an analytical framework to be used by economists 

in studying the relationship of coastal states with distant water fishing 

nations (DWFN) seeking access to the coastal state's 200 mile extended 

fisheries jurisdiction zone . 

Nakamura, E .L ., H .A . Brasher and J .K . Lacey . 1987 . Catch-per-unit-effort of 

snappers, groupers, and red drum by southeastern charterboats in 1986, 

Draft Rpt . National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, 

Panama City Laboratory . Panama City, FL . 

Abstract . Under the authority of an amendment to the Fishery Management Plan 

for Coastal Migratory Pelagics resources, that among other requirements 

declared mandatory reporting, a survey of charterboats in the southeast 

was conducted . Only the reporting of catches of coastal pelagics was 

mandatory. However, six noncoastal pelagic fishes were added to the list 

of fishes in the charterboat logbooks . The six were red snapper, 

(Lutjanus campechanus), vermilion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens), 

yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), gag (Mycteroperca microlepis), 

black sea bass (Centropristis striata), and red drum (Sciaenops 

ocellatus) . This report summarizes the catch and effort for these six as 

reported by responding charterboat captains in 1986 . 

Nance, J.M . 1991a . Gulf of Mexico white shrimp analysis . Gulf of Mexico Fishery 

Management Council . 9 pp . 

Abstract . This report was prepared to respond to questions about the catch of 

Gulf of Mexico white shrimp in the state managed territorial sea and the 

federal managed exclusive economic zone . 

40 
Nance, J.M . 1991b. Shrimp recruitment overfishing analysis . Gulf of Mexico 

Fishery Management Council . 5 pp . 

Abstract . Recruitment and parent stock estimates are proposed as measures of 

overfishing in the shrimp fishery. 

Nance, J .M . 1992a . Analysis of white shrimp closure in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Galveston 

Laboratory . Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries 

Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U .S . Department 

of Commerce . Miami, FL . 28 pp . 

Abstract . The GMFMC requested that NMFS investigate the feasibility of 

improving economic returns from the white shrimp fishery through 

cooperative management measures with Gulf coast states . The General 

Bioeconomic Fisheries Simulation Model (GBFSM) developed at Texas A&M 

University (Grant et al . 1981) was used to simulate various white shrimp 

closures in the Gulf of Mexico . This report contains the results of this 

analysis . 

Nance, J .M . 1992b . Estimation of effort for the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine 

Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFSC-300 :12 . 

Abstract . Description of the shrimp fishing effort trends in the Gulf of Mexico 

and how they are estimated . 

Nance, J .M . 1993 . Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery recruitment overfishing 

definition workshop 2 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

National Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFSC-323 :12 . 

Abstract . This report summarizes the findings of a two day workshop required by 

the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council to review the current 

definitions of overfishing ; recommend changes, if needed, to the current 

definitions of overfishing ; and recommend action that might be taken if 

overfishing levels are surpassed in any of these stocks for three of the 

four shrimp species named in the fishery management plan . 

National Marine Fisheries Service . 1992a . Status of fishery resources off the 

southeastern United States for 1991 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFSSEFSC-306 :75 . 

Abstract . A review of stock assessment techniques and fishery trends for 

important commercial and recreational fisheries in the southeastern 

region . 

National Marine Fisheries Service . 1992b, stock assessment and fishery 

evaluation for reef fish in the U .S . Gulf of Mexico . Southeast Regional 

Office . St . Petersburg, FL . 35 pp . 

Abstract . Reef fish SAFE report . 

National Marine Fisheries Service . 1993 . Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery 

recruitment overfishing definition workshop 2 . Report to the Gulf of 

Mexico Fishery Management Council, Shrimp Stock Assessment Panel, 

Galveston Laboratory . Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine 

Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Department of Commerce . Miami, FL . 12 pp . 

41 
Abstract . This report summarizes the findings of a two day workshop and 

provides recommendations from the working group on the current 

definitions of overfishing for the brown, white, pink, and royal red 

shrimp stocks, changes to current definitions of overfishing, and action 

that might be taken if overfishing levels are surpassed in any of these 

stocks . 

Nichols, J .P . and L . Johnston . 1979 . The influence of alternative pricing 

methods on ex-vessel shrimp prices . Texas A&M University, The Texas 

Agricultural Experiment Station, Departmental Information Report . DIR 79- 

1, SP-7 :12 . 

Abstract . The relationship between ex-vessel pricing methods and interport 

price differentials for shrimp was examined. Ex-vessel prices were found 

to be significantly higher in ports using a pack-out method of 

establishing the value of landed shrimp . The size of differential varied 

by season and with price level . 

O'Connor, D.M . 1972 . Legal aspects of coastal zone management in Escambia and 

Santa Rosa Counties, Florida. Coastal Coordinating Council, Florida 

Department of Natural Resources . 77 pp . 

Abstract . While any effective coastal zone management program must provided 

statewide and nationwide uniformity, the substantial jurisdictional 

powers of county and local governments must be taken into account . The 

integration of these local governments into the coastal zone management 

program can provide better management than could be achieved by the state 

and federal authorities acting alone . Present activities of local 

governments in coastal zone management in Escambia and Santa Rosa 

Counties, Florida were examined . Local laws and judicial decisions 

relevant to county governments, municipal governments, a port authority 

and the Santa Rosa Island authority, are examined in relationship to 

coastal zone management . State laws and federal laws are also discussed 

in this context . There appear to be a number of opportunities for 

cooperation between state, county and local bodies which should be 

explored and developed in order to make Florida coastal zone management 

fully effective . 

Opaluch, J .J . and T .A . Grigalunas . 1989 . OCS-related oil spill impacts on 

natural resources : An economic risk analysis . pp . 22 . Za 1989 Oil Spill 

Conference, San Antonio, Texas, February 13-15 . 

Abstract . Risk analyses of oil spills are important in the development of OCS 

leasing policy as well as other marine policies relating to oil . This 

paper explores the use of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model 

for Coastal and Marine Resources (NRDAM/CME) to provide risk analysis of 

oil spills related to OCS oil development . For the categories of natural 

resources included in the NRDAM/CME, the expected value of damages from 

large oil spills appears quite small relative to the value of oil 

developed . Expected damages range from $300 thousand to $19 .7 million per 

billion barrels of oil developed . Ongoing research by the authors will 

refine these estimates by including (1) additional categories of damages, 

that will increase the damage estimates, and (2) oil spill cleanup and 

the effect of OCS production on reducing imports, that will reduce the 

estimated net costs of OCS development . 

42 
Pascale, C .A . 1974 . Water resources of Walton County, Florida . (Report of 

Investigations No . 76) Florida Dept . of Natural Resources, Florida Bureau 

of Geology . Tallahassee, FL . 65 pp . 

Abstract . Walton County is an area of about 1,140 sq mi in northwestern 

Florida. Total water use in 1970 averaged about 13 .2 mgd of which 12 .7 

mgd was from the Floridan Aquifer. Water used for irrigation averaged 10 

mgd and exceeded all other uses . The Floridan Aquifer underlies all of 

Walton County and is the primary source of water supply . It is an 

important hydrogeologic unit because of its capacity to store water and 

to maintain streamflow . The transmissivity of the Floridan Aquifer is 

highly variable and ranges from 4,000 gpd/ft along the Gulf coast to 

180,000 gpd/ft in southeastern Walton County . Dissolved solids of water 

from wells range from 70 to 3,500 mg/litre ; chlorides vary to a maximum 

of about 2,000 mg/litre . Groundwater pumpage for irrigation in 1970 in 

southeastern Walton County caused water levels there to decline more than 

80 feet . Total discharge of streams originating in Walton County averages 

about 1 .0 bgd; minimum discharge during dry spells is about 300 mgd. 

Although most streams yield copious amounts of good quality water, none 

are used for water supply . 

Platt, J .L . 1989 . Estimating the economic impacts of hypothetical grouper bag 

limits in the Destin/Panama City, Florida charterboat fishery . National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFC-227 :72 . 

Abstract . A study of the potential impacts of grouper fishery regulation on 

this industry in Destin and Panama City, utilizing a database derived 

from a survey of charterboat customers . This study measures the short run 

economic impacts of hypothetical reef fish bag limits upon the 

charterboat industry in the Panama City and Destin Ports of northwestern 

Florida using a 1985 survey of charterboat anglers conducted by Arndorfer 

and Bockstael (1986) using a travel cost demand model . Estimates of both 

recreational demand (annual number of trips) and recreational value 

(annual consumer surplus) are developed. 

Platt, J .L . 1991a . The marine recreational fishery statistics survey, a 

comparative analysis of effort and participation estimates in the 

southeastern U .S . ; 1979-1988 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFSSEFC-269 :41 . 

Abstract . Although the Marine Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey measures 

catch, effort, and participation, the focus of this report is on effort 

and participation estimation . While estimates of effort and participation 

are used in many disciplines, they are critical for aggregation purposes 

in the field of recreational economics . Recreational economic models 

often focus upon the average angler or trip . To calculate total economic 

impacts from these models for a state or subregion, the impacts from the 

average angler or trip must be expanded by the appropriate estimate of 

subregional anglers or trips . State or subregional estimates of anglers 

or trips are therefore a necessary component of the overall equation . The 

economic impacts for the average angler or trip are often relatively 

small when compared to the aggregated estimates of effort or 

participation, therefore trip and angler estimates often drive the total 

impact estimate . As a result, it is very important to obtain accurate 

estimates of trips and anglers . 

43 
Platt, J .L . 1991b . Recreational databases in the southeast : Applicable to 

economic modeling . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

National Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFC-282 :61 . 

Abstract . A list of saltwater fisheries related recreational economic data 

bases for the southeastern region of the U.S . is presented. The data 

bases are divided into groups reflecting the categories corresponding to 

(1) estimation of angler recreational values and (2) analysis of the 

profitability of marketed components of the marine recreational fishing 

sector ; e.g . charter and party/head boat industries . 

Platt, J .L . 1991c . Utilizing the marine recreational fishery statistics survey 

for recreational economic modeling : Problems and suggestions . National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries 

Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFC-276 :51 . 

Abstract . This paper reviews the data collected by the National Marine 

Fisheries Service Marine Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey in terms 

of its applicability to recreational economic modeling and suggests 

modifications to the survey to specifically address recreational economic 

needs . 

Poffenberger, J .R . 1982 . Economic status of the offshore shrimp fishery in the 

Gulf of Mexico . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFC-99 :18 . 

Abstract . The purpose of this report is to present some basic indicators of the 

offshore shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico on prices, production, and 

vessel costs and revenue that may provide some insight into the economic 

status of the fleet during 1991 . A secondary purpose of the report is to 

present a general prognosis for the economic viability of the fishery 

during 1982 . 

Pristas, P .J . and A .M . Avrigian . 1991 . Big game fishing in northern Gulf of 

Mexico during 1989 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

National Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC273 :26 . 

Abstract . The US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), while conducting 

exploratory longline fishing off the Louisiana coast in the northern Gulf 

of Mexico, caught marlins (blue marlin, Makaira nigricans ; white marlin, 

Tetrapturus albidus) and sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in abundances 

not previously anticipated . The discovery generated an interest in big 

game fishing in the north-central Gulf . The recreational billfishing 

survey was initiated to collect data for estimations of species abundance 

and distribution and to provide information about the biology and habitat 

preferences of these fishes . On-site survey methods were conducted to 

collect pertinent billfishing data at major ports and big game fishing 

events throughout the northern Gulf . In the report, data are generally 

listed for the three primary regions : northwestern, north-central, and 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico . 

Prochaska, F .J . and C .M . Adams . 1984 . Analysis of U .S . shrimp prices at exvessel, wholesale, and retail market levels, Draft Rpt . Department of 

Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida . Gainesville, FL . 

Abstract . Previously no research has been conducted to determine price 

relationships between market levels . Thus, differential market impacts of 

various price determinants and restrictive policy measures such as 

44 
tariffs and quotas could not be analyzed at various market levels and for 

other market dimensions, such as markets defined by product size classes. 

The goal of the research reported in this paper was to provide 

information on which differential impacts can be estimated . The format of 

the present paper is to (1) review trends in prices, margins, and market 

shares for 21-25 and 31-40 count raw, headless shrimp, (2) determine 

direction of price flows and existence of asymmetric price response 

between ex-vessel, wholesale, and retail market levels, and (3) determine 

factors affecting prices for the two size classes at the three market 

levels . 

Prochaska, F .J . and J .C . Cato . 1975a . Cost and returns for northern Gulf of 

Mexico commercial red snapper - grouper vessels by vessel size, 1974 . 

University of Florida, Florida Sea Grant College Program, Florida 

Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Food and Resource 

Economics, Marine Advisory Bulletin . SUSF-SG-75-006 :8 . 

Abstract . Cost and returns data provide a basis to which individual fishing 

firms can compare their own operations to determine any needed change in 

their business management or fishing practices . This data set is 

collected from interviews with boat owners and captains representing ten 

commercial vessels operating from Florida ports . The budget analysis 

reported is the average for two vessel size groups : 42-47 feet in length 

(small) and 57-69 feet in length (large) . 

Prochaska, F .J . and J .C . Cato . 1975b . Northwest Florida Gulf Coast red snappergrouper party boat operations, An economic analysis, 1974 . University of 

Florida, Florida Sea Grant College Program, Florida Agricultural 

Experiment Station, Department of Food and Resource Economics, Marine 

Advisory Bulletin . SUSF-SG-75-007 :9 . 

Abstract . The purposes of this Bulletin are to present estimates of (1) the 

average number of fishermen per boat on a yearly basis, (2) expenditures 

by fishermen (or revenues to boat owners), and (3) costs of operating 

party boats . The analysis is based on data collected through personal 

interviews with the owners of seven boats . Boats included in the survey 

ranged from 65 to 85 feet and have a carrying capacity ranging up to over 

50 fishermen per boat . These boats are also often referred to as "Day 

Boats,"Head Boats," or "Drift Boats ." The data do not include smaller 

charter boats which usually carry 6 to 10 fishermen and are chartered by 

individuals or on a small group basis . The boats included in the study 

have their home ports along the north Florida Gulf Coast . 

Prochaska, F .S . and W .R . Keithly . 1986 . Production costs and revenues in the 

Florida oyster industry . University of Florida, Florida Sea Grant College 

Program . SGR-87 . 

Raizin, M . 1989 . Available data from the 1986 king mackerel economic costs and 

returns survey . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFC-228 :11 . 

Abstract . Cost and revenue data for vessels operating in the 1986 king mackerel 

fishery was assembled in response to a request from the Gulf of Mexico 

Fishery Management Council . The data set is described and summarized 

profiles are presented . 

45 
Raizin, M . and L . Regier . 1986 . Impact of U .S . wholesale demand for canned 

sardines on market accessibility of potential Gulf of Mexico products . 

Mar . Fish . Rev . 48(1) :32-36 . 

Abstract . Significant resources of small fish that are potentially marketable 

in the form of canned sardines are available from Gulf of Mexico waters . 

To determine the potential for entry into the established U.S . canned 

sardine market, three product groups that comprise the market are 

analyzed at the wholesale level to determine their demand 

characteristics . Results indicate that opportunities for entry exist, 

especially for products that are similar to imports in terms of package 

and quality. 

Raulerson, R ., J . Ward and J . Platt . 1990 . Stock assessment and fishery 

evaluation report for the coastal migratory pelagics fishery, Draft Rpt . 

Southeast Regional Office and the Southeast Fisheries Center, National 

Marine Fisheries Service . St . Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . A review of the best available data for the Coastal Migratory Pelagic 

Fishery Management Plan . 

Resource Economics Consultants . 1994 . Estimation of Gulf of Mexico shrimp 

fishing costs and returns, Final Rpt . Prepared for U.S . Department of 

Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, St . Petersburg, FL . 

Resource Economics Consultants, 108 Mile Drive, College ; May; Station . 

College Station, TX . 

Abstract . The overall objective of the project was to estimate Gulf of Mexico 

shrimp fishing craft costs and returns for use in assessing the impacts 

of fishery management regulations . The final contract report is attached 

to Ward, J.M. (1994) "Economic Analysis of Finfish Bycatch in the Gulf of 

Mexico Shrimp Fishery." 

Reyer, A .J ., D .W . Field, J .E . Cassells, C .E . Alexander and C .L . Holland . 1988 . 

The distribution and areal extent of coastal wetlands in estuaries of the 

Gulf of Mexico . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 

Rockville, MD . 19 pp . 

Abstract . This paper is a preliminary report describing the areal extent and 

distribution of coastal wetlands in the six states, 157 counties, 23 

estuarine drainage areas (EDA) of the U.S . portion of the Gulf of Mexico . 

The wetlands data are based entirely on an evaluation of National Wetland 

Inventory (NWI) maps produced by the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Currently, data have been completed for the wetlands of the New England 

region and an atlas has been published entitled, National Estuarine 

Inventory Data Atlas ; Vol . 3 : Coastal Wetlands of the New England Region . 

Roberts, K.J ., M .E . Thompson and P .W . Pawlyk . Unknown Year . Structure changes 

in U .S . shrimp markets, Draft Rpt . Center for Wetland Resources, 

Louisiana State University . Baton Rouge, LA . 

Abstract . This paper presents the results of a seven equation monthly model of 

the domestic shrimp market . More emphasis was placed on sources of supply 

than evident in previous simultaneous models . 

Roberts, K .J ., M .E . Thompson, W .D . Chauvin and V .J . Blomo . 1983a . Assessment of 

user conflicts between various harvester groups and with other fishing 

industries . pp . 90 . Zn Report III, Assessment of Shrimp Industry 

Potentials and Conflicts . Shrimp Notes Incorporated, New Orleans, LA . 

46 
Abstract . This report addresses the conflicts between inshore and offshore 

shrimp fishermen and between shrimp fishermen and fishermen who use other 

gear types on shrimp fishing grounds, for example stone crab pots . 

Roberts, K .J ., M .E . Thompson, F .J . Prochaska and W .D . Chauvin . 1983b . Potential 

actions of tariff and quota legislation . pp . 143 . In Report V, Assessment 

of Shrimp Industry Potentials and Conflicts . Shrimp Notes Incorporated, 

New Orleans, LA . 

Abstract . The impact of shrimp imports on ex-vessel prices is discussed using 

the results of five different econometric studies . The paper reviews 

domestic production of all shrimp species from U.S . waters . It presents 

trends in shrimp imports by product type from 1970 to 1981 including 

marketing channels and retailing activities, and impacts on employment 

and capital invested in the harvesting sector of the shrimp fishery. 

Roberts, K.J ., W.R. Keithly and C .M . Adams . 1992 . The impact of imports, 

including farm-raised shrimp, in the southeast shrimp processing sector . 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine 

Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFC-305 

Abstract . Processing activities of southeastern shrimp processors increased in 

recent years . This activity was linked to an increase in shrimp imports . 

An initial source of the new supply was Ecuador . Farming of shrimp in 

pond systems there rapidly increased United States purchases to a record 

101 million pounds by 1987 . Shrimp from China and Taiwan added another 80 

million pounds to US supplies by 1987 . Imports primarily from shrimp 

farming nations were thereby recognized by some processors as a new 

source of raw material . Twelve of the surveyed processors in the 

southeast began use of imported shrimp after 1984 . New sources of supply 

introduced an element of stability to the southeastern industry for those 

processors using the shrimp . Stability in terms of entry and exit among 

the region's establishments utilizing imports was found to be higher than 

non-users . Hence, as more establishments adopt the use of imports, 

especially farm-raised imports, in their processing activities, total 

industry stability in the southeast may be expected to rise . The analysis 

indicated a possible decline in industry concentration in 1987 . This 

decline to the extent that it might be related to increasing raw material 

availability and hence, less ability among the larger firms to exhibit 

some control over input usage, suggests that an additional decline in 

concentration might be forthcoming as aquaculture supplies expand . 

Exporting countries with farmed shrimp supplies could at some point 

lessen these influences on southeastern processors if they increase their 

value added processing . 

Rosenthal, D .H ., M.B . Rose and L . J . Slaski . 1988 . Economic value of the oil and 

gas resources on the outer continental shelf . Marine Resource Economics . 

5(3) :171-189 . 

Abstract . A theoretical framework for estimating the economic value of the 

federal government's offshore oil and gas resources is developed. This 

framework is then applied to geological and economic data generated by 

the Minerals Management Service in support of their five-year leasing 

plan . With an 8 percent real discount rate and a 1 percent real price 

growth rate, the remaining economic rent as of 1987 on the reserves plus 

the undiscovered offshore oil and gas resources is estimated at $118 .6 

billion (1987 dollars) . The present value of the government's receipts 

47 
from cash bonus and royalty payments on these deposits is estimated at 

$37.2 billion. Over 80 percent of the remaining economic rent is derived 

from developed reserve deposits located in the Gulf of Mexico . The 

private sector has previously paid cash bonuses for the leases located on 

those deposits and financed the installation of the development 

platforms . Because of this, the government will collect only a small 

portion, approximately 22 percent, of the rent remaining on those 

reserves . 

Salvesen, D . 1995 . Banking on wetlands : there's big money in restoring degraded 

wetlands and building new ones . Planning . 61(2) :11-15 . 

Abstract . Wetlands banking was conceived to expedite provisions of the 1972 

Clean Water Act in a way that benefits developers and the environment . 

Instead of developing or restoring portions of several building sites, 

developers create one vast wetland, for which they receive credits based 

on the environmental value of the property . Since Dec . 1992 The Wetland 

Development Team and others have been selling these credits on the open 

market . 

Schmied, R .L . and E .E . Burgess . 1987 . Marine recreational fisheries in the 

southeastern United States : An overview . Mar . Fish . Rev . 49(2) :2-7 . 

Abstract . Marine recreational fishing in the southeastern United States is an 

outdoor recreational activity of increasing popularity, economic 

significance, and consequence to the region's fishery resources . In 1985, 

over 11 million anglers made 44 million fishing trips in the south 

Atlantic and gulf and caught 222 million fish . Thirty-five percent were 

landed weighing over 131 million pounds, representing 40 percent of total 

edible finfish landings in the region . In 1985, the region accounted for 

40 percent of all U .S . saltwater anglers, 62 percent of all trips, and 50 

percent of the total number of recreationally caught fish . Direct 

expenditures by south Atlantic and Gulf anglers in 1985 were estimated to 

be nearly $3 .4 billion . These expenditures are estimated to have 

generated an additional $1 .5 billion in value added and supported over 

42,000 person-years of employment in marine recreational fisheries 

related support and service industries . Additional detailed discussion of 

the nature and extent of marine recreational fishing in the south 

Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and U .S . Virgin Islands is 

presented . 

Selz, M . 1986 . The big bend cuts its ties to the past ; (northern Florida is on 

prowl for industry) . Florida Trend . 28 :113-117 . 

Abstract . Both Daniels Lumber and Idaho Timber of Florida are members of the 

Big Bend's normally fraternal forest-products industry . They share the 

same stretch of Highway 100 southeast of Lake city and use the nearby 

Southern Georgia & Florida railroad to haul their wood . Nowadays, though, 

the companies are split into two camps . Says a Daniels employee of the 

folks at Idaho, "We don't like those people ." What Daniels Lumber really 

doesn't like is the western spruce stacked in piles at Idaho Timber's 

sawmill in Columbia County . It comes from Canada, and it is depressing 

the market for Daniel's Florida trees . The value of the Canadian dollar, 

unlike the Japanese yen or German mark, continues to decline against U.S . 

currency . The result is a flood of inexpensive imported forest products 

that have swamped lumber companies throughout the Big Bend . "Fifty-eight 

percent of the lumber consumed in Florida comes from Canada," says 

48 
Carroll Lamb, executive vice president of the Florida Forestry 

Association . Many members of Florida's forest industry, says Leon Irbin 

of the state's Forestry Management Bureau,"are hanging on by the skin of 

their teeth." 

Shabman, L .A. and S .S . Batie . 1987 . Mitigating damages from coastal wetlands 

development : Policy, economics and financing . Marine Resource Economics . 

4 :227-248 . 

Abstract . Public programs to reduce the rate of coastal wetlands losses are 

based upon an ambiguous policy framework . Also, scientific uncertainty 

about the services of wetlands make credible economic valuation 

difficult, thus reducing the utility of benefit cost analysis within the 

wetlands regulation process . Reform of national wetlands programs can 

result in enhanced maintenance of wetlands stocks and accommodation of 

development pressures . The policy reforms proposed in this paper will 

result in achievement of these objectives in an economically efficient 

manner . 

Slack, L .J . 1972 . Quality of surface water of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, 

Florida, 1968-72 . U.S . Geol . Surv . Open-File Rep . 72015 :24 . 

Abstract . Collecting and publishing data on the chemical and physical quality 

of surface waters in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Florida, is part 

of a statewide cooperative program that over the years has been sponsored 

by the U .S . Geological Survey, the Florida Bureau of Geology, the Florida 

Department of Transportation, the City of Pensacola, and Escambia County . 

The quality-of-water data for the nine sites sampled are presented . In 

addition to the tables of chemical analyses, the significance and 

occurrence of the constituents of water are presented . 

Socioeconomic Panel . 1993 . Report of the socioeconomic panel meeting on reef 

fish . Zn Briefing Book Addition . Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management 

Council, Tampa, FL . 

Abstract . The social and economic implications of the 1993 Stock Assessments 

for reef fish are discussed and recommendations made for their 

management . 

Socioeconomic Panel . 1994a . Report of the socioeconomic panel meeting on reef 

fish, Draft Rpt . Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council . Tampa, FL . 

Abstract . The socioeconomic panel recommendations for the management of the 

reef fish fishery are presented in the paper based on a review of the 

stock assessment panel recommendations and the available economic and 

sociological data and analysis . 

Socioeconomic Panel . 1994b . Report of the socioeconomic panel meeting on reef 

fish, Final Rpt . Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council . Tampa, FL . 

Abstract . The socioeconomic panel recommendations for the management of the 

reef fish fishery are presented in the paper based on a review of the 

stock assessment panel recommendations and the available economic and 

sociological data and analysis . 

Sport Fishing Institute . 1988a . The economic impact of sport fishing in the 

state of Florida . Sport Fishing Institute . Washington, D .C . 30 pp . 

Abstract . The economic impact of sport fishing in Florida . 

49 
Sport Fishing Institute . 1988b . Future participation in marine recreational 

fishing . pp . 103 . Zn Economic Activity Associated with Marine 

Recreational Fishing in 1985 . Vol . III . Sport Fishing Institute, 

Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . This volume of the report on the economic activity associated with 

marine recreational fishing in 1985 provides forecasts of marine 

recreational fishing participation to the year 2025 . These forecasts are 

intended to serve as useful guides for future industry development and 

fisheries management by providing guidelines as to the levels of future 

demand for marine recreational fishing. However, like all forecasts, the 

estimates should be treated with caution. In particular, the more distant 

in the future, the greater the variability in the estimate, or the less 

confidence one can have in the number . 

Sport Fishing Institute . 1988c . National and regional estimates . pp . 103 . 

Economic Activity Associated with Marine Recreational Fishing in 1985 . 

Vol . I . Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . The purpose of this report was to undertake a complete economic 

analysis of the marine recreational fishing industry and marine 

recreational fishing. Volume I describes the national economic activity 

of the marine recreational fishing industry in the United States in 1985 . 

In addition, the impacts are presented for each region under the 

jurisdiction of the regional fishery management councils . The multiplier 

effects of the marine recreational fishing industry are included . Changes 

in the industry from 1972 to 1985 are described and analyzed . 

Sport Fishing Institute . 1988d . State-level and species level estimates . pp . 

122 . Zn Economic Activity Associated with Marine Recreational Fishing in 

1985 . Vol . II . Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D .C . 

Abstract . This volume presents disaggregations of the economic activity 

associated with marine recreational fishing to the coastal states and to 

individual species of fish . These disaggregations were derived from the 

breakdowns of the national impacts to the jurisdictions of the regional 

fishery management councils as presented in Volume I, Section 5 .0 . 

Terrebonne, R .P . 1973 . The economic losses from water pollution in the 

Pensacola area . The Florida Naturalist . 165(7) :21-26 . 

Abstract . The expansion of firms, such as the ones along the Escambia River 

that produce paper, chemical products, and electricity, have contributed 

much to the welfare of local residents and the economy of Florida. 

However, Florida represents an economy in which the economic costs of not 

preserving water quality are very severe . The Pensacola area provides an 

important example in which rising levels of domestic and industrial 

pollution have resulted in dramatic losses to those sectors of the local 

economy that depend on water quality. 

Thomas, J .S ., G .D . Johnson, C .M . Formichella and C . Riordan . 1993 . Perceived 

social and economic effects of current management policies on red snapper 

fishermen operating in the Gulf of Mexico : A Report to the Gulf of Mexico 

Fishery Management Council, Draft Rpt . College of Arts & Sciences, 

University of South Alabama . Mobile, AL . 

Abstract . This report presents findings from a study of red snapper fishermen 

in the Gulf of Mexico who own and operate their own boats and have 

received 2,000 pound trip endorsements . Focus group interviews with 

50 
fishermen volunteers were held in Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana during 

March and April, 1993 . A telephone survey of endorsed owner operators was 

conducted from May to July, 1993 . Interviews were completed with 79 

percent of the population (n-75) . 

Thunberg, E ., C . Adams, D . Brannan and T . Taylor . 1991 . commercial fishing 

revenue losses under harvest restrictions : The case of the Florida red 

drum . University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 

Food and Resource Economics Department, Staff Paper Series . SP 91-4 

Abstract . The red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) was effectively removed from 

Florida's nearshore commercial fishery in January, 1989 . Fishing revenue 

losses may be mitigated through redirection of effort from the restricted 

species to other unrestricted species . A revenue function is specified 

for two time periods over which two different harvest regulations for red 

drum were effective . The empirical results indicate that fishermen were 

able to compensate for lost revenue due to the harvest restrictions 

although the ability to do so differed by gear and regional 

considerations . 

Thunberg, E ., C . Adams, D . Brannan and T . Taylor . 1993 . Commercial fishing 

revenue losses under harvest restrictions : The case of the Florida red 

drum. Society and Natural Resources . 6 :181-194 . 

Abstract . The red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) was effectively removed from 

Florida's nearshore commercial fishery in January, 1989 . Fishing revenue 

losses may be mitigated through redirection of effort from the restricted 

species to other unrestricted species . A revenue function is specified 

for two time periods over which two different harvest regulations for red 

drum were effective . The empirical results indicate that fishermen were 

able to compensate for lost revenue due to the harvest restrictions 

although the ability to do so differed by gear and regional 

considerations . 

Thurman, W .N. and J .E . Easley Jr . 1990 . Economic models for fishery resource 

allocations : valuing changes in commercial harvests, Draft Rpt . 

Department of Economics and Business, North Carolina State University . 

Raleigh, NC . 

Abstract . This paper reviews a conceptual model for estimating consumer and 

producer surplus in markets other than the harvesting sector and presents 

some preliminary empirical results for the Gulf red drum fishery . The 

conceptual model and empirical results are based on the idea of general 

equilibrium welfare measurement . 

Thurman, W .N . and J .E . Easley Jr . 1992 . Valuing changes in commercial fishery 

harvests : A general equilibrium derived demand analysis . Jour . of 

Environ . Econ . and Manage . 22(3) :226-240 . 

Abstract . This paper presents a conceptual model for estimating surpluses from 

these related markets and present empirical estimates for the Gulf of 

Mexico red drum fishery. The conceptual model and empirical results 

employ general equilibrium derived demand functions . The general 

equilibrium derived demand for an input conceptually accounts (in a 

single market) for surpluses in related markets and economizes on data 

requirements in estimation . 

51 
Vondruska, J . 1993 . Economic assessment for coastal pelagic fish, Draft Rpt . 

Socio-economic Panel Meeting, April 13-14, Gulf of Mexico Fishery 

Management Council, Tampa FL . National Marine Fisheries Service, 

Southeast Regional Office, St . Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . Economic assessment of the coastal migratory pelagic stocks in the 

Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic . 

Vondruska, J . 1994 . Southeast shrimp fishery market conditions, 1993, 

Preliminary Draft Rpt . National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast 

Regional Office . St . Petersburg, FL . 9 pp . 

Abstract . Prices, market supplies, and aquaculture trends facing the shrimp 

wholesale market and harvesting industry for 1993 . 

Walsh, C . 1994 . Shipping companies lead Florida effort to block oil pipeline . 

Oil Daily . 44(165) :1-3 . 

Abstract . The Florida Alliance, a coalition of shippers, is funding efforts by 

the environmental group Friends of Lloyd to block Colonial Pipeline's 

planned extension near Tallahassee, the state's first interstate oil 

products pipeline . Colonial says opposition to the pipeline is groundless 

because the line will not be expanded beyond Jefferson County . The state 

will rule on the project in September 1994 . 

Ward, J .M . 1989 . Modeling fleet size in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery, 

1966-1979 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFS-SEFC-229 . 

Abstract . The Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishing fleet is modeled extending the 

approach developed by Prochaska and Cato (1981) by including economic and 

biological variables . Changes in fleet size are found to be responsive to 

economic and biological conditions in the fishery. The model indicates 

that the fleet size is approximately three times that necessary to 

efficiently harvest the resource . While the model is handicapped by 

insufficient degrees of freedom, results suggest that alternative 

modeling approaches could be used to develop a model that successfully 

predicts changes in fleet size . 

Ward, J .M . 1990 . Reduction in shrimp bycatch : Effort/stock responses based on 

the elasticity of demand . National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memo . NMFSSEFC-274 . 

Abstract . The economic implications of adopting a bycatch reduction device in a 

fishery that discards a fish species that is the focus of a directed 

commercial fishery when demand is relative elastic and inelastic are 

discussed. The stock of the bycatch species collapses when the bycatch 

reduction device increases the supply of fish in the directed fishery 

when demand is relatively elastic . This outcome is dependent on the 

assumptions of the model that link fishing effort levels in the two 

directed commercial fisheries . 

Ward, J .M . 1992 . Conservation and economic benefits of limiting access in 

marine fisheries . Zn Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife 

Fund Workshop Managing Marine Fisheries By Limiting Access, Annapolis, 

Maryland, September 20-22 . World Wildlife Fund, 

Abstract . Often when economics is discussed, it is in terms of gross national 

product, personal disposable income, number of jobs, and unemployment 

52 
rates . While these are important outcomes of an economic analysis, they 

are not in and of themselves economics . Economics is the study of how 

scarce resources are allocated amongst unlimited wants . The scarce 

resources are the capital stocks, the stocks of fish, and labor . The 

unlimited wants include those of commercial and recreational fishermen as 

well as final consumers of fish products . Allocation concerns the best 

use of all resources (capital, labor, and fish) in the production of 

fishery products so that the return to society is maximized . Economics 

provides the methodology by which the optimal levels of the various 

inputs in the production process, such as labor, can be determined . For 

example, increasing the level of employment in a fishery eventually leads 

to a decline in the productivity of labor and in the size of the fish 

stock . More importantly, the excessive use of labor in the fishery 

deprives the marketplace of not only fish but the productive use of that 

labor in another industry ; leading to a reduced total level of 

production. Therefore, more jobs in a fishery are not necessarily better 

for the nation since diverting labor to other industries could result in 

more products being produced at lower cost . Markets are considered to be 

economically efficient when they produce the highest level of output at 

the lowest possible cost . Efficient markets are defined by clearly 

defined, transferable, and enforceable property rights . Markets tend to 

be inefficient where these property rights are not clearly defined such 

as in open access fisheries . By applying the economic modeling framework 

to the fishery problem in cases where property rights are nonexistent, 

management regulations can be evaluated to determine if they improve or 

exacerbate market efficiency . 

Ward, J .M . and J .G . Sutinen . 1992 . Modeling vessel mobility : The Gulf of Mexico 

shrimp fleet . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, National Marine Laboratory Technical Report . 

F/AKC3 

Abstract . Given the heterogeneous nature of the fishing fleet and the complex 

behavior of vessels, the traditional marginalist supply models are not 

well suited for modeling vessel mobility . A discrete choice model is 

utilized in this analysis to predict the probability that a vessel will 

enter, exit, or remain in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery based on a 

myopic profit maximization criteria . The multinomial logic model 

indicates that stock variability does not influence fisherman behavior in 

the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. The crowding externality, represented 

by the size of the fishing fleet, exhibits a strong negative impact on 

the probability of entry by fishing vessels independent of changes in 

abundance, ex-vessel prices, or harvesting costs . Lastly, the Gulf of 

Mexico shrimp fishery is not the autonomous system of fishing vessels as 

was initially believed . 

Waters, J . and J . Platt . 1990 . Economic analyses of alternative management 

options for the red snapper fishery in the Gulf of Mexico . Gulf of Mexico 

Fishery Management Council by National Marine Fisheries Service, 

Southeast Regional Office . St . Petersburg, FL . 

Abstract . Biological investigations have determined that the red snapper 

(Lutianus campechanus) resource in the Gulf of Mexico has been 

significantly overfished and that regulations implemented in 1990 and 

earlier years will not restore the red snapper population to desired 

levels (Goodyear and Phares, 1990) . This report describes economic 

53 
implications of management alternatives to govern the directed commercial 

and recreational reef fish fisheries and to reduce the incidental catch 

and discard of juvenile red snappers and other species by the shrimp 

trawl fishery. Economic effects of various management alternatives on the 

commercial and recreational red snapper fisheries were based on 

projections of future landings made with a simulation model developed by 

Goodyear (1989) . Economic effects of management alternatives on the 

commercial shrimp fishery were based on the results of a simulation model 

described by Griffin et al . (1990) . This report was reviewed by a panel 

of economists that met at council headquarters on June 5-6, 1990, whose 

recommendations were subsequently ignored by the authors . 

Waters, J .R . 1993 . economic analyses of minimum size limits for selected reef 

fishes along the U .S . south Atlantic coast . South Atlantic Fisheries 

Management Council . 22 pp . 

Abstract . This paper investigates the economic effects of alternative minimum 

size limits for white grunt, gray triggerfish, mutton snapper, and 

greater amberjack. A bioeconomic simulation model was used to predict 

changes in commercial and recreational landings over time . The economic 

concept of net present value was used as the criterion for evaluation of 

the tradeoffs between short-term losses and long term gains in commercial 

revenues . The utility that fishermen receive from recreational fishing 

could not be evaluated due to a lack of data . 

Waters, J .R . 1994a . Economic implications of potential changes in management 

for the reef fisheries in the U .S . Gulf of Mexico . National Marine 

Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory. 

Beaufort, NC . 

Abstract . This report describes the economic implications of potential changes 

in management that were recommended by the Reef Fish Stock Assessment 

Panel for the reef fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico . 

Waters, J .R . 1994b . Recent trends in the commercial reef fisheries in the U .S . 

Gulf of Mexico . National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional 

Office, Beaufort Laboratory . Beaufort, NC . 

Abstract . Trends in landings and value for the northern, western, and eastern 

Gulf of Mexico reef fish fishery are presented along with a management 

history. A descriptive analysis of the impacts of management regulations 

is presented for each managed area . 

Wilber, D.H . 1994 . The influence of Apalachicola River flows on blue crab, 

Callinectes sapidus, in north Florida. Fisheries Bulletin . 92(1) :180-188 . 

Abstract . Regression and time series analyses were used to investigate the 

relation between Apalachicola river flows and blue crab, Callinectes 

sapidus, harvests in and around Apalachicola Bay, Florida . Apalachicola 

River flows in one year were positively correlated with Franklin County 

blue crab landings during the next year (r2-0 .32, P<0 .001, 1952-90), and 

the strength of the correlation increased when only more recent years 

were examined (r2=0 .49, P = 0 .001, 1973-90) . In this area, blue crabs 

mature to a harvestable size by one year of age . Apalachicola River flows 

were also correlated with neighboring Wakulla County blue crab landings 

with a one-year time lag (r2=0 .52, P=0 .001, n=17), but were not 

associated with blue crab landings for the remaining west coast of 

Florida . The mean monthly flow from September to May, termed the grow out 

54 
period, was the parameter most highly correlated with the following 

year's blue crab landings . Of five north Florida rivers examined, the 

Apalachicola River was most highly correlated with Franklin and Wakulla 

County blue crab landings . Results of this study further document the 

influence of Apalachicola River flows on estuarine productivity . The 

positive relation between flows and blue crab harvests a year later 

suggests that low flow conditions in the estuary during the grow out 

period negatively affect juveniles . Although the underlying causes of the 

correlations are not known, the effect of inflows on estuarine salinity 

is one of several possible mechanisms that warrants further 

investigations . 

Willson, E . 1986 . North central Florida is brimming with growth . Florida Trend . 

28 :97-101 . 

Abstract . From Kenneth Colen's view at On Top Of The World, Marion County's 

Greenest pastures are not dappled with horses . They are sprouting with 

the region's bumper crop : retirees . Sales at the $2 .6 billion retirement 

community outside of Ocala offer a good example of Marion County's 

thriving economy . In 1985, sales increased 32% from 1984, says Colen, 

president of On Top Of The World . That king of Growth is typical in 

Marion, the economic hub of North Central Florida . So rapid is the 

county's growth that a new resident arrives every 39 minutes or so . In 

Ocala, Marion's county seat, population has exploded 30% in the 1980s, 

following a 77W increase during the 1970s . Many of the newcomers are 

retirees attracted from more congested parts of Florida to the area's 

rolling horse farms and gentle woodlands . "They're basically doing pretty 

well over there in Ocala," says John Godfrey, Barnett Bank's chief 

economist . 

Wittwer-Crane, C . 1990 . The beginning of a long climb . (Bay, Escambia, Holmes, 

Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Walton, and Washington Counties, Florida) 

(Statistical Yearbook : West Panhandle) . Florida Trend . 32(13) :113116 . 

Abstract . The economic woes here seem to have bottomed out . But the recovery 

won't come quickly. If the 1980s was Florida's decade of boom, it was 

also the West Panhandle 's decade of boom-turned-bust . For the past 

several years, while much of the rest of the state registered robust 

growth, this area has languished, reeling from its overexpansiveness 

earlier in the decade, slack tourism (a result of problems in the oil 

patch states) and lack of political harmony on development goals . Last 

year was little different . Although there were a few signs that the 

region may have hit the bottom of its economic doldrums and is on the way 

up, any economic progress in 1990 will be the start of a long, slow 

climb . 

Yon, J .W  R .W . Hoenstine and S .M . Spencer . 1980 . Mineral resources of Citrus 

County, Florida . Florida Geological Survey . Map Series . Map 115 . Scale 

1 :126,720 . 

55 
ENT OFT y~ The Department of the Interior Mission 

' 

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for 

- most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use 

of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the 

environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing for the 

M9ACH 3 ~0a~ enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation . The Department assesses our energy and mineral 

resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by 

encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department also has a major 

responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories 

under U.S . administration . 

The National Biological Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior (DOI), the National Biological Service's (NBS) primary 

mission is to provide the scientific understanding and technologies needed to support sound 

management and conservation of our Nation's biological resources. Independence from regulatory and 

management decision making greatly lessens the chance that scientific results will be viewed as less 

than objective science or subservient to the needs of policy makers. NBS provides credible, objective, 

and unbiased information needed by resources managers in the Department of the Interior in a form 

that allows them to assess, predict, and manage the biological consequences of various policies and 

management practices. Although the primary focus of the biological research is to meet DOI needs, 

the activities undertaken with natural resource research funding will also serve the science needs of a 

wide range of partners, including State governments, other Federal agencies, and private landowners . 

y ~ `'"§;, 

The Minerals Management Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS) primary 

%, responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer Continental Shelf 

J) ~ (OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian lands, and distribute 

those revenues. 

~"~~+~`` Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program 

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally sound 

exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral resources . The 

MMS Royalty Management Program meets its responsibilities by ensuring the efficient, timely and 

accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and production due to Indian 

tribes and allottees, States and the U.S. Treasury . 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being 

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially affected 

parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the quality of life for 

all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic development and environmental 

protection.