3 Alternatives
 

Angler on Odell Creek. 

R. Madsen/USFWS 

This chapter describes the management alternatives 

considered for the Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife 

Refuge. Alternatives are different approaches to 

planning unit management that are designed to 

achieve the refuge purposes, vision and goals, the 

mission of the Refuge System, and the mission of 

the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Alternatives 

are developed to address the substantive issues, 

concerns, and problems identified by the Service, the 

public, and other partners during public scoping and 

throughout the development of the draft CCP. 

3.1 ALTERNATIVES DEVELOPMENT 

The alternatives represent different approaches 

for permanent protection and restoration of fi sh, 

wildlife, plants, habitats, and other resources. The 

planning team assessed the planning issues identifi ed 

in chapter 2, the existing biological conditions, and 

external relationships affecting the refuge. This 

information contributed to the development of 

alternatives. As a result, each alternative presents 

different approaches for meeting long-term goals. 

Each alternative was evaluated according to how 

well it would advance the vision and goals of the 

refuge and the Refuge System and how it would 

address the planning issues. 

All of the alternatives incorporate concepts and 

approaches intended to achieve the goals outlined 

in chapter 2 and are discussed in terms of how they 

could meet each goal. 

Alternative A, the no-action alternative, describes 

ongoing refuge management activities. This 

alternative might not meet all the CCP goals. It is 

provided as a basis for comparison with the other 

alternatives. 

3.2 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED BUT 

ELIMINATED 

There were some requests from the public for 

the Service to evaluate reintroducing bison to the 

refuge. The Service has considered this in the past as 

free-ranging bison historically used the Centennial 

Valley. Currently, cattle are used as a tool to mimic 

this historic disturbance. In the state of Montana, 

bison are designated as livestock. As livestock, bison 

reintroduction is not desirable for various reasons 

including the need to keep bison from roaming onto 

neighboring land, which requires a substantial, 

electrified fence. The refuge is located in an area 

that is relatively undeveloped. In addition, 68% of 

the refuge is designated as wilderness. With little 

development in the valley and with more private 

and public landowners constructing wildlife-friendly 

fences, wildlife, such as elk, pronghorn, and the 

occasional grizzly bear and wolf are able to roam 

freely across the valley floor. The Centennial Valley 

is a large wilderness area and large electrifi ed fences 

are counterproductive to the progress that has been 

made in making the eastern portion barrier-free for 

wildlife movement. A captive bison herd would not 
30 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 

mimic historical grazing patterns. Bison migrated 

through the valley, particularly during the winter 

months when heavy snows blanketed the valley, 

making it difficult for them to survive. Captive 

bison could have undesirable impacts on refuge 

habitats and would most likely require relocation or 

supplemental feeding during winter months. Other 

issues related to installing a large electrical fence 

would be the significant initial cost and maintenance. 

The Service has an obligation to ensure that such 

expenditures are necessary and result in the greatest 

benefit. Such an expenditure could not be justifi ed. 

3.3 ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL 

ALTERNATIVES 

This section identifies key elements included in the 

CCP regardless of the alternative selected. Each 

alternative contains key elements that are the same: 

■	 All alternatives, including the no-action 

alternative, emphasize the same priority species 

and protection of endangered species. 

■	 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service would 

ensure that refuge management complies with 

all other federal laws and regulations that 

provide direction for managing units of the 

Refuge System. 

■	 Each alternative would attempt to eradicate 

invasive species through an integrated pest 

management approach, including biological, 

chemical, and mechanical treatment methods. 

■	 No adjacent landowners would be adversely 

impacted by any action taken by the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service without a mutual 

agreement and adequate compensation. 

■	 All alternatives would provide equal protection 

and management of cultural resources. 

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES 

The following section summarizes the alternatives 

considered by the planning team to achieve the 

proposed vision and goals and address issues. 

These alternatives include not only the current 

management, alternative A, but also the planning 

team’s proposed action, alternative B. This proposed 

action is further described in chapter 6. There 

are additional details for these alternatives and 

the consequences of each in both table 4. within 

this chapter, and in “Chapter 5. Envionmental 

Consequences.” 

ALTERNATIVE A: NO ACTION (CURRENT 

MANAGEMENT) 

Alternative A, the no-action alternative, refl ects 

current management of Red Rock Lakes National 

Wildlife Refuge. It provides the baseline against 

which to compare other alternatives. It is also a 

requirement of NEPA that a no-action alternative be 

addressed in the planning process. 

These are the key elements of alternative A: 

■	 Habitat and wildlife management actions to 

benefit migratory birds and other wildlife would 

continue at present levels unless funding or 

staffing levels change. Refuge habitat would 

continue to be managed using existing water 

control structures, grazing, and prescribed fi re 

opportunities. Results of management actions 

may or may not be able to be interpreted 

because monitoring of management actions 

would continue to be limited due to current 

funding levels. The refuge would continue to 

divert water from streams and impound water. 

■	 The refuge would continue to coordinate with 

adjacent agencies and partners, as well as 

willing landowners, to manage on a larger 

(landscape) scale. In particular, management of 

forested habitats and sand dune systems would 

be coordinated with neighboring private and 

public landowners whenever possible. 

■	 Wildlife-dependent compatible priority uses 

(such as hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, 

wildlife photography, and interpretation) would 

continue to occur at current levels (see fi gure 7). 

There would continue to be minimal outreach 

and education programs and insuffi cient 

resources to update signs, informational kiosks, 

and brochures, as well as improve hiking trails, 

access roads, and campgrounds. 

■	 Duck, goose, and coot hunting would remain 

permitted near Lower Red Rock Lake under 

state and federal regulations (see fi gure 7). 

■	 Big game hunting for elk, pronghorn, deer, 

and moose would continue to be allowed on 

the refuge (see figure 7). All seasons coincide 

with the state except for the shortened moose 

season. 

■	 Visitation would likely remain at current levels 

of approximately 12,000 visitor days per year. 

ALTERNATIVE B: PROPOSED ACTION 

Management proposed under alternative B 

acknowledges the importance of naturally 

functioning ecological communities on the refuge. 

However, changes to the landscape from human 

alterations to the landscape, past refuge management 

creating wetlands, and species in peril requiring 

special management actions prevent managing the 

refuge solely as a naturally-functioning ecological 

community. Because some of these changes are 
Figure 7. Alternative A, current visitor service areas and facilities map. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 33 

significant, some refuge habitats would require 

“hands on” management actions during the life of the 

CCP. Visitor services programs would be expanded, 

both on and off refuge. 

These are the key elements of alternative B: 

■	 Improved management of riparian habitats 

to benefit Arctic grayling and migratory 

bird species dependent on these habitats. 

Restoration of some modified wetlands (such as 

Culver Pond) back to riparian corridors would 

occur. 

■	 Management actions (such as grazing and 

prescribed fire) would be directed toward 

specific habitat and wildlife objectives, with 

increased and improved oversight, monitoring, 

and research (when appropriate) being 

conducted to assess if management objectives 

are being met. 

■	 There would be improved environmental 

education, outreach, and interpretation 

opportunities in order to better garner support, 

understanding, and awareness of refuge values. 

These offerings are expected to increase 

visitation to 15,000 visitor days per year, an 

increase of 3,000 visitor days. 

■	 Facilities and signage on the refuge would be 

improved to better orient and educate visitors, 

including added kiosks and interpretive 

panels (both on the refuge and in the visitor 

contact area). An auto tour route along an 

existing refuge road would be designated and 

interpreted. Minimal signage would be used to 

retain the refuge’s wildland characteristics. 

■	 The manager and assistant manager positions 

would be upgraded, and the assistant manager 

would be required to maintain law enforcement 

credentials. Added staff would include a fulltime biological science technician, a permanent 

seasonal park ranger (visitor services manager), 

and maintenance worker. 

■	 To create a contiguous hunting area and 

eliminate hunting boundary confusion, moose 

hunting would be open in the area west of the 

Centennial Valley Road near “Saier Corrals.” 

The area south of South Valley Road (Red Rock 

Pass Road) would be closed to eliminate a road 

hunting issue south of the road (see fi gure 8). 

■	 Closed areas in the northern section of refuge 

would be opened to deer, elk, and pronghorn 

hunting. 

■	 Fishing opportunities would be expanded, and 

visitors would be encouraged to keep nonnative 

fi sh. 

■	 An apartment and refuge house would be 


constructed to accommodate added staff. 


ALTERNATIVE C: WETLAND RESTORATION 

Management under alternative C acknowledges the 

importance of a naturally functioning ecosystem. 

Management action emphasis would be placed on 

allowing wetland and riparian habitats to function 

naturally through the restoration of most created and 

all modifi ed wetlands. 

These are the key elements of alternative C: 

■	 All modified and most created wetlands would 

be restored to their original state (stream, 

shallow wetland, and upland habitats). 

■	 Prescribed fire and grazing by native ungulates 

would be used as the primary disturbance 

for sagebrush-steppe and grassland habitats. 

Cattle grazing would be eliminated. 

■	 A full-time visitor services specialist would be 

recruited to design and expand environmental 

education and interpretive programs for adults 

and school children and conduct annual refuge 

events. These expanded offerings are expected 

to increase visitation to 16,000 visitor days, an 

increase of 4,000 visitor days. 

■	 Outreach would be expanded to garner support 

and understanding of the refuge issues and 

management programs, including working with 

the surrounding landowners and other partners 

to protect the Centennial Valley from habitat 

loss and residential development. 

■	 Moose hunting would follow state seasons. 

■	 Hunting boundaries will be modifi ed and 

expanded to eliminate boundary confusion, 

address law enforcement issues, and provide 

additional opportunities (see fi gure 9). 

■	 The River Marsh (commonly referred to as 

Lower Lake) campground would be closed 

while accessibility to the campground at Upper 

Lake would be improved. 

■	 A full-time wildlife biologist, full-time 

range technician, and permanent seasonal 

maintenance worker would be recruited. At 

least three temporary seasonal biological 

science technicians would be recruited. 

■	 Up to five residences would be constructed for 

current and added staff. 

ALTERNATIVE D: ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION 

Management under alternative D further 

acknowledges the importance of a naturally 

functioning ecosystem. Management action emphasis 

would be placed on the restoration of all natural 

processes, including the restoration of wetland 

and riparian habitats and working with adjacent 

landowners and the state to reintroduce bison should 

they become designated as free-ranging wildlife 

in this part of Montana. The refuge would place 

emphasis on creating a wilderness setting in all 

areas away from the visitor contact station. Visitor 
34 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 

Figure 8. Hunting program boundaries proposed in alternative B. 
Chapter 3 — Alternatives 35
 

Figure 9. Hunting program boundaries proposed in alternative C. 
36 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 

programs would remain at current levels or be 

reduced. 

These are the key elements of alternative D: 

■	 To the extent possible, management would 

focus on the restoration of all natural processes 

including the removal of all structures currently 

used for impounding and managing waters. 

■	 If bison become designated as free-ranging in 

Montana, the Service would work with the state 

and neighboring landowners to repatriate bison 

to the refuge. Cattle grazing and interior fences 

would be eliminated. 

■	 Hunting boundaries will be modifi ed and 

expanded to eliminate boundary confusion, 

address law enforcement issues, and provide 

additional opportunities. 

■	 Interpretation would be concentrated at the 

visitor contact station to reduce the need for 

signage and interpretative kiosks. 

■	 All trails would be eliminated, and off-trail 

hiking would be emphasized to visitors using 

the refuge. 

■	 All moose hunting would be eliminated on the 

refuge (see fi gure 10). 

■	 Both River Marsh and Upper Lake 


campgrounds would be closed.
 

Table 4 provides additional information for 

each alternative including an evaluation of the 

consequences. 
Chapter 3 — Alternatives 37
 

Figure 10. Hunting program boundaries proposed in alternative D. 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Lake, Pond, and Marsh Habitat Goal 

Provide habitat for breeding and migrating birds, native fishes, and resident wildlife that maintains the 

biological diversity and integrity of montane wetland systems. 

Natural Lakes (Upper Lake and Swan Lake)—Management Actions 

The lakes would Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B. Same as alternative B, 

be allowed to except: including: 

function naturally Monitoring would be If bison become with no monitoring conducted to ensure designated as free- or management management of adjacent ranging wildlife in intervention. habitats is not adversely Montana the refuge will 

affecting the lakes work with the state and 

(for example, through neighboring landowners 

increased levels of to reintroduce them. 

nitrogen due to upstream Livestock grazing grazing practices). would be eliminated and 

interior fences would be 

removed. 

Natural Lakes (Upper Lake and Swan Lake)—Environmental Consequences 

Intact refuge wetlands Monitoring Same as alternative B.
 Same as alternative B, 

would function naturally, would provide an except: 

maintaining the understanding of the If free-ranging bison biodiversity of native natural variation in the wintered in the valley species and the biological system and allow the there could be increased integrity of this intact refuge to detect when grazing of sedge wetland system. system functions fall habitats, which could outside that range. Lack of monitoring could reduce residual cover for 

preclude detection of nesting waterfowl. 

habitat degradation from 

actions conducted in the 

upper watershed. 

Modified Wetlands (Culver, Widgeon, McDonald, Shoveler Ponds, Shambow, Shorebird, Antelope Ponds 

and Sparrow Pond and Slough)—Management Actions 

All of the modifi ed Culver and McDonald Same as alternative B, Same as alternative C. 

wetlands would remain ponds would be restored except: 

impounded with to free-fl owing streams All remaining modifi ed various types of water and associated riparian wetlands would be management structures corridors to benefi t reverted, to the extent and would be maintained Arctic grayling. possible, back to riparian at a static level year- Widgeon Pond would habitat, or other natural round to preserve open- be maintained at a high, hydrological states. water habitat. static water level for 

Unlike the other Arctic grayling brood 

modifi ed wetlands, habitat. 

Antelope, Shoveler, The remaining modifi ed Shorebird, and Sparrow wetlands would be ponds, and Sparrow managed at dynamic Slough are not spring water levels to increase fed; therefore, water productivity for the levels of these ponds benefit of migratory would fl uctuate due birds. to changing climatic 

conditions. 

38 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Modified Wetlands (Culver, Widgeon, McDonald, Shoveler Ponds, Shambow, Shorebird, Antelope Ponds 

and Sparrow Pond and Slough)—Environmental Consequences 

Nonnative fi sh species Spawning habitat for Same as alternative B, Same as alternative C.
 

would continue to impact Arctic grayling and other except: 

native populations, native fishes would be Open-water habitat in particular, Arctic provided in restored (such as ponds) would grayling and Westslope free-fl owing streams be replaced by restored cutthroat trout. and associated riparian stream habitat. Historical spawning habitat. Restored streams would areas would remain Created winter habitat provide additional unavailable to Arctic would be eliminated, spawning habitat for grayling. encouraging waterfowl native fi sh species. Wintering habitat for to migrate to historical 

waterfowl would be wintering areas. Four known trumpeter 

swan nesting territories provided. The primary productivity would be lost. Nesting habitat of the wetlands would There would be an for swans would be improve, providing 

maintained. increase in riparian quality habitat for habitat but a net loss of nesting and staging 

migratory birds. wetland acres. 

Created Wetlands (North Tuck Slough, West Pintail Ditch Wetlands)—Management Actions 

Water would continue Diversion of water to Water management Same as alternative C, 

to be diverted to these North Tuck Slough structures would be plus the following: 

created wetlands would be limited to years removed from all created All diversion through a series of water when diversion of water wetlands and the habitat infrastructures (ditches, management structures. from Red Rock Creek would be reverted to dikes, WCSs, dams) 

North Tuck Slough would not adversely riparian habitat. would be removed and affect riparian habitat would continue to be areas returned to a more 

managed for breeding or spawning Arctic natural hydrologic state. grayling. waterbirds, while the 

other wetlands will not As part of the restoration 

receive diverted water. of Culver Pond (see 

above), Mallard Canal 

and Pintail Ditch 

would also be restored, 

precluding diversion of 

water to the West Pintail 

Ditch wetlands. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 39 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Created Wetlands (North Tuck Slough, West Pintail Ditch Wetlands)—Environmental Consequences 

Water diversions from Diverting water less 103 acres of created Same as alternative C, 

Red Rock Creek would frequently would create wetland habitat for except: 

continue to create fewer impacts to the migratory waterbirds There would be a migratory waterbird hydrology of Red Rock would be lost. complete loss of created habitat. These diversions Creek, and the water and Areas would be created wetland habitats. would continue to alter soil chemistry of these that could be susceptible Additional areas would the creek’s hydrology created wetlands. to invasion by pest plant be created that could be and potentially affect the Reduced frequency of species. water and soil chemistry susceptible to invasion water diversion from The riparian system by pest plant species. of the area. Red Rock Creek would would be returned Surface water runoff allow this stream to to a more natural patterns would be function more naturally. hydrological state. restored. Migratory waterbird One additional swan A more natural habitat would be created nesting territory would appearance would be during above average be lost (in addition to water years. created, refl ecting the the loss of four in the wilderness character of One swan nesting modified wetlands areas). this refuge. territory would be lost. Altered upland habitats 

would be reestablished. 

Lower Red Rock Lake/River Marsh—Management Actions 

The WCS on Lower lake Same as alternative B, The WCS would be The WCS on Lower 

would continue to be except: removed systematically Lake would be removed 

kept open to allow for as it deteriorates. to restore the system The impacts and benefi ts a naturally-fl uctuating to a natural hydrologic of the structure would be hydrological cycle. state. analyzed to determine its 

The Lower Lake future. 

structure would continue Ecological experiments to be maintained to would be expanded permit manipulation to improve the of water levels, understanding and most specifi cally for management of the ecological experiments system. designed to improve 

the understanding and 

management of the 

system. 

40 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Lower Red Rock Lake/River Marsh—Environmental Consequences 

This wetland system Same as alternative A, The slow removal of the The immediate removal 

would continue to except: water control structure of the water constructure 

provide productive 

and diverse habitat for 

migratory waterbirds. 

Ability to provide 

enhanced waterbird 

habitat during drought 

years would be 

maintained, because the 

structure could continue 

to be used to capture 

water if necessary. 

would permit ecological 

experiments to be 

conducted. Its eventual 

removal would allow the 

hydrological state of the 

system to be restored, 

but the ability to 

manipulate water levels 

would be lost. 

would not permit 

ecological experiments 

to determine the effects 

of removing the dam 

or developing a better 

understanding of the 

hydrology of the refuge. 

Maintain the processe

The effect of the WCS 

on the hydrology and 

ecology of the system 

would be better 

understood, allowing a 

more informed decision 

on the need for its 

retention or removal. 

Riparian H

s necessary to sustain the b

The ability to capture 

water during drought 

years would be lost. 

abitat Goal 

iological diversity and integrity of native riparian 

vegetation for breeding birds, native fishes, and wintering ungulates. 

Stream Corridor—Management Actions 

Browse studies on The refuge would work Same as alternative B, Same as alternative C, 

willow would continue with MFWP to monitor except: including: 

to determine habitat 

quality for moose and 

migratory land birds. 

Annual water diversions 

to protect Arctic 

moose abundance 

and browse levels, as 

well as breeding land 

bird composition and 

abundance. 

All water management 

structures would be 

removed from all created 

and modifi ed wetlands, 

returning these areas 

All water diversions 

would be removed and 

the hydrologic state 

restored, to the extent 

possible. 

grayling habitat and to 

preserve the hydrologic 

function of the system 

would continue to be 

limited. 

Riparian fences 

would continue to be 

maintained along larger 

corridors (such as Odell 

and Red Rock creeks) 

The frequency of water 

diversions to created and 

modified refuge wetlands 

would be reduced to 

provide healthy stream 

corridor riparian habitat 

to support breeding 

migratory land birds, 

Arctic grayling, and 

native ungulates. 

(including native 

streams) to their natural 

hydrologic state. 

Livestock grazing would 

be eliminated and all 

interior fences would be 

removed. 

If bison become 

designated as freeranging wildlife in 

Montana the refuge will 

work with the state and 

neighboring landowners 

to reintroduce them. 

to protect them from 

grazing livestock. 

The refuge would 

work with adjacent 

landowners to reduce 

effects of livestock 

grazing on upstream 

sections of Red Rock 

Creek to protect and 

improve Arctic grayling 

spawning habitat. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 41 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A
 Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management)
 (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Diversion of water to 

North Tuck Slough 

would be limited to years 

when diversion of water 

from Red Rock Creek 

would not adversely 

affect riparian habitat 

or spawning Arctic 

grayling. 

Existing riparian fences 

would be maintained and 

additional temporary 

fencing would be used, 

as needed, to protect 

stream corridors from 

grazing livestock. 

Irrigation ditches found 

to affect the hydrology of 

adjacent areas would be 

restored. Some ditches 

may be needed for 

proposed restoration of 

grassland habitats. 

Stream Corridor—Environmental Consequences 

Valuable riparian habitat 

would continue to be 

protected for wildlife. 

Studies would expand 

the refuge’s knowledge 

of relationships among 

moose abundance, willow 

browse, and breeding 

migratory land birds. 

Most riparian corridors 

Same as alternative A, 

except: 

Reduced frequency of 

water diversion from 

Red Rock Creek would 

allow this stream to 

function more naturally. 

There may be some loss 

of created and modifi ed 

wetland habitat in years 

Same as alternative B, 

except: 

Open-water habitat 

(such as ponds) would 

be replaced by restored 

stream habitat, providing 

naturally functioning 

systems for the benefi t 

of wildlife dependent on 

stream habitat. 

Same as alternative C, 

except: 

Hydrological function of 

these stream corridors 

would be protected by 

elimination of all water 

diversions on refuge 

streams. 

If bison were to replace 

cattle it is possible that 

would be protected from 

the effects of grazing, 

except for some of the 

smaller creeks. 

where water resources 

are limited. 

Stream corridor habitats 

would be improved 

throughout the valley, 

providing naturally 

functioning systems for 

the benefit of native 

wildlife dependent on 

stream habitat. 

Restored streams would 

provide additional 

spawning habitat for 

native fi sh species. 

Four known trumpeter 

swan nesting territories 

would be lost. 

There would be an 

increase in riparian 

habitat but a net loss of 

stream corridor impacts 

normally caused by cattle 

would be reduced, but 

not eliminated. 

wetland acres. 

Possible confl icts 

between native browsers 

and livestock would be 

eliminated. 

42 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Chapter 3 — Alternatives 43 

Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Removal of interior 

fences would eliminate 

the potential for wildlife 

impacts, including 

altering wildlife 

movements. 

Woody Dominated Wetlands (willow, aspen, cinquefoil)—Management Actions 

Browse studies on willow The refuge would work Same as alternative B, Same as alternative C. 

would continue in order with MFWP to monitor except: 

to determine habitat moose abundance and Livestock grazing would quality for moose and browse levels, along be eliminated and the migratory land birds. with breeding land interior fences removed. bird composition and The majority of this abundance. habitat would remain 

protected from livestock Additional fencing would 

grazing by interior be used, as needed, to 

fences. protect these habitats 

from grazing livestock. 

The refuge would 

work with adjacent 

landowners to protect 

and restore these 

habitats to support 

moose and breeding land 

bird populations. 

Woody Dominated Wetlands (willow, aspen, cinquefoil)—Environmental Consequences 

Valuable riparian habitat Expanding and Same as alternative B, Same as alternative C.
 

would continue to be improving riparian including: 

protected for wildlife. habitats throughout Browsing of woody the Centennial Valley species by livestock would increase the area would be eliminated. available for breeding 

migratory birds and Possible confl icts 

between native browsers native ungulates and and livestock would be improve water quality. eliminated. 

Removal of interior 

fences would eliminate 

impacts on wildlife. 

Wet Meadow, Grassland and Shrub-steppe Habitat Goal (wet meadow) 

Provide structurally complex native meadow, grassland and shrub-steppe habitats within a watershed 

context, for sagebrush-dependent species, upland-nesting migratory birds, rare plant species, and other 

resident wildlife. 

Wet Meadow, Grassland and Shrub-steppe (wet meadow)—Management Actions 

Meadows would be Same as alternative A, Fire would be used as If bison become classifi ed 

grazed by livestock except: the primary disturbance, as wildlife in Montana, 

under the current upland complimented by native the Service would work Livestock grazing and habitat management plan grazers, to meet wildlife with the state and prescribed fi re would (USFWS 1994). habitat objectives, continue to be used, reduce invasive grasses 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Hydrologically, these wet with increased and to reduce hazardous neighboring landowners 

meadows would continue management oversight, fuels, minimizing to repatriate bison to the 

to be allowed to function to meet wildlife habitat the threat to life and refuge. 

naturally. objectives, reduce property. Cattle grazing would be invasive grasses, Livestock grazing Livestock grazing eliminated. enhance native species, and prescribed fi re would be phased-out Prescribed fi re would and to reduce hazardous would be used, (per as permittees retire continue to be a fuels. the refuge’s current grazing operations, and component of upland upland management Temporary fencing interior fences would be management and for plan) to mimic historical within current removed. control of hazardous disturbance systems and management units would Annual monitoring of fuels. to control the spread of be used to localize and vegetation and land bird Reduction of nonnative invasive grasses while better control grazing. response to management invasive grasses and enhancing native species. The Service would actions would continue. hazardous fuels would Annual monitoring of work with the state to continue. response of vegetation determine the effects of Interior fences would be and land birds to any future initiatives to 

management actions reintroduce bison should eliminated. 

would continue. they become designated Fire would be used 

as wildlife. This would to manage grazing by 

not be considered if a native ungulates to 

fence were still required. meet wildlife habitat 

objectives. 

Annual monitoring of 

vegetation and land bird 

response to management 

actions would continue. 

Wet Meadow, Grassland and Shrub-steppe (wet meadow)—Environmental Consequences 

Moderately grazed Same as alternative A, Conflicts between native If bison assumed 

and idled areas, except: grazers and cattle would historical grazing 

complemented by be eliminated. patterns, this could Grazing management adjacent lands grazed return an important, would be directed more Removal of interior at higher levels, would historic ecological toward specifi c wildlife fences would eliminate continue to be provided process to the refuge and habitat objectives. impacts to wildlife. for wildlife. and, consequently, the The diversity of native In the absence of cattle Centennial Valley. The refuge would plant species would be grazing, fire may not continue to expand their Bison have the potential improved even more provide adequate understanding of habitat to transmit brucellosis to while reducing invasive disturbance to reduce and wildlife response to cattle. This would have plant species. nonnative invasive grazing. to be addressed. grasses. Conducting a thorough Continued presence of Bison could become analysis of the potential Reducing hazardous fencing may negatively concentrated on impacts of reintroducing fuels would minimize impact wildlife. the refuge, causing free-ranging bison threats to life and overgrazing of grassland The diversity of native would ensure that property on the refuge habitats needed by plant species would be the consequences are and the surrounding nesting migratory birds. enhanced while reducing clearly understood by private lands. 

invasive plant species. the refuge, neighboring 

landowners, and other Reducing hazardous partners prior to any fuels would minimize repatriating efforts. threats to life and 

property on the refuge 

and the surrounding 

private lands. 

44 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

There could be 

cumulative habitat 

impacts as a result of 

introducing bison into an 

already active cattle and 

native ungulate grazing 

community within in the 

valley. 

Fences that currently 

exist on neighboring 

lands in the valley 

could inhibit natural 

migration of these 

bison, particularly in 

the winter. This could 

cause concentrated 

habitat impacts and loss 

of animals during deep 

snow years. 

Reducing hazardous 

fuels would minimize 

threats to life and 

property on the refuge 

and the surrounding 

private lands. 

Meadow, Grassland and Shrub-steppe (grasslands, sagebrush, steppe, and Centennial Sandhills)— 

Management Actions 

The refuge would Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B, Same as alternative C , 

continue coordinating except: except: except: 

with adjacent 

landowners, including 

the Nature Conservancy 

and Bureau of Land 

Management (BLM), 

to determine the 

efficacy of maintaining 

and increasing early 

seral stage habitat in 

Livestock grazing and 

prescribed fi re would 

be used with increased 

management oversight 

to meet wildlife habitat 

objectives, reducing 

invasive grasses and 

hazardous fuels. 

To meet wildlife habitat 

objectives and to reduce 

nonnative invasive 

grasses, prescribed fi re 

would be used as the 

primary disturbance, 

complimented by native 

grazers. 

Livestock grazing would 

be replaced with freeranging bison if the 

state classifies bison as 

wildlife. 

A Memorandum of 

Understanding would be 

established with adjacent 

the sandhills using Fencing within current Livestock grazing public land agencies to 

prescribed fi re and management units would would be phased-out as make movement of bison 

grazing. Resulting be used to localize and permittees retire grazing into Alaska and Antelope 

data would be used to better control grazing. operations. basins, and other areas 

determine management Interior fences would be easier. 

of this unique area. removed as they become 

Annual monitoring of the unecessary. 

response of vegetation Fuels treatment 

and land birds to (including prescribed 

management actions fire or other mechanical 

would continue. means) would also be 

used to reduce hazardous 

fuels. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 45 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Livestock grazing 

and prescribed fi re 

would be used, per the 

refuge’s current upland 

management plan 

(USFWS 1994), to mimic 

historical disturbance 

systems, control the 

spread of invasive 

grasses, and reduce 

hazardous fuels. 

Meadow, Grassland and Shrub-steppe (grasslands, sagebrush, steppe, and Centennial Sandhills)— 

Environmental Consequences 

Management actions Same as alternative A, Same as alternative A, If bison assumed 

would provide early except: except: historical grazing 

seral habitat required by patterns, this could Grazing and prescribed Conflicts between native rare plant species in the return an important, fire management would grazers and cattle would Centennial Sandhills. historic ecological be directed more be eliminated. 

Moderately grazed towards specifi process to the refuge c wildlife Removal of interior and, consequently, the and idled areas, and habitat objectives, fences would eliminate Centennial Valley. complemented by making the best use impacts to wildlife. adjacent lands grazed of resources while Bison have the potential In the absence of cattle at higher levels, would ensuring habitats are not to transmit brucellosis to 

grazing, prescribed continue to be provided negatively impacted. cattle. This would have 

fire may not provide for wildlife. to be addressed. The diversity of native adequate disturbance The refuge would plant species would be Bison could become to reduce invasive continue to expand their enhanced while reducing concentrated on nonnative grasses. understanding of habitat invasive plant species. the refuge causing 

and wildlife response to overgrazing of grassland 

grazing. habitats needed by 

nesting migratory birds. Continued presence of 

fencing would negatively There could be 

impact wildlife. cumulative habitat 

impacts as a result of Reducing hazardous introducing bison into an fuels would minimize already active cattle and threats to life and native ungulate grazing property on the refuge community within in the and the surrounding valley. private lands. 

Fences that currently 

exist on neighboring 

lands in the valley 

could inhibit natural 

migration of these 

bison, particularly in 

the winter. This could 

cause concentrated 

habitat impacts and loss 

of animals during deep 

snow years. 

Reducing hazardous 

fuels would minimize 

threats to life and 

property on the refuge 

and the surrounding 

private lands. 

46 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Aspen Forest, Mixed Coniferous Forest, and Woodlands Goal 

Create and maintain aspen of various age classes within a mosaic of coniferous forest and shrub land for 

cavity-nesting birds and other migratory and resident wildlife. 

Aspen Woodlands and Forests—Management Actions 

Staff would continue Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B.
 Same as alternative B.
 

to coordinate with The including: 

Nature Conservancy Aspen would be managed and BLM to determine on a landscape scale current and historical in coordination with extent of aspen on and adjacent BLM land adjacent to the refuge managers. and to quantify browse 

intensity 

Aspen Woodlands and Forests—Environmental Consequences 

Understanding of the Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B. Same as alternative B. 

relationships between except: 

native ungulate browsing Management actions and aspen regeneration would reduce or reverse would be developed. the loss of aspen habitats 

in the Centennial Valley. 

Coniferous Woodlands and Forests—Management Actions 

In coordination with the Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B. Same as alternative B. 

BLM, prescribed fi re including: 

would continue to be A fire use plan would be used for protection of developed in conjunction structures around the with BLM to allow Lakeview community. minimal suppression of 

wildland fi res. 

Coniferous Woodlands and Forests—Environmental Consequences 

Fire intensity and Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B. Same as alternative B. 

severity would be including: 

reduced around Minimal wildland fi re Lakeview. suppression would 

prevent a buildup of 

fuels which could cause 

catastrophic fi res. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 47 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Visitor Services and Cultural Resources Goal 

Provide quality wildlife-dependent recreation, interpretation, environmental education, and outreach 

opportunities that nurture an appreciation and understanding of the unique natural and cultural resources 

of the Centennial Valley for visitors and local community members of all abilities while maintaining the 

primitive and remote experience unique to the refuge. 

Hunting—Management Actions 

Duck, goose, and coot Same as alternative A Same as alternative B Same as alternative C 

hunting would continue except: except: except: 

to be permitted in Big game hunting Primitive-only hunting All moose hunting would the vicinity of Lower boundaries would be would be permitted be eliminated on the Red Rock Lake modified and expanded (such as archery or black refuge. (approximately 10% of to eliminate boundary powder) in the central entire refuge) under confusion, address law portion of the refuge state and federal enforcement issues, east of the Lower Lake regulations and seasons and to expand current hunting boundary , south (see figure 7, page 31). big game hunting of the River Marsh, west 

Big game hunting for opportunities (see fi gure of Upper Lake and north 

elk, pronghorn antelope, 8, page 34). of South Valley Road 

deer, and moose would Moose hunting seasons (Red Rock Pass Road) 

continue to be allowed (see figure 9, page 35). would follow state on 59% of the refuge (see regulations. figure 7, page 31). All To address illegal road seasons coincide with 

hunting, no big game the state except for the hunting would be shortened moose season. 

permitted within 50 No trapping would be yards from the centerline permitted on the refuge. of any county or refuge 

Commercial guiding road. 

would continue to be Other wildlife-dependent prohibited. recreational activities 

would be permitted in 

areas closed to hunting. 

The refuge would 

monitor any potential 

confl icts between hunters 

and nonconsumptive 

visitors. 

A hunting regulations 

brochure would be 

developed to meet 

Service standards. 

48 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Chapter 3 — Alternatives 49 

Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Hunting—Environmental Consequences 

Refuge hunting would Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B, Same as alternative C, 

continue at current levels except: except: except: 

and areas. The current Hunting area boundary Primitive-only hunting Moose might be less hunting boundaries changes would simplify would offer additional dispersed than they would continue to limit hunting area boundaries opportunities and would if hunting is additional hunting and reduce road a quality hunting allowed. opportunities and be hunting, while providing experience for primitive An increase in the confusing to hunters, additional hunting acres. weapon hunters. moose population would increasing violations Opening additional negatively impact a and making enforcement areas to big game wide variety of species diffi cult. 

hunting would disperse that use willow habitats, 

ungulates that become including migratory 

unnaturally concentrated birds and the moose 

in protected areas, themselves. This impact 

impacting refuge may increase as moose 

habitats. become concentrated on 

Nonconsumptive the newly-created closed 

area during the hunting visitors will be provided season. opportunities to 

safely conduct wildlife 

observation and other 

activities during hunting 

seasons. 

There would be a 

reduction in browsing 

impacts on habitat 

because ungulates would 

become more dispersed 

throughout the refuge. 

The hunting brochure 

would assist hunters 

in identifying areas 

open to hunting and in 

understanding refuge 

regulations. 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Fishing—Management Actions 

Fishing would continue Same as alternative A Same as alternative B, Same as alternative C.
 

to be permitted on except: except: 

Odell, Red Rock, and 

Elk Springs creeks 

(west of Elk Lake Road) 

under state seasons. 

Other refuge ponds and 

creeks would remain 

open seasonally (July to 

October 1). 

Shambow Pond would 

remain closed to all 

visitor services. 

All refuge streams would 

be open to fi shing in 

compliance with state 

and refuge regulations. 

The staff will work 

with the state and 

neighboring landowners 

to address impacts to offrefuge Arctic grayling 

habitat upstream of the 

refuge. 

To protect spawning 

Arctic grayling, the 

fishing season would 

be shortened. Fishing 

would be open on refuge 

streams where currently 

allowed (Odell, Red 

Rock, and Elk Springs 

creeks) on June 15 in 

accordance with state 

regulations. 

Motorized watercraft 

would continue to be 

prohibited east of the 

Lower Lake structure. 

Until Arctic grayling are 

restored, MacDonald, 

Widgeon, and Culver 

ponds would be open 

Tom Creek, and 

MacDonald and Culver 

ponds would be opened 

to fishing on June 15. 

The refuge would under state regulations Grayling Creek, Widgeon 

continue to not stock fi sh. to fishing from the bank, Pond, and east Shambow 

Commercial guiding 

would remain prohibited. 

but closed if necessary 

to protect nesting swans 

and Arctic grayling. 

A fishing brochure would 

be developed, meeting 

Service standards. 

To protect native Arctic 

grayling and Westslope 

cutthroat populations, 

visitors would be 

encouraged to keep all 

nonnative fish they catch 

in accordance with state 

regulations. 

Red Rock Creek west 

of the Lower Lake 

structure would be 

opened to fi shing. 

Creek would be opened 

to fishing on July 15. 

50 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Fishing—Environmental Consequences 

Visitors would continue 

to enjoy the limited 

fishing opportunities in 

the current areas and 

seasons. 

Same as alternative A, 

except: 

There would be 

increased fi shing 

opportunities on creeks 

Delaying the opening 

of creek fishing on the 

refuge may provide 

for better protection of 

Arctic grayling spawning 

Same as alternative C.
 

Protection would be 

provided to breeding 

birds on a majority of 

the wetlands within the 

refuge. 

within the refuge. 

A fi shing brochure 

would provide a clearer 

understanding of 

regulations at fi shing 

access points. 

areas. 

By designating a 

shorter fi shing season 

(different from state 

seasons) there would be 

a need for increased law 

enforcement to ensure 

Wil

Wildlife observation 

and photography would 

continue to be permitted 

with seasonal closures 

(including various refuge 

roads and trails) to 

protect sensitive wildlife 

values. A year-round 

closure would continue to 

exist at Shambow Pond. 

There may be an increase 

in wildlife disturbance. 

Nonnative fi sh 

populations would be 

reduced, which may 

benefit native fi sh 

species. 

dlife Observation and Photo

Wildlife observation 

and photography 

opportunities would 

be maintained during 

hunting seasons using 

boundaries. 

The east portion of the 

refuge would be open to 

year-round foot travel. 

Culver Springs Road 

these special restrictions 

are being followed. 

Same as alternative B, 

except: 

The east portion of the 

refuge would be opened 

June 15 to coincide with 

the opening of fi shing on 

the refuge. 

graphy—Management Actions 

Refuge trails would 

not be designated or 

maintained, and off-trail 

wildlife observation and 

photography would be 

promoted. 

Some trails would 

continue to be 

unidentified on a visitor 

services map. 

Trailhead parking would 

remain insuffi cient. 

would be opened May 15 

to December 2, or when 

weather permits, to allow 

for wildlife observation 

and photography. 

To eliminate confusing 

regulations, all 

designated refuge 

roads would be open 

to vehicles from May 

15 to December 2. All 

roads may be closed at 

anytime due to weather 

conditions. The only 

exception is Widgeon 

Pond Road which would 

be closed until July 15 to 

minimize disturbance to 

nesting swans. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 51 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A
 Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management)
 (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

An auto tour route, 

including Culver 

Springs Road, would be 

developed for wildlife 

observation. This would 

require replacing Red 

Rock Creek bridge. 

The refuge would work 

with Beaverhead County 

to provide accessible 

pulloff(s) for the safe 

viewing of wildlife and 

photography. The site 

would be interpreted 

through the auto-tour 

brochure and minimal 

signage. 

Wildlife Observation and Photography—Environmental Consequences 

A lack of year-round Expanding and providing Same as alternative B, A lack of designated 

access, a lack of year-round access to except: trails would make it 

designated trails and 

blinds, and unmarked 

trails, would result in 

missed opportunities 

for visitors to view and 

photograph wildlife. 

designated interpretive 

trails would create more 

opportunities for visitors 

of all abilities to view and 

photograph wildlife. 

Expanded trail use and 

designation may increase 

disturbance to wildlife. 

There would be fewer 

wildlife-viewing 

opportunities in the 

eastern portion of the 

refuge. 

Coinciding permitted 

access to this portion 

of the refuge with the 

difficult for visitors 

to explore and orient 

themselves to the 

refuge for the purposes 

of viewing and 

photographing wildlife. 

There would be no 

accessible refuge trails. 

An auto tour route late fishing season (June A lack of designated 

would provide 15) would assist law trails would provide 

additional interpretive enforcement offi cers in visitors with a more 

opportunities and make enforcing the limited “wilderness” experience. 

wildlife observation and 

photography available 

to visitors of all abilities. 

Increased use of this 

road may cause some 

limited disturbance to 

wildlife. There would be 

initial costs associated 

fi shing season. There would be 

increased disturbance 

across a wider area of the 

refuge because visitor 

use would not be focused 

on specific trails or areas 

of the refuge. 

with replacing the Red 

Rock Creek bridge. 

52 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Chapter 3 — Alternatives 53 

Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Environmental Education—Management Actions 

Due to the refuge’s Same as alternative A.
 The refuge website Same as alternative A.
 

remote location, the would be expanded to 

environmental education include educational tools, 

program would continue including Centennial 

to be opportunistic as Valley resource 

time and staff allows. information, classroom 

Student groups would projects, and online 

continue to not visit exercises. 

the refuge due to road On-site summer conditions and distance. educational programs 

No current staff would be offered to 

would be dedicated to schools. 

environmental education. Environmental education 

There would continue kits would be developed 

to be no refuge-specifi c to address conservation 

programs or events for of the Centennial Valley 

students or adults. resources that meet 

teacher curriculum 

needs. 

Educational programs 

for adults would be 

developed for visitors 

and surrounding 

neighbors and 

communities on 

the values of the 

refuge resources and 

importance of conserving 

these and the resources 

of the Centennial Valley. 

Environmental Education—Environmental Consequences 

There would be a Same as alternative A.
 Students in the Same as alternative A.
 

continual loss of surrounding communities 

opportunities to educate would have opportunities 

youth and adults in to learn about the 

surrounding areas about refuge resources, the 

the unique resources in refuge system, and the 

the Centennial Valley importance of conserving 

and why it should be the Centennial Valley 

conserved and protected. and other resources in 

Montana. 

Providing information 

to the surrounding 

landowners and 

communities on the 

value and importance 

of conserving the 

Centennial Valley would 

lead to an increase in 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

conservation efforts on 

surrounding lands. This 

could reduce off-refuge 

impacts to the refuge’s 

resources. 

Interpretation—Management Actions 

Interpretive panels and A comprehensive exhibit Same as alternative B, Interpretation would 

maps would continue to One temporary seasonal plus the following: be concentrated at the 

be updated in the visitor visitor services specialist visitor contact station, A full-time permanent center as funding allows. would be recruited refuge, and on the web, visitor services specialist annually to develop and using limited signage Kiosks and signs would would be recruited to implement the visitor and focusing on naturally remain outdated and in develop and conduct services program. functioning ecosystems. insufficient quantities to visitor services and 

reach visitors. A comprehensive exhibit outreach programs. 

package would be Refuge brochures A refuge-specifi c developed and installed would not meet Service portable exhibit would be in the rehabilitated standards. developed. visitor contact area. 

There would continue There would be annual Interpretative panels to be no established events surrounding for existing kiosks interpreted trails or auto refuge week, would be updated. More tour routes. international migratory interpretive kiosks bird day, fi shing week, would be constructed and other events. at entry points (west A video would be entrance at Lower Lake 

Road, east entrance at developed highlighting 

Red Rock Creek, and the refuge resources 

and the values of the the northwest corner 

Centennial Valley. entrance) in a design that 

complements the rustic 

nature of the landscape. 

All current and future 

brochures and other 

refuge literature would 

meet Service standards 

and consistently 

emphasize the refuge’s 

purposes and the mission 

of the Refuge System. 

All designated trails 

and roads would be 

identifi ed. 

The visitor contact area 

would be staffed on 

weekends during months 

of high visitor use. 

The auto tour route 

would be adequately 

interpreted with a 

brochure and minimal 

signage that retains 

the primitive visitor 

experience. 

54 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Chapter 3 — Alternatives 55 

Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Refuge signage would 

ensure that all visitors 

are oriented and 

understand refugespecifi c regulations. 

Interpretation—Environmental Consequences 

There would continue to This up-to-date, Same as alternative B, Minimal interpretive 

be missed opportunities expanded, and including: signage and limiting 

to educate refuge visitors comprehensive interpretation to the Full-time staff, a and garner support and interpretive program visitor contact station portable refuge exhibit, understanding of the would reach additional would preserve a more video, and expanded refuge’s purposes and visitors, enhancing their wilderness setting, website would reach current programs. appreciation for and but only a minimum a larger number of understanding of the number of visitors individuals. resources of the refuge would independently Annual events would and Centennial Valley. understand and be 

build a constituency Updating and installing oriented to the refuge who have a greater and its resources. additional signage may understanding of the affect some visitors’ refuge’s resources and wilderness experience. programs, the values of 

The refuge visitor the Centennial Valley 

services program would and the Refuge System. 

better orient visitors 

to the refuge and more 

effectively teach them 

about the values and 

purposes of refuge 

resources. 

Outreach—Management Actions 

The outreach program Through the addition of Same as alternative B, Same as alternative A.
 

would continue to be added staff the refuge including: 

opportunistic as time and would be able to greatly Outreach methods staff allows. No current expand it’s outreach and materials would staff would be dedicated program. be developed for user to outreach. An outreach section groups and congressional 

would be included in the staffers, outlining the 

refuge’s visitor services refuge’s purposes and 

plan. issues. 

Outreach methods would 

be expanded to ensure 

that local governments, 

surrounding 

communities, visitors, 

and neighbors better 

understand the refuge 

programs and issues, and 

the values of conserving 

the resources of the 

Centennial Valley. 
56 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 

Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Outreach—Environmental Consequences 

Having no organized, Added staff would A more systematic Same as alternative A.
 

concerted outreach provide more time outreach program would 

program would and opportunities to result in strengthening 

continue to result in interact with refuge current partnerships 

a lack of support and neighbors, surrounding and developing new 

understanding of Red communities, partnerships, garnering 

Rock Lakes as part of governments, and other support for refuge 

the Refuge System. partners. programs while 

addressing refuge issues. There would be a Expanding outreach 

potential loss of may result in providing There would be a greater 

partnerships to carry stakeholders a better understanding and level 

out mutually benefi cial understanding of refuge of support of the refuge 

projects. programs and issues and the protection of 

resulting in additional the resources of the 

support and partnerships Centennial Valley. 

for the conservation 

of the resources of 

the refuge and the 

Centennial Valley. 

Campgrounds—Management Actions 

Two primitive Same as alternative A, The River Marsh Both campgrounds would 

campgrounds would be except: campground would be be closed. 

retained, providing up eliminated. Campground tables, fi re to 14 sites, including rings, and access roads The outhouse at Upper two outhouses at each would be improved. Lake campground would campground, fi re rings, be replaced and made An accessible camp site and some picnic tables. universally accessible. would be developed 

at the River Marsh The current accessible 

campground. The current site at Upper Lake 

accessible site at Upper campground would be 

Lake would be improved. improved. 

Two outhouses, one at 

each campground, would 

be replaced and designed 

to meet requirements 

of the Americans 

with Disabilities Act, 

including accessible 

parking and access 

routes. 

A recreational fee would 

be charged to help offset 

the maintenance of the 

campgrounds. 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Campgrounds—Environmental Consequences 

Refuge campgrounds Same as alternative A, Closing one campground Closing the refuge 

would continue to except: would result in fewer campgrounds would 

provide visitors the opportunities for visitors eliminate extended stays Rehabilitating the refuge opportunity to enjoy to enjoy extended on the refuge. Due to the campsites would improve wildlife-dependent stays on the refuge, long driving distances, the enjoyment and safety recreational activities on particularly during visitor services programs of visitors of all abilities extended stays without high-use periods such would have to be adapted using the campgrounds excessive driving on as holidays, weekends, to half-day activities to explore the refuge for minimally-maintained multiple days. and opening of hunting only. 

roads. seasons. Closing the campgrounds 

The Upper Lake would have the greatest 

campground would effect on hunters who 

continue to have an typically hunt from 

inaccessible outhouse and sunrise to sundown. 

the campground at River There would be an Marsh would continue to increase in road traffi c be inaccessible. as visitors drive from 

distant areas to enjoy 

wildlife-dependent 

opportunities such as 

wildlife viewing, fi shing, 

and hunting. 

Cultural Resources—Management Actions 

Several historical Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B, Same as alternative B.
 

properties exist on the including: except: 

refuge. The refuge would Through partnerships, The refuge would continue maintaining the refuge would expand actively pursue historical properties that on current cultural partnerships to conduct are in use. resource inventories in a more comprehensive 

A cultural resource high probability areas. survey to identify, 

interpretive panel would evaluate, and develop The visitor contact area be installed at Shambow management plans for all would contain additional Way Station, as already cultural resources on the interpretation of the planned, budgeted, and refuge. cultural resources of the approved. refuge and Centennial 

Cultural resource Valley. 

evaluations would be 

done to fulfi ll compliance 

with historical 

preservation laws. 

Cultural Resources—Environmental Consequences 

Cultural resources Increasing the refuge Same as alternative B, Same as alternative B.
 

that would be knowledge and including: 

potentially affected understanding of the The addition of a by an undertaking cultural history of the comprehensive survey are identified and, if refuge and Centennial would further aid in signifi cant, preserved Valley would aid in planning and research by when possible. planning and research. identifying all sensitive 

areas. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 57 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

There would be minimal Refuge visitors 

interpretation of refuge would have a greater 

cultural resources. understanding of the 

history and cultural The refuge would not resources of the refuge have a comprehensive and Centennial Valley. understanding of where 

cultural resources exist, 

making it more diffi cult 

to protect these areas. 

Refuge Operations Goal 

Prioritize for wildlife first and emphasize the protection of trust resources in the utilization of staff, funding, 

and volunteer programs. 

Staff and Funding—Management Actions 

The refuge would A permanent seasonal Same as alternative B, Same as alternative B, 

continue to be managed maintenance worker except: except: 

by the existing fi ve would be recruited. A full-time permanent The refuge would not permanent full-time One permanent full- visitor services specialist recruit a seasonal visitor staff, including a time wildlife biologist, would be hired to services specialist. refuge manager, refuge one full-time range expand, develop, and operations specialist, technician, and at carry out the refuge’s wildlife biologist, least three temporary visitor services program. maintenance worker, and seasonal biological administrative support science technicians assistant. would be recruited to 

There would be no on- implement a sciencesite law enforcement based comprehensive 

staff. biological program. 

 The refuge would One temporary seasonal 

provide accommodations visitor services specialist 

for two volunteers, who would be annually 

will be able to complete recruited to develop 

about 700 hours per year. and carry out the visitor 

services programs. 

One temporary 

seasonal offi ce assistant 

(generalist) would be 

recruited. 

Given the proposed 

expansion of refuge 

program, the grade 

levels of current staff 

positions would be 

evaluated. 

One refuge staff person 

would be required 

to maintain law 

enforcement credentials. 

58 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

Talented and enthusiastic 

volunteers would be 

recruited to perform 

approximately 3,000 

hours of work per year 

to support all refuge 

programs. 

Staff and Funding—Environmental Consequences 

The current staffi ng and The condition of facilities Same as alternative B, Same as alternative B, 

discretionary funding would improve and except: except: 

would continue to limit 

the refuge’s ability 

to conduct adaptive 

only require routine 

maintenance instead of 

major repairs. 

The refuge visitor 

services programs, 

including outreach, 

Visitor services 

programs would be 

maintained at the 

resource management 

and provide expanded 

wildlife-dependant 

recreation opportunities, 

and maintain current 

facilities. 

The refuge’s ability to 

understand and conduct 

necessary management 

actions and monitor 

results would be 

expanded. 

interpretation, and 

environmental education, 

would be greatly 

expanded. This would 

allow the refuge to 

interact and educate 

current level. 

With no on-site law 

enforcement staff, 

violations would continue 

to occur without 

consequence. 

The seasonal visitor 

services specialist 

would develop limited 

on-site interpretive 

programs that would 

result in increasing 

visitor’s knowledge 

and appreciation of the 

the maximum number 

of children and adults. 

This would result in 

garnering support 

for the refuge and its 

mission of preserving the 

unique qualities of the 

Centennial Valley. 

refuge and its resources. 

Upgrading refuge 

positions would recruit 

experienced staff that 

would effectively lead 

the development of 

these expanded refuge 

programs. 

Additional volunteers 

would assist the refuge 

in expanding biological, 

maintenance, and visitor 

services programs. 

Facilities and Maintenance—Management Actions 

The refuge would Same as alternative A, Same as alternative B, Same as alternative A, 

continue to develop except: except: except: 

interpretive displays at 

the recently upgraded 

office and visitor contact 

area. 

Four refuge houses 

would be maintained for 

four of the fi ve existing 

refuge staff. These 

Up to four residences 

would be constructed for 

current and future staff. 

Three trailer pads would 

be constructed to recruit 

and provide lodging for 

seasonal volunteers. 

Up to fi ve residences 

would be constructed for 

current and future staff. 

Up to four residences 

would be constructed for 

current and future staff. 

Three trailer pads would 

be constructed to recruit 

and provide lodging for 

seasonal volunteers. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 59 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C
 Alternative D 

(Current Management) (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration)
 (Ecological Restoration) 

houses are necessary due Parking would be Only those roads and 

to the lack of available improved at the trails necessary for 

housing surrounding this headquarters, Odell administrative use would 

remote refuge. Creek trailhead, and the be maintained. All other 

entrance to Lower Lake roads and trails would be The refuge bunkhouse Road and Sparrow Pond restored. would continue to be 

maintained for seasonal Trailhead. All campground facilities 

biological and fi re staff. The old vault toilets would be removed. 

at the campgrounds One maintenance shop Idlewild Road (and the would be replaced to and the historical log associated boat ramp) meet requirements of barn would be upgraded and the north entrance the Americans with to meet safety and spur roads would be Disabilities Act. The workplace standards. permanently closed to campgrounds would public vehicle access Directional, boundary, also have accessible to reduce maintenance and entrance signs would parking and routes to all costs. remain insufficient or in restrooms. 

poor condition. An accessible boat launch 

would be provided 

at Lower Lake for 

persons with disabilities 

(hardened surfaces 

would be provided for 

both access and use). 

Interpretive trails, an 

auto tour route, kiosks, 

and viewing areas would 

be developed to expand 

wildlife observation 

and photography 

opportunities. The Red 

Rock Creek bridge would 

be replaced to allow for 

the development of the 

auto tour route. 

Directional and boundary 

signs would be updated 

to ensure all visitors are 

oriented. 

Boundary signs would 

be replaced with the 

simply stated “Refuge 

Boundary” language 

to ensure visitors feel 

welcome. 

Sparrow Pond Trail 

Bridge at Odell Creek 

would be replaced to 

provide safe access for 

foot traffic and heavy 

equipment to maintain 

dams. 

60 Draft CCP and EA, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, MT 
Table 4. Summary of alternatives for the comprehensive conservation plan, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. 

Alternative A
 Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D 

(Current Management)
 (Proposed Action) (Wetland Restoration) (Ecological Restoration) 

The road and parking 

area at Upper Lake 

campground would be 

rehabilitated. 

Idlewild Road (and the 

associated boat ramp) 

and the north entrance 

spur roads would be 

permanently closed to 

public vehicle access 

to reduce maintenance 

costs. 

Facilities and Maintenance—Environmental Consequences 

Inadequate housing Improved facilities, Same as alternative B, There would be a 

would continue to signage, and accessibility except: reduction in visitor 

make it diffi cult to 

recruit additional staff 

needed to keep up 

with the maintenance 

backlog, demand for 

visitor services, law 

enforcement issues, and 

support for the biological 

would provide visitors 

of all abilities with 

improved access to 

refuge resources 

and improve the 

interpretation and 

professional appearance 

of the refuge. 

The ability to house 

even more staff, would 

allow the refuge’s 

visitor services, 

biological monitoring, 

law enforcement, and 

maintenance programs to 

be expanded. 

services facility 

maintenance costs. 

There would be little 

focus on accommodating 

visitors that were unable 

to hike off-trail. This and 

the loss of the refuge 

campgrounds would program. 

Inadequate signage 

would continue to make 

it difficult for visitors to 

find and navigate around 

refuge. 

Additional housing 

would address minimal 

staff housing needs and 

facilitate the expansion 

of refuge management 

and visitor services 

programs. 

Additional visitor 

services facilities would 

better orient visitors 

of all abilities and 

enhance their safety and 

enjoyment while visiting 

the refuge. 

result in a substantial 

decrease in visitor use on 

the refuge. 

A wilderness and 

backcountry experience 

would be promoted. 

Additional housing 

would address minimal 

staff housing needs and 

facilitate the expansion 

of refuge management 

and visitor services 

programs. 

Closing selected roads 

would result in the loss 

of vehicle access to one 

boat ramp. There would 

only be a minimal loss of 

direct access to refuge 

lands and waters due 

to the availability of 

alternate routes. 

Closing selected roads 

would result in the loss 

of vehicle access to one 

boat ramp. There would 

only be a minimal loss of 

direct access to refuge 

lands and waters due 

to the availability of 

alternate routes. 

Chapter 3 — Alternatives 61