Building the Management Alternatives 2

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INTRODUCTION 

The development of the alternatives for this general management plan began with 

publication of newsletter 1 (spring 2006) and public open houses that asked people what 

they valued and enjoyed most about Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir 

Woods National Monument. Additionally, the public were asked for their concerns and 

suggestions for the future management of the park. The public response was analyzed and 

reported in newsletter 2 (spring 2007). During this time, the planning team met with park 

staff, park partners, and other stakeholders to collect information on existing conditions 

and related issues. 

Throughout the scoping process, the planning team collected and analyzed information 

about the park’s natural and cultural resources, and about visitor characteristics and use 

patterns. Guided by the public input and the results of the analysis, the planning team 

defined the issues that the new general management plan would address. Next, the 

planning team explored different ways to address the issues. This exploration formed a 

set of concepts that would be used to develop the alternatives for the general management 

plan. The planning team developed four management concepts, each exploring a different 

possible future for Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir Woods National 

Monument. These management concepts were presented to the public in newsletter 3 (fall 

2007). The management concepts were as follows:

• Concept 1: “Connecting People with the Parks” 

• Concept 2: “Preserving and Enjoying Coastal Ecosystems” 

• Concept 3: “Focusing on National Treasures” 

• Concept 4: “Collaborating Regionally” 

The planning team used these management concepts to guide their development of the 

preliminary alternatives for the general management plan. Each preliminary alternative 

consists of two main components. First, there is a management concept that creates a 

general theme for the overall management of the park. Second, management zones are 

created that identify a range of potential desired conditions for natural and cultural 

resources, opportunities for visitor experiences, and general levels of development and 

visitor use and services, based on the purpose and significance of the park. These 

management zones are then applied to the park in different ways to reflect the concept of 

each alternative.

Eight management zones were developed for this general management plan. The desired 

conditions are different in each management zone and reflect the focus of that particular 

zone. Guided by each management concept, zones were applied to the park in different 

configurations, forming the basis of the preliminary alternatives. The preliminary 

alternative maps reflected the intent of each concept, and showed how the zones would 

be allocated.

As the preliminary alternatives were being developed, it became apparent to the planning 

team that the fourth management concept, “Collaborating Regionally,” was a philosophy 

that applied to the overall management of the park and was applicable in all of the 

alternatives, rather than a specific park vision used to guide the development of one
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

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alternative. Therefore, the park managers adopted the “Collaborating Regionally” 

concept as a guiding principle for managing the park and did not further develop a fourth 

preliminary alternative.

Once developed, the three preliminary alternatives were described in detail in 

newsletter 4 (spring 2008) and shared with the public. The planning team hosted local 

workshops to explain and test the alternatives with the public. Using the public 

comments, the planning team worked to strengthen the alternatives and identify the NPS 

preferred alternative. With the alternatives approved by park managers, the planning team 

began preparation of this draft general management plan / environmental impact 

statement. 

This general management plan presents the draft alternatives with their zone maps and 

supporting narratives, including the National Park Service’s preferred alternative, for 

future management of Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir Woods National 

Monument. Also included is a description of current conditions, representing the 

management direction and trends that are based on the 1980 General Management Plan 

and its subsequent amendments. The description of the current conditions serves as a 

basis of comparison with the three alternatives and is referred to as the “No-action 

Alternative.” The other draft alternatives are referred to as “Action Alternatives.” 

The next section presents the three management concepts that were used to guide the 

development of the alternatives for the general management plan. This is followed by an 

explanation of how the NPS preferred alternatives were selected. Then the reader is 

presented with detailed descriptions of the eight management zones.
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CONCEPTS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT

The legislation that established the parks, the histories of the parks, and the issues and 

needs that were identified early in the planning process all helped to shape four general 

concepts for future management of the parks. While four concepts were developed, only 

three of them were carried forward to guide the development of distinct alternatives as 

the fourth applied to all alternatives. The following three concepts, then, formed the basis 

for developing potential management alternatives. 

CONCEPT 1: CONNECTING PEOPLE WITH THE PARKS (EVOLVED 

INTO ALTERNATIVE 1)

The emphasis of this concept is to reach out and engage the community and other visitors 

in the enjoyment, understanding, and stewardship of the park’s resources and values. 

Park management would focus on ways to attract and welcome people, connect people 

with the resources, and promote understanding, enjoyment, preservation, and health—all 

as ways to reinvigorate the human spirit. Visitor opportunities would be relevant to 

diverse populations now and in the future.

Rationale

This concept emphasizes the park’s management commitment to the founding idea of 

“parks to the people,” and the park’s fundamental purpose of bringing national park 

experiences to a large and diverse urban population. Improving connections between the 

park and the people is fundamental to achieving the park’s purpose and to maintaining 

the public’s continued interest and support.

Goals

Visitor Experience

• Actively seek opportunities to respond to the needs and interests of the diversity of 

visitors. 

• Encourage visitors to engage in a wide range of opportunities and experiences in a 

diversity of settings. 

• Enhance outreach and access to and within the park and monument and make them 

welcoming. 

• Foster the visitor’s deep personal connection to the park and discovery of the values 

and enjoyment of the natural environment. 

• Encourage hands-on stewardship through visitor opportunities that promote personal 

health and responsibility. 
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Cultural Resources

• Maximize adaptive reuse and rehabilitation of cultural resources (structures, 

landscapes, and archeological sites) to support visitor enjoyment, understanding, and 

community connections. 

• Work with interested groups and populations to preserve and protect cultural 

resources.

• Preserve and protect cultural resources so that visitors can connect with and 

appreciate these resources and their stories.

Natural Resources

• Maintain the integrity and diversity of natural resources and systems.

• Enhance the public’s access to natural resources to promote visitor understanding and 

appreciation. 

• Integrate natural resource preservation and concepts with visitor stewardship 

opportunities to deepen visitor understanding. 

CONCEPT 2: PRESERVING AND ENJOYING COASTAL 

ECOSYSTEMS (EVOLVED INTO ALTERNATIVE 2)

The emphasis of this concept is to preserve, enhance, and promote dynamic and 

interconnected coastal ecosystems in which marine resources are valued and prominently 

featured. Recreational and educational opportunities would allow visitors to learn about 

and enjoy the ocean and bay environments, and gain a better understanding of the 

region’s international significance and history. Facilities and other built infrastructure 

could be removed to reconnect fragmented habitats and achieve other ecosystem goals.

Rationale

The concept creates a vision for intentionally connecting resources and systems to form 

contiguous habitat from the ocean to the coastal hills. The more connected the water and 

land base, the better the ability for ecosystems to adjust and adapt, thus increasing their 

resiliency to urban pressures and climate change. This concept also responds to the 

public’s strong interest in having more natural wild lands in close proximity to the urban 

communities of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Goals

Visitor Experience

• Connect visitors with resources and the park through expanded and diverse science 

and stewardship programs that are focused on preservation and restoration of coastal 

and marine resources and address the implications of climate change.

• Provide greater opportunities for visitors to explore wild areas and immerse 

themselves in nature.
Concepts for Future Management

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• Manage low-impact visitor use that enhances the qualities of solitude, quiet, and 

naturalness in sensitive natural resource areas, and accommodate active recreational

pursuits in other areas.

• Increase visitor understanding, awareness, and support for coastal resources through 

participation in stories and programs about human interaction with and dependency 

on natural resources. 

Cultural Resources

• Incorporate the history and collections related to natural resources to raise awareness 

of America’s ongoing efforts to conserve marine ecosystems.

• In park interpretation and education programs, emphasize sites and stories connected 

to coastal resources, including shipwrecks, archeological sites, agricultural lands and 

uses, coastal defense, and lighthouses, so visitors can connect with those resources. 

• Maximize adaptive reuse and rehabilitation of cultural resources to support visitor 

enjoyment, understanding, and community connections.

• Work with interested groups and populations to preserve and protect cultural 

resources.

• Preserve and protect cultural resources so that visitors can connect with and 

appreciate these resources and their stories.

Natural Resources

• Reconnect fragmented habitat within and adjacent to the park to strengthen the 

integrity and resiliency of the coastal ecosystem to respond to climate change and 

urban pressures.

• Optimize recovery of special status species and survival of wide-ranging wildlife.

• Restore natural processes and/or allow these processes to evolve unimpeded to the 

greatest degree feasible.

• Promote partnerships to help the park become a center for innovative coastal science, 

stewardship, and learning.

CONCEPT 3: FOCUSING ON NATIONAL TREASURES (EVOLVED 

INTO ALTERNATIVE 3) 

The emphasis of this concept is to focus on the park’s nationally important natural and 

cultural resources. The fundamental resources of each showcased site would continue to 

be managed at the highest level of preservation to protect the resources in perpetuity and 

to promote appreciation, understanding, and enjoyment of those resources. Visitors 

would have the opportunity to explore the wide variety of experiences that are associated 

with many different types of national parks—all in this park. All other resources would 

be managed to complement the nationally significant resources and associated visitor 

experiences. 
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Rationale

The concept highlights the park’s variety of nationally significant resources. By 

distinguishing the nationally significant resources and promoting the NPS identity, the 

objective of bringing exemplary national park experiences to an urban population would 

be met. The concept would also allow the National Park Service to focus the management 

of the park’s resources, visitor experiences, and partnerships, giving priority to the most 

significant sites.

Goals

Visitor Experience

• Provide visitors with opportunities to explore, learn, and enjoy the park’s unique 

resources and stories.

• Allow the park’s distinctive resources and associated stories to shape recreational 

opportunities. 

• Emphasize active public participation in stewardship programs at the showcased 

sites.

• Provide visitors with opportunities for understanding and enjoying national park 

experiences.

Cultural Resources

• Emphasize the fundamental resources that contribute to the national significance of 

the park, including national historic landmarks. Manage all other resources to 

complement the significant resources and visitor experiences.

• Tie all the associated cultural resources, museum collections, and stories to the 

showcased sites.

• Preserve and protect cultural resources to highlight the interpretive and educational 

values and provide, wherever possible, direct contact with the resources.

Natural Resources

• Emphasize the preservation of fundamental natural resources that contribute to the 

significance of each park unit. Manage all other resources to complement the 

distinctive resources and experiences.

• Protect or restore the integrity of fundamental natural resources and processes that 

support the significance of each park unit. 

• Manage distinctive natural resources to ensure their ecological integrity while 

providing opportunities to engage the visitors in hands-on stewardship and 

exploration. 
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ACTIONS AND ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED BUT 

DISMISSED FROM FURTHER CONSIDERATION

During the planning process for this general management plan, five alternative concepts 

were developed:

• Connecting People with the Parks, 

• Preserving and Enjoying Coastal Ecosystems, 

• Focusing on National Treasures, 

• Mosaic of National Park Experiences, and 

• Collaborating Regionally. 

A number of other concepts were developed in early brainstorming sessions: Golden 

Gate National Recreation Area is a Crown Jewel, A Park for the Next Century, The Park 

as an Experiment/Living Laboratory, A Center of Hands-On Learning and Action, 

Healthy People/Healthy Parks, and Sustainability in Action. Each of these concepts 

eventually evolved into ideas built into the remaining concepts, became guiding 

principles, or were recognized as NPS policy; therefore, they were not retained as 

individual alternative concepts.

As the planning team developed the five concepts into alternatives, two of the early 

concepts were dismissed from further consideration: Mosaic of National Park 

Experiences and Collaborating Regionally. 

MOSAIC OF NATIONAL PARK EXPERIENCES

Mosaic of National Park Experiences envisioned Golden Gate National Recreation Area

and Muir Woods as providing visitors with opportunities to explore different types of 

national parks within the park. Park areas would be designated to promote distinct types 

of national park settings and visitor experiences based on the primary natural and cultural 

resources and key interpretive themes. For example, one area of the park would be 

managed as a marine preserve, another park area managed as a national seashore, and one 

as a national historical park. Visitors would have the opportunity to explore the wide 

variety of national park experiences at one park. However, the planning team determined 

that this concept had more utility as a marketing strategy, rather than as a management 

concept. Parts of this concept are evident in Focusing on National Treasures, as it centers 

on the best that each area has to offer. Therefore, the Mosaic concept was dismissed from 

consideration and not brought forward to the public. 
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COLLABORATING REGIONALLY

The second dismissed concept, Collaborating Regionally, was shared with the public in 

newsletter 3 (fall 2007). The emphasis of the concept was to manage the park and 

monument as the core of extensive public lands, connecting all parks and open spaces 

and other resources as a seamless whole, regardless of land ownership and boundaries. 

Collaboration among land managers would integrate the NPS management of the park 

with that of their surrounding natural and cultural resources and visitor opportunities. 

The concept was eventually identified as an overall management philosophy applicable 

to all the alternatives. The Collaborating Regionally concept was therefore incorporated 

as a Guiding Principle for park management; integrated into all alternatives, and was not 

carried forward as a distinct land use alternative. Additionally, specific actions 

promoting collaboration among land managers are included within each alternative. A 

few of the many examples of these actions include trail connections to public lands and 

communities; multi-agency visitor centers and maintenance facilities, and collaborative 

ocean stewardship. 

FULL RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS AND LANDSCAPES ON 

ALCATRAZ ISLAND

An early version of Alternative 3, “Focusing on National Treasures,” originally contained 

a very high level of restoration of historic resources on Alcatraz Island. Given NPS fiscal 

constraints, the high cost of fully restoring numerous buildings and features, and the 

potential for major impacts to breeding colonies of waterbirds, the planning team revised 

the proposal to be more financially achievable and sustainable. The result is a more 

focused approach, highlighting the buildings and landscape areas that contribute most to 

the visitor experience and national historic landmark status, while minimizing impacts to 

wildlife. Costs were reduced by two-thirds through this approach. The revised Alternative 

3 calls for restoration of only select parts of buildings and emphasizes stabilization and 

rehabilitation for other historic resources.
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SELECTION OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

PREFERRED ALTERNATIVES

The NPS preferred alternatives, one for planning area sites within Golden Gate National 

Recreation Area and another for Alcatraz Island and Muir Woods National Monument, 

were developed following an analysis of the advantages of each preliminary alternative, 

including consideration of public comments received in response to newsletter 4. The 

National Park Service uses a process called “Choosing by Advantages” (CBA) that 

allows the agency to evaluate the relative advantages of the alternatives, determine the 

importance of those advantages based on the park’s purpose and related public interest, 

and assess whether those advantages are worth their associated costs.

The topics that the planning team used to evaluate the relative advantages between the 

alternatives were as follows:

• Strengthen the integrity and resiliency of coastal ecosystems. 

• Strengthen the integrity of resources that contribute to the National Register of 

Historic Places, National Historic Districts, and National Historic Landmarks. 

• Support a diversity of recreational opportunities and national park experiences. 

• Improve and promote public understanding of park resources, identity, and NPS 

values. 

• Provide visitors with safe and enjoyable access and circulation to and within the park. 

The evaluation of the advantages and costs of each alternative were initially identified by 

park managers during a weeklong workshop, with several follow-up meetings to further 

refine the NPS preferred alternative. The CBA process indicated the following: 

Alternative 1 represents the greatest advantage for the park lands of Golden Gate 

National Recreation Area in Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo counties. 

Alternative 3 represents the greatest advantage for Alcatraz Island and Muir Woods 

National Monument. 

The CBA evaluation was an important step in selecting and refining the NPS preferred 

alternatives. Critical changes to the NPS preferred alternatives were made to incorporate 

ideas from the other alternatives where they were consistent with the management 

concept and provided additional “advantages” to the park. The process of shaping the 

preferred alternatives continued well after the CBA workshop through additional public 

comment and consultation with the staff at the NPS Pacific West Regional Office. 
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MANAGEMENT ZONES 

Management zones are the heart of the alternatives developed for the general management plan. Each zone defines a set of desired 

conditions for natural and cultural resources, visitor experiences, and general levels of development. These desired conditions are 

different in each management zone and reflect the overall focus of that particular zone. Eight management zones have been 

developed. 

Table 1: Management Zones

DIVERSE OPPORTUNITIES ZONE

This management zone provides a range of natural and historic settings and facilities to welcome and 

support a wide variety of visitor opportunities appropriate in the park. Significant fundamental park 

resources would be preserved while different levels of visitor use would be accommodated. People would 

have a wide range of educational, interpretive, and recreational opportunities to enjoy and appreciate the 

park’s resources.

NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources provide distinct visitor opportunities and experiences through a range 

of park settings. The natural elements of these park settings would help define and 

locate visitor opportunities, services, and facilities.

Geologic Resources Natural geologic processes, including natural physical shoreline processes, would be 

left unimpeded except when required for safety and to protect human health. To the 

greatest extent possible, infrastructure would be designed or relocated to avoid 

paleontological resources and geologic resources and hazards. Impacted areas would 

be restored to the greatest extent possible. Geologic and paleontological features and 

resources would be protected from visitor use impacts.

Water Resources Natural hydrologic systems and processes would be left unimpeded to the greatest 

extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Hydrologic systems and processes would be reestablished while incorporating visitor 

use objectives. Potential impacts from visitor use, including erosion, surface and 

groundwater contamination, and alteration of natural processes, would be avoided or 

minimized.
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Marine Environment The natural physical processes of marine and coastal areas would be left unimpeded to 

the extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Marine resources would be protected from visitor use impacts.

Coastal Ecosystems: Vegetation Native vegetation and vegetation communities (including aquatic vegetation) would be 

preserved to the greatest extent possible. 

Species that can withstand and support intense visitor use may be desired in developed

areas or areas that receive high levels of trampling. Exotic invasive plants could be 

present, but would be suppressed and actively managed.

Coastal Ecosystems: Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Wildlife

Native wildlife and wildlife habitat would be protected from visitor use impacts to the 

greatest extent possible and wildlife watching opportunities would be available. Exotic 

invasive animals would be managed to the extent feasible, with emphasis on species 

that have inordinate impacts on native communities or are associated with human 

health risks.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies (Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity, visitor 

use, and historically appropriate sounds. The soundscape would be affected by the 

developed landscape, and noise impacts on wildlife behavior and habitat could exist in 

areas. These impacts would be minimized as much as possible while providing for 

human uses and interpretation. During times of low visitation, including nighttime and 

off-peak times, the natural soundscape could predominate, with occasional noise-free 

intervals.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be preserved as much as possible while 

providing for visitor use and achieving historic preservation goals, such as re-creating 

historic lighting from the period of significance. Outdoor lighting would provide 

adequate illumination for visibility while minimizing impacts on nocturnal wildlife 

behavior to the extent possible.

Threatened & Endangered (T&E) 

Species and their Habitat

T&E species and their habitats would be managed to support species requirements.
Management Zones

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CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural resources would provide distinct visitor opportunities and experiences through 

a range of park settings. The cultural elements of these park settings would be the 

backdrop for interpretation, visitor use and activities, and other visitor services.

Historic Structures Based on their condition, national register significance, and suitability for recreational, 

visitor use/educational, or operational/administrative purposes, historic structures would 

be rehabilitated, stabilized, allowed to deteriorate naturally, or removed if they become 

unsafe. (See “Mitigative Measures” in part 7 for more information on the treatment of 

structures listed in or eligible for listing in the national register.)

Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes would be managed to preserve their physical attributes and their 

use when that use contributes to their historical significance. Elements may be adapted 

to accommodate visitor use or education or park and partner operations, while 

preserving those features that convey historical, cultural, or architectural values.

Ethnographic Resources Access for traditional activities would be preserved. The National Park Service would 

continue to recognize the past and present existence of peoples in the region and the 

traces of their use of resources as an important part of the cultural environment to be 

preserved and interpreted. The Park Service would consult with associated American 

Indian tribes to develop and accomplish the programs of the park in a way that respects 

the beliefs, traditions, and other cultural values of the tribes who have ancestral ties to 

the park lands. 

Archeological Resources and 

Submerged Cultural Resources

Archeological resources and submerged cultural resources would remain in situ and 

undisturbed, unless removal of artifacts or intervention into cultural material is justified 

by preservation treatment, protection, research, interpretation, or development 

requirements. These preserved resources would be kept in a stable condition to prevent 

degradation and loss of research values or in situ exhibit potential. Significant 

archeological and other scientific data threatened with loss from the effects of natural 

processes, human activities, preservation treatments, park operations, or development 

activities would be recovered, recorded, or otherwise preserved.

Park Collections Park collections (archeological artifacts, archival materials, natural history collections, 

and historical artifacts) would be documented, cataloged, and protected to ensure longterm preservation according to NPS standards and guidelines. Collections would be 

made available for research, exhibits, and interpretive programs in order to inform and 
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

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engage the public in ongoing stewardship.

VISITOR EXPERIENCE People could participate in a range of recreational, interpretive, and educational 

opportunities supported by a variety of visitor services.

Types of Activities The following recreational activities could occur in this zone:

beach activities such as informal beach sports, walking, swimming, picnicking, and surf 

fishing 

marine activities such as fishing, boating, crabbing, kayaking, surfing, and sightseeing

land-related activities such as developed camping, overnight lodging, picnicking, biking, 

hiking, walking, running, horseback riding, hang gliding, sightseeing, and bird and 

wildlife viewing 

other kinds of activities: exploring historic sites and structures, participating in 

interpretive programs and participating in stewardship programs, nature study, 

photography, and artistic endeavors

In addition, special and organized events such as family events, community 

celebrations, and foot races could be allowed when appropriate, but measures would be 

taken to mitigate impacts to resources and other visitors during these events.

Interpretation/ Education/ Orientation Visitors would gain an understanding about the importance of the park’s natural 

(including marine), scenic, and historic resources and the potential threats to those 

resources. Further, visitors would have diverse recreational and educational 

opportunities near the urban area.

A high level of visitor orientation and interpretive services would be available in this 

zone.

Communication of interpretive themes would occur through many interpretive methods.

Scenic Views Outstanding views of natural, cultural, and scenic resources would be an integral part of 

the visitor experience of this zone.
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Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies

(Lightscapes)

Natural sounds would be audible and would enhance the visitor experience in this zone. 

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity and 

visitor use. In some areas, the soundscape would be affected by development. During 

times of low visitation, including nighttime and off-peak times, the natural soundscape 

could predominate, with occasional noise-free intervals. 

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would enhance the visitor experience in this 

zone. Outdoor lighting would provide appropriate illumination for safety and visitor 

expectation while minimizing light pollution.

Skills, Risk, Time Required Challenge, risk, and testing of outdoor skills would be generally unimportant to most 

visitors in this zone. Visitors of all levels of physical ability would enjoy this zone.

The time commitment needed to experience this zone would vary from a very short 

period of time to several hours, possibly including overnight stays.

Use Levels/ Density/ Encounters High levels of use in centralized activity nodes would be expected, leading to the 

likelihood of high rates of encounters among visitors. Groups of many sizes would be 

accommodated.

DEVELOPMENT AND 

MANAGEMENT

Development could include a diversity of facilities to welcome, orient, and support 

visitors.

Type/Character of Visitor Access Visitor access would be a dominant aspect of the zone, with a system of multiple 

transportation modes that are highly interconnected to allow for user-defined access to 

and within the zone.

Vehicular and nonvehicular access would be provided to and throughout the zone. 

Types of Facilities The following types of facilities could be provided:

Interpretive: visitor centers/contact stations, amphitheaters, interpretive kiosks 

Recreational: designated trails, designated activity areas, boardwalks, picnic facilities, 

boat docks, designated nonmotorized boat launch sites, fishing platforms, temporary 

boat tie-ups, horse stables, designated camping areas 
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Support: overnight lodging facilities, retail/rental/food outlets, large event gathering 

areas, restroom facilities, parking areas, transportation facilities (multimodal hubs, bike 

paths, roads) 

Commercial Services and Nonprofit 

Programming 

A variety of necessary and appropriate commercial services offerings that may be 

available include but are not limited to: equipment rentals, guides, food and beverage, 

recreational, equestrian, overnight accommodations, and retail. 

A variety of nonprofit programming that may be available includes, but is not limited to 

environmental, educational, interpretive, community, and arts. Certain buildings may be 

leased for compatible uses.
Management Zones

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SCENIC CORRIDOR ZONE

This management zone includes scenic trails, roads, and coastlines that provide for sightseeing and related 

recreational opportunities. Resources could be modified in this zone, and facilities would highlight and 

enhance the natural, cultural, and scenic values, as well as provide for a safe tour route.

NATURAL RESOURCES Visitor opportunities and park operations would be managed to maintain and restore 

natural resource integrity.

Opportunities that allow visitors to view high quality natural resources and their inherent 

scenic qualities would be provided.

Geologic Resources Natural geologic processes, including natural shoreline processes, would be left 

unimpeded except when human health and safety are threatened. To the greatest extent 

possible, infrastructure would be designed or relocated to avoid paleontological 

resources and geologic resources and hazards. Impacted areas would be restored to the 

greatest extent possible. Geologic and paleontological features and resources would be 

protected from visitor use impacts.

Water Resources Natural hydrologic systems and processes would be left unimpeded to the greatest 

extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Hydrologic systems and processes would be reestablished while incorporating visitor use 

objectives. Potential impacts from visitor use, including erosion, surface and groundwater 

contamination, and alteration of natural processes, would be avoided or minimized.

Marine Environment The natural physical processes of marine and coastal areas would be left unimpeded to 

the extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Marine resources would be protected from visitor use impacts.

Coastal Ecosystems: Vegetation Native vegetation and vegetation communities (including aquatic vegetation) would be 

preserved to the greatest extent possible. 

Vegetation—focused on sites lacking native habitat value—could be modified in this zone 

to accommodate and enhance scenic views. Intact native habitat loss would be mitigated 

through restoration actions and result in no net loss. Species that can withstand and 

support high levels of visitor use and trampling may be desired. Exotic invasive plants 

could be present, but would be suppressed and actively managed in the park.
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Coastal Ecosystems: Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Wildlife

Native wildlife and wildlife habitat would be protected from visitor use impacts to the 

greatest extent possible. Exotic invasive animals would be managed to the extent 

feasible, with emphasis on species that have inordinate impacts on native communities 

or are associated with human health risks in high use areas.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies (Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity and 

visitor use. The soundscape would be affected by the developed landscape, and noise 

could impact wildlife behavior and habitat in some areas. These impacts would minimized 

as much as possible while providing for human uses. During times of low visitation, 

including nighttime and off-peak times, the natural soundscape could predominate, with 

occasional noise-free intervals.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be preserved as much as possible while

providing for visitor experience opportunities. Outdoor lighting would provide adequate 

illumination for visibility while minimizing impacts on nocturnal wildlife behavior as much 

as possible.

Threatened & Endangered (T&E) 

Species and their Habitat

T&E species and their habitats would be managed to support species requirements.

CULTURAL RESOURCES The scenic qualities of cultural resources or designated cultural landscapes would be 

managed to preserve their visual and historic characteristics.

Historic Structures Based on their condition, national register significance, and suitability for recreational, 

visitor use/educational, or operational/administrative purposes, historic structures would 

be rehabilitated, stabilized, allowed to deteriorate naturally, or removed if they become 

unsafe. (See “Mitigative Measures” in part 7 for more information on the treatment of 

structures listed in or eligible for listing in the national register.)

Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes would be managed to preserve their physical attributes and their use 

when that use contributes to their historical significance. Elements may be adapted to 

accommodate visitor use/education or park and partner administration while preserving 

those features that convey historical, cultural, or architectural values.

Ethnographic Resources Access for traditional activities would be preserved. The National Park Service would 

continue to recognize the past and present existence of peoples in the region and the 
Management Zones

Volume I: 65

traces of their use of resources as an important part of the cultural environment to be 

preserved and interpreted. The Park Service would consult with associated American 

Indian tribes to develop and accomplish the programs of the park in a way that respects 

the beliefs, traditions, and other cultural values of the tribes who have ancestral ties to 

the park lands.

Archeological Resources and 

Submerged Cultural Resources

Archeological resources and submerged cultural resources would remain in situ and 

undisturbed, unless removal of artifacts or intervention into cultural material is justified by 

preservation treatment, protection, research, interpretation, or development 

requirements. These resources would be preserved in a stable condition to prevent 

degradation and loss of research values or in situ exhibit potential. Significant 

archeological and other scientific data threatened with loss from the effects of natural 

processes, human activities, preservation treatments, park operations, or development 

activities would be recovered, recorded, or otherwise preserved.

Park Collections Park collections (prehistoric and historic objects, artifacts, works of art, archival material, 

and natural history specimens) would be acquired, accessioned, cataloged, preserved, 

protected, and made available for access and use according to NPS standards and 

guidelines.

VISITOR EXPERIENCE Visitors would have the opportunity to tour through the scenic corridors with multiple 

opportunities to stop along the route for sightseeing, wildlife viewing, picnicking, or 

interpretive or educational information.

Types of Activities The following recreational activities could occur in this zone:

beach activities such as informal beach sports, walking, swimming, picnicking, and surf

fishing 

marine activities such as fishing, boating, crabbing, kayaking, surfing, and sightseeing

Land-related activities such as developed camping, overnight lodging, picnicking, biking, 

hiking, walking, running, horseback riding, hang gliding, sightseeing, and bird and wildlife 

viewing

other kinds of activities such as exploring historic sites and structures, participating in 

interpretive programs and participating in stewardship programs, nature study, 
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Volume I: 66

photography, and artistic endeavors

In addition, special and organized events such as family events and community 

celebrations may be allowed, but group sizes may be limited. Measures may be taken to 

mitigate impacts to resources and other visitors during these events.

Interpretation/ Education/ Orientation A high level of visitor orientation and interpretive services would be available in this zone.

Communication of interpretive themes would occur through a broad array of interpretive 

methods.

Scenic Views Outstanding views of natural, cultural, and scenic resources would be an integral part of 

the visitor experience of this zone.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies 

(Lightscapes)

Natural sounds would be audible and would enhance the visitor experience in this zone. 

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity and 

visitor use. During times of low visitation, including nighttime and off-peak times, the 

natural soundscape could predominate. In areas away from roads, there could be 

frequent and prolonged noise-free intervals.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would enhance the visitor experience in this 

zone. Outdoor lighting would provide minimal visibility, and light pollution would be 

minimized. Only essential lights would be installed, and they would be operational only 

when needed. Nocturnal lightscapes would be preserved and restored to the extent 

possible.

Skills, Risk, Time Required Opportunities for challenge, risk, and testing of outdoor skills would be available in this 

zone. Visitors of all levels of physical ability would be able to enjoy many of the areas 

within this zone. The time commitment needed to experience this zone would vary from a 

very short period to several hours, possibly including overnight stays.

Use Levels/ Density/ Encounters Moderate to high use levels would be expected along scenic corridors, leading to the 

likelihood of moderate to high rates of encounters between visitors, particularly at 

locations such as overlooks, day use areas, and waysides. Groups would be 

accommodated, but group sizes could be limited based on facility capacities and/or 

experiential objectives.
Management Zones

Volume I: 67

DEVELOPMENT & 

MANAGEMENT

Development may include road and trail corridors and associated day use facilities that 

support and direct visitor use.

Type/Character of Visitor Access Visitor access would be the defining element of the experience in this zone and would be 

interconnected and designed to encourage use of multiple transportation modes.

Vehicular and nonvehicular access would be provided to and throughout the zone.

Types of Facilities The following types of facilities could be provided:

Interpretive: visitor contact stations, interpretive kiosks, small gathering places for 

interpretive programs

Recreational: designated trails, designated activity areas, boardwalks, picnic facilities, 

boat docks, designated nonmotorized boat launch sites, fishing platforms, temporary boat 

tie-ups, horse stables, and designated camping areas

Support: Campgrounds and rustic overnight accommodations, retail/rental/food outlets, 

restroom facilities, parking areas, and transportation facilities (multimodal hubs, bike 

paths, roads)

Commercial Services and Nonprofit 

Programming

A variety of necessary and appropriate commercial services offerings that may be 

available include but are not limited to: equipment rentals, guides, food and beverage, 

recreational, equestrian, overnight accommodations, and retail. 

A variety of nonprofit programming that may be available includes, but is not limited to 

environmental, educational, interpretive, community, and arts. Certain buildings may be 

leased for compatible uses.
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Volume I: 68

EVOLVED CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ZONE

This management zone would preserve significant historic, archeological, architectural, and landscape 

features while being adaptively reused for contemporary park and partner needs. Cultural resources, as well 

as the surrounding natural resources that are often integral to the historic site, would be preserved and 

interpreted. This zone could contribute to visitor enjoyment and exploration of the historic values and events 

while providing for other types of uses.

NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resource integrity would be maintained and restored while the area would provide 

for historic preservation, visitor activities, and park operations.

Natural resources are often an integral component of cultural landscapes and would be 

managed to highlight the cultural resources and their associated values and 

characteristics. Natural resource objectives would be pursued in collaboration with, and 

where they complement, cultural resource objectives.

Geologic Resources Natural geologic processes, including natural shoreline processes, would be left 

unimpeded except when action is required for safety and to protect human health and 

important cultural resources. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent 

possible. Geologic and paleontological features and resources would be protected from 

visitor use impacts.

Water Resources Natural hydrologic systems and processes would be left unimpeded, unless some 

alteration was required to protect cultural resources. Impacted areas would be restored to 

the greatest extent possible. Hydrologic systems and processes would be reestablished 

while incorporating cultural resource and visitor use objectives. Potential impacts from 

visitor use, including erosion, surface and groundwater contamination, and alteration of 

natural processes, would be avoided or minimized.

Marine Environment The natural physical processes of marine and coastal areas would be left unimpeded to 

the extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Marine resources would be protected from visitor use impacts.

Coastal Ecosystems: Vegetation Native vegetation and vegetation communities (including aquatic vegetation) would be 

preserved in collaboration with, and where they complement, cultural landscape 

objectives. Nonnative species (contributing) could be desired and maintained to provide 

vegetation communities and patterns that support cultural landscape values and/or 
Management Zones

Volume I: 69

tolerate high levels of visitor use. These areas would be managed to minimize potential 

impacts to adjacent native vegetation. Exotic invasive plants that do not contribute to the 

cultural resource values, could be present, but would be suppressed and actively 

managed with the goal of eradication in the park.

Coastal Ecosystems: Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Wildlife

Native wildlife and wildlife habitat would be preserved to the greatest extent possible 

while the integrity of cultural landscapes would be maintained. Consequently, wildlife 

habitat may appear more “groomed” in this zone to meet cultural landscape preservation 

goals. Exotic invasive animals would be managed to the extent feasible, with emphasis 

on species that have inordinate impacts on native communities or public safety.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies (Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity and 

visitor use. Noise impacts on wildlife behavior and habitat would be minimized as much 

as possible while providing for visitor use. During times of low visitation, including 

nighttime and off-peak times, the natural soundscape could predominate. In areas away 

from roads, there could be frequent and prolonged noise-free intervals.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be preserved as much as possible while 

providing for visitor experience opportunities. Outdoor lighting would provide minimal 

visibility, and impacts to nocturnal wildlife behavior would be minimized to the greatest 

extent possible. Only essential lights would be installed, and they would be operational 

only when needed.

Threatened & Endangered (T&E) 

Species and their Habitat

T&E species and their habitats would be proactively managed to support species 

requirements. Listed species and their habitats would be restored where such action is 

compatible with cultural landscape objectives.

CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural resources would be preserved through adaptive reuse. Historic values and 

characteristics would be preserved for interpretation and enjoyment.

Historic Structures Historic structures would undergo preservation treatments ranging from stabilization to 

restoration based on whether they are fundamental park resources, their national register 

significance, condition, and interpretive value. (See “Mitigative Measures” in part 7 for 

more information on the treatment of structures listed in or eligible for listing in the 

national register.)
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Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes would be rehabilitated for appropriate contemporary use of the 

landscape while preserving those features that convey historical, cultural, or architectural 

values. 

Ethnographic Resources Access for traditional activities would be preserved. The National Park Service would 

continue to recognize the past and present existence of peoples in the region and the 

traces of their use of resources as an important part of the cultural environment to be 

preserved and interpreted. The Park Service would consult with associated American 

Indian tribes to develop and accomplish the programs of the park in a way that respects 

the beliefs, traditions, and other cultural values of the tribes who have ancestral ties to 

the park lands.

Archeological Resources and 

Submerged Cultural Resources

Archeological resources and submerged cultural resources would remain in situ and 

undisturbed, unless removal of artifacts or intervention into cultural material is justified by 

preservation treatment, protection, research, interpretation, or development 

requirements. These resources would be preserved in a stable condition to prevent 

degradation and loss of research values or in situ exhibit potential. Significant 

archeological and other scientific data threatened with loss from the effects of natural 

processes, human activities, preservation treatments, park operations, or development 

activities would be recovered, recorded, or otherwise preserved.

Park Collections Park collections (archeological artifacts, archival materials, natural history collections and 

historical artifacts) would be documented, cataloged, and protected to ensure long-term 

preservation according to NPS standards and guidelines. Collections would be used to 

inform interpretive programs and incorporated into exhibits when feasible.

VISITOR EXPERIENCE Visitors would have the opportunity to explore designated portions of historic landscapes 

and structures while participating in contemporary activities. 

Types of Activities The following recreational activities could occur in this zone:

beach activities such as informal beach sports, walking, swimming, picnicking, and surf 

fishing

marine activities such as fishing, boating, crabbing, kayaking, surfing, and sightseeing
Management Zones

Volume I: 71

land-related activities such as overnight lodging, picnicking, biking, hiking, walking, 

running, horseback riding, sightseeing, and bird and wildlife viewing

other kinds of activities, such as exploring historic sites and structures, participating in 

interpretive programs and participating in stewardship programs, nature study, 

photography, and artistic endeavors

In addition, special and organized events such as family events and community 

celebrations may be allowed, but group sizes may be limited. Measures may be taken to 

mitigate impacts on resources and other visitors during these events.

Interpretation/ Education/ Orientation Visitors would gain an understanding and appreciation of the importance of the park’s 

historic and cultural resources and the strategy of adaptive reuse to sustain the 

preservation of historic structures. 

A moderate to high level of visitor orientation and interpretive services would be available 

in this zone.

Communication of interpretive themes would occur through a broad array of interpretive 

methods.

Scenic Views Outstanding views of natural, cultural, and scenic resources may be available and would 

enhance the visitor experience in this zone.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies (Lightscapes)

Natural sounds would be audible and would enhance the visitor experience in this zone. 

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity and 

visitor use. The soundscape would be affected by the developed landscape. During times 

of low visitation, including nighttime and off-peak times, the natural soundscape could 

predominate, with occasional noise-free intervals.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would enhance the visitor experience in this 

zone. Outdoor lighting would provide appropriate illumination for safety and cultural 

resource interpretation while minimizing light pollution. Nocturnal lightscapes would be 

preserved and restored to the extent possible.

Skills, Risk, Time Required Challenge, risk, and testing of outdoor skills would be generally unimportant to most 

visitors in this zone. Visitors of all levels of physical ability would be able to enjoy most 

areas of this zone. The time commitment needed to experience this zone would vary 
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Volume I: 72

from a very short period to a few hours, possibly including overnight stays.

Use Levels/ Density/ Encounters Moderate use levels would be expected around focused activity nodes, leading to the 

likelihood of moderate numbers of encounters with other visitors. Group sizes could be 

limited based on facility capacities and/or experiential objectives.

DEVELOPMENT & 

MANAGEMENT

Development may include a blend of historic and compatible modern structures to 

support visitor use and services. 

Type/Character of Visitor Access Visitor access would blend with the historic setting and consist of multiple transportation 

modes that are interconnected to provide user-defined access. The transportation system 

would connect points of interest to facilitate storytelling related to cultural resources.

Vehicular and nonvehicular access would be provided to and throughout the zone.

Types of Facilities The following types of facilities could be provided:

interpretive facilities such as visitor contact stations, interpretive kiosks, and small 

gathering places for interpretive programs 

recreational facilities such as designated trails, designated activity areas, picnic facilities, 

boat docks, designated nonmotorized boat launch sites, temporary boat tie-ups 

support facilities such as overnight lodging facilities, retail/rental/food outlets, restroom 

facilities, parking areas, transportation facilities (multimodal hubs, bike paths, roads)

Commercial Services and Nonprofit 

Programming

A variety of necessary and appropriate commercial services offerings that may be 

available include but are not limited to: equipment rentals, guides, food and beverage, 

recreational, equestrian, overnight accommodations, and retail. 

A variety of nonprofit programming that may be available include but are not limited to 

environmental, educational, interpretive, community, and arts. Certain buildings may be 

leased for compatible uses.
Management Zones

Volume I: 73

HISTORIC IMMERSION ZONE

This management zone would preserve historic sites, structures, and landscapes that are evocative of their 

period of significance. Selected exteriors and designated portions of interior spaces would be managed to 

protect their historic values and attributes. Visitors would have opportunities to be immersed in the historic 

setting to explore history with direct contact to cultural resources, complemented by rich interpretation of 

past stories and events.

NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resource integrity would be maintained and restored as compatible with historic 

preservation objectives.

The natural elements of cultural resources and designated cultural landscapes would be 

managed to highlight the cultural resources and their associated values and 

characteristics. Natural resource objectives would be pursued in collaboration with, and 

where they complement, cultural resource objectives.

Geologic Resources Natural geologic processes, including natural shoreline processes, would be left 

unimpeded except when action is required for safety and to protect human health and 

important cultural resources. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent 

possible. Geologic and paleontological features and resources would be protected from 

visitor use impacts.

Water Resources Natural hydrologic systems and processes would be left unimpeded, unless some 

alteration was required to protect cultural resources. Impacted areas would be restored to 

the greatest extent possible. Hydrologic systems and processes would be reestablished 

while incorporating cultural resource and visitor use objectives. Potential impacts from 

visitor use, including erosion, surface and groundwater contamination, and alteration of 

natural processes, would be avoided or minimized.

Marine Environment The natural physical processes of marine and coastal areas would be left unimpeded to 

the extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Marine resources would be protected from visitor use impacts.

Coastal Ecosystems: Vegetation Native vegetation and vegetation communities (including aquatic vegetation) would be 

preserved to the greatest extent possible, while cultural resource values would be 

supported. Nonnative species could be maintained to provide vegetation communities 
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Volume I: 74

and patterns that contribute to cultural resource values and/or tolerate to high levels of 

visitor use. These areas would be managed to minimize potential impacts to adjacent 

native vegetation. Exotic invasive plants that do not contribute to cultural resource values 

could be present, but would be suppressed and actively managed with the goal of 

eradication in the park.

Coastal Ecosystems: Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Wildlife

Native wildlife and wildlife habitat would be preserved to the greatest extent possible 

while cultural resource values would be maintained. Consequently, wildlife habitat may 

appear more “groomed” in this zone to meet cultural resource goals. Exotic invasive 

animals would be managed to the extent feasible, with emphasis on species that have 

inordinate impacts on native communities or are associated with human health risks.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies (Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity, visitor 

use, and development. Noise impacts to wildlife behavior and habitat could exist in some 

areas. These impacts would be minimized as much as possible while providing for 

human uses and interpretation. During times of low visitation, including nighttime and offpeak times, the natural soundscape could predominate, with occasional noise-free 

intervals. 

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be preserved as much as possible while 

providing for visitor experience opportunities. Outdoor lighting would provide adequate 

illumination for visibility and visitor expectation while minimizing impacts on nocturnal 

wildlife behavior as much as possible.

Threatened & Endangered (T&E) 

Species and their Habitat

T&E species and their habitats would be managed to support species requirements.

CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural sites, structures, and landscapes would be preserved, rehabilitated, or restored 

to reflect their period of significance, allowing people to experience these resources firsthand and learn about their associated stories and events.

Historic Structures Historic structures would be rehabilitated or restored to their period of significance based 

on whether they are fundamental park resources and their national register significance, 

condition, and interpretive value. (See “Mitigative Measures” in part 7 for more 

information on the treatment of structures listed in or eligible for listing in the national 

register.)
Management Zones

Volume I: 75

Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes would be rehabilitated or restored for appropriate contemporary use 

of the landscape while preserving those features that convey historical, cultural, or 

architectural values.

Ethnographic Resources Access for traditional activities would be preserved. The National Park Service would 

continue to recognize the past and present existence of peoples in the region and the 

traces of their use of resources as an important part of the cultural environment to be 

preserved and interpreted. The Park Service would consult with associated American 

Indian tribes to develop and accomplish the programs of the park in a way that respects 

the beliefs, traditions, and other cultural values of the tribes who have ancestral ties to 

the park lands.

Archeological Resources and 

Submerged Cultural Resources

Archeological resources and submerged cultural resources would remain in situ and 

undisturbed, unless removal of artifacts or intervention into cultural material is justified by 

preservation treatment, protection, research, interpretation, or development 

requirements. These resources would be preserved in a stable condition to prevent 

degradation and loss of research values or in situ exhibit potential. Important 

archeological and other scientific data threatened with loss from the effects of natural 

processes, human activities, preservation treatments, park operations, or development 

activities would be recovered, recorded, or otherwise preserved.

Park Collections Park collections (archeological artifacts, archival materials, natural history collections and 

historical artifacts) would be documented, cataloged and protected to ensure long-term 

preservation according to NPS standards and guidelines. Collections would be used to 

inform historically furnished spaces and incorporated into exhibits when feasible.

VISITOR EXPERIENCE Visitors would have the opportunity to be immersed in a historic setting. Visitors could 

experience the sights, sounds, and activities that are evocative of the site’s period of 

significance.

Types of Activities The following recreational activities could occur in this zone:

beach activities such as guided or self-guided interpretive walks, tours, or participation in 

historic interpretive programs
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Volume I: 76

marine activities such as guided or self-guided boat/kayaking trips or tours relevant to 

historic interpretive programs

land-related activities such as guided and self-guided walks, hikes, tours, experiential 

learning (may include overnight stays), or historic study

other kinds of activities such as exploring historic sites and structures, participating in 

interpretive programs and participating in stewardship programs, photography, and 

artistic endeavors

In addition, special and organized events such as family events and community 

celebrations may be allowed, but group sizes may be limited. Measures may be taken to 

mitigate impacts on resources and other visitors during these events.

Interpretation/ Education/ Orientation Through immersion in the cultural setting, visitors would gain an understanding of the 

importance of the park’s historic and cultural resources and the long-standing physical 

and spiritual connection of people to these lands.

A high level of visitor orientation and interpretive services would be available in this zone.

Communication of interpretive themes would occur through a broad array of interpretive 

methods. 

Scenic Views Outstanding views of cultural resources would be an integral part of the visitor experience 

of this zone.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies

(Lightscapes)

Natural sounds would be audible and would enhance the visitor experience in this zone. 

Historically appropriate sounds would also enhance the experience of this zone. The 

soundscape would be affected by the developed landscape. During times of low 

visitation, including nighttime and off-peak times, the natural soundscape could 

predominate, with occasional noise-free intervals. 

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would enhance the visitor experience in this 

zone. Outdoor lighting would provide appropriate illumination for safety and cultural 

resource interpretation while minimizing light pollution. Nocturnal lightscapes would be 

preserved and restored to the extent possible while achieving historic preservation goals, 

such as re-creating lighting from the period of significance. 
Management Zones

Volume I: 77

Skills, Risk, Time Required Challenge, risk, and testing of outdoor skills would be generally unimportant to most 

visitors in this zone. Visitors of all levels of physical ability would be able to enjoy most 

areas within this zone. The time commitment needed to experience this zone would 

typically be an hour or more, possibly including overnight stays to provide experiential 

learning.

Use Levels/ Density/ Encounters Moderate use levels would be expected around focused activity nodes, leading to the 

likelihood of moderate numbers of encounters between visitors. Group sizes could be 

limited based on facility capacities and/or experiential objectives.

DEVELOPMENT & 

MANAGEMENT

Development would include sensitive rehabilitation or restoration of historic resources 

and may include nonhistoric visitor facilities if they can be blended into the historic fabric 

of the site.

Type/Character of Visitor Access Visitor access would be a dominant aspect of the zone, with a system of multiple 

transportation modes that are highly interconnected to allow for user-defined access to 

and within the zone.

Vehicular and nonvehicular access would be provided to and throughout the zone. 

Types of Facilities The following types of facilities could be provided:

interpretive facilities such as interpretive kiosks, and small gathering places for 

interpretive programs 

recreational facilities such as designated trails, picnic tables, boat docks/designated boat 

put-ins, and temporary boat tie-ups 

support facilities such as restroom facilities, parking areas, and transportation facilities 

(multimodal hubs, bike paths, roads)

Commercial Services and Nonprofit 

Programming

Necessary and appropriate commercial services offerings that may be available include: 

limited food/beverage/retail, equipment rentals, guides, recreational, and equestrian. 

Nonprofit programming could be focused in the areas of environmental, educational, and 

interpretive. Certain buildings may be leased for compatible uses.
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Volume I: 78

INTERPRETIVE CORRIDOR ZONE 

(This management zone is applied only to alternatives for Muir Woods National Monument.)

This management zone would preserve the monument’s natural character and would be richly interpreted 

through a variety of means. Visitor use would be managed to preserve important natural and cultural 

resources and their associated values and could involve controlled access.

NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resource integrity would be maintained and restored while providing for visitor 

opportunities and park operations.

Geologic Resources Natural geologic processes would be left unimpeded except when action is required for 

safety and to protect human health. To the greatest extent possible, infrastructure would 

be designed or relocated to avoid paleontological resources and geologic resources and 

hazards. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. Geologic and 

paleontological features and resources would be protected from visitor use impacts.

Water Resources Natural hydrologic systems and processes would be left unimpeded to the extent 

feasible, unless some alteration was required to protect cultural resources and/or 

accommodate important visitor use objectives. Impacted areas would be restored to the 

greatest extent possible. Hydrologic systems and processes would be reestablished 

while incorporating cultural resource and visitor use objectives. Potential impacts from 

visitor use, including erosion, surface and groundwater contamination, and alteration of 

natural processes, would be avoided or minimized.

Marine Environment Not Applicable

Coastal Ecosystems: Vegetation Native vegetation and vegetation communities (including aquatic vegetation) would be 

preserved to the greatest extent possible with the goal of conserving native biodiversity. 

Exotic invasive plants could be present, but would be contained and actively managed 

with the goal of eradication in the monument.

Coastal Ecosystems: Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Wildlife

Native wildlife and wildlife habitat would be protected from visitor use impacts to the 

greatest extent possible. Exotic invasive animals would be managed to the extent 

feasible, with emphasis on species that have inordinate impacts on native communities 

or public health.
Management Zones

Volume I: 79

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies (Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity and 

visitor use. Noise impacts on wildlife behavior and habitat would be minimized to the 

greatest extent possible while providing for visitor use. During times of low visitation, 

including nighttime and off-peak times, the natural soundscape would predominate. In 

areas away from roads there could be frequent and prolonged noise-free intervals.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be preserved and restored to maintain 

and improve conditions for nocturnal wildlife behavior. Only essential lights would be 

installed, and they would be operational only when needed. Outdoor lighting would 

provide minimal visibility, and light impacts on the ecological system would be minimized 

to the greatest extent possible.

Threatened & Endangered (T&E) 

Species and their Habitat

T&E species and their habitats would be managed to support species requirements.

CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural resources would be preserved by managing for adaptive reuse. Historic values 

and characteristics would be preserved for interpretation and enjoyment.

Historic Structures Based on their condition, national register significance, and suitability for recreational, 

visitor use/educational, or operational/administrative purposes, historic structures would 

be rehabilitated, stabilized, allowed to deteriorate naturally, or removed if they become 

unsafe. (See “Mitigative Measures” in part 7 for more information on the treatment of 

structures listed in or eligible for listing in the national register.)

Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes would be rehabilitated in collaboration with, and where they 

complement, natural resource objectives to preserve their significant features. 

Ethnographic Resources Access for traditional activities would be preserved. The National Park Service would 

continue to recognize the past and present existence of peoples in the region and the 

traces of their use of resources as an important part of the cultural environment to be 

preserved and interpreted. The Park Service would consult with associated American 

Indian tribes to develop and accomplish the programs of the park in a way that respects 

the beliefs, traditions, and other cultural values of the tribes who have ancestral ties to 

these lands.
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

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Archeological Resources and 

Submerged Cultural Resources

Archeological resources and submerged cultural resources would remain in situ and 

undisturbed, unless removal of artifacts or intervention into cultural material is justified by 

preservation treatment, protection, research, interpretation, or development 

requirements. These resources would be preserved in a stable condition to prevent 

degradation and loss of research values or in situ exhibit potential. Important 

archeological and other scientific data threatened with loss from the effects of natural 

processes, human activities, preservation treatments, park operations, and development 

activities would be recovered, recorded, or otherwise preserved.

Park Collections Park collections (archeological artifacts, archival materials, natural history collections and 

historical artifacts) would be documented, cataloged and protected to ensure long-term 

preservation according to NPS standards and guidelines. Collections would be used in 

interpretive programs to help visitors understand the primeval forest and early 20th 

century conservation history.

VISITOR EXPERIENCE Visitors would have the opportunity to be immersed in a natural environment (which could 

include historic resources) and participate in a variety of interpretive and educational 

opportunities to gain an in-depth understanding of these resources. Opportunities to 

experience natural sounds and closeness to nature would be important aspects of a visit 

to this area. Visitor use would be controlled to ensure that activities and their intensities 

are compatible with protecting resource integrity.

Types of Activities Recreational activities could include walking, hiking, sightseeing, and wildlife viewing; 

programs and special events could include environmental education, stewardship, 

history, and science.

Interpretation/ Education/ Orientation Through the opportunity to experience the natural and cultural resources of the area, 

visitors would gain an understanding and appreciation of the significance of the park’s 

natural and cultural resources and the potential threats to those resources. 

A moderate to high level of interpretive and education services would be available in this 

zone.

Communication of interpretive themes would occur through a broad array of interpretive 

methods.

The use of contained fires limited to interpretive and educational purposes could be 
Management Zones

Volume I: 81

permitted by the Superintendent.

Scenic Views Outstanding views of natural, cultural, and scenic resources may be available if 

unobstructed views occur naturally. If available, views would enhance the visitor 

experience in this zone.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies

(Lightscapes)

Natural sounds would be audible and would enhance the visitor experience in this zone. 

The natural soundscape would often be mixed with sounds from human activity and 

visitor use. During times of low visitation, including nighttime and off-peak times, the 

natural soundscape could predominate. In areas away from roads there could be 

frequent and prolonged noise-free intervals.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would enhance the visitor experience in this 

zone. Outdoor lighting would provide minimal visibility, and light pollution would be 

minimized. Only essential lights would be installed, and they would be operational only 

when needed. Nocturnal lightscapes would be preserved and restored to the extent 

possible.

Skills, Risk, Time Required Challenge, risk, and testing of outdoor skills would be generally unimportant to most 

visitors in this zone. Visitors of all levels of physical ability would be able to enjoy many of 

the areas within this zone. The time commitment needed to experience this zone would 

vary from a short period of time to several hours.

Use Levels/ Density/ Encounters Moderate to high use levels would be expected along interpretive corridors, leading to the 

likelihood of moderate to high rates of encounters between visitors. Groups would be 

accommodated, but group sizes could be limited based on facility capacities and/or 

experiential objectives.

DEVELOPMENT & 

MANAGEMENT

Development would be minimal and would be aimed at facilities that provide access, 

public safety, resource protection, and interpretation/education (e.g., trails, restrooms, 

boardwalks, fencing, interpretive gathering areas).

Type/Character of Visitor Access Access opportunities would be subordinate to the natural setting and may be highly 

managed (i.e., restrictions on access) to protect resources and desired visitor 

experiences, as necessary.
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

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Only NPS administrative and emergency vehicular access would be permitted; 

nonvehicular access would be the primary mode of transportation throughout the zone.

Types of Facilities The following types of facilities could be provided:

interpretive facilities such as trailhead kiosks, small gathering places for 

interpretive/education programs, and waysides

recreational facilities such as designated trails, and boardwalks

support facilities such as trailhead restroom facilities, and limited parking areas

Commercial Services and Nonprofit 

Programming

Commercial services would be minimal. Nonprofit programming in the area of education 

and interpretation may be available.
Management Zones

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NATURAL ZONE

This management zone would retain the natural, wild, and dynamic characteristics and ecological functions. 

The natural resources would be managed to preserve and restore resource integrity while providing for 

backcountry types of visitor experiences. Visitors would have opportunities to directly experience the natural 

resources primarily from trails and beaches. Visitor use would be managed to preserve resources and their 

associated values and could involve controlled access. External threats to resources would be aggressively 

addressed. Modest facilities that support management and visitor use within this zone, such as a trailhead, 

could be placed on the periphery of the zone.

NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resource integrity would be maintained by preserving and restoring natural 

resources and their processes, systems, and values.

Rare and exceptional natural resources, processes, systems, and values would be 

preserved and enhanced.

Natural functions and processes would be reestablished in human-disturbed areas of the 

park to improve and maintain the resource integrity.

Geologic Resources Natural geologic processes, including natural shoreline processes, would be left 

unimpeded except when action is required for safety and to protect human health. 

Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. Unique geologic 

features would be preserved, and paleontological resources would be undisturbed.

Water Resources Natural hydrologic systems and processes would be left unimpeded. Impacted areas 

would be restored to the greatest extent possible. Dynamic, sustainable, hydrologic 

systems and processes that support the diverse native life unique to the region would be 

reestablished.

Marine Environment The natural physical processes of marine and coastal areas would be left unimpeded to 

the extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Protection of marine areas that support the conservation of native species and 

biodiversity would be maximized.

Coastal Ecosystems: Vegetation Native vegetation and vegetation communities (including aquatic vegetation) would be 

preserved to the greatest extent possible with the goal of conserving native biodiversity. 

Exotic invasive plants could be present, but would be contained and actively managed 
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

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with the goal of eradication in the park.

Coastal Ecosystems: Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Wildlife

Native wildlife communities and ecosystem processes would be preserved and restored 

to the greatest extent possible. Exotic invasive animals would be managed with the goal 

of eradication in the park.

Natural Sounds 

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies

(Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would be intact in this zone, and noise impacts on wildlife 

behavior and habitat would be minimal. Natural sounds would occasionally be mixed with 

sounds from human activity and visitor use. 

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be preserved and restored to maintain and 

improve conditions for nocturnal wildlife behavior. Only essential lights would be installed, 

and they would be operational only when needed. Outdoor lighting would provide minimal 

visibility, and light impacts on the ecological system would be minimized to the greatest 

extent possible.

Threatened & Endangered (T&E) 

Species and their Habitat

T&E species and their habitats would be proactively managed to support species 

requirements, including recovery actions. Natural habitat conditions and processes would 

be reestablished.

CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural resource objectives would be pursued in collaboration with, and where they 

complement, natural resource objectives. These cultural resources could be stabilized 

and preserved to maintain their integrity. 

Historic Structures Based on their condition, national register significance, safety considerations, and 

suitability as elements of the visitor experience, historic structures would be stabilized, 

become “discovery sites” that are allowed to deteriorate naturally, or be removed. (See 

“Mitigative Measures” in part 7 for more information on the treatment of structures listed in 

or eligible for listing in the national register.)

Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes would be allowed to gradually revert to a more natural state, except 

where important landscape resources can be preserved without compromising natural 

resource values. 
Management Zones

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Ethnographic Resources Access for traditional activities would be preserved. The National Park Service would 

continue to recognize the past and present existence of peoples in the region and the 

traces of their use of resources as an important part of the cultural environment to be 

preserved and interpreted. The Park Service would consult with associated American 

Indian tribes to develop and accomplish the programs of the park in a way that respects 

the beliefs, traditions, and other cultural values of the tribes who have ancestral ties to the 

park lands.

Archeological Resources and 

Submerged Cultural Resources

Archeological resources and submerged cultural resources would remain in situ and 

undisturbed, unless removal of artifacts or intervention into cultural material is justified by 

preservation treatment, protection, research, interpretation, or development requirements. 

These resources would be preserved in a stable condition to prevent degradation and 

loss of research values or in situ exhibit potential. Important archeological and other 

scientific data threatened with loss from the effects of natural processes, human activities, 

preservation treatments, park operations, and development activities would be recovered, 

recorded, or otherwise preserved.

Park collections Park collections (archeological artifacts, archival materials, natural history collections and 

historical artifacts) would be documented, cataloged, and protected to ensure long-term 

preservation according to NPS standards and guidelines. Knowledge of natural history 

and archeology would be expanded by documentation, and collected when appropriate, 

to monitor changes over time.

VISITOR EXPERIENCE Visitors would have the opportunity to be immersed in a natural environment and could 

seek areas where they could experience natural sounds, tranquility, closeness to nature, 

and a sense of remoteness and self-reliance. Visitor use would be controlled to ensure 

that activities and their intensities are compatible with protecting resource integrity.

Types of Activities The following recreational activities could occur in this zone:

beach activities such as walking, swimming, and surf fishing 

marine activities such as fishing, crabbing, kayaking, surfing, and sightseeing

land-related activities such as primitive camping, hiking, walking, biking, horseback riding, 

sightseeing, and bird and wildlife viewing 
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other kinds of activities such as exploring historic sites and structures, nature study, 

photography, artistic endeavors, and participating in stewardship programs

In addition, a limited number of special and organized events (e.g., running events on 

established trails) could be permitted, but events would be highly regulated and 

monitored to mitigate impacts to resources and other visitors.

Interpretation/ Education/ Orientation Through opportunities to experience a wild setting and explore natural areas, visitors 

would gain an understanding and appreciation of the significance of the park’s natural 

resources (including marine) and the potential threats to those resources.

A low to moderate level of guided/unguided interpretive services would be available in 

this zone.

Communication of interpretive themes would most often occur outside or at the entry to 

this zone through printed media and information kiosks; some guided programs would 

occur within the zone.

Scenic Views Outstanding views of natural, cultural, and scenic resources would be available if 

unobstructed views occur naturally. If available, views would enhance the visitor 

experience of this zone.

Natural Sounds 

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies

(Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would be intact in this zone and would be an important part of 

the visitor experience. Natural sounds would occasionally be mixed with sounds from 

human activity and visitor use. Noise disturbance of wildlife would be minimal in this zone.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be integral to the visitor experience in this 

zone. Nocturnal lightscapes would be preserved and restored. Only essential lights would 

be installed, and they would be operational only when needed. Outdoor lighting would 

provide minimal visibility, and light pollution would be minimized. This zone would provide 

an opportunity to demonstrate environmental leadership and to educate the public about 

light pollution.

Skills, Risk, Time Required Challenge, risk, and testing of outdoor skills would be important to most visitors accessing 

this zone. There would be limited universal access opportunities. Time commitment to 

experience this area would typically be an hour or more.
Management Zones

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Use Levels/ Density/ Encounters Low to moderate use levels would be expected in this zone, with moderate use levels 

often found at entry points or points of interest. A moderate rate of encounters with other 

visitors would be expected, but opportunities for solitude might be found in certain areas if 

a visitor seeks it. Group sizes could be limited to protect experiential and resource 

protection objectives.

DEVELOPMENT & MANAGEMENT Development would be minimal and would be aimed at facilities that provide access, 

public safety, and resource protection (e.g., trails, restrooms, and fencing). Nonhistoric 

structures could be removed and the site restored.

Type/Character of Visitor Access Access opportunities would be subordinate to the natural setting and may be highly 

managed (i.e., restrictions on access) to protect resources and desired visitor 

experiences, as necessary. 

Trail access may be permitted to major destinations and access points.

Types of Facilities The following types of facilities could be provided:

interpretive facilities such as trailhead kiosks

recreational facilities such as designated trails, designated primitive campsites, rustic huts 

for overnight accommodations, and designated nonmotorized boat launch sites

support facilities such as trailhead restroom facilities, and limited parking areas and 

access roads (focused on the periphery of the zone to the extent possible)

Commercial Services and Nonprofit 

Programming

Commercial services would be minimal, such as guided activities. Nonprofit programming 

in the area of education and interpretation may be available.
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SENSITIVE RESOURCES ZONE

This management zone would consist of fundamental natural resources that are highly sensitive to a variety 

of activities and would receive the highest level of protection. Resources would be managed to preserve their 

fundamental values while being monitored and often studied for scientific purposes. Access to these areas 

would be highly controlled. These areas could be subject to closures, and access could be restricted to the 

less sensitive edges of the zone. External threats to resources would be aggressively addressed.

NATURAL RESOURCES Rare and exceptional natural resources, processes, systems, and values would be 

preserved and enhanced.

Natural functions and processes would be reestablished in human-disturbed areas to 

improve and maintain the resource integrity.

Geologic Resources Natural geologic processes, including natural shoreline processes, would be left 

unimpeded except when action is required for safety and to protect human health. 

Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. Unique geologic 

features would be preserved, and paleontological resources would be undisturbed.

Water Resources Natural hydrologic systems and processes would be left unimpeded. Impacted areas 

would be restored to the greatest extent possible, unless specifically managing for 

sensitive cultural resources. Dynamic, sustainable, hydrologic systems and processes 

that support the diverse native life unique to the region would be reestablished.

Marine Environment The natural physical processes of marine and coastal areas would be left unimpeded to 

the extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Protection of marine areas that support the conservation of native species and 

biodiversity would be maximized, unless the marine areas are specifically managed for 

sensitive cultural resources.

Coastal Ecosystems: Vegetation Native vegetation and vegetation communities (including aquatic vegetation) would be 

preserved to the greatest extent possible with the goal of conserving native biodiversity. 

Exotic invasive plants could be present, but would be contained and actively managed 

with the goal of eradication in the park. 
Management Zones

Volume I: 89

Coastal Ecosystems: Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Wildlife

Native wildlife communities and ecosystem processes would be preserved and promoted 

to the greatest extent possible. Exotic invasive animals would be managed with the goal 

of eradication in the park.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies (Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would be intact in this zone, and noise impact on wildlife 

behavior and habitat would be minimal. Natural sounds would occasionally be mixed with 

sounds from human activity and visitor use. 

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be preserved and restored to maintain and 

improve conditions for nocturnal wildlife behavior. No permanent outdoor lighting would 

be allowed except as needed for emergency response, critical natural resource goals, or 

emergency communications.

Threatened & Endangered (T&E) 

Species and their Habitat

T&E species and their habitats would be proactively managed to support species 

requirements, including recovery actions.

CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural resource objectives would be pursued in collaboration with, and where they 

complement, natural resource objectives. These cultural resources would be stabilized 

and preserved to maintain their integrity. 

Historic Structures Based on their condition, national register significance, safety considerations, and 

suitability as elements of the primitive visitor experience, historic structures would be 

stabilized, become “discovery sites” that are allowed to deteriorate naturally, or be 

removed. (See “Mitigative Measures” in part 7 for more information on the treatment of 

structures listed in or eligible for listing in the national register.)

Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes would be allowed to gradually revert to a more natural state, except 

where important landscape resources can be preserved without compromising natural 

resource values. 

Ethnographic Resources Access for traditional activities would be preserved. The National Park Service would 

continue to recognize the past and present existence of peoples in the region and the 

traces of their use of resources as an important part of the cultural environment to be 

preserved and interpreted. The Park Service would consult with associated American 

Indian tribes to develop and accomplish the programs of the park in a way that respects 
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

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the beliefs, traditions, and other cultural values of the tribes who have ancestral ties to the 

park lands.

Archeological Resources and 

Submerged Cultural Resources

Archeological resources and submerged cultural resources would remain in situ and 

undisturbed, unless removal of artifacts or intervention into cultural material is justified by 

preservation treatment, protection, research, interpretation, or development requirements. 

These resources would be preserved in a stable condition to prevent degradation and 

loss of research values or in situ exhibit potential. Important archeological and other 

scientific data threatened with loss from the effects of natural processes, human activities, 

preservation treatments, park operations, or development activities would be recovered, 

recorded, or otherwise preserved.

Park Collections Park collections (archeological artifacts, archival materials, natural history collections and 

historical artifacts) would be documented, cataloged, and protected to ensure long-term 

preservation according to NPS standards and guidelines. Knowledge of natural history 

and archeology would be expanded by documentation, and collected when appropriate, 

to monitor changes over time.

VISITOR EXPERIENCE Visitors would have the opportunity to experience and understand the fundamental 

resources in the zone. In particular, visitors would be able to understand and value the 

sensitive nature of these resources. Visitor use would be highly controlled and managed 

to ensure that activities and their intensities are compatible with protecting resource 

integrity.

Types of Activities The following recreational activities could occur in this zone:

beach activities such as walking and guided tours

marine activities such as kayaking, sightseeing, and guided tours

land-related activities such as hiking, walking, sightseeing, and bird and wildlife viewing, 

and guided tours

other kinds of activities such as guided trips through historic sites and structures and 

participation in stewardship programs

No special and organized events would be permitted.
Management Zones

Volume I: 91

Interpretation/ Education/ Orientation Visitors would gain an understanding and appreciation of the importance of the park’s 

sensitive resources (including marine resources) and the potential threats to those 

resources. 

A low to moderate level of guided/unguided interpretive services would be available in 

this zone.

Communication of interpretive themes would most often occur outside or at the entry to 

this zone through printed media and information kiosks, with some guided programs 

within the zone.

Scenic Views Outstanding views of natural, cultural, and scenic resources may be available if 

unobstructed views occur naturally. 

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies 

(Lightscapes)

The natural soundscape would be intact in this zone and would be an integral part of the 

visitor experience. Natural sounds would occasionally be mixed with sounds from human 

activity and visitor use. Noise disturbance of wildlife would be minimal in this zone.

Dark night skies and natural lightscapes would be integral to the visitor experience in this 

zone. Nocturnal lightscapes would be preserved and restored. No permanent outdoor 

lighting would be allowed except as needed for emergency response, critical natural 

resource goals, or emergency communications.

Skills, Risk, Time Required Challenge, risk, and testing of outdoor skills may be important for visiting this zone. There 

would be very limited universal access opportunities. The time commitment needed to 

experience this zone would typically be a few hours.

Use Levels/ Density/ Encounters Low use levels would be expected in these areas. At entry points or points of interest, a 

moderate number of encounters between visitors would be expected. As visitors travel 

away from these areas, there would be fewer encounters with other visitors. Group sizes 

could be limited to promote resource protection objectives.
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DEVELOPMENT & MANAGEMENT There would be minimal, if any, development except for some visitor facilities such as 

trails to allow for the concentration and direction of visitor use and the protection of 

resources.

Type/Character of Visitor Access Access opportunities would be highly managed (i.e., permitted access, area closures) to 

protect sensitive resources.

Vehicular access may be permitted to major access points, but nonvehicular access 

would be the primary mode of transportation throughout the zone.

Types of Facilities The following types of facilities could be provided:

interpretive facilities such as trailhead kiosks

recreational facilities such as designated trails 

support facilities such as trailhead restroom facilities, and limited parking areas and 

access roads (focused on the periphery of the zone to the extent possible)

Commercial Services and Nonprofit 

Programming

Commercial services and nonprofit programming would be minimal.
Management Zones

Volume I: 93

PARK OPERATIONS ZONE

This management zone would primarily support developed facilities for park and partners operations and 

maintenance functions. This zone would be managed to provide facilities that are safe, secured, and 

appropriate for functions required for park management. Access to these areas for visitors would be 

controlled and limited to organized meetings, programs, and access to park administration.

NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources would be managed to accommodate operational uses/activities and to 

facilitate sustainable maintenance operations. 

The intrusion of maintenance and operations activities on the surrounding park setting 

would be minimized through planning, design, screening, and noise reduction efforts. No 

park development actions would be taken that would preclude future natural resource 

protection or restoration.

Geologic Resources Natural geologic processes, including natural shoreline processes, would be left 

unimpeded to the extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest 

extent possible. Unique geologic features would be preserved, and paleontological 

resources would be protected while meeting operational needs. Avoidance and mitigation 

would be used to minimize impacts on geologic and paleontological resources. Where 

impacts are unavoidable, paleontological resources would, if necessary, be collected and 

properly cared for.

Water Resources Natural hydrologic systems and processes would be left unimpeded to the greatest extent 

possible. Previously impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Potential impacts from park operations, including erosion, surface and groundwater 

contamination, and alteration of natural processes, would be avoided or minimized.

Marine Environment The natural physical processes of marine and coastal areas would be left unimpeded to 

the extent possible. Impacted areas would be restored to the greatest extent possible. 

Marine resources would be protected from impacts from park operations.

Coastal Ecosystems: Vegetation Native vegetation and vegetation communities (including aquatic vegetation) would be 

preserved to the greatest extent possible. Impacts from park operations on these areas 

and on adjacent vegetation would be minimized. Species that can withstand and support 

operational uses may be desired. Exotic invasive plants could be present, but would be 
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Volume I: 94

suppressed and actively managed in the park.

Coastal Ecosystems: Aquatic and 

Terrestrial Wildlife

Native wildlife communities would be protected to the greatest extent possible. Exotic 

invasive animals would be managed to the extent feasible, with emphasis on species that 

have inordinate impacts on native communities or are associated with human health 

risks.

Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies (Lightscapes)

Natural sounds would be mixed with sounds from human activity, visitor use, and park 

operations. Noise impacts on wildlife behavior and habitat would be minimized where 

possible. During those times when activity associated with park operations is low, the 

natural soundscape could predominate, with occasional noise-free intervals.

Dark night skies would be preserved to the greatest extent possible while operational 

needs and uses are accommodated. Impacts on nocturnal wildlife behavior would be

minimized as much as possible while providing adequate outdoor illumination.

Threatened & Endangered (T&E) 

Species and their Habitat

T&E species and their habitats would be managed to support species requirements.

CULTURAL RESOURCES Cultural resources could be preserved by adaptive reuse for the purposes of park 

operations and administration.

Historic Structures Most historic structures would be rehabilitated for adaptive reuse. Historic structures not 

suited for adaptive reuse would be stabilized or, depending on condition, be removed. 

(See “Mitigative Measures” in part 7 for more information on the treatment of structures 

listed in or eligible for listing in the national register.)

Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes would be rehabilitated for appropriate contemporary use of the 

landscape while preserving those features that convey historical, cultural, or architectural 

values.

Ethnographic Resources Access for traditional activities would be preserved. The National Park Service would 

continue to recognize the past and present existence of peoples in the region and the 

traces of their use of resources as an important part of the cultural environment to be 

preserved and interpreted. The Park Service would consult with associated American 

Indian tribes to develop and accomplish the programs of the park in a way that respects 
Management Zones

Volume I: 95

the beliefs, traditions, and other cultural values of the tribes who have ancestral ties to the 

park lands.

Archeological Resources and 

Submerged Cultural Resources

Archeological resources and submerged cultural resources would remain in situ and 

undisturbed, unless removal of artifacts or intervention into cultural material is justified by 

preservation treatment, protection, research, interpretation, or development requirements. 

These resources would be preserved in a stable condition to prevent degradation and 

loss of research values or in situ exhibit potential. Important archeological and other 

scientific data threatened with loss from the effects of natural processes, human activities, 

preservation treatments, park operations, and development activities would be recovered, 

recorded, or otherwise preserved.

Park Collections Park collections (archeological artifacts, archival materials, natural history collections and 

historical artifacts) would be documented, cataloged, and protected to ensure long-term 

preservation according to NPS standards and guidelines. Collections would be stored in 

centralized facilities and made available for research, exhibits, and interpretive programs 

to inform and engage the public in ongoing stewardship.

VISITOR EXPERIENCE Visitors would have the opportunity for limited and controlled access to these areas for 

purposes of orientation, organized meetings, and access to park administration.

Types of Activities The following recreational activities could occur in this zone:

stewardship activities

Special organized events would be permitted where compatible with park operations. 

Group sizes could be limited. 

Interpretation/ Education/ Orientation Visitors would gain an understanding of opportunities in the park. A minimal to moderate 

level of visitor orientation would be available depending on the site. 

Communication of interpretive themes would not be emphasized in this zone. 

Scenic Views Outstanding views of natural, cultural, and scenic resources may be available if 

unobstructed views occur naturally. 
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

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Natural Sounds

(Soundscapes) 

and 

Dark Night Skies

(Lightscapes)

Natural sounds would be audible and would enhance the visitor experience in this zone. 

Natural sounds would be mixed with sounds from human activity, visitor use, and park 

operations. During those times when activity associated with park operations is low, the 

natural soundscape could predominate, with occasional noise-free intervals.

Dark night skies would be preserved to the greatest extent possible while operational 

needs and uses are accommodated. Outdoor lighting would provide adequate 

illumination for visibility while minimizing light pollution. This zone would provide an 

opportunity to demonstrate environmental leadership and educate the public about light 

pollution.

Skills, Risk, Time Required Challenge, risk, and testing of outdoor skills would be unimportant to visitors in this zone. 

Visitors of all levels of physical ability would have some access to this zone depending on 

the site. The time commitment needed to experience this zone would vary from a very 

short period of time to several hours.

Use Levels/ Density/ Encounters Low use levels would be expected because this area is intended for staff and visitors on 

official business. Frequency of encounters with other visitors would be low.

DEVELOPMENT & MANAGEMENT Development patterns would include a diversity of facilities to support visitor services and 

park administration. 

Type/Character of Visitor Access Access opportunities would be limited and controlled for purposes of orientation, 

organized meetings, and access to park administration.

Vehicular and nonvehicular access would be provided to administrative facilities. Trails 

would not likely be found in the zone, but pedestrian sidewalks and crosswalks would be 

appropriate in this zone. Trailheads connecting with other parks and neighboring 

communities would be appropriate in this zone.

Types of Facilities The following types of facilities could be provided:

administrative offices, maintenance and storage facilities, parking, pedestrian walkways, 

waste water and utility management facilities, and other operational needs
Management Zones

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Commercial Services and Nonprofit 

Programming

No visitor support services or nonprofit programming would be expected in this zone.
PART 2: BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

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