Executive Summary

A new information source, the Local

Employment Dynamics (LED) program for

California, shows:

• The workforce is aging. From 1992

through 2001, an increasing percentage

of the workforce was 45 years and

older. The proportion of people 65

years and older who continue working

has also increased, but slightly.

• Industries in which more than 1-in-6

workers were 55 years and older in

2001 include: transportation equipment, water transportation, membership organizations, educational services, and real estate. Of these, the water

transportation industry employed relatively fewer older workers.

• An example of an industry with a high

turnover rate for workers 55 years and

over is business services.

• An example of an industry with a low

turnover rate for older workers is real

estate.

• Industries where workers 65 years and

over are most likely to be employed

include the business services, eating

and drinking places, and health services industries. Real estate is also an

important source of work for the oldest

workers.

• On average, in 2001, for workers 65

years and over, 34,461 jobs were created and 40,994 were lost.

• The industry with the highest average

monthly earnings in 2001 for workers

65 years and older was security and

commodity brokers ($11,264), but the

number of such workers was only

1,744. Of the industries that employed

more than 4,000 workers 65 years and

older, the highest paying was electronic

and electrical equipment ($5,005 a

month).

Introduction

A large wave of workers born during the

Baby Boom of 1946 to 1964 will be leaving the workforce over the next few

decades. A larger share than in past generations may “retire” to collect the pensions they earned over their work life and

then continue working part-time or in

more flexible working arrangements.1

Decision makers are looking at the economic and policy implications for a wide

range of programs and institutions,

including Social Security and Medicare;

financial markets; the housing market;

and recreation, transportation, and healthcare systems.

What the workforce of the future looks

like will depend on many factors. This

report focuses on one possible scenario

that some scholars consider to be reasonable. It assumes that Baby Boomers replicate the retirement behavior of previous

generations and that immigrant workers

do not fill all of the jobs left vacant by

U.S.Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Issued May 2004

LED/OW-CA

A Profile Of Older Workers In California

By 

Nick Carroll 

and 

Cynthia Taeuber

Sponsored by the 

National Institute on Aging

National Institutes of Health

Department of Health and 

Human Services

Local Employment Dynamics

1 The term "retirees" refers to workers who collect

pensions - who may have varied labor market experiences. Some may completely leave the labor force

and others may continue to work. Of those who continue to work while they receive pensions, some may

work fewer than 35 hours a week, some may work

only part of the year, and others may continue in the

labor force year-round and full-time. 

U S C E N S U S B U R E A U

Helping You Make Informed Decisions
these retirements. If these

assumptions prove accurate:

The United States will lose the

services of millions of highly

skilled, experienced workers.

Because of the baby dearth that

followed the Baby Boom, there

will not be many new workers to

replace them, even as the senior

adult population grows significantly. Labor force growth is

expected to fall from 1.1 percent per year in the 1990s to

0.36 percent per year in the

period 2010 to 2020.2

Regardless of how the future

unfolds, information about the

workforce decisions made by the

Baby Boomers can be useful to a

number of groups. Decision makers

in California need to know which

industries and regions of the state

are likely to be most affected by

changes in the size and composition

of the labor force in coming decades.

Similarly, businesses need such information both to make more informed

plans for transitions and to pinpoint

potential problem areas and new

opportunities. Older workers who

want to continue working need to

know in what industries and in what

areas of California jobs are available,

how flexible businesses are about

their working arrangements, and the

level of earnings they can expect.

The Census Bureau, together with

state partners, is developing several new sources of information to

support these needs. The Local

Employment Dynamics (LED) program, one of the newest resources,

produces workforce indicators that

are updated every quarter for each

partner state and its metropolitan

areas, counties, and Workforce

Investment Areas.3 Statistics are

available without cost on the program’s Web site 

http://lehd.dsd. census.gov/ and

additional indicators are available

from partner states. The statistics

are historical and come from multiple, high-quality information

sources that include most of the

working population (see “Sources

and Accuracy of the Data” at the

end of this report for additional

information about coverage). 

The LED program is a partnership

between the Census Bureau and

participating states. As of February

2004, 29 states are partners with

the Census Bureau in creating this

information.4 Those 29 states

cover about 65 percent of

America’s workers. Additional

states are planning to join the partnership.

This report uses Quarterly

Workforce Indicators (QWIs) from

the LED program for the state of

California to focus on two groups

of older workers: those who are

likely to be receiving pension

income (65 and older), and the preretirement group (55-64 years old).

People in the preretirement group

may collect pensions within the

next ten years, but may or may

not continue to participate in the

labor force. 

With the LED, we can respond to

questions such as:

What changes are occurring in

the age composition of the workforce in a geographic area?

Which industries will be most

affected by the departure of

older workers from the workforce?

In what industries do older people tend to continue working and

under what circumstances?

Which industries create jobs for

older workers? Suffer the most

job losses? 

Which industries have the lowest

job turnover rate for older 

workers?

How much do older workers

earn in various industry groups

and geographic areas?

As the LED statistics in this report

show, older workers in California

have been an increasing proportion

of the labor force. We learn from

the LED information that older

workers tend to be employed in

the same industries that employ

large numbers of younger workers,

but the best-paid are those who

work in financial and scientific

firms with relatively few older

workers. We do not know yet

whether California will undergo

rapid and massive changes, or

gradual changes due to the retirement of experienced workers of

the Baby Boom generation along

with the movement of workers into

and out of California. We do know

that both have the potential to

affect the age distribution of the

workforce significantly. Planners

in California will be able to keep

an eye on the impact of such factors and emerging trends by using

the LED statistics.

2 U.S. Census Bureau

2 Penner, Rudolph, Pamela Perun, and

Eugene Steuerle. "Legal and Institutional

Impediments to Partial Retirement and PartTime Work by Older Workers," The Urban

Institute, 2002.

Quarterly Workforce

Indicators for partner states

and detailed information

about the LED program are

available at:

http://lehd.dsd.census.gov/.

3 Other related information sources from

the Census Bureau include the American

Community Survey www.census.gov/acs/www/

and the economic census

www.census.gov/epcd/www/econ2002.html

4 As of February 2004, the partner states

whose data were being processed were: CA,

CO, FL, IA, ID, IL, KS, MD, MN, MO, MT, NC, NJ,

NM, OK, OR, PA, TX, VA, WA, WI, and WV.

Additional partner states include: AR, DE, GA,

KY, ME, MI, and ND. This is an ongoing project and additional states are expected to join.
How is the age composition

of the workforce in

California changing?

The aging of Baby Boom workers

led to an increase in the proportion

of the workforce 45 years and

older from 1992 to 2001 in

California. Many planners anticipate this proportion will grow even

more rapidly over the next two

decades unless a large influx of

younger workers comes into

California. In 1992, about 74 percent of California workers were 14-

to-44 years old (Figure 1). By

2001, that figure had dropped to

about 69 percent of workers.

Fifteen percent of California workers were 45-to-54 years old in

1992 and 20 percent were in that

age group in 2001. 

The falling share of younger workers occurred across the economy

of California. The share of workers

in California who are 65 and older,

the traditional age when most

workers leave the labor force permanently, increased slightly, from

2.7 percent to 2.9 percent from

1992 to 2001.

Which industries will be

most affected by the aging

workforce? 

Unless there is an infusion of new

workers from outside California, or

from other California industries, the

industries identified in Figure 25

are those likely to be most affected

by the aging of the workforce.6 If

older workers seek either more

flexibility in hours or leave these

industries completely, companies

may suffer a considerable loss of

skills and knowledge. Thus, industries with a high proportion of

workers near retirement might

need to plan for increased training

U.S. Census Bureau 3

Beginning-of-Quarter

Employment

Total number of workers who

were employed by the same

employer in the reference

and previous quarters

Figure 1.

California Workforce by Age Group: 1992 to 2001

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, 

Local Employment Dynamics program's Web site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

(Percent of beginning-of-quarter employment)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01

65+

14-44

45-54

55-64 

Skill Level

Quarters of work experience

6 Because the QWIs come from a mixture

of sources, they are not directly comparable

with statistics from worker-based surveys

such as the decennial census, the American

Community Survey, and the Current

Population Survey. Industries are based on

the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)

system. The LED program will convert from

the SIC system to the North American

Industry Classification System (NAICS) in

early 2004. Some classification titles appear

to be similar but the detailed industry

groups that compose the categories may differ between the SIC and NAICS systems.

5 Workers in private households are not

shown in the text because the coverage of

private households is low relative to other

industries. 
to respond to the loss of older

workers and their institutional

knowledge. 

Figure 2 shows that the transportation equipment industry in

California had a high proportion of

older workers — 15.8 percent were

55-64 years old and 2.8 percent

were 65 years and older. Other

industries with a relatively high

proportion of workers 55 years

and older included water transportation (17.5 percent), membership organizations (19.1 percent),

and real estate (19.7 percent). Of

these industries, the water transportation industry employed less

than 5,000 older workers

(Appendix Table A1).

The demand for older workers

and job stability.

An indicator of the degree to which

businesses need older workers is

the turnover rate of older workers

within an industry. Industries with

a history of relatively high

turnover rates may have little need

for specific skills and may find it

easy to replace employees. As a

result, firms in such industries may

be likely to pay relatively low

wages. A relatively low turnover

rate for a specific age group, such

as older workers, may indicate that

workers in that age group are relatively skilled or not readily

replaced. The LED data enable us,

for the first time, to identify the

nature of demand for older workers in particular industries. 

The job turnover rate is also a

measure of job stability. Older

workers who work in low turnover

industries may spend less time

looking for work and retraining for

new jobs. The average quarterly

turnover rate for all workers in

California was 13.1 percent in

2001 (although this includes the

relatively high turnover rates of

teenagers and young adults).7 For

workers 65 years and older, it was

4 U.S. Census Bureau

7 This is a simple average of four quarters

in a calendar year.

Figure 2.

Selected Industries With a High Proportion of 

Older Workers by Age, for California: 2001

Note: Details do not cover the total workforce in these age categories.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, 

Labor Market Information Division, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2001, 

Appendix Table A1 and Web site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

Total, all industries

Fabricated metal products

Local/suburban transit

Stone, clay, and glass

Insurance agents/brokers

Measuring/analyzing instruments

Real estate

Educational services

Membership organizations

Water transportation

Transportation equipment

55-64

65+

(Percent of industry's workforce. Includes only industries that employed 

1,000 or more workers in each age category in California)

15.8

2.8

13.7

3.8

13.2

5.9

13.1 

4.0

12.9 

6.8

11.5 

1.7

11.4

3.7

11.2

2.3

11.2 

3.8

11.2 

3.3

8.8 

2.9

Turnover Rate — A measure

of workforce stability, the

turnover rate reflects the

movement of workers into

and out of jobs.

Turnover rate = 

(A worker who retires is

included in the turnover rate.)

* ( ) 2

1

, -1

+

t t

t t

average employment

accessions separations
11.8 percent; for those 55 years

and older, 10.6 percent. 

The industries in Figure 2 with the

highest average quarterly turnover

rates for workers 55-64 years old

in 2001 were local/suburban transit (11.2 percent) and educational

services (8.1 percent). Industries

from Figure 2 with lower average

quarterly turnover rates for this

age group include water transportation (4.5 percent) and stone,

clay and glass (5.7 percent).

Average quarterly turnover rates

for 2001 for these and other industries are shown in Appendix Table

A2.

Of the top ten industries in

California employing workers 65

years and older in 2001 (Table 1

and Figure 3), the agricultural services (24.7 percent), business services (16.9 percent), and motion

pictures (16.4 percent) industries

had the highest average quarterly

turnover rates; the lowest was the

real estate (7.5 percent) industry.

Where do older workers work?

This section asks where older

workers are most concentrated

because the types of work performed by today’s older workers

may indicate the work that older

people will perform in the future.

Planners might also examine the

type of work done by younger age

groups, such as those 35-44 years

old, for the changes they might

expect among older workers, given

differences in the type of education different age groups received

and changes in the needs of industries. 

As shown in Figure 3, the industries where workers 65 years and

over were most likely to be

employed in California in 2001

were business services, eating and

drinking places, and health services (each employing roughly 6 to 9

percent of the workforce 65 years

and older, over 20,000 workers

each). About 46 percent of workers 65 years and older in California

were employed in the ten industries shown in Figure 3, compared

with 45 percent of all workers.

Older and younger workers may be

employed in distinctly different

types of firms within these industries, however, and may be

assigned different tasks.

Between 1992 and 2001, there

were substantial changes in the

top ten industries that employed

the largest number of workers 65

years and older in 2001 (Table 2).8

Service industries have long been

the major employers of older

workers in California.

Employment dynamics and

older workers.

The employment numbers in the

preceding section show only one

part of the employment picture.

Even when levels of employment in

an industry change little, enormous change can occur in the

underlying numbers. Economists

refer to the underlying changes as

“job creation” and “job destruction.” Even if employment levels in

an industry stay the same, some

firms add jobs and others eliminate jobs. So, while Figure 3 identifies the industries that employed

a high proportion of workers 65

years and older in California in

2001, LED program data reveal

more detail. LED indicators also

tally the number of jobs gained

and lost by older workers in the

California economy.9

The LED statistics reveal that, on

average in California in 2001, for

workers 65 years and older,

34,461 jobs were created a quarter

(Appendix Table A4) and 40,994

were lost (Appendix Table A5) – on

average, a net decrease of 6,533

such workers employed a quarter.

The industries that created the

most jobs for workers 65 years

and older (Table 3) were eating and

drinking places, with 3,161 jobs

created on average a quarter, followed by business services (2,709

U.S. Census Bureau 5

Table 1.

Job Stability in California by Industry: 2001

(Top 10 industries statewide employing workers 65 and older )

Industry Number of

workers

65 and

older

Average

quarterly

turnover

rate for

workers

65 and

older

(percent)

Average

quarterly

turnover

rate for

workers

14 and

older

(percent)

Number of

workers 14

and older

Business services .................... 33,624 16.9 20.6 1,272,758

Eating and drinking places ............ 24,844 15.1 18.2 896,685

Health services ...................... 23,493 8.0 9.4 947,808

Real estate .......................... 13,915 7.5 11.3 204,950

Engineering, accounting, and research . 12,964 10.6 12.4 502,744

Construction—special trade . . ......... 12,852 15.6 15.0 508,706

Social services ...................... 11,887 9.3 12.7 298,757

Agricultural services .................. 11,785 24.7 22.3 269,134

Wholesale trade—durables ............ 11,743 8.2 9.8 476,747

Motion pictures ...................... 11,089 16.4 17.7 247,504

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market

Information Division 2001, Appendix Tables A1 and A2. See Web site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

8 Historical statistics are consistent in the

LED program, so it is possible to make comparisons of statistics over time.

9 Job losses for older workers can happen

in two ways - a firm can actually reduce

employment, or it can substitute a younger

worker for an older worker who may have

taken another job, retired, or left involuntarily.
jobs). The industries that

destroyed the most jobs for the

oldest workers were business services (3,880 jobs a quarter

destroyed on average), eating and

drinking places (3,197 jobs), and

agricultural services (2,378 jobs).

These changes represented, in

California in 2001, an average net

loss of 1,171 jobs in business

services and 36 jobs in eating and

drinking places. The agricultural

services industry created 12 jobs

on average a quarter. The insurance agents and brokers (1,334

jobs a quarter) industry had the

most significant net job gain.

What do older workers earn?

On average, full-quarter workers

65 years and older in 2001 earned

$2,587 a month in California, and

workers of all ages averaged

$3,496 a month (Table 4 and

Appendix Table A6).

As is the case for all workers, the

average earnings levels of older

workers vary greatly among industries. For example, in eating and

drinking places, which employed

6.8 percent of all workers 65 years

and older in California in 2001, the

average monthly earnings were

$1,298. Workers 14 and older in

that industry had average monthly

earnings of $1,294. About 9 percent of the oldest workers in

California were employed by the

business services industry, and

they had average monthly earnings

of $1,877. Of the top ten industries employing older workers in

California in 2001, the industry

with the highest average monthly

earnings was engineering, accounting, and research, with an average

of $4,505 a month.

Among all industry groups, the

security/commodity brokers industry had the highest average monthly earnings in 2001 for workers 65

years and older - $11,264 – compared with $15,027 for all workers

in this industry (Table 5). The

number of workers 65 years and

older in this industry is relatively

small – 1,744 workers. Other high

paying industries include holding/other investment offices,

chemicals, and communications.

Only three industries that

employed more than 4,000 workers 65 years and older – electronic/electrical equipment; industrial/commercial machinery; and

engineering, accounting, and

research – were relatively high paying, with average earnings of

$5,005, $4,548, and $4,505 a

month, respectively.

Summary

This report provides answers to

several key questions related to

the aging of California’s workforce:

• What is the age composition of

the workforce and what are the

changes over time?

• Which industries are likely to be

affected by the aging of the

workforce?

6 U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 3.

Percentage of Workers 65 Years and Older in 

Selected Industries for California: 2001

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, 

Labor Market Information Division, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2001, 

Appendix Table A1 and Web site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

(Percent of workers aged 65+ years)

Motion pictures

Wholesale trade - durables

Agricultural services

Social services

Construction - special trade

Engineering, accounting and research

Real estate

Health services

Eating and drinking places

Business services 9.2

6.8

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.0

6.4

Job Creation — New jobs are

created either by new businesses opening or by existing

firms adding new jobs.

Job Destruction — Jobs are

lost to the economy when

businesses close or reduce

employment.

Net Job Flow — The difference

between current and previous

beginning-of-quarter employment across all businesses.
• Which industries have the lowest

turnover rates of older workers?

• In which industries are older

workers most likely to be

employed?

• How much do older workers

earn?

In California in 2001, the industries that employed the highest

proportions of workers 55-64

years old, and hence were likely to

be affected by retirements in the

coming decade were: transportation equipment, water transportation, and membership organizations.

The membership organizations and

real estate industries had high proportions of workers 65 years and

older. In terms of pay, older workers tended to fare best in industries with many highly trained, professional employees, such as in

financial firms.

SOURCES AND ACCURACY

OF THE DATA

Background

The U.S. Census Bureau and partner states produce Quarterly

Workforce Indicators (QWIs) for

each state, metropolitan area,

county, and Workforce Investment

Board area. QWIs for other geographic areas are available through

the state partners. 

The QWIs are updated each quarter

and annual averages are available

at http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

Overview

The QWIs are key economic indicators selected jointly by the Census

Bureau and its partner states. Each

QWI provides a critical measure of

an area’s economy and is a tool to

understand changes in the core

performance of local economies. 

The QWIs are updated 7 months

after the end of a quarter, which

makes them a current and a historical time series to monitor economic change. They serve as early

indicators to states and local areas

of emerging trends and help to

U.S. Census Bureau 7

Table 3.

Job Gains and Losses Among Industry Groups in California

by Industry: 2001

(Average number of jobs a quarter )

Top ten industries that created jobs

for workers 65 and over Jobs

created

Jobs

destroyed

Net

change

Total employment

Workers

65 and

older

Workers

14 and

older

Eating and drinking places 3,161 3,197 −36 24,844 896,685

Business services ............. 2,709 3,880 −1,171 33,624 1,272,758

Agricultural services ........... 2,390 2,378 12 11,785 269,134

Construction—special trade ..... 1,937 1,808 129 12,852 508,706

Insurance agents and brokers . . . 1,539 205 1,334 3,187 86,265

Health services ................ 1,268 1,890 −622 23,493 947,808

Engineering, accounting, and

research .................... 1,044 1,387 −343 12,964 502,744

Social services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 1,061 −167 11,887 298,757

Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 1,031 −157 13,915 204,950

Miscellaneous retail . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 1,099 −300 10,719 336,559

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market

Information Division, 2001, Appendix Tables A1, A4, and A5. See Web site:

http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

Table 2.

Top Ten Employers in California Employing Workers 65

and Older by Rank: 1992 and 2001

1992

rank

2001

rank Industry

Number of workers

65 and older Percent

change,

1992−

2001

Number

of workers

14 and

older,

1992 2001 2001

1 1 Business services ............ 21,664 33,624 55.2 1,272,758

2 2 Eating and drinking places..... 19,622 24,844 26.6 896,685

3 3 Health services............... 18,990 23,493 23.7 947,808

4 4 Real estate .................. 12,783 13,915 8.9 204,950

6 5 Engineering, accounting, and

research................... 9,829 12,964 31.9 502,744

18 6 Construction—special trade . . . . 5,114 12,852 151.3 508,706

9 7 Social services . .............. 8,291 11,887 43.4 298,757

12 8 Agricultural services .......... 7,504 11,785 57.0 269,134

7 9 Wholesale trade—durables . . . . 9,790 11,743 19.9 476,747

14 10 Motion pictures ............... 6,475 11,089 71.3 247,504

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market

Information Division, 1992 and 2001, Appendix Tables A1 and A3. See Web site:

http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

Full-Quarter Employment

Total number of workers who were employed by the same employer

in the reference, previous, and subsequent quarters

Average Earnings for Full-Quarter Employees

Total earnings of all workers employed the full quarter divided by the

number of such workers 
identify turning points in the

dynamics of the workforce and

specific industries. 

The database covers about 98 percent of the labor force.10 The QWIs

are derived from state administrative records and basic demographic information from other existing

sources. Some information about

the workforce is not now available

in this database, including hours

and weeks worked, educational

attainment, occupation, and

whether workers worked for an

entire quarter or a part of the quarter. The Census Bureau is working

on long-term plans to include

information of this type, particularly educational and occupational

information. There are other types

of errors in administrative data,

including coding errors in personal

identifiers, coding errors in business identifiers, and errors in wage

records (see the technical documentation on 

http://lehd.dsd.census.gov).

Because the QWIs come from a

mixture of sources, they are not

directly comparable with statistics

from worker-based surveys, such

as the decennial census, the

American Community Survey, and

the Current Population Survey.

Industries are based on the

Standard Industrial Classification

(SIC) system. The LED program

will convert from the SIC system to

the North American Industry

Classification System (NAICS) in

early 2004. Some classification

titles appear to be similar but the

detailed industry groups that compose the categories may differ

between the SIC and NAICS systems.

Enhanced Unemployment

Insurance (UI) wage records are the

basic data source for the QWIs.

Administrative records and the surveys differ in coverage, the timing

of data collection, and concept definitions. The QWIs are not exactly

comparable with establishment

surveys either, such as those from

the Bureau of Labor Statistics’

8 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 4.

Average Monthly Earnings Among Top Ten Industries in

California by Age: 2001

(Full-quarter earnings)

Industry

Average

monthly

earnings

for workers

65 and

older

for workers

14 and

older

(dollars)

Average

monthly

earnings

(dollars)

Workers

65 and

older

(number)

Workers 14

and older

(number)

Total . . ........................ 2,587 3,496 364,411 12,620,246

Business services .................. 1,877 4,129 33,624 1,272,758

Eating and drinking places ........... 1,298 1,294 24,844 896,685

Health services ..................... 3,136 3,393 23,493 947,808

Real estate ........................ 2,313 3,406 13,915 204,950

Engineering, accounting, and

research ......................... 4,505 5,224 12,964 502,744

Construction—special trade .......... 2,688 3,310 12,852 508,706

Social services ..................... 1,489 1,916 11,887 298,757

Agricultural services . ................ 1,412 1,723 11,785 269,134

Wholesale trade—durables .......... 3,529 4,454 11,743 476,747

Motion pictures ..................... 1,226 3,343 11,089 247,504

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market

Information Division, 2001, Appendix Table A6. See Web site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

Table 5.

Average Monthly Earnings of Workers in California by

Age: 2001

(Full-quarter earnings. Includes only industries that employed 1,000 or more workers 65 and older in

California)

Industry

Average

monthly

earnings of

workers 65

and older

(dollars)

Average

monthly

earnings of

workers 14

and older

(dollars)

Workers

65 and

older

(number)

Workers 14

and older

(number)

Security and commodity brokers ...... 11,264 15,027 1,744 80,199

Holding and other investment offices . . 9,016 6,615 1,099 41,900

Chemicals . . . ...................... 8,038 5,232 1,552 83,451

Communications . ................... 6,207 5,322 1,511 205,013

Legal services ...................... 5,875 5,772 2,802 128,601

Electronic and electrical equipment . . . 5,005 5,853 4,448 271,248

Transportation equipment ............ 4,965 4,549 3,958 143,614

Industrial and commercial machinery . . 4,548 6,101 4,440 225,319

Engineering, accounting, and

research ......................... 4,505 5,224 12,964 502,744

Construction other than building . . . . . . 4,411 4,338 1,287 70,419

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market

Information Division, 2001, Appendix Tables A1 and A6. See Web site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

10The database for each state covers

about 98 percent of nonagricultural, private

wage and salaried employment. Most state

and local government employees are included, but many federal workers are not

(depending on the state). The remaining 2

percent are railroad workers and workers for

some non-profit organizations. Selfemployed workers and independent contractors are not in the covered universe. See:

U.S. Census Bureau, David W. Stevens and

Julia Lane, “Employment That Is Not Covered

By State Unemployment,” Technical Paper

No. TP-2002-16, January 2002, available on

http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.
Quarterly Census of Employment

and Wages (QCEW) program, which

capture employment at an establishment on the 12th of the month.

The LED database can respond to a

wide variety of questions about

the workforce because it allows

multiple definitions of “employment.” That is because the QWIs

are job-based statistics and different from the worker-based statistics familiar to many researchers.11

The LED database includes all jobs

held:

1. In a quarter, regardless of length

of time the job is held

2. At the beginning of a quarter

(the measure used in this

report)

3. At the end of a quarter

4. For a full quarter

The measure that is closest to the

QCEW definition of employment is

the second one, jobs held at the

beginning of a quarter. This second measure has the additional

advantage that the trends are similar to those shown by workerbased surveys such as the decennial census, although the levels

differ. 

Another difference among datasets

is measurement of earnings.

According to the BLS Handbook of

Methods (1997), UI wage records

measure “gross wages and salaries,

bonuses, stock options, tips, and

other gratuities, and the value of

meals and lodging, where supplied.” They do not include Old

Age Survivor and Disability

Insurance (OASDI), health insurance, workers’ compensation,

unemployment insurance, private

pensions, and welfare funds. The

LED database does not include the

number of hours or weeks an

employee worked. Thus, what

appears for an industry such as

retail trade to be low average earnings in a given year or quarter may

be the result of relatively low

hourly wages, not working many

hours in the time period, or both.

In retail trade, much of the work is

part-time and this affects the LED

measure of average earnings. 

The confidentiality of the

statistics is protected

The Census Bureau and the state

partners are committed to protecting the confidentiality of the data

in the LED files. Technically, the

approach to avoid disclosure of

individual information is to combine cell suppression methodology

with the addition of statistical

noise, controlling key measures to

county employment levels as

reported by the Bureau of Labor

Statistics. In plainer English, the

statistical techniques the Census

Bureau uses mean that the actual

statistics are not shown if the numbers in a cell are small. Rather, the

statistics that are shown are

“fuzzy,” that is, close to the actual

information but not exact.

Only Census Bureau employees or

individuals who have Special

Sworn Status are permitted to

work with the data. Everyone who

has access to Title 13 data must

have an official security clearance

based on a background check,

including fingerprinting.

Additionally, they are subject to a

fine of up to $250,000, up to five

years in jail, or both, if confidential

information is disclosed. The

Census Bureau and state data custodians review all projects before

release to avoid disclosure of confidential information. 

More detailed information about

the confidentiality protection system is available under the

“Confidentiality” menu at

http://lehd.dsd.census.gov/.

Why the Census Bureau

produces the LED statistics

The Census Bureau and the state

partners are committed to protecting the integrity of information and

producing the highest quality statistics. We accomplish this by

ensuring that the LED program is

consistent with the Census

Bureau’s legal authority and mission, that the methodologies used

are the best alternatives, and that

the LED program produces demonstrated benefits. 

The state partners and the Census

Bureau both benefit from the LED

program. The state partners fulfill

their mandate to provide high

quality regional labor market information, and the Census Bureau

improves the economic and demographic survey estimates and intercensal population estimates.

Specifically, the LED program supports Census Bureau research on

improving the quality, use, and

analysis of its census, survey, and

estimation-based data products.

Estimates of the employed population by demographic, geographic,

and industrial detail enhance the

Census Bureau’s existing agencywide programs. In particular, estimates of workers in each county

and industry, in conjunction with

statistical information about

employers, will provide long-needed and critical but previously

unavailable information for key

programs, such as the demographic survey estimates and the intercensal population estimates program. Census Bureau programs

will benefit from new information

on turnover, job creation, and job

destruction by age and sex, and

information on the employment of

individuals in each county. 

More information about the benefits of the LED program may be

found on the LED Web site at

http://lehd.dsd.census.gov/.

U.S. Census Bureau 9

11 For the QWIs, a “job” is defined as

equivalent records for an employer and

employee.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research for and production of this

report were supported under an

interagency agreement with the

Behavioral and Social Research

Program, National Institute on

Aging, Agreement No. 

Y1-AG-9415-01.

10 U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau 11

APPENDIX TABLES

Table A1.

Employment in California by Industry and Age: 2001

(Beginning-of-quarter employment)

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total, age group . . . .................................... 8,658,701 2,491,406 1,105,729 364,411 12,620,246

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops ................................ 120,597 36,280 17,966 9,793 184,635

Agricultural production—livestock . ............................ 18,938 5,132 2,379 1,385 27,834

Agricultural services . ........................................ 193,024 44,280 20,046 11,785 269,134

Forestry ................................................... 1,332 489 210 106 2,467

Fishing, hunting, and trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 243 145 38 1,127

Mining

Metal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 285 108 12 888

Coal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 *1 − 15

Oil/gas extraction ........................................... 9,670 4,457 1,447 213 15,786

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic ................................ 3,127 1,676 776 150 5,774

Construction

Building construction—general contractors . .................... 112,856 34,702 12,146 3,967 163,670

Construction other than building . ............................. 46,125 16,232 6,777 1,287 70,419

Construction—special trade .................................. 376,602 86,783 32,471 12,852 508,706

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products ....................................... 119,950 46,496 20,306 4,603 191,355

Tobacco products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . − *4 − − 7

Textile mill products ......................................... 16,580 5,117 2,121 826 24,642

Apparel from fabrics ........................................ 73,754 26,832 11,194 4,181 115,960

Lumber and wood products .................................. 39,607 12,280 5,340 1,725 58,952

Furniture/fixtures ............................................ 36,820 12,309 5,156 1,735 56,019

Paper/allied products ........................................ 23,405 8,955 4,543 795 37,699

Printing/publishing .......................................... 92,555 31,862 14,154 3,923 142,493

Chemicals . . . .............................................. 54,386 19,606 7,908 1,552 83,451

Petroleum refining .......................................... 7,341 7,196 2,266 170 18,809

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 47,009 15,940 6,885 2,069 71,904

Leather and leather products ................................. 3,586 1,430 619 194 5,829

Stone, clay and glass ....................................... 31,014 12,317 5,633 1,176 50,140

Primary metal industries ..................................... 20,068 8,654 4,227 992 33,940

Fabricated metal products ................................... 78,749 29,929 14,246 4,145 127,069

Industrial and commercial machinery .......................... 146,163 52,703 22,012 4,440 225,319

Electronic and electrical equipment ........................... 179,201 62,864 24,736 4,448 271,248

Transportation equipment .................................... 75,089 41,851 22,716 3,958 143,614

Measuring and analyzing instruments ......................... 106,321 48,894 20,653 2,982 178,849

Miscellaneous manufacturing ................................. 32,346 9,624 3,867 1,199 47,035

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 *11 *6 − 64

Local and suburban transit ................................... 29,744 9,659 5,201 1,753 46,356

Motor freight transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,629 37,760 18,244 5,484 173,116

Water transportation ........................................ 15,287 6,205 3,585 1,001 26,077

Transportation by air ........................................ 50,717 30,624 13,959 1,564 147,693

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 284 *116 *7 776

Transportation services ...................................... 40,874 12,984 6,176 1,857 61,890

Communications . ........................................... 138,812 50,118 14,573 1,511 205,013

Electrical, gas and sanitary services .......................... 42,735 27,098 8,893 1,602 80,328

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables .................................. 318,242 102,671 44,091 11,743 476,747

Wholesale trade—nondurables ............................... 212,378 66,213 28,229 8,647 315,467
12 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A1.

Employment in California by Industry and Age: 2001 — Con.

(Beginning-of-quarter employment)

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware ................................. 42,486 18,339 9,014 3,710 106,199

General merchandise stores ................................. 192,472 37,553 20,140 7,438 257,602

Food stores . ............................................... 246,008 54,310 21,222 6,035 327,574

Car dealers, gas stations .................................... 171,833 44,186 20,632 8,055 244,705

Apparel and accessory stores ................................ 127,068 14,946 7,623 3,257 152,893

Home furniture stores ....................................... 117,406 21,979 9,345 3,293 152,023

Eating and drinking places ................................... 730,955 99,107 41,778 24,844 896,685

Miscellaneous retail ......................................... 249,414 50,895 25,532 10,719 336,559

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ....................................... 136,736 42,776 18,177 2,877 200,567

Nondepository institutions .................................... 64,632 15,380 5,655 894 86,560

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 58,864 13,377 6,214 1,744 80,199

Insurance carriers .......................................... 89,462 32,872 13,403 2,030 137,766

Insurance agents/brokers .................................... 53,994 19,287 9,798 3,187 86,265

Real estate ................................................ 119,614 44,998 26,423 13,915 204,950

Holding/other investment offices . . . ........................... 29,582 7,711 3,508 1,099 41,900

Services

Hotels/other lodging places .................................. 132,290 37,227 17,207 6,480 193,204

Personal services . . ......................................... 85,204 23,245 11,933 5,086 125,468

Business services .......................................... 943,393 207,102 88,641 33,624 1,272,758

Car repair, services, and parking ............................. 121,327 28,758 12,654 6,400 169,338

Miscellaneous repair services ................................ 27,262 8,566 3,953 1,265 41,045

Motion pictures ............................................. 176,188 42,488 17,739 11,089 247,504

Amusement and recreation services . ......................... 166,742 34,169 15,887 8,080 224,877

Health services ............................................. 575,988 245,965 102,363 23,493 947,808

Legal services .............................................. 86,411 27,732 11,656 2,802 128,601

Educational services ........................................ 110,671 46,196 24,828 7,560 189,254

Social services ............................................. 86,411 63,895 33,056 11,887 298,757

Museums, galleries, and gardens ............................. 7,771 2,430 1,119 525 11,845

Membership organizations . . ................................. 63,120 24,976 14,345 6,427 108,867

Engineering, accounting, and research ........................ 338,175 103,441 48,166 12,964 502,744

Private households ......................................... 84,073 47,061 26,855 11,585 169,574

Services, not classified ...................................... 5,558 1,356 524 181 7,619

− Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

http://www.lchd-test.net/factsheets/index.php.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, 2001, Web

site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.
U.S. Census Bureau 13

Table A2.

Average Quarterly Turnover Rates in California by Industry and Age: 2001

(In percent)

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total .................................................. 21.3 9.5 9.3 11.8 13.1

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops ................................ 24.7 14.8 14.9 18.3 18.6

Agricultural production—livestock . ............................ 15.7 9.6 9.6 11.9 11.6

Agricultural services . ........................................ 26.8 18.8 19.9 24.7 22.3

Forestry ................................................... 28.3 12.0 13.3 18.7 17.4

Fishing, hunting, and trapping ................................ 21.6 13.2 16.2 *9.1 16.6

Mining

Metal mining ............................................... 12.1 7.4 *7.8 *8.6 9.2

Coal mining . . . ............................................. 50.0 −

−

−

−

−

− −

40.2

Oil and gas extraction ....................................... 20.7 5.0 5.2 6.4 8.0

Mining and quarrying—nonmetallic ............................ 19.6 7.7 8.7 11.7 10.4

Construction

Building construction—general contractors . .................... 22.3 12.1 12.5 16.1 15.4

Construction other than building .............................. 19.9 11.6 11.7 13.5 13.7

Construction—special trade .................................. 20.6 11.9 12.0 15.6 15.0

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products .................................. 18.0 6.6 7.1 11.1 9.0

Tobacco products ........................................... −

Textile mill products ......................................... 15.8 8.0 7.7 12.1 10.5

Apparel from fabrics ........................................ 19.8 12.4 13.3 16.2 14.5

Lumber and wood products .................................. 17.2 7.6 7.6 11.5 10.5

Furniture and fixtures ....................................... 16.3 7.0 7.2 10.2 9.7

Paper and allied products .................................... 15.9 5.6 5.7 9.8 7.6

Printing and publishing ...................................... 18.0 7.6 7.8 8.6 9.6

Chemicals . . . .............................................. 16.9 5.5 5.2 7.2 7.2

Petroleum refining .......................................... 18.9 3.7 5.5 9.6 5.2

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 16.3 7.0 6.6 9.5 9.0

Leather and leather products ................................. 17.3 7.5 7.5 12.7 10.0

Stone, clay and glass ....................................... 15.7 5.9 5.7 9.2 8.2

Primary metal industries ..................................... 15.8 6.5 5.6 8.1 8.5

Fabricated metal products ................................... 16.5 6.2 5.9 8.9 8.7

Industrial and commercial machinery .......................... 17.6 6.7 6.6 8.8 8.5

Electronic and electrical equipment ........................... 19.4 8.3 8.4 10.0 10.0

Transportation equipment .................................... 16.2 7.1 8.0 9.2 8.0

Measuring and analyzing instruments ......................... 17.6 6.4 6.5 7.6 8.2

Miscellaneous manufacturing ................................. 19.2 7.7 7.6 10.4 10.2

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transportation . . .................................... 15.1 *48.7 − − 21.1

Local and suburban transit ................................... 20.4 11.4 11.2 11.0 13.2

Motor freight transportation .................................. 19.9 9.9 9.0 10.5 12.4

Water transportation ........................................ 18.6 5.7 4.5 5.1 7.1

Transportation by air ........................................ 20.8 4.4 5.4 8.8 7.0

Pipelines, except natural gas ................................. 19.5 10.3 *10.3 70.3 11.8

Transportation services ...................................... 19.8 8.8 8.4 9.9 11.4

Communications . ........................................... 23.1 8.1 8.8 11.7 11.6

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . ....................... 16.8 2.4 4.1 4.8 4.3

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables .................................. 18.0 7.3 6.9 8.2 9.8

Wholesale trade—nondurables ............................... 18.9 7.8 7.6 9.4 10.6

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware ................................. 20.4 7.6 7.4 8.1 11.2

General merchandise stores ................................. 22.1 11.0 10.9 11.4 15.7

Food stores . ............................................... 17.2 6.4 7.2 11.3 10.8

Car dealers, gas stations .................................... 20.9 9.7 9.3 10.2 13.1

Apparel and accessory stores ................................ 23.1 10.5 9.6 10.6 17.7

Home furniture stores ....................................... 20.8 10.3 9.5 9.6 14.6

Eating and drinking places ................................... 22.1 12.3 11.9 15.1 18.2

Miscellaneous retail ......................................... 20.7 9.0 8.2 9.0 14.0
14 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A2.

Average Quarterly Turnover Rates in California by Industry and Age: 2001 — Con.

(In percent)

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ....................................... 17.7 5.1 5.2 6.4 8.5

Nondepository institutions .................................... 22.2 10.4 10.1 9.0 12.8

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 22.2 8.9 8.6 8.6 11.4

Insurance carriers .......................................... 21.6 8.1 8.3 12.7 10.2

Insurance agents/brokers .................................... 18.8 7.6 6.9 7.0 10.2

Real estate ................................................ 20.3 8.8 8.0 7.5 11.3

Holding/other investment offices . . . ........................... 23.3 9.1 8.1 8.2 12.0

Services

Hotels/other lodging places .................................. 21.8 10.2 9.5 12.5 13.9

Personal services . . ......................................... 22.8 11.7 11.9 14.9 15.4

Business services .......................................... 28.1 17.1 15.7 16.9 20.6

Car repair, services, and parking ............................. 21.1 10.0 9.7 11.3 13.6

Miscellaneous repair services ................................ 17.9 8.2 7.7 9.3 11.1

Motion pictures ............................................. 23.9 14.1 14.7 16.4 17.7

Amusement and recreation services .......................... 23.3 11.4 10.3 11.4 16.8

Health services ............................................. 17.5 6.9 6.3 8.0 9.4

Legal services .............................................. 19.7 6.5 5.8 6.3 9.2

Educational services ........................................ 22.8 8.9 8.1 10.0 12.1

Social services ............................................. 23.0 9.6 8.7 9.3 12.7

Museums, galleries, and gardens ............................. 20.3 5.3 5.6 7.0 9.4

Membership organizations . . ................................. 20.0 7.0 6.6 7.8 10.7

Engineering, accounting, and research ........................ 22.0 9.5 9.0 10.6 12.4

Private households ......................................... 21.3 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.9

Services, not classified ...................................... 24.8 11.3 9.7 11.3 16.1

− Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

http://www.lchd-test.net/factsheets/index.php.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, 2001, Web

site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.
U.S. Census Bureau 15

Table A3.

California Employment by Industry and Age: 1992 and 2001

(Beginning-of-quarter employment)

Industry

Under 65 65 and older

1992 2001 1992 2001

Total . . ......................................................... 10,158,383 12,255,836 280,518 364,411

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops ......................................... 176,665 174,842 8,414 9,793

Agricultural production—livestock . . .................................... 23,937 26,449 1,121 1,385

Agricultural services . ................................................. 195,851 257,349 7,504 11,785

Forestry ............................................................ 1,145 2,031 41 106

Fishing, hunting, and trapping ......................................... 1,787 1,090 61 38

Mining

Metal mining ........................................................ 1,765 606 22 12

Coal Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7 − −

Oil/gas extraction .................................................... 25,763 15,573 247 213

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic ......................................... 5,435 5,624 124 150

Construction

Building construction—general contractors . ............................. 113,211 159,703 2,228 3,967

Construction other than building ....................................... 57,717 69,133 846 1,287

Construction—special trade ........................................... 290,078 495,855 5,114 12,852

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products ................................................ 181,046 186,752 3,838 4,603

Tobacco Products .................................................... − 4 − −

Textile mill products .................................................. 14,809 23,817 551 826

Apparel from fabrics ................................................. 123,293 111,779 4,996 4,181

Lumber and wood products ........................................... 48,498 57,227 1,109 1,725

Furniture/fixtures ..................................................... 44,776 54,285 1,311 1,735

Paper/allied products ................................................. 40,299 36,903 708 795

Printing/publishing ................................................... 153,818 138,570 4,048 3,923

Chemicals . . . ....................................................... 70,281 81,899 1,249 1,552

Petroleum refining ................................................... 23,869 16,803 201 170

Rubber and plastics .................................................. 65,748 69,834 1,886 2,069

Leather and leather products .......................................... 5,249 5,635 200 194

Stone, clay, and glass ................................................ 46,168 48,964 905 1,176

Primary metal industries .............................................. 32,023 32,949 730 992

Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,730 122,925 3,343 4,145

Industrial/commercial machinery ....................................... 189,692 220,879 3,232 4,440

Electronic/electrical equipment . ....................................... 218,605 266,801 3,208 4,448

Transportation equipment ............................................. 243,692 139,656 5,193 3,958

Measuring/analyzing instruments ...................................... 203,457 175,868 2,831 2,982

Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................................... 33,166 45,837 1,008 1,199

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 33 *4 −

Local/suburban transit ................................................ 33,322 44,604 979 1,753

Motor freight transportation ........................................... 151,063 167,633 3,143 5,484

Water transportation ................................................. 18,300 25,077 804 1,001

Transportation by air ................................................. 96,233 95,299 883 1,564

Pipelines, except natural gas .......................................... 1,190 652 6 *7

Transportation services ............................................... 50,647 60,034 1,444 1,857

Communications . .................................................... 89,837 203,503 1,092 1,151

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . .................................. 89,860 78,727 887 1,602

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables ........................................... 416,565 465,004 9,790 11,743

Wholesale trade—nondurables ........................................ 295,997 306,820 8,050 8,647

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware .......................................... 78,565 69,838 3,119 3,710

General merchandise stores .......................................... 237,002 250,165 7,107 7,428

Food stores . ........................................................ 300,620 321,540 4,759 6,035

Car dealers, gas stations ............................................. 197,884 236,650 5,093 8,055

Apparel and accessory stores ......................................... 131,659 149,636 4,124 3,257

Home furniture stores ................................................ 106,412 148,730 2,487 3,293

Eating and drinking places ............................................ 730,029 871,841 19,622 24,844

Miscellaneous retail .................................................. 272,706 325,840 9,895 10,719
16 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A3.

California Employment by Industry and Age: 1992 and 2001 — Con. 

(Beginning-of-quarter employment)

Industry

Under 65 65 and older

1992 2001 1992 2001

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ................................................ 258,627 197,689 3,356 2,877

Nondepository institutions ............................................. 57,226 85,667 589 894

Security/commodity brokers ........................................... 40,545 78,455 1,044 1,744

Insurance carriers ................................................... 149,616 135,737 1,865 2,030

Insurance agents/brokers ............................................. 76,982 83,078 2,132 3,187

Real estate ......................................................... 173,883 191,035 12,783 13,915

Holding/other investment offices . . . .................................... 28,184 40,801 1,061 1,099

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ........................................... 175,114 186,724 5,850 6,480

Personal services . . .................................................. 109,495 120,381 4,716 5,086

Business services ................................................... 724,380 1,239,135 21,664 33,624

Car repair, services, parking . . . ....................................... 120,995 162,938 4,174 6,400

Miscellaneous repair services ......................................... 45,682 39,781 1,272 1,265

Motion pictures ...................................................... 122,191 236,415 6,475 11,089

Amusement and recreation services . .................................. 159,612 216,798 5,720 8,080

Health services ...................................................... 803,848 924,316 18,990 23,493

Legal services ....................................................... 127,298 125,799 2,210 2,802

Educational services ................................................. 136,978 181,695 4,950 7,560

Social services ...................................................... 178,743 286,871 8,291 11,887

Museums, galleries, and gardens ...................................... 6,611 11,320 309 525

Membership organizations ............................................ 90,440 102,440 5,867 6,427

Engineering, accounting, and research ................................. 383,871 489,781 9,829 12,964

Private households .................................................. 74,011 157,990 7,677 11,585

Services, not classified ............................................... 5,979 7,438 142 181

− Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

http://www.lchd-test.net/factsheets/index.php.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, 2001, Web

site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.
U.S. Census Bureau 17

Table A4.

Composition of Job Creation in California by Industry and Age: 2001

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Total .................................................. 800,436 153,840 71,094 34,461

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops ................................ 29,912 6,821 3,611 2,271

Agricultural production—livestock . ............................ 2,212 409 217 168

Agricultural services . ........................................ 38,124 7,862 3,950 2,390

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 62 28 24

Fishing, hunting, and trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 36 22 5

Mining

Metal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6 3 2

Coal mining ................................................ 6 5 − −

Oil/gas extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 112 42 9

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 145 68 20

Construction

Building construction—general contractors . .................... 17,691 3,697 1,378 675

Construction other than building . . . ........................... 5,561 1,484 587 192

Construction—special trade .................................. 49,246 8,219 3,304 1,937

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products ....................................... 10,786 2,711 1,292 528

Tobacco products ........................................... − − − −

Textile mill products ......................................... 1,092 228 99 80

Apparel from fabrics ........................................ 7,654 2,033 993 526

Lumber and wood products .................................. 3,706 784 357 204

Furniture/fixtures ............................................ 2,244 459 223 121

Paper/allied products ........................................ 1,259 314 153 88

Printing/publishing .......................................... 5,453 1,168 530 195

Chemicals . . . .............................................. 2,444 480 181 71

Petroleum refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 *70 27 7

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 2,442 466 226 126

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 49 23 15

Stone, clay, and glass ....................................... 1,882 390 161 82

Primary metal industries ..................................... 1,066 232 111 47

Fabricated metal products ................................... 4,836 1,013 439 232

Industrial/commercial machinery .............................. 6,804 1,504 668 204

Electronic/electrical equipment . .............................. 6,597 1,372 546 173

Transportation equipment .................................... 3,802 1,444 721 173

Measuring/analyzing instruments ............................. 6,354 2,164 761 122

Miscellaneous manufacturing ................................. 2,248 459 184 98

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 *1 *1 −

Local/suburban transit ....................................... 2,397 621 346 112

Motor freight transportation .................................. 11,259 2,757 1,250 529

Water transportation ........................................ 1,170 244 103 33

Transportation by air ........................................ 1,391 484 178 50

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 44 *17 *2

Transportation services ...................................... 3,087 685 349 130

Communications . ........................................... 9,829 1,765 489 82

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . ....................... 1,834 324 136 51

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables .................................. 23,873 4,861 2,033 700

Wholesale trade—nondurables ............................... 17,665 3,530 1,529 682

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware ................................. 3,298 868 409 199

General merchandise stores ................................. 8,057 803 329 139

Food stores . ............................................... 17,103 2,132 1,023 557

Car dealers, gas stations .................................... 16,612 2,800 1,446 680

Apparel and accessory stores ................................ 9,413 837 423 216

Home furniture stores ....................................... 9,635 1,403 652 271

Eating and drinking places ................................... 79,970 8,921 4,107 3,161

Miscellaneous retail ......................................... 22,299 3,111 1,565 799
18 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A4.

Composition of Job Creation in California by Industry and Age: 2001 — Con.

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ....................................... 6,733 981 411 103

Nondepository institutions .................................... 7,046 1,203 443 86

Security/commodity brokers .................................. 3,508 601 283 84

Insurance carriers .......................................... 6,066 1,684 621 111

Insurance agents/brokers .................................... 5,213 1,031 732 1,539

Real estate ................................................ 13,459 3,271 1,778 874

Holding/other investment offices . . . ........................... 2,282 488 222 87

Services

Hotels/other lodging places .................................. 12,166 2,405 1,217 635

Personal services . . ......................................... 11,861 2,050 978 523

Business services .......................................... 82,611 15,205 6,472 2,709

Car repair, services, and parking ............................. 15,111 2,560 1,174 649

Miscellaneous repair services ................................ 3,055 660 276 99

Motion pictures ............................................. 9,441 1,713 728 575

Amusement and recreation services .......................... 21,718 2,737 1,327 700

Health services ............................................. 42,890 9,222 3,771 1,268

Legal services .............................................. 8,020 1,464 611 173

Educational services ........................................ 13,643 3,403 1,788 625

Social services ............................................. 20,142 4,242 2,234 894

Museums, galleries, and gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 97 60 34

Membership organizations . . ................................. 6,851 1,363 806 386

Engineering, accounting, and research ........................ 30,412 6,245 2,923 1,044

Private households ......................................... 18,530 8,689 4,896 2,061

Services, not classified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 122 41 18

− Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

http://www.lchd-test.net/factsheets/index.php.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, 2001, Web

site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.
U.S. Census Bureau 19

Table A5.

Composition of Job Destruction in California by Industry and Age: 2001

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Total . . ......................................................... 785,902 167,519 86,518 40,994

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops ......................................... 20,688 4,811 2,685 1,828

Agricultural production—livestock . ..................................... 1,904 435 228 160

Agricultural services . ................................................. 31,665 6,445 3,372 2,378

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 56 35 18

Fishing, hunting, and trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 37 22 8

Mining

Metal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21 11 1

Coal mining ......................................................... 1 − − −

Oil/gas extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 174 77 20

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 147 88 21

Construction

Building construction—general contractors . ............................. 15,195 3,475 1,484 668

Construction other than building . . . .................................... 4,063 1,115 578 178

Construction—special trade ........................................... 41,539 8,116 3,499 1,808

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,112 1,860 1,240 505

Tobacco products .................................................... − − − −

Textile mill products .................................................. 1,316 329 164 94

Apparel from fabrics ................................................. 9,407 3,002 1,487 744

Lumber and wood products ........................................... 3,258 713 368 198

Furniture/fixtures ..................................................... 3,200 753 381 195

Paper/allied products ................................................. 1,548 512 316 90

Printing/publishing ................................................... 6,544 1,669 950 336

Chemicals . . . ....................................................... 2,164 636 364 129

Petroleum refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 *127 94 13

Rubber and plastics .................................................. 3,551 891 455 219

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 117 54 29

Stone, clay, and glass ................................................ 1,946 505 338 129

Primary metal industries .............................................. 1,708 486 257 99

Fabricated metal products ............................................ 7,100 1,754 906 470

Industrial/commercial machinery ....................................... 9,893 2,940 1,508 495

Electronic/electrical equipment . ....................................... 14,019 4,465 2,129 537

Transportation equipment ............................................. 4,504 1,799 1,305 392

Measuring/analyzing instruments ...................................... 5,690 2,012 1,159 261

Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................................... 2,854 651 305 135

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 *3 1 *1

Local/suburban transit ................................................ 2,265 685 426 180

Motor freight transportation ........................................... 10,184 2,620 1,358 568

Water transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 153 127 41

Transportation by air ................................................. 1,912 741 576 159

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 *2 *1

Transportation services ............................................... 3,709 949 526 222

Communications . .................................................... 7,355 1,774 788 171

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . ................................ 1,257 487 384 91

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables ........................................... 24,424 5,993 3,023 1,122

Wholesale trade—nondurables ........................................ 16,333 3,844 1,971 878

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware .......................................... 2,732 788 452 268

General merchandise stores .......................................... 15,631 1,890 940 474

Food stores ......................................................... 15,802 2,554 1,414 666

Car dealers, gas stations ............................................. 14,212 2,818 1,568 803

Apparel and accessory stores ......................................... 13,947 1,032 547 343

Home furniture stores ................................................ 12,275 1,853 840 362

Eating and drinking places ............................................ 73,397 8,610 4,107 3,197

Miscellaneous retail .................................................. 28,163 3,955 2,043 1,099
20 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A5.

Composition of Job Destruction in California by Industry and Age: 2001 — Con.

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ................................................ 5,039 1,131 681 187

Nondepository institutions ............................................. 3,904 895 418 86

Security/commodity brokers ........................................... 4,664 988 526 184

Insurance carriers ................................................... 3,022 929 625 283

Insurance agents/brokers ............................................. 4,240 992 594 205

Real estate ......................................................... 10,631 2,869 1,745 1,031

Holding/other investment offices . . . .................................... 2,158 435 226 91

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ........................................... 11,753 2,350 1,263 757

Personal services . . .................................................. 11,127 2,452 1,420 822

Business services ................................................... 112,144 20,853 9,307 3,880

Car repair, services, and parking ...................................... 12,749 2,367 1,117 646

Miscellaneous repair services ......................................... 2,745 630 314 150

Motion pictures ...................................................... 16,821 3,496 1,525 962

Amusement and recreation services . .................................. 18,326 2,541 1,222 790

Health services ...................................................... 33,430 9,819 4,803 1,890

Legal services ....................................................... 6,538 1,451 669 219

Educational services ................................................. 9,521 2,394 1,339 634

Social services ...................................................... 15,341 3,775 2,223 1,061

Museums, galleries, and gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 92 51 38

Membership organizations . . .......................................... 5,828 1,371 880 529

Engineering, accounting, and research ................................. 29,756 7,002 3,662 1,387

Private households .................................................. 14,869 7,741 4,898 2,331

Services, not classified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 139 50 25

− Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

http://www.lchd-test.net/factsheets/index.php.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, 2001, Web

site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov

.
U.S. Census Bureau 21

Table A6.

Average Monthly Earnings in California by Industry and Age: 2001

(Full-quarter earnings, in dollars)

Industry 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total . . .......................................... 4,384 4,253 2,587 3,496

Agriculture

Agricultural production—crops .......................... 2,002 1,952 1,585 1,737

Agricultural production—livestock . ...................... 2,370 2,222 1,916 2,042

Agricultural services . .................................. 2,148 1,951 1,412 1,723

Forestry ............................................. 3,375 2,642 1,727 2,514

Fishing, hunting, and trapping .......................... 3,256 3,151 2,093 2,581

Mining

Metal mining ......................................... 6,585 6,126 *7,303 5,641

Coal mining . . . ....................................... *22,750 − − 20,246

Oil/gas extraction ..................................... 7,191 6,843 *10,361 5,853

Mining/quarrying—nonmetallic .......................... 4,820 4,934 4,697 4,406

Construction

Building construction—general contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,111 4,940 3,326 3,946

Construction other than building ........................ 4,929 5,350 4,411 4,338

Construction—special trade ............................ 4,187 4,130 2,688 3,310

Manufacturing

Food/kindred products ................................. 3,583 3,554 2,877 3,100

Tobacco products ..................................... *1,871 − − 1,711

Textile mill products ................................... 2,560 2,571 2,653 2,266

Apparel from fabrics .................................. 2,217 2,078 1,710 1,990

Lumber and wood products ............................ 3,203 3,349 2,798 2,702

Furniture/fixtures ...................................... 2,852 2,843 2,638 2,435

Paper/allied products .................................. 4,324 4,454 3,821 3,701

Printing/publishing .................................... 4,449 4,121 3,002 3,720

Chemicals . . . ........................................ 6,991 6,058 8,038 5,232

Petroleum refining .................................... *8,255 *8,292 5,051 7,530

Rubber and plastics ................................... 3,216 3,678 3,386 2,795

Leather and leather products ........................... 2,290 2,184 1,832 1,901

Stone, clay, and glass ................................. 3,948 4,249 3,838 3,466

Primary metal industries ............................... 3,765 4,002 4,035 3,332

Fabricated metal products ............................. 3,712 4,068 3,653 3,196

Industrial/commercial machinery ........................ 7,125 6,298 4,548 6,101

Electronic/electrical equipment . ........................ 6,719 6,576 5,005 5,853

Transportation equipment .............................. 5,079 5,563 4,965 4,549

Measuring/analyzing instruments ....................... 6,683 6,633 *7,401 5,823

Miscellaneous manufacturing ........................... 3,805 3,972 3,213 3,162

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transport ..................................... *3,589 *3,986 *57 2,802

Local/suburban transit ................................. 2,342 2,164 1,589 2,165

Motor freight transportation ............................ 3,312 3,231 2,237 2,854

Water transportation .................................. 6,267 *7,931 *6,699 5,194

Transportation by air .................................. 4,534 5,225 3,273 3,560

Pipelines, except natural gas ........................... *5,598 *4,846 *5,000 5,258

Transportation services ................................ 3,769 3,702 2,190 3,222

Communications . ..................................... 6,395 5,816 6,207 5,322

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . ................. 6,313 6,000 4,223 5,430

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade—durables ............................ 5,374 5,300 3,529 4,454

Wholesale trade—nondurables ......................... 4,573 4,484 3,228 3,690

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware ........................... 2,996 2,697 1,909 2,383

General merchandise stores ........................... 2,124 1,817 1,276 1,677

Food stores . ......................................... 2,903 2,729 1,830 2,217

Car dealers, gas stations .............................. 4,161 3,782 2,427 3,294

Apparel and accessory stores .......................... 3,210 2,394 1,601 2,087

Home furniture stores ................................. 4,160 3,413 2,277 3,140

Eating and drinking places . . ........................... 1,725 1,619 1,298 1,294

Miscellaneous retail ................................... 2,876 2,619 1,628 2,179
22 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A6.

Average Monthly Earnings in California by Industry and Age: 2001 — Con.

(Full-quarter earnings, in dollars)

Industry 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ................................. 5,667 5,400 4,409 4,146

Non−depositoryinstitutions . ............................ 7,134 6,766 4,274 5,790

Security/commodity brokers ............................ 17,559 21,285 11,264 15,027

Insurance carriers .................................... 5,995 5,556 4,239 4,824

Insurance agents/brokers .............................. 5,809 5,791 4,324 4,483

Real estate .......................................... 4,166 3,702 2,313 3,406

Holding/other investment offices . . . ..................... 9,295 10,357 9,016 6,615

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ............................ 2,106 1,958 1,523 1,887

Personal services . . ................................... 2,024 2,010 1,434 1,767

Business services .................................... 4,808 4,926 1,877 4,129

Car repair, services, and parking ....................... 2,723 2,602 1,489 2,380

Miscellaneous repair services .......................... 3,462 3,504 2,286 2,971

Motion pictures ....................................... 4,568 4,713 1,226 3,343

Amusement and recreation services . ................... 3,123 2,645 1,897 2,404

Health services ....................................... 4,157 4,341 3,136 3,393

Legal services ........................................ 6,594 6,555 5,875 5,772

Educational services .................................. 3,515 3,865 2,938 2,985

Social services ....................................... 2,220 2,173 1,489 1,916

Museums, galleries, and gardens ....................... 3,483 3,214 1,529 2,606

Membership organizations . . ........................... 3,014 2,898 1,478 2,416

Engineering, accounting, and research .................. 6,541 6,571 4,505 5,224

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 886 786 847

Services, not classified ................................ 8,965 6,655 7,543 6,345

− Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

http://www.lchd-test.net/factsheets/index.php.

Note: Earnings for workers 65 and older may reflect lump sum distributions.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the California Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information Division, 2001, Web

site: http://lehd.dsd.census.gov.

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Washington, DC 20233

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use $300

FIRST-CLASS MAIL

POSTAGE & FEES PAID

U.S. Census Bureau

Permit No. G-58