1

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

J.F., 

Petitioner Below, Petitioner

vs.) No. 21-0813 (Kanawha County 21-SAP-12)

G.R., 

Respondent Below, Respondent

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner J.F.1 appeals the September 9, 2021, order of the Circuit Court of Kanawha 

County denying his appeal from an August 20, 2021, order of the Magistrate Court of Kanawha 

County. In the August 20, 2021, order, the magistrate court issued a personal safety order (“PSO”) 

to Respondent G.R., a state government employee, prohibiting petitioner from contacting, 

attempting to contact, or harassing respondent either directly or indirectly through other state 

employees. Upon our review of this case, we dismiss petitioner’s appeal as moot given that he 

seeks the vacatur of the PSO that expired, by its own terms, on August 20, 2022. 

Respondent heads an office within state government. Due to the nature of petitioner’s 

business, he frequently interacts with respondent and his office. In August of 2021, respondent 

filed a petition for a PSO in the magistrate court, alleging that petitioner was harassing respondent 

and his office staff. Respondent further alleged that, due to petitioner’s escalating behavior, he 

feared for his and his family’s safety.

The magistrate court granted respondent a temporary PSO and held a final hearing on 

August 20, 2021. Thereafter, the magistrate court, by order entered on August 20, 2021, issued a 

one-year PSO prohibiting petitioner from contacting, attempting to contact, or harassing 

respondent either directly or indirectly through other state employees. The magistrate court forbade 

1

Because this appeal involves the issuance of a personal safety order, the parties’ names 

are confidential pursuant to West Virginia Code §§ 53-8-2(a) and (b)(1). Petitioner appears by 

counsel Jeremy B. Cooper. Respondent G.R. appears by counsel Lisa A. Hopkins, Steve Connolly, 

and Michael Nusbaum.

FILED

December 13, 2022

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
2

petitioner from having verbal contact with various offices associated with respondent’s official 

position, limiting petitioner’s communication with those offices to e-mail and the United States 

Postal Service.

Petitioner appealed the PSO to the circuit court, which scheduled a hearing for September 

8, 2021. Petitioner failed to appear for that hearing. Accordingly, the circuit court, by order entered 

on September 9, 2021, denied petitioner’s appeal of the PSO for a failure to prosecute his appeal, 

finding that he received sufficient notice of the September 8, 2021, hearing.2

Petitioner appeals the circuit court’s September 9, 2021, order and seeks the vacatur of the 

now-expired PSO. Because the PSO expired, by its own terms, on August 20, 2022, we determine 

that the parties’ case is moot. “‘Moot questions or abstract propositions, the decision of which 

would avail nothing in the determination of controverted rights of persons or of property, are not 

properly cognizable by a court.’ Syl. pt. 1, State ex rel. Lilly v. Carter, 63 W.Va. 684, 60 S.E. 873 

(1908).” Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. McCabe v. Seifert, 220 W. Va. 79, 640 S.E.2d 142 (2006).

Even though a case is moot, issues raised upon appeal may still be adjudicated in some 

instances. In Syl. Pt. 1, Israel by Israel v. Secondary Schools Activities Comm’n, 182 W. Va. 454, 

388 S.E.2d 480 (1989), we held that

[t]hree factors to be considered in deciding whether to address technically 

moot issues are as follows: first, the court will determine whether sufficient 

collateral consequences will result from determination of the questions presented 

so as to justify relief; second, while technically moot in the immediate context, 

questions of great public interest may nevertheless be addressed for the future 

guidance of the bar and of the public; and third, issues which may be repeatedly

presented to the trial court, yet escape review at the appellate level because of their 

fleeting and determinate nature, may appropriately be decided.

Considering the third factor first, PSOs, like most other protection orders, are typically of 

short duration. Such cases are capable of being repeatedly presented to the lower courts yet escape 

review at the appellate level because of their fleeting and determinate nature. However, we find 

that this case fails to meet the first two factors set forth in Israel for petitioner’s appeal to go 

forward despite the case being moot. Regarding the first factor, petitioner does not state that he 

faces collateral consequences as a result of the PSO.3 Regarding the second factor, petitioner 

argues that he raises the following two issues of public interest: (1) that the magistrate court acted 

outside of its jurisdiction under West Virginia Code §§ 53-8-1 to -17 by effectively granting a PSO 

2

While petitioner challenges the circuit court’s determination that he received sufficient 

notice of the September 8, 2021, appeal hearing, we address none of petitioner’s assignments of 

error due to our finding that this case is moot.

3

While the PSO in effect, petitioner was charged with violating the PSO. However, those 

charges were dismissed.
3 

to state officials who did not file a petition for a PSO, 4 and (2) that, in forbidding verbal 

communication with government offices, the magistrate court interfered with his rights under the 

First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Respondent asserts that West Virginia Code § 

53-8-7(d)(1)(B) permitted the magistrate court to prohibit petitioner from attempting to contact or 

harass respondent through third parties such as state employees with whom respondent works. 

Respondent further states he presented evidence sufficient to show that petitioner was engaging in 

harassment rather exercising his First Amendment rights. Accordingly, given that respondent 

disputes petitioner’s characterization of the issues, and based upon our decision in Israel, we find 

that the resolution of petitioner’s arguments is unnecessary for the guidance of the bar and the 

public. Therefore, we dismiss as moot petitioner’s appeal from the circuit court’s September 9, 

2021, order denying his appeal of the now-expired PSO.

 Dismissed as Moot.

ISSUED: December 13, 2022

CONCURRED IN BY: 

Chief Justice John A. Hutchison

Justice Tim Armstead

Justice William R. Wooton

Justice C. Haley Bunn

DISSENTING:

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Walker, J., dissenting:

While I agree that this case is technically moot because the PSO at issue expired by its own 

terms, I part ways with the majority as to its application of the Israel1 factors. By determining 

that a technically moot case needs to satisfy all three Israel factors for the Court to consider it on 

appeal, the majority appears to contradict our precedent and limit the right to appeal protected by 

Israel.

2

4

West Virginia Code §§ 53-8-1 to -17 govern the issuance of PSOs. 

1

Israel by Israel v. W. Virginia Secondary Sch. Activities Comm’n, 182 W. Va. 454, 388 

S.E.2d 480 (1989). 

2

W.Va. Code § 58-5-1(a) (“A party to a civil action may appeal to the Supreme Court of 

Appeals from a final judgment of any circuit court or from an order of any circuit court constituting 

a final judgment . . . .”); Syl. Pt. 5 In re T.O., 238 W. Va. 455, 796 S.E.2d 564, 565 (2017) (“West 

(continued . . .)
4 

In Israel the Court aimed to “temper[] the inflexibility of mootness jurisprudence” by 

adopting three factors to be weighed when deciding whether to consider technically moot cases.3 

The Court later clarified this jurisprudence and determined that only compelling satisfaction of 

one or more Israel factors would justify the Court’s consideration of an otherwise moot case.4

 

The Court has considered several technically moot cases where just one or two Israel factors 

existed.5 In instances where the Court deemed satisfied Israel factors unpersuasive, it reviewed 

the potential factors and analyzed their insufficiency.6

 The Court has never decided that a case 

must satisfy all three Israel factors, as the majority suggests here.

I dissent because the majority’s analysis circumvents our precedent that only one 

compelling Israel factor needs to exist. And, the majority deems the present case nonjusticiable 

only because the first two Israel factors do not exist. Confusingly, the majority concedes that the 

third factor exists—as PSOs are short-term in nature by statute so they are capable of repetition 

but evade review. 7 But it still disposes of the case as moot because the other two factors 

apparently do not exist, without meaningful analysis. I am concerned that this muddled 

application of the Israel factors presents conflicting and confusing law to future litigants and fails 

to correctly apply the Israel factors.

 

Virginia is an appeal by right jurisdiction, which means that all properly perfected appeals are 

reviewed by the Court and result in a written decision on the merits in each appeal.”) 

3

Syl. Pt. 1 Israel, 182 W. Va. at 457, 388 S.E.2d at 483.

4

Gallery v. W. Virginia Secondary Sch. Activities Comm’n, 205 W. Va. 364, 368, 518 

S.E.2d 368, 372 (1999) (where two Israel factors existed, but the Court found them uncompelling 

and dismissed the case as moot).

5

T.W.J. v. L.S.A., No. 15-0817, 2016 WL 5846616, at *2 (W. Va. Oct. 6, 2016) (sufficient 

collateral consequences alone justify consideration of the appeal in this Court); State ex rel. Crist 

v. Cline, 219 W. Va. 202, 632 S.E.2d 358 (2006) (issues of great public interest and subject to 

repetition but evading review justify consideration by the Court); State ex rel. W. Virginia

Secondary Sch. Activities Comm’n v. Cuomo, No. 22-0261, 2022 WL 16570555, at *5 (W. Va. 

Nov. 1, 2022) (satisfaction of the second and third Israel factors suffice to grant the Court 

jurisdiction over a technically moot case).

6

In re T.O., 238 W. Va. 455, 796 S.E.2d 564, 565 (considering the collateral consequences 

of restricting a person from gun ownership after she has been involuntarily committed and placed 

on the state mental health registry, but ultimately finding petitioner’s argument unpersuasive 

because recourse existed under the West Virginia Code by which she could remove her name from 

the state mental health registry, thereby restoring her right to possess a firearm).

7

W.Va. Code § 53-8-7.