No. 14232 IN

### THE SUPREME COURTOFTHE STATEOFMONTANA 1978



### THE STATEOF MXl'I'ANA, Plaintiff andRespondent,

-vsJUANMANUEL GON.zALEs

### LARA, Deferadant andAppellant.

Appeal frm: DistrictCourtof theThirteenthJudicialDistrict, Honorable Charles Luedke, Judgepresiding. Counselof Record: ForAppellant: Poppler andBarz, Billings, mntana For Respondent: Hon. MikeGreely, Attorney General, Helena, Wntana HaroldF. Hanser, CountyAttorney, Billings, Pbntana

Sulsnittedonbriefs: Sept* 20, 1978 oe~idec$d~> ;,I Filed: ',"

### Mr. JusticeJohn C. 

### Sheehy delivered the Opinion of the Court.

Don's Food Center in Laurel,Montana, was robbed at 1:19 p.m. on August 20, 

### 1977. Mrs. Nelson, wife of the owner, was working alone in the store at the time of the robbery. She testified she did not see the robber as he entered the store because shewas busy with a customer. The robber after a fewminutesmoved behind a cigarette rack where he was partially hidden fromMrs. Nelson's view. During this time Mrs. Nelson was working at the cash registerwith her head down. The robber then walked over and stopped in front of Mrs. Nelson approximately three feet away. As Mrs. Nelson looked up, the robber pulled a Halloween-typemask down over his facehiding his facial features completely. Mrs. Nelson testified she saw his face clearly for about "a second". At the trial,Mrs. Nelson described the robber as wearing

a blue shirt and pants with a stocky build and of apparent Mexican descent. The robber brandished a pocketknife with

an open blade and indicated he wanted the money from the cash register. Mrs. Nelson gave him themoney, including two registered one dollar bills in a specialmoney clip which, when the bills were removed, triggered an alarm at the Laurelpolice station. The robber then exited the store. Mrs. Nelson ran into the living room of their house adjoining the store. There shewas able to see the robber as he ran to and got into a turquoise colored automobile. Mrs. Nelson did not see his face again, however, she did see the driver of the car. Mrs. Nelson watched the car for several blocks until itdrove out of sight. Testimony was given at trial indicating the automobile Mrs. Nelson sawwas stopped and its occupants apprehended -2-

### within fifteenor twenty minutes of the robbery. The appellant

was one of the two occupants of the automobile. He was placed under arrest and read his constitutional rights in English and Spanish by an officer of the Montana Highway Patrol. The appellantwas handcuffed and was sitting in the Highway patrolman's patrol car on the frontpassenger's side. Appellant asked thepatrolman what was going on and then stated he was a hitchhikerwhom the driver of the automobile had picked up shortly before being stopped. Appellant stated he had no knowledgeof a robbery. Mrs. Nelson then arrived at the scene of the arrest. Shewas accompanied by an officer of the Laurelpolice department to the highway patrol car inwhich appellantwas sitting along with the highway patrolman. Mrs. Nelson then identified appellant as the individualwho had committed the robbery. The Highway Patrolman testified at trial that the Laurel police officer asked Mrs. Nelson "[Ils this one of the fellows that was involved," towhich she replied, "[Yles,that fellowover on the passenger side is the fellow thatwas in the store." Mrs. Nelson then identified the driver of the stopped auto as the driver of the getaway car. She also identified the stopped automobile as the getaway automobile. Appellantwas charged with robbery in the District Court,Thirteenth Judicial District,Yellowstone County. Appellant plead not guilty and received a jury trial. The jury returned a verdict of guilty and the court entered judgment accordingly. Appellant presents two issues for this Court to consider:

(1) Did the one-on-one showup conducted immediately after the arrest of appellant but prior to any initiationof prosecutorial proceedings, and conducted without counsel for appellant, violate appellant's Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment right to counsel? (2) Was the identification made by Mrs. Nelson so impermissibly suggestive as to violate due process thus making any in-court identification inadmissible? Appellant first claims his constitutional rights were violated when he was subjected to a lineup without the presence of counsel. The United States Supreme Court has held such is not the case. In Kirby v. Illinois (1972), 406 U.S. 682, 92 S.Ct. 1877, 32 L.Ed.2d 411,defendant was arrested for burglary and taken to the police station. While there, the victim identified the defendant and another individual seated at a table as the men who had robbed him earlier. No attorney

was present at that time and no formal charges hsd as yet been filed. 406 U.S. at 684, 685, 32 L.Ed.2d 415. The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of conviction stating "ithas been firmly established that a person's Sixth and FourteenthAmendment right to counsel attaches only at or after the time that adversary judicial proceedings have been initiated against him." 406 U.S. at 688, 32 L.Ed.2d at 417; Moore v. Illinois (1977), U.S. 

### , 98 S.Ct. 458, 464, 54 L.Ed.2d 424. The Court noted itwas the initiation of judicial criminal proceedings "thatmarks the commencement of the 'criminal prosecutions' towhich alone the explicit guarantees of the SixthAmendment are applicable." 406 U.S. at 690, 32 L.E?..2d at 418. It then declined to import into a routine police investigation an absolute constitutional guaranty applicable only after the onset of formalprosecutorial proceedings. Kirby, supra. We agree, and in this appeal find the right to counsel -4-had not yet attached at the time the appellant was subjected to the identificationprocedures. See, Statev. Miner (1976), 169 Mont. 260, 546 P.2d 252. This is not to say however, that a suspect in appellant's position iswithout constitutional safeguards. Kirby makes clear that the "Due Process Clause of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments forbids a lineup that is unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification." Kirby, 406 U.S. at 691, 32 L.Ed.2d at 418. Thus, in case such as this,where no right to counsel attached to the identification procedure because it occurred before the commencement of judicial criminalproceedings, "dueprocess protects the accused against the introduction of evidence of,or tainted by, unreliable pretrial identifications obtained through unnecessarily suggestiveprocedures." Moore, supra;Neil v. Biggers (1972),409 U.S. 188, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401; Stovallv. Denno (1967), 388 U.S. 293, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 18 L. Ed.2d 1199. This brings us to appellant's second issue. If we determine the identification procedure to be so unnecessarily suggestive as to violate due process, then the later incourt identificationbased on this prior identificationmust be deemed inadmissible as it was tainted by the primary illegality. Moore, 98 S.Ct. at 463;Gilbert v. California (1967), 388 U.S. 263, 272-273, 87 S.Ct. 1951, 18 L.Ed.2d 1178;Wong Sunv. United States (1963),371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441. The testwe must use inmaking this determination is twopronged. First,was the identification procedure impermissibly suggestive; and, second, if so,did it under the totality of the circumstances have such a tendency to give rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification that to -5-allow the witness tomake an in-court identification would violate due process. United States ex rel. John v. Casscles

(2dCir. 19731, 489 F.2d 20, 23, 24; Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 198, 34 L.Ed.2d at 410, 411. It cannotbe denied the identification procedure used in this appealwas suggestive,and was, in all likelihood, unnecessarily so. The appellantwas sitting handcuffed, in

a patrol car,next to a uniformed patrolman, at a place where there were two other police vehicles, other officers, the getaway vehicle and the driver of that vehicle. Such oneon-one confrontationshave been pointed out as suggestive and widely condemned by the United States Supreme Court. Stovallv. Denno, 388 U.S. at 302, 18 L.Ed.2d at 1206; Foster v. California (1969),394 U.S. 440, 443, 89 S.Ct. 1127, 22 L.Ed.2d 402, 407. Further there were no exigent circumstanceshere towarrant the one-on-one showup as existed in Stovall; the police in this case had the suspect in custody and could very easily have conducted a much less suggestive identificationprocedure. United States ex rel. Kirby v. Sturges (7thCir. 1975), 510 F.2d 397, 403-404; Statev. Pendergrass (1978), Mont

# . I P.2d



### , 35 St.Rep. (No. 14209,decided Oct. 30, 1978). Thus,we conclude the procedure used here was unnecessarily suggestive. However, the fact the showup was unnecessarily suggestivedoes not in and of itself result in a deprivation of due process. Neil v. Biggers, supra;United States ex rel. Kirby 

### v. Sturges, 510 F.2d at 404. Under the second prong of the testwe employ,we must consider whether the totality of the circumstances gives rise to the substantial likelihood of misidentification and so be violation of due process. In this regard "reliability is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony." Manson v. Brathwaite (1977),432 U.S. 98, 114, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140, 154. -6-The Court inManson mandates weighing the corruptive effect of the suggestive procedure against factors to be considered in evaluating the likelihood of misidentification. Those factorswere set out in Neil v. Biggers and include 

# ".

.

# . the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, thewitness' degree of attention, the accuracy of thewitness' prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation,and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation." Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199, 34 

### L. Ed.2d at 411;Manson, supra. Applying these factors to the facts of this appeal in our consideration of the totality of the circumstances,we cannot conclude the identification of appellant by Mrs. Nelson at the scene of the arrestwas so unreliable as to constitute

a violation of due process. During the commission of the crime,Mrs. Nelson testified the robberwas approximately three feet away across the counter. Mrs. Nelson and the robber confronted each other for several minutes while the crimewas being committed. The robbery took place in the early afternoon in a lighted store. Although Mrs. Nelson only observed the robber's face for a brief moment before itwas hidden by the mask, she had ample opportunity to observe the robber's other physical characteristics and dress at the time of the robbery and as he ran to the getaway car. Mrs. Nelson's attentionwas not diverted in any manner during the robbery. In fact,Mrs. Nelson attempted to

conversewith the robber to ascertain exactly what he wanted. When Mrs. Nelson was asked if the appellant sitting in the patrol car was one of the individuals involved it was testified she replied "Yes,that fellow over on the passenger side is the fellow that was in the store." She exhibited no uncertainty

as to his identity. This identification took place onlyten to twenty minutes after the robbery had occurred. Thus therewas not the factor of a long period of time intervening between the criminal act and the identification to cloud Mrs. Nelson's impressions. Admittedly Mrs. Nelson did not give a description of the robberprior to identifying him at the scene of the arrest. This, of course, was due in large part to the rapidity with which the police apprehended the suspected perpetrators. While itwould have been better procedure and would have insured a less questionable identification,we do not find this omission makes the identificationunreliable. Mrs. Nelson also admittedly only briefly saw the robber's facebefore he covered it with his mask. However, she did observe his general build,hair and dress. One federal circuit court has noted that the lack of a particular description of a suspect is not fatal to the identification when thewitness haspositively made the identification. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals has taken judicialnotice that there is a "recognition"capabilitywhich may be different in degree and separate in kind from the "recall" capability. Casscles, 489 F.2d at 24. "This is somewhat analogous to the phenomenon

# . . . of not being able to recall a particular word to describe something,but of having no difficulty in recognizing and knowing the word upon seeing it." Casscles, supra. Therefore the lack of any particular description of the robber's face in the facts of this appeal is overcome by the observationMrs. Nelsonmade at the time of the crime and the certaintywith which shemade the identification. Considering the totality of the circumstancespresented by the facts of record in this case,we conclude that while the identification procedurewas unnecessarily suggestive, it did not create a situation in which there was a substantial -8-likelihood of misidentification and therefore was not violative of due process. Judgment affirmed.

Justice 

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We Concur:

Chief Justice