FILED 

 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 February 4, 2004 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

 [PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

_________________________

No. 02-14044

_________________________

D.C. Docket No. 01-01113-CV-TWT-1

LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY

OF BOSTON,

 Plaintiff,

versus

BARBARA KENNEDY, KATHERINE E.

KENNEDY, a minor, WILLIAM B.

KENNEDY, a minor,

 Defendants-Appellants,

versus

MARY BETH KENNEDY, individually and

as Executrix of the Estate of Clint M.

Kennedy, deceased, BRIDGET KENNEDY

RICHARDS, PRESLEY KENNEDY WILSON,

 Defendants-Appellees.

_________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Georgia

_________________________

(February 4, 2004)
*Honorable John R. Gibson, United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by

designation.

1The district court’s order granted summary judgment to the “Mary Beth Kennedy

Claimants,” which includes Mary Beth Kennedy, Bridget Kennedy Richards, and Presley

2

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, KRAVITCH and GIBSON*

, Circuit Judges.

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge:

Following the death of its insured, Clint Kennedy, Liberty Life Assurance

Company filed this interpleader action asking the district court to determine the

conflicting claims for life insurance benefits made by Barbara N. Kennedy and

Mary Beth Kennedy. Mr. Kennedy obtained this life insurance through his

employer, Georgia-Pacific Corporation. The policy is an employee welfare benefit

plan governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or

ERISA.

Barbara Kennedy was Clint Kennedy’s second wife. They were married

from 1983 to July of 1991, and she asserts a claim to the benefits on her own

behalf and on behalf of their minor children, Katherine and William. Mary Beth

Kennedy was Clint Kennedy’s third wife and was married to him from July of

1991 until the time of his death. She asserts a claim to the benefits on her own

behalf and on behalf of Mr. Kennedy’s adult children from his first marriage,

Bridget Kennedy Richards and Presley Kennedy Wilson, along with Katherine and

William. The district court granted summary judgment to Mary Beth Kennedy1
Kennedy Wilson. The “Barbara Kennedy Claimants” include Barbara H. Kennedy, individually,

and as the trustee for The Katherine Elizabeth Kennedy and William Blakely Kennedy

Management Trusts. We will omit the word “Claimants” when we refer to Mary Beth Kennedy

and Barbara Kennedy, but the parties remain the same as in the district court.

3

and directed that she receive 25% of the benefits and Mr. Kennedy’s four children

each receive 18.75% of the benefits. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

Clint Kennedy was employed by Georgia-Pacific Corporation for more than

twenty-five years. His last position was that of Executive Vice President and, by

virtue of that position, he participated in the company’s executive life and personal

accident insurance programs. At the time of his accidental death on October 7,

2000, those policies provided benefits of $1,000,000 in life insurance and

$300,000 in accident insurance.

Mr. Kennedy completed a single designation of beneficiary form for these

policies on March 14, 1988, naming his then-wife Barbara as the sole beneficiary

if she were still living at the time of his death. In 1991, when Clint and Barbara

Kennedy divorced, they executed a settlement agreement in which Mr. Kennedy

agreed to maintain his employer-sponsored life insurance, with Barbara Kennedy

named as trustee for their children as beneficiaries of 50% of the total death

benefits. However, the agreement allowed Mr. Kennedy to reduce Katherine’s and

William’s share to 18.75% each if he remarried. Mr. Kennedy did not amend the
4

1988 designation of beneficiary form when he executed the settlement agreement,

but the agreement did not obligate him to keep Barbara Kennedy as a beneficiary. 

Based on the 1988 designation of beneficiary form and the settlement agreement,

Barbara Kennedy has asserted a claim for fifty percent of the insurance proceeds

for herself and the remaining fifty percent to be shared equally by Katherine and

William.

In 1993, after he had divorced Barbara Kennedy and married Mary Beth

Kennedy, Mr. Kennedy executed a will that remained in place without

modification until his death. The will included the following provision:

ITEM FIVE

Assuming the named beneficiary of said life insurance is my

estate, I hereby give and bequeath all the proceeds of life insurance

provided to me by my employer to the following persons:

(a) To my wife Mary Beth Kennedy, one-fourth (25%)

outright;

(b) To each of the two (2) children of my first marriage,

Bridget and Presley, or their living lineal descendants, per

stirpes, three-sixteenths (18.75%) respectively;

(c) To each of the two (2) children of my second

marriage, Katherine and William, or their living lineal

descendants, per stirpes, three-sixteenths (18.75%)

respectively; provided however that if either of said

children is less than thirty (30) years old at the time of

my death his and/or her shares shall be distributed to

their mother, Barbara Nowell Day Kennedy, to be held

by her in separate trusts for said children respectively....
2Although Liberty Life issued the Georgia-Pacific executive policies in effect at the time

of Mr. Kennedy’s death, the January 1995 Summary Plan Description identifies another company

as the issuer. Georgia-Pacific’s Executive Vice President of Human Resources confirmed that

the 1995 Summary Plan Description applied to the Liberty Life policies and was current at the

time of Mr. Kennedy’s death.

5

If at the time of my death my estate is not the named beneficiary of all

my employer-provided life insurance, then I hereby direct that the

proceeds thereof be directed to the persons and in the manner

hereinabove set forth insofar as the beneficiary designations on said

insurance can be made consistent with the terms of this Will.

(Emphasis in original).

Because Mr. Kennedy never amended his 1988 designation of beneficiary

form, his estate was not the named beneficiary of his Georgia-Pacific life

insurance at the time of his death. The district court concluded that “Mr. Kennedy

. . . did not make any effort to amend his beneficiary designation form on record

with Georgia-Pacific . . . . [He] ignored a number of opportunities to complete a

new Georgia-Pacific beneficiary designation form.”

Georgia-Pacific routinely distributed a Summary Plan Description to

provide a succinct explanation of the insurance program to the executives who

participated in it. The Summary Plan Description for these policies that was in

effect at the time of Mr. Kennedy’s death included a section entitled “Naming

Your Beneficiary.”2 It began:

There is a special beneficiary designation form for this executive

program. Your beneficiary is the person, estate, trust, organization,

etc., which you designate as such on the form. Unless you have made
6

an irrevocable assignment . . . , you can change your beneficiary at

any time without the consent of your present beneficiary. To do so,

contact the Employee Benefits Department for the correct form.

Although the record indicates that it was Georgia-Pacific’s policy to distribute a

Summary Plan Description to its executives when they entered the program, there

is no conclusive evidence that Mr. Kennedy received or retained a copy of any

version of that document.

The Plan policy itself – the Georgia-Pacific Group Term Life Insurance

Policyholder’s Document – included separate sections concerning the naming and

changing of beneficiaries. As to the latter, it stated:

An employee may change the Beneficiary. Any change requires

acceptable written notice to [Georgia-Pacific]. The notice can be on

forms approved by [Georgia-Pacific]. The change shall be filed with

[Georgia-Pacific] and will take effect from the date the employee

signed the notice. If a notice is not signed, it will be void.

The employee does not have to be living at the time of such filing.

[Liberty Life] will not be liable for any payments We make before We

receive the change.

The record contains no evidence that Mr. Kennedy was given a copy of the

Policyholder’s Document.

Liberty Life designated Employers Insurance of Wausau to be the Plan

Administrator of this group executive life and personal accident insurance plan. 

According to the Summary Plan Description, “The Plan Administrator has full

discretionary authority to administer and interpret this plan. . . .”
7

Mr. Kennedy died on October 7, 2000, when an all-terrain vehicle fell off a

truck and onto him. Within weeks of his death, Georgia-Pacific prepared proofof-death forms on the life insurance and the two personal accident insurance

policies. These forms continued to list Barbara Kennedy as the beneficiary

because the only written direction Mr. Kennedy had given Georgia-Pacific about

these policies was his March 14, 1988 designation of beneficiary form. When

Mary Beth Kennedy’s counsel contacted Georgia-Pacific a short time later to

assert her claim to the benefits, Georgia-Pacific referred the matter to Wausau. 

Wausau engaged the parties in discussions about their conflicting claims, which

led to the parties’ agreement that Barbara Kennedy would be the trustee of 37.5%

of the insurance proceeds on behalf of Katherine and William Kennedy. This is

the amount they would have received if the proceeds had been distributed in

accordance with Mr. Kennedy’s will. Wausau declined to exercise its authority to

choose between the conflicting claimants, however, which led to Liberty Life

filing this interpleader action.

After filing this action, Liberty Life was permitted to deposit $1,376,858.29

into the registry of the court, reimbursed $10,000 for its attorneys’ fees and costs,

and dismissed from the case. Consistent with the remaining parties’ earlier

agreement, the district court entered a consent order distributing 37.5% of the

proceeds to The Katherine Elizabeth Kennedy and William Blakely Kennedy
3Because the parties have agreed that all of the insurance benefits should be governed by

the life insurance documents and the law applicable to such, we will collectively refer to all of

the benefits as life insurance proceeds.

8

Management Trust for their benefit in equal shares. The order also reflected the

parties’ agreement that the benefits payable under the personal accident policies

would be treated in the same manner as the life insurance proceeds.3

On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court granted Mary

Beth Kennedy’s motion and denied Barbara Kennedy’s motion. The district court

concluded that the controlling document was the policy rather than the Summary

Plan Description, that the policy did not require Mr. Kennedy to use a company

form to change beneficiaries, and that his will was effective in designating Mary

Beth Kennedy, Bridget Kennedy Richards, Presley Kennedy Wilson, Katherine

Kennedy, and William Kennedy as beneficiaries of the Georgia-Pacific policy. 

The court entered judgment awarding 25% of the interpleaded funds to Mary Beth

Kennedy, 18.75% to Bridget Kennedy Richards, and 18.75% to Presley Kennedy

Wilson. Barbara Kennedy appealed, asking that Katherine and William each

receive an additional 6.25% of the proceeds (thereby increasing their share to 25%

each) and that she receive the remaining fifty percent.

I.

The district court was left to determine in the first instance how Mr.

Kennedy’s life insurance benefits would be distributed. Wausau, the Plan
9

Administrator, chose not to exercise its authority to decide between the competing

claims to the benefits. We therefore review de novo the district court’s

interpretation of ERISA and its application of the law to the Plan provisions. Nat’l

Auto. Dealers & Assocs. Retirement Trust v. Arbeitman, 89 F.3d 496, 498 (8th

Cir. 1996).

Barbara Kennedy argues that the district court erred in allowing Mr.

Kennedy’s will to serve as a beneficiary designation because doing so improperly

invoked state testamentary law. She relies on Egelhoff v. Egelhoff, 532 U.S. 141

(2001), in asserting that Georgia’s testamentary law “relates to” the GeorgiaPacific Plan and is therefore preempted by ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a) (2000).

In Egelhoff, the Court reviewed a Washington probate statute that affected

beneficiaries of life insurance proceeds, employee benefit plans, annuities, and

individual retirement accounts. The statute automatically revoked a designation of

a spouse as the beneficiary of these assets upon divorce. The Court concluded that

the statute was invalidated by ERISA’s preemption section because it had an

“impermissible connection” with ERISA plans. 532 U.S. at 147. As the Court

explained, the state statute bound ERISA plan administrators to “a particular

choice of rules for determining beneficiary status. The administrators must pay

benefits to the beneficiaries chosen by state law, rather than to those identified in

the plan documents.” Id. Such a statutory scheme precluded these fiduciaries
10

from adhering to duties imposed on them by ERISA, namely to administer their

plans in accordance with plan documents and make payments to beneficiaries

designated by participants or by the terms of the applicable plan.

This case is not comparable to Egelhoff. The district court made no

reference to any state law in concluding that Mr. Kennedy’s will could serve as a

beneficiary designation, nor does Barbara Kennedy offer any such reference. To

the contrary, the district court examined the Plan and concluded that its language

allowed Mr. Kennedy’s will to serve as an alternative means of designating

beneficiaries. The “Change of Beneficiary” subsection requires that a beneficiary

provide a signed written notice to Georgia-Pacific that he or she desires to change

beneficiaries, but it does not require the beneficiary to use a designated form. 

(“The notice can be on forms approved by [Georgia-Pacific].”) (emphasis added). 

In fact, the subsection seemingly contemplates a will as an acceptable form of

notice, because it further provides that the participant “does not have to be living

at the time of such filing.” In addition to being both written and signed, a will’s

provisions often come to light only after the maker’s death. As the district court

correctly noted in reaching its conclusion, it was “simply enforcing the provisions

of the Plan.”

Barbara Kennedy suggests that the will should not be given effect because

to do so would raise the concerns addressed by ERISA’s preemption clause,
11

namely uniformity and administrative efficiency. More specifically, she asserts

that allowing the district court’s decision to stand would force plan administrators

of Liberty Life policies to inquire as to the existence of a will on every death

benefit claim, thereby slowing the payment process and undermining ERISA’s

goal of simple, uniform administration. We will not join in such speculation, but

we note that, even if Barbara Kennedy’s prediction were accurate, the result would

not be related in any way to ERISA. Insurers who offer employee benefit plans

under ERISA are free to allow policyholders to change beneficiaries through more

than a single means and, so long as the policyholders are informed of the means

and the plan administrator complies with its fiduciary obligations, ERISA is not

implicated.

The district court did not err in determining that ERISA preemption does

not apply to the interpretation of the Georgia-Pacific Plan.

II.

Barbara Kennedy also argues that the district court erred by concluding that

the Summary Plan Description and the Plan contain conflicting provisions with

respect to changing beneficiaries, and concluding that because Mr. Kennedy did

not rely on the provisions of the Summary Plan Description, the Plan language

governs the beneficiary designation. She asserts that no such conflict exists, and

that both documents require use of an appropriate form to change beneficiaries. 
12

She further asserts that Mr. Kennedy did rely on the Summary Plan Description,

and that its directive to use a prescribed beneficiary designation form was

reinforced by Georgia-Pacific human resources personnel and by Mr. Kennedy’s

attorney.

The record reveals that the change of beneficiary sections of the Summary

Plan Description and the Plan are not irreconcilable, and thus we need not decide

which document controls. While the Summary Plan Description directs

participants to “contact the Employee Benefits Department for the correct form” to

change beneficiaries, the Plan describes more generally the kinds of writings that

could effectuate a change. In the context of an employee benefit plan, a conflict

would exist if the employee were somehow misled by the Summary Plan

Description, which is a document intended to be accurate and comprehensive and

which reasonably apprises an employee of his or her rights under the Plan. 

McKnight v. S. Life & Health Ins. Co., 758 F.2d 1566, 1570 (11th Cir. 1985). The

different language did not create a conflict in this case. The Plan clearly allows

Mr. Kennedy’s will to serve as a valid alternate beneficiary designation. The

Summary Plan Description does not preclude an alternate form because it does not

identify “the correct form,” but rather refers the participant to Georgia-Pacific’s

Employee Benefits Department.
4This executive testified that she approached Mr. Kennedy because she had heard that he

was divorcing, and it was her practice to make sure that employees in that situation “had all their

beneficiaries in order.”

13

The record does not support Barbara Kennedy’s suggestion that GeorgiaPacific reinforced the Summary Plan Description’s purported requirement that Mr.

Kennedy use one form exclusively if he wanted to change beneficiaries. In 1991,

Georgia-Pacific provided Mr. Kennedy with four different beneficiary designation

forms, which apparently applied to various benefit plans in which he was enrolled,

along with a cover memorandum describing them as the “appropriate change

forms” if he wished to change beneficiaries. In 1997 (after he was divorced from

Barbara Kennedy), Georgia-Pacific sent him an annual confirmation that he

continued to be enrolled in its executive life and personal accident program. The

letter indicated that the company’s records showed his beneficiary as “Barbara N.

Kennedy, wife, if living; otherwise, Mary June Kennedy, . . .” It provided no

direction for changing his beneficiary, nor did it suggest that he prepare a new

form to clarify that Barbara Kennedy was no longer his wife. Finally, when

Georgia-Pacific’s executive vice president of human resources spoke with Mr.

Kennedy in the summer of 2000 to ask if he had his beneficiary designations as he

wanted them,4 they did not discuss specifics, and she offered him no directions for

changing beneficiaries.
14

When Mr. Kennedy consulted an attorney to prepare his will in 1993, they

discussed whether Mr. Kennedy could comply with his divorce agreement with

Barbara Kennedy if he changed the beneficiaries of his Georgia-Pacific life

insurance without her consent. The attorney advised him that he could not, and he

drafted a letter for Mr. Kennedy to send to her seeking consent. Mr. Kennedy did

not send that letter. The attorney explained that he recommended this course of

action “in order to stay in compliance with the divorce agreement. [Mr. Kennedy]

was of course legally free to change his beneficiary at any time.” The attorney did

not know whom Mr. Kennedy had designated as beneficiaries for these policies as

of 1993, and he believed it was necessary to include beneficiary language in the

will in case Mr. Kennedy did not prepare a new form. While he originally

suggested that Mr. Kennedy prepare new designation forms to conform with the

beneficiary selections he was making in the will, he understood that the will “may

have given him a sense that it was all taken care of.” The record does not support

Barbara Kennedy’s assertion that Mr. Kennedy’s attorney advised him that he was

required to prepare a designated form in order to change his beneficiary.

Because no conflict exists between the documents, we need not reach the

issue of Mr. Kennedy’s reliance on the Summary Plan Description. We note,

however, that even if we were called upon to decide which of the two documents

controls, reliance would not be a factor. This is not the typical situation where an
15

employer and an employee are at odds over the employee’s right to benefits; here,

the administrator seeks guidance on interpreting the Plan to determine who the

appropriate beneficiaries are among competing beneficiaries. Reliance is relevant

only when an estoppel principle is present, such as when an employee asserts he or

she is entitled to benefits under the language of a summary plan description and

the employer contends that a plan document controls and precludes benefits. 

“[T]o prevent an employer from enforcing the terms of a plan that are inconsistent

with those of the plan summary, a beneficiary must prove reliance on the

summary.” Branch v. G. Bernd Co., 955 F.2d 1574, 1579 (11th Cir. 1992).

The district court did not err by concluding that the life insurance benefits

are to be distributed under a beneficiary designation that is acceptable under the

Plan document. There is no issue as to Mr. Kennedy’s reliance on certain

language in the Summary Plan Description, as there is no conflict between that

passage and its analog in the Plan document.

III.

The district court correctly interpreted the Liberty Mutual policy to allow

Mr. Kennedy’s will to serve as a beneficiary designation for the Georgia-Pacific

executive life insurance policy. Mr. Kennedy set forth his intended beneficiaries

in his signed will, and following his death, the will was filed with Georgia-Pacific. 

Accordingly, the will qualified as an acceptable alternative change notice. The
5The Plan provides: “An employee may change the Beneficiary . . . [with] acceptable

written notice . . . filed with [Georgia-Pacific]. The change . . . will take effect from the date the

employee signed the notice.”

16

district court also correctly enforced the Plan by declaring Mr. Kennedy’s will to

be the controlling designation. The will was effective as of the date of its signing,

and it was the latest designation Mr. Kennedy executed before his death.5

 “The

award of benefits under any ERISA plan is governed in the first instance by the

language of the plan itself.” Lockhart v. United Mine Workers of Am. 1974

Pension Trust, 5 F.3d 74, 78 (4th Cir. 1993); 29 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(1), (b)(4) (2000)

(plan must be written and must specify the basis on which payments are made).

IV.

Barbara Kennedy argues that the district court erred in “drawing inferences”

as to Mr. Kennedy’s intent because intent is a factual question not appropriately

decided on summary judgment. The record does not support her assertion. The

legal questions decided by the district court were whether the Plan allowed for the

will to serve as a valid beneficiary designation and, if so, whether the will was the

last beneficiary designation Mr. Kennedy executed. The district court did not

attempt to infer Mr. Kennedy’s intent in answering either of these questions. The

only reference to intent in the legal section of the district court’s order came in a

conclusory sentence: “Thus, I give full effect to the terms of the Will as it reflects

Mr. Kennedy’s consistent expression of his intent to leave his insurance benefits
17

to his wife, Mary Beth Kennedy, and each of his four children.” The district court

did not improperly rely on a finding of a disputed fact to reach a legal conclusion.

Finally, Mary Beth Kennedy urges alternative grounds to affirm. She

argues that the Summary Plan Description is not valid and thus there can be no

conflict between the documents, and she urges us to apply the federal common law

doctrine of substantial compliance to give effect to the beneficiary designation in 

Mr. Kennedy’s will. Our decision obviates the need to discuss these arguments.

The judgment is AFFIRMED.