[Cite as Wood v. MAK Invest. Properties, L.L.C., 2024-Ohio-4485.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JASON WOOD, ET AL., :

Plaintiffs-Appellants, :

No. 113228

v. :

MAK INVESTMENT PROPERTIES,

LLC, ET AL., :

Defendants-Appellees. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 12, 2024

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas

Case No. CV-21-952578

Appearances:

Paul M. Friedman, for appellants. 

Collins Roche Utley & Garner, LLC, Patrick M. Roche, and 

Kurt D. Anderson, for appellees. 

MARY J. BOYLE, P.J.:

Plaintiffs-appellants, Jason Wood and Charlene Wood (“the 

Woods”), appeal the trial court’s decision granting summary judgment in favor of 

defendants-appellees, Hurst Construction, Inc., Hurst Construction, Inc., d.b.a.

Hurst Design and Remodeling, and Hurst Design-Build Remodeling (collectively 
“Hurst Construction”), finding that the Woods’ negligence action was barred by lack 

of privity of contract. For the reasons that follow, the judgment is affirmed. 

I. Facts and Procedural History

This case involves a dispute over the remodeling and renovation of 

a home located at 1801 Allen Drive, Westlake, Ohio 44145 (“property”). In May 

2016, MAK Investment Properties, Inc. (“MAK”) purchased the property from an 

estate and contracted with Hurst Construction, as well as several other companies, 

to perform remodeling and renovation work. Patrick Hurst and his brother Daniel 

Hurst were officers and owners of both Hurst Construction and MAK. The 

remodeling and renovation were completed in the fall of 2017 and the house was 

placed for sale by MAK. 

In December 2021, the Woods signed a purchase agreement with 

MAK. As part of the agreement, the Woods hired a licensed inspector to conduct 

a general home inspection. The inspection revealed several potential issues with 

the grading of the property causing potential water runoff issues. Although the 

purchase agreement allowed for the Woods to terminate the agreement if the 

inspection revealed any material defects, the Woods decided to purchase the home 

as is. The Woods took possession on January 18, 2018. In April 2018, after the 

Woods moved in, they experienced flooding in the backyard, patio, and the entire 

lower level of the home. Thereafter, according to the Woods, anytime there was a 

significant amount of rain, the yard and patio area flooded. In addition, the Woods 
observed several other problems with the home including, among other things,

cracks in the drywall, baseboards, and ceilings.

In 2023, the Woods filed a complaint against MAK, Patrick Hurst, 

and Hurst Construction, as well as several other contractors.

1

 The Woods alleged 

negligence against Hurst Construction for failing to perform the remodeling and 

renovations in a workmanlike manner claiming substantial and extensive property 

damage. 

Hurst Construction filed a motion for summary judgment arguing 

that they did not owe a duty to the Woods because there was no privity of contract. 

The trial court granted Hurst Construction’s motion explaining that the Woods’s

negligence cause of action was barred by lack of privity of contract citing Corporex 

Dev. & Constr. Mgmt. v. Shook, Inc., 2005-Ohio-5409. The court further stated 

that the “Hurst Construction Defendants did not owe any duties independent of 

the construction agreement with MAK Investment Properties. The Hurst 

Construction Defendants’ duties were to MAK Investment Properties, and they did 

not flow to the [Woods].” (Journal Entry, July 13, 2023).

On July 17, 2023, the Woods filed a motion to reconsider or, 

alternatively, find “no just reason for delay” under Civ.R. 54(B). The trial court 

denied the motion. On August 28, 2023, the case proceeded to jury trial against 

1 On January 29, 2024, by joint stipulation the parties dismissed without prejudice 

defendants CEMAC Real Property Corporation, CEMAC Construction Corporation, 

CEMAC C/o Amigos Construction Corp., Amigos Construction Corporation, Amigos 

Construction Corporation d.b.a. CEMAC, CEMAC, John Doe I, John Doe II, and John 

Doe III. 
MAK and Patrick Hurst on the Woods’s claims of fraud, breach of contract, and 

negligence. On September 5, 2023, the jury returned a verdict against the Woods

and in favor of Defendants MAK and Patrick Hurst. 

The Woods timely appealed the trial court’s summary judgment 

ruling in favor of Hurst Construction, raising one assignment of error for our 

review:

The trial court erred in granting Hurst Construction’s motion for 

summary judgment because there are genuine issues of material fact. 

II. Law and Analysis

A. Standard of Review

We review an appeal from summary judgment under a de novo 

standard. Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co. v. Cleveland, 2020-Ohio-4469, ¶ 13-15 (8th 

Dist.), citing Baiko v. Mays, 140 Ohio App.3d 1, 10 (8th Dist. 2000). Accordingly, 

we afford no deference to the trial court’s decision and independently review the 

record to determine whether summary judgment is appropriate. Id., citing N.E. 

Ohio Apt. Assn. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 121 Ohio App.3d 188, 192 (8th 

Dist. 1997). Civ.R. 56(C) provides that before summary judgment may be granted, 

a court must determine that

(1) no genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated, (2) 

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) it 

appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one 

conclusion and viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the 

nonmoving party, that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party.

Civ.R. 56(C) also provides an exclusive list of materials that parties 

may use to support a motion for summary judgment:
Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, 

depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, 

transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely 

filed in the action, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material 

fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law. No evidence or stipulation may be considered except as stated in 

this rule.

The moving party carries the initial burden of setting forth specific 

facts that demonstrate his or her entitlement to summary judgment. Dresher v. 

Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292-293 (1996). If the movant fails to meet this burden, 

summary judgment is not appropriate, but if the movant does meet this burden, 

summary judgment will be appropriate only if the nonmovant fails to establish the 

existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 293.

B. Privity of Contract Required for Claim Against Subcontractor

The Woods’s sole claim against Hurst Construction is that the 

company was negligent when it renovated the property, asserting that Hurst 

Construction owed the Woods an independent common-law duty to perform in a 

workmanlike manner. Hurst Construction argues that their duty arose solely out of 

their contract with MAK, and thus privity of contract is required to assert claims of 

defective workmanship. The resolution turns on whether the duty arose out of 

contract or tort. 

In order “[t]o survive summary judgment, the plaintiff must establish 

a prima facie case of negligence, i.e, duty, breach, and proximate cause of damage, 

that creates a genuine issue of material fact for trial.” Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Cleveland, 

2024-Ohio-1475, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.). Generally, “[t]he duty to perform in a 
workmanlike manner is imposed by common law upon builders and contractors.” 

Zanesville Glass Supply, Inc. v. Goff, 2008-Ohio-1243, ¶ 40 (5th Dist.), citing 

Mitchem v. Johnson, 7 Ohio St.2d 66 (1966); Velotta v. Leo Petronzio Landscaping, 

Inc., 69 Ohio St.2d 376 (1982). However, where the duty to perform in a 

workmanlike manner is included in the express language of a contract, the duty 

arises out of contract if not performed. Benchmark Constr. Co. v. Lima, No., 2022 

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 176576, at *32-33 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 28, 2022), citing Warren v. 

Denes Concrete, Inc., 2009-Ohio-2784, ¶ 16 (9th Dist.) (“When a contract contains 

an express warranty in which a contractor undertakes a duty to perform in a 

workmanlike manner, a claim against the contractor for an alleged breach of that 

duty sounds in contract.”); see also Kishmarton v. William Bailey Constr., Inc., 93 

Ohio St.3d 226, 228-229 (2001) (“[When t]he contract governs the warranty of good 

workmanship . . . the warranty of good workmanship arises from the contract. It 

can hardly be otherwise.”) 

The MAK and Hurst Construction contract included a specific clause 

guaranteeing the workmanship associated with the contract for a period of one year. 

(See Exhibit A at ¶ 19 from Hurst Construction Defendants’ Motion for Summary 

Judgment filed May 15, 2023). The Woods were not a party to the contract between 

MAK and Hurst Construction. Nevertheless, the Woods contend that the Ohio 

Supreme Court eliminated privity as a prerequisite to maintaining a cause of action

for negligence in McMillan v. Brune-Harpenau-Torbeck Builders, Inc., 8 Ohio 
St.3d 3 (1983). However, that case involves a factual scenario that is distinguishable 

from the case at hand. 

In McMillan, plaintiffs, who were not the original buyers, sued the 

original builder-seller for negligence, claiming improper grading of the lot creating 

landslide conditions. The Ohio Supreme Court held that “[p]rivity of contract is not 

a necessary element of an action in negligence brought by a vendee of real property 

against a builder-vendor.” Id. at syllabus. The Court stated that the duty of a 

builder-vendor to construct a home in a workmanlike manner runs to all vendees, 

both original and subsequent. Id. at 4. The Court likened a builder of a new home 

to a manufacturer of a product explaining that the builder is uniquely positioned to 

be aware of any latent defects with the home or property. Nevertheless, the Court 

stressed that a builder-vendor is not held strictly liable for all defects, “[o]ur holding 

establishes only the duty,” and the plaintiff still must prove the elements of 

negligence. Id. 

The Woods argue that the holding in McMillan extends to Hurst 

Construction claiming that Hurst Construction was the general contractor on the 

project and arguably in the same position as a builder-vendor. However, Daniel 

Hurst testified, and the contract clearly states, that Hurst Construction was a 

subcontractor. (See Exhibit A of Hurst Construction Defendants’ Motion for 

Summary Judgment filed May 15, 2023, Daniel Hurst Depo. R. 56 at p. 9.) 

Therefore, Hurst Construction was not in the same position as the builder-vendor

in McMillan. This distinction is important because in Ohio, the appellate courts 
“have maintained a distinction between a builder-vendor where privity of contract 

is not required, and a subcontractor, where privity of contract is necessary.” Lin v. 

Gatehouse Constr. Co., 84 Ohio App. 3d 96, 101-102 (8th Dist. 1992); citing Vistein 

v. Keeney, 71 Ohio App. 3d 92, 106 (11th Dist. 1990). “As a general rule, if a plaintiff 

brings an action sounding in tort and bases his claim upon a theory of duty owed by 

a defendant as a result of a contractual relationship, he must either be a party or 

privy to the contract in order to prevail.” Vistein at 106. 

In Keaton v. Rewoldt Constr., Inc., 1986 Ohio App. LEXIS 9504 (6th 

Dist. Dec. 31, 1986), the original owner contracted with the defendant to install a 

sewage system. Thereafter, the house was sold to plaintiffs who experienced 

problems with the system. Plaintiffs sued the defendant for negligence arguing that 

McMillan, supra, should be extended to subcontractors. The Sixth District declined 

to do so, affirming the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendant. 

Keaton at *9.

Likewise in Weiss v. Thomas & Thomas Dev. Co. 1995 Ohio App. 

LEXIS 3210, at *9 (8th Dist. Aug. 3, 1995), the original homeowner hired a plumber 

to install a gas delivery system from a natural gas well to his house. The subsequent 

owner of the house was killed during an explosion caused by a malfunction in the 

gas delivery system. On appeal, the subsequent owner’s estate argued that material 

issues of fact existed as to whether the plumber owed a duty to the subsequent owner 

and whether the plumber negligently designed and installed the system. This court 

declined to extend McMillan, supra, finding that the plumber did not owe a duty to 
the subsequent homeowner that would sustain an action in tort because no privity 

existed between the plumber and the subsequent owner. This court relied on the 

holding in Lin, supra, wherein the court found that “privity of contract is required 

in a negligence action brought by a subsequent owner against a subcontractor.” Lin 

at 102. The Ohio Supreme Court affirmed this court’s ruling in favor of the plumber, 

stating that the court of appeals did not err in applying the law before it. Weiss v. 

Thomas & Thomas Dev. Co., 79 Ohio St. 3d 274, 278 (1997).

The facts in this case are more akin to the facts in Keaton and Weiss

than to McMillan. Hurst Construction was not the builder-vendor, nor was Hurst 

Construction uniquely positioned to be aware of latent defects with the home or 

property like the builder-vendor in McMillan. Instead, Hurst Construction was 

hired by the owner, MAK, as a subcontractor to renovate the property. For these 

reasons, this court declines to extend McMillan to apply to subcontractors like Hurst 

Construction. Therefore, we find that the trial court did not err when it granted 

summary judgment in favor of Hurst Construction.

2 

Accordingly, the Woods’ sole assignment of error is overruled. 

2 We agree with the Woods that Corporex, 2005-Ohio-5409, is not exactly on point 

because the decision rests heavily on the economic-loss rule, which is not applicable here 

since the Woods do not allege purely economic loss. Nevertheless, it is clear from the trial 

court’s brief explanation of its ruling that the court cited Corporex for the distinction 

between a duty in tort and a duty arising out of a contract. 
III. Conclusion

The Woods’ negligence cause of action fails because the evidence 

shows that Hurst Construction’s duty arose from the contract with MAK, not from 

the common-law duty of workmanlike manner. When the duty allegedly breached 

by a defendant arises out of contract, the cause of action is one of contract, not tort. 

Further, that duty did not extend to the Woods because there is no privity of 

contract. Consequently, we find that there is no genuine issue of material fact and

Hurst Construction was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The trial court’s 

ruling was proper. 

Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellees recover from appellants costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment 

into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

______________________________

MARY J. BOYLE, PRESIDING JUDGE

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., and

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR