monograph series

2

OPERATIONAL

DEFINITIONS IN

SOCIO-BEHAVIORAL

DRUG USE RESEARCH

1975
The NIDA Research Monograph series is prepared by the

Research Division of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Its

primary objective is to provide critical reviews of research problem

areas and techniques, the content of state-of-the-art conferences,

integrative research reviews and significant original research. Its

dual publication emphasis is rapid and targeted dissemination to

the scientific and professional community.

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Avram Goldstein, M.D.

Jerome Jaffee, M.D.

Remse T. Jones, M.D.

William McGlothlin, Ph.D.

Jack Mendelson, M.D.

Helen Nowlis, Ph.D.

Lee Robind,. Ph.D.

Addiction Research Foundation

Palo Alto, California

College of Physicians and Surgeons

Columbia University, New York

Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric

Institute

University of California

San Francisco, California

Department of Psychology, UCLA

Los Angeles, California

Akohol and Drug Abuse Research

Center

Harvard Medical School

McLean Hospital

Belmont, Massachusetts

Office of Drug Education, DHEW

Washington, D.C.

Washington University School of

Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

NIDA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH series

Robert DuPont, M.D. DIRECTOR, NIDA

William Pollin, M.D. DIRECTOR, NIDA RESEARCH DIVISION

Robert C. Petersen, Ph.D. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Eunice L. Corfman, M.A. MANAGING EDITOR

Rockwall Building 11400 Rockville Pike Rockville, Maryland, 20852
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

IN

SOCIO-BEHAVIORAL

DRUG USE RESEARCH

1975

Editors

Jack Elinson

David Nurco

National Institute on Drug Abuse

October 1975

11400 Rockville Pike Rockville, Maryland 20852
And the Lord said, "Behold,

the people is one, and they

have all one language; and

this they begin to do: and

now nothing will be restrained

from them, which they have

imagined to do."

Genesis 11:6

TOWER OF BABEL

Maurits Cornelis Escher

National Gallery of Art

Washington

Gift of Mr. C.V.S. Roosevelt

Library of Congress catalogue number 75-29022


FOREWORD

This monograph grows out of efforts of the Special Action

Office for Drug Abuse Prevention and the National Institute

on Drug Abuse to achieve greater comparability across

socio-behavioral research studies conducted in the field

of drug abuse.

The field of drug abuse is in many respects plagued with

the same difficulties as are the other fields of study

concerned with social problems. There is a constant

struggle in attempting to compare the results of one

research effort with another. This derives partly from

the fact that we, as others, are still in the early stages

of development and there has not as yet been sufficient

time and opportunity for our scientists to discuss and

agree upon research terms. We in the federal establishment,

therefore, asked several leaders in the field to meet and

begin the necessary dialogues to hasten this development.

This document represents the labors of a few who invested

a measure of their time and effort so that we can all now

take a substantial step forward toward creating a firmer

base on which to conduct our future work.

Robert L. DuPont, M.D.

Director

National Institute on Drug Abuse

CONTENTS

Page

Foreward v

Introduction 1

History of Drug Use

Lee N. Robins 7

Functional Taxonomy of Drugs

Mildred Bateman 12

Definition of Addiction Liability Associated with

Different Patterns of Drug Use

Roger E. Meyer 17

Measures of Currency or Recency (In Drug Use Surveys)

Louise Richards and Ira H. Cisin 2 5

The Measurement of "Ever Use" and "Frequency-Quantity"

(in Drug Use Surveys)

Denise Kandel 27

Defining the Term "Polydrug Use"

Lloyd Johnston 3 6

Conditions of Drug Use

Gail A. Crawford 4 0

Some Words of Caution on Subjective Concepts: "Interest

in Trying, Maintaining or Changing Use," "Reasons for Use,"

"Reasons for Non-Use"

Robert H. Eichberg 4 3

Effects of Drug Use

John O'Donnell 4 6

Appendix A: Operational Definitions Used in Recent Socio-Behavioral

Research on Drugs 49

Appendix B: Examples of Questionnaires 93

INTRODUCTION

WHY

It seems reasonable to ask social scientists and epidemiologists to estimate

the prevalence of (non-medical, non-legal) drug use, and to assess factors

relating to such drug use. Indeed, in the past decade a number of systematic

inquiries have been undertaken in an attempt to answer these questions. Simple as these questions seem, they have provoked a variety of answers, not

wholly consistent with each other. One of the reasons for these inconsistencies is the lack of agreed-upon methods among investigators for estimating

prevalence of drug use. If one agrees that comparability in drug use research

is a desirable goal for both science and policy, then it would also seem

reasonable for investigators to seek common definitions of terms and concepts

and common ways of operationalizing and measuring them.

No one expects social scientists and epidemiologists to define their terms as

precisely as physicists define theirs, such as distance and mass, nor to come

to as much scientific agreement in measurement as what a meter or a kilogram

is. At the same time it does appear necessary for the advancement of the field

to be able to relate the findings of one social scientific or epidemiologic

investigation to another, such that each study is not totally immune from comparability, and at least the minimal communication among investigators is

fostered.

It was with these kinds of thoughts that a group of researchers on drug use,

called together by the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP),

began reviewing the ways terms and concepts in drug use research were currently

being defined and operationalized, and deliberating on how this idiosyncratic

muddle of definitions might be clarified. In examining the scientific literature we found that there is more agreement with respect to some of the terms

than others. For example, there is more agreement with respect to so-called

"objective" reporting of experience , such as frequency of use, than with

reporting of subjective phenomena such as reasons for use or non-use of drugs.

Even in the case of objective experiences, however, it is remarkable how many

different ways concepts or terms are reported. It would seem that at least

in such cases a greater degree of consensus among investigators could be

relatively easily achieved without sacrifice of either concepts or findings.

In other cases, especially those which attempt to get at "motivation," it is

fairly obvious that a consensus will be more difficult to achieve.

We recognize that notions of standardization, consensus, and comparability are

sometimes repugnant to the artistic sensibility. At the same time we must

1
acknowledge the benefit that can accrue to science, policy and public communication if a common language can be found among drug use researchers. It is in

this spirit that the results of our deliberations on this issue have been put

together in this form to be shared with the larger body of social scientists,

epidemiologists and potential research investigators.

It should be noted that the concerns, admonitions and recommendations expressed

in this document are limited to the kind of research on human populations that

takes the form of surveys--questions are asked of respondents, and the data

produced are self-reports of behavior, experience, attitudes and values. None

of what is written here is intended to cover clinical and laboratory research,

although here and there a clinical or laboratory scientist may find something

of interest.

It will be noted further that, for the most part, the essays pertain to general

populations, that is, populations that include non-users as well as users of

drugs. Again, some of what is written here may be applicable to addict populations, but the intent was to discuss methods of questioning that were meaningful primarily for non-addict populations.

A number of important issues with respect to operational definitions have not

been touched upon in the papers of the committee. For example, the question of

quantity (or dosage) of drug use has yet to be dealt with somehow. Use of drugs

for medical reasons without a physician's prescription has been only lightly

treated. Constructing typologies of users, while highly useful potentially, was

not done here for lack of time.

Potential investigators using this monograph and intending to embark on drug

use research will have before them a considered set of essays on problems

they might encounter and how they might be met, authored by some of the most

experienced investigators in this field. In addition, they will find (in the

Appendix), in classified form, the ways in which investigators who have

preceded them have phrased questions in survey research. If similar errors

in drug use research are to be made in the future as they have in the past,

potential investigators will now be able to make them somewhat more deliberately.

HOW

The Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention has had several

meetings with scientists in the field of drug abuse in order to learn more

precisely the extent and characteristics of recent research in this area. At

one of these meetings, the issue of the lack of comparability between studies

was introduced by Jack Elinson and further discussed by Dave Nurco.

The idea of dealing with this problem in order to promote the greater

generalizability of research findings was appealing to SAODAP. Therefore,

a committee, representative of leaders in the field, and co-chaired by Elinson

and Nurco began work in April, 1974 with the hope that the committee's

work would help researchers in this area define their terms and concepts

2
and determine their classification and measurement in more comparable ways,

This committee consisted of the following persons:

John Ball, Ph.D. Denise Kandel, Ph.D.

Temple University Columbia University

Mildred Bateman, M.D.,

West Virginia Department

of Mental Hygiene

Roger E. Meyer, M.D.

McLean Hospital/Harvard

Medical School

Gail A. Crawford, Ph.D.

University of Chicago

Ira Cisin, Ph.D.

George Washington University

Robert H. Eichberg

University of California

Jack Elinson, Ph.D.

Columbia University

Lloyd Johnston, Ph.D.

University of Michigan

David N. Nurco, D.S.W.

SAODAP/Maryland Psychiatric

Research Center

John O'Donnell, Ph.D.

University of Kentucky

Louise Richards, Ph.D.

National Institute on Drug Abuse

Lee N. Robins, Ph.D.

Washington University

Charles Winick, Ph.D.

City University of New York

A total of five meetings were held, with committee members assuming responsibility for work assignments between meetings. The first two meetings were

devoted to a definition of the problem areas to be addressed and the working

procedures to be followed. The next two meetings focused on specific work

assignments for individual committee members, general methods of proceeding,

and clarification of issues and ideas involved in each of the papers presented

in this document. At the last meeting the committee as a whole completed its

discussion on each concept. The authors of draft papers then returned to their

offices to complete their essays, keeping in mind committee members' comments.

Bringing together such a diverse group of individuals with a broad range of

research experiences and having them work together towards a "pay-off" for

each other, as well as for the research community, proved stimulating. From

the beginning, the group expressed interest in exploring the possibility of

reaching agreement on a set of useful, operational definitions. At the very

least it was felt that if problems of standardization could be more thoroughly

elucidated and dealt with, the field would be moving toward a firmer scientific

foundation.

A number of members felt that the committee's primary task was not to answer

specific questions or predetermine research design, but rather to clarify

issues and hopefully provide guidance for the field as a whole. The committee

felt that it should not move toward establishing federal dogma, nor did it

believe it would be possible to agree on specific definitions of concepts such

as "level of significant drug use vs. experimentation." Indeed, there was some

fear that hard and firm recommendations could lead to specific requirements for

grantees, and that this would be undesirable in the long run.

3
In subsequent meetings the committee began to refine its approach. For

example, it was suggested that both a measure of the objective availability

of drugs and a measure of the respondent's subjective perception of availability were needed. At this point, committee discussion began to focus on

the various areas of concern regarding availability, i.e., what information

should be collected, how to collect it, and how it should be analyzed after

it is collected.

At another point, the committee faced squarely the issue of whether questions

regarding conditions of use should vary according to the individual drug under

consideration. It was emphasized that although investigations of alcohol and

tobacco usage required different questions, separating out the conditions of

use for each of many chemical agents seemed to be an inexhaustible task.

In discussing implications of the use of the committee's work, some members

stressed that any typology decided upon by the committee might be used in

policy-making decisions. The committee agreed that the execution of policy

decisions frequently led to program intervention, and it was feared that

ongoing prognostic typology research might be prematurely abandoned. Thus it

was emphasized that the committee must be aware of policy implications in all

of its deliberations. In essence, it was felt that the published findings of

the committee could have a great impact on future research in drug abuse.

As this group of scientists gained experience in working together, they began

to focus on such issues as whether addiction is inextricably bound up with

crucial events in drug history, such as the age and period of time when the

person was first offered a drug. Attention was also given to medical vs. nonmedical use of drugs, with particular concern being focused on the issue of

whether ingestion of drugs in the amounts and at the intervals ordered by a

physician might be considered medical use, while any other use might be considered non-medical.

The committee next considered the need to look at conditions of drug use within

the context of level of use. Outcome was considered, and it was felt by most

that it would be useful for the researcher to know whether the drug was used

in the manner prescribed by a physician, and the condition for which the drug

was prescribed. The committee further considered the possibility of more farreaching effects and how these could be set forth, such as the facilitation of

social interaction, change in life style, and increases in "awareness."

As the committee's work progressed and became even more specific, discussion

moved into areas such as the effects of drugs, as classified under the categories physiological, psychological, and sociological. It was felt that

physiological effects were best studied from self-reports, while sociological

and psychological effects could be approached through correlational analyses.

Other points considered were the two dimensions of effects, namely, demonstrable consequences, both positive and negative , and consequences discerned

by the user, again both positive and negative. In the process of focusing on

specific questions, the committee discussed the issue of whether "lifetime

frequencies" are helpful, i.e., do such frequencies distinguish between users

who took the drug 30 times in three years and those who took the drug 30 times

in one month? Linked to this was the problem of measurement of consecutive

4
and simultaneous drug use, together with the very specific issue that typified the last meeting of the committee, namely, is the second drug used to

enhance the effect of the first drug, and/or is the second drug used to

counteract the effect of the first drug?

Subsequent to this type of questioning and discussion, the committee made its

recommendations to each author. In the process of making these recommendations,

several members found immediate rewards: one with regard to constructing a

questionnaire and dealing with the concepts of frequency of drug use and the

"cutting points" he might use; another with respect to developing the concept

of current drug use for inclusion in a forthcoming publication.

J.E.

D.N.N.

July, 1975

5
Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Phyllis Starner-Maher and Eunice Corfman for editorial assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. For keeping comprehensive minutes

of the committee meetings, we are grateful to Loretta Hervey and Raymond

Goldsteen. Ms. Hervey with Paul Haberman and Andrea Allyn initially reviewed

published reports and questionnaires and established an early classification

of content. To the committee members, especially those who undertook the

writing of the essays included here, we owe a special debt for their cooperation. Marilynn E. Katatsky of the Pan American Health Organization attended

several committee meetings.

We would like also to call attention to the article by M. Duncan Stanton on

"Drug Use Surveys: Methods and Madness" (International Journal of the

Addictions, in press), which expresses some of the same concerns that engaged

the committee.

6
Most of what we know about the history of drug use comes from

intensive studies of special populations, e.g., persons Who

come to the attention of police or who are in treatment for

drug abuse. In the population as a whole, however, the relatively low incidence of heavy drug use seriously limits the

utility of "one-shot" general population sample surveys as a

means of underetanding this phenomenon.

Therefore, along with new, methods of inquiry needed to explore the history of drug use in general populations, we

also need improved methods of data collection and analysis

so that information from a sizeable nwnber of respondents

in general population surveys can be vooled and correlated.

Dr. Lee N. Robins, using the model of the natural history

of narcotic addiction, makes specific recommendations as

to the kind of data needed for this purpose.

HISTORY OF DRUG USE

Lee N. Robins

RATIONALE FOR ITEMS TO BE INCLUDED

Drug use is a function not only of the predisposition of the individual to use but also

of his opportunities to do so. Thus, the

drug-taking history can be understood only

when the opportunities to use are known.

These opportunities have been found to vary

markedly with geographical location, occupational role, historical period, sex, and age.

There are, of course, also idiosyncratic

sources of variation, but the above are

sufficiently general and well-documented that

one can infer with some certainty that the

opportunities of, say, a 20-year-old male

student in New York City in 1969 to use a

variety of illicit drugs was high while the

opportunities for a 50-year-old housewife in

rural Oklahoma in 1947 were minimal. As a

consequence, surveys should report dates and

locations of interviews as well as the customary demographic data about subjects.

Initiation to first illicit drug use has

found to occur chiefly between ages 12 to 25.

Those who have had no experience during this

age span seem relatively immune from beginning

use later even when opportunities increase

markedly. Therefore, histories of drug use

should account for the location, occupation,

and historical era in which this vulnerable

age span was spent. Differences in rates of

current use among older people may be a

function of their exposure during these

critical years as much or more than a function of their current ease of access to

drugs.

Because age appears to play a critical role

in drug behaviors, the age at which drug

behaviors began and ended are necessary, so

that age-specific and age-adjusted rates can

be calculated to allow comparing Studies in

which samples have different age distributions.

The drug history of narcotic addicts, the only

group for whom we have considerable information about the natural history of use, often

shows a peaking of use and subsequent spontaneous decline. At present, we do not know to

what extent this decline in use over time is a

function of aging and to what extent it is a

function of the passage of time since initiating heavy use (i.e., analogous to the recovery

time found in infectious disease processes).

While the relatively good prognosis of late

onset addiction suggests that recovery is a

function of aging rather than of the duration

of addiction, this is not a necessary inference, since late onset addictions may be

milder and persons with late onset almost

always have more resources in terms of skills,

financial stability, and social support to aid

7
in their recovery. To disentangle the natural

course of the addictive process from the

effects of aging and of pre-addiction assets

requires dating the onset of heavy use and

learning the demographic characteristics of

the user at the time he first began using

heavily. These demographic characteristics

can be used to hold constant assets such as

job, marriage, education, etc. present at the

beginning of heavy use while we compare the

effects of age with the effects of duration.

Research in alcoholism has indicated that

there is a progression of levels of involvement or "stages." Such stages probably exist

for all other addictive drugs as well, but

drugs may vary greatly in the risks of progressing from one stage to the next and in the

typical interval between entry into one stage

and progression to the next. Some of the

events that have been seen as indicators of

moving from one stage of drug abuse to the

next are: first trial, first weekly use,

first daily use, first injection, use during

working hours, concern about possible dependence, attempts to reduce doses or frequency

of use, arrest for drug-related offenses,

withdrawal from the labor market, seeking

treatment, and decline in use. What little we

know about the order of these events and

intervals between them comes almost exclusively from studies of hospitalized addicts.

These studies can tell us nothing about the

risks of progression to the next stage from

any given level, since all subjects have gone

the whole route. If we begin to include

questions in general population surveys about

whether these events occurred and the ages at

which they occurred, we will soon be able to

estimate whether there is an orderly progression, the risks of progression from one

stage to the next, and the average interval

between stages.

Knowing these facts about the natural history

of drug use will provide the baseline data,

against which efforts to prevent or treat

abuse can be judged. Only when we know the

risks of progression, can we decide whether

application of a new policy has successfully

aborted the addictive process for a significant proportion of people. Studies of the

progression of involvement need to be made

for various classes of drugs and for some

important sub-classes, since there is no

reason to assume that the same patterns hold

across drug classes.

Similarly, we need to know the expected

intervals between abstention and relapse in

order to judge what should constitute a

"cure." It is conventional now to use threeyear or five-year cure rates, based only on

analogy with chronic and progressive illnesses

like cancer. If surveys were to obtain

information about ages at first abstention

and first relapse, we could estimate not only

the interval beyond which the chance of

relapse is less than 10%, but also whether

these intervals are of different lengths for

persons of different ages, with different

durations of heavy use, and at different

stages of involvement.

Drug treatment goals have usually been abstention rather than moderation. Recently

there have been arguments for control and

reduction of use as more realistic goals,

despite doubts that moderate use can be

maintained without reescalating into addiction. These doubts might be allayed if it

were shown that spontaneous remissions commonly follow gradual reductions in use. At

present, we do not know whether addiction,

having arisen out of a progression through

stages, usually remits spontaneously via

sudden abstention or via a reversal down the

ladder of stages to milder and milder involvement. Collecting ages at last heavy

use, last light use, last arrest, last treatment, etc. would enable us to learn whether

drug use usually ends spontaneously "not with

a bang but a whimper."

Ascertainment of the individual’s status at

time of changes in levels of use (either

progression to more involvement or to less

involvement) should include not only the

demographic variables noted above, but also

his recent entry into or exit from treatment

and/or confinement. This would help on

separating those whose marked changes in use

followed forced change in access to drugs

from those who changed behavior spontaneously.

We how something now about the order in

which drugs are used--at least alcohol, marijuana, glue, and tobacco are usually used

before barbiturates and heroin. To learn the

order of progression from one drug class to

another, surveys often ask subjects to put

the drugs they have used in order of first

trial. Our suggestion that ages at each

change in drug status be ascertained obviates the need for doing this. Computers

can simply order the drug classes by age of

first trial. There will, however, be tied

ages--when two drugs were begun in the same

year. To reduce the number with indetermninate orders, respondents should be asked

to put in order those drugs with "tied" ages

of first use.

Many of the items of drug histories suggested here will be applicable to only a

small proportion of subjects in most general

surveys. Except in unusual settings (e.g.,

Harlem, Vietnam), subjects who have taken

8
illicit drugs will usually have used them

only occasionally. This will be especially

true in school surveys, where even heavy

users are too young to have progressed to

treatment or spontaneous remissions. The

researcher will have a natural disinclination to include the detailed questions

suggested here, since they are likely to

apply to less than 5% of his sample. With

such a small yield, valid analyses will be

impossible. However, it is only by accumulating these infrequent cases from many

surveys conducted in general samples that we

will ever have sufficient cases to learn

the natural history of drug abuse and its

relation to social factors. Rare events can

be studied only in very large samples or in

samples selected for high risk of the event.

"High risk" samples, such as prisoners and

persons in treatment, have serious drawbacks.

Comparison of relapse rates in the few

general samples studied with rates in cases

known to treatment agencies suggests that

drug users who come to treatment are a

highly biased subsample of all heavy users,

and that studies restricted to them produce

an incorrect and overly pessimistic view of

the intractibility and permanence of drug

dependence.

Adding questions applicable only to the

heavy users will add little to the overall

time required for interview surveys because

they will be used only infrequently. The

main costs will be in designing the questions, printing them, and training interviewers

to ask them for those few subjects for whom

they will be relevant.

A more serious problem arises with written

questionnaires, since much of the questionnaire booklet would be irrelevant to nonusers or occasional users. This would be

less serious in mailed questionnaires than in

group administrations, where the time required to fill in the questionnaire would be

a clue to user status, thus violating confidentiality. One solution would be to ask a

set of questions of approximately equal

length only of the low and no use groups.

These questions could constitute a second

survey unrelated to drug use or could ask

about rejected opportunities to progress to

heavier use. The disadvantage of such a

plan, of course, is a long survey for all and

thus problems in finding time for administration.

If the technological problems of administering detailed questions to heavy users can be

solved, properly assembling their data from a

number of surveys should be possible. The

background demographic, historical, and

geographical data suggested here will allow

grouping cases representing comparable eras

and regions.

FORMAT OF QUESTIONS

The most complete information about drug

history can be obtained by using a life

history chart which accounts for each year of

life with respect both to background data and

to drugs used, degree of use, dependency, and

treatment experience. The disadvantage of

this method for interview surveys is that it

requires highly skilled interviewers (since

individual questions cannot be spelled out in

detail) and coding it is tedious and complex.

It is unknown how accurately such life charts

are filled in when presented in questionnaire

format, but a large matrix of ages vs.

behaviors and backgrounds would probably

appear so complex to the respondent as to

discourage accurate completion.

The only alternative appears to be specific

questions about the beginning and ending of

drug related behaviors and, for each positive

response, collecting background data locating

the event by time, place, and those characteristics of the respondent that are subject

to change over time. This method also has

disadvantages. It requires a long interview,

a complex pattern of subsets of questions,

where the applicability of each new topic

depends on answers to a prior question. In

questionnaire form particularly, there are

likely to be errors in following the flow

pattern from each answer to its appropriate

subset of questions. If respondents are not

highly motivated, they may begin to underreport use once they discover that a positive

answer involves them in a tedious subset of

further questions. In addition, when background questions are asked only after a

positive answer to questions about changes in

drug behavior, one fails to note changes in

background events that were not associated

with changes in drug behavior. Despite these

disadvantages, the format of specific questions, with positive answers leading to

further questions, can be successfully administered by average, carefully trained interviewers and can be coded in a standard

fashion. Information produced by this format

comes reasonably close to the level of detail

provided by a life history chart and can

certainly add substantially to our current

knowledge about drug history.

DRUG HISTORY TOPICS

Information listed below should be obtained

separately for each class of drugs. Each

positive response should be scored with

respect to age at its occurrence, geographical location (state and city size, with city

9
size treated in sufficient detail to at least

distinguish SMSAs of 1,000,000 or more, SMSAs

of less than 1,000,000, and others), and

according to those statuses held at the time

which are known to affect opportunity to

obtain drugs and freedom to use drugs: a)

occupation: soldier, student, employee,

unemployed; b) marital status (M,S,W,D);

c) independent residence or in parents' home;

d) free or confined in hospital or jail; e)

associations mainly with users or with nonusers.

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5.

First used drug

First used drug regularly (see

Chapter 3 for definitions)

First injected

First used daily or almost daily

First felt he needed the drug or

thought he might be dependent

on it

6.

7 .

8.

9 .

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17:

18.

19.

First tried to stop or reduce

drug use

First sought treatment for drug

Last time used

Last time used daily

Last time used regularly

Last time he felt he needed the

drug or thought he might be dependent on it

Beginning of first abstention

(defined as no use for more than

three weeks following weekly use

for more than three weeks or

daily use for at least ten days)

End of first abstention

Started first treatment for drug

Left last treatment for drug

First arrest due to use of drug

Last arrest due to use of drug

Beginning of last abstention

End of last abstention (if

currently using)

ITEMS OF BACKGROUND DATA

Included here are items necessary to combine

data for respondents in this study with data

for respondents in other studies. These are

questions that do not need to be repeated

with each change in drug use.

1. Sex

2. Year of birth

3.

4.

Race

Age at interview (or date of interview)

5. Location of interview (city size,

state)

6. Status at interview by occupation (student, employed, unemployed, soldier), marital

status, independent residence or

in parent's home, confinement

status

Locations and statuses each year

between ages 12 to 25

ANALYSIS PLANS

The drug topics and background data listed

here provide answers to the specific questions about drug use in a historical, geographic, agegraded, and opportunity-graded

context. In addition, a great variety of

composite variables describing drug history

can be produced by computer. These composite

variables can also be contrasted by historical period and geographic areas. Among

composite variables of special interest are

the following:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Combinations of drugs used prior

to any given age or change in

status

Order in which drugs were first

used

Order in which drugs were first

used regularly

Order in which drugs were first

used daily

For which drugs dependency

ended without treatment

For which drugs dependency

ended following treatment

Drug of first dependency

Interval between first trial

and regular use of a specific

class of drugs and across

classes of drugs

Interval between first trial and

daily use

Interval between first trial and

dependency

Length of regular use prior to

dependency

Interval between onset of daily

use and seeking treatment

CONCLUSION

The charge to the group drafting these guidelines for definitions to be used in drug

survey research, was to try to bring some

consistency into Current practices of interviewing and questionnaire construction so

that camparisons can better be made between

studies. In attempting to apply this charge

to the section on history of drug use, it

seemed that more was needed than simply

choosing wisely or arbitrarily among current

survey practices. Instead, it seemed necessary to innovate methods that might allow

solving a major problem in epidemiological

research on drug abuse. That problem is that

extensive and problematic drug use is a

sufficiently rare phenomenon in our society

10
that any general population survey of moderate size produces only a few cases. Because of the rarity of cases of serious drug

abuse, current practice has usually been to

avoid detailed exploration of the course of

drug abuse in general populations. We have

instead relied either on populations of drug

patients in treatment or of drug users known

to the police or have used some technique to

sample a high risk segment of the general

population, such as young urban blacks. The

result of these concentrations on special

populations to learn the natural history of

drug abuse is that our information is of

doubtful generalizability. It is hoped

that the guidelines here may make it possible

for survey researchers studying general

populations to collect information systematically and comparably about those few cases

with more serious drug involvement who turn

up in their samples. Then, after a few

years, we would have amassed a reasonably

substantial group of randomly selected drug

abusers. Studying their histories should add

substantially to our knowledge of the natural

history of drug use and abuse.

In deriving recommendations for data to be

collected, this section has had to draw on

the very few studies which have explored

serious drug involvement in general populations and on studies of special populations.

Thus, suggestions here are based on less

survey experience than are suggestions in

some other sections. They must, therefore,

be recognized as tentative. It is hoped that

with these suggestions as a beginning, we

will soon amass further experience and can

gradually improve and simplify the methods

through which these data on drug history can

be obtained.

Ed. Note:

To see the various ways the terms and concepts referred to in Dr. Robin's paper have

been formulated in recent drug use studies,

see APPENDIX A, "Operational Definitions

Used in Recent Socio-Behavioral Research on

Drugs," Classifications:

8. History of Drug Use

Also:

11. Interest in Trying, Maintaining,

Changing Use of Drugs (particularly

change in use)

14. Effects of Drug Use (particularly those

dealing with dependency)

11
Drug abuse studies often use different classification systems

for the substances under investigation, thereby making it

difficult, and sometimes impossible, to achieve comparability

across research findings. Though the focus of each study may

differ, if the findings can be pooled it will become necessary

to have a taxonomy of drugs which includes major drug

categories. And this would deal with the diverse phenomena

of the medical and non-medical use or misuse of these drugs,

while adhering to their pharmacological integrity.

Dr. Mildred Bateman's efforts in this direction can be

viewed as a starting point.

FUNCTIONAL TAXONOMY OF DRUGS

Mildred Bateman

INTRODUCTION

Developing a functional taxonomy of

drugs in the context of "drug abuse"

considerations has as its first problem deciding which property can supply

the common thread, in view of the fact

that the patterns of abuse nave taken

us beyond the arena of addicting properties. The committee recognized

that the inclusion in a questionnaire

of the entire list of drugs which may

be abused would seldom be feasible or

even necessary. However, if there is

agreement among researchers as to the

grouping of drugs, comparisons of survey results with respect to substances

abused could be more easily accomplished. After considering several

axes upon which to build a taxonomy

for common use by researchers, the

pharmacological basis for establishing broad classifications was sustained.

Investigators are cautioned, however,

that exclusive use of oroader categories should be avoided when it is

important to delineate data relative

to specific interest-ladened substances;

e.g., the socio-economic and medical

implications of heroin vs. methadone,

vs. other narcotic substances are so

great that these should be specified

in survey instruments and in research

designs, rather than addressed simply

as "narcotics."

Similarly, there are some substances

of abuse which clearly have medical

indications for use while others have

none, or at the least questionable

necessity as a prescriptive drug. It

is quite possible that investigators

may have as a specific goal, researching only those substances which are

being "medically" abused, or misused.

In this case, the specific drug can

be singled out while still adhering

to the pharmacological classification

base for comparability across projects.

Finally, the committee has developed

a list of special interest substances

with abuse potential which are crossreferenced to the pharmacologicalfunctional taxonomy. Certainly this

list should be reviewed periodically for

additions as new substances are discovered either in terms of medical or

non-medical experience.

In the classification outline that

follows, the numbers in the left-hand

column represent a’coding sequence which

could be used by researchers for ease of

comparability. This is not an official

coding. The roman numerals on the right

hand side represent the Bureau of Narcotics’ schedule and code numbers for

controlled substances, as of July 2,

1975.

12
1.000

1.100

1.101

1.102

2.000

1.103

1.104

1.105

1.106

1.107

1.108

1.109

1.110

1.111

1.112

1.200

1.201

1.202

1.203

1.300

1.301

1.302

1.303

II-9050

GROUP I ANALGESICS

Narcotics

Codeine

Demrol

Maperidine HCL

Dilaudid

Hydromorphone

II-9194

Heroin

Leritine

Anileridine

I-9200

II-9020

Levo-Dromoran

Levorphanol tartrate

II-9220

Dolophine HCL

Methadone

II-9250

Morphine II-9300

Purified Alkaloid of Opium

Nisentil

Alphaprodine HCL

II-9010

Numorphan

Oxymorphone HCL

II-9652

Opium II-9600-9640

Pantopon

Hydrochlorides of

Opium Alkaloids

Non-Narcotic; Prescription

Darvon

Propoxyphene HCL

Levoprome

Phenothiazine Derivative

Methotrimeprazine

Talwin

Pentazocine

Nan-Narcotic; Non-Prescription

Mild Analgesics

Aspirin

Acetylsalicyclic Acid

Tylenol

Acetaminophen

Phenacetin

Acetophenetidin

2.100

2.101

2.102

2.103

2.200

2.201

2.202

2.203

2.204

2.300

2.301

2.302

2.303

2.304

2.305

2.306

2.307

2.400

2.401

2.402

2.403

2.500

2.501

GROUP II HYPNOTICS SEDATIVES,

DEPRESSANTS, AND OTHER ANTIANXIETY AGENTS

Long-Acting Barbiturates

Butisol

Butibarbital Sodium

IV-2145

Luminal

Phenobarbital

IV-2285

Amytal

Amobarbital

Short-Acting Barbiturates

III-2100

Aberate

Aprobarbital

Nembutol

Pentobarbital

III-2100

III-2100

Seconal

Secobarbital Sodiun

III-2100

Tuinal-Sodium Secobarbital

Sodium Amobarbital

Non-Barbiturates

Chloral Hydrate

Doriden

Glutethimide HCL

IV- 2465

III-2550

Noludar

Methyprylon

Paraldehyde

Placidyl

Ethchlorvynol

Quaalude/Sopor

Methaqualone

Valmid

Ethinamate

III-2550

IV-2585

IV-2585

IV-2545

Alcohol

Beer

Liquor

Wine

Benzodiazepines

Libriun

Chlordiazepoxide

13
2.502

2.503

2.600

2.601

2.602

2.603

2.604

3.000

3.100

3.101

3.102

3.103

3.104

3.105

3.106

3.200

3.201

3.202

3.203

3.300

3.301

Valium

Diazepam

4.000 GROUP IV ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS

4.100 Phenothiazines

Serax

Oxazepam 4.101 Compazine

Prochlorperazine

Other Sedatives

Atarax/Vistaril Hydrochloride

Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride

Equanil/Miltown

Meprobamate

4.102 Dartal

Thiopropazate

4.103 Mellaril

Thioridazine

Tybatran

Tybamate

4.104 Permitil/Prolixin

Fluphenazine

Trancopal

Chlormezanone

4.105 Proketazine

Carphenazine

4.106 Serentil

Mesoridazine

GROUP III ANTIDEPRESSANTS

Tricyclic Compounds

4.107 Sparine

Promazine

Tofranil 4.108 Stelazine

Imipramine HCL Trifluoperazine

Elavil 4.109 Thorazine

Amytriptyline HCL Chlorpromazine

Norpromin/Pertofrane 4.110 Tindal

Desipramine HCL Acetophenazine

Sinequan 4.111 Trilafon

Doxepin HCL Perphenazine

Aventyl 4.112 Vesprin

Nortriptyline Triflupromazine

Vivactil

Protriptyline

4.200 Thioxanthines

4.201 Navane

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Thiothixene

Hydrazine Type

Marplan

Isocarboxazid

Niamid

Nialamide

Nardil

Phenelzine Sulfate

MAO Inhibitors

Non-Hydrazine Type

Parnate

Tranylcypromine

4.202 Taractan

Chlorprothixene

4.300 Butyrophenones

4.301 Haldol

Haloperidol

4.400 Miscellaneous

Serpasil

Reserpine

14
5.000 GROUP V STIMULANTS

5.100 Cocaine

5.200 Amphetamines

5.201 Benzedrine

Amphetamine Sulphate

5.202 Desoxyn/Methedrine

Methamphetamine

5.203 Dexedrine

Dextroamphetamine

5.300 Non-Amphetamines

5.301 Ritalin

Methyl Phenidate

5.302 Preludin

Phenmetrazine

5.303 Tenuate/Tepanil

Diethyproprion

6.000 GROUP VI CANNABIS

6.101 Marihuana

6.102 Hashish

6.103 Hash Oil

7.000 GROUP VII HALLUCINOGENS

7.101 Lysergic Acid Diethylamine

7.102 Mescaline

7.103 Peyote

7.104 Psilocybin

7.105 Psilocyn

7.106 STP (DOM)

7.107 DMT (Dimethyl Tryptamine)

7.108 DET (Diethyl Tryptamine)

7.109 PCP (Phencyclidine)

8.000 GROUP VIII SOLVENTS AND

OTHER INHALANTS

8.100 Amy1 Nitrite

8.200 Gasoline

8.300 Glue

8.400 Nitrous Oxide

8.500 Other

9.000

9.100

9.101

9.102

9.103

9.104

10.00

10.01

10.02

GROUP IX NICOTINE

Nicotine

Cigarettes

Cigar

Pipe

Chewing

Not Classifiable; Drugs

From More Than One Class

Dexamyl

Purple Hearts (contains

Dexedrine and Amobarbitol)

Deprol

Benactyzine HCL

Meprobamate

15
Special Interest Substances

With Abuse Potential

(Common Names in parentheses)

1.100 Narcotics

1.101 Codeine, ETH c Codeine,

(Turps)

1.104 Heroin

("H," Hard Stuff, Smack,

Dynamite, Horse, Scag)

1.107 Methadone

1.108 Morphine

("M")

2.000 Sedatives, Depressants

2.100 Barbiturates

(Downers, Barbs)

2.103 Amytal

(Blue Angels, Blue Heaven)

2.202 Nembutol

(Yellow Jackets)

2.203 Seconal

(Red Devils)

2.204 Tuinal

(Rainbows)

2.400 Alcohol

2.401 Beer

2.402 Liquor

2.403 Wine

2.501 Librium/Libritabs

2.502 Valium

2.600 Minor Tranquilizers

2.602 Equanil/Miltown

5.000 Stimulants

5.200 Amphetamines

(Uppers, Jolly Beans)

5.201 Benzedrine

(Bennies)

5.202 Methedrine

(Speed, Meth, Crystal)

5.203 Dexedrine

(Dexies, Hearts)

6.000 Cannabis

6.101 Marihuana,

(Grass, Weed, Hay, Pot,

Cigarettes, Joint, Roach,

Reefer)

6.102 Hashish

6.103 Hash Oil

7.000 Hallucinogens

(Psychedelics)

7.101 Lysergic Acid

(LSD, Acid)

7.102 Mescaline

(kc)

7.103 Peyote

(Buttons)

7.109 PCP (Phencyclidine)

7.110 Tetrahydrocannabinols-THC

8.000 Solvents

8.200 Gasoline

(Huffer)

8.300 Glue

9.101 Cigarettes

Acknowledgment

Thanks for help and cooperation in the

preparation of this taxonomy is gratefully given to Dr. Jerome Jaffe, Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and to Dr. Roger E. Meyer,

Director of the Harvard-Boston University Center for Biobehavioral Studies

in the Addictions.

16
Drug addiction is a major social concern of our times. But

the study of this problem is complicated, for different

patterns of drug use are required for persons to become

liable to addiction to different drugs, while some drugs,

regardless of frequency or duration of use, do not lead to

dependency at all.

On the basis of current pharmacological knowledge Dr. Roger

E. Meyer details the patterns of use required for addiction

liability to each of a number of drug categories currently

of interest to researchers. In addition he suggests questions

that can be used in surveys, deriving largely from the work

of Dr. Lee N. Robins in her studies of Vietnam veterans, as

an approach to defining episodes of drug dependence.

DEFINITION OF ADDICTION LIABILITY

ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT PATTERNS

OF DRUG USE

Roger E. Meyer

It is best to consider risk of addiction

as it applies to each of the separate

categories of drug.

OPIATES

Relative to the opiates, patients who have

been given doses of morphine in the context

of a treatment program for pain over

a one to two week period will experience

mild symptoms when the drug is stopped.

If the narcotic is a longer-acting drug

(such as methadone), the symptomatic

distress will be less because the drug

is excreted slowly. If a narcotic

antagonist is administered, withdrawal

will be acute and the discomfort

will be greater. Translating these

pharmacological data (reported by

Jaffe in Goodman and Gilman’s The

Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics)1

into data which may have some usefulness in surveys of drug abuse is another

matter. Duration of daily use should

be one factor in assessing the degree of

risk associated with a pattern of drug

use. Another factor should be subjective

experience of discomfort when the drug

has been stopped. Daily use of heroin for

a period of ten to fourteen days or

longer strongly suggests the possibility

of drug dependence, whereas daily use

of a prescribed analgesic being used

appropriately might result in mild withdrawal symptoms but no overt continuing

interest in drug-seeking behavior.

Certainly, daily use of an illicit

narcotic more than once a day for a period

of ten to fourteen days or more should

imply drug dependence unless proven

otherwise. The argument is strengthened

by subjective reports of some discomfort

when the drug is stopped.

With the above degree of drug use as

a kind of bench mark, it should be possible to move to greater and lesser

degrees of drug use to define greater

and lesser degrees of involvement. For

example, it might be possible for some

individuals to experience several episodes of heroin use extending for periods

of two to three weeks of daily

use over the course of one or more years.

This person may be intermittently

dependent, but there may be other factors

which mitigate the severity of his

involvement with drug use. On the

17
other side of the mark, weekend use of

heroin may be found in "true chippers"

who never seem to progress to a full

blown dependent state.

The following questions, provided by

Dr. Lee Robins, appeared in the Vietnam

Veterans Questionnaire and serve as one

possible format for defining current

and historical episodes of opiate

dependence.

Which narcotic drugs have you

used (not on prescription) daily,

or almost daily, for at least a

couple of weeks during the past

two years?

Heroin

Opium or OJ’s

Codeine or Robitussin AC

Methadone or Dolophine

Demerol

Morphine

Paregoric

Dilaudid

None

(a) What’s the longest run of daily

use (of any narcotics) you’ve

had within the last two years?

Less than 2 weeks

2 weeks - < 1 month

1 month - < 3 months

3 months - < 6 months

6 months - < 9 months

9 months or more

Have you felt strung out or addicted

within the last two years?

Yes

Possibly

No

Did you use narcotics enough in the

last two years so that you began to

feel you needed them; that is, you

would feel uncomfortable when you

couldn’t get them?

Yes

No

when you were coming down off narcotics--

that is, not taking any for a day or

more--what’s the most trouble you’ve

had during the last two years: did you

ever get really sick, or were you

just uncomfortable, or didn’t it

bother you much?

Sick

Uncomfortable

Didn’t bother much

Never stopped for a day or more

Didn't use enough to get sick coming

off

If sick or uncomfortable:

(A) How long did those feelings last?

(B)

Less than 12 hours

12 hours to < 2 days

2 days to 4 days

5 days to 10 days

11 days or more

Did your symptoms stop by themselves

then, or did they stop only because

your went back on the stuff or

received medicine?

Stopped by themselves

Back on

Medicine

When you were coming down (that worst

time) (Ask each item):

A. Did you have chills?

B. Did you have stomach cramps?

C. Did you have any other pain,

besides headaches (or stomach

cramps)?

D. Did you have trouble sleeping?

E. Any other problems?

IF YES: What were they?

Which of the narcotic drugs have

interfered with your life in the last

two years--either by getting you into

trouble, keeping you from working,

hurting your health, or any other

way?

Heroin

Opiun or OJ’s

Codeine or Robitussin AC

Methadone or Dolophine

Demerol

Morphine

Paregoric

Dilaudid

None

Have you ever seen a doctor or been

to a Clinic treatment center

because of using narcotics?

Yes (ask A & B)

No

18
If yes:

(A) How many times have you been in

treatment for narcotics, altogether?

Episodes of treatment

(B) Have you seen a doctor or been in

treatment because of narcotics in

the last two years?

Yes

No (ask [1] and [2])

(1) When was the last time?

2

3

- < 3 years

- < 4 years

4 years or more

(2) In the last two years, have

you ever thought of getting

any treatment for narcotics?

Yes

No

BARBITURATES

The issue with regard to the barbiturates

is somewhat more complex. To quote Jaffe1:

"The amount of (short-acting) barbiturates

required to produce physical dependence

in man . . . has been found to be 0.4 gms

daily for three months." In this

condition, abrupt withdrawal produces

paroxysmal BEG changes without other

significant symptoms in approximately

on third of the subjects. In contrast ,

0.2 gms of pentobarbital per day can be

ingested over many months without the

development of tolerance or physical

dependence. After 0.6 gms per day for

one to two months, half of the patients

will show minor withdrawal symptoms

such as insomnia, anorexia, tremor,

and EEG changes and ten percent may have

a single seizure. To complicate matters

further, ten percent of patients who are

kept deeply intoxicated (semicomatose)

for sixteen to twenty hours per day

for ten to twelve days are so physically

dependent that they develop seizures and

delirium on abrupt withdrawal. In contrast to the effects of short-acting

drugs, abrupt discontinuation of longacting hypnotics and sedatives (such as

phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide)

when contrasted with pentobarbital or

meprobamate will show generally slower

onset of withdrawal symptoms and milder

withdrawal syndromes. Type of drug,

duration of use, dose, and perceived

effects become crucial determinants of

whether physical dependence develops

with the barbiturates. The following

questions would seem to be important in

this regard:

(1) What drugs are being consumed?

(2) Are the barbiturates being consumed in conjunction with any other

central nervous depressant such as

alcohol?

(3) Is the &sired effect intoxication or

anxiety relief?

(4) Are the drugs being used on a

daily basis?

Under these criteria, it should be

possible to factor out two different kinds

of dependency patterns:

(1) High intoxicating doses of shortacting barbiturates over fourteen

to twenty-one days of daily use

as opposed to

(2) Moderate to high doses of shortacting barbiturates (with or

without alcohol) over a period

of three months or more.

A history of irritability, tension,

anxiety, restlessness, seizures, and/or

other physical complaints associated with

discontinuation of the drug would be

important confirmatory evidence of physical

dependence.

The following questions (again, courtesy of the Vietnam follow-up study)

can serve as a possible framework for

defining current and historical episodes of hypnotic-sedative drug dependence.

The drugs on this list are sedatives

or downers. Look it over and tell me,

in the last two years have you taken any

of the drugs on this list without a

prescription or more than was prescribed? (Research investigator

should provide a sample list.)

Yes

No

Have you used them mainly to enjoy

their effects or for some other

reason(s)?

To enjoy effects

To come down from uppers

To ease narcotic withdrawal

To sleep

To calm nerves

To see what it was like

Other (Specify)

19
When you were taking them, in the

last two years, did you get so you had

to take more of them to get the same

effect?

Yes

No

If you didn’t take them would you

get so that you felt weak or nervous?

Yes

No

In the last two years, did you ever have

a seizure or convulsion when you stopped

using them?

Yes

No

Did you use them enough at any time in

the last two years so that you began to

feel you needed them; that is, you

would feel uncomfortable when you

couldn’t get them?

Yes

No

Has using any of the downers interfered

with your life in the last two years--

either by getting you in any trouble,

keeping you from working, hurting your

health, or in any other way?

Yes (IF YES: How?)

No

When was the last time you used any

downers?

Within last 2 weeks

2 weeks - < 1 month

1 month - < 3 months

3 months - < 6 months

6 months - < 2 years

2 years - < 4 years

4 years ago or longer

Did you ever get any treatment because

of using downers?

Yes

No

If yes, have you gotten treatment

for downers in the last two years?

Yes

No

If no, have you ever thought of

getting treatment because of

downers?

Yes

No

AMPHETAMINES

With regard to the amphetamines, there

are distinctly different patterns

associated with oral and intravenous

self-administration. The patterns

associated with intravenous

self-administration involve very high

dosages over relatively brief duration

followed by a "crash" and abrupt cessation of drug use for a period of time

before its resumption in the same pattern.

The period of intravenous amphetamine

use generally is accompanied by psychotic

manifestations. The drug-free period is

usually characterized by prolonged sleep,

general fatigue, lassitude, depression,

and a tendency to overeat, as well as

a feeling of drug craving.

Oral self-administration generally

involves much smaller doses of amphetamine

which can be consumed daily for long

periods of time or in conjunction with

intermittent recreation or an attempt to

avoid sleep over weekends or for certain

jobs or for studies. There is an increasing tendency to identify the period of prolonged sleep, drug craving, lassitude,

and depression as symptoms of withdrawal

from amphetamine. There are no pharmacological data, however, relating dose and

duration of use to extent of these signs

and symptoms manifest in a drug-free

period (following prolonged drug consumption). Route of administration, plus

duration of daily self-administration

over any single drug- taking episode (as

well as generally over time), would be

important factors in defining the extent

of drug dependence to this class of drugs.

Any tendency toward increasing dosage consumption over time, the function of use,

and the presence of unpleasant symptoms

during a period of use (or upon cessation of use) are also important for the

survey research investigator to define.

Again, a possible list of questions has

been provided as a framework by Dr. Lee

Robins from the Vietnam follow-up

questionnaire.

Here is a list of uppers or stimulants.

Some of these are different common

names for amphetamines, and others

20
are stimulant drugs that have effects

somewhat like amphetamines. I want

you to look the list over and tell me,

in the past two years have you taken

any of the drugs on this list without

a prescription or more than was prescribed?

Yes, used

No use

Have you used them mainly to get high,

or for some other reason?

To get high

To lose weight

To stay awake

To perform better

To see what it was like

Other (Specify)

Did you use them enough at any time

in the last two years so that you

began to feel you needed them; that is,

you would feel uncomfortable when

you couldn’t get them?

Yes

No

Has there been any time in the last

two years when you got so you had to

take more of them in order to get

the same high?

Yes

No

In the last two years, did they

ever make you hear voices?

Yes

No

In the last two years, did they ever

make you feel, for no good reason,

that someone was out to hurt you?

Yes

No

Has using any uppers on this card interfered with your life in the last two

years--either by getting you in trouble,

keeping you from working, hurting

your health, or in any other way?

Yes (IF YES: How?)

No

When was the last time you took any?

Within last 2 weeks

2 weeks to < 4 weeks

1 month to < 3 months

3 months to < 6 months

6 months to < 2 years

2 years to < 4 years

4 years or more

Have you ever injected any of them?

Yes

No

Over the course of

been the frequency

of uppers compared

orally?

Always inject

time, what has

of injections

with taking them

76 - 99% injections

51 - 75% injections

26 - 50% injections

1 - 25% injections

Did you ever get any treatment because

of using uppers?

Yes

No

At any time since you began using

uppers, have you ever considered

getting treatment for: (Check all

that apply)

An uncomfortable reaction to the

drug

Uncomfortable reactions when not

on the drug

Unpleasant moods (sadness, anger)

Unusual or frightening thoughts

A loss of interest in work or

school

Deterioration in relationships with

friends

HALLUCINOGENS AND MARIHUANA

There is no evidence of physical dependence

associated with use of hallucinogens and

marihuana. For this reason, the survey

research investigator should be interested in the number of times of hallucinogen use and especially any reports of psychological adverse reactions. There does

not appear to be any data which relates

usage pattern to specific adverse reactions, with the exception that some chronic

unremitting psychoses have been associated

with extreme frequencies of LSD consumption over relatively short periods of time

(e.g., daily use for one month).

21
With regard to marihuana, frequency of use

is important, but frequency of use over a

period of time. In other words, has the

subject used marihuana daily over the last

year or has the use been somewhat less frequent? The same categories of adverse

reactions have been described for the various hallucinogenic drugs, marihuana, and

more potent cannabis preparations (e.g.,

hashish). As a general rule, the frequency

of adverse reactions appears to be more

common with more potent drugs and drugs

unfamiliar to the user.

I. Acute Reactions

(a) Panic reactions in which a user fears

losing his mind or dying as a consequence

of anxiety in the face of a drug reaction.

(b) Toxic reactions in which the individual

is confused and misinterprets his powers

or his environment on the basis of toxic

disorientation. An example of this type

of disturbance would be an individual

who thinks that he can fly under the

influence of LSD and leaps out a window.

Toxic reactions are very much less common

than panic reactions; there is some evidence that high levels of anxiety may be

associated with the hallucinogenic drug

experience with some frequency, although

requests for help in a full-blown panic

reaction are considerably less common now

than five to ten years ago.

It is believed that most acute reactions

are more a function of set, setting, and

personality, although toxic reactions

(which are the least common variant) are

more drug-related. Under conditions where

the individual does not know he has taken a

hallucinogenic drug, or when he is cared

for in an environment which he does not

trust (e.g., police headquarters), or where

the individual is in his teenage years or

early twenties rather than older, the

likelihood of panic reactions is greater.

II. The Flashback Experience

The flashback experience has been described

for both marihuana and hallucinogenic drugs.

Some people believe that flashbacks with

marihuana are induced by a subsequent

hallucinogenic drug use, but there are others

who believe that such flashbacks occur

with or without subsequent hallucinogenic drug abuse. The mechanism of the

flashback is unkown. It is a transitory replay of aspects of the hallucinogenic drug experience. The frequency of

flashbacks diminishes with time and continued duration of an abstinent state.

There is no evidence that flashbacks are

related to any particular pattern of use.

As with acute reactions and chronic reactions, flashbacks are more common with

the more potent hallucinogenic drugs

than with marihuana.

III. Chronic Reactions

(a) Acute psychotic reactions which

resemble schizophreniform psychosis

(being of relatively short duration,

one to two weeks) have been described.

Bowers has reported evidence that these

appear characterized by different patterns

of biochemical metabolism in the central

nervous system than one finds in acute

schizophrenic patients. There is no

known relationship between pattern of

use and the acute psychotic episode;

moreover, Bowers’ work was only reported

for LSD--there is no known biochemical

correlation with marihuana-induced acute

psychoses.

(b) Chronic schizophrenic-like psychoses

have been precipitated in individuals

who were felt to be pre-schizophrenic or

with a prior history of acute psychotic

episodes.

(c) Some people believe that an amotivational syndrome may result from use of

marihuana and hallucinogenic drugs. Hard

evidence in this regard is not there; and

it would appear that the time is ripe to

carry out more systematic epidemiological

evaluations in this area.

(d) Chronic anxiety states and depression

have been reported as a consequence of

hallucinogenic and marihuana drug use.

The exact relationship to a pattern of

use, again, has not been described.

The following questions, provided by

Dr. Lee Robins relative to an inquiry

about marihuana use, may also be modified

to inquire about the use of different

hallucinogenic drugs. In general, questions regarding frequency of hallucinogen

use will rarely encounter daily users or

persons who use very frequently over a

period of time. These patterns do occur

among marihuana users.

Have you, yourself, smoked marihuana

or hash at all in the last two years?

(IF NO, PROBE: Not even once?)

Yes, used

No use

22
In the past two years, has there been

a time when you were smoking marihuana at least three times a week?

Yes

No

IF YES: How many months altogether,

in the past two years, did you use

it three times a week or more?

Months

How many times woulld you say you’ve

used it altogether in your life--

five times or more, or less than that?

5 + times

< 5 times

Has there been a time during the last

two years when you’ve smoked marihuana

every day for a while?

Yes

No

IF YES: How long did that last

(altogether)?

Months

or

Weeks

Have you used marihuana or hash enough

at any time in the last two years

so that you began to feel you needed

it; that is you would feel uncomfortable when you couldn’t get it?

Yes

No

When you’ve smoked marihuana in the

last two years, how many hours out of

the day (24 hours) have you usually

stayed high?

Hours

How many joints or pipes in a day

did you usually smoke then?

PROBE: On an average day?

(IF SHARES WITH FRIENDS: How many

joints would your share amount to?)

Number

At any time in the last two years,

have you felt you were using marihuana or hash too much?

IF YES: What did it do to you that

made you feel that way?

Has using marihuana interfered

with your life in the last two years--

either by getting you into trouble,

or keeping you from working, or

hurting your health, or in any other

way?

Yes

No

IF YES: How?

When was the last time you ever

used any pot (if you ever did use

any)?

Within last 2 weeks

Two weeks - < 4 weeks

1 month - < 3 months

3 months - < 6 months

6 months - < 2 years

2 years - < 4 years

4 years or more

Never

As you look back over the years since

you first tried marihuana, was there

one particular period of time,

either in the past or more recently,

when you were using marihuana or hash

the most?

Yes, particular period

No particular period

IF PARTICULAR PERIOD:

(a) When did this period of heavier

use begin? (PROBE: How old

were you then?)

BEGAN:

month/year

(b) During this period when you

were using it the most, were

you smoking marihuana or hash

every day?

Yes

No

IF NO TO (b): Were you using it

several times a week?

Yes

No

IF NO: At least once a week?

Yes

No

Yes

No

23
(c) Where were you living during

the period you were smoking marihuana or hash the most? (Use all

that apply)

Parents’ home

Own home

Away at school

Amy, not in Vietnam

Vietnam

Traveling

Other (Specify)

(d) When did that period of heavier

use end (or is it still going on)?

(PROBE: How long did it last?)

At any time since you began using marihuana or hash, have you considered

getting treatment for: (Check all

that apply)

An uncomfortable reaction to

marihuana or hash

Uncomfortable feelings when not on

marihuana

Unpleasant moods (sadness or anger)

Unusual or frightening thoughts

A loss of interest in work or

school

Deterioration in relationships

with friends

Flashbacks

Other (Specify)

ENDED:

month/year

Still going on

IF ENDED: Why do you think you

cut down/stopped your marihuana

smoking then?

REFERENCES

Jaffe, J. H.:

Abuse",

"Drug Addict ion and Drug

in The Pharmacological Basis

of Therapeutics (Goodman, L.S. and

Gilman, A., eds.), 4th Edition, New

York, 1970, pp. 276 - 313.

Ed. Note:

To see the various ways the terms and concepts referred to in Dr. Meyer’s paper have

been formulated in recent drug use studies,

see APPENDIX A, "Operational Definitions

Used in Recent Socio-Behavioral Research on

Drugs," selected items in Classifications:

2. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use, "Ever"

5. Route of Administration and Dosage

8. History of Use (C. Change in Type of

Drug Used, Quantity Used)

12. Reasons for Drug Use

14. Effects of Drug Use

24
"Current Use" a seemingly simple concept, reveals unexpected

complexities when attempts are made to define it operationally for survey research. Because there has been little agreement on what constitutes the "present" (is it past week? past

month? past year?), the question of whether the respondent

is "currently" using drugs has presented a major problem to

those attempting to compare findings of one study with another

in respect to "today’s" prevalence.

Dr. Louise Richards and Dr, Ira Cisin discuss the concepts of

"Currency" and "Recency" and recommend specific ways to deal

with the problems they present.

MEASURES OF CURRENCY

OR RECENCY

OF DRUG ABUSE

Louise Richards and Ira Cisin

The aspect of drug use referred to as "currency" or "recency" can be defined as some

period preceding the survey and including

the day of survey when one or more substances

was or were used. Although the words "last

used" or "most recent use" are often employed,

the point in time does not seem as important

as the fact that some or any use occurred

during that recent time period. The aim

apparently is to produce data that distinguishes use at the present time from use that

may have gone on or terminated in the past.

Since the practice of asking the respondent

whether he or she has "ever used" the substance produces data that include both past

and current use, there is need to distinguish

these varieties. In epidemiologic terms, data

on "ever used" could be thought of as measures

of "lifetime prevalence". (Those who used for

the first time within a specified recent

period could constitute "incidence" data).

gories of time periods (plus the negative

category "never" or "no"). If the time period

was mentioned, the question required an answer

in terms of one or more drug types (plus a

negative category).

The time periods varied considerably, occurring

in all of the following forms:

1 week 6 months

1 month 6 months - 1 year

1-2 months academic year

2 months 12 months

3-5 months more than one year

All of the above periods were mentioned in the

context of the time the auestion itself was

asked: "within the last ," "

before (or prior to) survey," "since beginnning

of ," "in the past ," etc.

PROBLEMS

VARIETIES OF ITEMS EMPLOYED

Items have appeared in two basic types, depending on whether it was the drug type or the

time period that was "anchored" in the item.

That is, if the drug type was mentioned, the

question required an answer in several cateOne problem of assessing currency or recency

is related to the cyclical nature of use. Use

of a specific drug or type of drug usually

occurs in fairly predictable patterns; even a

heavy user cannot consume more than one dosage

unit in a specified time period. Beyond this

physical limitation, there appear to be typical

25
cycles of use for regular or heavy users.

Thus, an LSD user may not have used the substance for six months but still considers himself a "current user". This means that the

time period included as response categories

must encompass the longest possible cycle that

a user might consider "current".

Another problem is evident in the above listing

of time period categories: the large variety

of periods used in available reports, and the

inconsistency among results that is created by

this situation. Furthermore, if the most

recent use falls within the arbitrarily designated time period, the user is counted as a

"current user" even if he "tried it once and

didn’t like it." Perhaps the difficulty is

inherent in the word "current", which implies

a continuing and perhaps habitual use. Thus,

we are trying to use a behavioral measure and

to infer from it a mental state or condition

of the individual.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1 . The decision as to whether the time period

or the drug type should be designated probably

should be made by the investigator according

to the needs and purposes of the research. If

the data are being collected on each substance

and the respondent needs to be reminded of

each one in turn, the substances can be mentioned first and an answer asked for in terms of

time periods. If, however, the wish is to

obtain more superficial data, the time period

can be mentioned first and answers asked for

in terms of substances. The latter is less

likely to produce informative data, however.

2. In designating time periods, the investigator should make it as convenient as possible

for the respondent to recall use; the conventional weekly, monthly and annual periods seem

best for this reason. The following model is

recommended:

Within the past seven days

Within the past 30 days

Within the past six months

More than six months ago but less than

a year ago

A year ago or longer*

(*Since this category is open-ended,

it could not represent "current" use

but could provide the cutting point

between "current" and "past").

3 . If the investigator wishes to measure

current use, he must make sure that the time

period(s) employed in the question is (are)

long enough to capture use that may occur in

long cycles.

4. A conservative position would suggest

abandonment of the concept of "current use"

in favor of a prevalence statement with a

bounded time frame. Thus, we can refer to

"one year prevalence," "six month prevalence,"

"one month prevalence" or whatever, reflecting

the behavioral report rather than the inference

of continuity.

5. If the concept "current use" is to be retained, what is needed is a measure of psychological set, which may take the form, "I am a

user non-user) now," or which may supplement the questions with a statement of intended future use. In the current GWU-RAC

study, a "current user" is defined as one who

reports use within the past month and who does

not indicate that he will never use again.

Ed. Note:

To see the various ways the terms and concepts referred to in Dr. Richards' and

Dr. Cisin's paper have been fomulated in

recent drug use studies, see APPENDIX A,

"operational Definitions Used in Recent

Socio-Behavioral Research on Drugs,

Classifications:

3. Drug Use, Recent or Current

4. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use,

Recent or Current

6. Polydrug Use (B. Recent or Current)

26
The concepts of "Ever Use" and "Frequency-Quantity" associated

with drug usage, like the concept of "Currency" dealt with in

the previous paper, are more complicated than they seem, They

raise many intricate questions and present us with considerable

challenge in regard to standardization and comparability. In

her paper, Dr. Denise Kandel reviews for us how these issues

have been empirically treated by several researchers, offers

us some conceptual and methodological considerations concerning them, and makes specific recommendations as to the construction of questions and question sets. The problem of

cutting points with respect to frequency is dealt with here,

in detail. Practical recommendations are made to drug use

researchers who wish to measure these variables in general

populations which contain many non-users as well as infrequent

users.

THE MEASUREMENT OF "EVER USE"

AND "FREQUENCY-QUANTITY"

IN DRUG USE SURVEYS

Denise Kandel

More so perhaps than for other concepts,

the questions to measure "ever use" and

"frequency-quantity", especially the

latter, will depend upon the aims of the

research, the nature of the study population (in particular its age and degree

of drug experience), the types of drugs

under investigation and the methods of

data collection (e.g., questionnaires,

interviews or institutional records). However, certain issues must be solved regardless of the specifics of an individual study. In this paper, I attempt to

identify the major issues and problems

which every researcher faces regarding

the measurement of ever use and frequencyquantity when designing a drug research

instrument. Issues are mentioned, whether or not they were resolved in the

course of committee discussions. Indeed,

while I suggest certain solutions which

appear to have general applicability, it

did not prove possible to make recommendations in every specific instance.

The concepts under review here obviously

overlap with several others considered

by the committee, in particular, "Currency or Recency of Use" by Louise Richards and Ira Cisin, "History of Use"

by Lee Robins, and "Definition of Addiction Liability in Different Patterns

of Drug Use" by Roger Meyer. In view

of the importance of hard liquor and

tobacco in the process of involvement

with drugs (see for instance Johnston,

1973; Kandel and Faust, 1975; Robins,

Darvish and Murphy, 1970; Single, Kande1 and Faust, 1974), it is assumed

that socially accepted substances,

such as tobacco, wine/beer and hard

liquor will be considered along with

illicit drugs in any drug research. A

great deal of work has already been

done on how to measure the use of the

legal substances, especially alcohol

(see Cahalan, Cisin and Crossley,

1969; Cahalan, 1970; Jessor, Graves?

Hansen and Jessor, 1968). Thus, while

the discussion in this paper is directed principally toward the illicit drugs,

this should not be construed as denying

the importance of the legal drugs in

a drug research inquiry.

27
The issues to be solved in developing

a set of standard questions on "Ever

Use" and "Frequency-Quantity" are (1)

conceptual, (2) methodological, and

(3) stylistic.

I-CONCEPTUAL ISSUES

A.EVER USE: What constitutes "illicit

use" of a particular substance?

1. Specification of Effects

Should use be defined in terms of the

effects being sought and should the

questions include the purpose for

which a drug is used? For instance,

should questions specify consumption

for the specific aim of getting "high"?

This issue was not resolved.

2. Non-medical Use

For substances which can be used under

medical prescription (e.g., stimulants,

barbiturates or tranquilizers), should

questions specifically refer to nonmedical use? How should non-medical

use be defined? Does it mean: Not

prescribed by a physician? Not prescribed for self but for someone else

in the household? Used more frequently

than directed? Prescribed by a physician but used for non-medical reasons?

At least, two dimensions are crucial in

order to identify the nature of use involving medically prescribed drugs:

-source of drug: physician or nonphysician

-function of use: e.g., for selfmedication, such as daytime sedation, or for intrapsychic experience, such as curiosity or getting

high. It is often difficult, however, to distinguish self -medication from getting high.

Committee members reported different

strategies. John O’Donnell, in a recent national survey of adult males 21-

29, emphasized the function for which

the drugs are used (e.g. , for the purpose

of getting high) and abandoned any attempt to get information about the

source of the drugs. Pretest indicated

that too many questions were required

to differentiate self-medication from

use under prescription by a physician.

Ira Cisin, in another national survey

of adults, also neglected the source

and emphasized the function of use.

Lloyd Johnston, however, in "Monitoring the Future," an ongoing national

study of senior high school students,

is neglecting the function and is emphasizing the source of drugs. In our own

study of New York State adolescents, we

inquired about use for medical reasons

under a doctor’s prescription prior to

asking about use for non-medical reasons. We found in pre-test interviews

that the questions on medical use helped

respondents to keep clearly in mind the

distinction between medical and non-medical use.

B. FREQUENCY-QUANTITY

This concept obviously subsumes two different dimensions: (a) frequency and

(b) dosage. This distinction has been

emphasized in alcohol research where

an attempt is often made to measure both

the number of drinking occasions and the

number of drinks per occasion (e.g.,

Cahalan, 1970). Dose is a particularly difficult variable to measure,

especially for illicit drugs, since

great variability exists in the purity of a particular compound and users

are not always sure of the strength

of the substances available to them.

The same phenomenon has been observed

in investigations on the use of psychotropic drugs: it is impossible to collect information on the number of

units of a drug used by respondents,

for often they are unaware of dosage

levels (personal communication by

Ira Cisin). The committee’s consensus

is that it is more profitable to measure frequency breaks which would discriminate heavy and light users of

various drugs, than dose per se. Thus,

the concept of "quantity" or "dosage"

is not discussed further here.

1. Frequency Count Versus Schedule of

Use

Should involvement in drug use be assessed in terms of the total number of

times a particular substance has been

used, or in terms of the schedule of

use, as daily or on weekends, within

a specified period of time? Empirically, measures of frequency and of

schedule of use produce similar results. Almost identical groups are

obtained whether respondents are

classified according to frequency or

schedule of use, and the same relationships obtain with criteria variables,

such as personal or social attributes.

Recommendation: Both frequency count

and schedule of use should be assessed.

28
(a) Since questions on frequency of

ever use (lifetime prevalence) have

been asked in almost all existing drug

surveys, they should continue to be included in every study in order to provide for replication and continuity in

drug use research. (b) Questions on

schedule of use should be restricted to

current use.

2. Period of Time Over Which Frequency

of Use is Assessed

Should frequency-quantity refer to:

-total drug experience?

-experience over a specific and limited period of time?

-current experience?

-period of highest use?

There is a long tradition in drug research to measure extent of use by relying on the total number of times a particular substance has ever been used, i.e.,

total lifetime prevalence, Since most

studies have been carried out on high

school or college populations, the total

history of use is relatively short, and

most individuals who ever used a particular drug are still using it currently.

Data on total lifetime prevalence are

less useful with older populations. Furthermore, lifetime frequencies do not distinguish total reported consumption spread

over a long period of time from usage concentrated within a short interval. Meaningful interpretation of frequency of

use requires knowledge about duration of

use, so as to differentiate irregular

from regular use.

(c)

A great deal of time was spent by the

committee in consideration of this issue. The set of recommendations which

derives from these discussions is the

most important concerning the concepts

which are the subject of this paper.

Recommendation: The following set of

funneling questions should be used:

(a) ask everybody:

(1) total number of times ever used

a particular drug

(2) year of last use

(b) ask only those respondents who reported a minimum life time prevalence

of use of the substance. Six (or

ten) or more instances have been

suggested as cutting off points for

branching. The cutting points at

which branching will occur may vary

by drug and according to the population included in the study. Questions should inquire about:

(1) number of times used during

the year of highest use (year

to be specified)

(2)

(3)

(4)

frequency of use in the month

of highest use within that year

frequency of current use (i.e.,

within the past month)

schedule of current use (e.g. ,

on week-ends only, daily, etc...

Note: the above scheme implies

that the month of highest use

occurs in the year of highest

use, which is not necessarily

true. However, it would be too

complicated to ask the information both ways and to require

respondents repeatedly to shift

their frame of reference.

ask only those respondents who report using the drug more than 20

days in the past month or in

month of highest use:

(1) frequency of use per day

3. Time Period Defined as Current

What specific time span should be enthe

compassed by the term "current" or "recent" use: 30 days, 60 days, or some

other period? Should "currency" encompass different periods for different

drugs, shorter ones (1-2 months) for

marihuana, longer ones (5-6 months) for

LSD? These issues are discussed in

Louise Richards’ and Ira Cisin’s statement on "Measures of Currency or Recency."

4. Patterns of Use: Cutting Points and

Criteria for Degree of Involvement

in Drug Use

Since it is not possible, nor even desirable, to record the exact number of

times a particular substance has been

used, it is necessary to use preceded

categories. These categories should

be selected so as to permit the classification of respondents as to their

degree of involvement in the use of the

particular substance under consideration.

The numbers themselves become interesting only insofar as they stand as indicators of patterns and degree of involvement in drug use. However, the definition of what types of drug behaviors

should represent various degrees of involvement in drug use, ranging from non29
use to experimental, moderate, and heavy

use, is a most crucial but most difficult issue, and the one most in need of

standardization. Review of the research

collated by Elinson et al. (1974) and of

additional studies indicates strikingly

that a range of behaviors has been selected by different investigators as representing varying degrees of involvement

in drug use. Some of the definitions and

criteria used to describe patterns of

use include:

experimental 1-2 times (Mizner)

1-2. times (Josephson, 1973)

1-9 times (Josephson, 1972)

less than once a month

(Johnson)

occasional, 3-9 times (Mizner)

casual user 1-20 times (Stanton)

3-59 times (Josephson, 1973)

10-59 times (Josephson, 1972)

(casual user) at least once a month

(Johnson)

10 times in past year; twice

a week for past 3 years

(Hochman and Brill, 1973)

moderate use 10-29 times (Mizner)

once or more a month, less

than once a week (Johnson)

regular, at least once a week (Johnson)

heavy users 21-199 times (Stanton)

30+ times (Mizner)

60+ times (Josephson)

3 times a week or more for

more than one month (Robins)

habitual,

chronic

200+ times (Stanton)

3 times a week for 3 or more

years, or 2 years if almost daily use (Hochman

and Brill, 1973)

Table 1

Cutting-Off Points in Frequency of Marihuana Use and Classification as to Pattern of Use

Reported by Various Investigators

(Source: Elinson et al., 1974)

1Article published in 1972 - date of data collection not specified

2Article published in 1971 date of data collection not specified

30
It is obvious that the degree of involvement and the criteria for-inclusion in

each group vary from investigator to investigator: some investigators include in

the heavy category respondents (e.g., have

used 21 times) who are included as occasional users by others.1

 The total

range of frequencies considered by one

investigator (1-20+, Hindmarch) is included into the lowest category by another (1-25, Blum).

The patterns listed above do not exhaust the patterns described in the

literature.2 Three degrees of involvement are generally distinguished within any one study: experimental, occasional and heavy use. Differentiation

of degree of involvement has been established almost exclusively on the

basis of frequency of use. Rarely

are other criteria included such as

schedule of use, e.g., less than once

a week (Johnson), duration of use, e.g.,

3 times a week or more for more than

one month (Robins), availability, and

the experience of being "stoned"

(Jessor). While committee members

agreed that both frequency and duration of use must be known in order to

classify patterns of use, the discussion focussed exclusively on the issue

of what criteria could be used to discriminate dependent, heavy or light

users of various drugs. Despite

lengthy discussions, no set of criteria

was developed. Several questions need

answers:

What criteria and cutting points should

be used to define various degrees of

involvement in drug use? Does it make

sense, for instance, to differentiate

used "twice" from used "3 times"?

Should the individual who has used a

particular substance even once be classified as a user or a nonuser?

How should these criteria vary from substance to substance? Most investigators

use the same criteria for different

drugs. Lee Robins’ (1973, 1974) work

represents a notable exception, different quantities being specified for each

class of drug. Frequent (or heavy)

drug use was defined as 3 times a week

or more for a month, for marihuana;

twice a week or more for at least a

couple of weeks, for amphetamines; several days a week, for barbiturates;

more than once a week for more than one

month for narcotics.

How should the criteria vary from population to population? For instance, different criteria will apply to a treatment

population and to a general population.

Sample cutting points and criteria should

be specified at least with respect to:

-type of drug

-general involvement of study population in drugs

-age of respondents

-historical period when study conducted

The identification of the point at which

one would expect dependency requires

clinical and pharmacological data. (See

Roger Meyer’s paper.)3 However, dependence may be defined according to social

as well as physiological criteria. The

specification of criteria for various degrees of involvement of use should be

based on a systematic review of empirical

studies so as to compare the characteristics of respondents classified according

to differentiated patterns and/or frequencies of use for each drug, e.g., comparison of respondents whose frequency of use

increases successively from zero to 200

times. The raw data required for such an

analysis are not readily available in the

drug literature.

It may be useful to consider the results

of an analysis we carried out on a sample

of New York State high school students in

order to identify cutting points in frequency of use which would reflect different degrees of involvement in the use of

various substances by these adolescents.

We compared adolescents with different

lifetime prevalences of use of specific

drugs on a variety of personal and attitudinal attributes (Paton and Kandel,

1975). Lifetime prevalence was ascertained on the basis of pre-coded frequency categories (0, 1-2, 3-9, 10-39, 40-59

and 60+). We examined the discrepancies

in scores on the attributes between adolescents in adjacent frequency categories,

i.e., the percentage differences on a particular value of the attribute between

those who never used the drug and those

who used once or twice ever; or the differences between those who used once or

twice and those who used 3-9 times. We

assumed that meaningful cutting points

for frequency of use would be characterized by discontinuity and larger

(positive or negative) percentage differences than non-meaningful cutting

points. Data from these analyses are

presented in Table 2 for hard liquor,

in Table 3 for marihuana and in Table 4

for three other illicit drugs: LSD, amphetamines and heroin.

31
Table 2 Table 3

Table 4

Differences in Percentage Points of Adolescents Showing Each Characteristic

From One Level of Participation in Various Illicit Drugs to Another Level

(Total Weighted N.Y. State Adolescent Sample - Wave 1, Fall 1971)

*N is that for higher category of ever use in each column

32
It is immediately apparent that clearer

cutting points appear for illegal than

for legal drugs. The changes from one

category of use of hard liquor to another are pretty much the same, no

clear cut pattern appearing in the data

(Table 3). The same trends characterize the use of cigarettes (data not

presented). For marihuana, by contrast,

a sharp break appears between those who

have never used it and those who have

used it but once or twice. The next

jump, although much less dramatic and

only suggestive, appears between 3-9

times and 10-39 times. A third jump

can also be discerned in the last column. For each of the illicit drugs we

considered, adolescents who have used

the drug even once are very different

from those who have never used it. The

following cutting points are suggested

on the basis of data from this one

sample of adolescents:

marihuana : 0, 1-9, 10-59, 60+ times

LSD : 0, 1-9, 10+

amphetamines: 0, 1+

heroin : 0, 1-2, 3+

It is essential that comparable analyses be replicated on different populations to assess the generality of the

findings. A careful review of the

available literature on correlates of

various frequencies of drug use need

to be carried out to identify consistent breaking points for high school,

as well as other types of populations.

The cutting points suggested by social

psychological criteria need to be compared with those suggested by clinical

data. Eventually, we should be able

to recommend criteria representing

various degrees of involvement specific

to (a) each drug and (b) different populations. Thus, different cutting

points would be required for heroin use

by addicts in treatment facilities and by

populations of high school students, for

younger respondents as compared to older

ones.

Recommendation: (a) In the absence of accepted criteria, the data must be collected with fine enough detail to permit collapsing of responses into identical larger

categories for comparisons among several

surveys. At the very least, there should

be differentiation of those who have never

used, those who have used 1-5 times, those

who have used 6-9 times, and those who have

used 10 times or more. (b) Further differentiation should parallel the categories

used in current large scale surveys such

as Johnston’s "Monitoring the Future".

Suggested categories would include: 0; 1-2;

3-5; 6-9; 10-39; 40+. The last category

has the advantage that when used in connection with current use during the past month,

it identifies respondents who have used

more than daily. (c) The same pre-coded categories should be used for all drugs. (d)

Provision should be made to identify respondents who have engaged in daily use of

a drug during a specific period of time.

5. Differentiation Among Nonusers

Differentiation as to degree of involvement in drug use has traditionally focussed

on users. However, nonusers themselves

can be differentiated in terms of their

commitment to continued nonuse or possible

interest in future use (see paper by Robert

Eichberg) . Nonusers can be differentiated

according to whether or not they intend

to try a particular substance in the future, such as Eric Josephson and Jack Elinson have done in their teenage study.

Recommendation: Since this type of differentiation represents a very specialized

interest, it should not be routinely included in every study.

II - METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

A. Open-Ended Questions Versus Pre-Coded

Frequency Categories in Measures of

Frequency

From a statistical point of view, openended frequency questions which allow

respondents to specify the exact number

of times they have used a particular

substance are preferable to pre-coded

frequency categories. An open-ended

question prevents the bunching of

cases in the highest category; it permits treating frequency of drug use as

a continuous variable and thus the use

of more rigorous statistical techniques

than are possible with categorical variables; it can also provide more sensitive measures of change in drug use

over time in those cases in which an

increase, because it falls within the

range provided by the same pre-coded

category, would be erroneously classified as no change. In practice, however, such open-ended questions are to

be avoided since respondents are often

unable to specify the number of times

they have used a drug and tend to answer in terms of "many" or a "few" times.

Recommendation: Use pre-coded frequency

categories.

33
B. Validity of Drug Use Responses

Two problems are of particular concern:

underreporting and overreporting of

drug use. A common technique to check

on the validity of answers is to include a fictitious drug in the list

of substances inquired about. The proportion of respondents checking such

fictitious drugs has been found to be

uniformly low (1%-5%). To handle underreporting, some investigators have

asked similar questions in slightly

different forms throughout the questionnaire. However, few inconsistent

cases, suggestive of concealment, are

uncovered that way. Inconsistency

over time occurs much more frequently

than inconsistency at one point in time

(Single, Kandel and Johnson, 1975).

Recommendation: Omit fictitious drugs.

C. Wording

III - STYLISTIC ISSUES: FORMAT AND WORDING

A . Separate Versus Combined Questions

to Measure "Ever Use" and "Frequency-Quantity"

Most drug use questionnaires tend to be

very long, repetitious and tedious for

respondents because the very same questions have to be repeated in connection

with each drug and potentially for each

of the concepts related to the drug use

experience, such as conditions of use,

effects and so on. Whatever techniques

can be devised to reduce the number of

questions and the repetitiveness of the

instruments should be encouraged.

Recommendation: Use a question format

which combines the "ever" and "frequency"

concepts. This can be easily done since

respondents who answer "never" or "zero"

can be classified as nonusers, and all

others as users. Those who check "5 or

more times" can be asked a more extensive

battery of questions about their patterns

of use.

B. Inclusive Versus Repeated Stems for

Each Drug

Recommendation: To further reduce respondent boredom and for parsimony in the instrument, whenever possible, consideration

should be given to questions with a single

stem covering a variety of drugs, the separate drugs listed underneath.

1. As It Refers to Using a Drug

Recommendation: If the question asks exclusively about "ever use", the term

"tried" should be employed, because many

respondents interpret the term "use" as

referring to regular use. If the question includes frequency as a concept, the

term "taken" should be employed.

2. Specification of Time Period

Recommendation: To avoid confusion, time

periods should be defined as precisely as

possible in terms of the subunits contained

within the period of interest, For example, "12 months" is preferable to "year";

"past 30 days" preferable to "past month";

"past 7 days" to "past week".

CONCLUSION

The major recommendation pertaining to the

measurement of "ever use" and "frequency of use" concerns the specification of a series of funnelling questions. A question is to be asked of

everyone about lifetime prevalence.

More detailed questions would be asked

only of those having used the drug 6

times or more and would inquire about:

total frequency in year of heaviest

use, frequency in the month of heaviest

use in that year, and frequency and

schedule of current use.

The cutting points and criteria for defining pattern of use and degree of involvement in the use of different drugs

is the major issue left unresolved.

Many other issues also remain unsolved.

This is as it should be, lest the creative aspect of the researcher’s task be

completely eliminated.

FOOTNOTES

1

The very same point has now also been

made in a recent review by Sadava (1975).

"With respect to cannabis use, for example, the lightest pattern of use may be

limited to one experience, two experiences, or up to 20 episodes of use. On

the other hand, the minimum number of experiences defining the category of heaviest use ranges from five up to 30 and

even 81 experiences" (Sadava, 1975:7).

2

Sadava (1975) culled the following descriptions from the literature: "casual,

occasional, experimental, light, recre34
ational, tasters, once, irregular,

first use, infrequent, heavy, lightmoderate, moderate-heavy, interstitial,

psychedelic subcultural, chronic, professional pothead, seldom, intensive,

often, early use, ‘head’ , addictive,

moderate mixed-drug, extreme, seekers,

fairly heavy, continuing heavy, prolonged heavy, and regular heavy." (Sadava, 1975:7). To these, others can be

added, such as "regular casual" user.

3Meyer’s paper was not prepared early

enough in our meetings to permit inclusion of clinical criteria in the present

discussion.

REFERENCES

Cahalan, D. Problem Drinkers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc., 1970.

Cahalan, D., Cisin, I. and Crossley, H.

American Drinking Practices. Monographs of the Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, No. 6, New Brunswick, N.J.

1969.

Elinson, J. , Haberman, P. , Hervey, L. and

Allyn, A. Operational definitions of

terms in drug use research. School

of Public Health, Columbia University,

1974 (mimeographed).

Hochman, J. and Brill, N. Chronic marihuana

use and psychosocial adaptation. American J. of Psychiatry, 130:132-140,

1973.

Jessor, R., Graves, T., Hanson, R. and

Jessor, S. Society, Personality, and

Deviant Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1968.

Jessor, R., Jessor, S. and Finney, J.

A social psychology of marihuana use:

longitudinal studies of high school

and college youth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26:1-15,

1973.

Johnston, L. Drugs and American Youth.

The Univeristy of Michigan Institute

for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1973.

Kandel, D. and Faust, R. Stages and Sequences in Patterns of Adolescent Drug

Use. 1975 (mimeographed).

Paton, S. and Kandel, D. Thresholds for

Deviance. Manuscript in preparation,

1975.

Robins, L. A follow-up of Vietnam drug

users. Final report, Special Action

Office for Drug Abuse Prevention,

Washington, D.C., 1973.

Robins, L, Darvish, H. and Murphy, G.

The long-term outcome for adolescent

drug users: A follow-up study of 76

users and 146 nonusers. In J.

Zubin and A.M. Freedman (eds) The

Psychopathology of Adolescence.

New York: Grune and Stratton, 1970.

Robins, L., Davis, D. and Nurco, D.

How permanent was Vietnam drug

addiction? American Journal of

Public Health, 64:38-44, 1974

(December: Part II)

Sadava, S. Research approaches in illicit drug use: A critical review.

Genetic Psychology Monographs,

91:3-59, 1975.

Single, E. , Kandel, D. and Faust, R.

Patterns of multiple drug use

among adolescents. Journal of

Health and Social Behavior,

15:344-357, 1974.

Single, E., Kandel, D. and Johnson, B.

The reliability and validity of

drug use response in a largescale longitudinal survey. Journal

of Drug Issues, 1975 (in press).

Stanton, M. Drug Use surveys: Method

and madness. International Journal of the Addictions (in press).

Ed. Note:

To see the various ways the tents and concepts referred to in Dr. Kandel's paper have

been formulated in recent drug use studies,

see APPENDIX A, "Operational Definitions

Used in Recent Socio-Behavioral Research on

Drugs," Classifications:

1. Drug Use "Ever"

2. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use, "Ever"

6. Polydrug Use (A. By Respondent, "Ever")

35
Multiple drug use, multi-drug use, multihabituation, panaddiction, and multiple dependency, are terms which at one

time or another have been used synonymously with the currently popular term "polydrug" use. Dr. Lloyd Johnston tries

to distinguish between the various patterns of multiple

drug use and suggest terms which more clearly differentiate

them. Measurement issues are focused upon in an effort to

operationally define the different concepts encompassed by

the term polydrug use, and particular attention is paid to

the difficulty of measuring use of more than one drug for

overlapping or enhancing effects. Included is an ingenious

systematic method of inquiring about polydrug use, requiting

a minimum effort on the part of the respondent, from the

Johnston-Bachman study, "Monitoring the Future."

DEFINING THE TERM "POLYDRUG USE"

Lloyd Johnston

In the recent literature a number of different

definitions have been accorded to the term

"polydrug use." The fact that it is a relatively new term may explain why a single cmmon

definition has yet to emerge.

DIFFERENT CONCEP’TS

Among the definitions which have been used,

at least implicitly, are the following:

(1) Any use of more than one moodaltering drug by an individual

at any time in the past.

(2) Any use of more than one moodaltering drug during some relatively delimited recent time

period (i.e. a year or less).

(3) Any use of more than one moodaltering drug within a sufficiently delimited time period that

their mood-altering effects

overlap in time. Such use might

reflect:

a. . . . an attempt to increase

effects through potentiation

(e.g. alcohol with barbiturates)

or known additive effects from

the drugs,

36

b. . . . an attempt to offset, reduce, or smooth the effects

(or side effects) of one drug

with another, or

c. . . . a somewhat indiscriminate or unpatterned mixing of

drugs.

Attempts to offset the effects

(or side effects) of one drug with

another are most likely to occur

with a time lag between ingestion

of the drugs (e.g., sequential use

of uppers and downers). This is

sometimes called consecutive use

or sequential use. However, drugs

might also be taken simultaneously

for certain offsetting or smoothing

effects.

(4) Any use of non-opiate illicit drugs.

Other terms which have been used at times

synonymously with polydrug use include:

--multiple drug use

--multi-drug use

--multihabituation

--panaddiction

--multiple dependency
The last three terms, with their references

to habituation, addiction, and dependency

suggest some continuation of a particular

pattern of multiple drug use by an individual

across time, whereas multiple drug use and

multi-drug use do not, necessarily.

DIFFERENTIATING LABELS

From the point of view of our trying to

clarify terms used in the field, it seems

that what we need to do is distinguish

between the various patterns of multiple drug

use described above and then suggest terms

or phrases which label them differentially.

The following defining phrases are suggested

by the Committee:

(1) "Ever use" or past use of multiple

drugs

(2) Recent Use of multiple drugs

(3) Overlapping use of multiple drugs

a. . . . for enhanced effects

b. . . . for offsetting or smoothing

effects

c. . . . for indeterminate effects

Note that the fourth general pattern cited

earlier was not assigned a single defining

phrase. Probably the most appropriate would

have been "non-opiate polydrug use," but we

would then have been left with the original

problem of making distinctions among the

various types of polydrug use. Therefore,

it is suggested that whenever someone wants

to refer to non-opiate multiple-drug users,

the word "non-opiate" simply be inserted

into whichever of the other phrases best fits

the situation. For example, the increasing

proportion of drug clinic recruits who are

not using opiates might be referred to as,

"recent users of multiple, non-opiate drugs,"

or perhaps,

drugs."

"abusers of multiple non-opiate

OVERLAP AMONG ‘THE PATTERNS

The patterns of multiple drug use described

at the beginning of this paper are obviously

not mutually exclusive. Patterns (2) through

(4) are all subsets of the most general

pattern -- past use of multiple drugs

(pattern 1). Patterns (3) and (4) are specific

cases within pattern (2), recent use of

multiple drugs, if they have occurred within

the preceding period delimiting recent use.

Finally, the three variations under pattern

(3), drug use for overlapping effects, are

exclusive of one another in concept, but

certainly many users exhibit more than one of

these patterns of multiple use.

Insofar as people need to use the term "polydrug use" without further qualification, I

suggest that it be used in its most general

concept ion -- past use of more than one drug --

of which the remaining patterns are all

specific types. However, it seems that the

field would be best served if the general

terms "polydrug use" or "multiple drug use"

were not used unless qualified to indicate

which of the several possible definitions

is intended by the user.

OTHER CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

The discussion thus far has finessed a few

issues which are of relevance to the use

of terms like polydrug use or multiple

drug use. First, there is the question

of whether legal mood altering drugs

(alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, over-thecounter drugs, and so on) should be included

in determining whether someone is a polydrug

user and in empirically investigating

patterns of multiple use. My own bias

is to include them where feasible, and at

our last meeting there seemed to be particular support for the idea of including

alcohol, probably the strongest of the licit

mood-altering drugs.

Another question is whether to consider the

user of two or more drugs within the same

class (different amphetamines, for example)

as constituting polydrug use. Sentiment

generally ran against that idea on the

grounds that such drugs tend to be

functionally interchangeable.

Finally, there is the question of whether

there are major syndromes of polydrug use.

Halikas and Rimmer (1974) report having

identified a number of antecedent and

concomitant behavioral events which differentiated "polydrug" users of a more limited

number of drugs in a population of 100 regular

marijuana smokers. While it seems useful

to explore for particular patterns of

multiple drug use and to try to determine

their causes and effects, it would probably

be unwise to start using a general term

like polydrug use to describe specific patterns. Halikas and Rimmer, for example,

defined polydrug use as the use of three

or more drugs (including marijuana) and

at least two categories of drugs. While

such a definition may have proven particularly

functional for the particular piece of

work they were doing, it would undoubtedly

provide a bad starting point for research

on other populations,

37
MEASUREMENT ISSUES

Multiple drug use, where defined as ever

having used more than one drug (definition 1)

or as recently having used more than one

drug definition (definition 2) is relatively

easy to measure. If respondents have been

asked whether they ever used each of a number

of individual drugs (or classes of drugs),

then the investigator need only look at the

answers from each respondent in combination

to determine how many drugs the respondent

has used in the past. Recent multiple drug

use can be determined in a similar manner, by

examining each respondent’s answers

concerning his recent use of the various individual drugs (or classes of drugs).

(2)

(3)

(4)

The hardest of the concepts to measure, however, are those listed under definition

3 -- polydrug use for overlapping effects.

The reason is that there is a very large

number of drug combinations possible. For

example, if seven drugs (or classes of drugs)

are under investigation, there are 120 possible combinations of two or more drugs which

might have been taken for overlapping effects.

Obviously investigators are not prepared to

devote that many questions to the subject,

so alternative methods to a full set of

specific closed-ended questions need to

be devised. Among the possibilities which

might be considered are the following:

(a) Closed-ended questions about a preselected set of drug combinations

If the investigator can specify those

patterns in which he or she is most

interested, (or expects to occur with

greatest frequency), that provides one

method of preselection.

A more comprehensive technique, which

asks about all pairwise combinations

(but not about combinations involving

three or more drugs), is one being used

now in the Johnston-Bachman study,

Monitoring the Future. If seven drugs

are being investigated, 21 pair-wise

combinations are possible and, therefore,

21 questions cover all possibilities.

However , the questions can be incorporated in a way that minimizes the number of

those 21 questions that the average

respondent will get. The procedure is

as follows:

(1) Order the drugs investigated into

a list from most frequently used

to least frequently used (e.g.,

start with marijuana and end with

hero in.)

In the marijuana section ask no

questions about multiple druguse combinations.

In the section dealing with the

second drug (say amphetamines),

ask about its use in combination

with marijuana, but only if the

respondent indicates that he uses

amphetamines.

For the third drug, ask about its

use in combination with marijuana

and with amphetamines, but only

if the respondent indicates that

he uses the third drug; and so

on.

Under this procedure, the longest lists

of auestions about multiple drug use

occur for those drugs which are used

the least. Therefore, the majority

of the respondents are never asked

most of these questions, because they

have skipped around them by the

filter question when they indicate

that they don’t use a drug.

A sample question, taken from the

Monitoring the Future questionnaire,

is given below. A respondent would

onlv get to this question if he had

indicated that he used heroin in the

previous year.

During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with heroin--that is, so that their effects

overlapped? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

c . LSD

d. Psychedelics other than LSD

e . Amphetamines

f . Quaaludes

g. Barbiturates

h . Tranquilizers

i . Cocaine

38
An advantage of the method described

above is that the questionnaire is

laid out in sections (one for each

drug), and a drug is defined for the

respondent in its respective section,

A respondent, therefore, is not

asked about any drug in the drugcombination questions until he has

already completed the section which

defines that drug.

(b) Open-ended questions to determine the

specific drug combinations

Polydrug use for enhanced effects

"Do you ever take (or have you ever

taken) two or more drugs together

so that their effects will be even

stronger than any one taken by itself?

If so, what drugs have you taken for

this purpose? On how many occasions?

Polydrug use for offsetting effects

"Have you ever taken a drug for the

purpose of reducing (or reversing)

the effects of another drug, or to

offset the side effects of another

drug? If so, what drug have you

taken for this purpose? On how many

occasions? Which were you using to

offset the effects of the other?

What effects were you trying to

offset? Which drug did you take

first?"

Indiscriminate, concurrent polydrug

use

"Did you ever find yourself taking

whatever drugs were available, without knowing what they were?"

Polydrug use for overlapping effects

(nature of the effects unspecified)

"Have you ever taken two or more drugs

near enough together in time that

their effects overlapped -- that is,

so that you were feeling some of the

effects of two or more drugs at the

same time? If so, what drugs were

they? If there is more than one

combination of drugs you’ve taken

together, please indicate what the

other combinations were."

(Sequel questions to get at the nature

of the effects)

"Were you taking these drugs together

so that their effects would be stronger than any one taken separately, or

so that one would offset some of the

effects of the other(s), or just to

see what they would be like together?

REFERENES

Could, Leroy C., Kleber , Herbert D. ,

"Changing Patterns of Multiple Drug Use

Among Applicants to a Multimodality Drug

Treatment Program." Archives of

General Psychiatry, Vol. 31., September,

1974.

Halikas, James A. , Rimmer, John D. ,

"Predictors of Multiple Drug Abuse."

Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 31,

September, 1974.

Ed. Note:

To see the various ways the terms and concepts referred to in Dr. Johnston's paper

have been formulated in recent drug use

studies, see APPENDIX A, "Operational

Definitions Used in Recent Socio-Behavioral

Research on Drugs," Classification:

6. Polydrug Use

39
Devising a similar set of questions for use in describing

conditions of drug use at various times and places is a

desirable goal. However, when we consider the diversity

of settings in which drugs are taken, and by whom they

are taken, we come up against a most complex problem.

Dr. Gail A. Crawford believes that the widest possible

latitude should be given to the focus of the research

study, and the interests of the researcher, in determining

whether and how questions on conditions of use are to be

included in general population surveys. Rather than recommending specific questions, she approaches the issue of

comparability by presenting a set of dimensions to be considered under conditions of use, and offering a number of

categories in which to cods respondents’ answers.

CONDlTlONS OF DRUG USE

Gail A. Crawford

It is neither feasible nor desirable to

talk about ccnditions of drug use, that

is, the social context and setting of

use, without at the same time considering the objectives and hypotheses of

the individual researcher, the nature

of his study population, and the research methods to be employed. Some

researchers will not be interested in

looking at conditions of use, and I do

not suggest that such questions be routinely included in all questionnaires.

Furthermore, a detailed examination of

canditions of use is probably beyond

the scope of most general population

surveys and inappropriate for a household sample that contains relatively

few heavy users of a variety of illicit

drugs. These kinds of questions may be

most relevant in studies of special

populaticms, such as heroin or polydrug

users, where one objective may be to

assess subjects’ involvement in a deviant subculture or to compare the extent

of involvement of heavy users versus

occasional users. Finally, there is

sone disagreement on whether rich descriptive data regarding conditioms of

use can best be elicited with a series

of open-ended interview questions or

with self-administered, fixed-response

questions; and this decision, I think,

must be left up to the researcher.

With these reservations in mind, I have

not attempted to develop a set of questions that would be equally applicable

in any kind of research setting or to

any kind of population. Instead I have

set forth a number of dimensions which

might be included under conditians of

drug use - whether the focus is "current" use, first use, or period of

heaviest use - and a range of categories which might be used in codifying

subjects’ responses. For example,

under section IA., "With whom does subject take drugs," I have listed some of

the major categories which might be

used in classifying responses to the

question "Who do you get high with?"

Some dimensions, e.g., "Copping channels," "Drug dealing," are geared primarily toward studies of polydrug users

or heavy illicit users in which a major

research thrust may be to determine how

conditions of use vary among subjects

depending on the nature and extent of

their drug use; how conditions of use

vary within subjects depending on their

frequency of use of different drugs;

the extent to which drug use is socially

sanctioned or reinforced by the subject’s peers; or the extent to which the

subject is involved in a drug using subculture or a deviant life style. Other

40
dimensions, e.g., "With whom does subject take drugs," "Drug use among subject’s friends!" are generally applicable to other kinds of populations as

well. The specific dimensions and coding categories selected, the exact

wording of questions, and the use of

drug-specific questions versus general

questions applicable across drugs are

issues that should be decided by the

individual researcher, depending on his

own interests and the characteristics

of his sample.

I. SOCIAL CONTEXT OF DRUG USE:

A. With whom does subject take

drugs...

1) Alone

2) With spouse (husband/wife)

3) With friends (same sex, opposite sex; same age, younger,

older)

4) With siblings (same sex, opposite sex; younger, older)

5) With other relatives (same

sex, opposite sex; same age,

younger, older)

6) With parents (same sex, opposite sex)

7) Other

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

B. Drug use among subject’s friends 8)

1) Number of close friends (same

sex, opposite sex; same age,

younger, older)

2) Number of close friends who

use drugs (same sex, opposite

sex; same age, younger, older)

3) Amount of time spent with

friends who use drugs/do not

use drugs

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)

C. Where does subject take drugs. . .

1) At home

2) At friends’ houses

3) At school

4) At workplace

5) At other "hangouts" or meeting

places (e.g., parks, forest

preserves, restaurants, bars)

6) "On the street" (e.g., shooting galleries, alleys, hallways)

7) Other

II. FREQUENCY OF DRUG USE:

A. How often does subject take drugs

1) Only during the week

2) Both during the week and on

weekends

3) Only on weekends

B. When does subject take drugs

(time of day or night) during the

week/on weekends. . .

1) As soon as he gets out of bed

2) (Before/after) work

3) During working hours

4) (Before/after) school

5) During school hours

6) (Before/during/after) meals

7) Just before going to bed

8) Other

III. CONCOMITANT ACTIVITIES (activities

that occur within specified period

following drug ingestion or while

subject still perceives the effects of the drug):

A. "Solitary" activities. . .

Work

Study

Listen to music

Watch TV

Attend movie

Read

Take other drug(s)

Other solitary activity

B. "Social" activities . . .

Work

study

Listen to music with others

Dance

Talk

Watch TV with others

Attend movie with others

Attend concert, night club,

etc. with others

Play cards or games

Sports

Sexual activity

Take other drug(s)

Other social activity

IV. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

Oral

Inhale

Skin pop (subcutaneous)

IM (intramuscular)

IV (intravenous)

Other

41
V. INVOLEMENT IN DEVIANT LIFE STYLE:

A. Subject obtains drugs from...

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

Legally with doctor’s prescription or over the counter

Home medicine (or liquor)

cabinet

Directly fran parents (same

sex, opposite sex)

Siblings (same sex, opposite

sex; younger, older)

Spouse (husband/wife)

Other relatives (same sex,

opposite sex; same age,

younger, older)

Friends (same sex, opposite

sex; same age, younger, older)

Illegally from drugstore or

pharmacy

Drug dealers on the street

Other

B. "Copping" channels. . .

1)

2)

3)

4)

Subjects buys drugs himself

Subject is dependent on

others to buy drugs for him

Subject does not buy drugs

but is "turned on" free by

others

Other

C. Drug dealing.. .

1) Subject has/has not sold

drugs to others

2) Subject has/has not "turned

on" or given (free) drugs to

others

D. Subject obtains money for drugs

from...

1) Subject does not pay for drugs

2) Parents

3) Siblings

4) Spouse

5) Other relatives

6) Friends

7) Working

8) Selling drugs

9) Illegal activities other than

selling drugs

10) Other

Ed. Note:

To see the various ways the terms and concepts referred to in Dr. Crawford's paper

have been formulated in recent drug use

studies, see APPENDIX A, "Operational

Definitions Used in Recent Socio-Behavioral

Research on Drugs," Classifications:

9. Conditions of Drug Use

Also:

1. Drug Use "Ever" (B. By Friends of

Respondent)

2. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use "Ever"

(B. By Friends of Respondent)

3. Drug Use, Recent or Current (B. By

Friends of Respondent, C. By Parents

of Respondent, D. By Population Base)

4. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use, Recent

or Current (B. By Parents of Respondent,

C. By Population Base)

5.

10.

Route of Administration and Dosage

Availability of Drugs

12. Reasons for Drug Use

42
Validity of data gathered under the concepts of "Interest

in Trying, Maintaining or Changing Use," "Reasons for Use,"

and "Reasons for Non-Use," are likely to be low, since we

must rely on respondents’ subjective feelings and personal

interpretation of motives. Nevertheless, these questions

have interested researchers, and some guidelines seem

appropriate in order to maximize the possibility of crossstudy comparability . Robert H. Eichberg discusses various

dimensions of each concept, noting what has been done in

past studies, and offering both cautionary and constructive

remarks for future research efforts.

SOME WORDS OF CAUTION

ON SUBJECTIVE CONCEPTS:

"INTEREST IN TRYING, MAINTAINING OR CHANGING USE";

"REASONS FOR USE", "REASONS FOR NON-USE"

Robert H. Eichberg

This paper deals with three seemingly similar, though independent topics: 1) "interest in trying, maintaining or changing use";

2) "reasons for use"; and 3) "reasons for

non-use". They are included in this one

concept paper because it was originally

thought that it might be possible to operationalize them in a similar manner. After

struggling with these concepts, however,

it was decided that clear recommendations

as to items to be included in sections of

drug use questionnaires which address these

issues should not be made at this time.

Rather, the committee consensus indicated

that some words of caution are in order with

respect to measuring these three primarily

subjective concepts.

Most of the concepts dealt with in other

sections of this report are objective. They

involve reported past behavior and/or

methods of classifying past behavior. Examples are: "frequency-quantity of use",

"history of use", and "poly-drug use". The

reliability and validity of data on these

concepts are dependent on the respondent’s

honesty, memory, and ability to understand

the questions and/or their format as well as

on the clarity and precision of the guidelines which are used for classifying the

behavior. Some of the other concepts include both objective and subjective elements.

While often being restricted to reporting

past behavior, the respondent is sometimes

asked to interpret the circumstances or

results of his drug use. These concepts are:

"pathology of use", "conditions of use", and

"effects of use".

In contrast, the concepts covered in this

section require the respondent to interpret

the question in terms of his interpersonal

and/or intrapersonal dynamics. The focus is

not on the respondent’s past behavior, but

rather on his feelings about, or motivations

for his behavior. The time frame may be past,

present or future, still further confusing the

issue. The questionable assumption seems to

be made that the respondent has a considerable

amount of insight about what motivates his

drug use. It seems quite likely that the reliability and validity of data on these concepts will be low. Answers may vary over

time depending on the respondent’s degree of

involvement with drugs or the drug culture,

the particular drugs he uses as his point of

43
reference for each question, the proximity in

time to his last drug experience, his attitude

toward the questionnaire, and his attitude

toward self while completing the questionnaire.

Regardless of these problems, several investigators have asked questions regarding interest

in trying, maintaining or changing use; reasons

for use; and reasons for non-use. For the researcher who wishes to include items about

these concepts, an array of possible questions

and response options can be found elsewhere

in this committee report (Elinson, Haberman,

Hervey and Allyn). The committee feels it is

inappropriate to endorse any particular items

at this time, as such a selection would be

based on little more than intuition.

Though it might be desirable to recommend particular items in order to increase the chances

of replicating and comparing results across

studies, the selection of items in this case

is left up to the individual researcher. This

reflects the committee’s concern with making

the greatest breadth of material available to

other researchers to be used at their discretion. While these subjective concepts may be

important in understanding drug use, they present some methodological difficulties for survey research which are quite far from being

resolved. The following considerations are

relevant to assessing the motivations for

using drugs or altering one’s drug use pattern.

INTEREST IN TRYING, MAINTAINING, OR CHANGING

USE

Questions about interest in trying, maintaining or changing use seem to focus on

four interrelated concepts: 1) intentions,

plans, and expectations; 2) desire; 3) willingness; and 4) motivation. Most of the

surveys looked at in the preparation of this

section are concerned with the first two

concepts enumerated above. This may reflect some of the more obvious methodological

problems relating to the measurement of motivation and willingness, which are typically

considered to represent deeper levels of

personality functioning. Motivation to try,

maintain, or change drug use is very close

conceptually to reasons for use, and will be

discussed under that heading below.

Regarding intentions, plans and expectations,

the respondent is typically asked in a variety of ways what he thinks he "will do" in

the future in terms of drug usage. The

future orientation of such questions is

likely to make the reliability of responses

generally low. In addition to the situational determinants which might affect responses to these questions, several psychodynamic factors may also affect them.

Methodological artifacts, associated for

example with social desirability, may also

influence responses to such items. Adolescents may give the easiest response or the

response which they have learned is expected

of them. Under some circumstances of

questionnaire administration, it is possible

that responses might be manipulative or rebellious. In general, self reports on intentionality leave a lot of room for skepticism. One is reminded of the statement,

"The road to hell is paved with good intentions." Data about future plans and intentions ought to be taken with a relatively

large grain of salt.

In the case of desires, the respondent is

asked what he "would like to do" in respect

to his future drug usage. Desires may be

more accurately reported on than intentions

since they are a somewhat straightforward

statement of feelings that the respondent

currently holds. Furthermore, since no commitment is implied by statements of this type,

the respondent might be more willing to answer

honestly. The issue remains, will knowledge

of a person’s desires and/or plans accurately

predict actual behavior? There is typically

a low correlation between verbalized desires

and behavior.

It might be interesting to know who is willing to use a particular drug under given

circumstances. This seems to be the main

manner in which willingness is addressed in

drug use questionnaires. For example, one

may be interested in a person’s reported willingness to use a drug providing it were to

become legal or easily accessible. In this

sense, willingness might reflect attitudes

toward drug usage as well as attitudes toward obeying laws. In a more general sense,

however, willingness to use drugs might be

measured by tests of openness to new experience or rigidity versus felxibility. In

such cases, scales measuring personality

constructs or cognitive styles might be valuable adjuncts to drug use surveys. These

scales would measure some of the more conscious, verbalized aspects of willingness.

If an investigator does wish to include

questions about interest in trying, maintaining, or changing drug use in the questionnaire,

it is recommended that: 1) He should be clear

about which dimension of interest he is

seeking information. 2) Regardless of whether

he is interested in intentions, desires or

even motivation or willingness, it is suggested that the answers to these questions be

drug specific. An individual may be interested in trying, maintaining, or changing his

44
use of one or more particular drugs, but not

of others; so that understanding the pattern

of his interest might be of considerable value.

3) The questions ought to be phrased simply to

make them applicable to the broadest possible

population and to increase the likelihood that

they are understood similarly by all respondents. 4) If an investigator writes a very

specific question dealing with only one drug,

or the use of a drug or drugs given certain

hypothetical situations, it is suggested that

the investigator briefly explain his rationale

so that the reader will know how to interpret

the data.

REASONS FOR USE/REASONS FOR NON-USE

Subsumed under the topic of "reasons for use"

investigators have asked:

reasons for use by others

reasons for first personal use

reasons for personal use ever

reasons for continued personal use.

In some cases, however, the verbalized

reasons for use may yield some additional

understanding of the nature of one’s drug

usage. For example, a person may have first

used barbiturates because they were prescribed for a sleeping problem. On the other

hand, he might report first using barbiturates because his friends were using them,

and he thought that they would be fun. These

responses, coupled with the frequencyquantity data, might provide one with additional information about the nature of an

individual’s drug use patterns. The clinician, for example, might be particularly interested in the respondent’s imputed reasons

for first using a drug, as well as his

reasons for continuing to use. It might be

most appropriate to ask such questions while

taking the drug history. Once again,

questions about reasons for use ought to be

drug specific.

The response options on any one questionnaire

are generally limited, with many investigators

including several of the same choices. The

number and quality of the choices provided may

affect the responses given. A forced-choice

item, where the respondent is asked to select

one out of five reasons, may yield different

data than an item asking the respondent to

select all that apply out of 30 or more possibilities. It ought to be kept in mind

that the respondent may not, in fact, know

the reasons for his drug use. What the investigator is really getting is his "attributed reasons for use", which may differ significantly from the "psychodynamic reasons

for use". As already stated, such questions

assume that the respondent has a considerable amount of insight, and one ought to be

skeptical about the quality of the responses.

While a report on the behavior of others may

provide useful information about social

norms, with reference to reasons for use, the

respondent is asked to speculate about the

behavior of others, thus eliciting projective

responses. As stated earlier, the comittee

was particularly skeptical about the usefulness of reported reasons for use.

In seeking information about reasons for nonuse, investigators have asked about:

reasons for never use personally

reasons for discontinued use personally

reasons for current non-use personally.

The same criticism advanced previously holds

here; it must be remembered that the respondent

may not be in touch with his reasons for nonuse. If it is assumed, however, that as one

continues to use a drug he may become less

and less aware of the reasons for use, it

might conversely be assumed that those who

have never used, or stopped using, would be

more aware of their reasons for these decisions. Thus at times the reported reasons

for non-use might be very helpful. It would,

of course, be interesting to know whether

people report non-use of a drug because it

is illegal, because of a fear of the possible

physical or psychological effects, or because of a lack of availability of a particular drug. Such information might be particularly helpful in planning intervention

strategies.

Ed. Note:

. . To see the various ways the terms and concepts referred to in Mr. Eichberg's paper

have been formulated in recent drug use

studies, see APPENDIX A, "Operational

Definitions Used in Recent Socio-Behavioral

Research on Drugs," Classifications:

11. Interest in Trying, Maintaining,

Changing Use of Drugs

12. Reasons for Drug Use

13. Reasons for Non-Use, Discontinuing

Use of Drugs

45
Single dose effects; effects over time; physiological,

psychological, social effects. Surveys have inquired

about effects of drug use in a number of ways, and

from a number of different perspectives.

Dr. John O’Donnell reviews many past approaches to this

difficult area of measurement, as well as providing a

framework for future research. By carefully sorting out two

principal meanings of "effects," perceived and imputed,

and several meanings of "drug use," he arrives at several

combinations of dimensions underlying the concept of effects,

and suggests that different sets of questions be used to

explore each of them. A reminder is given to include, in

lists of effects, those that are beneficial as well as

adverse.

EFFECTS OF DRUG USE

John O’Donnell

Several dimensions underlie the various

concepts of "effects" of drug use which

have been used in epidemiological surveys, and the first task of the investigator is to identify the intersections

in which he is interested so that he can

choose appropriate measures.

1. The meaning of "effect"

a) "Perceived effects". This phrase

will be used to indicate the

answers one gets to such questions

as the reasons for use, cessation

of use, or avoidance of use, as

well as to questions about effects

of a drug. It thus includes both

the effects the user hopes or

fears he will experience and those

he is ware of experiencing. Since

these are not necessarily identical, some studies will want to

distinguish them.

b) "Imputed effects". Ibis phrase

will be used to indicate the conclusions reached by the investigator, by established procedures of

causal analysis , that drug use has

produced some effect, whether or

not the user is ware of its existence, and whether or not he

acknowledges it as produced by

drug use.

A given effect may well fall in both

classes, as when heroin addicts report

that drug use led to criminal behavior,

and data show an increase in, or the

beginning of, criminal behavior in

heroin users as contrasted with an

appropriate comparison group. Rut perceived effects include some which could

not be imputed by any scientific procedure, such as "it made me come closer

to God." They will also include some

which could conceivably be demonstrated

to be effects, like "improved creativity", but where the investigator’s

interest does not include whether or not

creativity was actually improved, by

some objective procedure, but merely

such questions as what proportions of

users report improved creativity, or how

such reports vary by the drugs used.

2. The meaning of "drug use"

a) Sometimes the investigator is interested in the effects of a single

administration of a drug, like

getting high, or nausea. A common

area of interest is the effects

of the first use of a drug. Another

refers to single administrations,

but with no specified occasion, as

when one asks whether bad trips

have ever occurred, or overdoses.

"Single administration" should

probably be defined differently

for different drugs; for alcohol,

for example, it might refer to an

episode of drinking, which leads

46
to an arrest for drunk driving.

b) A much different meaning of "drug

use" refers to the way of life of

a user who uses the drug with some

continuity over a period of time,

as when we see crime as an effect

of heroin addiction.

c) Between these two falls a third

meaning, when the effect is conceptualized as produced by continued use of the drug, without reference to an associated way of

life. Most examples are physiological, like constipation as an effect of continued opiate use, or

brain damage as a possible effect

of prolonged use of speed. The

amotivational syndrome in marihuana

users might belong here or in (b),

but certainly not in (a).

These two dimensions of meaning define

six combinations, all of which are

legitimate areas for study. Several are

combined below.

I. Perceived effects of single administrations of a drug.

For comparability of findings across

studies, reports must include how the

questions were asked, and how probes

were used. In Robins’ Vietnam study, it

was striking how responses volunteered

to open-ended questions differed from

those given to specific questions. When

open-ended questions were asked about

reasons or effects, there was a wide

variety of spontaneous responses, but

few were given by more than 10 percent

of respondents. When this was followed

by specific questions about pre-selected

responses , many more respondents endorsed them. The increase in the percentage reporting a specific reason or

effect was 40 to 72, for more than half

of the items.

In interview studies, it would seem

wise to consider using open-ended questions first, to pick up any new responses or peculiarities of the sample

being studied, and specific questions

next, to overcome the tendency of

respondents to volunteer only one or

two responses out of the many that

apply. Those to be included as specific questions might be those effects

which appeared fairly frequently in

earlier studies on similar samples.

Studies have varied on whether they ask

for the primary reason or effect, or

for all that apply, and vary on the

time reference. Thus some ask about

the first occasion of use, others about

current use, and still others get answers from all respondents, rather than

users only, by asking in general why

people (or teenagers or other appropriate limitation) use a drug, or how it

affects them.

The effects inquired about can be

grouped into three categories, physiological, psychological, and social,

with a fair degree of consensus on

broad areas, like mood changes, but

little or none on the specific effects

to be asked about, or the form of the

quest ions.

The investigator has another problem

when he wishes to study simultaneously

the effects of a number of drugs. Some

effects are drug-specific; for example,

the effect of staying awake or alert

will presumably be endorsed by many

users of stimulants and few users of

sedative-hypnotics. Lists of possible

effects can be kept smaller by asking

about different effects for different

drugs, but if the goal is to compare

the effects of different drugs the

questions must be identical.

II. Perceived effects of continued

use, or of associated way of life.

The remarks of I above seem to apply

equally here. It seems to be true,

however, that previous studies tend to

be interested in physiological and

psychological effects of single administrations of a drug, while social

effects more often refer to continued

use. There are exceptions; "losing

weight" and ‘becoming withdrawn and introverted" are physiological and psychological effects which presumably are

attributed to continued use rather than

single doses.

Many of the reasons for non-use of a

drug, and especially feared effects of

drug use, seem to relate to continued

use rather than to a single administration, as in fear of becoming addicted,

or fear of arrest. But the proper question to elicit such responses may well

refer to a specific occasion, as when

respondents are asked why they did not

use a drug the first time they were

offered a chance to do so.

Some effects of continued use are dealt

with in IV below, because most investigators will want to demonstrate that

they actually are effects, whether or

not so perceived by respondents. But it

47
is of course legitimate to treat them as

perceived effects only.

III. Imputed effects of single administrations of drugs.

One example of this area might be the

McAuliffe-Gordon study of "getting high"

on doses of heroin, but there are few

others. One reason may be that the

survey is a less efficient research

method, for questions in this area, than

experimental studies.

IV. Imputed effects of continued use,

or of associated way of life.

Early surveys (aside from alcohol studies)

seem to have neglected this area. Current

studies are paying more attention to it,

in the form of identifying problems

arising from drug use.

Depending on his theoretical interests ,

a researcher could properly hypothesize

any variable as an effect of drug use,

and investigate it. But it is suggested

that researchers give high priority to

the effects of drug use on social functioning; obvious variables are those

concerned with appropriate role performance. For adult males, this would

suggest the following areas as sources

of variables:

1. Work performance. The simplest measure

might be whether or not engaged in

legitimate employment. Others might

be the percentage of time so employed,

job difficulties (being fired, absenteeism, etc.), and, with increasing

measurement problems, the level of

employment in light of qualifications,

and the quality of work performed.

Ideally, the measures would be of

changes, from pre-drug performance

or some baseline expectation to performance during (and after?) periods

of drug use.

2 .

3 .

4.

Interpersonal relations. The simplest would be marital status, with

focus on divorces and separations

after drug use. If appropriate measures can be devised, this could be

expanded to include marital problems

of less severe nature, or go beyond

marriage to examine effectiveness in

the father role, and relationships

with other relatives and friends.

Criminal behavior. Some studies

might obtain objective data from

records on arrests and convictions,

but surveys probably will be limited

to self-report data.

Treatment, directly for drug use,

for physical conditions associated

with use, and for emotional problems,

bbdifications for women, and for children or adolescents, are self-evident.

Researchers should keep one point in

mind. It is easy to fall into the trap

of thinking only of adverse effects, of

problems associated with drug use. If

the instrument used implies this, some

users will see it as evidence of a bias

against drug use on the part of the

investigator . For these, it is useful

to include some questions about possible benefits of drug use, even if the

investigator has little interest in

these.

REFERENCES

Robins, L. A follow-up of Vietnam drug users.

Final report, Special Action Office for

Drug Abuse Prevention, Washington, D.C., 1973.

McAuliffe, W. and Gordon, R. A test of

Lindesmith’s theory of addiction: the

frequency of euphoria among long-term

addicts. American Journal of Sociology,

79:795-840, 1974.

Ed. Note:

To see the various ways the terms and concepts referred to in Dr. O'Donnell's paper

have been formulated in recent drug use

studies, see APPENDIX A, "Operational

Definitions Used in Recent Socio-Behavioral

Research on Drugs," Classifications:

14. Effects of Drug Use

Also:

12. Reasons for Drug Use

13. Reasons for Non-Use, Discontinuing Use

of Drugs

48
APPENDIX A

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS USED

IN

RECENT SOCIO-BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH ON DRUGS

PAGE

Introduction

List of Studies from which Operational Definitions

were Excerpted

Page guide to Operational Definitions by Classification

Guide to Operational Definitions Relating to Each of

the Papers of the Committee, by Classification

Operational Definitions

50

51

57

58

60

49
INTRODUCTION

A review of operational definitions of terms

in drug use research was conducted by Elinson,

Haberman, Hervey and Allyn at the Columbia

University School of Public Health, Division

of Sociomedical Sciences. A report of this

review, "Operational Definition of Terms in

Drug Use Research," was issued in May, 1974.

This Appendix is substantially a reprinting

of this report, in a slightly revised form,

and with abstracts from five additional

studies amended.

The overall objective of the original report

was to provide base information for an ad hoc

committee of the Special Action Office on

Drug Abuse Prevention concerned with working

toward consensus among sociological and

psychological researchers in their use of

operational definitions in the measurement

and assessment of drug-use behavior.

METHOD

Published and selected unpublished reports in

contemporary social-behavioral research were

reviewed, as were questionnaires and other

data-collection instruments. Emphasis was on

non-legal, non-medical drug use with respect

to such drug types as opiates, hallucinogenics, "barbitoids," amphetamines, etc.

Over fifty studies met the criteria for inclusion in the original report. Another fifty

related studies were also reviewed but did not

meet the criteria; these were not listed.

Operational definitions of terms, as reported,

were excerpted. They appear in this Appendix,

along with excerpts from the amended studies,

grouped under fourteen major classifications,

covering roughly thirty different terms.

Criteria for inclusion

There were two criteria for inclusion of

studies in the original report:

1) the results of the study must have been

published as an article in a professional

journal, monograph or bound report with

distribution outside of the study staff and

institution; 2) the study sample must have

included non-users of drugs as well as drug

users. Thus, studies of hospitals inpatients, clinic out-patients, or correctional institution inmates, all of whom used

drugs, for example, were excluded.

Most of the studies had samples of high school

or college students some of whom reported never

having tried drugs; and most others used

national samples of adults, or adults in a

specified geographic area.

A significant group of studies dealing only

with current or past drug users were not

included in the original report, mainly because the terms in such studies are necessarily much more refined and detailed with

respect to actual drugs used and to usage,

and such terms would not ordinarily be

applicable to studies of general population

groups containing large numbers of persons

who have never used drugs or have used them

only infrequently. Two studies of this type

(Nurco, and Robins and Davis) were included

along with the added studies in this Appendix,

but the material excerpted from them was

selected because of its generalizability to

population samples containing non-users of

drugs,

One recommendation which might be considered

for the future is that a review similar to

the "Operational Definition of Terms. . ."

report be done for studies restricted to

current or past drug users.

SOURCE DOCUMENTS

Source documents for the original report and

appended material were obtained from federal

govemment agencies and the Columbia University Center for Socio-Cultural Research on

Drug Use. Federal government source persons

were David Nurco of the Special Action Office

for Drug Abuse Prevention, and Louise Richards

of the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

50
Note: If further information is desired on

these studies it may be obtained by contacting

the individual authors.

Adler, P. T. and Lotecka, L. Drug use among

high school students: patterns and

correlates, International Journal of

the Addictions 8:537-548, 1973.

N = 1,600 high school students, grades

10-12, 5 mill-town communities in

Pennsylvania. Marijuana, amphetamines,

barbiturates, psychedelics, LSD,

narcotics.

Belsasso, G. and Rosenkranz, R. Incidencia

de1 uso de tabaco, alcohol y drugas

psicotropicas en obreros de la zona

metropolitana de la Cuidad de Mexico,

reporte preliminar ("Incidence of the

use of tobacco, alcohol, and psychotropic drugs among factory workers in

Mexico City"), Revista del Instituto

National de Neurologia V (2), 1971.

N = 226 factory workers and soldiers

less than 30 years old, in Mexico City

metropolitan area. Marijuana, glue,

barbiturates, stimulants, tranquilizers,

opiates, hallucinogens.

Blum, R. Students and Drugs, San Francisco:

Jossey-Bass, 1969.

N = 1,239 students in 5 western colleges

or universities, 1966-1967 academic year.

Amphetamines, marijuana, hallucinogens,

opiates, barbiturates, glue, other inhalants, tranquilizers.

N = 5,480 students in 4 San Francisco Bay

area high schools, 1968. Marijuana, hallucinogens, heroin, amphetamines, inhalants.

Cisin, I. and Parry, H. J. Research project:

Public Experience with Psychoactive Substances: A Nationwide Study Among Adults

and Youth. Social Research Group, The

George Washington University, Wash., D.C.

Sub-contractor: Response Analysis Corp.,

Princeton, N.J., Dr. Herbert I. Abelson.

U.S. Public Health Service grant. From

study questionnaire, 1975.

N = 3,071 adults ages 18 and up, and

952 youths ages 12 through 17 drawn from

the same households as the adults.

Marijuana, glue and other inhalants,

cocaine, LSD or other hallucinogens,

heroin, methadone, opiates, pills and

medicines used non-medically.

Cross, H. and Davis, G. College students’

adjustment and frequency of marijuana

use, Journal of Counseling Psychology

19:65-67, 1972.

N = 178 University of Connecticut college

students, 1971. Marijuana.

STUDIES EXCERPTED

Eells, K. Marijuana use and LSD, a survey of

one college campus, Journal of Counseling

Psychology 15:459-467, 1968.

N = 1,288 undergraduate and graduate

students at the California Institute

of Technology, 1967. Marijuana, LSD.

Elinson, J., Josephson, E. and Zanes, A.

Research project: Teen-Age Drug Study,

Columbia University School of public

Health, Division of Sociomedical Sciences,

New York, N.Y. National Institute on

D-rug Abuse grant. From study questionnaire (Wave II), 1971.

N = 40,000 students in 18 senior high

schools and 12 junior high schools,

nationwide sample. Glue, gas and other

inhalants, cocaine, marijuana, LSD,

psychedelics, tranquilizers, heroin,

barbiturates, amphetamines, methadone,

opiates.

-- A comparable study was one in

Puerto Rico using a Spanish-language

questionnaire. Material from this

questionnaire does not appear in this

Appendix, however, readers interested in

the phrasing of questions in Spanish

may contact the investigators:

Robles, R., Martinez, R. and Martinez, V.

Research project: Educational Transition

and Drug Use, University of Puerto Rico,

School of Public Health, San Juan, P.R.

National Institute on Drug Abuse grant.

Study questionnaire (Wave I), April 1975.

N = 18,340 students in 19 public and

private high schools and 31 public and

private junior high schools, islandwide

sample. Glue and other inhalants,

cocaine, marijuana, LSD, psychedelics,

tranquilizers, heroin, barbiturates,

amphetamines.

Fejer, F., Smart, R. and Whitehead, P.

Changes in the patterns of drug use in

2 Canadian cities, International Journal

of the Addictions 7:467-480, 1972.

N = 16,024 junior and senior high school

students, in Toronto and Halifax:

Toronto, 1968 and 1970; Halifax, 1969

and 1970. Marijuana, glue, stimulants,

opiates, barbiturates, tranquilizers,

LSD, other hallucinogens.

Garfield, M. D. and Garfield, E. F. A longitudinal study of drugs on a campus,

International Journal of the Addictions

8:599-611, 1973.

N = 100 undergraduates at a large private

western university, 1970-1971. Marijuana,

LSD, hallucinogens.

Gelineau, V. A., Johnson, M. and Pearsall, D.

A survey of adolescent drug use patterns,

51
Massachusetts Journal of Mental Health

3: 31-41, 1973.

N = 14,127 high school students, grades

9-12, Massachusetts statewide sample,

1969. Marijuana, amphetamines,

barbiturates, hallucinogens, glue,

other narcotics, cocaine, heroin.

Goldstein, J. W., Gleason, T. C. and Kom,

J. H. Whither the epidemic? Psychoactive drug use career patterns among

college students, Dept. of PsychologyCarnegie Mellon University, Report 74-2,

1974.

N = 3,100 students at Carnegie-Mellon

University, Pittsburgh, 1968. Freshman

(class of 1972) resurveyed in spring

1969, fall 1970 and spring 1972.

Marijuana or hashish, tranquilizers or

barbiturates, amphetamines, hallucinogens,

heroin or opium.

Goldstein, G. S. and Getting, E. R. Research

project: Drug Abuse Among Indian

Adolescents. Western Behavioral Studies,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colo. National Institute on Drug Abuse

grant. From study questionnaire,

April 1975.

N = 2,000 Indian adolescents (Pueblos of

New Mexico), junior high and high school

age. Glue, gas, paint and other

inhalants, cocaine, amphetamines, heroin,

barbiturates, LSD, other psychedelics,

marijuana.

Goode, E. Cigarette-smoking and drug use on

a college campus, International Journal

of the Addictions 7:133-140, 1972.

N = 565 undergraduates in a course on

sociology of deviance, at a large state

university, 1970. Marijuana, other drugs.

Gosset, J. et at. Extent and prevalence of

illicit drug use as reported by 56,745

students, Journal of the American

Medical Association 216:1464-1470, 1970.

N = 56,745 junior and senior high school

students, in nation’s 10th largest public

school system - Dallas, 1969. Cocaine,

amphetamines, methedrine, inhalants,

marijuana, barbiturates, psychedelics,

LSD, heroin, opiates, tranquilizers.

Groves, N. E. Patterns of college student

drug use and life styles. Paper presented

at Conference on the Epidemiology of

Drug Use, San Juan, Puerto Rico,

February 1973.

N = 7,948 college students, 48 colleges

in U.S., 1970. Marijuana, methedrine,

other amphetamines, barbiturates,

tranquilizers, cocaine, LSD, other

psychedelics, heroin, other narcotics.

Grupp, S. Marijuana use in a small college:

a midwest example, Internationsl Journal

of the Addictions 6:463-485, 1971.

N = 239 college s&dents, college in a

central midwest community with population

of 2,500, 1969. Marijuana.

Haberman, P. W. et al. High school drug

behavior: a methodological report on

pilot studies, in S. Einstein and

S. Allen, Eds., Proceedings of the First

International Conference on Student Drug

Surveys, Farmingdale, N.Y.: Baywood

Publishing Co., 103-121, 1972.

N = 1,110 students in one suburban and

one inner city school in east coast

metropolitan area, 1970. Marijuana, glue,

LSD, other hallucinogens, heroin, cocaine,

methedrine, amphetamines, barbiturates.

Hemminki, E., Rissanan, A. and Mattila, A.

Drug use among school children in

Helsinki, 1970, British Journal of

Addiction 68:158-165, 1973.

N = 2,702 school children, ages 17, 15

and 14, from 34 secondary schools in

Helsinki, Finland, 1970. Hashish,

inhalants, amphetamines.

Hindmarch, I. Patterns of drug use in a

provincial university, British Journal of

Addiction 64:395-402, 1970.

N = 153 admitted drug users and a

comparison control group (all at some time

university students). Marijuana, heroin,

LSD, amphetamines,

Hindmarch, I. Patterns of drug use and

attitudes to drug issues in a schoolage population, in S. Einstein and

S. Allen, Eds., Proceedinge of the First

International Conference on Student Drug

Surveys, Farmingdale, N.Y.: Baywood

Publishing Co., 77-87, 1972.

N = 1,126 school children, ages 13-18.

Amphetamines, marijuana, LSD, opiates.

Holmes, D. and Holmes, M. Drug Use in Matched

Groups of Hippies and Non-Hippies,

New York City: Center for Community

Research, 1971.

N = 465 East Village resident hippies,

weekend East Village hippies, urban and

suburban non-hippies, 1969-1970.

Marijuana, LSD, other psychedelics,

heroin, opiates, cocaine, barbiturates,

methedrine, other amphetamines.

Hughes, P. W., Schaps, E. and Sandles, C. R.

A methodology for monitoring adolescent

drug abuse trends, International Journal

of the Addictions 8:403-419, 1973.

N = 13,603 high school students enrolled

in a suburban Chicago high school district,

52
1970. Marijuana, amphetamines, psychedelics, barbiturates, heroin, inhalants.

Irgens-Jenson, O. and Brun-Gulbrandsen, S.

Drugs in Norway - attitudes and use,

International Journal of the Addictions

6:109-118, 1971.

N = 2,000 adult Norwegians, representative

sample, 1968. Marijuana, opiates, barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD, tranquilizers.

Jessor, R. , Jessor, S. and Finney, J.

A social psychology of marijuana use:

longitudinal studies of high school and

college youth, Journal of Personatity and

Social Psychology 26:1-15, 1973.

N = 949 high school students in one of

the Rocky Mountain states, 1969, year 1

cohort.

N = 692 (same sample as above) 1970 year

2 cohort.

N = 605 (same sample as above) 1971 year

3 cohort.

N = 276 college students from a university

in one of the Rocky Mountain states, 1970

year 1 cohort.

N = 248 (same sample as above) 1971 year

2 cohort.

Marijuana.

Johnson, B. D. Marijuana Users and Drug Subcultures, New York: John Wiley & Sons,

1973.

N = 3,309 undergraduate students, 21

colleges in northeast U.S., 1970.

Opiates, heroin, cocaine, marijuana,

hallucinogens, methedrine, amphetamines,

barbiturates, tranquilizers.

Johnson, L. Drugs and American Youth,

Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research,

University of Michigan, 1973.

N = 2,200 10th grade high school students,

87 high schools nationwide, 1966-1970

(4 data collections). Marijuana, amphetamines, barbiturates, heroin, hallucinogens.

Johnson, K. et at. Survey of adolescent drug

use, (1) sex and grade distribution,

American Journal of Public Health 61:2418-

2431, 1971.

N = 2,752 high school students, Portland

and Multnomah County, Oregon, 1968.

Marijuana, amphetamines, inhalants,

tranquilizers, barbiturates, cocaine,

hallucinogens, narcotics.

Johnston, L., Bachman, J. Research project:

Monitoring the Future, Institute for

Social Research, University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Special Action

Office for Drug Abuse Prevention and

National Institute on Drug Abuse grants.

From study questionnaire, 1975.

N = 20,000 high school seniors,

nationally representative sample from

public and private U.S. high schools.

Marijuana, LSD, other psychedelics,

cocaine, amphetamines, quaaludes,

barbiturates, tranquilizers, heroin,

other narcotics.

Josephson, E. Indicators of change in

adolescent marijuana use. Paper presented

at Conference on the Epidemiology of Drug

Use, San Juan, Puerto Rico, February 1973.

N = 35,000 high school students, 25

schools in U.S., 1971. Glue, cocaine,

heroin, LSD, other psychedelics, barbiturates, methedrine, other amphetamines.

Josephson, E. et at. Adolescent marijuana use:

report on a national survey, in S. Einstein and S. Allen, Eds., Proceedings

of the First International Conference on

Student Drug Surveys, Farmingdale, N.Y.:

Baywood Publishing Co., 1-8, 1972.

N = 498 youngsters, ages 12-17 years,

1971. Marijuana, heroin, LSD, barbiturates, amphetamines.

Kandel, D. Adolescent marijuana use: role of

parents and peers, Science 181:1067-1070,

1973,

N = 8,206 secondary school students and

5,574 parents in New York State, random

representative, multiphasic sample, 1971.

Marijuana.

King, F. Marijuana and LSD usage among male

college students: prevalence rate,

frequency, and self-estimates of future

use, Psychiatry 32:265-276, 1969.

N = 576 male graduates of Dartmouth

College, 1967. Marijuana, LSD.

Lavenhar, M. A. Survey of drug abuse in 6

New Jersey high schools: II. Characteristics of drug users and non-users, in

S. Einstein and S. Allen, Eds., Proceedings of the First International Conference

on Student Drug Surveys, Farmingdale, N.Y.:

Baywood publishing Co., 33-53, 1972.

N = 5,614 high school students, 6 New

Jersey suburban high schools, 1969-1970.

Marijuana, hallucinogens, LSD, amphetamines, barbiturates, heroin, glue.

Lipp, M. et al. Marijuana use by medical

students, American Journal of Psychiatry

128:207-212, 1971.

N = 1,063 medical students, 4 U.S. medical

schools, 1970. Marijuana.

Luetgert, M. J. and Armstrong, A. H. Methodological issues in drug usage surveys:

anonymity, recency and frequency, International Journal of the Addictions 8:683-

53
689, 1973.

N = 574 undergraduate students attending

an urban commuter university. Marijuana.

Manheimer, D. I. Marijuana use among urban

adults, Science 166:1544-1545, 1969.

N = 1,104 men and women, representative

cross-section of San Francisco, 1967-

1968. Marijuana, LSD, tranquilizers,

amphetamines, barbiturates.

Mellinger, G. D. et al. Patterns of psychotherapeutic drug use among adults in

San Francisco, Archives of General

Psychiatry 25:385-394, 1971.

N = 1,104 residents of San Francisco,

18 years or older, 1967-1968. Tranquilizers, amphetamines, barbiturates, antidepressants.

Mizner, G. Patterns of drug use among college

students: a preliminary report, American

Journal of Psychiatry 127:15-24, 1970.

N = 26,019 undergraduates and graduates,

Denver-Boulder metropolitan area, 1968.

Marijuana, amphetamines, LSD.

Myers, V. and Bates J. Youth, Ethnicity and

Drugs, Los Angeles: J-Squared, B-Squared

Consultants, Inc., 1973.

N = 1,797 staff and enrollees in Job Corp.

centers, 19 centers in 17 states, 1972.

Opiates, inhalants, hallucinogens, amphetamines, tranquilizers, barbiturates,

marijuana.

National Commission on Marihuana and Drug

Abuse. Drug Use in America: Problems in

Perspective, March 1973.

N = 2,411 adults, and 880 youths,

nationwide sample, 1971-1972.

Heroin, cocaine, barbiturates,

marijuana, amphetamines, tranquilizers,

LSD, other hallucinogens, glue, other

inhalants.

Nurco, D. N. Research project: Analysis of

a Community-wide Population of Narcotic

Addicts, Psychiatric Research Center,

Maryland Dept. of Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Md. National Institute of Mental

Health grant. From study questionnaire,

July 1973.

N = 349 males entering narcotic abusing

population in Baltimore City from 1952

through 1971. Glue and other inhalants,

marijuana, LSD and other hallucinogens,

amphetamines, barbiturates, codeine,

heroin, methadone, cocaine, tranquilizers,

sedatives, other narcotics.

O'Donnell, J., Clayton, R., Slatin, H.,

Voss, H., Cahalan, D. and Room, R.

Research project: A Study of Drug Use

Among Young Men, Institute for Survey

Research, Temple University, Phila., Pa.

National Institute on Drug Abuse grant.

From study questionnaire, Fall 1974.

N = 3,024 males, ages 20 to 30 in 1974,

nationwide sample. Marijuana, psychedelics, stimulants, sedatives, heroin,

opiates, cocaine, tranquilizers, inhalants.

Parry, II. J. Use of Psychotropic drugs by

U.S. adults, Public Health Reports

83:799-810, 1968.

N = 1,550 in 1957, 3,885 in February 1960,

1,440 in July 1960, 3,390 in September

1967, and 2,649 in May 1967, national

sample of adults. Barbiturates, tranquilizers, amphetamines.

Peled, T. The structure of motivation for

the use of hashish: images and personal

experiences of high school students in

Israel, Israel Institute of Applied Social

Research, Jerusalem. Paper presented at

2nd International Symposium of Drug Abuse,

Jerusalem, May 1972.

N = 1,946 high school students in 4 main

cities in Israel, 1971. Primarily

hashish, marijuana.

Peled, T. and Schimmerling, H. The drug

culture among the youth of Israel: the

case of high school students, Israel

Institute of Applied Social Research,

Jerusalem. Paper presented at International Conference of "Youth Unrest,"

Tel Aviv, October 1971.

N = 2,000 students randomly selected from

20 high schools in 4 main urban centers

of Israel, 1971. Drugs in general, not

specified.

Robins, L. N. A Follow-Up of Vietnam Drug

Users, Wash., D.C.: Special Action Office

for Drug Abuse Prevention, Monograph

Series A, No. 1, April 1973.

N = 900 army enlisted men leaving Vietnam

in September 1971, 1972. Narcotics,

amphetamines, barbiturates, marijuana.

Robins, L. N. and Davis, D. H. Research

project: Vietnam Veterans Three Years

Later. Washington University School of

Medicine, St. Louis, Mo. National Institure on Drug Abuse grant. From study

questionnaire, September 1974.

N = 600 army enlisted men who left

Vietnam in September 1971, 1972.

Marijuana, stimulants, sedatives,

narcotics.

Robins, L. and Murphy, G. F. Drug use in a

normal population of young negro men,

American Journal of Public Health 57:1580-

1596, 1967.

54
N = 221 men born in St. Louis between

1930 and 1934 (Negro), 1964. Opiates,

marijuana, barbiturates, amphetamines.

Roffman, R. A. and Sapol, E. Marijuana in

Vietnam, International Journal of the

Addictions 5:1-42, 1970.

N = 584 army enlisted men, being processed through replacement center for

return to U.S., 1967. Marijuana.

Rosenberg, J. A., Kasl, S. V. and Berberian,

R. N. Sex differences in adolescent

drug use: recent trends, Addictive

Diseases: An International Journal

1:73-96, 1974.

N = 4,427 in 1970-1971, and 4,273 in 1971-

1972, students from 33 junior and senior

high schools from 12 city and town areas

in New England. Marijuana, amphetamines,

barbiturates, glue, LSD, other hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin.

Roth, R. Student drug abuse in southeast

Michigan and profiles of the abusers,

in S. Einstein and S. Allen, Eds.,

Proceedings of the First International

Conference on Student Drug Surveys,

Farmingdale, N.Y.: Baywood Publishing

Co., 55-66, 1972.

N = 4,101 students, grades 6-12 in

southeast Michigan, 1971. Inhalants,

marijuana, amphetamines, barbiturates,

narcotics, hallucinogens.

Rouse, B. and Ewing, J. Marijuana and other

drug use by graduate and professional

students, American Journal of Psychiatry

129:415-420, 1972.

N = 169 graduate students, random sample

from large state university in southeast

U.S. Marijuana, amphetamines, LSD,

psychedelics, opium, cocaine.

Scherer, S. and Nukherjee, V. N. Moderate and

hard drug users among college students:

a study of their drug use patterns and

characteristics, British Journal of

Addiction 66:315-328, 1971.

N = 100 college students, Toronto area.

Marijuana, LSD, barbiturates, amphetamines, tranquilizers, glue, inhalants.

Smart, R. G. and Fejer, D. Drug use among

adolescents and their parents - closing

the generation gap in mood modification,

Journal of Abnormal Psychology 79:153-160,

1972.

N = 8,865 students, grades 6,7,9,11,13

in Toronto, 1970. Marijuana, glue,

inhalants, barbiturates, opiates,

amphetamines, LSD, other hallucinogens,

tranquilizers.

55

Smart, R. G., Laforest, L. and Whitehead, P.C.

The epidemiology of drug use in 3 Canadian

cities, British Journal of Addiction

66:293-299, 1971.

N = 12,554 high school students in

Toronto, Montreal, Halifax; 1968 -

Toronto; 1969 - Montreal, Halifax. Marijuana, amphetamines, tranquilizers, glue,

barbiturates, LSD, other hallucinogens,

opiates.

Smart, R. and Whitehead, P. C. A typology of

high school drug use: medicinal usage,

mood-modification, and tripping, International Journal of the Addictions 7:735-

738, 1972.

N = 8,503 students, ages 7-13, in Halifax

and Toronto. Marijuana, tranquilizers,

barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD, other

hallucinogens, glue, opiates.

Stanton, M. Drug use in Vietnam, Archives of

General Psychiatry 26:279-286, 1972.

N = 2,547 army personnel in Vietnam, 1969.

Marijuana, amphetamines, heroin, opiates,

barbiturates, hallucinogens.

Suchman, E. The hand-loose ethic and the

spirit of drug use, Journal of Health and

Social Behavior 9:146-155, 1968.

N = 497 undergraduate and graduate

students at a west coast university, 1967.

Marijuana, LSD.

Tec, N. Drugs among suburban teenagers,

Social Science and Medicine 5:77-84, 1971.

N = 1,704 high school students, one suburban community near New York City, 1969.

Marijuana.

Tec, N. Differential involvement with marijuana and its sociocultural context:

a study of suburban youths, International

Journal of the Addictions 7:655-670, 1972.

N = 1,704 high school students, one

suburban community near New York City,

1969. Marijuana.

Ulff-Moller, B. and Jorgensen, F. The diffusion of cannabis among Danish school

youth over the period 1968-1970, Danish

National Institute of Social Research.

Paper presented at 3rd International

Conference on Social Science and Medicine,

Elsinore, Denmark, August 1972.

N = 4,135 in 1968 and 3,097 in 1970,

students in grades 8-12 in Denmark.

Primarily marijuana.

Whitehead, P. C. The epidemiology of drug

use in a Canadian city at 2 points in

time, British Journal of Addiction

66:301-314, 1971.

N = 1,606 and 1,526 high school students
in Halifax, 1969 and 1970 respectively.

Marijuana, amphetamines, tranquilizers,

glue, barbiturates, LSD, other hallucinogens, opiates.

Whitehead, P. C., Smart, R. and Laforest, L.

Multiple drug use among marijuana smokers

in eastern Canada, International Journal

of the Addictions 7:179-190, 1972.

N = 12,562 junior and senior high school

students, Halifax, Toronto, Montreal.

Amphetamines, tranquilizers, glue,

barbiturates, LSD, other hallucinogens,

opiates, marijuana.

Winslow, J. D-rug trying/use and social

participation, in S. Einstein and

S. Allen, Eds., Proceedings of the

First Internutional Conference on

Student Drug Surveys, Farmingdale, N.Y.:

Baywood Publishing Co., 67-76, 1972.

N = 3,928 students, grades 6-12, in

Roskilde, Denmark, 1971. Marijuana,

amphetamines, opiates, LSD, glue.

Winslow, J. Drug use in Denmark, International Journal of the Addictions 7:305-319,

1972. Data from 7 surveys:

N = 318 16-20 year olds, Greater

Copenhagen, 1967;

N = 1,359 school children, ages 14-20,

suburban community near Copenhagen,

April 1968,

N = 8,638 14-20 year olds, nationwide,

June 1968;

N = 2,483 12-25 year olds, Aalborg, 1970;

N = 1,930 pupils, grades 6-10, Hjoiring,

1971;

N = 3,251 follow-up to Aalborg study,

January 1971;

N = 3,928 12-20 year olds in Roskilde,

February 1971. Marijuana, glue, LSD,

amphetamines, opiates.

Wolfson, E. A. et al. Survey of drug abuse

in six New Jersey high schools -

I. Methodology and general findings,

in S. Einstein and S. Allen, Eds.,

Proceedings of the First International

Conference on Student Drug Surveys,

Farmingdale, N.Y.: Baywood Publishing

Co., 9-32, 1972.

N = 5,614 students, 6 suburban New Jersey

high schools, 1969-1970. Marijuana,

hallucinogens, LSD, amphetamines,

barbiturates, heroin, glue.

56
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS BY CLASSIFICATION

(data collected in surveys by self report)

Page Page

1. DRUG USE "EVER"

A. By Respondent 60

B. By Friends of Respondent 62

C. By Parents of Respondent 62

CONDITIONS OF DRUG USE

A First Use (situational origin,

mood problems)

B. Use in General (with whom,

78

where, with or without social

approval) 79

2. FREQUENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE, "EVER"

A. By Respondent 63

B. By Friends of Respondent 64

3. DRUG USE, RECENT OR CURRENT

A. By Respondent 6 4

B. By Friends of Respondent 66

C. By Parents of Respondent 67

D. By Population Base 67

4. FREQUENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE,

RECENT OR CURRENT

A. By Respondent 67

B. By Parents of Respondent 69

C. By Population Base 68

5. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE 68

6. POLYDRUG USE

A. Respondent, "Ever" 70

B. By Respondent, Recent or

70

7. TYPOLOGY OF DRUG USE 72

8. HISTORY OF DRUG USE

A. Onset of Use (age, time) 75

B. Sequence of Initial Use (order

in which drugs first used) 75

C. Change in Type of Drug Used,

Quantity Used 76

D. Most Recent Use 77

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

AVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

A. At First Use 79

B. Use in General 80

C. Sale of Drugs to Others 80

INTEREST IN TRYING, MAINTAINING,

CHANGING USE OF DRUGS 81

REASONS FOR DRUG USE 83

REASONS FOR NON-USE, DISCONTINUING

USE OF DRUGS 87

EFFECTS OF DRUG USE 89

GLOSSARY OF DRUGS MENTIONED IN STUDIE

EXCERPTED FOR THIS REPORT 92

N.B.: An attempt was made to consider the intent of the researcher when assigning an operational

definition to a particular classification, however, readers should bear in mind that:

-- as an unavoidable consequence of quoting out of context, some of the definitions

may appear to be misclassified

-- precise classification was difficult in some cases because:

a) there is a substantive overlap between some types of operational definitions

(e.g., reasons for use and effects)

b) researchers sometimes incorporate more than one term or concept in a question

(e.g., "With what frequency have you ever used these drugs?")

For these reasons, readers are urged to review terms under more than one related

classification.

57
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS RELATING TO THE PAPERS OF THE COMMITTEE

by Classification

It should be noted that not every term or research needs and objectives. Researchers

concept discussed in the papers of the have, therefore, in this one publication, both

committee is matched by a section of opera- a review of past efforts, as wel as recommentional definitions in this Appendix. The

definitions were drawn from past and current

dations, suggestions, and guidelines to be

taken into consideration when new research

research, while the papers confront the issues instruments are being formulated.

with greater breadth, and with an eye to future

Classification: Page Page

HISTORY OF DRUG USE, Robins:

8. History of Drug Use

Also:

11. Interest in Trying, Maintaining,

Changing Use of Drugs (particularly

change in use)

14. Effects of Drug Use (particularly

those dealing with dependency)

FUNCTIONAL TAXONOMY OF DRUGS, Bateman:

15. Glossary of Drugs Mentioned in

Studies Excerpted for This Report

DEFINITION OF ADDICTION LIABILITY

ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF

DRUG USE, Meyer:

2. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use,

"Ever"

5. Route of Administration and Dosage

8. History of Drug Use: C. Change in

Type of Drug Used, Quantity Used

12. Reasons for Drug Use

14. Effects of Drug Use

MEASURE OF CURRENCY OR RECENCY (IN DRUG

USE SURVEYS), Richards & Cisin:

3. Drug Use, Recent or Current

4. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use,

Recent or Current

6. Polydrug Use: B. Recent or Current

THE MEASUREMENT OF "EVER USE" AND

"FREQUENCY-QUANTITY" (IN DRUG USE

SURVEYS), Kandel:

1. Drug Use "Ever"

2. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use,

"Ever"

6. Polydrug Use: A. By Respondent,

"Ever"

75

81

89

92

68

75

83

89

64

67

70

60

63

70

Classification:

DEFINING THE TERM

Johnston:

6. Polydrug Use

"POLYDRUG USE,"

70

CONDITIONS OF DRUG USE, Crawford:

9. Conditions of Drug Use

Also:

1. Drug Use "Ever": B. By Friends of

Respondent

2. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use

"Ever": B. By Friends of Respondent

3. Drug Use, Recent or Current: B. By

Friends of Respondent; C. By Parents

of Respondent; D. By Population Base

4. Frequency-Quantity of Drug Use,

Recent of Current: B. By Parents

of Respondent; C. By Population Base

5. Route of Administration and Dosage

10. Availability of Drugs

12. Reasons for Drug Use

SOME WORDS OF CAUTION ON SUBJECTIVE CONCEPTS: "INTEREST IN TRYING, MAINTAINING,

OR CHANGING USE," "REASONS FOR USE,"

"REASONS FOR NON-USE," Eichberg:

11. Interest in Trying, Maintaining,

Changing Use of Drugs

12. Reasons for Drug Use

13. Reasons for Non-Use, Discontinuing

Use of Drugs

EFFECTS OF DRUG USE, O'Donnell:

14. Effects of Drug Use

Also:

12. Reasons for Drug Use

13. Reasons for Non-Use, Discontinuing

Use of Drugs

78

60

63

64

67

68

79

83

81

83

87

89

83

87

58

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

STUDY

KEY

QUESTIONNAIE ARTICLE

DRUG USE "EVER" a. by respondent (continued)

TO COLUMN HEADINGS AND ARRANGEMEMT OF DEFINITIONS MATERIAL

Johnson, B.,

1973

"Which of these substanceshave

youhadprescribed foryouby a

physician or received during

medical treatments...but you

used in larger doses or more

frequently than directed...you

used with the specific intention

of getting 'high'?"

Pattern of drug use:

never used

medical - legally prescribed

drug only as directed by a

doctor

marginal - responded positively to questions on frequency,

but failed to indicate medical use or illicit use

illicit - ever used marijuana,

hashish, LSD, hallucinogens,

cocaine or heroin - used

drug to get high or in larger

doses or more frequently

than prescribed

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

Name of investigator(s)

responsible for the

study from which the

operational definittions

were drawn, and the year

the study was conducted

or the results reported.

For a fuller description

of these sources, refer

to the Studies Excerpted

section of this Appendix,

pages 51-56.

Basic types of documents from which operational

definitions were excerpted.

Questionnaire refers Article refers to the

to the data collection report of the results

instrument used in the of the study, published

study. in either a professional

journal, monograph, or

bound report with distribution outside the study

staff and instituion.

The following should also be noted:

1. Under these two colum headings there appears

either A) direct quotes excepted from the

source material, and identified by use of

quotation marks; or B) condensed/sumrarized

(NA) Johnson, K., "percent ever used"

1971

"Have you ever tried (selected (NA)

drugs)?"

"Have you ever taken (selected

drugs) because a doctor told

you to use them?"

no

yes, but Ihadalreadytried

them on my own

yes, and it was the first

time I took any

Johnston

and Bachman,

1975

versions of response categories, statements,

etc., --with no quotation marks--intended to

give the essence of the material while conserving space and enhancing overall readability.

2. To avoid repetition, if response categories

were excerpted they were placed either under

the Questionaire colum or the Article colzumn,

but not under both.

"had tried'/"had experimented

with"/"had used marijuana

at least once;" "had ever

tried marijuana"

Josephson,

et al.,

1972

(NA)

3. Use of either questionnaire, or article, or

both, as source material was contingent

primarily upon their availability at the time

this review of terms was compiled. King,

1969

"Please indicate the number of

times you have used (selected

drugs)."

number and percentage having

smoked marijuana, or taken

LSD, on one or more occasions

(NA = not available)

"experience

cannabis"

Lipp, with use of

et al.,

1971

"Up until today, how many times

haveyouusedmarijuanain any of

its forms (grass, pot, hash, hemp,

etc.)?" "How many times have you

been present in a room or at an

event where marijuana has been

used by persons other than yourself?" "On the average, how often

are you currently using marijuana

(times per month)?" "If you ever

used marijuana with greater frequency than you are now, please

indicate your greatest frequency..

(times per month)?"

experimenter - used it in

user - using it currently

the past

abstainer - never used it,

present during cannabis use

but abstained, never exposed to it

STUDY

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION AS IT APPEARED IN:

Study ARTICLE

QUESTIONNAIR reporting study results

CLASSIFICATION: 1. DRUG USE "EVER"

1.A. BY RESPONDENT

Blum,

1969

(NA) "percent reporting any experience with drugs"/"statement (by respondent) that

he has had one or more experiences with any drug in

the class of drugs inquired

about"/"lifetime or one or

more drug experiences"

"ever used drug at least

unce"/"one or more times"

Manheimer,

1969

"Have you ever used this drug or

class of drugs?"

"drug used at least once

in lifetime without a

prescription;" "have used

selected drugs"

"During my lifetime I have used

the following drugs without a

medical prescription..."

Mimer,

1970
National

Comnission,

1973

"(how would you describe) how

you take this kind of pill?"

"Do you take about the same

number of pills each day or

week or month, or do you take

them in spurts? "About how

often have you used these pills

within the last six months or so?"

incidence (ever used) 

-

marijuana experience, but

not current use

regular use - use 'regulary'

or 'whenever' I want to, same

# pills each day, week or

month, take them in spurts,

take them more than once a

week (sedatives, tranquilizers,

stimulants)

marijuana use ever, use now,

no longer use

Cisin,

Parry,

and Abelson

1975

"Did you ever take any of these

kinds of (prescription and nonprescription pills and medicines)?

just to see what it was like

and how it would work?

just to enjoy the feeling they

give you?

for some other non-medical

reason, and not because you

needed it?"

(NA)

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

"Have you ever tried, or would

you like to try (selected drugs)?"

I HAVE tried them

I have NOT tried them, but

would like to

I have NOT tried them and

would NOT like to

(NA)

"Have you ever used (selected (NA)

drugs) daily or almost daily

for a month or longer?"

(if no daily use)

"...as often as once a week for

a month or longer?"

(if no daily or weekly use)

"How many times have you used

(selected drugs)?"

Nurco,

1973

Colds tein

and Oetting,

1975

"Have you ever tried (selected

drugs) to get high?"

(NA)

0'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"Please tell me which of (selected (NA)

drugs) you have ever used on our

own, even once. Do not include

any (selected drug) you only used

medically." "Have you ever taken

any drugs like that that are not

on the list?" (By medical use,

we mean use according to a doctor's

directions--pretty much in the

amomts and at the times he directs.

Anything else we define as use on

your own.)

Goode,

1972

(NA) "drugs ever taken to become high at least once"

Gosset,

et al.,

1971

"How many total times have you

used (selected drugs) to get

high?"

"ever used any drug other

than alcohol or tobacco"

"used drug at least one time"

Groves,

1973

"Did you ever use (selected

drugs)?"

usage "ever" for selected

substances

Grupp,

1971

(NA) "had used marijuana at least

once in life time"

Parry,

1968

(NA) "ever used drug"

"used at any time"

users - non-medical use of

drugs at least once

potential users - never tried,

non-users - never tried and

but would like to try

claimed do not want to try

"ever tried drug"

Haberman

et al.,

1972

(NA) "It may be hard to say, but

do you think you might like

to try each of these drugs

some time in the future?"

tried and still using

tried and stopped using

definitely would like to try

might like to try

definitely would not like

Peled,

1972

(NA)

Robins and

Muphy,

"Have you ever taken (selected

drugs)...have you ever tried

1967 marijuana?"

"Have you ever used marijuana?"

to try

Holmes and "Do you now or have you ever

used (but do not use now)

(selected drugs)?"

current or previous use of

Holmes, selected drugs

1971 Roffman and

1970

Sapol,

"use of marijuana at some time

during life" Hindmarch,

1972

"Which drugs have you taken

at least once when they were

not prescribed for you by a

doctor?"

"drugs taken at least once

without a prescription"

Rosenberg,

Kasl and

Berberian,

1974

(NA) "have you ever used any of

the following drugs to get

high?"

ever used - lifetime

prevalence

Winslow,

1972

(NA) "have tried selected drugs"
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

FREQUENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE, "EVER" a. by respondent (continued)

ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

DRUG USE "EVER" (continued)

Gelineau,

Johnson and

Pearsall,

1973

(NA)

Goldstein,

Gleason and

Korn,

1974

(NA)

Gosset,

et al.,

1971

Grupp,

1971

"How many total times have you

used (selected drugs) to get high?"

"During your lifetime have you

used marijuana?"

Haberman,

et al.,

1972

(NA)

Hindmarch, "How many times have you taken

1972 (selected drugs)?"

Hughes,

Schaps and

Sandles ,

1973

(NA)

Irgen-Jensen

and BrunGulbrandsen,

1971

(NA)

Jessor ,

Jessor and

Finney,

1973

"Have you ever tried marijuana?"

never

once

more than once

"Have you ever been very high or

'staned' on marijuana to the point

where you were pretty sure you had

experienced the drug's effects?"

never

once

Rates and Frequency of drugs

1.B. BY FRIENDS OF RESPONDENT used statewide:

experimental - once

occasional - 2-3 times a

year, monthly

frequent - weekly or daily

Total number of times substance was used:

Blum, (NA)

1969

Haberman,

et al.,

1972

(NA)

number of friends who "have

used" selected drugs

"about how many of your close

friends have tried selected

drugs?"

none, only a few, some, most

no response

never or once

2 or more times

Johns ton

and Bachman,

1975

"How often have you been around

people who were taking each of

the following (selected drugs)

to get high or for 'kicks'?"

never, once or twice,

occasionally, often

Kandel,

1973

"How often have you ever used

(selected drugs)?"

(NA) Medium - used any drug other

than alcohol or tobacco more

than 10 times

Estimated times of marijuana

use:

Once or twice

3-5 times

6-9 times

10-14 times

15-19 times

20 times or more

best school friend's use ever

"has never used manijuana"

"has used marijuana" (reported by matched friend)

Winslow, (NA)

1972

friends' use ever

number of friends who "had

tried hash:"

almost all friends

several friends

at least one friend

none

"Altogether, since you first

started, about how many times

have you ever used each of

the following drugs?"

never used,

once or twice ever,

3-9 times,

10-19 times,

20-50 times,

over 50

1.C. BY PARENTS OF RESPONDENT

parents' use of selected

drugs, as reported by respondents: percent of parents

who ‘"ave used" selected

drugs

Blum, (NA)

1969

Frequency of drug use:

never

1-9 times

10-19 times

20 or more times

Kandel,

1973

"Have you ever used any pills or

medicines to help you sleep at

night - pills often called sedatives

or barbiturates, such as seconal,

phenobarbital, doriden, and the

like?" "Have-you ever used any pills

or medicines to help you calm down

or keep you from getting nervous

and upset - pills that are often

parents' use ever

"have used psychoactive

drugs"/"have never used

psychoactive drugs" "Used drug to get high at

least once"

Degree of drug-taking:

non-use

1-10 times

11-50 times

50 or more times

called tranquilizers, such as miltown,

eouanil, librium, valium, and the

like?" "Have you ever used any pills

or medicines that help you stay

awake, pep you up, help you lose

weight or cheer you up - pills that

are-often called stimulants, such

as dexamyl, benzedrine, dexedrine,

elavil, preludin, ritalin and the

like?"

more than once

(NA)

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

Asked separately for father and

mother for time when respondent

was 10-15 years old:

"Except for tobacco, did he/she use

any other drugs on his/her own?"

(Not according to doctor's directions)

(NA)
Frequency of cannabis use:

none - never

experimental - used

marijuana or hasish less

than once a month

moderate - not using as

often once a week, but

Johnson, B.,

1973

"Please indicate the greatest

frequency (at any time) with which

you have ever used each of the

following substances:"

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

CLASSIFICATION: 2. FREQJENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE, "EVER"

once a month

regular - at

or greater

least once 2.A. BY RESPONDENT a week

irregular -

a week

Adler and

Lotecka,

1973

(NA) non-users - never used any less than once

substance in question

tasters - tried one or more

of substances but do not

use any as often as once

a week

heroin users - used heroin

or other narcotics on one

or more occasion

Johnson, K. ,

1971

(NA) Frequency "ever" of selected

drugs:

never used

used 1-5 times

used 6-15 times

used over 15 times

"Previous to this year (before

last summer), how often have

you done this for other than

medical reasons?"

nearly everyday,

1-2 times a week,

1-2 times a month,

3-10 times a year,

1-2 times a year,

never

(NA)

Blum, (NA)

1969

Johnson, L. ,

1973

Intensity score (NA)

developed for each respondent--

based on reported lifetime

history of the use of each

drug, duration of use, amount

taken, and age of respondent

0 (no drug use ever)

Scores:

1-25

26-50

51-75

76-100

101-125

126-150

151-175

0 (no drugs taken except

Collapsed:

alcohol and tobacco)

1-10

11-20

21-40

41 and over

Johnston

and Bachman,

1975

"On how many occasions (if any)

have you used (selected drugs)?"

or "On how many different occasions

have you used (selected drugs) on

your own, that is, without a

doctor telling you to take them?"

0 occasicns

1-2 "

3-5 "

6-9 "

10-19 "

20-39 "

Eells, 40 or more

1968

"During my lifetime I have

used (selected drugs):"

percent of students using

selected drugs at any time

during lifetime:

1 or more times

3 or more times

6 or more times

10 or more times

(cumulative percents)

Josephson,

et al.,

1972

(NA) non-user - not interested in

trying

non-user - interested in trying

Low: experimenter - no more

than 9 times

Elinson, Med: occasional user - 01-59

Josephson

and Zanes

1973

"How many times have you EVER

used (selected drugs) (NOT counting

the times a doctor told you to)?"

I have never tried them,

once or twice,

3 to 9 times,

10 to 19 times,

20 to 39 times

40 to 59 times,

60 or more times

"About how often have you...taken

a drug when you didn't know what

it was?"

never used drugs or never had

this experience

once or twice

three or more times

(NA)

times

High: frequent user - 60 or

more times

Josephson,

1973

"How many times have you ever used

(selected drugs)?"

I have never tried them,

once or twice

3-9 times

10-19 times

20-39 times

40-59 times

60 or more times

non-user - not interested in

trying

non-user - interested in trying

Low: experimenter - no more

than twice

Med: occasional user - 3-59

times

High: frequent user - 60 or

more times
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

FREQUENCY-QUANITY OF DRUG USE, "EVER" a. by respondent (continued) FREQUENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE, "EVER" a. by respondent (continued)

Ulff-Moller

and

Jorgensen,

1972

(NA) Use of cannabis, other drugs:

non-user - never, received

no offer of drug

non-user - never, received

an offer of drug, but

rejected

experimenter - a single or

few times, acceptance of

occasional users - at least

offe and tried a drug

twice few times) a month

regular users - at least

twice (few times) a week

Kandel,

1973

Low: experimenters - tried

marijuana once or twice and

have not tried other drugs

High: extensive user - have

tried marijuana many times

"How often have you ever used

(selected drugs)?"

never used

1-2 times

3-9 times

10-39 times

40-59 times

60 or more times

"Please indicate the number of

times you have used marijuana,

LSD:"

never

1-2 times

3 or more times

(about times)

King,

1969

Frequency of use of marijuana

and LSD:

1-2 times

3-5 times

6-10 times

11-15 times

16-20 times

21-25 times

26-50 times

50 + times

(median frequency range)

2.B. BY FRIENDS OF RESPONDENT

Kandel, "How often have you ever used

1973 (selected drugs)?"

Best school friends'

frequency ever:

never

1-2 times

3-9 times

10-39 times

40-59 times

60 or more times

Mizner,

1970

"During my lifetime I have used

the following drugs without a

medical prescription:"

Low: experimental user - used

one or more drugs, maximum

of 2 times per drug

Med: casual user - used one

or more drugs maximum of 9

times per drug (3-9 times)

Med: moderate user - used one

or more drugs 10-29 times

High: heavy user - used one

or more durgs 30 or more times

Myers and

Bates,

1973

(NA) experimental user - having used STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE once or twice

non-experimental user - monthly

mean use frequency of marijuana

11.05 times

currently using - monthly mean

frequency of marijuana 7.7 times

CLASSIFICATION: 3. DRUG USE, RECENT OR CURRENT

National

Commission,

1973

"On the average, about how often

do you use marijuana at the

present time?"

Marijuana: 3.A. BY RESPONDENT

have used

don't use now

once a month or less

2-3 times a month

once a week

a few times a week

once a day

more than once a day

Belsasso 6 months prior to survey

and

Rosenkranz,

1971

(NA)

percent reporting use of

selected drugs

(NA)

Blum,

1969

(NA)

"If you did have the chance to try

heroin ...did you try it?"

Marijuana, hallucinogens,

stimulants, depressants,

opiates:

less than once a month

Cisin,

Parry and

Abelson,

1975

"Wwhen was the most recent time that

you used (selected drugs)?"

within the past week

within the past month

within the past six months

six months to a year ago

more than a year ago

never

once a month to less than

once a week

once a week or more

Nurco ,

1973

"How often were you using it?"

"How much of (selected drugs) were

you using each time?"

(NA)

Fejer, Smart

and

Whitehead,

1972

(NA) 6 months prior to survey
"We'd like to know, very roughly,

about how many times in your life

you have used these drugs on your

own. For each, tell me - was it

less than 10 times, less than 100,

less than 1,000, or more than that?"

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

Goode, (NA) 6 months prior to survey

1972

Gosset

et al.,

1971

(NA) Groves,

1973

Grupp,

1971

Jessor ,

Jessor and

Finney,

1973

Josephson,

1973

Mellinger,

et al,

1971

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

Parry,

1968

Robins and

Davis

1974

Robins and

Murphy,

1967

Rouse and

Ewing,

1972

Smart and

Whi tehead,

1972

Whitehead,

Smart and

Laforest,

1972

Winslow,

1972

(NA) 1 week prior to survey

(NA) since beginning of academic

year in fall (spring survey)

Recency of use:

one month before survey

year prior to survey

more than year prior to

survey

narcotic, but used it less

experimenters - tried a

than 5 times

Frequency and duration of use:

used less than 10 times

used 10 + times, but not

more than once a week

more than weekly for:

less than 6 months

6-9 months

9 months or more

Robins,

1973

"Was the last time you used

marijuana... never used, within

last week, within last month,

1-2 months ago, 3-5 months ago,

6 months - year ago, more than 1

year ago?"

"In the past 6 months, on how many

occasions did you use (selected

drugs)?"

use of various drugs in the

Duration of narcotic use (of 6 months prior to survey

those using at least 5 times):

less than one month

one month to less than

(NA) 2 months prior to survey

6 months or more

6 months

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"How many times would you say you've

used (selected drugs) altogether in

your life--five times or more, or

less than that?"

"Have you ever used them regularly

(without prescription)?" "How

often were you taking them when

you took them the most?"

(NA) (NA) 12 months prior to survey

"When was the last time you used

any (selected drugs)?" "Was it

within the last 24 hours, within

the last 30 days, or earlier?"

(If earlier): "In what month and

year was that?"

(NA)

Robins and

Murphy,

1967

Low: used heroin less than 6

times, used amphetamines

rarely, used amphetamines

for weight loss only

Med: used heroin more than 6

times without addiction, ever

used amphetamines regularly

(several times weekly) without

addiction, ever used barbiturates regularly (several times

weekly) without addiction, used

any drug regularly excluding

marijuana

High: ever been addicted to

heroin, amphetamines, barbiturates

(NA) 12 months prior to survey

"When was the last time you ever

used any pot (if you ever did use

any?

within last 2 weeks

two weeks - < 4 weeks

1 month - < 3 months

3 months - < 6 months

6 months - < 2 years

2 years - < 4 years

4 years or more

never

(NA)

"About how many times did you smoke

marijuana before coming into the

service...After you came into the

service but before you came to Vietnam?

...since coming to Vietnam?

(NA)

"smoked marijuana 10 or more

times at any time during

life"

Roffman and

Sapol,

1970 (NA) 12 months prior to survey

Scherer, and

Nukherjee,

1971

Frequency:

5 or less times

6-20 times

21-50 times

more than 50 times

(NA) 12 months prior to survey

6 months prior to survey

6 months prior to survey

(NA) Stanton,

1972

"Before coming to (Vietnam), about

how many times did you use (selected

drugs)?" "If you are leaving

(Vietnam) about how many times (this

tour) did you use (selected drugs)?"

non-users - 0 times

Low: casual user - 1-20 times

Med: heavy user - 21-199 times

High: habitual user - 200 or

more times (NA)

(NA) one month prior to survey
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

DRUG USE, RECENT OR CURRENT (continued) FREQUENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE, RECENT OR CURRENT a. by respondent (continued)

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

"How many times have you used (NA)

(selected drugs) in the last 2

months (60 days) (NOT counting the

times a doctor told you to?)

I have never tried them

haven't used them in last 2 months

once or twice

3 to 9 times

10 to 19 times

20 to 39 times

40 to 59 times

60 or more times

3.B. BY FRIENDS OF RESPONDENT

Blum,

1969

(NA) percent respondents with good

friends, casual acquaintances

who use selected drugs

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

"About how many of your close

friends use (selected drugs)?"

most, some, a few, none

(NA)

Goldstein

and Oetting,

1975

"How many of your friends use drugs (NA)

fairly regularly?"

none

one or two

several

most of them Garfield

and

Garfield,

1973

"How often do you now use

marijuana on the average?"

Current frequency (marijuana):

daily

4 times a week - daily

2-3 times a week

one time a week

approximately one time

a month

very infrequently - not

regularly

took only once or twice

never used

don't know

Johnston

and Bachman,

1975

"How many of your friends would you (NA)

estimate (take or use selected drugs)?"

none, a few, some, most, all

"About how many of your close "percentage of respondents

friends use (selected drugs)?" who say that most of their

most, some, a few, none close friends use marijuana"

"drug use by many close

friends"

Josephson,

1973

Lavenhar,

et al.,

1972

"Do any of your close friends smoke

marijuana or use any other drugs?"

yes, a few; yes, many; no;

don't know

Goldstein

and Getting,

1975

"How many times have you used

(selected drugs) in the past

two months?"

none

once or twice

3 to 6 times

10 or more times

(NA)

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"As far as you know, how many of

your current friends and acquaintances use each drug?"

all or most, about half, less

than half, a few, none

(NA)

(NA)

Goode, (NA)

1972

Frequency in past 6 months

(marijuana):

never

less than 3 times a month

2 times a week to 3 times

a month

at least 3 times a week =

regular use

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"What proportion of your friends

do you think smoke pot fairly

regularly?"

almost all

more than one-half

about half

some, less than half

none

don't know "This past week, how many times

have you used, (selected drugs)

to get high?"

Gosset

et al.,

1971

"frequency of drug use in

past week"

Tec,

1972

"Do you know for a fact whether

any of your close friends use

marijuana?"

Friends' involvement:

yes many

yes, some Groves,

1973

"How often have you used

(selected drugs) since school

started in the fall?"

Frequency since beginning of

academic year:

once or twice

have not used

every week or two

several times a week

several times a day

Current frequency:

daily or more

once a week or more

1-3 times a month

every 2 or 3 months

may use, I don't know

anything about it

no, none of them

Tec,

1971

"Do you know for a fact whether

any of your close friends use

marijuana?"

yes, many

yes, some

they may use it but I

don't how anything about it

no one of them uses it

use by close friends

Grupp,

1971

"On the average, how frequently

do you use marijuana?"
3.C. BY PARENTS OF RESPONDENT

Blum,

1969

(NA) percentage of respondents

who report relatives use of

selected drugs

3.D. BY POPULATION BASE

Tec,

1971

"Do you think that others in your

age group use marijuana regularly?"

no one uses

yes, about half

yes, about 25%

yes, less than 10%

use by other in age group

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

CLASSIFICATION: 4. FREQUENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE, RECENT OR CURRENT

4.A. BY RESPONDENT

Belsasso and

Rosenkranz,

1970

(NA) Frequency in past 6 months

marijuana/glue use:

not used

1-2 times a month

barbiturate/opiate use:

not used

3-4 times a month

7 or more times a month

tranquilizer use:

not used

less than 6 times a month

7 times or more a month

hallucinogenic drug use:

not used

1-2 times a month

7 or more times a month

Blum,

1969

(NA) Use of non-prescription mild

pain killers and mild tranauilizers:

none

intermittant - 4 times or less

per year

occasional - less than once

a week but more than intermittant

regular - once a week or

more

considerable - daily

Cisin, "During the past month, on about

Parry and how many different days did you

Abelson, use (selected drugs)?" "How about

1975 the month before that?"

(NA)

Hindmarch,

1970

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

Hughes,

Schaps and

Sandles,

1973

Jessor,

Jessor and

Finney,

1973

Johnson, L.,

1973

(NA) Current frequency:

more than once a day

once a day

once a week

more than once a week

less than once a week

"About how often do you smoke

marijuana?"

Current frequency:

6 times a week

3-5 times a week

1-2 times a week

3 times a month

once a month

(NA) Current frequency:

less than once a month

1-3 times a month

1-2 times a week

3-7 times a week

"Do you use marijuana a couple

of times a week or more when

its available?"

(NA)

(NA) "How often have you done this

during part or all of this

last year for other than medical

reasons?"

Marijuana:

regular use - nearly every

occasional use - 1-2 times a

day

month 3-10 times a year

experimental use - 1-2 times

a year

Hallucinogens, Amphetamines:

more than experimental use -

nearly once a day, 1-2 tunes

a week, 1-2 times a month,

3-10 times a year

Barbiturates, Heroin:

experimental use - 1-2 times

a year

Johns ton

and

Bachman,

1975

"On now many different occasions

have you used (selected drugs). . .

during the last 12 months?. . .

during the last 30 days?"

(NA)

Nyers and

Bates,

1973

(NA)

Nat ion al

Commission,

1973

"On the average, about how

often do you use marijuana

at the present time?"

experimental user - having

used once or twice

non-experimental user - monthly

mean use frequency of marijuana - 11.05 times

currently using - monthly

mean frequency of marijuana -

7.7 times

"prevalence (use within past

year of marijuana) - current

Marijuana:

use"

used ever

used now

no longer use
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

FREQUENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE, RECENT OR CURRENT a. by respondent (continued) FREQUENCY-QUANTITY OF DRUG USE, RECENT OR CURRENT (continued)

weekly for at least a month

regular use - use more than

Use of marijuana, amphetamines

and barbiturates since Vietnam:

any use

heavy use

tolerance or problems

Robins,

1973

(NA) 4-C. BY POPULATION BASE

King,

1968

. . . "Please estimate the percentage of Dartmouth undergraduates best described by

each of the phrases regarding

the use of (1) marijuana (2) LSD"

never have and probably will not

never have but might

have experimented with it

use occasionally to frequently

use habitually

respondent estimates

graduate drug usage

o f underRosenberg,

Kasl and

Berberian,

1974

(NA) Current use:

"I never used it"

"I used to use it"

"I now use it"

Roth (NA) Current frequency:

1972 never

once a month or less

once a week or less

more than once a week

daily

Wow frequently do most of the

students youknowdo the following:"

smoke marijuana

take LSD

Suchman,

1968

Frequency of drug use by peers:

frequently

occasionally

seldom

never

Suchman,

1968

"Wow frequently do you take

(selected drugs)?"

Frequency of drug use:

frequent - about every day,

once or twice a week

occasional - once or twice

a month

seldom - less than once a

month

do not use drugs

"estimation by respondent of

the percentage of men in their

previous military units who

used selected drugs at least

once a month, and marijuana

at least twice a month

Stanton,

1971

"Estimate the percentage of men

in your last unit who used the

following drugs at least once a

month:"

"Do you think others in your age

group use marijuana regularly?"

Tec,

1972

"estimated percentage of others

in age group using marijuana

regularly (once a week or more):

50% or more

25%

less than 10%

very few

no one

Tec, exposure to marijuana

1971

"Which of the following applies

best to you?"

have seen marijuana and

tried once

have been using once in a

while

have been using regularly

have seen marijuana but never

tried it

never saw but it was described

to me by others

only read about it

never seen and don't know anything about it

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

"White of the following describes

you best?"

I tried selected drugs only once

I amusing once in awhile

I am using once a week

I am using more often than once

CLASSIFICATION: 5. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE

(NA) manner of drug administration

(intravenous injection and

sniffing link methanphetamines, heroin, volatile intoxicants)

Blum,

1969

a week

I am using everyday

I never tried but would like to

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

try very much "About how often have you...taken (NA)

any drug with a needle (other than

from a doctor)?"

never used drugs or never had

this experience

once or twice

three or more times

wan-ted to try but never got

around to it

never tried and never wanted

to try

"Which of the following describes

you best?"

I took marijuana only once

I take once in awhile
I take whenever possible but

without any regularity

I don't take with any regularity,

but when I do I liked to get

stoned

I take regularly once a week

I take regularly everyday

I take more often than once

a day

I never took marijuana

"Have you ever taken (cocaine, "ups", (NA)

heroin) with a needle?"

"How often have you taken any drug

with a needle (other than from a

doctor)?"

I have never used any kind of

drug

I have used drugs but never used

a needle

happened once or twice

happened three or more times

Goldstein

and Oetting,

1975

Current frequency:

never tried and never wanted

to try

never tried, but would like to

Low: tried once

Med: occasional use - less

than once a week

Tec, (NA)

1972

Johnston "What methods have you used for (NA)

and Bachman,

1975

Routes of ingestion:

sniffing glue

taking (cocaine, heroin, other

narcotics)?"

sniffing or snorting

smoking

injection

by mouth

other

High: regular use - once a

week, more often than once

a week, every day or more

often

(NA) Current frequency:

at least once a week Winslow,

1972 Myers and

Bates,

1973

(NA)

at least once every second

day cleaning fluid, lighter

fluid, paint thinner in

a plastic bag

"Skin-popping" heroin

"If you are using any of the "mainlining" heroin

following (selected drugs), how

often do you use it?"

Wolfson,

et al.,

1972

Frequency in past 6 months

(marijuana):

never

pills by mouth

smoking

less than 3 times a month

2 times a week to 3 times

a month

at least 3 times a week =

regular use

Nurco,

1973

"How have you taken it most of

the time?" (usual)

"How do you prefer taking it?"

(prefer)

mainline, skin pop, oral,

snort, sniff, smoke, drink,

other.

(NA)

Whitehead,

1971

(NA) Frequency of drug use in last

six months:

0

1-2 times

3-4 times

5-6 times

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"...tell me all the ways you ever

took these drugs on your own

(not under a doctor's directions)?"

"How did you take (selected drugs)

the first time you used it/them?"

"How did you usually take (selected

drugs)?

(NA)

7+ times

drank, ate, or swallowed

smoked

sniffed or snorted

needle: mainlined

needle: skinpopped

other (specify)

4.B. BY PARENTS OF RESPONDENT

Robins,

1973

Robins and

Davis,

1974

(NA) heroin - mixed with tobacco,

smoking, sniffing, injection

(NA)

Smart and

Fejer,

1972

(NA) Frequency of parents' drug use:

never

less than once a month

every week

nearly every day

don't know

"Have you ever injected any

(stilmulants)?"
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

ROUTE OF ADMNISTRATION AND DOSAGE (continued)

Johnson, K., (NA)

1971

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"When you got some (selected

drugs) for-your own use, about

how long would it usually last

you?"

number of days, weeks, months

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"When you've smoked marijuana in

the last two years, how many hours

out of the 24 hours in the day

have you usually stayed high?"

"How many joints or pipes in a

day did you usually smoke then?"

"When you were taking (selected

drugs), in the last two years,

did you get so you had to take

more of them to get the same

effect?"

Rouse and

Ewing,

1972

STUDY

(NA)

ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

Dosage: "a time (as in used

1-5 times) defined as one exposure within a relatively

circumscribed social-timeplace situation"

(NA)

(NA)

Dosage: marijuana, selected

other drugs

Usual amount smoked:

one or less

2

3

4 or more

maximum amount smoked:

one or less

2

3

4

5 or more

QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

CLASSIFICATION: 6. POLYDRUG USE

6.A. BY RESPONDENT, "EVER"

Blum,

1969

(NA) factor analysis of associations

between use of various drugs -

factor 1 - marijuana and

hallucinogens=illicit-exotic

use (perhaps experimental)

factor 2 - sedative and tranquilizers = distress and

activity-diminishing use

factor 3 - tobacco and alcohol=

conventional social drug use

factor 4 - amphetamines, illicit

opiates, special substances =

illicit-exotic use (perhaps

with immersion-multiple -

functions for use)

(components of factors 1 and 4

may be immersion in use,

typology of users (reflecting

POLYDRUG USE a. by respondent, "ever" (continued)

Nurco,

1973

"Have you ever used heroin and

alcohol together (at the same time)?"

"Did you usually start drinking

before you used the heroin; did you

use the heroin before the alcohol;

or didn't it matter to you which you

took first?"

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"Sometimes people use two or more

drugs together, like marijuana and

alcohol at the same time, because

they like the effect. Have you

used marijuana and alcohol that way

at least five times?"

"Except for tobacco, have you used

any other combination of drugs at

least five times?" "What combinations

were they?"

Robins,

1973

(NA)

Roffman and

Sapol,

1970

"Have you ever used marijuana?"

"Have you ever used other drugs?"

"What other drugs?"

Suchman, (NA) use of other drugs by

1968 marijuana users

6.B. BY RESPONDENT, RECENT OR CURRENT

Goldstein

and Oetting,

1975

"In the past two months, have you

taken any drug while drinking?"

"Which of the following drugs have

you used while drinking during the

past two months?"

have not used any drug while

drinking

marijuana

glue

barbiturates ("downs")

amphetamines ("ups")

others (please specify)

"In the past two months have you

used two or more drugs at the same

time (not counting alcohol?"

"What drugs have you used in the

past two months?"

I have used and

I have also used

together

and

together

Groves,

1973

"Below are listed 18 categories of

drugs... for each one indicate

whether you have ever used it

ARTICLE

(NA)

(NA)

Number of different narcotic

drugs tried:

Use of:

1, 2, 4, or more

narcotics, amphetamines &

barbiturates

narcotics & amphetamines

narcotics & barbiturates

narcotics only

barbiturates only

amphetamines only

"use of other drugs besides

marijuana"

(NA)

Current use correlations among

selected substances - factor

analysis of associated use
(medical & non-medical use)...and among drugs:

how often (you have) used (it) since

school started in the fall."

persconality and social circumstances), manner of drug administration (intravenous injection and sniffing link

methanphetamines, heroin,

volatile intoxicants)

index combining opiun,

methedrine, psychedelics,

marijuana (MAPS)

index conbining barbiturates/

sedatives & tranquilizers

(DOWNS)

computed conditional probabilities of users of one

drug using another

use of other drugs by users

of selected drugs

"When you use (selected drugs) do (NA)

you sometimes take a pill, or

alcohol (or marijuana) at about

the same time?"

"Wwhat do you use with it most

often - another kind of pill, or

alcohol, (or marijuana), or what?"

"How often do you use these things

together?"

nearly every time

about half the time

less than half the time

not sure

Cisin,

Parry and

Abelson,

1975

Johnson, L., (NA)

1973

Frequency of marijuana use by

frequency of other selected

drugs-use of:

marijuana - regular, occasional

or experimental

heroin - more than experimental, experimental

amphetamines, barbiturates,

hallucinogens - more than

3 of above; experimental

experimental; 1, 2, and/or

1, 2 or 3 of above

"During the last year, how often have (NA)

you used (selected drugs) along with

(other selected drugs) - that is, so

that their effects overlapped?"

Users of psychedelics other than LSD,

amphetamines, barbiturates, narcotics,

asked if they had used any other drugs

in the same category, during the last

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

"About how often have you...taken

a combination of two or more

different drugs at a time?"

never used drugs or never had

this experience

once or twice

three or more times

(NA) Johnston

Bachman,

and

1975

year.

Hughes,

Schaps and

Sandles,

1973

(NA) Variety of drug-use trends:

non-users

marijuana

1, 2, 3 or 4 of solvents,

psychedelics, barbiturates,

amphetamines

opiates

Mellinger,

et al.,

1971

(NA) "variety of drugs used

during past year"

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"Thinking about the (selected drugs)

you've taken in the last two years,

which have you used as a combination,

that is, when you've taken one to

add to the effects of another?"

"Which have you taken in the last two

years to help you get over the effects

of another one?"

none

(NA)

Johnson, B.,

1973

"Please indicate the greatest

frequency (at any time) with

which you have ever used each

of the following substances."

Use of:

cannabis only

1-2 hard drugs

3 or more hard drugs

use of other drug(s).

illicitly by frequency of

cannabis use to get over

to get over

"You've used (particular category of

dogs) in the last two years. Which

would you say is the main one you've

been into in the last two years--or

didn't you care more about one than

another?"

"percentage of respondents

who had ever used marijuana,

who had also ever 'tried'

other drugs." "experimentation

with other drugs by marijuana

users"

Use of:

amphetamines & marijuana

marijuana & LSD

amphetamines & LSD

amphetamines, marijuana & LSD

Josephson,

1973

"Have you ever tried...marijuana;

other selected drugs?"

Mizner,

1970

"During my lifetime I have used

the following drugs without a

medical prescription..."

Robins and

1967

Murphy,

"Do you still take (selected drugs)

some times?"

"heroin addicts' current use

(within last year) of other

drugs"

"drug users' (never addicted

to heroin) current use of

National other drugs"

Commission,

1973

"Did you ever take one of these Use of:

kinds of pills and around the one pill alone

same time take somthing else, multiple pills

like another pill, or alcohol..." pills and alcohol

"What kind of pill was it or marijuana & any sedative,

was it alcohol?" tranquilizer or stimulant

"Did you ever use marijuana and

around the same time take something else like a pill or alcohol?"

"What kind of pill was it, or was

it alcohol?"

Whitehead,

Smart and

Laforest,

1972

(NA) "frequency of other drug use

among current marijuana

smokers"

Wolfson,

et al.,

1972

"If you are using any of the

following, how often do you use it?"

Current marijuana users' use of:

LSD

speed

heroin
QUESTIONNAIRE

experimenter - ever used no

STUDY ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

TYPOLOGY OF DRUG USE (continued)

Josephson

et al.,

1972

(NA)

CLASSIFICATION: 7. TYPOLOGY OF DRUG USE

non-user - not interested

in trying

non-user - interested in trying

more than twice

occasional user - ever used

3-59 times

frequent user - ever used 60

more times

Adler and

Lotecka,

1973

(NA) non-user - never used any

substance in question

taster - tried one or more

of subtances but do not use

any as often as once a week

heroin user - used heroin or

other narcotic on one or more

occasion

or

Josephson,

1973

(NA) non-user - not interested in

trying

non-user - interested in trying

experimenter - ever used no

more than twice

occasional user - ever used

3-59 times

frequent user - ever used 60

or more times

Blum,

1969

(NA) abstainers - deny any use of

drugs, including alcohol and

tobacco

"use of drugs" - any reported

lifetime experience with

designated classes of drugs

use of non-prescription mild

pain killers and mild tranquilizers: (see 6a, Blum, 1969)

Kandel, (NA)

1973

experimenter - tried marijuana

once or twice and have not

tried other drugs

extensive user - have used

marijuana many times

none

intermittant use

occasional use

regular use

considerable use

(defined for each drug

differently)

(NA) user - having smoked marijuana,

or LSD on one or more

occasions

experimenter - one who used

only 1 or 2 times and whose

initial date of use was

several months prior to this

survey and who reports future

use is inconceivably or unlikely

frequent user - those who have

used 11 or more times

King,

1969

high-intensity users - respondents who score above the median

on a scale of intensity of use

(based on reported lifetime

history of use, duration of use,

amount taken, and age)

low-intensity users - respondents who score below the median

on a scale of intensity of use

(each drug has own scale)

Lavenhar

et al.,

1972

(NA) Typology of past or current

marijuana users:

past marijuana users

occasional marijuana users -

less than once a month

moderate marijuana users -

1-3 times a month

regular marijuana users -

at least once a week

Typology of users of other

drugs (selected):

current users of LSD

current regular users of

amphetarmines - at least

Cisin, Parry

and

Abelson,

1975

"When it comes to using (selected

drugs) (for non-medical reasons),

do you think of yourself as a

regular user or only a occasional

user?"

(NA)

Cross and

Davis,

1971

(NA) Typology of marijuana users:

adamant non-users - never considered using a drug and state

that drug use should be prohibited

non-users - seriously considered using a drug but have not

actually done so - state drug

use might be allowed with

proper controls

tasters - use marijuana less

than once per month

recreational users - 1-4 times

per month

regular users - more than once

a week

once a week

current users of methedrine

by vein

current regular users of

barbiturates - at least once

a week

current heroin users

regular psychotherapeutic

drug use - daily user for

minimum of one month or longer

Mellinger,

et al.,

1971

(NA)
Eells,

1968

Goldstein

and Oetting,

1975

Groves,

1973

Hindmarch,

1970

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

Jessor ,

Jessor and

Finney,

1973

(NA)

"I'm using (selected drugs), are

you..."

a non-user

a very light user

a light user

a merate user

a heavy user

a very heavy user

(NA)

(NA)

(NA)

(NA)

non-drug users - never used any

drugs surveyed

casual users - use of selected

drugs once or twice only

steady and current users - use

of selected drugs 3 or more

times and last time less than

6 months ago

heavy users - use of marijuana

10 or more times; LSD 6 or

more times

(NA)

"regular use of selected drugs

at least every week or two"

drug users - students who

admitted to taking drugs at

least once in other than medically prescribed conditions

soft drug user - user of

cannabis, LSD-25, mescaline -

no proved physical addictive

properties

hard drug user - user of

herion, morphine, opium, and

cocaine; amphetamines, barbiturates - physiologically

addictive drugs

drug-user - any one who used

marijuana or hasish once a

month or who reported using

any other drug on more than

two occasions

scale of marijuana involvement

based on whether tried marijuana once or more than once,

whether got stoned once or

more than once, whether have

a steady supply of marijuana,

whether use it a couple of

times a week when available:

junior high sample:

no involvement

any involvement

senior high sample:

no involvement

minimal to mild involvement

relatively heavier - moderate involvement

college sample - as high school,

but slightly different cutting

points - also:

no involvement

moderate involvement

heavy involvement

Mizner,

1970

(NA)

National

Comnission,

1973

(NA)

Robins and

Murphy,

1967

Roth,

1972

(NA) regular use - several times

weekly

(NA) drug user - any student who

uses marijuana once a month

or more

experimental user - ever used

one or more drugs maximum of

2 times per drug

casual user - ever used one or

more drugs maximum of 9 times

per drug (3-9 times)

moderate user - ever used one

or more drugs 10- 29 times

heavy user - ever used one or

more drugs 30 or more times

experimental drug use - maximum frequency of 10 times per

drug - singly or in combination

social-recreation use - voluntary, tends not to escalate in

frequency or intensity -

socially

T

 rather than personally

motivated, to share acceptable,

pleasurable experience, no

dependence

circumstantial-situational use -

motivated by perceived need

or desire to achieve known or

anticipated effeet deemed

desirable to cope; regular

use of one or combination of

drugs, escalating to dependence,

but users remain socially

and economically integrated

in the life of the community

intensified drug use - long

term - patterned use at

minimum level of at least

once daily; motivated by

perceived need and relief

from persistant problem,

stressful situation or selfprescribed performance level;

used in social and non-social

settings; often recurrent,

self-medication escalating to

dependence; users remain

socially and economically integrated in community life,

but some decrement in functioning

compulsive drug use - high

frequency and intensity levels

of relatively long duration

producing physiological or

psychological disruption;

significantly reduced individual

and social functioning

non-user - students who do

not use marijuana
STUDY STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

HISTORY OF DRUG USE a. onset of use -- age, time (continued)

QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE ARTICLE

TYPOLOGY OF DRUG USE (continued)

Scherer and

Nukherjee,

1971

(NA) soft drug user - no apparent

deteriment to career and social

life

heavy drug user - both

deterimental examination performance and withdrawal from

social existence

"rates of increase or decrease in drug use at each

grade level in 2nd wave of

longitudinal study"

Time (class year in school)

of beginning use

Fejer, Smart

and

Whitehead,

1972

(NA)

Goldstein, (NA)

Gleason and

Korn,

Smart and 1974

Fejer,

1972

(NA) experimenter - used 1-2 times

in last 6 months

moderate user - used 3-6 times

in last 6 months

maximum category - used 7 or

more times in last 6 months

"How old were you when you first

tried (selected drugs)?"

I have never used them,

10 or under, 11, 12, 13, 14

15, 16, 17, 18 or older

"How old were you when you first

took (selected drugs)?"

Goldstein, (NA)

and Getting,

1975

Smart and

Whitehead,

1972

(NA) medicinal user - use of one

psychoactive drug only

(stimulants, barbiturates,

tranquilizers)

mood modifiers - use of 2 or

more psychoactive drugs

(stimulants, barbiturates,

tranquilizers)

cautious trippers - use of

marijuana only

incautious trippers - use of

one or more illicit drugs .

with or without psychoactives

Age at first taking of drugs:

before 14 years

Hindmarch,

1972

15

14

16

17

"mean age at which respondents

first used marijuana"

"mean age at which respondents

first used drug other than

marijuana"

"At what age did you first begin

to use marijuana?"

"At what age did you first begin

to use a drug other than marijuana?"

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

Stanton, (NA)

1972

"When did you first try (selected

drugs)?" or

"When did you first try (selected

drugs) without a doctor's orders?"

grades: 6 or below, 7 or 8, 9

(freshman) , 10 (sophomore) ,

11 (junior), 12 (senior)

"How old were you when you first

used (selected drugs)?"

10 or under, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, 17, 18, or older

Johnston (NA)

and

Bachman,

1975

non-user - used 0 times

casual user - ever used drugs

1-20 times

heavy user; ever used drugs

habitual user - ever used drugs

21-199 times

200 or more times

Age of onset reported by

respondents:

13 or under

14

15

16

17 or over

Suchman,

1968

(NA) frequent user - once a week or Josephson,

more 1973

occasional user - once or twice

a month

seldom user - less than once

a month

Tec,

1971

regular users - once a week

or more

occasional users - tried once

never tried but would like

to

(NA)

King, "When did you first use marijuana/

1969 LSD?"

(approximate date )

Initial use - time:

April - June, 1967

January - March, 1967

September - December, 1966

never wanted to and never did prior to September, 1966

try

Tec,

1972

(NA) occasional use - use (currently)

less than once a week

regular use - (currently) once

a week or more often

"When was the first time you tried

(selected drugs)?"

"In what year did you first use

(selected drugs). . . for the first

time?"

Nurco, (NA)

1973

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

(NA)
Robins and

Murphy

1967

STUDY

"How old were you when you first

got (selected drugs on prescription)?" How old were you

when you first tried (selected

drugs) without prescription)?"

Age of first use of selected

drugs:

before 16 years

16-19

20-23

24 or older

Ulff-Moller

and

Jorgensen,

1972

(NA) Use of cannabis, other drugs:

non-user - never, received no

offer of drug

non user - never, received an

Offer of drug, but rejected

experimenter - a single or

offer and tried a drug

few times, acceptance of

occasional users - at least

twice (few times) a month

regular users - at least

twice (few times) a week

Robins and

Davis, 1974

"How old were you the very first

time somebody ever offered you

(selected drugs)?" or "How old

were you the first time you ever

tried any, not on prescription

(if you ever did)?"

(NA)

Roffman and

Sapol,

1970

"When did you first use marijuana?" Period of first use:

before military service

after service but before

arriving in Vietnam

after arriving in Vietnam

QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

Stanton,

1972

"Before coming to (Vietnam) about

how many times did you use

(selected drugs)?" "If you are

leaving (Vietnam) about how many

times (this tour) did you use

(selected drugs)?" "During which

quarter(s) of the past 12 months

did you use (selected drugs)?"

Onset of use:

before Vietnam

in Vietnam

Point during preceding 12

months of Vietnam service

at which drug use began

(even if used before Vietnam):

preceding 1-3 months

preceding 4-6 months

preceding 7-9 months

preceding 10-12 months

CLASSIFICATION: 8. HISTORY OF DRUG USE

8.A. ONSET OF USE (AGE, TIME)

Blum, (NA)

1969

age of onset of use

(NA) Cisin,

Parry

and Abelson

1975

"About how old were you when you

first had the chance to try

(selected drugs) if you wanted to?"

"If you did have the chance to try

(selected drugs) at that time, did

you try it?" "If you did not try

(selected drugs) at that time, did

you try it at a later date?"

Prescription and non-prescription

Suchman, (NA)

1968

Onset of use of marijuana:

before college

freshman year in college

(after freshman year)

pills/medicines:

"About how long age was the first

time you took any of these things

for non-medical reasons?"

8.B. SEQUENCE OF INITIAL USE

Blum, order of first use

1969

(NA)

Non-prescription drugs: "About how

long ago was the first time you

tried (selected drugs)?"

five years ago or longer

more than a year ago, less than

five years ago

six months to a year ago

more than one month ago, less

than six months ago

within the past month

not sure

(never did)

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

Which (selected) drug did you try

first? Which second and which third?"

Order of beginning use of

substance in relation to

other drugs used

Goldstein,

Gleason and

Korn,

1974

(NA)

"Of those drugs already mentioned,

please list them, numerically, in

the order in which you were exposed

to them"

"sequence of exposure to

(selected) drugs"

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971 Eells,

1968

"The first time I used the drug was:

prior to senior high school years

during senior high school years

as an undergraduate at a college

other than Cal Tech

as an undergraduate at Cal Tech

as a graduate student at a college

other than Cal Tech

as a graduate student at Cal Tech

at a time after high school graduation when I was not enrolled in

a college

Time of starting drug usage:

high school or earlier

after high school - not in

college

college undergraduates order of initial use of

marijuana/LSD King, "When did you first use (selected

1969 drugs)?"

(date open-ended)

"In what year did you use (selected

drugs) for the first time?"

O'Donnell, (NA)

et al.,

1974
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

HISTORY OF DRUG USE b. sequence of initial use (continued)

QUESTIONNAIRE

HISTORY OF DRUG USE c. change in type of drug used, quantity used (continued)

Robins and

Murhpy,

1967

Wofson

et al.,

1972

"How old were you when you first got use of marijuana, amphetamines,

them (on prescription)?" or "How old barbiturates by hemion users:

were you when you first tried them before heroin use

(without prescription)?" same year as heroin use

(for each drug asked) following heroin use

"If you have used any of the

following, when did you first try

it...?"

ARTICLE

Order of selected drug use in

respondents who have used or

are using marijana:

tried marijuana before other

drugs

used marijuana and other drugs

during the same period

tried other drugs before

marijuana

8.C. CHANGE IN TYPE OF DRUG USED, QUANTITY USED

Blum, (NA)

1969

Elinson,

Josephson

"Do you use each of the following...

more often or less often now than

and Zanes,

1973

you did months ago?"

Groves, (NA)

1973

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

"Are there any drugs that you have

used that you would not use again?"

"which ones?" (open-ended) "Before

coming to this communit, had you

already been using all the drugs

you mentioned so far?" "Which ones

did you start to use?"

in following, change in

prevalence of use of selected

drugs

(NA)

Drug use changes over time:

linked responses at 2 points

in time from the same individual in a matched subsample

percentage students in

matched subsample:

ever used 1970-1971

used this year 1969-1970

1970-1971

used at least every week

or two this year 1969-1970

1970-1971

equilibrium - when approximately

same fraction of population are

users of drug at two different

points in time

transition probability - chances

taht individuals will change

their user status from one

year to the next:

probability of use 1969-1970

1970-1971

probability of changing from

use to non-use

probability of changing from

non-use to use

"frequency with which respondents

report that they would not

again use specific drugs"

subjects' responses to question

of what drugs they had begun

to use after coming to the

East Village

STUDY ARTICLE

O'Donnell, "Did you use (selected drugs) at (NA)

et al.,

1974

least once during each of the years

between (year of first use) and the

last time you used it?" "In which

years didn't you use any?"

Which of the statemnts...best

describes the way you used any form

of (selected drugs) during each

of the years you used it. Pick the

one that comes closest, even

though it may not be exactly right

for you?"

Almost every day:

usually in large amounts

sometimes in large amounts

never in large amounts

About once or twice a week:

sometimes in large amounts

never in large amounts

About once or twice a month:

sometimes in large amounts

never in large amounts

Less than a month

"When was the period you used

(selected drugs) the most?"

Robins,

1973

(NA) Drug use before Vietnam:

never

once or twice

3-9 times

10-24 times

25 times or more

Drug use in Vietnam:

narcotics

drugs other than narcotics

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"As you look back over the years

since you first tried (selected

drugs), was there one particular

period of time, either in the

past or more recently when you

were using (selected drugs) the

most?" "When did this period

of heavier use begin?...were you

taking them every day?...several

times a week?...at least once a

week?" "Where were you living

during the period you used

(selected drugs) the most?"

parents' home

own home

away at school

army, not in Vietnam

Vietnam

traveling

other (specify)

(NA)

"When did that period of heavier

use of (selected drugs) end (or is

it still going cm?)"

"Why do you think you (cut down/

stopped) your use of (selected

drugs) then?"
In follow-up, change in

marijuana use:

non-users who remained

non-users a year later

non-users who became morethan-once users a year

later

Jessor,

Jessor and

Finney,

1973

(NA) 8.D. MOST RECENT USE

Eells,

1968

"The last time I used the drug

was:"

have never used

within the last week

within the last month (but

not within the last week)

one to two months ago

three to five months ago

six months to a year ago

present vs. high school cannabis more than a year ago

use by few or many of peer group

changes in frequency of drug-use

in the year after high school:

non-users who remain non-users

non-users who start

users who stop

users who decrease usage

users who maintain usage

users who increae usage

Goldstein,

Gleason and

Korn,

1974

(NA)

Grupp,

1971

"was the last time you used

marijuana..."

National

Commission,

1973

"When was the most recent time

you tried (selected drugs)?"

Nurco, "When was the last time you

1973 used (selected drugs)?"

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"In what year did you use

(selected drugs) most recently?"

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"Whenw as the last time you used

(selected drugs)?"

within last 2 weeks

two weeks - < 4 weeks

1 month - < 3 months

3 months - < 6 months

6 months - < 2 years

2 years - < 4 years

4 years or more

never

"In the past two years, has there

been a time wheny you were somking

marijuana at least three times a

week? (if yes:) "How many months

altogether, in the past two years,

did you use it three times a week

or more?" "Has there been a time

during the last two years when you've

smoked marijuana every day for a

while?" (if yes:) "How long did

that last (altogether)?"

recency of use:

last month

last week

last 2 months

more than 6 months ago

more than a year ago

Johnson, B., (NA)

(NA) Last time substance was used Johnson, L.,

1973

most recent use:

one month before survey

year prior to survey

more than year prior to

survey

Josephson, "Are you using (selected drugs) more

1973 often or less often that you did a

discontinued use of selected

drugs by repondents: "have

year ago?" tried but not in past year"

never tried

haven't used in past year

use more often now

use less often now

use about as often as a year ago

most recent use:

over year ago

more than 6 months ago

within past 6 months

with in past week

(NA)

(NA) Mizner,

1970

"Please indicate your usage (not

including any usage under the

direction of a physician) or nonusage of each of the drugs listed

below:

have never used (except possibly

under a physician's supervision)

have used it more than once or

twice, but not currently using

use currently, but not more often

than once a month on the average

use currently, from once a week

to once a month on the average

use currently, more often than

once a week on the average

current user - number of individuals reporting that they

have discontinued use subtracted from number of individuals reporting a history of

drug use

(NA)

Nurco,

1973

"What was the longest stretch you

used it daily?"

"Were those times that you used

(selected drugs) pretty much spread

out or did they tend to fall together in groups of days?"

"What was the longest stretch of

time that passed between the times

you used (selected drugs)?"

(NA)
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

CONDITIONS OF DRUG USE b. use in general (continued)

CLASSIFICATION: 9. CONDITIONS OF DRUG USE

Goldstein

and Oetting,

1975

"How do your parents feel about

your using drugs (whether you

use drugs or not)?"

forbid it

wouldn't mind if once or twice

okay if not heavily

I can do what I want

don't know how they feel

(NA)

9.A. FIRST USE

Hindmarch, (NA)

1970

most frequent situational

origin for initiation of

soft drug user:

at party - request drug

at party in order to

conform

by friend in private

alone to satify curiosity

by micky-finn

by accident

initiation of a hard drug user:

alone, taking iniative to

locate source

by friend belonging to a

group of 3-4 hard drug

users

Goldstein

and Oetting,

1975

"When do you usually use (selected

drugs)?"

never

just a weekends or holidays

during the week as well as

weekends or holidays

almost daily

(NA)

Hindmarch,

1972

(NA) Alone, with peers, siblings,

number of people in drugparents

taking situation:

on my own

with 1 or 2 friends

in a group (3 or more

people)

Place - home, school, friends'

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

"Just before you took your first

illegitimate drug, how would you

describe your frame of mind?"

Mood at first use

subject's description of

their frame of mind just

befoer taking their first

illegitimate drug:

miserable - many problems house, street, etc.

location of drug use: fairly good - some problems

feeling good

"on top of the world"

Respondents' description of

"problems" when first took

an illegal drug:

feelings of detachment from

society

feelings of inferiority

difficulty making decisions

lack of meaningfulness/

direction in life

lack of attachment to one

person

feelings of hostility to

others

feelings of futility in

material rewards

psychiatric and/or physical

illness

Respondents asked if "aware

of any crisis in their life

at the tune first decided to

take an illegal drug:

crisis in life relating

to school

crisis in life relating to

job trouble or loss

reported crisis relating to

disappointment in friendship or love

reported crisis in life relating to emotional problems

crisis relating to difficulties with the law

reported inability to get

along with own family

at a party

in a pub

at a club or dance

at school

other specified place (flat,

someone else's house, at

home)

"Were your problems, if any, at

the time you first took an

illegal drug of a sort describable

as...?"

Holmes and "Do you usually smoke marijuana

Holmes, alone or in a group?"

1971 alone

with one person

small group (2-4 persons)

large group (>4 persons)

Alone, with peers, siblings,

"number of individual with

parents

whom respondents report

typically smoking marijuana"

Jessor,

Jessor and

Finney,

1973

"How do you think the following

people would feel about your

using marijuana?"

parents

girlfriend/boyfriend

most of your friends'

would approve

wouldn't care

would disapprove

would disapprove strongly

social support for drug use

"At the time you first decided

to take an illegal drug, were

you aware of any crisis in your

life related to...?"

"During the last year how often

(not at all, 1-5 times, more than

5 times) have you...used (selected

drugs) when you were alone?...used

selected drugs along with the

following people (date or spouse,

other friend, brother(s) or sister(s),

people over 30 years old)?...used

(selected drugs) in the following

places (home, school, friend's house,

parties, parked car, riding in car,

public place outside/inside)?"

(NA) Johnston

and

Bachman,

1975
serious physical illness

or injury

reported crisis relating to

serious mental disorder

Reported problems:

relating to sexual difficulties

inability to find a "fit in

society"

crisis relating to upheaval

in the family, such as

divorce, illness, death,

drastic financial setback

crisis relating to alcoholism or drug addiction among

family members and/or self

"How do you think your parents...

your close friends...feel (or would

feel) about you doing each of the

following things?" (9-item list including drug use activities)

not disapprove

disapprove

strongly disapprove

(NA) Parental knowledge, approval,

friends' approval

parents' awareness:

don't know

don't know it's as frequent

as it is

how and want me to stop

okayed it

no parents

Scherer and

Mukherjee,

1971

Suchman,

1968

Tec,

1971

Tec,

1972

King,

1968

"Where did you first use

marijuana/LSD?"

place of initial use:

Dartmouth

home community

elsewhere place, time, with peers ("drug

use usually took place at night

as social activity with other

people in student's or friend's

room")

"When and where do you usually

take drugs?"

(open-ended) Mizner,

1970

"Just before using the drug

the first time, my primary or

predominant mood was:

depressed

bored

happy

relaxed

disillusioned

anxious

lonely

sexually inhibited

angry

Mood at first use:

happy or relaxed

anxious

lonely

sexually inhibited

angry

"If your father/mother thought

that you used marijuana regularly

how would he/she react?"

anger and, punishment

anger, but no punishment

would not care at all

disappointment and hurt

parental approval

"If your friends thought that you

used marijuana regularly, how

would they react?"

Parental knowledge, approval,

friends' approval

expected attitude of friends

if knew of use:

approve

not care

disapprove, but remain friends

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"As far as you know, when you first

started taking each drug, about

how many of your friends were using

it? All or most, about half, less

than half, a few or more?"

(NA)

disapprove and stop being alone, with peers friends ("almost all be an to use

drugs through the personal

influence of a friend who

was already smoking marijuana")

Suchman,

1968

"How did you begin?" (open-ended)

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

CLASSIFICATION: 10. AVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

9.B. USE IN GENERAL

Cisin,

Parry and

Abelson,

1975

"When you use (selected drugs)

are you usually alone or with

one or more other people?"

"Are you usually at a party

or not at a party?"

(NA) 10.A. AT FIRST USE

Blum, (NA) Source of drug at initial use:

1969 parents

physician

friends

opportunity of respondents to

try selected drugs

constructed scale of drug

availability

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

"How would MOST of your friends

feel if someone they knew..."

tried marijuana

took a drug with a needle

made money from selling drugs

wouldn't care

would disapprove somewhat

would disapprove strongly

(NA)

Elinson, "How often have you...been (NA)

Josephson offered a drug that you never

and Zanes, tried before?"

1973 often, sometimes, seldom or

never
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

AVAILABILITY OF DRUGS b. use in general (continued)

ARTICLE

AVAILABILITY OF DRUGS a. at first use (continued)

O'Donnell

et al.,

"How did you get (selected drugs)

the first time you used it/them?"

(NA)

1974 free, as a gift

bought from friend or dealer

own prescription

forged prescription

stole

grew or made own supply

other (specify)

Roffman

and Sapol,

1970

Winslow,

1972

"How did you get your first

marijuana cigarette or pipe-full?"

a friend gave it to me

bought it

some other way (please describe)

Initial acquisition of marijuana:

friend

bought it

(NA) Source of first hash:

parents

siblings

friends

stranger at school

stranger, in restaurant

stranger, other place

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"Do you know someone or someplace

where you could go right now to

buy heroin or opium, if you wanted

to?" "How far would you have to

go from where you are living right

now?"

less than a mile

(NA)

one mile to less than 10

ten miles to less than 100

100 miles or more

don't know how far

"If someone wanted to buy heroin there,

would he be likely to get good stuff,

without too much danger of being

picked up by the police or being

beaten up?" "What about codeine or

codeine cough syrups--do you know

where you could buy that without

a prescription?"

Wolfson,

et al.,

1972

"If you have ever used marijuana Introductory source of drugs:

or other drugs, was the person high school girlfriend

who first introduced them to you...?" high school boyfriend 10.C. SALE OF DRUGS TO OTHERS

sibling

other

10.B. USE IN GENERAL

Blum,

1969

(NA) difficulty in getting drug

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

"How easy is it to get the following (NA)

drugs (marijuana, hashish, ups or

downs, heroin) around here?"

very easy,

fairly easy,

not easy at all

Goldstein

and Oetting

1975

"If you wanted to get some

(selected drugs), how easy would

it be to get some?"

impossible

difficult

fairly easy

very easy

(NA)

Gosset

et al.,

1971

"Where do you usually obtain your

supply of (selected drugs)?"

Sources of most-used drugs:

home

grocery

drug store

hardware or hobby shop

liquor store or tavern

peer ("from someone near

my own age")

adult pusher

grow or make my own

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

"Have you ever sold (selected

drugs)?" "Do you turn on other

people?"

"Among the people you've turned

on, were they generally previous

users or not?"

"number of respondents reporting

having sold, or not sold

selected drugs" "number of respondents reporting turning

others on to selected drugs"

"status of people turned on by

respondent"

Johnson, B.,

1973

(NA) Illicit marketing:

none

buy cannabis

sell cannabis

sell 1-2 hard drugs

sell 3 or more hard drugs

sellers - respondents who had

ever sold cannabis, regardless

of whether they had ever bought

i t

buyers - respondents who have

bought but not sold marijuana

none - respondents who had

never bought or sold marijuana

Nurco,

1973

"Were you involved in the distribution of drugs during this

time, either through dealing

or delivering?"

(NA)

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"Have you ever sold any drugs

illegally - even as a favor or

just to pay for your own supply?"

"Which drugs?"

(NA)
Groves, Where have you primarily obtained

1973 (selected drugs)?"

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

CLASSIFICATION: 11. INTEREST IN TRYING, MAINTAINING, CHANGING USE OF DRUGS

"How much do you usually spend on

grass per month?"

Drug source:

primary source - doctors

non-medical sorces

over-the-counter

friend or acquaintance

"amounts usually spent per

month for marijuana as reported by various study groups"

(NA)

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971 Belsasso

and

Rosenkranz,

1971

(NA) Use of intention to use:

have used

have not used and don't

intend to

have not used and intend to

have not used and perhaps

could have used them

Jessor,

Jessor and

Finney,

1973

"Do you or someone very close to you

usually keep a supply of marijuana

so that it's available when you want

to use it?"

"Has anyone ever offered to give

(or sell) (selected drugs) to you?"

or "Has anyone, except a doctor,

ever offered to give (or sell)

(selected drugs) to you?"

"How difficult do you think it

would be for you to get each of

the following types of (selected)

drugs, if you wanted some?"

probably impossible

very difficult

fairly difficult

fairly easy

very easy

Johnston (NA)

and

Bachman,

1975

Blum, (NA)

1969

Future intentions:

intend to start

do not intend to use again

intend to continue

Respondents' self-rating of

willingness to take drugs

under 2 conditions:

(1) medical-research

experiment

(2) social situation where

drug is free

definitely unwilling, neutral,

definitely willing

constructed social willingness

scale based on previous experience, also had scores for

experimental willingness followup of very small sample; compared prediction table (using

variables of willingness, experience, drug sources, friends'

and leaders' actual use, and

friends' and leaders' willingness and future plans) with respondents' drug-taking behavior

during follow-up period

Mellinger

et al.,

1971

(NA) Drug source:

medical (prescription drugs)

non-medical (prescription

drugs)

any (over-the-counter drugs)

more than one source (for

prescription drugs, or for

prescription and over-thecounter drugs)

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"Suppose you had the money and

wanted to get each of these drugs

now. How hard do you think it

would be for you to get some

within a day?"

easy, difficult but possible,

almost impossible

(NA) (NA) Cisin,

Parry and

Abelson,

1975

"How likely are you to use

(selected drugs) (for nonmedical reasons) again? Would

you say..."

definitely will do it again

might do it again under certain circumstances

definitely will not do it

again

no opinion, not sure

"Regardless of what you are doing

now, please read over the list and

tell me which of the following you

"How did you usually get (selected

drugs)?

free, as gift

bought from friend or dealer

own prescription

forged prescription

stole

grew or made own supply

other (specify)

would use if they were legal and

available."

Plans for future use of

selected drugs:

plan to use more than once

or twice

will use, but not more than

once or twice

might use, but not sure

no plans to use, but might

do so

sure will not use

Eells,

1968

"My plans for the possible use of

the drug in the next year may be

described as..."

Parry,

1968

(NA) Sources of the psychotropic

drugs:

medical

quasi-medical

extra-medical
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

INTEREST IN TRYING, MAINTAINING, CHANGING USE OF DRUGS (continued)

Eells,

1968 (contd)

"If I am currently using this drug:"

I would like to stop using it,

but have not been able to do so

I would like to cut down on my

use of it without completely

eliminating it, but have not

been able to do so

I am in the process of eliminating

or reducing my use of it and

think will be successful in

doing so

I have no particular desire to

cut down on my use of it

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

Goldstein,

Gleason and

Korn,

1974

"The you ever tried, or would you

like to try (selected drugs)?"

I HAVE tried them

I have NOT tried them, but

would like to

I have NOT tried them and

would NOT like to

"If marijuana were legal, I would

probably..."

try it,

use it more often than I do now

use it less often than I do now

use it about as often as I do now

not use it even if it were legal

(NA)

Grupp, "In the next year do you expect to

1971 use marijuana:"

definitely more than once or twice

definitely once or twice but

probably not more than that

perhaps once or twice, not sure

not at all now, but might change

your mind

definitely not at all

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

"Are there any drugs that you have

used that you would not use again?"

"Which ones?" (open-ended)

"Do you intend to use any drugs you

have not already tried?"

"Which one drug other than marijuana

do you like most?"

Plans for cutting down on

drug usage

(NA)

Probability of future use of

substance, asuming availability:

no response

definitely of probably would

(proregressing toward usage,

if total use never or once)

don't know

definitely or probably would

not (regressing from usage,

if total use 2 or more times

and not within previous 6

months)

definitely expect to use drug in

next 12 months

might smoke once or twice in

next 12 months

do not expect to smoke, but

might change mind

"frequency with which respondents

report that they would not

again use specific drugs"

"reported intentions to use

'new drugs'"

"responses to questions asking

subjects which drug other than

marijuana they like the most"

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

INTEREST IN TRYING, MAINTAINING, CHANGING USE OF DRUGS (continued)

Mizner,

1970

National

Commission,

1973

Nurco,

1973

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

Peled,

1972

"My plans for possible use of the

drug in the next year may be described as:

I definitely expect to use it

more than once (1)

I definitely expect to use it

once or twice, but probably

will not continue using it

beyond that (2)

I might use it once or twice,

but I'm not very sure (3)

I have no present plans for

using it, but I might change

my mind

I am quite sure that I will

(4)

not use it" (5)

"Would you like to try heroin once

to see what it is like?"

"Would you like to try sniffing

glue to see what it is like?"

"Of all the drugs you have used,

which (is/was) your drug of choice?"

"Why (do/did) you prefer it?"

"What would you say the chances are

that you will be using each drug,

even occasionally, three years from

now?"

no chance, slight chance, good

chance, very good dance

"Do you feel you have quit using

(selected drugs) or have you just

not used any lately?"

(NA)

Peled and

Schimmerling,

1971

(NA)

plan to use - (1) & (2) from

questionnaire

may use - (3) & (4) from

questionnaire

will not use - (5) from

questionnaire

desire to try heroin, glue

(NA)

(NA)

Intensity of motives for use

of hashish and inclination

toward use:

very much

somewhat

slightly

not at all

Relationship between 11 motives

in 5 groups and inclination

toward use:

self-enrichment (raising

intellectual ability,

sociability)

escape (freedom/release of

inhibitions, escape from

reality, escape from lonliness, escape from selfcontrol)

social relations (peer groug

affiliation, rebellion

against parents)

hedonism (fun/pleasure)

self-extension (new experience,

curiosity)

Would you like to try a drug:

from very much to not at all

Relationship between 23 other

questions and inclination toward drugs
Johnston

and

Bachman,

1975

"Do you think you will be using

(selected drugs) (without a doctor's

orders) five years from now?"

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

(NA) Intention regarding future

marijuana use:

will use

will not use

don't know

"Do you think you will smoke

marijuana in the future?"

Roffman and

Sapol,

1970

"Which of the following (NA)

describes you best?"

(answers for non-users)

I never tried marijuana but

would like to try very much

wanted to try but never got

around to it

Tec,

1971 "If marijuana were legal to use

and legally available, which of

the following would you be most

likely to do?"

not use it, even if it were

legal and available

try it

use it about as often as I

do now

use it more often that I do now

use it less than I do now

don't know

never tried and never wanted

to try

(NA) non-users divided into two

categories:

never tried and never want to try

never tried, but would like to

Tec,

1972

Josephson,

1973

non-users of selected drugs

divided into two categorres:

non-users who said they

would like to try it

non-users who said they

would not like to try it

"Have you ever tried, or would you

like to try (selected drugs)?"

have tried

have not tried, but would like to

have not tried, and would not like

to

Wolfson,

et al.,

1972

"If you are still using any of the users:

following substances, do you plan

to stop or to continue to use them?"

plan to continue

undecided

I have never used or am no definitely plan to dislonger using continue

I plan to stop soon non-users:

I plan to continue likely to use

I don't know might possibly use

"If you have not used any of the undecided

following substances, do you think

that you might use them in the future?"

I have used it

I think so

I think not

I don't know

"If marijuana were legal, I would

probably. . .

try

use more often than now

use about as often as now

not use even if it were legal"

reported intentions of using

marijuana if legal

King,

1969

"How probable is it that you will

use marijuana/LSD in the future?"

inconceivable

unlikely

50-50 chance

very probable

undoubtedly will

self-estimates of future use

"If marijuana is found to be

not totally harmless with longterm effects identical with

those of cigarette smoking,

would you expect your use of

marijuana to change? How?"

Lipp

et al.,

1971

"Assuming the legal status of

marijuana remains unchanged and

marijuana is found to be as good

a euphoriant as alcohol, (with

long-term effects identical to

those of cigarette smoking;) with

what frequency (times per month)

could you reasonably expect yourself to use marijuana?"

"Assuming your medical opinion of

marijuana remains unchanged, and

the legal penalty for marijuana use

is reduced to the level of a misdemeanor, with what frequency could

you reasonably expect yourself to

use marijuana?"

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

CLASSIFICATION: 12. REASONS FOR DRUG USE

Blum, (NA)

1969

"Would you expect your use of

marijuana to change? How?"

(frequency = times per

month)

Functions of drugs

Mood change:

to make you feel less afraid

or more courageous

to relieve your boredom

to make you feel less depressed or sad

to relieve tension or

nervousness

to make a good mood last

longer or to make a fine

feeling into an even better

one

to relieve or counteract

anger or irritability

to make you more friendly or

loving toward others

to kill yourself

"Assuming your medical opinion of

marijuana remains unchanged, and

legal sanction against marijuana

are reduced to penalize only illegal

behavior while under the influence

(e.g., similar to laws concerning

alcohol); with what frequency (times

per month) could you reasonably

expect yourself to use marijuana?"

"Would you expect your use of

marijuana to change? How?"
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

REASONS FOR DRUG USE (continued)

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

REASON FOR DURG USE (continued)

Blum,

1969 (contd)

Cisin,

Parry and

Abelson,

1975

"Did you ever take any of these

kinds of (prescription and nonprescription pills and medicines)?"

just to see what it was like

and how it would work?

just to enjoy the feeling

they give you?

for some other non-medical

reason, and not because you

needed it?

ARTICLE

Mind change:

to find out more about yourself

to have a religious experience

or to come closer to God

to keep your self from going

into a panic or perhaps to

keep you from going crazy

to make you smarter or improve your ability to learn

or to remember things

to shut things out, to help

your mind or keep something

from intruding

Physical change:

to satisfy a stong craving

or a cmpulsion

to change your appetite for

food, either to increase

it or decrease it

to make you feel stronger

or healthier

to make you feel less dull

or sluggish

to improve your sexual

appetite, sensitivity or

sexual capacities

to reduce sexual desires or

sexual sensitivities

to improve your performance

in something physical

(athletics or work)

to get you ready or put "up"

for some stress (exam,

meting)

Principles and reasons for use

Mood change:

curiosity

Mind Change:

desire for self-exploration

compatibility with own

philosophy

Social pressure, influence:

recommendation by authority

figures

please a friend, be in the

spirit of a party, respond

to recommendation of friends

as to beneficial effects,

facilitate moods

(NA)

Johnson, B.,

1973

"Regardless of your use or non-use

of pot, what are (or might be) the

most important reasons for using pot

(or beginning marijuana use):

general curiosity

feel good, get high

relieve tension, sadness, or

depression

aid in socialization or communication with others

pot has no bad after effects like

alcohol, no hangover, not

addicting, etc.

the "in thing" to do

improve my creativity or performance, to better understand

people or my inner self

my friends offer or urge me

to try it

to have a new and different

experience

Johnston

and

Bachman,

1975

"What have been the most important

reasons for your using (selected

drugs) (without doctors' orders)?"

(asked of all drugs:)

to experiment - to see what

it's like

to relax or relieve tension

to feelgoodor get high

to seek deeper insights and

understanding

to have a good time with my

to fit in with a group I like

friends

to get away from my problems or

troubles

because of boredom, nothing

else to do

because of anger or frustration

because some people don't want

to get through the day

me to

to increase the effects of some

other drug(s)

to decrease (offset) the effects

of some other dRug(s)

(asked of specific drugs:)

to get sleep

to stay awake

to get more energy

to help me lose weight

because I am "hooked"- I feel I

have to have them

Mellinger

et al.,

1971

(NA)

Mood change

euphoria - feeling good, get

high

benefits - aid in socialization

or communication with others,

improve creativity or performance

Social pressure, influence

peer group cannabis use

exposure - intimates, friends,

none

(NA)

Mood change:

tension

Physical change:

sleep

stimulation ("stay awake,"

"keep from feeling tired")

Medial:

weight

somatic
Mizner,

1970

"The first time I used the drug,

I did so for the following

primary reason"

Reason for first time use

Mood change:

to help with personal

problems

for kicks

because was curious

Mind change:

thought would be worthwhile

for its own sake

to help study or get through

exams

Eells,

1968

"If I have used this drug, it has

been primarily for the following

reasons:"

Reasons for using marijuana

and LSD

Mood change:

interesting and worthwhile

experience for own sake

curiosity - to find out

what it is like

"kicks" - increased excitement and interest

escape from problems

help with personal problems

boredom - nothing else to do

social pressure, influence:

social pressure - others were

"The primary reason I am still

using th drug after the first

time is..."

Social pressure, influence:

to defy people who said I

should not

to please my friends or not

to be thought afraid

Reasons for continuing

Mood change:

is pleasureable (fun)

Mind change:

gives me greater insight

into myself

helps me to study

makes me more creative

Physical change:

pep me up

Social pressure, influence:

helps me to understand others

brings me closer to people

using it

Elinson,

Josephson

"What is your MAIN reason for

using (selected drugs)?"

curiosity,

friends use them,

to be relaxed in social

situations,

to forget my problems for

awhile,

to understand myself better,

to help me study,

to be independent,

to rebel,

to enjoy myself

(NA)

and Zanes,

1973

Goldstein

Myers and

Dates,

1973

(NA)

"Why do you or might you use drugs?"

to go along with friends

make my problems go away

it's part of being at a party

just to see what it is like

I like the feeling I get

makes me feel better

nothing else to do around here

helps me get along with others

it's part of being an adult

because I don't care what happens

to me

just for fun

other (specify)

"Have any of your friends encouraged

you to try drugs?"

never

once or twice

several times

often

(NA)

and Oetting,

1975

Mood change:

hope to solve personal

pleasant feelings while

problems

under influence of drugs

because was curious

Social pressure, influence:

considered thing to do

fashionable among peers

National

Commission,

1973

"Have you ever taken any of these Mood change:

kinds of pills: to help you get along

with your family or other people, to

enjoy feeling

Mind change:

help you get ready for some big event, accomplish something, see

or to help you accomplish something, how they work

just to see what it was like and how Social pressure, influence:

it would work, before going out so help get along with people

that you could enjoy yourself more enjoy people

withotherpeople, just to enjoy the

feeling they give you?"

Heminki,

Rissanan and

Mattila,

1973

(NA) O'Donnell,

1974

et al.,

Mood change "At any time have the following (NA)

curiosity

personal problems

Social pressure, influence

unemployment

society

parents

group conformity

been fairly important reasons for

your using (selected drugs)?"

to sleep or relax, to forget

worries, because it was expected, to stay awake, to get

high, force of habit, heighten

senses, boredom, help get

through work day

Nurco,

1973

"Have you ever used any other (NA)

drugs that I have not mentioned

or already asked you about for

non-medical reasons, in other

words, to get high?"
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

REASONS FOR NON-USE, DISCONTINUING USE OF DRUGS (continued)

ARTICLE

REASONS FOR DRUG USE (continued)

"Have any of the following kept (NA)

you from using marijuana, or from

using it as often as you'd like?"

it was hard to get

I was afraid of getting arrested

my parents disapproved

I was afraid I might get addicted

it's against my beliefs

I was afraid If'd lose my energy

or ambition

it might make me sick

I might lose control of myself

I know of someone who had a bad

experience

some other reason

"I've used marijuana as often as

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

Rouse and

Ewing,

1972

(NA) Reasons far use first time

Mood change:

wanted feelings

curiosity

Social pressure, influence:

at urging of friends

people said marijuana

produced good feelings

Reasons for continuing

Mood change:

because of pleasurable

feelings achieved

Scherer and (NA) Reasons for initial use

Mood change:

just or fun

curios ity

Social pressure, influence:

friends were taking it

other

Nukherjee, I've liked

1971

"If you are a non-user of marijuana,

why don't you use?" (open-ended)

"If you have stopped using marijuana, why have you stopped?"

(open-ended)

Mind change:

no desire to try it

Garfield

and

Garfield,

1973

fear of harmful effect

Social pressure, influence:

illegality

Suchman, social pressure for use

1968

"How much pressure do you feel

to engage in any of the following:

smoke marijuana, take LSD, drink

alcoholic beverages?"

a great deal

some, but not much

very little

Tec, (NA)

1971

Grupp,

1971

(NA) Reasons for stopping

Mood change:

dislike for the experience

Social pressure, influence:

risk because of illegality

Availability:

lack of access

Reasons for marijuana use expense

Mind change:

lack of interest

affraid of becoming addicted

Physical change:

Medical:

afraid of health

Hemminki,

Rissanan and

Mattila,

1973

(NA)

Mood change:

makes you feel good and

does no harm

makes you feel good

Social pressure, influence:

helps you get along with

people

friends take and it makes you

feel like one of them

all these reasons Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

"If you have used one of the drugs

listed, but have stopped, please

list which reason(s) best explain

why?"

Reasons for termination of

selected drugs

Mood change:

lost interest

Physical change:

bad trip

fear of dependence

fear of physical damage

fear of genetic damage

Mood change:

to feel free

to feel happy

to kill boredom

to forget difficulty

Social pressure, influence:

to be in fashion

to be a sport

Tec,

1972

(NA)

Social pressure, influence:

influence of parents

influence of friends

fear of legal action

Availability:

no access to supply

"Have any of the following kept

you from using marijuana or from

using it as often as you'd like?"

Josephson,

1973

Reasons for not using or

limiting use of marijuana

"I might lose control of

Mood change:

myself"

Physical change:

"I was afraid I might get

addicted"

"I know of someone who had

a bad experience"
Wolfson,

et al.,

1972

"What are the major reasons that

you think teen-agers are using

selected drugs:"

it's pleasureable

it's the thing to do (others

are doing it)

for "kick" or to get "high"

to solve personal problems

because of curiosity

because of boredom

to be more creative and to

understand things more clearly

to understand others and relate

better to them

to ease depression or to relieve

tension

for the experience of it

"If you have ever used any of the

following substances listed below

what was the primary reason for

your tryig each one?"

to stay awake, lose weight,

or to pep yourself up

Major reasons cited for the

illicit use of drugs by users

and non-users

Mood change:

pleasure

kicks

"to get high"

curiosity

to ease depression and

boredom

to solve problems

Mind change:

experience

to be more creative

Social pressure, influence:

thing to do

to relate better

STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE

CLASSIFICATION: 13. REASONS FOR NON-USE, DISCONTINUING USE OF DRUGS

Blum,

1969

(NA) Mind change:

risk or undesirable changes

in self

sheer disinterest in taking

drugs

incompatibility with respondent's morality

Physical chnage;

danger of physical harm

Social pressure, influence:

inappronriateness in terms of

respondent's view of himself

and his position or responsibility

disapproval of others

risk of changes in social relations (loss of friends, or

becoming a member of a

"druggie" group)

Availability:

lack of opportunity to take

drugs

Eells,

1968

"If I have decided not to use Mind change:

this drug, or if I have used in

the past but have decided to disjust not particularly interested

continue using, my decision has

been primarily for the following

Social pressure, influence:

avoiding risk of legal or

reason:" security - clearance problems

avoiding doing what is illegal,

as matter of principle

Medical:

afraid of medical or health

dangers

Availability:

have not known how to get

Social pressure, influence:

"it's against my beliefs"

"my parents disapproved"

"I was afraid I might get

arrested"

Medical:

"It might make me sick"

Availability:

"It was hard to get

Mizner,

1970

"I have discontinued use of this

drug because (check only the most

applicable response for each

drug)."

Reason discontinued

Mood change:

felt guilty about using it

Mind change:

have had a bad trip (emotionally bad experience)

became convinced it might be

psychologically harmful to me

getting too dependent upon it

Physical change:

had to be hospitalized as a

result of its use

became convinced that it

might be physically or

genetically harmful to me

Social pressure, influence:

afraid of possible legal

consequences

Availability:

no access to the drug

Myers and

Bates,

1973

(NA)

Nurco,

1973

Reasons for non-use (1)/motives

for terminating drug use (2)

Mood change:

generally harmful to mental

function (1)

loss of desire (2)

no longer experiencing need(2)

Physical change:

generally harmful to physical

function(1)

unpleasant reactions (2)

afraid of liking it (1)

afraid of becoming addicted (1)

Social pressure, influence:

religious and family influence (1)

fear of how others might

react (1)

respect for law, fear of law

(1) (2)

enrollment in Job Corp (2)

Availability:

excessive expense (2)

difficulty in obtaining (2)

"What was the reason you stopped

that time?"

jailed, military, hospitalized,

treatment, illness, switched,

voluntary abstinence, other.

(NA)
STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE ARTICLE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

REASONS FOR NON-USE, DISCONTINUING USE OF DRUGS (continued)

O'Donnell,

et al.,

1974

"Why did you never use these drugs,

or use them less than 10 times?

Was that at least in part:

family or friends' disapproval;

fear of dependency; cost; health

risk; fear of trouble with

police; religious and moral reasons;

loss of self control; dislike it

or its effects or thought they

would.

"Why did you decide to quit?" using

(selected drugs)

(open-ended)

Rouse and

Ewing,

1972

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"Why do you think you (cut down/

stopped) your marijuana smoking

then (at end of period of heavier

use)?" (open-ended)

Scherer and

Nukherjee,

1971

Wolfson

et al.,

1972

(NA)

(NA) Reasons for stopping drug use

"If you have never used marijuana

or any other drugs (except on

medical advice), what major reasons

do you have for abstaining?"

(NA)

(NA)

Reason for non-use (1)/reason

for discontinued use (2)

Mood change:

low level of gratification

from use(2)

Mind change:

fear of psychological

effects (1)

no desire or interest in

drug (1)

Physical change:

fear of physical change (1)

Social pressure, influence:

legal prohibitions, consequences (1) (2)

Availability

unavailability of drug (1) (2)

Mood change:

Physical change:

no longer interested

harmful or addictive

Social pressure, influence:

friends want me to stop

Major reasons cited for

abstaining from illicit drug use

Mind change:

not curious or interested

Physical change

risk of physical or gentic

damage

risk of dependence

Social pressure, influence:

risk of 'being caught'

parents' influence

friends' influence

Availability:

no access

EFFECTS OF DRUG USE (continued)

Elinson,

Josephson

and Zanes,

1973

"Have any of the following happened

to you as a result of using drugs,

including marijuana?"

(never used drugs)

enjoyed myself

got sick

got arrested

felt closer to people

got into fights

trouble at home

trouble in school

felt depressed

other

none of these things happened

"About how often have you:

. . . felt really high on drugs

(including marijuana)

. . . had a bad trip or experience

on drugs"

(NA)

never used drugs or never had

this experience

once or twice

three or more times

"There are a lot of different views

on drugs. Do you agree or disagree

with the following statemts?"

11-item list including questions

on non prescription use of sleeping

pills; effects of marijuana use;

possible physical or psychological

impairment resulting from drug use;

personal control over drug usage;

dependency

Goldstein

and Oetting,

1975

"How often have you had a bad trip or (NA)

experience on drugs?"

I have never used any kind of drugs

I have used drugs but never had a

bad trip

happened once or twice

happened three or more times

"Has drug use ever. . .

caused you problems with the principal

or other school officials?

kept you from doing something you

wanted to do?

(gotten you) in trouble with the law?

never

once or twice

several times

often

"Do you feel that using drugs would

harm you?

yes, a great deal

somewhat

not too much

not at all

ARTICLE
STUDY

Blum,

1969

Cisin,

Parry and

Abelson,

1975

Eells,

1968

QUESTIONNAIRE

CLASSIFICATION: 14. EFFECTS OF DRUG USE

(NA)

". . . tell me which (selected drugs)

you think are addictive. That is,

anybody who uses it regularly becomes physically and pychologically

dependent on it and can't get along

without it."

"My own personal experience with

this drug has been:"

ARTICLE

Mental:

worry about own over use

trouble in thinking

study problems

worry about loss of control

psychosis

Emotional:

emotional upset

loss of self-control

bad dreams

Physical:

headache

nausea

other physical distress

appetite problems

unconsciousness

physical injury

automobile accidents/arrests

sexual difficulties, unfortunate sexual incidents

insonia

hallucinations

slurred speech

Social

criticism by friends and

relatives

troubles with friends

discipline by school authorities

criminal offenses

Life functioning:

jail

(NA)

Personal experience with

selected drugs

Physical:

very beneficial, no serious

harm

helpful and beneficial, but

harmful also

no particular effect, either

beneficial or harmful

mostly harmful or unpleasant,

but not seriously so

very disturbing, upsetting

or harmful

Goode,

1972

Hindmarch,

1972

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971

(NA)

(NA)

"Which of the following categories characterize your first

drug experience?"

Effects (of marijuana)

Mental:

senses in general are more

sensitive, perceptive

time seems slowed down.

stretched out, think more

time has passed

mind wanders, free-associates,

stream of consciousness

think deeper, have more profound thoughts

Emotional:

more relaxed, peaceful, calmer;

marijuana acts as a tranquilizer

laugh much more; everything

seems funny

exaggeration of mood; greater

subjective impact, emtional

significance

become more withdrawn. introverted, privatistic

generally, feels nice, pleasant,

en joyable, fun, good, groovy

Physical:

feel dizzy, giddy, lightheaded

become tired, lazy, lethargic,

don't want to move

(50 additional effects by from

5% - 18% of respondents)

Mental:

seriously endangers mental

health

is a slight risk

is a negligible risk

may benefit

Physical:

seriously endangers physical

health

is a slight risk

is a negligible risk

may benefit

Reactions to first drug exMental:

perience

enhanced sense perceptions

self-exploration

creative

philosophical insight

experience of insanity

Emotianal:

enjoyment , pleasure

threatening, frightening

ego-death, death - rebirth

Physical:

unusual body sensations

erotic, sensual

physically sick

Social:

interaction with other

religious or mystical
STUDY STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

EFFECTS OF DRUG USE (continued)

Holmes and

Holmes,

1971 (contd)

"various reasons have been offered

for the use of the substances noted

below. For each substance, in regard to its use, what reasons do

you consider most relevant?"

"Of the drugs you have taken, which

one(s) have given you bad trips?"

Jessor,

Jessor and

Finney,

1973

Johnston

and

Bachman,

1975

(NA)

"When you use (selected drugs) how

high do you usually get?"

not at all high, a little high,

moderately high, very high

"When you use (selected drugs) how

long do you usually stay high?"

one to two hours

three to six hours

seven to 24 hours

more than 24 hours

"Have you ever had a bad trip on (LSD,

psychedelics other than LSD)?"

ARTICLE

Frequency with which subjects

reported each of the specified

properties as being characteristic of selected drugs

Mental:

improve studying

improve thinking

intensify perceptions

satisfy curiosity

deepen self-understanding

increase creativity

Emotional:

relieve tensions, facilitate

relaxation

ease depress ion

get high

for kicks

resolution of personal

problems

intensify feelings

Physical:

heighten sexual experience

stay awake

Social:

sharpen religious insight

challenge values of society

"number and percentage of subjects reporting 'bad trips'

from each of the specified drugs"

Positive, negative functions of

marijuana

(list of 28 items; not at all,

somewhat very important to

me by mental, emotional,

physical, social, and life

functioning effects)

"The next question asks for your opinions

on the effects of using certain drugs

and other substances. First, how much do

you think people risk harming themselves

(physically or in other ways)...harming

others or society in general...if they:"

list of 19 items, with drug use items

indicating varying degrees of frequency/intensity of use

no risk

slight risk

moderate risk

great risk

can't say, drug unfamiliar

(NA)

QUESTIONNIAIRE

EFFECTS OF DRUG USE (continued)

Robins and

Davis,

1974

"Do you think some people can use

heroin on a regular basis and stay

in control of it?" "Is it possible

to use heroin once in a while without getting addicted to it?" "Do

you think someone taking it just

once gets addicted?"

"Have you used marijuana or hash

enough at any time so that you began

to feel you needed it; that is, you

would feel uncomfortable when you

couldn't get it?"

"At any time have you felt you were

using marijuana or hash too much?"

(if yes) "What did it do to you that

made you feel that way?"

"Have you ever been arrested for

possession of marijuana?"

"Have you used (stimulants, sedatives)

mainly to get high, or for some other

reason?"

"...did (use of stimulants) ever make

you hear voices? . . .ever make you

feel, for no good reason, that someone

was out to hurt you?"

asked of users of sedatives (nonmedical usage): "If you didn't take

them, would you get so that you felt

weak or nervous?" . . . did you ever

have a seizure or convulsion when you

stopped using them?"

(NA)

"Did your taking (uppers, downers)

ever lead to your being arrested--

either directly or indirectly?"

"Have you felt strung out or addicted

to narcotics..." "When you were

coming down off narcotics--that is,

not taking any for a day or more--

what's the most trouble you've had...

did you ever really sick, or

were you just uncomfortable, or

didn't it bother you much?"

"Has using (selected drugs) interfered with your life...either by

getting you into trouble, or keeping

you from working, or hurting your

health, or in any other way?" (if

yes:) "How?" (open-ended)

ARTICLE
O'Donnell

et al.,

1974

"Has your use of (1) alcohol, (2) marijuana, or (3) other drugs ever caused any

of the following problems for you?"

14 response categories inquiring about:

behavior; relationships with family,

friends, teachers, employers; involvement with bad influences; school and

work performance; loss of interest in

previously enjoyed activities; lessened

energy; confused thinking; reduced

emotional stability plus other "bad

psychological effects"; poor physical

health; unsafe driving

"Have you ever tried to stop using

(selected drugs) and found that you

couldn't stop?"

(As a result of using specific drugs) (NA)

"Have you ever:"

gotten into a physical fight

stayed up or high for more than

a day at a time

found you couldn't remeber what

had happened to you

been physically or psychologically

dependent on any of the drugs

turned anyone on to any drugs for

their first time

sold any drugs illegally

year of first occurrence

year of last occurrence

"Did your use of any of the drugs

cause you:"

any health problems or injuries

to have problems at work

to have (interpersonal) problems

to have problems with the law

to have any problems besides

those mentioned

year of first occurrence

year of last occurrence

most serious problem of that

type

"Did your use of any of the drugs

...help or benefit you in any way?"

"How would you rate the effects your

use of each drug has had on your life?"

very bad

more bad than good

more good than bad

very good

"...tell me which (selected drug) you

think are addictive. That is, anybody

who uses it regularly becomes physically

and pychologically dependent on it and

can't get along without it."

Rouse and

Ewing,

1972

Tec,

1972

"Would you risk what you think to

be the physical and psychological

hazards associated with (selected

drug) use in order to feel the

following ways?"

"Would you risk what you think

would be the chances of arrest

and penalty associated with (selected drug) use in order to feel any

of the following ways?"

(NA)

Types of experience with

Mental:

marijuana

increased sensory awareness

seeing things wavering

seeing colors or &signs

seeing things distorted

dreamlike state

unusual thoughts

Emotional:

having a good time

sense of happiness

sense of well-being

euphoria

self-insight

fear of police raid

feeling confused

feeling anxious

feeling sad, depressed

convinced of a police raid

feeling puzzled about whereabouts

User's desired effects by risk

willing to take for it - legal,

Mental:

health

sensory awareness

rapid, logical thought

inner awareness

unusual thoughts

hallucination

Emotianal:

freedom from worries

freedom from depression

less concern about future

exhilaration

mystical, religious experience

ability to express anger

less sexual inhibition

Social:

social facility

less self-consciousness

Opinions about effects of

marijuana

Emotional and physical:

harmful and does not make

feel good

not harmful and makes feel

good

harmful and makes feel good

not harmful and does not

make feel good
CLASSIFICATION: 15. GLOSSARY OF DRUGS

1. BRAND AND GENERIC NAMES 2. STREET AND POPULAR NAMES

AMPHETAMINES

1. benzedrine

deanol

desbutal*

desoxyn

dexamyl

dexedrine

dextroamphetamine

do-doz

methamphetamine

methedrine

MDA

no-doz

pentylenetetrazol

preludin

wyamine

2 . bennies

"bombitas"

dex

dexies

diet pills

greenies

pep pills

speed

splash

stimulants

uppers

"ups"

whites

COCAINE:

2 . "coke"

crystals

snow

GLUE, INHALANTS:

1. aerosol sprays

amyl nitrite

ether

freon

gasoline

lighter fluid

liquid metal

BARBITURATES

(sedatives, hypnotics)

1. alurate

amobarbital

amytal

buticaps

butisol

bromisovalum

butabarbital

carbrital

chloral &

derivatives

dalmane

desbutal*

donnotal

doriden

ethchlorvynol

glutethimide

luminal

methaqualone

nembutal

nitrazepan

noctec

noludar

paraldehyde

pentobarbital

phenobarbital

placidyl

plexonal

quaalude

secobarbital

seconal

tuinal

valmid

veronal

2. barbs

blues

cibas

"downers"

downs

goofballs

quads

rainbows

nail polish remover

nitrous oxide

paint thinner

solvents

2. poppers

snappers

red devils

reds

sleeping pills

soapers

sopors

yellow jackets

yellows

*Desbutal combines the appetite-suppressing

action of Desoxyn (methamphetamine hydrochloride) and the sedative effect of Nembutal

Sodium (sodium pentobarbital). Methamphetamine, previously know as d-desoxyephedrine

is a member of the amphetamine group of sympathomimetic amines. Nembutal Sodium is a shortacting barbiturate, chemically designated as

sodium 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl) barbiturate

OTHER CENTRAL

NERVOUS SYSTEM

DEPRESSANTS

1 . asthmador

belladonna

jimson weed

stramonium

LSD AND OTHER

PSYCHEDELICS

1 . DET

DMT

DPT

hallucinogens

MDA

mescaline

PCP

peyote

psilocybin

sernyl

STP (DOM)

THC

2 . acid

angel dust

hog

MAJOR TRANQUILIZERS

1 . butyrophenones

chloropromazine

chloroprothixene

compazine

haloperidol

marplan

mellaril

phenothiazine derivatives

reserpine

serpasil

sparine

stelazine

thioridazine

thorazine

thiothixene

thioxanthene

MINOR TRANQUILIZERS

1. benzodiazepine

buclizine

chlorodiazepoxide

compoz

diazepam

equinal

hydroxyzine

magic mushrooms libritabs

moring glory librim

seeds meprobamate

peace pill miltown

oxazepam

MARIJUANA

1. cannabis

hash oil

hashish

sleep-eze

sominex

substituted diols

tybamate

valium

THC-tetrahydrocannabinol METHADONE

2 . dope

grass

hash

hemp

joints

NARCOTICS

1. codeine

darvon

demerol

dilaudid

dolophine

pot

reefers

empirin compound

heroin

ANTIDEPRESSANTS

.

1 . armtriptylme

elavil

imipramine

isocarboxazid

MAO inhibitors

methylphenidate

phenelzine

ritalin

tofranil

hycodan

laudanum

morphine

opiated hashish

opium

paregoric

percodan

robitussin a/c

syrettas

talwin

terpin hydrate

tricyclics

SALICYLATES

2 . "H" scagg stuff

horse skag

junk smack

92
APPENDIX B

EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRES

We present here excerpts from three examples

of recent questionnaires used for large sample

studies in socio-behavioral research on drug

use. The excerpts consist of drug-related

questions bearing on the issues discussed in

this monograph.* The questionnaires have

been developed by three different groups of

social researchers in three different studies.

They are not presented as model questionnaires--if only for the reason that there is

no such thing as a model questionnaire without

reference to the specific purposes of a given

study.

Of the numerous questionnaires dealing with

the social aspects of drug use that we have

examined, these three were selected to illustrate the degree of comprehensiveness that

can be attained in studies of large general

populations. The Cisin-Parry-Abelson questionnaire was intended for personal interviews with adults (a similar one for youths

was also used in the same study but is not

shown in this Appendix). The JohnstonBachman questionnaire (one of five from a

project called "Monitoring the Future”) was

prepared for self-administration by a national

sample of high school seniors. The RobinsDavis questionnaire was intended for more

restricted populations, i.e., Vietnam veterans.

All three are among the most recent questionnaires developed for large-scale studies funded

by the National Institute on Drug Abuse or by

the Special Action Office on Drug Abuse Prevention. Each in its own way illustrates

adaptations to the type of population studied

and the mode of administration of the questionnaire. While not presented in any sense as

“models,” they are nevertheless instructive as

to the kinds of questionnaires that have been

used to cover many of the subjects dealt with

in this monograph.

* Readers interested in seeing the complete

questionnaires from which these excerpts

were taken should request them directly

from the authors.

93
5

QUESTIONNAIRE 1

Cisin, I., Parry, H.J. Research Project: Public Experience with Psychoactive

Substances: A Nationwide Study among Adults and Youth. Social Research

Group, The George Washington University, Wash., D.C. Sub-contractor:

Response Analysis Corp., Princeton, N.J., Dr. Herbert I. Abelson.

U.S. Public Health Service Grant.

N = 3,071 adults (ages 18 and up).

From study questionnaire , June 1975: pages 5-28 excerpted

LAY OUT SORTING BOARD, SHUFFLE AND HAND RESPONDENT DECK OF CARDS.

24. Please read each of the cards to see what is on it. Then place the card in one

of the boxes on this board to show how much you feel you know about it. If you

never heard of it, put it here. (PAUSE) If you know something about it, put

it here. (PAUSE) Use the in-between box when it fits.

HEARD THE NAME KNOW

NEVER BUT KNOW ALMOST SOMETHING NOT

HEARD OF NOTHING ABOUT IT ABOUT IT SURE

a. Alcohol 1 2 3 4 146

b. Aspirin 1 2 3 4

c. Heroin 1 2 3 4 148

d. LSD 1 2 3 4

e. Barbiturates 1 2 3 4 150

f. Marijuana 1 2 3

g. Methadone 1 2 3 4 152

h. Cocaine 1 2 3 4

i. Amphetamines 1 2 3 4 154

j. Tranquilizers 1

k. Opium 1 2 3 4 156

RECORD EACH PILE ABOVE. AFTER YOU HAVE PICKED UP ALL THE SMALL CARDS, HAND RESPONDENT CARD A.
6

25a. Please look at the names on this card.

About how many of them have you heard

of from experience or advertising or

anything?

TAKE BACK CARD A AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD B.

25b. About how many of these have you heard of

from experience or advertising or anything?

TAKE BACK CARD B AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD C.

25c. About how many of these have you heard of

from experience or advertising or anything?

TAKE BACK CARD C AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD D.

25d. About how many of these have you heard of

from experience or advertising or anything?

TAKE BACK CARD D AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD E.

26. You may think of some of these as drugs and

others as not being drugs. Read over the

list and tell me which ones you think of as

drugs. Just tell me the numbers. (CIRCLE

NUMBERS FOR AS MANY AS APPLY.)

27. Now please use the card again. This time

tell me which things you think are addictive. That is, anybody who uses it

regularly becomes physically and psychologically dependent on it and can't get

along without it. (CIRCLE NUMBERS FOR

AS MANY AS APPLY)

TAKE BACK CARD E.

28. These next questions are about some different pills and drugs that you can buy in

a drugstore without a prescription. In the

past year, did you ever take any aspirin,

or Alka-Seltzer, or other things that people take for headaches or fever or upset

stomach?

ESTIMATED NUMBER 157-58

X NONE

ESTIMATED NUMBER 159-60

X NONE

ESTIMATED NUMBER 161

X NONE

ESTIMATED NUMBER 162-63

X NONE

1 HEROIN

2 ALCOHOL

3 MARIJUANA

4 TOBACCO

5 BARBITURATES

6 AMPHETAMINES

7 COCAINE

8 METHADONE

9 NO OPINION

1 HEROIN

2 ALCOHOL

3 MARIJUANA

4 TOBACCO

5 BARBITURATES

6 AMPHETAMINES

7 COCAINE

8 METHADONE

9 NO OPINION

1 YES

2 NO

3 DON'T REMEMBER

164

165

166
7

HAND RESPONDENT CARD A.

29. Here are some other kinds of pills or drugs that you can get without a prescription. As you can see, they include cough syrups and sleeping pills like

Sleep-eze, and stimulants like No-doz for helping people stay awake. Besides

taking these kinds of pills as medicine , some people also take them for other

reasons.

a. Did you ever take any of these kinds of things YES NO NOT SURE

just to see what it was like and how it would

work? 1 2 3 167

b. Did you ever take any of these kinds of things

just to enjoy the feeling they give you? 1 2 3 168

c. Did you ever take any of these things for some

other non-medical reason, and not because you

needed it? 3 169

INTERVIEWER: IF "NO" ON ALL THREE ABOVE, SKIP TO Q. 41 ON PAGE 9,

IF ANY YESES OR NOT SURES, GO ON TO THE NEXT QUESTION.

30.

31.

About how long ago was the first time you took any of these things for nonmedical reasons?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS AGO

3 SIX MONTHS TO A YEAR AGO 170

4 MORE THAN ONE MONTH AGO, LESS THAN SIX MONTHS AGO

5 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

6 NOT SURE

About how long ago was the most recent time you took any of these for nonmedical reasons?

1 WITHIN THE PAST WEEK

2 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

3 WITHIN THE PAST SIX MONTHS 171

4 MORE THAN SIX MONTHS AGO (Skip to Q. 41 on

5 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO page 9)

6 NOT SURE

32. During the past month, on about how many different

days did you use any of these things for nonmedical reasons? NUMBER OF DAYS 172-73

33. How about the month before that? On about how

many different days did you use any of these

things for non-medical reasons? NUMBER OF DAYS 174-75
8

34. How likely are you to use any of these things again for non-medical reasons?

(READ FIRST THREE CHOICES TO RESPONDENT.)

Would you say you. . . 1 Definitely will do it again

2 Might do it again under certain circumstances

3 Definitely will not do it

again-(Skip to Q. 41)

4 NO OPINION

35. When it comes to using these things for non-medical reasons, do you think of

yourself as a regular user or only an occasional user?

1 REGULAR USER

2 REGULAR USER ("BUT CAN'T ALWAYS GET IT" VOLUNTEERED)

3 OCCASIONAL USER

4 NON-USER (VOLUNTEERED) - (Skip to Q. 41 on page 9)

5 NOT SURE

36. When you take these things, are you 1 ALONE

usually alone or with one or more 2 WITH OTHERS

other people? 3 SOMETIMES ALONE, SOMETIMES

WITH OTHERS

4 NO ANSWER

(IF "WITH OTHERS" OR "SOMETIMES

WITH OTHERS" ON Q. 36, ASK):

37. Are you usually at a party 1 AT A PARTY

or not at a party? 2 NOT AT A PARTY

3 SOMETIMES AT A PARTY, SOMETIMES NOT

4 NO ANSWER

38. When you use these things, do you some- 1 YES

times take some other kind of pill, or 2 NO — (Skip to Q. 41, page 9)

alcohol, or marijuana at about the 3 NOT SURE

same time?

(IF "YES" OR "NOT SURE" ON Q.38

ASK):

39. What do you use with it most 1 ANOTHER KIND OF PILL

often -- another kind of pill, 2 ALCOHOL

or alcohol, or marijuana? 3 MARIJUANA

4 SOMETHING ELSE

(What?)

40. How often do you use these 1 Nearly every time

together? (READ FIRST THREE 2 About half the time

CHOICES.) 3 Less than half the time

4 NOT SURE

205

206

207

208

209

210

211
9

TAKE BACK CARD A AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD B.

Please look at the pills and read what it says at the top of the card. (PAUSE)

Now please look at Group One. These are barbiturates that doctors prescribe to

calm people down during the day, or for high blood pressure and other things.

41. About how long ago was the first time you had any of these pills or other

pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS AGO

3 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

4 NEVER — (Skip to Q. 46 on the next page)

42. About how long ago was the most recent time you took any of these pills or

other pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

2 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

3 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO

4 DON'T REMEMBER (Skip to Q. 46 on the

next page)

43. Still looking at Group One, what are the names of the ills you took that

were prescribed by a doctor? Just give me the number from the card. Or,

if it's not on the card, do you know its name?

1 BUTISOL, BUTICAPS 6 PHENOBARBITAL

2 CARBRITAL 7 AMOBARBITAL

3 AMYTAL 8 NOT SURE

4 ALURATE 9 OTHER:

5 PLEXONAL (Specify)

44. While you were taking these pills that the doctor prescribed, was there any

period during the last twelve months when you took them every day?

1 YES

2 NO

3 NOT SURE

IF "YES" ON Q . 44, ASK):

45. What was the longest period of time during the last

twelve months that you took them every day?

1 SIX MONTHS OR MORE

2 TWO MONTHS, BUT LESS THAN SIX MONTHS

3 ONE MONTH, BUT LESS THAN TWO MONTHS

4 LESS THAN ONE MONTH

5 DON'T REMEMBER, NOT SURE

212

213

214

215

216
10

46. Now look at Group Two. These are barbiturate sleeping pills that doctors

prescribe to help people fall asleep at night.

About how long ago was the first time you had any of these pills or other

pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS AGO

3 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

4 NEVER (Skip to Q. 51 on next page)

217

47. About how long ago was the most recent time you took any of these pills or

other pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

2 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

218

3 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO

4 DON'T REMEMBER (Skip to Q. 51 on next page)

48. What are the names of the pills you took that were prescribed by a doctor?

Just tell me their numbers from the card.

8 SECONAL

9 NEMBUTAL

10 TUINAL

11 PENTOBARBITAL 219

12 SECOBARBITAL

13 NOT SURE

14 OTHER:

(Specify)

49. While you were taking these pills that the doctor prescribed, was there any

period during the last twelve months when you took them every day?

1 YES

2 NO

3 NOT SURE

220

(IF "YES" ON Q. 49, ASK):

50. What was the longest period of time during the last twelve

months that you took them every day?

1 SIX MONTHS OR MORE

2 TWO MONTHS, BUT LESS THAN SIX MONTHS

3 ONE MONTH, BUT LESS THAN TWO MONTHS 221

4 LESS THAN ONE MONTH

5 DON'T REMEMBER, NOT SURE
11

51. Now look at Group Three These are also common sleeping pills, but they

are not barbiturates. They are also prescribed by doctors to help people

fall asleep at night.

About how long ago was the first time you had any of these pills or other

pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS AGO

3 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

4 NEVER -(Skip to Q. 56 on next page)

222

52. About how long ago was the most recent time you took any of these pills or

other pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

2 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

223

3 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO

4 DON'T REMEMBER (Skip to Q. 56 on next page)

53. What are the names of the pills you took that were prescribed by a doctor?

Just tell me their numbers from the card.

13 DORIDEN

14 NOLUDAR

15 QUAALUDE

16 SOPOR

17 PLACIDYL

18 DALMANE

19 METHAQUALONE

20 NOT SURE

21 OTHER:

(Specify)

54. While you were taking these pills that the doctor prescribed, was there any

period during the last twelve months when you took them every day?

224

1 YES

2 NO 225

3 NOT SURE

(IF "YES" ON Q. 54 ASK):

55. What was the longest period of time during the last twelve

months that you took them every day?

1 SIX MONTHS OR MORE

2 TWO MONTHS, BUT LESS THAN SIX MONTHS

3 ONE MONTH, BUT LESS THAN TWO MONTHS

4 LESS THAN ONE MONTH

5 NOT SURE, DON'T REMEMBER

226
12

56. Now please look at all the pills on the whole card, all three groups.

People sometimes use there on their own, to help relax or just to feel

good. These pills are sometimes called "downs" or "downers."

a. Did you ever take any of these kinds of YES NO NOT SURE

pills just to see what it was like and

how it would work? 1 2 3

b. Did you ever take any of these kinds of

pills just to enjoy the feeling they

give you? 1 2 3

c. Did you ever take any of these pills for

some other non-medical reason, and not

because you needed it? 3

INTERVIEWER: IF “NO” ON ALL THREE ABOVE, SKIP TO Q. 69 ON PAGE 14.

IF ANY YESES OR NOT SURES, GO ON TO THE NEXT QUESTION.

227

228

229

57. About how long ago was the first time you took any of these pills (or other

pills like them) for any of the reasons just mentioned?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS AGO

3 SIX MONTHS TO A YEAR AGO

4 MORE THAN ONE MONTH AGO, LESS THAN SIX MONTHS AGO

230

5 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

6 NOT SURE

58. When was the most recent time you took any of these for non-medical reasons?

1 WITHIN THE PAST WEEK

2 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

3 WITHIN THE PAST SIX MONTHS

4 MORE THAN SIX MONTHS AGO

5 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO

6 NOT SURE

231

(Skip to Q. 69 on page 14)

59. Which of the pills on the whole card did you take for non-medical reasons

during the past month? Just tell me their numbers.

1 BUTISOL, BUTICAPS 8 SECONAL

2 CARBRITAL

15 QUAALUOE

9 NEMBUTAL 16 SOPORS

3 AMYTAL 10 TUINAL 17 PLACIDYL

4 ALURATE 11 PENTOBARBITAL 18 DALMANE 232-34

5 PLEXONAL 12 SECOBARBITAL

6 PHENOBARBITAL

19 METHAQUALONE

13 DORIDEN 20 NOT SURE

7 AMOBARBITAL 14 NOLUDAR 21 OTHER

(Specify)

60. During the past month, on about how many

different days did you use any of these

things for non-medical reasons? NUMBER OF DAYS 235-36
61

62

13

How about the month before that? On about

how many different days did you use any of

these things for non-medical reasons? NUMBER OF DAYS 237-38

How likely are you to use them for non-medical reasons again? (READ FIRST

THREE CHOICES TO RESPONDENT.)

Would you say you. . .

1 Definitely will do it again

2 Might do it again under certain circumstances 239

3 Definitely will not do it again

4 NO OPINION

63. When it comes to using these pills for non-medical reasons, do you think of

yourself as a regular user or only an occasional user?

1 REGULAR USER

2 REGULAR USER ("BUT CAN'T ALWAYS GET IT” VOLUNTEERED)

3 OCCASIONAL USER 240

4 NON-USER (VOLUNTEERED) -(Skip to Q. 69 on the next page)

5 NOT SURE

64. When you take these pills, are you 1 ALONE

usually alone or with one or more 2 WITH OTHERS

other people? 3 SOMETIMES ALONE, SOMETIMES 241

WITH OTHERS

4 NO ANSWER

(IF "WITH OTHERS" OR "SOMETIMES

WITH OTHERS" ON Q. 64 ASK):

65. Are you usually at a

party or not at a party?

66. When you use these pills, do you some- 1 YES

times take some other kind of pill, or 2 NO-(Skip to Q. 69, on

alcohol, or marijuana at about the next page) 243

same time? 3 NOT SURE

(IF "YES" OR "NOT SURE" ON Q. 66,

ASK):

67. What do you use with it most

often -- another kind of

pill, or alcohol, or marijuana?

1 ANOTHER KIND OF PILL

2 ALCOHOL

3 MARIJUANA

4 SOMETHING ELSE

(What?)

244

68. How often do you use these

together? (READ FIRST THREE

CHOICES.)

1 Nearly every time

2 About half the time

3 Less than half the time 245

4 NOT SURE

1 AT A PARTY

2 NOT AT A PARTY

3 SOMETIMES AT A PARTY, SOME- 242

TIMES NOT

4 NO ANSWER
14

TAKE BACK CARD B AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD C.

These are tranquilizers, and doctors sometimes prescribe them to calm people down,

quiet their nerves, or relax their muscles.

69. About how long ago was the first time you had any of these pills or other

pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS AGO

3 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

4 NEVER-(Skip to Q. 74)

246

70. About how long ago was the most recent time you took any of these pills or

other pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 WITHIN THE FAST MONTH

2 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR 247

3 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO

4 DON'T REMEMBER (Skip to Q. 74)

71. What are the names of the pills you took that were prescribed by a doctor?

Just tell me their numbers from the card. Or if it's not on the card, do you

know its name'?

1 VALIUM 7 VISTARIL

2 LIBRIUM, LIBRITABS 8 MILTOWN, MEPROSPAN, MEPROTABS

3 EQUANIL 9 MEPROBAMATE 248

4 SERAX 10 NOT SURE

5 ATARAX

6 TRANXENE

X OTHER:

(Specify)

72. While you were taking these pills that 1 YES

the doctor prescribed, was there any 2 NO 249

period during the last twelve months 3 NOT SURE

that you took them every day?

(IF "YES" ON Q. 73, ASK):

73. What was the longest period 1 SIX MONTHS OR MORE

of time during the last twelve 2 TWO MONTHS, BUT LESS THAN

months that you took them SIX MONTHS

every day? 3 ONE MONTH, BUT LESS THAN

TWO MONTS 250

I 4 LESS THAN ONE MONTH

5 DON'T REMEMBER, NOT SURE

74a. Did you ever take any of these kinds of YES NO NOT SURE

pills just to see what it was like and

how it would work? 1 2 3 251

b. Did you ever take any of these kinds of pills

just to enjoy the feeling they give you? 1 2 3 252

c. Did you ever take any of these kinds of pills

for some other non-medical reason. and not

because you needed it? 253

INTERVIEWER: IF "NO" ON ALL THREE ABOVE,-SKIP TO Q. 87 ON PAGE 17

IF ANY YESES OR NOT SURES, GO ON TO Q. 75 ON THE NEXT PAGE.
1 5

75. About how long ago was the first time you took any of these pills (or other

pills like them) for any of the reasons just mentioned?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS AGO

3 SIX MONTHS TO A YEAR AGO

4 MORE THAN ONE MONTH AGO, LESS THAN SIX MONTHS AGO 254

5 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

6 NOT SURE

76. About how long ago was the most recent time you took any of these pills for

non-medical reasons?

1 WITHIN THE PAST WEEK

2 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

3 WITHIN THE PAST SIX MONTHS

4 MORE THAN SIX MONTHS AGO

5 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO

6 NOT SURE

(Skip to Q. 87 on

page 17)

77. Which of these tranquilizers did you take for non-medical reasons during the

past month? Just tell me their numbers from the card.

1 VALIUM 7 VISTARIL

2 LIBRIUM, LIBRITABS 8 MILTOWN, MEPROSPAN, MEPROTABS

3 EQUANIL 9 MEPROBAMATE

4 SERAX 10 NOT SURE

255

256

5 ATARAX

6 TRANXENE

X OTHER:

(Specify)

78. During the past month, on about how many

different days did you use any of these

things for non-medical reasons? NUMBER OF DAYS 257-58

79. How about the month before that? On

about how many different days did you

use any of these things for non-medical

reasons? NUMBER OF DAYS 259-60

80. How likely are you to use them for non-medical reasons again?

THREE CHOICES TO RESPONDENT.)

Would you say you. . .

(READ FIRST

1 Definitely will do it again

2 Might do it again under certain circumstances

3 Definitely will not do it again

4 NO OPINION

261

81. When it comes to using these pills for non-medical reasons, do

yourself as a regular user or only an occasional user?

you think of

1 REGULAR USER

2 REGULAR USER ("BUT CAN'T ALWAYS GET THEM" VOLUNTEERED) 262

3 OCCASIONAL USER

4 NON-USER (VOLUNTEERED) - (Skip to Q. 87 on page 17)

5 NOT SURE
16

82. Are you usually alone when you take these pills, or with one or more other

people?

1 ALONE

2 WITH OTHERS

3 SOMETIMES ALONE, SOMETIMES WITH OTHERS

4 NO ANSWER

(IF "WITH OTHERS" OR "SOMETIMES WITH OTHERS" ON Q. 82 ASK):

83. Are you usually at a party or not at a party?

1 AT A PARTY

2 NOT AT A PARTY

3 SOMETIMES AT A PARTY, SOMETIMES NOT

4 NO ANSWER

263

264

84. When you use these pills, do you sometimes take some other kind of pill, or

alcohol or marijuana at about the same time?

1 YES

2 NO —(Skip to Q. 87 on next page)

3 NOT SURE

265

(IF “YES" OR "NOT SURE" ON Q. 84 ASK):

85. What do you use with it most often -- another kind of pill, or

1 ANOTHER KIND

2 ALCOHOL

3 MARIJUANA

4 SOMETHING

86. How often do you use

1 Nearly every

these together? (READ FIRST THREE CHOICES)

time

2 About half the time

3 Less than half the time

4 NOT SURE

267

OF PILL

ELSE (What?)

266
17

TAKE BACK CARD C AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD D.

87. These are pills that doctors sometimes prescribe for losing weight. Please

look at Group One. They also make people feel more wide-awake, peppy, energetic or alert. These are amphetamines.

About how long ago was the first time you had any of these pills or other

pills like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS AGO

3 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

4 NEVER —(Skip to Q. 92 on the next page)

88. About how long ago was the most recent time you took any of these pills or

others like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

268

1 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

2 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR 269

3 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO

4 DON'T REMEMBER (Skip to Q. 92 on next page)

89. What are the names of the pills you took that were prescribed by a doctor?

Look just at Group One and tell me the numbers from the card.

1 ESKATROL 8 BAMADEX

2 DEXAMYL 9 AMBAR

3 BIPHETAMINE 10 BENZEDRINE

4 DEXEDRINE 11 METHADRINE

5 DESOXYN

270-71

12 DEXTRO-AMPHETAMINE

6 DESBUTAL 13 NOT SURE

7 OBEDRIN 14 OTHER:

(Specify)

90. While you were taking these pills that the doctor prescribed, was there any

period during the last twelve months when you took them every day?

1 YES

2 NO

3 NOT SURE

(IF "YES" ON Q. 90, ASK):

91. What was the longest period of time during the last twelve

months that you took them every day?

1 SIX MONTHS OR MORE

2 TWO MONTHS, BUT LESS THAN SIX MONTHS

3 ONE MONTH, BUT LESS THAN TWO MONTHS

4 LESS THAN ONE MONTH

5 DON'T REMEMBER, NOT SURE

272

273
18

92.

93.

Now look at Group Two. This is another group of stimulant drugs that are

used mainly for weight loss, but they do not contain amphetamine. About

how long ago was the first time you used any of these pills or others like

them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO, LESS THAN, FIVE YEARS AGO

3 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

305

4 NEVER —(Skip to Q. 97 on the next page)

About how long ago was the most recent time you took any of these pills or

others like them prescribed for you by a doctor?

1 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

2 WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

3 MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO

4 DON'T REMEMBER (Skip to Q. 97 on the

next page)

306

94. What are the names of the pills you took that were prescribed by a doctor?

Look just at Group Two and tell me the numbers from the card.

13 RITALIN

14 TENUATE

15 IONAMIN

16 PRELUDIN

17 TEPANIL

18 PRE-SATE

19 NOT SURE 307

20 OTHER:

(Specify)

95. While you were taking these pills that the doctor prescribed, was there

any period during the last twelve months when you took them every day?

1 YES

2 NO 308

3 NOT SURE

(IF “YES” ON Q. 95 ASK):

96. What was the longest period of time during the last twelve

months that you took them every day?

1 SIX MONTHS OR MORE

2 TWO MONTHS, BUT LESS THAN SIX MONTHS

3 ONE MONTH, BUT LESS THAN TWO MONTHS 309

4 LESS THAN ONE MONTH

5 DON'T REMEMBER, NOT SURE
1 9

97. Now please look at all the pills on the whole card, both groups. They are

sometimes called "ups" or "uppers," "speed," or "bennies."

a. Did you ever take any of these kinds of pills YES NO NOT SURE

just-to see what it was like and how it would

work? 1 2 3

b. Did you ever take any of these kinds of pills

just to enjoy the feeling they give you? 1 2 3

c. Did you ever take any of these kinds of pills

for some other non-medical reason, and not

because you needed it? 3

INTERVIEWER: IF "NO" ON ALL THREE ABOVE, SKIP TO Q. 110 ON PAGE 21.

IF ANY YESES OR NOT SURES, GO ON WITH THE NEXT QUESTION.

98. About how long ago was the first time you took any of these pills

pills like them) for any of the reasons just mentioned?

1 FIVE YEARS AGO OR LONGER

2 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO, LESS THAN FIVE YEARS

3 SIX MONTHS TO A YEAR AGO

(or other

AGO

4 LESS THAN SIX MONTHS AGO, MORE THAN A MONTH AGO

5 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

6 NOT SURE

99. When was the most recent time you took any of these pills for non-medical

reasons?

1 WITHIN THE PAST WEEK

2 WITHIN THE PAST MONTH

3 WITHIN THE PAST SIX MONTHS

4 MORE THAN SIX MONTHS AGO

5 MORE THAN A YEAR AGO

6 NOT SURE

100. Which of these pills did you take for non-medical reasons during the past

month? Just give me the number from the card. Or if it's not on the card,

do you know its name?

1 ESKATROL 11 METHADRINE

2 DEXAMYL

3 BIPHETAMINE

4 DEXEDRINE

5 DESOXYN

6 DESBUTAL

7 OBEDRIN

8 BAMADEX

9 AMBAR

10 BENZEDRINE

101. During the past month, on about how many

different days did you use any of these

things for non-medical reasons?

102. How about the month before that? On about

how many different days did you use any

of these things for non-medical reasons?

310

311

312

313

314

12 DEXTRO-AMPHETAMINE

13 RITALIN

14 TENUATE

15 IONAMIN 315-16

16 PRELUDIN

17 TEPANIL

18 PRE-SATE

19 NOT SURE

20 OTHER:

(Specify)

NUMBER OF DAYS 317-18

NUMBER OF DAYS 319-20
20

103. How likely are you to use them again for non-medical reasons? (READ

FIRST THREE CHOICES TO RESPONDENT.)

Would you say you. . .

1 Definitely will do it again

2 Might do it again under certain circumstances 321

3 Definitely will not do it again-(skip to Q. 110)

4 NO OPINION

104. When it comes to using these pills for non-medical reasons, do you think Of

yourself as a regular user or only an occasional user?

1 REGULAR USER

2 REGULAR USER ("BUT CAN'T ALWAYS GET THEM" VOLUNTEERED)

3 OCCASIONAL USER 322

4 NON-USER (VOLUNTEERED) - (Skip to Q. 110 on next page)

5 NOT SURE

105. Are you usually alone when you take these pills, or with one or more

other people?

1 ALONE

2 WITH OTHERS

3 SOMETIMES ALONE, SOMETIMES WITH OTHERS 323

4 NO ANSWER

IF "WITH OTHERS" OR "SOMETIMES WITH OTHERS" ON Q. 105 ASK):

106. Are you usually at a party or not at a party?

1 AT A PARTY

2 NOT AT A PARTY

3 SOMETIMES AT A PARTY, SOMETIMES NOT 324

4 NO ANSWER

107. When you use these pills, do you sometimes take some other kind of pill, or

alcohol, or marijuana at about the same time?

1 YES

2 NO — (Skip to Q. 110 on next page)

3 NOT SURE

325

(IF "YES" OR "NOT SURE" ON Q. 107 ASK):

108. What do you use with it most often -- another kind of

pill, or alcohol, or marijuana?

1 ANOTHER KIND OF PILL

2 ALCOHOL

3 MARIJUANA

4 SOMETHING ELSE (What?)

326

109. How often do you use these together? (READ FIRST THREE CHOICES)

1 Nearly every time

2 About half the time

3 Less than half the time

4 NOT SURE

327
21

110. These next questions are to get your opinions about another substance, marijuana, which is sometimes called grass or pot. I'm going to read you five

statements about marijuana. After I read each one, please tell me if you

mostly agree with it or mostly disagree with it. (ASK AFTER EACH ONE AS

NEEDED: Do you mostly agree or mostly disagree with that statement?)

MOSTLY MOSTLY OTHER NOT

AGREE DISAGREE ANSWER SURE

a. You can try marijuana once or

twice with no bad effects. 1 2 3 4 328

b. You can use marijuana without

ever becoming addicted to it. 1 2 3 4 329

c. Marijuana makes people want to

try stronger things like heroin. 1 2 3 4 330

d. Marijuana is probably used a

lot in this neighborhood. 1 2 3 4 331

e. Most marijuana users in this

country are from minority groups. 1 2 3 4 332

HAND RESPONDENT SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE, LARGE RETURN ENVELOPE AND PEN.

TELL RESPONDENT: Now for a change of pace, I'm going to give you a brief questionnaire on marijuana to fill out yourself. You can answer some questions by writing

in a number. For the rest, just draw a circle around the number of the answer

which fits the best.

When you finish, I will ask you to put the questionnaire in the envelope. This

interview is confidential. I will never know your answers, and no one else will

ever know your answers. I have my own blank copy of the questions, in case you

want to ask me about any of them. Just let me know when you are done.

(INTERVIEWER: WHILE RESPONDENT IS FILLING OUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE, PLEASE CHECK THE

FIRST PAGE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE. MAKE SURE THAT THE LOCATION NUMBER AND HOUSING

UNIT NUMBER ARE WRITTEN DOWN.)

WHEN RESPONDENT IS FINISHED SAY: Do not tell

about filling out the questionnaire.

me your answers, but let me ask you

First, did you answer all the questions that

RESPONDENT DOES IT.)

apply to you? (IF NOT, WAIT WHILE

Second, just to check, how did you show your answers? Did you circle the numbers or

what? (IF HE DID SOMETHING ELSE, LIKE CHECK MARKS, ASK HIM TO CIRCLE THE NUMBERS

ALSO. WAIT WHILE RESPONDENT GOES BACK AND CIRCLES THE NUMBERS.)

WHEN YOU ARE SATISFIED THAT THE WORK WAS DONE RIGHT, ASK THE RESPONDENT TO PUT THE

COMPLETED QUESTIONNAIRE IN THE ENVELOPE.
22

HAND RESPONDENT THE PINK ANSWER SHEET (#1) AND READ THE FOLLOWING:

The next questions are asked so that I do not know what your answers are. First,

the answer sheet you have allows you to write your answers to my questions, without saying them out loud.

Second, there is a place for you to answer every question. That way people who do

not use these things take the same amount of time to answer as the people who do

use them.

Third, when you are through with the answer sheet, please put it in the envelope

you have.

Now let's do the first one. These questions are about hashish, or hash, as many

people call it. After I read the question, don't tell me the answer; just write

it in the space.

Question 1. How old were you when you first knew someone who had tried hash?

Write your age in the space -- the age when you first knew someone

who had tried hash. If you never knew anyone who tried hash, just

draw a circle around the "X" in front of the words "NEVER KNEW ANYONE."

WAIT AND GIVE RESPONDENT TIME TO WRITE AN ANSWER. DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE

RESPONDENT OR APPEAR TO TRY TO SEE WHAT HE WRITES.

Here is Question 2. About how old were you when you first had the chance to try

hash, if you wanted to?

AGAIN WAIT FOR RESPONDENT TO WRITE HIS ANSWER BEFORE GOING ON TO QUESTION 3.

Question 3. If you did have the chance to try hash at that time, did you try it?

Circle one of the numbers that goes with Question 3 - the

number that comes closest to your answer.

CONTINUE IN THIS WAY WITH ALL THE REST OF THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

4 . If you did not try hash at that time, did you try it at a later time?

5. About how long ago was the first time you tried hash?

6. When was the most recent time you used hash?

7. During the past month, on about how many different days did you use hash?

a. How about the month before that? On about how many different days did you use

hash?

9 . How likely are you to use hash again? Would you say you definitely will do it

again, might do it again under certain circumstances, definitely will not do it

again, or are you not sure what you will do? There is also a number to circle

if you never used hash.
2 3

INTERVIEWER: PLEASE REMEMBER TO SAY "QUESTION 10," "QUESTION 11," ETC. AND NOT

JUST THE NUMBER OF THE QUESTION.

10. When you use hash, are you usually alone, or with one or more other people?

11. Are you usually at a party or not at a party, when you use hash?

12. When you use hash, do you sometimes take a pill, or alcohol at about the same

time?

13. Which do you use most often with it -- a pill, or alcohol, or something else?

14. How often do you use these things together?

HAVE RESPONDENT PUT COMPLETED PINK ANSWER SHEET IN THE ENVELOPE. THEN GIVE HIM

THE YELLOW (#2) ANSWER SHEET AND ASK HIM THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

G1. About how old were you when you first knew someone who sniffed glue or some

G2.

G3.

G4.

65.

G6.

G7.

G8.

G9.

other inhalant?

About how old were you when you first had the chance to sniff glue or some

other inhalant if you wanted to?

If you did have the chance to sniff glue or some other inhalant at that time,

did you try it?

If you did not try sniffing glue or some other inhalant at that time, did you

try it at a later time?

About how long ago was the first time you tried sniffing glue or some other

inhalant?

When was the most recent time you sniffed glue or some other inhalant?

During the past month, on about how many different days did you sniff glue or

some other inhalant?

How about the month before that? On about how many different days did you

sniff glue or some other inhalant?

How likely are you to sniff glue or some other inhalant again? Would you say

you definitely will do it again, might do it again under certain circumstances,

definitely will not do it again, or are you not sure what you will do?

G10. When you sniff glue or some other inhalant, are you usually alone or with one

or more other people?

G11. Are you usually at a party or not at a party, when you sniff glue or something

else?

G12. When you sniff glue or some other inhalant, do you sometimes take a pill, or

alcohol, or marijuana at about the same time?
24

INTERVIEWER:

"13,"

PLEASE REMEMBER TO SAY "QUESTION 13," "QUESTION 14," AND NOT JUST

OR "14" BY ITSELF.

G13. Which do you use most often with it -- a pill, or alcohol, or marijuana, or

what?

G14. About how often do you use these things together?

HAVE RESPONDENT PUT THE YELLOW (#2) ANSWER SHEET IN THE ENVELOPE. THEN HAND HIM THE

BROWN #3 ANSWER SHEET. ASK THE NEXT SET OF QUESTIONS AS BEFORE.

C1. About how old were you when you first knew someone who had tried cocaine?

C2. About how old were you when you first had the chance to try cocaine if you

wanted to?

C3. If you did have the chance to try cocaine at that time, did you try it?

C4. If you did not try cocaine at that time, did you try it at a later time?

C5. About how long ago was the first time you tried cocaine?

C6. When was the most recent time you used cocaine?

C7. During the past month, on about how many different days did you use cocaine?

C8. How about the month before that? On about how many different days did you

use cocaine?

C9. How likely are you to use cocaine again? Would you say you definitely will

do it again, might do it again under certain circumstances, definitely will

not do it again, or are you not sure what you will do?

C10. When you use cocaine, are you usually alone or with one or more other people?

C11. Are you usually at a party or not at. a party when you use cocaine?

C12. When you use cocaine, do you sometimes take a pill, or alcohol, or marijuana

at about the same time?

C13. Which do you use most often with it -- a pill, or alcohol, or marijuana, or

what?

C14. How often do you use these things together?

HAVE RESPONDENT PUT BROWN (#3) ANSWER SHEET IN THE ENVELOPE. THEN HAND HIM THE

GREEN (#4) ANSWER SHEET AND CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT SET OF QUESTIONS.

L1. About how old were you when you first knew someone who had tried LSD or

other hallucinogens?

L2. About how old were you when you first had the chance to try LSD or other

hallucinogens?
2 5

L3.

L4.

L5.

L6.

L7.

L8.

L9.

If you did have the chance to try LSD or other hallucinogens at that time, did

you try it?

If you did not try LSD or other hallucinogens at that time, did you try it at

a later time?

About how long ago was the first time you tried LSD or other hallucinogens?

When was the most recent time you tried LSD or other hallucinogens?

During the past month, on about how many different days did you use LSD or

other hallucinogens?

How about the month before that? On about how many different days did you use

LSD or other hallucinogens?

How likely are you to use LSD or other hallucinogens again? Would you say you

definitely will do it again, might do it again under certain circumstances,

definitely will not do it again, or are you not sure what you will do?

L10. When you use LSD or other hallucinogens, are you usually alone or with one or

more other people?

L11. Are you usually at a party or not at a party, when you use LSD or other

hallucinogens?

L12. When you use LSD or other hallucinogens, do you sometimes take a pill, or

alcohol, or marijuana at about the same time?

L13. Which do you use most often with it -- a pill, or alcohol, or marijuana or

what?

L14. How often do you use these things together?

HAVE RESPONDENT PUT GREEN (#4) ANSWER SHEET IN THE ENVELOPE. THAN HAND HIM THE

GRAY (#5) ANSWER SHEET.

H1.

H2.

H3.

H4.

H5.

H6.

H7.

H8.

About how old were you when you first knew someone who had tried heroin?

About how old were you when you first had the chance to try heroin if you

wanted to?

If you did have the chance to try heroin at that time, did you try it?

If you did not try heroin at that time, did you try it at a later time?

About how long ago was the first time you tried heroin?

When was the most recent time you used heroin?

During the past month, on about how many different days did you use heroin?

How about the month before that? On about how many different days did you

use heroin?
26

H9. How likely are you to use heroin again? Would you say you definitely will

do it again, might do it again under certain circumstances, definitely will

not do it again, or are you not sure what you will do?

H10. When you use heroin, are you usually alone or with one or more other people?

H11. Are you usually at a party or not at a party, when you use heroin?

H12. When you use heroin, do you sometimes take a pill, or alcohol, or marijuana

at about the same time?

H13. Which do you use most often with it -- a pill, or alcohol, or marijuana, or

what?

H14. How often do you use these things together?

HAVE RESPONDENT PUT THE GRAY (#5) ANSWER SHEET IN THE ENVELOPE. THEN HAND HIM THE

GOLD (#6) ANSWER SHEET.

M1. About how old were you when you first knew someone who had tried methadone?

M2. About how old were you when you first had the chance to try methadone if

you wanted to?

M3. If you did have the chance to try methadone at that time, did you try it?

M4. If you did not try methadone at that time, did you try it at a later time?

M5. About how long ago was the first time you tried methadone?

M6. When was the most recent time you used methadone?

M7. During the past month, on about how many different days did you use methadone?

M8. How about the month before that? On about how many different days did you

use methadone?

M9. How likely are you to use methadone again? Would you say you definitely

will do it again, might do it again under certain circumstances, definitely

will not do it again, or are you not sure what you will do?

M10. When you use methadone, are you usually alone or with one or more other people?

M11. Are you usually at a party or not at a party, when you use methadone?

M12. When you use methadone, do you sometimes take a pill, or alcohol, or marijuana

at about the same time?

M13. Which do you use most often with it -- a pill, or alcohol, or marijuana, or

what?

M14. How often do you use these things together?

HAVE RESPONDENT PUT THE GOLD (#6) ANSWER SHEET IN THE ENVELOPE. THEN HAND HIM

THE BLUE (#7) ANSWER SHEET AND ASK HIM THE LAST SET OF THE QUESTIONS IN THIS

SECTION. THEY BEGIN WITH QUESTION 01 ON THE NEXT PAGE.
27

These next questions are about opium or other drugs containing opium and its derivatives. They are usually in the form of prescription cough syrups, pain killers,

or stomach medicines -- things like morphine, codeine, dilaudid, demeral, and

paregoric. Although these are frequently prescribed for medical reasons, these

questions ask about the use of these drugs for non-medical purposes -- that is.

for kicks or for highs, to gain insight, or for pleasure.

01. About how old were you when you first knew someone who had tried any of these

opiates for non-medical reasons?

02. About how old were you when you first had the chance to try an opiate if you

wanted to?

03. If you did have the chance to try an opiate for non-medical reasons at that

time, did you try it?

04. If you did not try one of these opiates at that time, did you try it at a

later time?

05. About how long ago was the first time you tried an opiate for non-medical

reasons?

06. When was the most recent time you used any of these opiates for non-medical

reasons?

07. During the past month, on about how many different days did you use any of

these opiates for non-medical reasons?

08. How about the month before that? On about how many different days did you

use any of these opiates?

09. How likely are you to use any of these opiates again? Would you say you

definitely will do it again, might do it again under certain circumstances,

definitely will not do it again, or are you not sure what you will do?

010. When you use an opiate, are you usually alone or with one or more other people?

011. Are you usually at a party, or not at a party when you use an opiate?

012. When you use an opiate, do you sometimes take a pill or alcohol or marijuana

at about the same time?

013. What do you use with it most often - a pill, alcohol, or marijuana or wnat?

014. How often do you use them together?

015. Which of the things on that list have you used at some time for non-medical

reasons? You may circle more than one.

HAVE RESPONDENT PUT THE LAST ANSWER SHEET (BLUE #7) IN THE ENVELOPE. MAKE SURE

THE ENVELOPE STAYS OPEN AND IS NOT SEALED UNTIL THE VERY END, BECAUSE YOU STILL

HAVE TO PUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN IT AT THE END OF THE INTERVIEW.

THEN GO ON TO QUESTION 111 ON THE NEXT PAGE.
28

HAND RESPONDENT CARD F.

111. Please answer this question as though everything on the list were legal and

available. Regardless of what you are doing now, please read over the list

and tell me which of the following you would use, if they were legal and

available. (CIRCLE NUMBERS FOR AS MANY AS APPLY.)

1 MARIJUANA

2 HASH

3 COCAINE

4 LSD, MESCALINE, PSILOCYBIN, MDA

5 HEROIN

6 METHADONE

7 MORPHINE, OPIUM, OTHER OPIATES

8 NOT SURE

9 NONE OF THEM

TAKE BACK CARD F AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD G.

112. Please use this card to tell me what, if anything, you think should be done

about someone who is convicted for the first time for possession or use of

marijuana. Just give me the number on the card that comes closest to your

opinion. (RECORD RESPONSES BELOW. ASK ABOUT EACH.) NO

a. First conviction, possessing or using

marijuana.

b. What do you think should be done about

someone who is convicted for the second

time for possession or use of marijuana?

c. What do you think should be done about

someone who is convicted for the first

time for selling marijuana?

d. How about someone convicted for the

second time for selling marijuana?

113. Now please use this card just one more time.

1 2 2 4 5 6 OPINION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

This time please tell me what,

if anything, you think should be done about someone who is convicted for the

first time for possession or use of heroin. Just give me the number on the

card that comes closest to your opinion.

a .

b .

c.

d.

First conviction, possessing or

using heroin. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

What do you think should be done about

someone who is convicted for the second

time for possession or use of heroin? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

What do you think should be done about

someone who is convicted for the first

time for selling heroin? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

How about someone convicted for the

second time for selling heroin? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

333

334

335

336

337

338

333

340

341

NO

1 2 3 4 5 6 OPINION

The following questions ask about how much you have to

drink on the occasions when you drink alcoholic beverages.

For these questions, a “drink” means any of the following:

A 12-ounce can (or bottle) of beer

A 4-ounce glass of wine

A mixed drink or shot glass of liquor

The next questions are about MARIJUANA and HASHISH.

Marijuana is

sometimes called:

Grass

Pot

Dope

Hashish is

sometimes called:

Hash

Hash oil

41. Has anyone ever offered to give (or sell) marijuana or

hashish to you?

Yes

No

42. Have you ever tried marijuana or hashish?

No-GO TO QUESTION 53

Not sure-GO TO QUESTION 53

Yes--GO TO NEXT QUESTION

43. When did you first try marijuana or hashish?

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

44. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you used marijuana or

hashish. . .

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT USED MARIJUANA OR HASHISH

IN THE LAST TWELVE MONTHS. GO TO

QUESTION 53.

- 5 -
45. During the last year how often have you

used marijuana or hashish when you were

alone?

To experiment--to see what it's like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and undestanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don't want me to

To get through the day

To increase the efects of some other drugs(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

46. During the last year how often have you

used marijuana or hashish along with the

following people? (Mark one circle for

each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

47. During the last year how often have you

used marijuana or hashish in each of the

following places? (Mark one circle for

each line.)

a. At home

b. At school

Usually don't get high

One to two hours

Three to six hours

Seven to 24 hours

More than 4 hours

c. At a freinds house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers) Yes

No

h. At a public: place inside (mall, restaurant,

movies, sports events)

48. During the last year, how often have you used marijuana or

hashish along with alcohol--that is, so that their effects

overlapped?

Not at all

One to five times

Six to nine times

10 to 19 times

20 to 39 times

40 or more times

49. What have been the most important reasons for your using

marijuana or hashish? (Mark all that apply.)

50. When you use marijuana or hashish how high do you usually

get?

51. When you use marijuana or hashish how long do you usually

stay high?

52. Have you ever tried to stop using marijuana or hashish and

found that you couldn’t stop?

53. Do you think you will be using marijuana or hashish five

years from now?

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

- 6 -
The next questions are about LSD, the psychedelic drug

which is sometimes called “acid”.

54. Has anyone ever offered to give (or sell) LSD to you?

Yes

No

55. Have you ever tried LSD?

No--GO TO QUESTION 67

Not sure--GO TO QUESTION 67

Yes--GO TO NEXT QUESTION

56. When did you first try LSD?

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

57. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you taken LSD. . .

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT TAKEN LSD IN THE LAST TWELVE

MONTHS, GO TO QUESTION 67.

58. During the last year how often have you

taken LSD when you were alone?

59. During the last year how often have

you taken LSD along with the following

people? (Mark one circle for each

line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old

60. During the last year how often have you

taken LSD in each of the following places?

(Mark one circle for each line)

a. At home

b. At school

c. At a friend’s house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall, restaurant,

movies, sports events)

61. During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with LSD--that is, so that their effects

overlapped? (Mark one circle for each

line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

- 7 -
62. What have been the most important reasons for your taking

LSD? (Mark all that apply.)

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

63. When you take LSD how high do ycu usually get?

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

64. When you take LSD how long do you usually stay high?

Usually don’t get high

Two hours or less

Three to six hours

Seven to 24 hours

More than 24 hours

65. Have you ever had a “bad trip” on LSD?

No

Yes, once

Yes, more than once

66. Have you ever tried to stop using LSD and found that you

couldn’t stop?

Yes

No

67. Do you think you will be using LSD five years from now?

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

The next questions are about PSYCHEDELICS OTHER

THAN LSD.

This group would include the following drugs:

Mescaline

Peyote

Psilocybin

THC

68. Has anyone ever offered to give (or sell) psychedelics other

than LSD to you?

Yes

N o

69. Have you ever tried any psychedelic other than LSD?

No--GO TO QUESTION 82

Not sure--GO TO QUESTION 82

Yes--(GO TO NEXT QUESTION)

70. When did you fast try any of them?

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

71. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you taken psychedelics other

than LSD. . .

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT TAKEN ANY PSYCHEDELICS

OTHER THAN LSD IN THE LAST TWELVE MONTHS,

GO TO QUESTION 82.

- 8 -
72. During the last year how often have you

taken psychedelics other than LSD when

you were alone?

73. During the last year how often have

you taken any psychedelics other than

LSD along with the following people?

(Mark one circle for each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old

74. During the last year how often have you

taken psychedelics other than LSD in each

of the following places? (Mark one circle

for each line.)

a. At home

b. At school

c. At a friend’s house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall, restaurant,

movies, sports events)

75. During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with psychedelics other than LSD-that

is, so that their effects overlapped?

(Mark one circle for each line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

c. LSD

76. What have been the most important reasons for your taking

psychedelics other than LSD? (Mark all that apply.)

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

77. When you take psychedelics other than LSD how high do

you usually get?

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

78. When you take psychedelics other than LSD how long do

you usually stay high?

Usually don’t get high

One to two hours

Three to six hours

Seven to 24 hours

More than 24 hours

79. What psychedelics other than LSD have you taken during

the last year? (Mark all that apply.)

Mescaline

Peyote

Psilocybin

THC

Other

Don’t know the name of some I have used

80. Have you ever had a “bad trip” on any of these

psychedelics other than LSD?

N o Yes, once Yes, more than once

81. Have you ever tried to stop using some psychedelic other

than LSD and found that you couldn’t stop?

Yes

N o

82. Do you think you will be using any of these psychedelics

other than LSD five years from now?

I definitely will I probably will not

I probably will I definitely will not

- 9 -
The next questions are about AMPHETAMINES, which

doctors sometimes prescribe to help people lose weight or to

give people more energy. Drugstores are not supposed to

sell them without a prescription.

Amphetamines are They include the

sometimes called: following drugs:

Uppers Benzedrine

Ups Dexedrine

Speed Methedrine

Bennies Ritalin

Dexies Preludin

Pep Pills Dexamyl

Diet Pills Methamphetamine

83. Has anyone (except a doctor) ever offered to give (or sell)

amphetamines to you?

Yes

N o

84. Have you ever tried any amphetamines?

No--GO TO QUESTION 97

Not sure--CO TO QUESTION 97

Yes, but only under a doctor’s orders--GO TO Q. 97

Yes--GO TO NEXT QUESTION

85. Have you ever taken amphetamines because a doctor told

you to use them?

N o

Yes, but I had already tried them on my own.

Yes, and it was the first time I took any

86. When did

orders?

you first try amphetamines without a doctor’s

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

87. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you taken amphetamines on

your own--that is, without a doctor

telling you to take them. . .

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT TAKEN AMPHETAMINES IN THE

LAST TWELVE MONTHS, GO TO QUESTION 97.

88.

89.

90.

91.

- 10 -

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS REFER ONLY TO YOUR

TAKING AMPHETAMINES WITHOUT A DOCTOR’S

ORDERS.

During the last year, how often have you

taken amphetamines when you were alone?

During the last year how often have you

taken amphetamines along with the following

people? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old

During the last year how often have you

taken amphetamines in each of the following

places? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. At home

b. At school

c. At a friend’s house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall, restaurant,

movies, sports event)

During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with amphetamines-that is, so that their

effects overlapped? (Mark one circle

for each line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

c. LSD

d. Psychedelics other than LSD
92.

93.

100. because a doctor

94.

95.

96.

97.

- 11 -

What have been the most important reasons for your

taking amphetamines without a doctor’s orders?

(Mark all that apply.)

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

To stay awake

To get more energy

To help me lose weight

Because I am “hooked”--I feel I have to have them

When you take amphetamines, how high do you usually get?

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

I don’t take them to get high

When you take

stay high?

amphetamines how long do you usually

Usually don’t get high Seven to 24 hours

One to two hours More than 24 hours

Three to six hours

What amphetamines have you taken during the last

without a doctor’s orders? (Mark all that apply.)

Don’t know the names of some amphetamines I have used

Benzedrine

Dexedrine

Have you ever tried to stop using, amphetamines and found

Methedrine

that you couldn’t stop?

Y

Ritalin

Preludin

es

Dexamyl

No

Methamphetamine

Do you think you will be using amphetamines without a

Other

doctor’s orders five years from now?

I definitely will I probably will not

I probably will I definitely will not

year

The next questions are about QUAALUDES (Methaqualone),

which are sometimes prescribed by doctors. Drugstores are

not supposed to sell them without a prescription.

Quaaludes are sometimes called:

Soapers

Quads

98. Has anyone (except a doctor) ever offered to give (or sell)

quaaludes to you?

Yes

No

99. Have you ever tried quaaludes?

No--GO TO QUESTION 111

Not sure--GO TO QUESTION 111

Yes, but only under a doctor’s orders--GO TO Q. 111

Yes--GO TO NEXT QUESTION

Have you ever

use them?

No

used quaaludes

Yes, but I had already tried them on my

Yes, and it was the first time I took any

told you to

own.

101. When did you first try quaaludes without a doctor’s orders?

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

102. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you taken quaaludes on your

own--that is, without a doctor

telling you to take them. . .

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT TAKEN QUAALUDES IN THE

LAST TWELVE MONTHS, GO TO QUESTION 111
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ASK ONLY ABOUT

YOUR TAKING QUAALUDES WITHOUT A DOCTOR’S

ORDERS.

103. During the last year how often have you

taken quaaludes when you were alone?

104. During the last year how often have you

taken quaaludes along with the following

people? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old

105. During the last year how often have you

taken yuaaludes in each of the following

places? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. At home

b. At school

c. At a friend’s house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall, restaurant,

movies, sports events)

106. During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with quaaludes--that is, so that their

effects overlapped? (Mark one circle for

each line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

c. LSD

d. Psychedelics other than LSD

e. Amphetamines

107. What have been the most important reasons for your taking

quaaludes without a doctor’s orders? (Mark all that apply.)

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

To get to sleep

Because I am “hooked”--Ihave to have them

108. When you take quaaludes how high do you usually get?

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

I on’t take them to get high

109. When you take quaaludes how long do you usually stay high?

Usually don’t get high

One to two hours

Three to six hours

Seven to 24 hours

More than 24 hours

110. Have you ever tried to stop using quaaludes and found that

you couldn’t stop?

Yes

No

111. Do you think you will be using quaaludes without a doctor’s

orders five years from now?

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

- 12 -
The next questions are about BARBITURATES, which

doctors sometimes prescribe to help people relax or get

to sleep. Drugstores are not supposed to sell them

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS REFER ONLY TO YOUR

TAKING BARBITURATES WITHOUT A DOCTOR’S ORDERS.

without a prescription.

Barbiturates are They include the

sometimes called: following drugs:

Downs Phenobarbital

Downers Seconal

Goofballs Tuinal

Yellows Nembutal

Reds Luminal

Blues Desbutal

Rainbows Amytal

112. Has anyone (except a doctor) ever offered to give (or sell)

barbiturates to you?

Yes

No

113. Have you ever tried any barbiturates?

No--GO TO QUESTION 126

Not sure--GO TO QUESTION 126

Yes, but only under a doctor’s orders--GO TO Q. 126

Yes--GO TO NEXT QUESTION

114. Have you ever taken barbiturates because a doctor told you

to use them?

No

Yes, but 1 had already tried them on my own.

Yes, and it was the first time I took any

115. When did you first try barbiturates without a doctor’s

orders?

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

116. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you taken barbiturates on

your own-that is, without a

doctor telling you to take them. . .

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?. .

117.

118.

During the last year how often have you

taken barbiturates when you were alone?

During the last year how often have you

taken barbiturates along with the following

people? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old

119 . During the last year how often have you

taken barbiturates in each of the following

places? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. At home

b. At school

c. At a friend’s house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall,

restaurant, movies, sports events)

120. During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with barbiturates-that is, so that their

effects overlapped? (Mark one circle

for each line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT TAKEN BARBITURATES IN THE

LAST TWELVE MONTHS, GO TO QUESTION 126.

c. LSD

d. Psychedelics other than LSD..

e. Amphetamines

f. Quaaludes

- 13 -
121. What are the most important reasons for your taking

barbiturates without a doctor’s orders? (Mark all that apply.)

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

To get to sleep

The next questions are about TRANQUILIZERS, which

doctors sometimes prescribe to calm people down, quiet

their nerves, or relax their muscles.

They include the following drugs:

Librium

Valium

Miltown

127. Has anyone (except adoctor) ever offered to give (or sell)

tranquilizers to you?

Yes

No

Because I am “hooked”--I have to have them

128. Have you ever tried any tranquilizers?

122. When you take barbiturates how high do you usually get?

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

No--GO TO QUESTION 140

Not sure--GO TO QUESTION 140

Yes, but only under a doctor’s orders--GO TO Q. 140

Yes--(GO TO NEXT QUESTION)

129.

I don’t take them to get high

Have you ever taken tranquilizersbecause a doctor

told you to use them?

123. When you take barbiturates how long do you usually stay

high?

No

Yes, but I had already tried them on my own

Yes, and it was the first time I took any

Usually don’t get high

One to two hours

Three to six hours

Seven to 24 hours

More than 24 hours 130. When did

orders?

you first try tranquilizers without a doctor’s

124. What barbiturates have you taken during the last year

without a doctor’s orders? (Mark all that apply.)

Phenobarbital

Seconal

Tuinal

Nembutal

Luminal

Desbutal

Amytal

Adrenocal

Other

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

131. (Mark one circle for each line.)

Don’t know the names of some that I have used

On how many different occasions

have you taken tranquilizers on

your own--that is, without a

doctor telling you to take them. . .

125. Have you ever tried to stop using barbiturates and found

that you couldn’t stop?

a. . . .in your lifetime?

Yes

N o

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

126. Do you think you will be using barbiturates without a IF YOU HAVE NOT TAKEN TRANQUILIZERS IN THE

doctor’s prescription five years from now? LAST TWELVE MONTHS, GO TO QUESTION 140.

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

- 14 -
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS REFER ONLY TO YOUR

TAKING TRANQUILIZERS WITHOUT A DOCTOR’S

ORDERS.

132. During the last year how often have you

taken tranquilizers when you were alone?

133. During the last year how often have you

taken tranquilizers along with the following

people? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old

134. During the last year how often have you

taken tranquilizers in each of the following

places? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. At home

137. When you take tranquilizers how high do you usually get?

Not at all high

b. At school A little high

Moderately high

c. At a friend’s house Very high

d. At parties I don’t take them to get high

136. What have been the most important reasons for your taking

tranquilizers without a doctor’s orders? (Mark all that

apply.)

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

To get to sleep

Because I am “hooked”--I feel I have to have them

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall,

restaurant, movies, sports events)

135. During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with tranquilizers--that is, so that their

effects overlapped? (Mark one circle

for each line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

c. LSD

d. Psychedelics other than LSD

e. Amphetamines

f. Quaaludes

g. Barbiturates

138. When you take tranquilizers how long do you usually stay

high?

Usually don’t get high

One to two hours

Three to six hours

Seven to 24 hours

More than 24 hours

139. Have you ever tried to stop using tranquilizers and found

that you couldn’t stop?

Yes

No

140. Do you think you will be using tranquilizers without a

doctor’s orders five years from now?

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

- 15 -
The next questions are about

sometimes called “coke”.

COCAINE, which is

141. Has anyone ever offered to give (or sell) cocaine to you?

Yes

No

142. Have you ever tried cocaine?

No--GO TO QUESTION 154

Not sure--GO TO QUESTION 154

Yes--GO TO NEXT QUESTION

143. When did you first try cocaine?

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

144. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you taken cocaine. . .

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT TAKEN COCAINE IN THE LAST

TWELVE MONTHS, GO TO QUESTION 154.

145. During the last year how often have you

taken cocaine when you were alone?.

146. During the last year how often have you

taken cocaine along with the following

people? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old..

147. During the last year how often have you

taken cocaine in each of the following

places? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. At home

b. At school

c. At a friend’s house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall,

restaurant, movies, sports events).

148. During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with cocaine-that is, so that their effects

overlapped? (Mark one circle for each

line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

c. LSD

d. Psychedelics other than LSD

e. Amphetamines

f. Quaaludes

g. Barbiturates

h. Tranquilizers

- 16 -
149. What have been the most important reasons for your

taking cocaine? (Mark all that apply.)

The next questions are about HEROIN.

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

To get more energy

Because I am “hooked”--I have to have it

Heroin is sometimes called:

Smack

Horse

Skag

155. Has anyone ever offered to give (or sell) heroin to you?

Yes

No

150. When you take cocaine how high do you usually get?

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

I don’t take it to get high

115. When you take cocaine how long do you usually stay high?

Usually don’t get high

One to two hours

Three to six hours

Seven to 24 hours

More than 24 hours

152. Have you ever tried to stop using cocaine and found that

you couldn’t stop?

Yes

No

153. What methods have you used for taking cocaine?

(Mark all that apply.)

Sniffing or “snorting”

Smoking

Injection

By mouth

Other

154. Do you think you will be using cocaine five years from

now?

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

156. Have you ever tried heroin?

No-GO TO QUESTION 168

Not sure-GO TO QUESTION 168

Yes-GO TO NEXT QUESTION

157. When did you first try heroin?

Grade 6 or below

Grade 7 or 8

Grade 9 (Freshman)

Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 12 (Senior)

158. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you taken heroin.

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

c. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT TAKEN HEROIN IN THE LAST

TWELVE MONTHS, GO TO QUESTION 168.

- 17 -
159. During the last year how often have you

taken heroin when you were alone?

160. During the last year how often have you

taken heroin along with the following

people? (Mark one circle for each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old

161. During the last year how often have you taken

heroin in each of the following places?

(Mark one circle for each line.)

a. At home

b. At school

c. At a friend’s house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall,

restaurant, movies, sports events)

162. During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with heroin--that is, so that their

effects overlapped? (Mark one circle

for each line.)

a. Alcohol

b. Marijuana

c. LSD

d. Psychedelics other than LSD

e. Amphetamines

f. Quaaludes 168. Do you think you will be using heroin five years from now?

g. Barbiturates

h. Tranquilizers

i. Cocaine

163. What have been the most important reasons for your

taking heroin? (Mark all that apply.)

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

Because I am “hooked”--I have to have it

164. When you take heroin how high do you usually get?

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

I don’t take it to get high

165. When you take heroin how long do you usually stay high?

Usually don’t get high

One to two hours

Three to six hours

Seven to 24 hours

More than 24 hours

166. Have you ever tried to stop using heroin and found that

you couldn’t stop?

Yes

N o

167 What methods have you used for taking heroin? (Mark

all that apply.)

Sniffing or “snorting”

Smoking

Injection

By mouth

Other

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

- 18 -
The next questions are about NARCOTICS OTHER THAN

HEROIN, which are sometimes prescribed by doctors.

Drugstores are not supposed to sell them without a

prescription.

These include:

Methadone Demerol

Opium Paregoric

Morphine Talwin

Codeine Laudanum

169. Has anyone (except a doctor) ever offered to give (or sell)

narcotics other than heroin to you?

Yes

No

170. Have you ever tried any of these narcotics?

No--GO TO QUESTION 184

Not sure--GO TO QUESTION 184

Yes, but only under a doctor’s orders--GO T0 Q. 184

Yes-GO TO NEXT QUESTION

171. Have you ever taken any narcotics other than heroin

because a doctor told you to use them?

N o

Yes, but I had already tried them on my own

Yes, and it was the first time 1 took any

172. When did you first try narcotics other than heroin without

a doctor’s orders?

Grade 6 or below Grade 10 (Sophomore)

Grade 7 or 8 Grade 11 (Junior)

Grade 9 (Freshman) Grade 12 (Senior

173. (Mark one circle for each line.)

On how many different occasions

have you taken narcotics other

than heroin on your own-that is,

without a doctor telling you to

take them. . .

a. . . .in your lifetime?

b. . . .during the last 12 months?

d. . . .during the last 30 days?

IF YOU HAVE NOT USED NARCOTICS OTHER THAN

HEROIN IN THE LAST TWELVE MONTHS, GO TO

QUESTION 184.

- 19 -

174.

175.

176.

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ASK ONLY ABOUT

YOUR TAKING NARCOTICS OTHER THAN HEROIN

WITHOUT A DOCTOR’S ORDERS.

During the last year how often have you

taken narcotics other than heroin when

you were alone?

During the last year how often have you

taken narcotics other than heroin along

with the following people? (Mark one

circle for each line.)

a. With a date or spouse

b. With other friend(s)

c. With brother(s) or sister(s)

d. With people over 30 years old..

During the last year how often have you

taken narcotics other than heroin in each

of the following places? (Mark one circle

for each line.)

a. At home

b. At school

c. At a friend’s house

d. At parties

e. In a parked car

f. Riding around in a car

g. At a public place outside (parks,

shopping centers)

h. At a public place inside (mall,

restaurant, movies, sports events)
177. During the last year how often have you

taken any of the following drugs along

with a narcotic other than heroin-that

is, so that their effects overlapped?

(Mark one circle for each line.)

a. Alcohol

b . Marijuana

c. LSD

d. Psychedelics other than LSD

e. Amphetamines

f. Quaaludes

g. Barbiturates

h. Tranquilizers

i. Cocaine

j. Heroin

178. What have been the most important reasons for your

taking narcotics other than heroin without a doctor’s

orders? (Mark all that apply.)

To experiment--to see what it’s like

To relax or relieve tension

To feel good or get high

To seek deeper insights and understanding

To have a good time with my friends

To fit in with a group I like

To get away from my problems or troubles

Because of boredom, nothing else to do

Because of anger or frustration

Because some people don’t want me to

To get through the day

To increase the effects of some other drug(s)

To decrease (offset) the effects of some other drug(s)

Because I am “hooked”--I have to have it

As a substitute for heroin

179. When you take narcotics other than heroin how high do

you usually get?

Not at all high

A little high

Moderately high

Very high

I don’t take it to get high

180. When you take narcotics other than heroin how long do you

usually stay high?

Usually don’t get high

One to two hours

Three to six hours

S even to 24 hours

More than 24 hours

181. What narcotics other than heroin have you taken during the

last year without a doctor’s orders? (Mark all that apply.)

Methadone

Opium

Morphine

Codeine

Demerol

Paregoric

Talwin

Laudanum

Other

Don’t know the names of some I have used

182. Have you ever tried to stop using some narcotics other than

heroin and found that you couldn’t stop?

Yes

N o

183. What methods have you used for taking any of these

narcotics other than heroin? (Mark all that apply.)

Sniffing or “snorting”

Smoking

Injection

By mouth

Other

184. Do you think you will be using any narcotics other than

heroin without a doctor’s orders five years from now?

I definitely will

I probably will

I probably will not

I definitely will not

- 20 -
QUESTIONNAIRE 3

Robins, L.N., Davis, D.H. Research Project: Vietnam Veterans Three Years

Later. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.

National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant.

N = 600 army enlisted men who left Vietnam in September 1971, 1.972.

From study questionnaire, September 1974: pages 30-58 excerpted

SECTION D--DRUG ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCE

91. What do you think now about all the drugs the Vietnam soldiers were using; for

instance, do you think most of the soldiers who got hooked on heroin in Vietnam

are still using 'it, now that they are back--or do you think most have stopped?

Most still using (ASK A) . 1 54/9

Most stopped . . (ASK B) . 2

Don't know . . . (ASK B) . 8

A. IF STILL USING: Do you think most of them are hooked on heroin again, now

that they are back; or have they mostly used it without getting hooked again?

Hooked . . . . . . 1 55/9

Used only . . . . 2

Don’t know . . . . 8

NOW GO TO Q. 92

B. IF STOPPED OR DON'T KNOW: Do you think most of the soldiers who got hooked

on heroin in Vietnam, but then quit using it, have shifted to other drugs

now--or do you think they have stopped using drugs?

Shifted . . . . . 1

Stopped . 2

Other (SPECIFY) . 3

Don't know . . . . 8

56/9

92. Do you think some people can use heroin on a regular basis and stay in control

of it?

Yes . . . . (SKIP TO Q. 94) . . 1 57/9

No . 2

Depends (VOLUNTEERED) . . . . . 3

Don't know . . . . . . . . . . 8

93. Is it possible to use heroin once in a while without getting addicted to it?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . 1 58/9

No . . . . . (ASK A) . . . 2

Don't know . (ASK A) . . . 8

A. IF NO OR DON'T KNOW: Do you think someone taking it just once gets addicted?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . 1 59/9

No . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Depends (VOLUNTEERED) . . 3

Don't know . . . . . . . . 8
-31- DECK 07

94. Would you. yourself. be willing to have people who use heroin as friends, or do

you try to avoid being friends with them?

Willing . . . . . . . . . 1 60/9

Avoid . . . . . . . . . . 2

Depends (SPECIFY) . . . . 3

95. Are you willing to have people who smoke pot as friends, or do you avoid that as

much as possible?

Willing . . . . . . . . . 1

Avoid . . . . . . . . . . 2

Depends (SPECIFY) . . . . 3

61/9

96. What proportion of your friends do you think smoke pot fairly regularly?

Almost all . . . . . . (85-100%) . . . 1 62/9

More than one-half . . (60- 84%) . . . 2

About half . . . . . . (40- 59%) . . . 3

Some, less than half . ( 1- 39%) . . . 4

None.................5

Don't know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

MARIJUANA

97. Have you, yourself. smoked marijuana or hash at all in the last two years?

IF NO, PROBE: Not even once?

Yes, used . . . . (SEE BOX) . . 1 63/9

No use . . (SKIP TO Q. 106) 2

IF YES; CIRCLE "D” ON CUE 4, AND CO TO Q. 98.

98. In the past two years, has there been a time when you were smoking marijuana at

least three times a week?

Yes . . . (SEE BOX) . . . 1

No . . . (GO TO Q. 99) . . 2

64/9

IF YES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 4, AND ASK A.

A. IF YES: How many months altogether, in the past two years, did you use it

three times a week or more?

Months: 65-66/99

NOW GO TO Q. 100

99. How many times would you say you've used it altogether in your life--five times

or more, or less than that?

5 + times (SEE BOX) . . . 1 67/9

< 5 times (SEE BOX) . . . 2

IF 5 + TIMES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 4, AND SKIP TO Q. 102

IF < 5 TIMES; CIRCLE "B" ON CUE 4, AND SKIP TO Q. 106
-32- BEGIN DECK 08

100. Has there been a time during the last two years when you’ve smoked marijuana

every day for a while?

Yes . . . . (ASK A) . . . 1 09/9

No . . . . . . . . . . .. 2

A. IF YES: How long did that last (altogether)?

Months: 10-11/99

or

Weeks: 12-13/99

101. Have you used marijuana or hash enough at any time in the last two years so that

you began to feel you needed it; that is, you would feel uncomfortable when you

couldn't get it?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 14/9

No . . . . . . . .2

102. When you've smoked marijuana in the last two years, how many hours out of the

24 hours in a day have you usually stayed high?

Hours: 15-16/99

103. How many joints or pipes in a day did you usually smoke then? PROBE: On an

average day? (IF SHARES EACH WITH FRIENDS: How many joints would your share

amount to?)

Number: 17-18/99

104. At any time in the last two years, have you felt you were using marijuana or

hash too much?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1 19/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

A. IF YES: What did it do to you that made you feel that way?

RECORD VERBATIM.

105. Has using marijuana interfered with your life in the last two years--either by

getting you into trouble, or keeping you from working, or hurting your health,

or in any other way?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1 20/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

A. IF YES: How? RECORD VERBATIM.
-33- DECK 08

106. How old were you the very first time somebody ever offered you marijuana?

Age: 21-22/99

Never . . . . . 97

107. When was the last time you ever used any pot (if you ever did use any)?

Within last 2 weeks (GO TO Q. 108). . 01 23-24/99

Two weeks - < 4 weeks (GO TO Q. 108) . 02

1 month - < 3 months (GO TO Q. 108) . 03

3 months - < 6 months (GO TO Q. 108) . 04

6 months - < 2 years (GO TO Q. 108) . 05

2 years - < 4 years (ASK A) . . . . . 06

4 years or more . . . (ASK A) . . . . . 0 7

Never . . . . . . . . (SEE BOX) . . . . 08

IF NEVER; CIRCLE "C" ON CUE 4, AND SKIP TO Q. 111.

A. IF 2 YEARS AGO OR LONGER: How many times would you say you've

used it altogether--five times or more, or less than that?

5 + times . (SEE BOX) . . 1

< 5 times . (SEE BOX) . . 2

IF 5 + TIMES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 4, AND GO TO Q. 108.

IF < 5 TIMES; CIRCLE "E" ON CUE 4, AND GO TO Q. 108.

25/9

108. Have you ever been arrested for possession of marijuana?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1

No . . . . . . . . 2

26/9

A. IF YES: When was the last time?

Within last 2 years ...... 1 27/9

2 years - < 3 years ...... 2

3 years - < 4 years . ..... 3

4 years or more ........ 4

SEE CUE CARD: IF CUE 4 = "B" (RARE); SKIP TO Q. 111

OTHERS; ASK Q. 109.

109. Did you ever get any treatment for hashish or marijuana problems?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1 28/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

A. IF YES: Have you gotten any treatment for marijuana or hashish in the last

two years?

Yes . . . . . ..1 29/9

No . . (ASK [1]) . 2

[1] IF NO TO A: When was the last time?

2 years - < 3 years . . . 2 30/9

3 years - < 4 years . . . 3

4 years or more . . . . . 4
-34- DECK 08

110. As you look back over the years since you first tried marijuana, was there one

particular period of time, either in the past or more recently, when you were

using marijuana or hash the most?

Yes, particular period . . (ASK A-D) . . 1 31/9

No particular period . (GO TO Q. 111) . 2

IF PARTICULAR PERIOD:

A. When did this period of heavier use begin? (PROBE: How old were you then?)

BEGAN: 32-33/

MONTH / YEAR 34-35/

B. During this period when you were using it the most, were you smoking marijuana or hash every day?

Yes . . . . . ..1 36/9

No . . (ASK [1]) . 2

[1] IF NO TO B: Were you using it several times a week?

Yes . . . . . . .1 37/9

No . . (ASK [2]) . 2

[2] IF NO TO [1]: At least once a week?

Yes . . . . . ..1 38/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

C. Where were you living during the period you were smoking marijuana or hash

the most? CODE ALL THAT APPLY. USE CATEGORIES AS PROBES, IF NECESSARY.

Parents' home ...... 1 39/9

Own home. ........ 2 40/9

Away at school ...... 3 41/9

Army, not in Vietnam ... 4 42/9

Vietnam ......... 5 43/9

Traveling ........ 6 44/9

Other (SPECIFY) ..... 7 45/9

D. When did that period of heavier use end (or is it still going on)?

(PROBE: How long did it last?)

46-47/

ENDED:

MONTH / YEAR 48-49/

Still going on

(GO TO Q. 111) . . . . 97

[1] IF ENDED: Why do you think you (cut down/stopped) your marijuana

smoking then? RECORD VERBATIM.
-35- DECK 08

STIMULANTS

111. Here is a list of uppers or stimulants. Some of these are different common

names for amphetamines, and others are stimulant drugs that have effects somewhat like amphetamines.

CARD

I want you to look the list over and tell me, in the past two years, have

you taken any of the drugs on this list without a prescription or more than

A was prescribed?

UPPERS

IF NO, PROBE: You haven't taken any speed, or splash, or pep pills, not

prescribed for you, in the last two years, even once?

Yes, used . . (SEE BOX) . 1 50/9

No use (SKIP TO Q. 120) . 2

IF YES; CIRCLE "D" ON CUE 5, AND ASK Q. 112.

112. Have you used them mainly to get high, or for some other reason? CODE ALL THAT

APPLY.

To get high . . . . . . . 1 51/9

To lose weight . . . . . . 2 52/9

To stay awake . . . . . . 3 53/9

To perform better . . . . 4 54/9

To see what it was like . 5 55/9

Other (SPECIFY) . . . . . 6 56/9

113. In the past two years, have there been at least a couple of weeks when you've

taken them twice a week or more (not on prescription)?

Yes . . . (SEE BOX) . . . 1 57/9

No . . (GO TO Q. 114) . . 2

IF YES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 5, AND ASK A & B.

IF YES:

A. All in all, how many months of the last two years would you say you've taken

one or more of these stimulant drugs at least twice a week?

B . Have you taken them daily, for some period

Yes

IF YES TO B: No .

[1] What was the longest run of daily use

Months: 58-59/99

in the last two years?

. . (ASK [1]-[4]) . . 1 60/9

. (SKIP TO Q. 115). . 2

you had in the last two years?

Days: 61-63/999

[2] How many runs of daily use have you had in the last two years?

Number: 64-65/99

[3] How much do you figure you've spent on uppers for an average week when

you were using daily?

$: 66-68/999

[4] In the last two years, have you had to steal or earn money illegally

in order to pay for the uppers?

Yes (SKIP TO Q. 115) . . 1 69/9

No. (SKIP TO Q. 115) . . 2
-36- BEGIN DECK 09

114. How many times have you taken them altogether in your life--five times or more,

or less than that?

5 + times. . (SEE BOX) . . 1

< 5 times . (SEE BOX) . . 2

09/9

IF 5 + TIMES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 5, AND SKIP TO Q. 117.

IF < 5 TIMES; CIRCLE “B” ON CUE 5, AND SKIP TO Q. 117.

115. Did you use them enough at any time in the last two years so that you began to

feel you needed them; that is, you would feel uncomfortable when you couldn’t

get them?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 10/9

No ........2

116. Has there been any time in the last two years when you got so you had to take

more of them in order to get the same high?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 11/9

N o ........2

117. In the last two years, did they ever make you hear voices?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 12/9

No . . . . . . . 2

118. In the last two years, did they ever make you feel, for no good reason, that

someone was out to hurt you?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 13/9

No ........2

119. Has using any uppers on this card interfered with your life in the last two

years --either by getting you in trouble, keeping you from working, hurting

your health, or in any other way?

Yes . . (ASK A) . 1 14/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

A. IF YES: How? RECORD VERBATIM.

120. How old were you the first time anyone ever offered you any of these uppers or

stimulants not on prescription (if anyone ever did)?

Age:

Never . . . . . 97

15-16/99
-37- DECK 09

121. HOW old were you the first time you ever tried them (if you ever did)?

Age: 17-18/99

(GO TO Q. 122)

Never . . (SEE BOX) . . 97

IF NEVER, CIRCLE "C" ON CUE 5, AND SKIP TO Q. 127.

122. When was the last time you took any?

Within last 2 weeks. . (GO TO Q. 123) . 1

2 weeks to < 4 weeks . (GO TO Q. 123) . 2

1 month to < 3 months (GO TO Q. 123) . 3

3 months to < 6 months (GO TO Q. 123) . 4

6 months to < 2 years (GO TO Q. 123) . 5

2 years to < 4 years . . . (ASK A) . . 6

4 years or more . . . . . (ASK A) . . 7

19/9

A. IF 2 OR MORE YEARS AGO: How many times have you taken them altogether in

your life--five times or more, or less than that?

5 + times . (SEE BOX) . . 1

< 5 times . (SEE BOX) . . 2

20/9

IF 5 + TIMES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 5, AND GO TO Q. 123.

IF < 5 TIMES; CIRCLE "B" ON CUE 5, AND GO TO Q. 123.
-38-

123. Have you ever injected any of them?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1

No . . . . . . . . 2

A. IF YES: When was the last time you injected an upper?

< 2 years ago . . . , . . 1

2 years - < 3 years . . . 2

3 years - < 4 years . . . 3

DECK 09

21/9

22/9

4 years ago or longer . . 4

124. Did taking uppers ever lead to your being arrested--either directly or

indirectly?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1 23/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

A. IF YES: When was the last time?

< 2 years ago . . . . . . 1 24/9

2 years to < 3 years . . . 2

3 years to < 4 years . . . 3

4 years ago or longer . . 4

125. Did you ever get any treatment because of using uppers?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1 25/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

A . IF YES: Have you gotten any treatment for uppers in the last two years?

Yes . . . . . . . 1

No . . (ASK [1]) . 2

[1] IF NO TO A: When was the last time?

2 years - < 3 years . . . 2

3 years - < 4 years . . . 3

4 years ago or longer . . 4

26/9

27/9
-39- DECK 09

SEE CUE CARD: IF CUE 5 = "B" (RARE); SKIP TO Q. 127.

OTHERS; ASK Q. 126.

126. As you look back over the years since you first tried uppers, was there one

particular period of time, either in the past or more recently, when you were

using uppers the most?

Yes, particular period . . (ASK A-D) . . 1

No particular period . (GO TO Q. 127) . 2

28/9

IF PARTICULAR PERIOD:

A. When did this period of heavier use begin? (PROBE: How old were you then?)

BEGAN:

29-30/

MONTH / YEAR 31-32/

B. During this period when you were using uppers the most, were you taking them

every day?

Yes . . . . . . . 1

No . . (ASK [1]) . 2

[1] IF NO TO B: Were you taking them several times a week?

Yes . . . . . . . 1

No . . (ASK [2]) . 2

[2] IF NO TO [1]: At least once a week?

Yes . . . . . . . 1

No ........2

C. Where were you living during the period you were using uppers the most?

CODE ALL THAT APPLY. USE CATEGORIES AS PROBES, IF NECESSARY.

Parents' home . . . . . . 1

Own home . . . . . . . . . 2

Away at school . . . . . . 3

Army, not in Vietnam . . . 4

Vietnam . . . . . . . . . 5

Traveling . . . . . . . . 6

Other (SPECIFY) . . . . . 7

33/9

34/9

35/9

36/9

37/9

38/9

39/9

40/9

41/9

42/9

D. When did that period of heavier use of uppers end (or is it still going on)?

(PROBE: How long did it last?) 43-44/

ENDED:

MONTH / YEAR 45-46/

Still going on (GO TO Q. 127) . 97

[1] IF ENDED: Why do you think you (cut down/stopped) your use of uppers at

that time? RECORD VERBATIM.
-40- DECK 09

SEDATIVES

127. The drugs on this list are sedatives or downers. Look it over and tell me, in

the last two years have you taken any of the drugs on this list without

CARD a prescription, or more than was prescribed?

B

DOWNERS IF NO, PROBE: You've never used any barbs, or yellow jackets, or reds,

in the past two years, except by prescription?

Yes, used (SEE BOX) . 1

No use (SKIP TO Q. 136) . 2

47/9

IF YES; CIRCLE "D” ON CUE 6, AND ASK Q. 128.

128. Have you used them mainly to enjoy their effects or for some other reason(s)?

CODE ALL THAT APPLY.

To enjoy effects . . . . . . . , . . . 1 48/9

To come down from uppers . . . . . . . 2 49/9

To ease narcotic withdrawal . . . . . 3 50/9

‘To sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 51/9

To calm nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 52/9

To see what it was like . . . . . . . 6 53/9

Other (SPECIFY) . . . . . . . . . . . 7 54/9

129. In the past two years, has there been a time when you've taken them several days

a week-- not on prescription, or without a doctor's okay?

Yes . . (SEE BOX) . . . . 1 55/9

No . . (GO TO Q. 130) . . 2

IF YES; CIRCLE “A” ON CUE 6, AND ASK A & B.

IF YES:

A. All in all, how many months out of the last two years would you say you have

taken them several days a week?

MONTHS: 56-57/99

B. Have there been any periods in the last two years when you took them every

day, or almost every day?

Yes . . (ASK [1]-[3]) . . 1 58/9

IF YES TO B: No . .(SKIP TO Q. 131) . . 2

[1] How long a time was that altogether?

WEEKS: 59-60/99

OR

MONTHS: 61-62/99

[2] How much did you spend on downers for an average week during those

times?

$: 63-64/99

[3] In the last two years, have you had to steal or earn money illegally

in order to pay for the downers?

Yes . . . . . ..1 65/9

No.......,2

NOW SKIP TO Q. 131
-41- BEGIN DECK

130. How many times have you taken them altogether in your life, without a prescription--five times or more, or less than that?

5 + times. . (SEE BOX) . . 1 09/9

< 5 times . (SEE BOX) . . 2

IF 5 + TIMES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 6, AND SKIP TO Q. 136.

IF < 5 TIMES; CIRCLE "B" ON CUE 6, AND SKIP TO Q. 136.

131. When you were taking them, in the last two years, did you get so you had to

take more of them to get the same effect?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 10/9

No ........2

132. If you didn't take them, would you get so that you felt weak or nervous?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 11/9

No .. . . . . . . 2

133. In the last two years, did you ever have a seizure or convulsion when you stopped

using them?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 12/9

No ........2

134. Did you use them enough at any time in the last two years so that you began to

feel you needed them; that is, you would feel uncomfortable when you couldn't

get them?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 13/9

No ........2

135. Has using any of the downers on this card interfered with your life in the

last two years-- either by getting you in trouble, keeping you from working,

hurting your health, or in any other way?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1 14/9

No ........2

A. IF YES: How? RECORD VERBATIM.

136. How old were you the first time anyone offered you any downers, not on prescription (if they ever did)?

Age: 15-16/99

Never . . . . . 97

137. How old were you the first time you ever tried any, not on prescription (if

you ever did)?

Age: 17-18/99

(GO TO Q. 138)

Never . . (SEE BOX) . . 97

IF NEVER; CIRCLE "C" ON CUE 6, AND SKIP TO Q. 142.
-42- DECK 10

138. When was the last time you used any downers?

Within last 2 weeks . . .(GO TO Q. 139) . 1

2 weeks - < 1 month . . .(GO TO Q. 139) . 2

1 month - < 3 months . .(GO TO Q. 139) . 3

3 months - < 6 months . .(GO TO Q. 139) . 4

6 months - < 2 years . .(GO TO Q. 139) . 5

2 years - < 4 years . . . . (ASK A) . . . 6

4 years ago or longer . . . (ASK A) . . . 7

19/9

A. IF 2 OR MORE YEARS AGO: How many times have you taken them altogether in

your life, not on prescription--five times or

more, or less than that?

5 + times . . . (SEE BOX) . . . 1

< 5 times . . . (SEE BOX) . . . 2

20/9

IF 5 + TIMES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 6, AND GO TO Q. 139.

IF < 5 TIMES; CIRCLE "B" ON CUE 6, AND GO TO Q. 139.

139. Did you ever get any treatment because of using downers?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1 21/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

A. IF YES: Have you gotten any treatment for downers in the last two years?

Yes . . . . . ..1

No . . (ASK [1]) . 2

22/9

[1] IF NO TO A: When was the last time?

2 years - < 3 years . . . 2 23/9

3 years - < 4 years . . . 3

4 years ago or longer . . 4

140. Did your taking downers ever lead to your being arrested--either directly or

indirectly?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1 24/9

No ........2

A. IF YES: When was the last time?

Less than 2 years ago . . 1 25/9

2 years - < 3 years . . . 2

3 years - < 4 years . . . 3

4 years ago or longer . . 4
-43- DECK 10

SEE CUE CARD: IF CUE 6 = “B” (RARE); SKIP TO Q. 142.

OTHERS; ASK Q. 141

141. As you look back over the years since you first used downers, was there one

particular period of time, either in the past or more recently, when you were

using downers the mast?

Yes, particular period . . (ASK A-D) . . 1 26/9

No particular period . (GO TO Q. 142) . 2

IF PARTICULAR PERIOD:

A. When did this period of heavier use begin? (PROBE: How old were you then?)

BEGAN: 27-28/

MONTH / YEAR 29-30/

B. During this period when you were using downers the most, were you taking them

every day?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 31/9

No . . (ASK [1]) . 2

[1] IF NO TO B: Were you taking them several times a week?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 32/9

No . . (ASK [2]). 2

[2] IF NO TO [1]: At least once a week?

Yes . . . . . . .1 33/9

No ........2

C . Where were you living during the period you were using downers the most?

CODE ALL THAT APPLY. USE CATEGORIES AS PROBES, IF NECESSARY.

Parents' home ...... . 34/9

Own home ......... 2 35/9

Away at school ...... 3 36/9

Army, not in Vietnam ... 4 37/9

Vietnam ......... 5 38/9

Traveling ........ 6 39/9

Other (SPECIFY) ..... 7 40/9

D. When did that period of heavier use of downers end (or is it still going on)?

(PROBE: How long did it last)?

ENDED: 41-42/

MONTH / YEAR 43-44/

Still going on

(GO TO Q. 142). 97

(1) IF ENDED: Why do you think you (cut down/stopped) your use of downers at

that time? RECORD VERBATIM.
-44- DECK 10

NARCOTICS

142. Here is a list of narcotics, Some of these are different common names

heroin; others are drugs that have effects similar to heroin or opium.

for

CARD Look the list over and tell me, in the last two years has anyone

C

offered you any of these drugs, for sale, or for free?

NARCOTICS Yes . . . . . . . 1 45/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

LEAVE CARD WITH R FOR REFERENCE,

143. How old were you the very first time anyone ever offered you one of them, not

on prescription (if anyone ever did)?

Age: 46-47/99

Never . . . . 97

144. As you know, it was very easy to get good heroin in Vietnam. Some veterans

said it was also very easy to get heroin here, when they first got home.

Do you know someone or someplace where you could go right now to buy heroin

or opium, if you wanted to?

Yes . . . (ASK A-C) . . . 1

No. . . (ASK C ONLY) . . 2

IF YES:

A. How far would you have to go from where you are living right now?

Less than a mile . . . . . . . 1

One mile to less than 10 . . . 2

Ten miles to less than 100 . . 3

100 miles or more . . . . . . . 4

Don't know how far . . . . . . 8

48/9

49/9

B. If someone wanted to buy heroin there, would he be likely to get good stuff,

without too much danger of being picked up by the police or being beaten up?

Yes (good & safe) . . . . 1

No to either . . . . . . . 2

Don't know . . . . . . . . 8

50/9

C. IF YES OR NO: What about codeine or codeine cough syrups--do you know

where you could buy that without a prescription?

Yes . . . . . . . 1

No . . . . . . . . 2

51/9

145. Rave you taken any of the drugs on the list in the last two years, without a

prescription, even once?

Yes . . . (SEE BOX) . . . 1 52/9

No . . (GO TO Q. 146). . . 2

IF YES; CIRCLE "D" ON CUE 7, AND SKIP TO Q. 150.
-45- DECK 10

146. When was the last time you ever took any of them (if you ever did)?

2 years - < 3 years (GO TO Q. 147) . 1 53/9

3 years - < 4 years (GO TO Q. 147) . 2

4 years or more . .(GO TO Q. 147) . 3

Never . . . . . . (SEE BOX) . . . . 4

IF NEVER; CIRCLE "C" ON CUE 7, AND SKIP TO Q. 178.

147. Why didn't you use them after that? RECORD VERBATIM,

148. Have you ever taken any of them five times or more?

Yes . . . (SEE BOX) . . . 1

No . . . . (SEE BOX) . . . 2

54/9

IF YES; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 7, AND GO TO Q. 149.

IF NO; CIRCLE "B" ON CUE 7, AND SKIP TO Q. 164.

149. Have you ever felt like taking any of these drugs in the last two years?

Yes . . (ASK A & B) . . . 1 55/9

No . . (SKIP TO Q. 164) . 2

IF YES:

A. When did you feel most like taking them--for instance, was it at parties,

or when you were alone-- to celebrate when things were going well, or to

cheer you up when things were going badly--or what? RECORD VERBATIM.

B. When you felt like taking them, was it a real craving, or did it just cross

your mind?

Real craving . . . 1 56/9

Crossed mind . . . 2

NOW SKIP TO Q. 164
BEGIN DECK 11

-46-

150. Which drugs on the list have

you taken in the last two years

without a prescription?

CODE EACH USED.

151. Which have you taken without a

prescription at least 5 times in

the last 2 years?

CODE EACH NAMED.

IF ANY; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 7,

AND GO TO Q. 152.

IF NONE; ASK A:

A. Which have you taken 5 times

or more ever, over your

whole lifetime?

CODE EACH.

IF ANY; CIRCLE "A" ON CUE 7,

AND SKIP TO Q. 161.

IF NONE; CIRCLE "B" ON CUE 7,

AND SKIP TO Q. 161.

152. ASK FOR EACH TAKEN 5 OR MORE TIMES:

How did you usually take (DRUG) in

the last two years? CODE ONE METHOD

ONLY FOR EACH DRUG. Smoking . . . .

By mouth

(orally) . . .

Skin-pop . . .

Snort . . . . .

Inject . . . .

Other . . . . .

A. ASK FOR EACH NOT

USUALLY INJECTED BY K:

Have you ever injected (DRUG)

in the last two years?

Yes . . . . . .

No . . . . . .

153. Which ones, if any, have you taken

more than once a week, for any

period in the last two years?

CODE EACH USED.

IF ANY; GO TO Q. 154.

IF NONE; SKIP TO Q. 161.
-47- BEGIN DECK 12

154. A. For how much of the last two years have you taken any narcotics at least

once a week (altogether)?

Months: 09-10/99

Less than 1 month

(GO TO C) . . 97

B . What did you spend for narcotics in an average week, when you were

taking them regularly?

$: 11-13/999

C. In the last two years, have you ever had to steal or earn money illegally

in order to pay for narcotics?

Yes . . . . . . 1 14/9

No . . . . . . . 2

155. Which ones have you used (not on prescription) daily, or almost daily, for at

least a couple of weeks during the past two years? CODE EACH USED.

Heroin . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 15/9

Opium or OJ's . . . . . . . . 2 16/9

Codeine or Robitussin AC . . . 3 17/9

Methadone or Dolophine . . . . 4 18/9

Demerol . . . . . . . . . . . 5 19/9

Morphine . . . . . . . . . . . 1 20/9

Paregoric . . . . . . . . . . 2 21/9

Dilaudid . . . . . . . . . . 3 22/9

None . . . . (GO TO Q. 156). . 7 23/9

IF ANY DAILY; ASK A:

A. What's the longest run of daily use (of any narcotics) you've had within

the last two years?

Less than 2 weeks . . . . . . 1

2 weeks - < 1 month . . . . . 2

1 month - < 3 months . . . . 3

3 months - < 6 months . . . . 4

6 months - < 9 months . . . . 5

9 months or more . . . . . . . 6

24/9

156. Have you felt strung out or addicted within the last two years?

Yes . . . . . . 1 25/9

Possibly . . . . 2

No . . . . . . 3
-48- DECK 12

157. Did you use narcotics enough in the last two years so that you began to feel you

needed them; that is, you would feel uncomfortable when you couldn't get them?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 26/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

158. When you were coming down off narcotics--that is, not taking any for a day or

more--what's the most trouble you've had during the last two years; did you

ever get really sick, or were you just uncomfortable, or didn't it bother

you much?

Sick . . . . . . . . . (ASK A & B) . . 1

Uncomfortable . . . . (ASK A & B) . . 2

Didn't bother much . . . (ASK C) . . . 3

Never stopped for a day or more

(SKIP TO Q. 161) . . . . . . . . . . 4

Didn't use enough to get sick coming

off (SKIP TO Q. 161) . . . . . . . . 5

27/9

IF SICK OR UNCOMFORTABLE:

A. How long did those feeling last?

Less than 12 hours . . . . 1 28/9

12 hours to < 2 days . . . 2

2 days to 4 days . . . . . 3

5 days to 10 days . . . . 4

11 days or more . . . . . 5

B . Did your symptoms stop by themselves then, or did they stop only because

you went back on the stuff or received medicine?

Stopped by themselves . . 1 29/9

Back on . . . . . . . . . 2

Medicine . . . . . . , . . 3

NOW GO TO Q. 159

C. IF DIDN'T BOTHER MUCH: Was that because you were not using much narcotics

or because you were taking something else that kept

you from getting sick?

Not using much . .(SKIP TO Q. 161) . 1

Using something else . . (ASK [1]) . 2

Other. . (SPECIFY & SKIP TO Q. 161) . 3

30/9

[1] IF USING SOMETHING ELSE: What were you taking? RECORD VERBATIM.
-49- DECK 12

159. In the last two years, have you used any self-medication or drugs or alcohol, to

help you come down off narcotics?

Yes . (ASK A) . 1 31/9

No . . . . . . 2

A . IF YES: What did you use? RECORD VERBATIM.

160. When you were coming down (that worst time) . . . ASK EACH ITEM.

Yes No

A . Did you have chills? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 32/9

B. Did you have stomach cramps? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 33/9

C. Did you have any other pain, besides headaches

(or stomach cramps)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 34/9

D . Did you have trouble sleeping? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 35/9

E. Any other problems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 36/9

IF YES: What were they? RECORD VERBATIM
DECK 12

-50-

161. Which of the drugs on this card

have you taken at least once in

the last two weeks, not on

prescription--if any? CODE

EACH TAKEN.

Within two weeks . . . . . . .

SEE CUE CARD. IF CUE 7 = "B" (RARE); SKIP TO Q. 164.

OTHERS; GO INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE Q. 162.

ASK Q. 162 FOR EACH DRUG USED AT LEAST 5 TIMES IN LAST 2 YEARS (Q. 151), BUT NOT IN LAST TWO WEEKS.

IF NONE, SKIP TO Q. 163.

162. A. How long has it been

since you took any

(DRUG)?

Months:

B. Why did you stop using

(DRUG)? RECORD VERBATIM,

SHOWING WHICH DRUG

REFERRED TO BY ROMAN

NUMERAL.

I II III IV V VI

I

VII VIII NONE

163. Which of the drugs on this

card have interfered with

your life in the last two

years --either by getting 62/9 63/9 64/9 65/9 66/9 67/9 68/9 69,9

you into trouble, keeping

you from working, hurting 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

your health, or any other

way?

70/9

7

164. Have you ever been arrested on a narcotics charge?

Yes . . . (ASK A) . . 1 71/9

No . . . . . . . . . 2

A. IF YES: When was the last time?

Within the last 2 years . . . . . . . . . 1 72/9

2 years - < 3 years ago . . . . . . . . . 2

3 years - < 4 years ago . . . . . . . . 3

4 years or more ago . . . . . . . . . . . 4
-51- BEGIN DECK 13

SEE CUE CARD. IF CUE 7 = "B" (RARE); SKIP TO Q. 178.

OTHERS; ASK Q. 165.

165. As you look back over the years since you first used narcotics, was there one

particular period of time, either in the past or more recently, when you were

using narcotics the most?

Yes, particular period . . (ASK A-D) . . 1 09/9

No particular period . (GO TO Q. 166) . 2

IF PARTICULAR PERIOD:

A. When did this period of heavier use begin? (PROBE: How old were you then?)

10-11/

BEGAN:

MONTH / YEAR 12-13/

B. During this period when you were using narcotics the most, were you taking them

every day?

Yes . . . . . . .1 14/9

No . . (ASK [1]) . 2

[1] IF NO TO B: Were you taking them several times a week?

Yes . . . . . . .1 15/9

No . . (ASK [2]) . 2

[2] IF NO TO [1]: At least once a week?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 16/9

No ........2

C. Where were you living during the period you used narcotics the most? CODE

ALL THAT APPLY. USE CATEGORIES AS PROBES, IF NECESSARY.

Parents' home ...... 1 17/9

Own home ......... 2 18/9

Away at school ...... 3 19/9

Army, not in Vietnam ... 4 20/9

Vietnam ......... 5 21/9

Traveling ........ 6 22/9

Other (SPECIFY) ..... 7 23/9

D. When did that period of heavier use of narcotics end (or is it still going on)?

(PROBE: How long did it last)?

ENDED:

24-25/

MONTH / YEAR 26-27/

Still going on

(GO TO Q. 166). 97

(1) IF ENDED: Why do you think you (cut down/stopped) your use of narcotics

then? RECORD VERBATIM,
-52- DECK 13

166. Have you ever seen a doctor or been to a clinic or treatment center because

of using narcotics?

Yes . . (ASK A & B) . . . . 1 28/9

No . (SKIP TO Q. 171) . . 2

IF YES:

A. How many times have you been in treatment for narcotics, altogether?

EPISODES OF TREATMENT: 29/9

B. Have you seen a doctor or been in treatment because of narcotics in the

last two years?

Yes . . . (GO TO Q. 167) . 1

No . (ASK [1] & [2]). . . 2

30/9

IF NO TO B:

[1] When was the last time?

2 years - < 3 years . . . . 2 31/9

3 years - < 4 years . . . . 3

4 years or more . . . . . . 4

[2] In the last two years, have you ever thought of getting any treatment

for narcotics?

Yes . . (SKIP TO Q. 169) . 1 32/9

No . . (SKIP TO Q. 169) . 2

167. Are you still in a treatment program?

Yes ....... 1 33/9

No. ....... 2

168. In the last two years, have you been treated with methadone for more than

three weeks?

Yes . . (ASK A & B) . . . . 1

No . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

34/9

IF YES:

A. Are you still on methadone?

Yes . . . . . . . 1

No . . . . . . . . 2

35/9

B. How many months of the last two years have you been on?

MONTHS: 36-37/99
-53- DECK 13

169. Rave you (ever) had any kind of treatment for narcotics that you thought helped

you particularly?

Yes . . (ASK A) . . 1 38/9

No . . . . . . . . 2

A . IF YES: What kind? CODE AS MANY AS APPLY. IF NOT SURE OF CODING, RECORD

VERBATIM.

Methadone maintenance . . 1 39/9

Detoxification ...... 2 40/9

Counseling ........ 3 41/9

Psychotherapy ...... 4 42/9

OT or RT ....... ..1 43/9

Group therapy ...... 2 44/9

Narcotic antagonist ... 3 45/9

Job training ....... 4 46/9

170. Wave you (ever) had any kind of treatment for narcotics that you thought was

not good for you?

Yes . . . . (ASK A) . . . 1

No . . (SKIP TO Q. 172) . 2

47/9

A. IF YES: What kind? CODE AS MANY AS APPLY. IF NOT SURE OF CODING, RECORD

VERBATIM.

Methadone maintenance . . 1 48/9

Detoxification . . . . . . 2 49/9

Counseling . . . . . . . . 3 50/9

Psychotherapy . . . . . . 4 51/9

OT or RT . . . . . . . . . 1 52/9

Group therapy . . . . . . 2 53/9

Narcotic antagonist . . . 3 54/9

Job training . . . . . . . 4 55/9

NOW SKIP TO Q. 172
-54- DECK 13

171. Have you ever thought of getting treatment for narcotics?

Yes . . . (ASK A & B) . . 1 56/9

No. . . (SKIP TO Q. 176) . 2

IF YES:

A. What happened that made you think maybe you should go into treatment?

RECORD VERBATIM.

B. Have you thought of getting treatment for narcotics in the last two years?

Yes . . . . . . . 1 57/9

No

NOW SKIP TO Q. 173

. . . . . . . . 2

172. ASK FOR EACH EPISODE OF TREATMENT (SEE Q. 166A): What happened that made you

think you should go into treatment (the first/second/third/etc. time)? RECORD

VERBATIM.

FIRST TIME SECOND TIME THIRD TIME FOURTH TIME

173. Did you yourself want treatment, did you want to please someone else, did you just

want to stay out of trouble, or didn't you have any choice?

CODE ALL THAT APPLY.

Wanted it . . . . . . . . . . . 1 58/9

To please other(s) . . . . . . 2 59/9

To stay out of trouble . . . . 3 60/9

No choice . . . . . . . . . . . 4 61/9

Other (SPECIFY) . . . . . . . . 5 62/9

174. A. At the time you first decided you might need treatment, how often were you

using narcotics? USE CATEGORIES AS PROBES, IF NECESSARY.

More than once a day . . (ASK B) . . 1 63/9

Once a day . . . . . . . (ASK B) . . 2

Almost every day . . . . (ASK B) . . 3

More than weekly . . . . (ASK B) . . 4

Less than weekly . . . . (ASK B) . . 5

None at all (GO TO Q. 175) . . . . . 6

B. How long had you been using that much before you decided you might need

treatment?

Months: 64-65/99
-55- DECK 13

175. Have you ever inquired about treatment in any program that didn't have room

for you right then?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1

No . . . . . . . . 2

66/9

A. IF YES: How recently did that happen (the last time)?

Less than 3 months ago . . 1

3 - < 6 months ago . . . . 2

6 - < 9 months ago . . . . 3

9 - < 12 months ago . . . 4

One - < 2 years ago . . . 5

Two - < 3 years ago . . . 6

Three or more years ago . 7

67/9

176. Did anyone ever suggest to you that you ought to go into treatment?

Yes . (ASK A) . . 1

No . . . . . . . 2

68/9

A. IF YES: Who suggested it--your wife or girlfriend, someone in your family,

or who? CODE AS MANY AS APPLY,

Wife/girlfriend . . . . . . . . 1 69/9

Other family member . . . . . . 2 70/9

Other (SPECIFY RELATIONSHIP) . 3 71/9

SEE CUE CARD: IF CUE 7 = "D"; ASK Q. 177

OTHERS; SKIP TO Q. 178.

177. A. In the last two years, have you gone into detox at any time?

Yes ....... 1 72/9

No ........ 2

B . Have you overdosed at any time in the last two years?

Yes ....... 1 73/9

No ........ 2
-56- BEGIN DECKS 14-15

178. What drugs other than those we've asked you about have you ever taken --without

a prescription-- at any time in your life? For instance, any on this card?

CARD IF NO, PROBE: Any others that aren't listed?

D Yes, any . . (SEE BOX) . . 1 09/9

OTHER No, none . . (SEE BOX) . . 2

DRUGS

IF YES; CIRCLE "A" ON CVE 8, AND ASK A-D.

IF NO; CIRCLE "C" ON CUE 8, AND GO TO INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE Q. 179.

A. B. C .

Which have you ever How old

tried? CIRCLE CODE were you Has there ever been a

FOR EACH NAMED. the first month or more when

THEN ASK B-D FOR time you you took (DRUG) more

EACH BEFORE GOING ever tried than once a week?

TO NEXT ONE. (DRUG)?

Tried: Age: Yes No
-57- DECKS 14-15

D.

Have you taken

(DRUG) at all

in the last

two years?

IF YES TO BOTH C & D,

ASK (1):

(1) In the last two years,

have you used (DRUG)

more than once a week,

for a month or more?

IF YES TO (1), ASK (2):

(2) Did (DRUG) interfere with your life in

the last two years--either by getting

you into trouble, or keeping you from

working, or hurting your health, or in

any other way?

*NOTE: IF ANY ITEM CODED "YES" IN COL. D;

CIRCLE "D" ON CUE 8.
-58- DECK 15

SEE CUE CARD, ITEMS 3-8.

IF 2 OR MORE "D's" CIRCLED; ASK Q. 179.

IF < 2 "D's" CIRCLED; SKIP TO Q. 182.

179. REFER TO ITEMS CIRCLED "D" ON CUE CARD.

Thinking about the (alcohol/marijuana/uppers/downers/narcotics/other drugs)

you've taken in the last two years, which have you used as a combination, that

is, when you've taken one to add to the effects of another?

None . . . . . . . 7 30/9

LIST ANY COMBINATIONS NAMED.

PROBE: Any others?

180. Which have you taken in the last two years to help you get over the effects of

another one?

None . . . . . . . 7 31/9

to get over

to get over

to get over

181. REFER TO ITEMS CIRCLED "D" ON CUE CARD.

You’ve used (alcohol/marijuana/uppers/downers/narcotics/other drugs) in the last

two years. Which would you say is the main one you've been into in the last

two years --or didn't you care more about one than another? RECORD VERBATIM

AND CODE ONE.

MAIN

Alcohol .............. 01 32-33/99

Marijuana or hash ......... 02

Uppers .............. 03

Downers .............. 04

Narcotics (SPECIFY WHICH) ..... 05

Other drug(s) (SPECIFY) ...... 06

Combination (SPECIFY) ....... 0 7

Cared about none ......... 08

Cared equally about all ...... 09

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975 632-299/1060 1-3
DNEW Publication No. (ADM) 76-292

Printed: 1975

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

ALCOHOL, DRUG ABUSE, AND MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION