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UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA

Alexandria Division

In re: )

)

JENNIFER HARRIS, ) Case No. 19-11934-BFK

) Chapter 13

)

Debtor. )

____________________________________)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND 

ORDER SUSTAINING TRUSTEE’S OBJECTION 

TO CONFIRMATION OF CHAPTER 13 PLAN 

This case presents the issue of whether the Debtor may deduct the sum of $1,463.00 for a 

monthly mortgage obligation for the support of her elderly mother-in-law under the Chapter 13 

means test. For the reasons stated below, the Court holds that the deduction is not allowable 

under the means test. The Court, therefore, will sustain the Chapter 13 Trustee’s Objection to 

confirmation of the Debtor’s Plan. 

Findings of Fact

The Court, having heard the evidence, makes the following findings of fact. 

A. The D.C. Property. 

1. The Debtor is an individual residing in Lorton, Virginia, with her husband and 

two daughters. The Debtor’s husband is not a debtor in this bankruptcy case. 

2. The Debtor is employed as a Senior Professor with DeVry University. Her gross 

monthly income is $13,533.20. Docket No. 31-1, Schedule I, Line 2. Her husband works as a 

package handler for Amazon, a job that he only recently started. He earns gross monthly income 

of $1,032.00. Id.

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3. The Debtor is above the median for Virginia debtors for purposes of the means 

test. 

4. The Debtor’s mother-in-law, Hessie Harris, lives at 3414 Nash Place S.E., in 

Washington, D.C. (the “D.C. Property”). She has resided there since 1964, and is 87 years old.1

5. In 2007 or 2008, the Debtor transferred title to the D.C. Property into her name 

and Ms. Harris’s name jointly so that the Debtor could use her income to obtain a mortgage loan 

to pay for Ms. Harris’s medical bills. This effort was successful; the Debtor obtained a loan for 

$190,000, secured by the D.C. Property. The Debtor paid certain medical bills for Ms. Harris and 

the Debtor and her husband received $5,000 to $10,000 out of the loan proceeds. 

6. In 2012, the Debtor caused title to the D.C. Property to revert to Ms. Harris. The 

Debtor, therefore, remains liable on the mortgage loan but does not own the D.C. Property. 

7. The monthly payment for the loan secured by the D.C. Property is in the amount 

of $1,463.00. 

8. Ms. Harris receives a small disability check per month, but otherwise has no 

income. The Debtor described her condition as “frail.” 

9. The Debtor testified that her residence in Lorton, Virginia, is unsuitable for her 

mother-in-law because the home in Lorton has two stories and Ms. Harris cannot manage the 

stairs every day. 

10. The Debtor’s husband has two siblings, a brother and a sister, who are a retired 

attorney and a retired filmmaker, respectively. They do not contribute to the payment of the 

mortgage on the D.C. Property. 

1 The Court uses the term “the Debtor” to refer to Jennifer Harris, the Debtor in this bankruptcy case. The Court uses 

the term “Ms. Harris” to refer to Hessie Harris, the Debtor’s mother-in-law. 

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11. The Debtor and her husband do not claim Ms. Harris as a dependent on their

federal and State tax returns. 

B. The Debtor’s Chapter 13 Plan.

12. The Debtor filed a Voluntary Petition under Chapter 13 with this Court on June

11, 2019. 

13. In her means test form (Form 122C-2) the Debtor takes a deduction for “other

secured debts” (that is, other than her principal residence) in the amount of $1,463.00, for the 

payment of the D.C. mortgage. Docket No. 1, p. 53, Line 33d. 

14. After taking this deduction, the Debtor calculates that her disposable income for

purposes of the means test is in the amount of $231.58 per month. Id., p. 55, Line 45. 

15. The Debtor filed an Amended Chapter 13 Plan on September 5, 2019. Docket No.

31. The Debtor’s Plan proposes that she will pay $607.00 per month for 60 months, for a total of

$36,420.00, and a distribution to her unsecured creditors of 8.8%. Id., ¶¶ 2, 5. 

16. The Debtor’s Amended Plan states that she will “surrender” the D.C. Property.

Id., ¶ 4(B). 

17. Schedule J, attached to the Debtor’s Amended Plan, states an expense in the

amount of $1,463.00 for “Support” for the Debtor’s mother-in-law. Id., Schedule J, Line 19. 

18. The Chapter 13 Trustee objected to the Debtor’s Amended Plan on the ground

that she is not devoting all of her disposable income to the Plan, owing to the deduction taken for 

the D.C. property. Docket No. 32. 

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Conclusions of Law 

This Court has jurisdiction over this contested matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334 and 

the Order of Reference entered by the U.S. District Court for this District on August 15, 1984. 

This is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(L) (confirmations of plans). 

The parties and the Court agree on what this case is not about. First, the Debtor does not 

claim that the monthly mortgage payments on the D.C. Property come within the “special 

circumstances” of Bankruptcy Code Section 707(b)(2)(B). See In re Burdett, No. 12-12066-

BFK, 2013 WL 865575, at *4 (Bankr. E.D. Va. Mar. 7, 2013) (examples of special 

circumstances set out in Section 707(b)(2)(B) “signal an intent that the circumstances be of a 

more severe nature than ordinary job changes or income fluctuations”). Second, the Debtor’s use 

of the term “surrender” for the D.C. Property in her Amended Plan is mistaken, in that she does 

not own the D.C. Property, and the listing of the $1,463.00 monthly mortgage payment on line 

33d of the means test (“other secured debts”) is incorrect because the mortgage on the D.C. 

property is not secured by any property owned by the Debtor. The dispute, therefore, centers on

whether the D.C. mortgage payment should be listed on line 26 of the means test, as an actual 

monthly expense for the “reasonable and necessary support of an elderly . . . member of [the 

Debtor’s] household or member of [the Debtor’s] immediate family who is unable to pay for 

such expenses.” 11 U.S.C. § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II) (2018). 

The means test was enacted as a central feature of the BAPCPA Amendments to the 

Bankruptcy Code in October 2015. The means test, which is applicable to above-median debtors 

in Chapter 13, was designed “to help ensure that debtors who can pay creditors do pay them.” 

Ransom v. FIA Card Servs., N.A., 562 U.S. 61, 64 (2011) (citing H.R. Rep. No. 109–31, pt. 1, at 

2 (2005)). 

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Line 26 of the means test is derived from Section 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II), which allows an 

additional deduction as follows: 

In addition, the debtor’s monthly expenses may include, if applicable, the continuation of 

actual expenses paid by the debtor that are reasonable and necessary for care and support 

of an elderly, chronically ill, or disabled household member or member of the debtor’s 

immediate family (including parents, grandparents, siblings, children, and grandchildren 

of the debtor, the dependents of the debtor, and the spouse of the debtor in a joint case 

who is not a dependent) and who is unable to pay for such reasonable and necessary 

expenses. Such monthly expenses may include, if applicable, contributions to an account 

of a qualified ABLE program to the extent such contributions are not excess 

contributions (as described in section 4973(h) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) and 

if the designated beneficiary of such account is a child, stepchild, grandchild, or 

stepgrandchild of the debtor. 

11 U.S.C. § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II) (emphasis added).

The phrase “elderly, chronically ill, or disabled” has been held to modify both 

“household member” and “member of the debtor’s immediate family,” so that a member of the 

debtor’s immediate family who is not a member of the debtor’s household must be elderly, 

chronically ill or disabled, to qualify for the deduction. In re Linville, 446 B.R. 522, 527-28 

(Bankr. D. N.M. 2011); In re Williams, 424 B.R. 207, 214-15 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2010); In re

Harris, 415 B.R. 756, 761-62 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2009); ,QUH+LFNV, 370 B.R. 919, 922 (Bankr. 

E.D. Mo. 2007).

There is no question that Ms. Harris, at 87 years old, is elderly. The Court further finds 

the $1,463.00 monthly expense to be reasonable and necessary. The Debtor testified without 

contradiction that Ms. Harris has resided in the D.C. Property for over 50 years, and because the 

Debtor’s residence in Lorton is two stories, it would represent a hardship for Ms. Harris to move 

into the Lorton property. The issue comes down to whether Ms. Harris is either a member of the

Debtor’s household or is a member of the Debtor’s immediate family. 

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A. Ms. Harris is Not a Member of the Debtor’s Household.

The Court first addresses whether Ms. Harris is a member of the Debtor’s household. In 

Johnson v. Zimmer, 686 F.3d 224 (4th Cir. 2012), the Fourth Circuit rejected the “heads on beds” 

approach for purposes of defining the debtor’s household size, adopting instead the economic 

unit approach. In doing so, the Fourth Circuit noted: “There may be situations in which a 

bankruptcy court determines it is appropriate to include within a debtor’s ‘household’ an 

individual who does not live with the debtor, but is part of the debtor’s reasonably necessary 

expenses, such as a dependent relative in a nursing home or assisted medical care facility.” 

Johnson, 686 F.3d at 236 n.10. Section § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II), though, does not use the term 

“relative;” it employs the term “household member or member of the debtor’s immediate 

family.” The issue addressed in this Opinion, therefore, is not answered by footnote 10 in 

Johnson.

2

In In re Versace, No. 16-05593, 2017 WL 1501386 (Bankr. D.S.C. Apr. 26, 2017), the 

court rejected the idea that the debtors’ father, who lived separately from her, was a member of 

the debtor’s household. The Court noted: 

Unlike the facts here, in Johnson and most cases utilizing the “economic unit” approach 

to determine household size, the interdependence discussions involved family members 

that either: (1) live within the same residence as the debtor, but only part-time; or (2) live 

with the debtor, but may not be members of the debtor’s traditional family. See e.g., id. at 

226, 239; In re Ford, 509 B.R. 695, 697, 700 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2014) (involving a former 

stepson that stayed with the debtor at least once a week); In re Herbert, 405 B.R. 165, 

169–71 (Bankr. W.D.N.C. 2008) (involving the debtor’s biological child with his 

girlfriend and his girlfriend’s eight children from a prior relationship, with whom the 

debtor lived with). Although the Fourth Circuit mentioned that in some cases a 

bankruptcy court must exercise its discretion to accommodate the reality of a debtor’s

2 Had Section 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II) made use of the term “relative,” the deduction here would be allowed, since Ms. 

Harris is a relative of the Debtor by affinity. See 11 U.S.C. § 101(45) (the term “relative” means one related “by 

affinity or consanguinity within the third degree as determined by the common law”); In re Wandrie, 563 B.R. 

238,253 n.58 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (father-in-law and mother-in-law were insiders because they were relatives 

by affinity); In re Am. Housing Found., No. 09-20232-RLJ-11, 2011 WL 4625338 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2011) (son-inlaw is a relative by affinity); In re Gamaldi, 2009 WL 961417 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2009) (stepmother-in-law was a 

relative); In re Winn, 127 B.R. 697 (Bankr. N.D. Fla. 1991) (father-in-law is a relative by affinity).

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situation, nothing in the Johnson decision indicates that such discretion is boundless. 

Versace asks the Court—at the expense of her creditors—to expand her household size to 

include individuals that do not live with her at all, and who she has no legal obligation to 

support. 

Id., at *5.

The Court agrees – Johnson cannot be read to include persons who do not reside with the 

Debtor as members of the Debtor’s household. Further, assuming that Johnson contemplates the 

definition of household to include individuals not living with the Debtor, as in Versace, there 

was no evidence presented in this case that the Debtor’s finances are intermingled with those of 

Ms. Harris, other than the payment of the mortgage. There was no evidence, for example, that 

the parties share a bank account, nor was there evidence that the Debtor pays for food or utilities 

for Ms. Harris on a regular basis. Conversely, there was no evidence that Ms. Harris is 

contributing any portion of her Social Security benefits to the maintenance of the Debtor’s 

household. Ms. Harris, therefore, is not a member of the Debtor’s household. 

B. Ms. Harris Is Not a Member of the Debtor’s Immediate Family.

The question, then, is whether Ms. Harris, as the Debtor’s mother-in-law, comes within 

the statutory phrase “member of the debtor’s immediate family (including parents, grandparents, 

siblings, children, and grandchildren of the debtor, the dependents of the debtor, and the spouse 

of the debtor in a joint case who is not a dependent).” 11 U.S.C. § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II). If so, the 

deduction is proper; if not, the deduction cannot be allowed. The term immediate family is not 

defined in the Bankruptcy Code, but the Code does state that the term “including” is not limiting. 

Id. § 102(3). All of the terms within the parentheses, therefore, are non-limiting examples of the 

term “member of the debtor’s immediate family.” 

Ms. Harris could accurately be described as a “dependent of the debtor,” but she still 

would have to be a member of the Debtor’s household (which she is not) or a member of the 

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Debtor’s immediate family to qualify. Ms. Harris is obviously a member of the Debtor’s

husband’s immediate family but the Debtor’s husband is not a debtor in this case.

The case law to date has been sparse, and not particularly helpful on the facts presented 

here. In In re Glenn, 345 B.R. 831, 834 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2006), the bankruptcy court 

disallowed the debtors’ expenditure of $1,146.06 per month for the husband’s mother’s mortgage 

payments, which was an unsecured debt as to the debtors (as in this case). The court found that 

the expenditure was not “reasonably necessary” under Section 707(b). Id. at 837-38. The case is

somewhat distinguishable from this case, however, because in Glenn the object of the debtors’ 

generosity was one of the joint debtors’ mother, and therefore, the issue of whether the debtor’s 

mother qualified as a member of the debtors’ immediate family was not decided. 

In In re Clingman, 400 B.R. 555 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2009), the bankruptcy court reached a 

different conclusion. In Clingman (again, a joint debtor case), the debtor’s parents transferred the 

property to the debtors pre-petition and the debtors took out a home equity loan against the

property in which the debtor’s parents still resided (and the debtors did not). The court allowed 

the deduction of $613.44 per month for the mortgage and the taxes, finding that the payment was

a “statutorily-authorized expense that coincidentally improves [the debtors’] chance at a fresh 

start.” Id. at 558. Again, the case is distinguishable because: (a) the property was property of the

bankruptcy estate; (b) the loan was secured debt, not unsecured debt, as to the debtors; and (c)

the parents were immediate family of one of the debtors.

The case of In re Benincasa, No. 09-07869-JW, 2010 WL 4638758 (Bankr. D.S.C. 

2010), is probably the closest to this case on the facts. In Benincasa, the bankruptcy court 

disallowed an expense of $1,742.00 for the support of the debtor’s mother. Id. at *5. The court

ruled that (unlike here) the debtors “presented no evidence to show that the Debtor’s Mother 

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could not live in their home,” and that, therefore, the Debtors failed to meet their burden to show 

that the support was reasonably necessary. Id., at *4. Again, though, the proposed support was 

for one of the joint debtors’ mother, not for the support of a member of the non-debtor’s

immediate family.

Is Ms. Harris a member of the Debtor’s immediate family? The Court finds that she is 

not. Although the issue is not free from doubt, the Court finds that Congress’s use of the term 

“immediate family,” rather than the more expansive term “relative,” indicates an intent to 

circumscribe the use of the deduction under Section 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II). Moreover, the Court 

must read the statute in light of its intended purpose. As the Supreme Court held in Ransom:

Congress designed the means test to measure debtors’ disposable income and, in that 

way, “to ensure that [they] repay creditors the maximum they can afford.” H.R. Rep., at 

2. This purpose is best achieved by interpreting the means test, consistent with the 

statutory text, to reflect a debtor’s ability to afford repayment.

562 U.S. at 71.

The Court finds that Congress did not intend the definition of “immediate family” in 

Section 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(II) to be so expansive as to include the Debtor’s mother-in-law, who is 

not a member of the Debtor’s household. The Court, therefore, will sustain the Chapter 13 

Trustee’s Objection to the Debtor’s Amended Chapter 13 Plan. 

Conclusion

It is therefore ORDERED:

1. The Trustee’s Objection to confirmation of the Debtor’s Amended Chapter 13 

Plan is sustained. The Debtor is allowed 21 days from the entry of this Order to file an Amended 

Plan. 

2. The Clerk will mail copies of this Memorandum Opinion and Order, or will 

provide cm-ecf notice of its entry, to the parties below. 

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Date: _____________________ ___________________________________

Brian F. Kenney

Alexandria, Virginia United States Bankruptcy Judge

Copies to:

Jennifer Harris

6835 Silver Ann Drive

Lorton, VA 22079

Chapter 13 Debtor

Richard G. Hall

7369 McWhorter Place

Suite 412

Annandale, VA 22003

Counsel for the Debtor

Thomas P. Gorman

300 N. Washington St. Ste. 400

Alexandria, VA 22314

Chapter 13 Trustee

Nov 21 2019 /s/ Brian F. Kenney

Entered on Docket: November 22, 2019

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