Family Structure and

Children’s Health in the

United States: Findings

From the National Health

Interview Survey, 2001–2007

Series 10, Number 246 December 2010
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Suggested citation

Blackwell DL. Family structure and children’s health in the United States:

Findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. National Center

for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(246). 2010.

Library of Congress Catalog-in-Publication Data

Family structure and children’s health in the United States : findings from the

National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.

p. ; cm.— (Vital and health statistics. Series 10, Data from the National

Health Survey ; no. 246) (DHHS publication ; no. (PHS) 2011–1574)

‘‘October 2010.’’

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0–8406-0642–7

1. Children—Health and hygiene—United States—Statistics. 2. Children—

United States—Social conditions—Statistics. 3. Children—United States—

Economic conditions—Statistics. 4. Health surveys—United States—Statistics.

5. United States—Statistics, Medical. 6. United States—Statistics, Vital. I.

National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.) II. National Health Interview Survey

(U.S.) III. Series: Vital and health statistics. Series 10, Data from the National

Health Survey ; no. 246. IV. Series: DHHS publication ; no. (PHS) 2011–1574.

[DNLM: 1. Child Welfare—United States—Statistics. 2. Family—United

States—Statistics. 3. Health Status—United States—Statistics. 4. Health

Surveys—United States—Statistics. W2 A N148vj no.246 2010]

RJ102.F363 2010

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Printed on acid-free paper.
Series 10, Number 246

Family Structure and

Children’s Health in the

United States: Findings

From the National Health

Interview Survey, 2001–2007

Data From the National Health

Interview Survey

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsville, Maryland

December 2010

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2011–1574
National Center for Health Statistics

Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D., Director

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science

Division of Health Interview Statistics

Jane F. Gentleman, Ph.D., Director
Contents
 

Abstract ................................................................................................ 1 
 

Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 
 

Data Source ............................................................................................ 2 
 

Limitations of the Data .................................................................................. 3 
 

Methods ................................................................................................ 3 
 

Estimation Procedures................................................................................... 3 
 

Variance Estimation and Significance Testing ................................................................ 4 
 

Measurement of Family Structure ........................................................................... 4 
 

Measurement of Health Outcomes ........................................................................... 5 
 

Further Information ....................................................................................... 6 
 

Selected Results ......................................................................................... 6 
 

Family Structure Characteristics........................................................................... 7 
 

Measures of Physical Health and Limitations ................................................................ 9 
 

Measures of Access to or Utilization of Health Care .......................................................... 17 
 

Measures of Behavior or Emotional Well-being .............................................................. 23 
 

Conclusion .............................................................................................. 27 
 

References .............................................................................................. 28 
 

Appendix I. Technical Notes on Methods ..................................................................... 162 
 

Appendix II. Definitions of Selected Terms.................................................................... 164 
 

Figures

1.	 Percent distribution of family structure for children under age 18: United States, 2001–2007 .................... 7 
 

2.	 Percent distribution of family structure for non-Hispanic black children under age 18: United States, 2001–2007.... 7 
 

3.	 Percent distribution of family structure for Hispanic children under age 18: United States, 2001–2007 ............ 8 
 

4.	 Percent distribution of family structure for non-Hispanic white children under age 18: United States, 2001–2007 . . . 8
 

5.	 Percent distribution of family structure for poor children under age 18: United States, 2001–2007................ 9 
 

6.	 Percent distribution of family structure for near poor children under age 18: United States, 2001–2007............ 9 
 

7.	 Percent distribution of family structure for not poor children under age 18: United States, 2001–2007 ............ 10 
 

8.	 Percent distribution of family structure across the study period for children under age 18: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 10 
 

9.	 Percentages of children under age 18 in good, fair, or poor health, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007 . . . 11
 

10.	 Percentages of children under age 18 with one or more selected chronic conditions, by family structure:
 

United States, 2001–2007........................................................................... 11 
 

11.	 Percentages of children under age 18 who ever had asthma, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007 ........ 12 
 

12.	 Percentages of children under age 18 who had hay fever in the past 12 months, by family structure: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 12 
 

13.	 Percentages of children under age 18 who had respiratory allergies in the past 12 months, by family structure:
 

United States, 2001–2007........................................................................... 13 
 

14.	 Percentages of children aged 4–17 who have a basic action disability, by family structure: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 13 
 

iii
15.	 Percentages of children aged 3–17 who had ever been told of having a learning disability or ADHD, by family
 

structure: United States, 2001–2007 ................................................................... 16 
 

16.	 Percentages of children aged 5–17 who missed 6 or more days of school in the past 12 months due to illness or
 

injury, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007 ..................................................... 16 
 

17.	 Percentages of children under age 18 who did not have health insurance, by family structure: United States,
 

2001–2007........................................................................................ 17 
 

18.	 Percentages of children under age 18 without a usual place of health care, by family structure: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 17 
 

19.	 Percentages of children under age 18 with a problem for which prescription medications were used for at least
 

3 months, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007 ................................................. 19 
 

20.	 Percentages of children under age 18 who had two or more visits to the emergency room in the past 12 months,
 

by family structure: United States, 2001–2007 .......................................................... 19 
 

21.	 Percentages of children under age 18 who did not have a medical checkup in the past 12 months, by family
 

structure: United States, 2001–2007 .................................................................. 20 
 

22.	 Percentages of children under age 18 who had medical care delayed during the past 12 months due to concerns over
 

cost, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007 ..................................................... 21 
 

23.	 Percentages of children aged 2–17 who did not see a dentist in the past 12 months, by family structure:
 

United States, 2001–2007........................................................................... 22 
 

24.	 Percentages of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed dental care in the past 12 months due to cost, by
 

family structure: United States, 2001–2007 ............................................................ 23 
 

25.	 Percentages of children aged 4–17 who were generally not well-behaved or did not usually do what adults requested
 

in the past 6 months, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007 ........................................ 24 
 

26.	 Percentages of children aged 4–17 who had many worries or often seemed worried in the past 6 months, by family
 

structure: United States, 2001–2007 .................................................................. 25 
 

27.	 Percentages of children aged 4–17 who had definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties, by family
 

structure: United States, 2001–2007 .................................................................. 26 
 

Detailed Tables

1.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 who were in good, fair, or poor health, by family structure and by selected
 

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ............................................................... 30 
 

2.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who were in good, fair, or poor health, by family
 

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .......................................... 32 
 

3.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have one or more chronic conditions, by family
 

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .......................................... 34 
 

4.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who have ever been told they had one or more chronic
 

conditions, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ........................ 36 
 

5.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have asthma, by family structure and by selected
 

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ............................................................... 38 
 

6.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have asthma, by family
 

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .......................................... 40 
 

7.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 with hay fever in the past 12 months, by family structure and by selected
 

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ............................................................... 42 
 

8.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with hay fever in the past 12 months, by family structure
 

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007.................................................. 44 
 

9.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 with respiratory allergies in the past 12 months, by family structure and by
 

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ........................................................ 46 
 

10.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with respiratory allergies in the past 12 months, by family
 

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .......................................... 48 
 

11.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 with digestive or skin allergies in the past 12 months, by family structure and
 

by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .................................................... 50 
 

12.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with digestive or skin allergies in the past 12 months,
 

by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................ 52 
 

13.	 Frequencies of children aged 3–17 with frequent headaches or migraines in the past 12 months, by family structure
 

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007................................................. 54 
 

14.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 3–17 with frequent headaches or migraines in the past
 

12 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007....................... 56 
 

15.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 with three or more ear infections in the past 12 months, by family structure
 

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007................................................ 58 
 

iv
16.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with three or more ear infections in the past 12 months,
 

by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................ 60 
 

17.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have mental retardation or any developmental
 

delay, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ........................... 62 
 

18.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have mental retardation
 

or any developmental delay, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007......... 64 
 

19.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 with an impairment or health problem that limits crawling, walking, running,
 

or playing, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ....................... 66 
 

20.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with an impairment or health problem that limits
 

crawling, walking, running, or playing, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 68 
 

21.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 receiving special education or EIS for an emotional or behavioral problem,
 

by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................ 70 
 

22.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 receiving special education or EIS for an emotional or
 

behavioral problem, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ............... 72 
 

23.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 with vision problems, by family structure and by selected characteristics:
 

United States, 2001–2007........................................................................... 74 
 

24.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with vision problems, by family structure and by
 

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ....................................................... 76 
 

25.	 Frequencies of children aged 4–17 with a basic action disability, by family structure and by selected characteristics:
 

United States, 2001–2007........................................................................... 78 
 

26.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 with a basic action disability, by family structure and by
 

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ....................................................... 80 
 

27.	 Frequencies of children aged 3–17 who have ever been told they have a learning disability or ADHD, by family
 

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ......................................... 82 
 

28.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 3–17 who have ever been told they have a learning disability or
 

ADHD, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ......................... 84 
 

29.	 Frequencies of children aged 5–17 who missed 6 or more school days in the past 12 months due to illness or injury,
 

by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................ 86 
 

30.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 5–17 who missed 6 or more school days in the past 12 months
 

due to illness or injury, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007............. 88 
 

31.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 without any health insurance, by family structure and by selected
 

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ............................................................. 90 
 

32.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 without any health insurance, by family structure and
 

by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .................................................... 92 
 

33.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 without a usual place of health care, by family structure and by selected
 

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .............................................................. 94 
 

34.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 without a usual place of health care, by family structure
 

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007................................................. 96 
 

35.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 with a problem for which prescription medication has been used regularly for
 

at least 3 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................. 98 
 

36.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with a problem for which prescription medication has
 

been used regularly for at least 3 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 100 
 

37.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 who made two or more visits to a hospital ER in the past 12 months, by
 

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................... 102 
 

38.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who made two or more visits to a hospital ER in the
 

past 12 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007................... 104 
 

39.	 Frequencies of children aged 1–17 who did not have a medical checkup in the past 12 months, by family structure
 

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007................................................. 106 
 

40.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 1–17 who did not have a medical checkup in the past
 

12 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007....................... 108 
 

41.	 Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who saw or talked with an eye doctor during the past 12 months, by family
 

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ......................................... 110 
 

42.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who saw or talked with an eye doctor during the past
 

12 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007....................... 112 
 

43.	 Frequencies of children under age 18 who had medical care delayed during the past 12 months due to concerns
 

over cost, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ........................ 114 
 

v
44.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who had medical care delayed during the past 12 months
 

due to concerns over cost, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .......... 116 
 

45.	 Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed prescription medication during the past 12 months
 

due to lack of affordability, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ......... 118 
 

46.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed prescription medication during
 

the past 12 months due to lack of affordability, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 120 
 

47.	 Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who needed but did not get eyeglasses during the past 12 months due to lack of
 

affordability, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ..................... 122 
 

48.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who needed but did not get eyeglasses during the past
 

12 months due to lack of affordability, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 124 
 

49.	 Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who did not see a dentist within the past 12 months, by family structure and by
 

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ....................................................... 126 
 

50.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who did not see a dentist within the past 12 months, by
 

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................... 128 
 

51.	 Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed dental care in the past 12 months due to cost, by
 

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................... 130 
 

52.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed dental care in the past
 

12 months due to cost, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ............. 132 
 

53.	 Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who were often unhappy, depressed, or tearful during the past 6 months, by
 

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................... 134 
 

54.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who were often unhappy, depressed, or tearful during the
 

past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007.................... 136 
 

55.	 Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who were generally not well-behaved or did not usually do what adults requested
 

during the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007........... 138 
 

56.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who were generally not well-behaved or did not usually
 

do what adults requested during the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States,
 

2001–2007....................................................................................... 140 
 

57.	 Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who had many worries or often seemed worried during the past 6 months, by
 

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................... 142 
 

58.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who had many worries or often seemed worried during
 

the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007................. 144 
 

59.	 Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who generally exhibited a poor attention span or did not usually see chores and
 

homework through to the end during the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics:
 

United States, 2001–2007........................................................................... 146 
 

60.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who generally exhibited a poor attention span or did not
 

usually see chores and homework through to the end during the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected
 

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .............................................................. 148 
 

61.	 Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who certainly got along better with adults than children during the past 6 months,
 

by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................ 150 
 

62.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who certainly got along better with adults than children
 

during the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007........... 152 
 

63.	 Frequencies of children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties, by family structure
 

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007................................................. 154 
 

64.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties,
 

by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 ................................ 156 
 

65.	 Frequencies of children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties who had no contact
 

with a mental health professional or general doctor for an emotional or behavioral problem during the last
 

12 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007....................... 158 
 

66.	 Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties
 

who had no contact with a mental health professional or general doctor for an emotional or behavioral problem
 

during the last 12 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007 .......... 160 
 

Appendix Tables

I.	 Weighted counts and percentages of children with unknown information on health characteristics of interest, National
 

Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007................................................................... 163 
 

II.	 Weighted counts and percentages of children aged 0–17 with unknown information on selected sociodemographic
 

characteristics, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007 .............................................. 163 
 

vi
Objectives

This report presents statistics from the

2001–2007 National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS) on selected measures of

physical health and limitations, access to

or utilization of health care, and behavior

or emotional well-being for children under

age 18 by family structure, sex, age, race,

Hispanic origin, parent’s education, family

income, poverty status, home tenure

status, health insurance coverage, place

of residence, and region.

Source of Data

NHIS is a multistage probability sample

survey conducted annually by interviewers

of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention’s

National Center for Health Statistics, and

is representative of the civilian

noninstitutionalized population of the

United States. Information about one

randomly selected child per family is

collected in a face-to-face interview with

an adult proxy respondent familiar with the

child’s health.

Highlights

Children in nuclear families were

generally less likely than children in

nonnuclear families to be in good, fair, or

poor health; to have a basic action

disability; to have learning disabilities or

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; to

lack health insurance coverage; to have

had two or more emergency room visits in

the past 12 months; to have receipt of

needed prescription medication delayed

during the past 12 months due to lack of

affordability; to have gone without needed

dental care due to cost in the past 12

months; to be poorly behaved; and to

have definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties during the past 6

months. Children living in single-parent

families had higher prevalence rates than

children in nuclear families for the various

health conditions and indicators examined

in this report. However, when compared

with children living in other nonnuclear

families, children in single-parent families

generally exhibited similar rates with

respect to child health, access to care,

and emotional or behavioral difficulties.

Keywords: health and limitations •

access to care • emotional or

behavioral difficulties

Family Structure and Children’s

Health in the United States:

Findings From the National

Health Interview Survey,

2001–2007

by Debra L. Blackwell, Ph.D., Division of Health Interview Statistics

children, were living in households Introduction consisting of a biological or adoptive

parent and another unrelated adult (6),

As divorce rates remain high and while the Centers for Disease Control

cohabitation becomes more and Prevention’s (CDC) National Center

commonplace, an increasing number of for Health Statistics (NCHS) reported

U.S. children will spend a larger that 35.8% of all births in 2004 were to

proportion of their lives in a unmarried women (7).

nontraditional family. The proportion of In view of the changing family

U.S. children likely to live part of their structure distribution, new categories of

childhood in a married stepfamily families such as unmarried families or

increased from about one-seventh in the unmarried stepfamilies need to be

early 1970s to one-quarter in the early studied so that the health characteristics

1980s; if unmarried stepfamilies are also of children in nontraditional families can

included, the proportions would be be identified (1,8,9). Previous

higher (1). In 1990, 3.5% of U.S. researchers have reported that children

children lived with a parent and his or living in nontraditional families are

her cohabiting partner (2), while in disadvantaged financially, and are more

2002, 6% lived with a cohabiting parent likely to experience deleterious

and partner (3). Graefe and Lichter outcomes with respect to school (e.g.,

estimated that about one of four children higher drop-out rates, poorer academic

will live in a family headed by a performance), behavior (e.g.,

cohabiting couple at some point during delinquency, promiscuity), and mental

their childhood (4). Using different data, health (9–17). A small number of

Bumpass and Lu concluded that 40% of published studies have found that

children would live in a cohabiting children in two-parent families are more

couple family during childhood (5). advantaged than children in other types

Additionally, the U.S. Census Bureau of families with respect to health status

estimated that in 2004, 10 million or access to health care (18–21).

children under age 18, or 14% of all However, these analyses were based on

This report was prepared under the general direction of Jane F. Gentleman, Director of NCHS’s

Division of Health Interview Statistics (DHIS), and Eve Powell-Griner, Chief of the Data Analysis and

Quality Assurance Branch of DHIS. The author is also grateful for the helpful comments provided by

Charlotte Schoenborn, DHIS, and Jennifer Madans, Associate Director for Science. This report was edited

by Betsy M. Finley, Laura Drescher, and Demarius V. Miller, CDC/NCHM/Division of Creative Services,

Writer-Editor Services Branch; typeset by Annette F. Holman, and graphics produced by Michael W. Jones

(Contractor), CDC/OSELS/NCHS/OD/Office of Information Services, Information Design and Publishing

Staff.

Page 1
Page 2 [ Series 10, No. 246

survey data that did not collect

information on cohabitation and

parent-child relationships (e.g.,

biological, step, etc.), making the

identification of nontraditional family

types impossible.

The National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS), a multi-purpose health

survey conducted by NCHS, initiated an

important step in identifying

nontraditional families with the

implementation of a new household

rostering system and marital status

variables in 1997. Detailed family

structure variables distinguished between

married parent families (with biological

or adoptive children), unmarried parent

families (with biological or adoptive

children), parent-stepparent families

(with children), and parent-cohabiting

partner families (with children). Thus,

NHIS data provide an opportunity to

investigate the association of family

structure with the health status and

characteristics of U.S. children.

This report presents national

prevalence estimates for selected health

status and access to health care

indicators among children by type of

family structure. Because the association

between children’s health and family

structure is likely to be modified by

personal (e.g., sex, age, race/ethnicity),

social (parental education), and

economic (e.g., family income, poverty

status, home tenure status, and health

insurance coverage) characteristics, these

factors are also controlled for in the

report’s detailed tables.

The family structure indicator used

in this report consists of seven mutually

exclusive categories that take into

account parental marital status as well

as the type of relationship between

children aged 0–17 and any parents

present in the family. Because NHIS

defines children as family members who

are aged 0–17 and adults as family

members who are aged 18 and over,

adult children (those aged 18 and over)

are considered related adults regardless

of their relationship (biological,

adoptive, step, or foster) to their parents.

+	 A nuclear family consists of one or

more children living with two

parents who are married to one

another and are each biological or

adoptive parents to all children in

the family.

+	 A single-parent family consists of

one or more children living with a

single adult (male or female, related

or unrelated to the child or

children).

+	 An unmarried biological or adoptive

family consists of one or more

children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and

are each biological or adoptive

parents to all children in the family.

+	 A blended family consists of one or

more children living with a

biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are

married to one another.

+	 A cohabiting family consists of one

or more children living with a

biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated adult who are cohabiting

with one another.

+	 An extended family consists of one

or more children living with at least

one biological or adoptive parent

and a related adult who is not a

parent (e.g., a grandparent). Any of

the previously described family

types that contained an adult child

are categorized as an extended

family.

+	 An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or

more children living with related or

unrelated adults who are not

biological or adoptive parents.

Children being raised by their

grandparents are included in this

category, as are foster children

living with at least two adults.

Data Source

Data from the 2001–2007 NHIS are

pooled to provide national estimates for

a broad range of health status indicators

and measures of access to health care by

family structure for the U.S. civilian

noninstitutionalized population of

children under age 18. Pooled analyses

are typically done to increase sample

sizes for small populations (e.g.,

unmarried biological or adoptive and

cohabiting families). Weighted estimates

from such an analysis can be interpreted

as either an estimate for the midpoint of

the study period or as an ‘‘average’’

across the study period (22). Data from

the 2001–2007 NHIS were selected for

this analysis because the 2000 NHIS

does not contain complete family

structure information, and the 2008

NHIS was not available at the time

these analyses were conducted. The

family structure indicator used for this

report is obtained from the 2001–2007

in-house Person or Family data files; a

public-use version is also available but

it combines all unmarried biological or

adoptive families and cohabiting

families into a single category. Most

health estimates are derived from the

2001–2007 public-use Sample Child

data files of the annual NHIS Basic

Module; the remaining health estimates

are derived from the 2001–2007

public-use Person data files. These

estimates, which users can replicate with

NHIS public-use data, are shown in

Tables 1–66 for various subgroups of the

population, including those defined by

sex, age, race and Hispanic origin,

parent’s education, family income,

poverty status, home tenure status,

health insurance coverage, place of

residence, and region. Appendix I

contains brief technical notes and

Appendix II contains definitions of

terms used in this report.

NHIS has been an important source

of information about health and health

care in the United States since it was

first conducted in 1957. Its main

objective is to monitor the health of the

civilian noninstitutionalized U.S.

population through the collection and

analysis of data on a broad range of

health topics. Persons in long-term care

institutions (e.g., nursing homes;

hospitals for the chronically ill, disabled,

or mentally handicapped; wards for

abused or neglected children),

correctional facilities (e.g., prisons or

jails, juvenile detention centers, halfway

houses), active duty Armed Forces

personnel (although their civilian family

members are included), and U.S.

nationals living in foreign countries are

excluded from the sampling frame.

More information on sample design can

be found in ‘‘Design and Estimation for

the National Health Interview Survey,

1995–2004’’ (23).
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 3

The NHIS questionnaire, called the

Basic Module or Core, is repeated

annually and consists of three main

components: the Family Core, the

Sample Child Core, and the Sample

Adult Core (the latter is not used for

this report). The Family Core collects

information about all family members

regarding household composition and

sociodemographic characteristics, along

with basic indicators of health status,

activity limitations, and utilization of

health care services. All members of the

household aged 17 and over who are at

home at the time of the interview are

invited to participate and respond for

themselves. For children and adults not

at home during the interview,

information is provided by a

knowledgeable adult family member

aged 18 and over residing in the

household. Although considerable effort

is made to ensure accurate reporting, the

information from both proxies and

self-respondents may be inaccurate

because the respondent is unaware of

relevant information, has forgotten it,

does not wish to reveal it to an

interviewer, or does not understand the

intended meaning of the question. Note

that NHIS does not obtain independent

evaluations directly from doctors or

other health care professionals.

The Sample Child Core obtains

additional information on the health of

one randomly selected child aged 0–17

in the family; a knowledgeable adult in

the family (usually a parent) provides

proxy responses for the sample child.

The Sample Child Core is the primary

data source for this report, while

information regarding demographic

characteristics is derived from the

Family Core.

The interviewed sample for the

2001–2007 NHIS consisted of a total of

244,572 households, which yielded

630,884 persons in 249,570 families.

There were 90,566 children aged 0–17

who were eligible for the Sample Child

questionnaire. Data were collected for

82,553 children, a conditional response

rate of 91.1%. The average final

response rate for the Sample Child

component during 2001–2007 was

79.3% (24–30). However, detailed

family structure information was not

available in the first and second quarters

of 2004, so these sample child cases

were omitted, and case weights for the

sample child observations in the third

and fourth quarters of 2004 were

doubled to obtain an appropriate

estimate of the U.S. child population for

2004. This adjustment yields a total of

83,849 observations for analysis. This

sample results in a weighted, annualized

estimate of 73.2 million children in the

United States during 2001–2007.

Limitations of the Data

NHIS obtains information from

respondents via an in-person interviewing

process, with a typical interview averaging

about 1 hour. No clinical measurements are

taken. As a result, all NHIS data are based

on subjective reports obtained from

respondents who stated that they were

knowledgeable about all family members’

health status, access to medical care, and

personal information. The NHIS

interviewer has no way of verifying

whether these family respondents are, in

fact, knowledgeable. In addition,

respondents may experience recall

problems or have different cultural

definitions of illness, either of which could

result in inaccurate responses. Furthermore,

as with all surveys, respondents may

simply underreport characteristics or

conditions that they consider undesirable. It

is thus likely that some of the prevalence

estimates presented in this report are

conservative.

Despite the fact that multiple years of

data were used for this analysis, cell

counts in some of the more detailed

cross-classification tables are small,

particularly when a ‘‘rare’’ family structure

is crossed with a ‘‘rare’’ health condition.

The resulting percentages have relatively

large standard errors that make the

detection of statistically significant

relationships difficult; some relationships

between family structure and child health

may thus go undetected as a result.

Percentages with a relative standard error

greater than 30% are identified by an

asterisk in all tables; readers should use

caution when attempting to interpret these

statistics. For this reason, percentages

indicated by an asterisk in the tables are

not discussed in the text or shown in any

figures in this report. In addition,

frequencies may also be underestimates

due to item nonresponse and unknowns,

both of which are excluded from the

tables. See Appendix I for more

information about the number of

unknowns with respect to each health

characteristic.

NHIS is a cross-sectional survey

that does not obtain retrospective

information from adult respondents

regarding their marital histories or living

arrangements. The family structure

indicator used in this report cannot

account for children’s transitions into

and out of different families, nor can it

be used to estimate health outcomes for

children who have ever lived in a

particular type of family (e.g.,

cohabiting or single-parent families).

Thus, we cannot distinguish between

family structure per se and family

instability, that is, repeated transitions

into and out of different family types

(15). Family structure, as measured in

this report, is the type of family in

which the sample child was living at the

time of interview. Consequently, the

tables in this report can only be used to

understand the extent to which selected

child health outcomes and family

structure vary together; causality or

directionality in the family structure and

child health relationship cannot be

determined from NHIS data. Lastly,

while the tables show estimates by

various age groups, the prevalence

estimates presented in the tables are not

age-adjusted.

Methods

Estimation Procedures

Estimates presented in this report

were weighted to provide national health

estimates; the record weight of the

sample child was used to generate all

estimates. These weights were calibrated

by NCHS staff to produce numbers

consistent with the population estimates

of the United States by age, sex, and

race/ethnicity, and are based on

population projections from the U.S.

Census Bureau for noninstitutionalized

civilians. Because 7 years of NHIS data

were utilized, each weight was divided

by seven before analyzing the data, in
Page 4 [ Series 10, No. 246

order to annualize the resulting

estimates.

The weights from the 2001 and

2002 NHIS were based on projections

from the 1990 census, while the weights

from the 2003–2007 NHIS were based

on projections from the 2000 census.

Prior to the release of the 2003 data,

NCHS staff compared estimates for a

number of health characteristics using

the 1990 census-based weights and the

2000 census-based weights and found

that health estimates were extremely

consistent regardless of the weighting

schema used (26). Thus, the change in

the census-based population controls

used to create the 2003–2007 NHIS case

weights should have little impact on

data analyses that utilize the combined

2001–2007 data.

For each health measure, weighted

frequencies and weighted percentages

are shown for all children according to

their family structure. Estimates are

further disaggregated by various

sociodemographic characteristics, such

as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin,

parent’s education, family income,

poverty status, home tenure status,

health insurance coverage, place of

residence, and region. All counts are

expressed in thousands. Counts for

children of unknown status with respect

to family structure and each health

characteristic of interest are not shown

separately in the tables, nor are they

included in the calculation of

percentages, in order to make the

presentation of the data more

straightforward. In most instances, the

percentage unknown is small (typically

less than 1%).

Additionally, some of the

sociodemographic variables that are

used to delineate various subgroups of

the population have unknown values.

Again, for most of these variables, the

percentage unknown is small. Health

estimates for children with these

unknown sociodemographic

characteristics are not shown in the

tables. Readers should refer to Appendix

I for more information on the quantities

of cases with unknown or missing

values. The 2001–2007 NHIS Imputed

Family Income/Personal Earnings Files

were used to minimize the exclusion of

cases with incomplete information

regarding family income and poverty

status.

Variance Estimation and

Significance Testing

NHIS data are based on a sample of

the population and are therefore subject

to sampling error. Standard errors are

reported to indicate the reliability of the

estimates. Estimates and standard errors

were calculated using SUDAAN

software that takes into account the

complex sampling design of NHIS. The

Taylor series linearization method was

used for variance estimation in

SUDAAN (31).

Standard errors are shown for all

percentages in the tables but not for the

frequencies. Estimates with relative

standard errors of greater than 30% are

considered unreliable and are indicated

with an asterisk. The statistical

significance of differences between

point estimates was evaluated using

two-sided t tests at the 0.05 level and

assuming independence. Terms such as

‘‘greater than,’’ ‘‘less than,’’ ‘‘more

likely,’’ ‘‘less likely,’’ ‘‘increased,’’

‘‘decreased,’’ ‘‘compared with,’’ or

‘‘opposed to’’ indicate a statistically

significant difference between estimates,

whereas ‘‘similar,’’ ‘‘no difference,’’ or

‘‘comparable’’ indicate that the estimates

are not statistically different. A lack of

commentary about any two estimates

should not be interpreted to mean that a

t test was performed and the difference

found to be not significant. These

statistical tests did not take multiple

comparisons into account.

Measurement of

Family Structure

NHIS is a cross-sectional,

household-based survey that obtains

information from its respondents at a

specific time. It does not obtain detailed

relationship histories from respondents

because this would be beyond the scope

of the survey. The household

composition portion of the survey

contains several filter questions at the

outset of the interview that ask whether

all persons in the household live and eat

together or if any of them have another

residence where they usually live.

Persons who do not routinely live and

eat together as well as those who may

regularly visit but maintain a residence

elsewhere are not included in the

interview. Individuals drift into and out

of cohabiting unions gradually over time

(32), so the use of these filter questions

may result in more accurate estimates of

some nontraditional families. A

household roster is then completed and

the relationships of all family members

to the ‘‘family reference person’’—

typically the person who owns or rents

the home—are established. To facilitate

completion of the roster, respondents are

given a flash card listing 17 possible

family relationships; ‘‘spouse

(husband/wife)’’ and ‘‘unmarried

partner’’ are listed as separate items.

Current marital status is obtained for all

family members aged 14 and over;

respondents self-report whether they are

currently married, widowed, divorced,

separated, never married, or living with

a partner, and they identify which

family member is their spouse or

partner. Also, for each family member

aged 17 and under, several questions

ascertain whether one or both parents

are present in the household and the

nature of the relationship between the

parent or parents and child (i.e.,

biological, adoptive, step, or foster).

Family structure is measured by a

variable with seven mutually exclusive

categories (see the family structure

description in the Introduction) that

takes into account parental marital status

and the type of relationship (e.g.,

biological, adoptive, step) between

children aged 0–17 and any parents

present in the family. Children aged 17

and under who are emancipated minors

are excluded from the analysis. A related

family member is someone who is

connected by ancestry, marriage, or

legal adoption to the child or children.

In the case of nuclear and unmarried

biological or adoptive families, both

parents must be biological or adoptive

to all children in the family. Singleparent families may consist of one or

more children living with a single parent

(male or female) who may or may not

be biologically related to the child or
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 5

children in the family. Blended families

(i.e., parent and stepparent) are those in

which the two adults present are married

to one another and at least one child in

the family is the biological or adopted

child of one adult and the stepchild of

the other adult. Cohabiting families

consist of one or more children residing

with a biological (or adoptive) parent

and that parent’s cohabiting partner who

is unrelated to the child or children.

Families with one or more children

living with at least one biological or

adoptive parent and one or more related

adults, such as a grandparent or an adult

sibling, are referred to as an extended

family. Note that NHIS defines persons

aged 18 and over as adults. As a result,

any of the family types described

previously with one or more adult

children are considered extended

families. This will result in smaller

counts and percentages of the remaining

family types, particularly nuclear

families, and to a lesser extent,

single-parent families. Lastly, a family

with one or more children living with

two or more related or unrelated adults

(none of whom is a biological or

adoptive parent to that child) is

considered, for the purposes of this

report, as an ‘‘other’’ family. Children

being raised by their grandparents would

be included in this category, as would

foster children (as long as a minimum

of two adults are present).

Measurement of

Health Outcomes

This report examines children’s

health in three broad categories:

physical health or limitations, access to

or utilization of health care, and

behavior or emotional well-being. In all

instances, a knowledgeable adult

(typically a parent) provided information

on behalf of all sample children aged

0–17. Note that the second footnote in

each table contains the verbatim text of

the survey question that was the source

of the estimates in the table, along with

other pertinent information. Unless

otherwise noted, questionnaire items and

response categories did not change

across the 2001–2007 surveys.

Information regarding good, fair, or

poor health status [i.e., less than optimal

health (33–37)], and impairments that

limited crawling, walking, running, or

playing was obtained from separate

questions in the Family Core that asked

about the child’s current (i.e., at the time

of the interview) health. Information

regarding receipt of special education or

Early Intervention Services (EIS) was

also obtained from the Family Core, and

was based on current as well as

previous enrollment. Chronic condition

status was based on a series of separate

questions in the Sample Child Core that

asked whether a doctor or health

professional had ever said that the

sample child had Down syndrome,

muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis,

sickle cell anemia, autism, diabetes,

arthritis, congenital heart disease, or any

other heart condition. Likewise,

prevalence estimates of ever having

asthma, mental retardation, or any

developmental delay were obtained from

separate questions in the Sample Child

Core that asked whether a doctor or

other health professional had ever said

that the sample child had these

conditions. Frequency and percentage

estimates of mental retardation and any

developmental delay were combined for

this analysis.

Information regarding hay fever,

allergies (respiratory, skin, or digestive),

and ear infections was obtained for

sample children of all ages and was

based on the 12-month period prior to

the interview; information regarding

frequent headaches or migraines was

also based on the 12-month period prior

to the interview, but was obtained only

for sample children aged 3–17.

Information on vision problems was

obtained from a Sample Child Core

question that asked whether the sample

child had any ‘‘trouble seeing.’’ If the

child was aged 2 and over, the

interviewer added ‘‘even when wearing

glasses or contact lenses.’’ Prevalence

estimates of learning disabilities or

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD) were derived from separate

questions in the Sample Child Core.

Respondents were asked whether a

representative from a school or a health

professional had ever said that the

sample child aged 3–17 had a learning

disability. Similarly, respondents were

asked whether a doctor or health

professional had ever said that the

sample child aged 3–17 had ADHD or

attention deficit disorder (ADD).

Frequency and percentage estimates of

learning disabilities and ADHD or ADD

were combined for this analysis.

Basic action disability (Tables 27–

28) is a new summary measure that

takes into account four basic domains or

functions that a child needs in order to

participate in age-appropriate activities

(38,39). These domains consist of

sensory functions (e.g., hearing, vision),

movement (e.g., walking, running,

playing), cognitive functioning (e.g.,

ability to remember, learning disabilities,

mental retardation, Down syndrome,

autism), and emotional or behavioral

functions (ADHD, emotional, or

behavioral difficulties). Accordingly,

children aged 4–17 were considered to

have a basic action disability if they had

any one of the following: a lot of

trouble hearing or deafness; trouble

seeing; limitations in their ability to

crawl, walk, run, or play; difficulty

remembering; mental retardation; Down

syndrome; autism; a learning disability;

ADHD; or definite or severe emotional

or behavioral difficulties [from the

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

(SDQ)]. Information regarding difficulty

remembering came from a Family Core

question; all other information was

obtained from questions in the Sample

Child Core.

Data on the number of school days

missed were obtained from a question in

the Sample Child Core that asked how

many school days the sample child aged

5–17 missed in the past 12 months due

to illness or injury. (Tables in this report

utilize a cut-point of six or more days.)

Information regarding use of

prescription medications was based on a

question in the Sample Child Core that

asked whether the sample child aged

0–17 had a problem for which he or she

had regularly taken prescription

medication for at least 3 months.

Information regarding health care

insurance coverage was obtained from

various questions in the Family Core

about type of coverage at the time of

interview. Information about having a

usual place of health care was obtained
Page 6 [ Series 10, No. 246

from a question in the Sample Child

Core that asked whether there was a

place (e.g., doctor’s office, health clinic,

etc.) that the sample child ‘‘usually’’

went when he or she was sick or the

parent or guardian needed advice about

the child’s health. Information regarding

emergency room (ER) visits was

obtained from a Sample Child Core

question that asked the number of times

during the past 12 months that the

sample child had gone to a hospital ER

about his or her health, including those

times that resulted in a hospital

admission. In addition, information

regarding receipt of medical checkups

was obtained from another question in

the Sample Child Core that asked

whether the sample child had received a

‘‘well-child check-up—that is, a general

check-up when he or she was not sick

or injured’’ during the past 12 months.

Note that children under age 1 are not

included in the tables showing medical

checkups. The Sample Child Core also

obtained information regarding the

child’s contacts with ‘‘an optometrist,

ophthalmologist, or eye doctor (someone

who prescribes glasses)’’ during the past

12 months.

NHIS contains several questions

that obtain information regarding

delaying medical care during the past 12

months due to cost or affordability

concerns. Having medical care delayed

due to concerns over cost was obtained

from a question in the Family Core; all

children aged 0–17 are shown in the

resulting tables. In addition, the Sample

Child Core included questions that

asked whether the child ‘‘needed

prescription medication but didn’t get it

because [the family] couldn’t afford it’’

and whether the child ‘‘needed

eyeglasses but didn’t get them because

[the family] couldn’t afford it.’’ These

questions were asked of sample children

aged 2–17.

Information regarding dental care

was obtained from separate questions in

the Sample Child Core that asked when

the sample child had last visited any

kind of dentist (including orthodontists,

oral surgeons, or other dental

specialists), and whether the sample

child had needed dental care (including

checkups) during the past 12 months but

had not received it due to concerns over

cost. Note that only children aged 2–17

were included in the dental care tables.

Information regarding behavior and

emotional well-being was obtained from

several questions from the SDQ that

were included in the Sample Child

Cores in 2001–2007. The SDQ is a

behavioral screening questionnaire for

children aged 4–17 that includes

questions on both positive and negative

behaviors as well as follow-up questions

about the impact of these behaviors on

the child and his or her family (40).

Data presented in this report are

based only on those questions included

in all 7 years of the 2001–2007 Sample

Child Cores. Five behavior questions

were asked of sample children aged

4–17 and were based on the 6-month

period prior to the interview. Response

categories for the five questions

included ‘‘Not true,’’ ‘‘Somewhat true,’’

and ‘‘Certainly true’’ (as well as

‘‘Refused’’ or ‘‘Don’t know’’). The

tables in this report include those cases

where it was ‘‘certainly true’’ that the

sample child was often unhappy,

depressed, or tearful; ‘‘not true’’ that the

sample child was generally wellbehaved and usually did what adults

requested; ‘‘certainly true’’ that the

sample child had many worries or often

seemed worried; ‘‘not true’’ that the

sample child had a good attention span

and saw chores or homework through to

the end; and ‘‘certainly true’’ that the

sample child got along better with adults

than with other (age-appropriate)

children.

The final SDQ question asked

whether, ‘‘overall,’’ the sample child had

difficulties with emotions, concentration,

behavior, or being able to get along with

other people. Response categories

included ‘‘No,’’ ‘‘Yes, minor

difficulties,’’ ‘‘Yes, definite difficulties,’’

‘‘Yes, severe difficulties,’’ ‘‘Refused,’’ or

‘‘Don’t know.’’ Tables 63–64 show

children with definite or severe

emotional or behavioral difficulties.

Tables 65–66 are based on two questions

in the Sample Child Core that asked,

‘‘During the past 12 months, have you

seen or talked to a mental health

professional such as a psychiatrist,

psychologist, psychiatric nurse, or

clinical social worker about [child’s

name]’s health?’’ and, for sample

children who had seen or talked with a

general doctor or pediatrician during the

past 12 months, ‘‘Did you see or talk

with this general doctor because of an

emotional or behavioral problem that

[child’s name] may have?’’ Only

children with definite or severe

emotional or behavioral difficulties are

included in these tables.

Further Information

Readers interested in NHIS data can

obtain the latest information about NHIS

by periodically checking the NCHS

website: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/

nhis.htm. The website features

downloadable public-use data and

documentation for recent surveys, as

well as important information about any

modifications or updates to the data or

documentation. Readers wishing access

to in-house NHIS data should contact

the NCHS Research Data Center via

http://www.cdc.gov/rdc/.

Researchers may also wish to join

the NHIS electronic mailing list. To do

so, visit http://www.cdc.gov/

subscribe.html. Fill in the appropriate

information and click the ‘‘National

Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

researchers’’ box, followed by the

‘‘Subscribe’’ button at the bottom of the

page. The list consists of approximately

3,000 persons worldwide who receive

e-mail about NHIS surveys (e.g., new

releases of data or modifications to

existing data), publications, and

conferences.

Selected Results

This section includes selected

graphs and a discussion of results based

on the estimates shown in Figures 1–28

and Tables 1–66. Results are shown for

three broad categories: physical health

or limitations, access to or utilization of

health care, and behavior or emotional

well-being.

In addition, the results presented

below utilize the following shorthand

terms in describing mutually exclusive

family types (see Appendix II):

+ A nuclear family consists of one or
Single mom and one or more children Other 13.6% 

3.1% Single dad and one or
 

more children
 

1.7%
 

Single adult and one
 

or more children
 

1%
 

Cohabiting
 

3.1%
 

Unmarried biological
 

or adoptive
 

1.5%
 

Blended 

8.7% 

Extended 

19% 

Nuclear 

48.4% 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 7

more children living with two

parents who are married to one

another and are each biological or

adoptive parents to all children in

the family.

+	 A single-parent family consists of

one or more children living with a

single adult (male or female, related

or unrelated to the child or

children).

+	 An unmarried biological or adoptive

family consists of one or more

children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and

are each biological or adoptive

parents to all children in the family.

+	 A blended family consists of one or

more children living with a

biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are

married to one another.

+	 A cohabiting family consists of one

or more children living with a

biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated adult who are cohabiting

with one another.

+	 An extended family consists of one

or more children living with at least

one biological or adoptive parent

and a related adult who is not a

parent (e.g., grandparent, adult

sibling). Any of the previously

described family types that

contained an adult child are

categorized as an extended family.

As a result, counts and percentages

of the remaining family types—in

particular, nuclear families and

single-parent families—will be

smaller.

+	 An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or

more children living with related or

unrelated adults who are not

biological or adoptive parents.

Children being raised by their

grandparents are included in this

category, as well as foster children.

Family Structure

Characteristics

The percent distribution of family

structure for U.S. children in 2001–2007

is shown in Figure 1. These percentages

can be interpreted as either an estimate

for the midpoint of the study period or

as an ‘‘average’’ across the study period.

Figure 1. Percent distribution of family structure for children under age 18: United States,

2001–2007

Other 

6.3% 

Cohabiting
 

3.7%
 Blended 

8% 

Extended 

22.4% 

Single dad and one
 

or more children
 

2%
 

Single mom 

and one or more 

children 

32% 

Nuclear 

20.5% 

Single adult and one Unmarried biological or more children 

or adoptive 3.5% 

1.7% 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Figure 2. Percent distribution of family structure for non-Hispanic black children under

age 18: United States, 2001–2007

Note that single-parent families are an unmarried biological or adoptive

disaggregated into single mother, single family. In other words, one-half of all

father, and single adult (such as an adult children lived with two biological or

sibling, aunt or uncle, or grandparent) in adoptive parents in 2001–2007. In

order to facilitate comparisons with addition, roughly 14% of children lived

previous publications. Roughly 48% of with a single mother (either biological

all children were living in a or adoptive) in 2001–2007, while nearly

‘‘traditional’’ nuclear family, and 2% lived with a single father and 1%

approximately 2% of children lived in lived with a related or unrelated single
Other Single dad and one 3.8% or more children 

0.9% 

Single adult and one 

or more children 

0.9% 

Nuclear 

41% 

Cohabiting
 

3%
 

Unmarried biological
 

or adoptive
 

2.4%
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Single mom 

and one or 

more children 

13.5% 

Blended 

7.1% 

Extended 

27.6% 

Single mom and one or more children 

9.5% 

Other Single dad and one or 

2.1% more children 

2% 

Single adult and one 

or more children 

0.5% 

Cohabiting
 

3%
 

Nuclear 

Blended
 

9.7%
 

Unmarried biological
 57.3%

or adoptive
 

1.1%
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Extended 

14.9% 

Page 8 [ Series 10, No. 246

Figure 3. Percent distribution of family structure for Hispanic children under age 18: United

States, 2001–2007

Figure 4. Percent distribution of family structure for non-Hispanic white children under age

18: United States, 2001–2007

adult. Approximately 19% of children or adoptive parent and that parent’s

resided with a biological or adoptive cohabiting partner. Lastly, other families

parent and another adult relative (such consisting of one or more children

as an adult sibling or a grandparent) in living with two or more related or

an extended family in 2001–2007, 9% unrelated adults who are not biological

resided with a biological or adoptive or adoptive parents made up

parent and stepparent in a blended approximately 3% of the distribution.

family, and 3% lived with a biological

Only 0.1% of children could not be

assigned to a designated category.

The results in Figure 1 change

considerably when the percent

distribution of family structure is

disaggregated by race/ethnicity or

poverty status, the two correlates of

family structure mentioned most

commonly in the literature (41).

Figures 2–4 show percent distributions

of family structure for non-Hispanic

black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white

children. Fifty-seven percent of

non-Hispanic white children lived in

nuclear families, compared with 21% of

non-Hispanic black children and 41% of

Hispanic children. In contrast,

non-Hispanic black and Hispanic

children were more likely than

non-Hispanic white children to live in

single-parent or extended families. For

example, 10% of non-Hispanic white

children lived with a single mother,

compared with 14% of Hispanic

children and 32% of non-Hispanic black

children. A similar picture emerges if

family structure is disaggregated by

poverty status (Figures 5–7). Thirtythree percent of poor children (those in

families with income below the poverty

threshold) lived in single-mother

families, compared with 18% of near

poor children (those in families with

income of 100% to less than 200% of

the poverty threshold) and 6% of not

poor children (those in families with

income 200% of the poverty threshold

or greater). Poor children were also

much less likely to be living in nuclear

families: 25% of poor children lived in

nuclear families, while 37% of near

poor, and 61% of not poor children

lived in nuclear families.

Figure 8 shows the percent

distribution of family structure across

the 7-year study period. Note that in this

figure (and in the remainder of the

report), children living with single

mothers, single fathers, and single adults

are combined into the single-parent

category described in the Introduction.

While the trend lines appear relatively

flat, there are nevertheless measurable

changes in the distributions during the

study period. For example, the

percentage of nuclear families declined
Other 

4.6% 

Single dad and one 

Single mom 

and one or 

more children 

32.7% 

Cohabiting
 

4.3%
 

Nuclear or more children 24.6% 1.5% 

Unmarried biological Single adult and one or adoptive or more children 

2.1% 2.9% 

NOTE: "Poor" children are defined as those living in families that are below the poverty threshold. 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Blended 

6.1% 

Extended 

21.3% 

Other 

4.3% 

Single dad and one 

or more children 

1.9% 

Single adult and one 

or more children 

1.3% 

Cohabiting
 

4.1%
 

Unmarried biological
 

or adoptive
 

2.2%
 

NOTE: "Near poor" children are those living in families with incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Single mom 

and one or more 

children 

17.7% 

Nuclear 

36.7% 

Blended 

9.8% 

Extended 

22% 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 9

Figure 5. Percent distribution of family structure for poor children under age 18:

United States, 2001–2007

Figure 6. Percent distribution of family structure for near poor children under age 18:

United States, 2001–2007

from 49.6% in 2001 to 47.3% in 2007;

blended families also declined from

9.8% in 2001 to 8.3% in 2007. On the

other hand, the percentage of other

families more than doubled during the

study period, from 1.7% in 2001 to

3.7% in 2007.

Measures of Physical

Health and Limitations

Health status and chronic

conditions

Overall, 12.6 million U.S. children

under age 18 (17.2%) were in good,

fair, or poor health (Tables 1–2) and 1.8

million U.S. children under age 18

(2.5%) had one or more chronic

conditions (Tables 3–4).

+	 As Figure 9 illustrates, children in

nuclear (12%) and blended (17.5%)

families were least likely to be in

good, fair, or poor health, while

children in other families (30%)

were most likely to be in good, fair,

or poor health. Children in

single-parent families (3.2%) were

more likely to have one or more

chronic conditions than children in

nuclear (2.2%), unmarried biological

or adoptive (1.9%), or extended

(2.4%) families, and were

comparable to children living in the

remaining family types (Figure 10).

+	 Nearly 22% of Hispanic children

living in nuclear families were in

good, fair, or poor health compared

with Hispanic children living in

single-parent (28.8%), unmarried

biological or adoptive (27.8%),

extended (30.8%), or other (35.4%)

families. Non-Hispanic white

children in nuclear families (9.2%)

were least likely to be in good, fair,

or poor health relative to nonHispanic white children in the

remaining family types. Likewise,

non-Hispanic black children in

nuclear families (16.7%) were least

likely to be in good, fair, or poor

health relative to non-Hispanic black

children in the remaining family

types.

+	 Among poor families, children in

nuclear families (27.1%) were less

likely to be in good, fair, or poor

health than children in extended

(36.4%) or other (40.4%) families.

Among near poor families, 19.2% of

children in nuclear families were in

good, fair, or poor health compared

with 22.5% of children in

single-parent families, 23.3% in

blended families, 26.4% in extended

families, and 32.9% in other

families. Among not poor families,

children in nuclear families (8.5%)

were least likely to be in good, fair,

or poor health. Children living in

not poor single-parent families

(3.3%) were more likely to have one

or more chronic conditions than
Single mom and one or more children 

Other 6.1% Single dad and one or more children 

2.2% 1.8% 

Blended 

9% 

Extended 

17.1% 

Single adult and one
 

or more children
 

0.3%
 

Cohabiting
 

2.4%
 

Unmarried biological
 

or adoptive
 

1%
 

Nuclear 

60.2% 

NOTE: "Not poor" children are those living in families with incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater. 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Page 10 [ Series 10, No. 246

Figure 7. Percent distribution of family structure for not poor children under age 18:

United States, 2001–2007 Percent 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

60 

50 

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Nuclear 

Single parent 

Unmarried biological 

or adoptive 

Blended 

Cohabiting 

Extended 

Other 

Year 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Figure 8. Percent distribution of family structure across the study period for children under

age 18: United States, 2001–2007

children in not poor nuclear (2.3%)

or extended (2.2%) families. Family

structure was unrelated to the

prevalence of chronic conditions

among children living in poor or

near poor families.

+ Family structure was unrelated to

the prevalence of chronic conditions

among children whose more highly

educated parent was either a high

school dropout or a high school

graduate or equivalent. However,

when at least one parent had more

than a high school diploma, children

in nuclear families (2.3%) were less

likely than children in single-parent

(3.6%) or cohabiting (4.3%) families

to have one or more chronic

conditions.

+	 Among children with private health

insurance, those living in nuclear

families (9%) were least likely to be

in good, fair, or poor health. Among

children with Medicaid, those living

in extended (32.5%) and other

(35.3%) families were most likely to

be in good, fair, or poor health.

Asthma, hay fever, and allergies

In the past 12 months, 9 million

U.S. children under age 18 (12.7%) had

ever had asthma, 7.2 million children

(9.9%) had hay fever, 8.4 million U.S.

children (11.6%) had respiratory

allergies, and 8.8 million children (12%)

had digestive or skin allergies

(Tables 5–12).

+	 Children living with biological or

adoptive parents—either in nuclear

families or unmarried biological or

adoptive families—were less likely

to have ever suffered from asthma

than children in the remaining

family types (Figure 11).

+	 Children in single-parent families

were more likely than children in

nuclear families to have asthma

regardless of their gender,

race/ethnicity, parent’s education,

family’s poverty status, place of

residence, or region.

+	 Among children with private health

insurance, those living in nuclear

families (10.4%) were less likely to

have asthma than children in

single-parent (15.3%), unmarried

biological or adoptive (15.5%),

blended (13.7%), extended (13.9%),

or other (18.7%) families. Among

children with Medicaid, those living

in nuclear (11.4%) and unmarried

biological or adoptive (9.3%)

families were less likely to have

asthma than children in single-parent

(20%), blended (15.3%), cohabiting

(16.5%), extended (16.4%), or other

(17%) families.

+	 Children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(5.8%) were least likely to have hay

fever in the past 12 months

(Figure 12). Children in unmarried
Nuclear Single 

parent 

Family structure 

Unmarried 

biological 

or adoptive 

Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

Percent 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.	 

2 

Percent 

5 

4 

3 

1 

0 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 11

biological or adoptive families

(7.2%) were less likely than children

in nuclear (11.2%), single-parent

(12%), blended (10.9%), extended

(12.2%), or other (11.4%) families

to have hay fever. Family structure

was unrelated to the prevalence of

hay fever among non-Hispanic black

children.

+ Family structure was unrelated to

the prevalence of hay fever among

children whose more highly

educated parent was a high school

dropout. When at least one parent

was either a high school graduate or

had more than a high school

diploma, children in unmarried

biological or adoptive families were

less likely to have hay fever than

children in nuclear, single-parent,

blended, or extended families.

+	 Among near poor families, children

living in cohabiting families (5.4%)

were less likely to have hay fever

than children living in single-parent

(9.2%), blended (8.7%), or other

(10.4%) families. Among not poor

families, children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (5.8%) were least likely to

have hay fever. Children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families that owned or were buying

their homes were also least likely to

have hay fever (6.3%). Among

families that rented their homes,

children in unmarried biological or

adoptive families (5.7%) were less

likely than children in single-parent

(8.3%), blended (8.1%), or other

(9.7%) families to have hay fever.

+	 Family structure was unrelated to

the prevalence of respiratory

allergies among Hispanic children.

Non-Hispanic white children in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (9%) were less likely to

have respiratory allergies in the past

12 months than non-Hispanic white

children in nuclear (12.2%),

single-parent (15.5%), blended

(13.4%), extended (14.1%), or other

(15.3%) families. Among

non-Hispanic black children, those

in cohabiting families (7.7%) were

less likely to have respiratory

allergies than children in singleparent families (11.1%).

Figure 9. Percentages of children under age 18 in good, fair, or poor health, by family

structure: United States, 2001–2007	 

Figure 10. Percentages of children under age 18 with one or more selected chronic

conditions, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

biological or adoptive families

(8.4%) were also less likely to have

respiratory allergies in the past 12

months than children in nuclear

(11.3%), single-parent (12.8%),

blended (12%), extended (11.2%), or

other (12.8%) families, and were

comparable to children in cohabiting

families (Figure 13).

+	 Among Hispanic children, those in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (5.6%) were less likely than

children in single-parent (8.2%) or

blended (8.8%) families to have hay

fever. Among non-Hispanic white

children, those in unmarried
20 

15 

Percent 10 

5 

0 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.	 

Figure 11. Percentages of children under age 18 who ever had asthma, by family structure:

United States, 2001–2007

12 

9 

6 

3 

0 

Percent 

Nuclear	 Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Page 12 [ Series 10, No. 246

Figure 12. Percentages of children under age 18 who had hay fever in the past 12 months,

by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

+ When the more highly educated

parent was a high school dropout,

children in nuclear families (7.2%)

were less likely to have respiratory

allergies in the past 12 months than

children in single-parent families

(9.1%). When at least one parent

was a high school graduate, children

in unmarried biological or adoptive

families (7.1%) were less likely to

have respiratory allergies than

children in single-parent (11.2%) or

extended (10.1%) families. When at

least one parent had more than a

high school diploma, children in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (10.8%) were less likely

than children in single-parent

(15.3%) or other (20%) families to

have respiratory allergies.

+	 Among poor families, children in

nuclear families (9.2%) were less

likely to have respiratory allergies

than children in single-parent

families (11.8%). Among near poor

families, children in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(6.9%) were less likely to have

respiratory allergies than children

living in single-parent (12.9%),

blended (10.6%), or other (13%)

families. Among not poor families,

children in unmarried biological or

adoptive families (8.6%) were less

likely to have respiratory allergies

than children in the remaining

family types, with the exception of

other families.

+	 Among children living in large

metropolitan statistical areas

(MSAs), children in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(5.4%) were least likely to have

respiratory allergies. Among children

living in small MSAs, children in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (10%) were less likely to

have respiratory allergies than

children in single-parent families

(14.1%). Family structure was

unrelated to the prevalence of

respiratory allergies among children

who did not live in an MSA.

+	 Children in single-parent families

(13.1%) were more likely to have

digestive or skin allergies in the past

12 months than children in nuclear

(11.8%) or extended (11.4%)

families, and were comparable to

children living in the remaining

family types.

+	 Hispanic children living in

single-parent families (10.4%) were

more likely than Hispanic children

in nuclear (8.7%) or extended

(8.2%) families to have digestive or

skin allergies. Family structure was

unrelated to the prevalence of

digestive or skin allergies among

non-Hispanic children.

+	 Among poor families, children

living in unmarried biological or

adoptive families (6.2%) were less

likely than children in single-parent
Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

16 

12 

8 

4 

0 

Percent 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Figure 13. Percentages of children under age 18 who had respiratory allergies in the past

12 months, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

30
 

25
 

20
 

Percent 15 

10 

5 

0 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 13

Figure 14. Percentages of children aged 4–17 who had a basic action disability, by family

structure: United States, 2001–2007

(13.2%), blended (12%), extended

(11%), or other (11.1%) families to

have digestive or skin allergies.

Family structure was unrelated to

the prevalence of digestive or skin

allergies among children living in

near poor or not poor families.

Headaches or migraines and

ear infections

Overall, nearly 3.7 million U.S.

children aged 3–17 (6%) had frequent

headaches or migraines in the past 12

months, while 4.2 million U.S. children

under age 18 (5.8%) had three or more

ear infections the past 12 months

(Tables 13–16).

+	 Children aged 3–17 in nuclear

families (4.5%) were less likely to

have frequent headaches or

migraines in the past 12 months

than children in single-parent (8%),

blended (6.6%), cohabiting (7.6%),

extended (7.1%), or other (7.6%)

families, and were comparable to

children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families.

+	 Among children aged 12–17, those

in nuclear families (7.6%) were less

likely to have headaches or

migraines than children in

single-parent (11.6%), cohabiting

(12.8%), extended (9.7%), or other

(11.4%) families.

+ Hispanic children living in nuclear

families (4%) were less likely to

have frequent headaches or

migraines than children in

single-parent (7.9%), blended

(5.9%), cohabiting (7.4%), or

extended (5.8%) families.

Non-Hispanic white children living

in nuclear families (4.8%) were less

likely to have frequent headaches or

migraines than children in

nonnuclear families, with the

exception of unmarried biological or

adoptive families. Non-Hispanic

black children living in nuclear

families (4.1%) were less likely to

have frequent headaches or

migraines than those in single-parent

(7.7%), blended (6.5%), extended

(7.2%), or other (9.5%) families.

+	 Among poor families, children in

nuclear families (6.6%) were less

likely to have frequent headaches or

migraines than children in

single-parent (8.8%) or other

(13.2%) families. Among near poor

families, children in nuclear families

(5.4%) were less likely than children

in single-parent (8.5%) or extended

(7.3%) families to have frequent

headaches or migraines. Among not

poor families, children in nuclear

families (4.1%) were less likely than

children in single-parent (6.6%),

blended (6.4%), cohabiting (7.3%),
Page 14 [ Series 10, No. 246

or extended (6.7%) families to have

frequent headaches or migraines.

+	 Among children of all ages, those in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (8.3%) were more likely to

have three or more ear infections in

the past 12 months than children in

nuclear (5.9%), single-parent (6%),

blended (5.1%), extended (5.4%), or

other (5.3%) families, and were

comparable to children living in

cohabiting families.

+	 Hispanic children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (9.1%) were more likely

than Hispanic children in nuclear

(5.8%), single-parent (5.9%),

blended (4.8%), or extended (5.6%)

families to have three or more ear

infections in the past 12 months.

Non-Hispanic white children in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (9.4%) were more likely

than non-Hispanic white children in

nuclear (6.4%), blended (5.4%), or

extended (6%) families to have three

or more ear infections. Family

structure was unrelated to the

prevalence of ear infections among

non-Hispanic black children.

+	 Among children living in the

Northeast, those in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(12.9%) were more likely to have

three or more ear infections in the

past 12 months than children in

nuclear (5.9%), single-parent (4.7%),

blended (5.9%), extended (5%), or

other (6%) families. Among children

in the South, those in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(8.8%) were more likely to have

three or more ear infections than

children in blended (5.4%) or other

(4.9%) families. Family structure

was unrelated to the prevalence of

ear infections in the Midwest and

West regions of the United States.

Developmental delays and

limitations

Overall, 2.6 million U.S. children

under age 18 (3.6%) had mental

retardation or any developmental delay;

1.4 million U.S. children under age 18

(1.9%) had an impairment or health

problem that limited their crawling,

walking, running, or playing; and 1.3

million U.S. children under age 18

(1.8%) received special education or EIS

for an emotional or behavioral problem.

In addition, 1.7 million U.S. children

under age 18 (2.3%) experienced vision

problems and 9.7 million U.S. children

aged 4–17 (17.2%) had a basic action

disability (Tables 17–26).

+	 Children living in nuclear families

(3%) were less likely than children

in single-parent (4.6%), blended

(3.8%), cohabiting (4.5%), extended

(3.6%), or other (6.6%) families to

have mental retardation or any

developmental delay, and were

comparable to children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families. Children in other families

had the highest prevalence rates of

mental retardation or any

developmental delay.

+	 Among Hispanic children, those in

nuclear families (2.4%) were less

likely than children in single-parent

(4.2%) or other (5.1%) families to

have mental retardation or any

developmental delay. Among

non-Hispanic white children, those

living in nuclear families (3.3%)

were less likely to have mental

retardation or any developmental

delay than children living in

single-parent (4.9%), cohabiting

(5.5%), or other (7.7%) families.

Among non-Hispanic black children,

those in nuclear families (2.8%)

were less likely than children in

single-parent families (4.1%) to have

mental retardation or any

developmental delay.

+	 Children in nuclear families (1.4%)

were less likely than children in

single-parent (2.7%), blended

(2.6%), extended (2%), or other

(2.6%) families to have an

impairment or health problem that

limited their crawling, walking,

running, or playing, and were

comparable to children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families or cohabiting families.

+	 When the more highly educated

parent was a high school dropout,

children in nuclear families (1.1%)

were less likely than children in

single-parent families (3%) to have

an impairment or problem limiting

activity. When at least one parent

was a high school graduate, children

in nuclear families (1.8%) were less

likely than children in single-parent

(2.6%) or blended (3.9%) families to

have an impairment or problem

limiting activity. When at least one

parent had more than a high school

diploma, children in nuclear families

(1.4%) were less likely to have such

an impairment or health problem

than children in single-parent

(2.7%), blended (2%), or extended

(2.1%) families.

+	 Among poor families, children

living in nuclear families (1.7%)

were less likely to have impairments

or health problems limiting activity

than children in single-parent

(3.2%), blended (4.5%), or extended

(2.7%) families. Among near poor

families, children in nuclear families

(2%) were less likely to have

impairments or health problems

limiting activity than children in

single-parent families (2.9%).

Among not poor families, children

living in nuclear families (1.3%)

were less likely to have impairments

or health problems limiting activity

than children in single-parent (2%),

blended (2%), or extended (1.7%)

families.

+	 Less than 1% of children living in

nuclear families received special

education or EIS for an emotional or

behavioral problem compared with

3.3% of children in single-parent

families, 2.3% of children in

blended families, 3.3% of children

in cohabiting families, 2.1% of

children in extended families, and

5.2% of children in other families.

Children living in nuclear families

were comparable to those living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families regarding the receipt of

special education or EIS. Children in

other families were most likely to

receive special education or EIS for

an emotional or behavioral problem.

+	 Among children with Medicaid,

those living in nuclear families

(1.5%) were less likely to receive

special education or EIS for

emotional or behavioral problems
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 15

than children in single-parent

(4.4%), blended (3.7%), cohabiting

(4.6%), extended (3.3%), or other

(8%) families. With the exception of

children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families,

children with Medicaid living in

other families were most likely to

receive special education or EIS for

an emotional or behavioral problem.

+	 Children living in nuclear families

(1.8%) were less likely than children

in single-parent (3.2%), blended

(2.6%), cohabiting (3.6%), extended

(2.6%), or other (3%) families to

have vision problems, and were

comparable to children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families. Among children aged 5–17,

those in nuclear families (2.2%)

were less likely than children in

single-parent (3.8%), blended

(3.2%), cohabiting (4.4%), extended

(3.1%), or other (3.4%) families to

have vision problems, even when

wearing glasses or contact lenses.

+	 Among poor families, children in

nuclear families (2.6%) were less

likely to have vision problems than

children in single-parent families

(4%). Family structure was not

related to vision problems among

children living in near poor families.

Among not poor families, children

in nuclear families (1.6%) were less

likely than children in single-parent

(2.5%), blended (2.4%), or extended

(2.5%) families to have vision

problems.

+	 Children aged 4–17 living in nuclear

families (12.5%) were less likely

than children in single-parent

(22.7%), unmarried biological or

adoptive (17.7%), blended (23.4%),

cohabiting (23.9%), extended

(18.1%), or other (25.8%) families

to have a basic action disability

(Figure 14).

+	 When the more highly educated

parent was a high school dropout,

children in nuclear families (11.3%)

were less likely than children in

single-parent (23.9%), blended

(21.5%), cohabiting (25.8%), or

extended (15.9%) families to have a

basic action disability. When at least

one parent was a high school

graduate, children in nuclear

families (14.4%) were less likely

than children in single-parent

(22.7%), blended (25.4%),

cohabiting (22.4%), or extended

(19.4%) families to have a basic

action disability. When at least one

parent had more than a high school

diploma, children in nuclear families

(12.3%) were least likely to have

such a disability.

+	 Among children with Medicaid

health insurance, those living in

nuclear families (16.8%) were less

likely to have a basic action

disability than children in

single-parent (26.7%), blended

(28.1%), cohabiting (25.5%),

extended (22.8%), or other (32.3%)

families.

Learning disabilities and missed

school days

Overall, 6.9 million U.S. children

aged 3–17 (11.4%) had a learning

disability or ADHD. In addition, 8.1

million U.S. children aged 5–17 (15.8%)

missed 6 or more days of school in the

past 12 months due to illness or injury

(Tables 27–30).

+	 Children aged 3–17 living in nuclear

families (8.1%) were less likely than

children in single-parent (14.9%),

blended (16.1%), cohabiting

(15.6%), extended (12.1%), or other

(19%) families to have a learning

disability or ADHD (Figure 15), and

were comparable to those living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families.

+	 Roughly 11% of boys living in

nuclear families had a learning

disability or ADHD compared with

20.4% of boys in single-parent

families, 21.5% in blended families,

19.9% in cohabiting families, 15.7%

in extended families, and 22.7% in

other families. Five percent of girls

living in nuclear families had a

learning disability or ADHD

compared with 9.5% of girls in

single-parent families, 10.5% in

blended families, 11% in cohabiting

families, 8.1% in extended families,

and 15% in other families.

+	 Among Hispanic children, those in

nuclear families (6.6%) were less

likely than children in single-parent

(11.3%), blended (11.7%), extended

(8.1%), or other (11.4%) families to

have a learning disability or ADHD.

Among non-Hispanic white children,

those living in nuclear families (9%)

were less likely to have a learning

disability or ADHD than children

living in single-parent (17.4%),

blended (18%), cohabiting (18.2%),

extended (15.1%), or other (22.3%)

families. Among non-Hispanic black

children, those in nuclear families

(5.8%) were less likely than children

in single-parent (13.2%), blended

(12.1%), cohabiting (13.7%),

extended (11.4%), or other (20.2%)

families to have a learning disability

or ADHD.

+	 Children with private health

insurance living in nuclear families

(7.8%) were less likely to have a

learning disability or ADHD than

children with private health

insurance living in single-parent

(13%), blended (15.6%), cohabiting

(15.6%), extended (10.8%), or other

(14.1%) families. Children with

Medicaid living in nuclear families

(11.1%) were less likely to have a

learning disability or ADHD than

children with Medicaid living in

single-parent (17.3%), blended

(19.5%), cohabiting (16.4%),

extended (15.9%), or other (24.6%)

families. Similarly, 5.7% of

uninsured children living in nuclear

families had a learning disability or

ADHD compared with 14.1% of

uninsured children living in

single-parent families, 12.9% in

blended families, 13.2% in

cohabiting families, 9.8% in

extended families, and 12.2% in

other families.

+	 Children in nuclear families were

generally less likely than children in

the remaining family types to have a

learning disability or ADHD

regardless of parent’s education,

income, poverty status, place of

residence, or region.

+	 Children aged 5–17 living in nuclear

families (13.3%) were less likely to

miss school for 6 or more days in

the past 12 months due to illness or

injury than children aged 5–17

living in single-parent (19.7%),
24
 

20
 

16
 

12 

8 

4 

0 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

Percent 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

25 

20 

15 

Percent 

10 

5 

0
 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological
 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Page 16 [ Series 10, No. 246

cohabiting families, and 13.5% in

extended families. Among

non-Hispanic white children, 14.8%

of those in nuclear families missed 6

or more school days in the past 12

months compared with 23.5% of

children in single-parent families,

18% in blended families, 21.2% in

cohabiting families, 21.5% in

extended families, and 19.3% in

other families. Among non-Hispanic

black children, 7.6% of those in

nuclear families missed 6 or more

school days in the past 12 months

compared with 14.2% of children in

single-parent families, 11.1% in

blended families, 14.1% in extended

families, and 12.8% in other

families.

+ When the more highly educated

parent was a high school dropout,

13.1% of children living in nuclear

families missed 6 or more days of

school in the past 12 months

compared with 24.4% of children in

single-parent families, 22.3% in

blended families, and 19.9% in

cohabiting families. When at least

one parent was a high school

graduate, children in nuclear

families (16%) were less likely than

children in extended families

(20.1%) to miss 6 or more school

days. When at least one parent had

more than a high school diploma,

12.7% of children in nuclear

families missed 6 or more days of

school compared with 18.9% of

children in single-parent families,

21% in unmarried biological or

adoptive families, 15.2% in blended

families, 17.8% in cohabiting
 

families, and 17.3% in extended

families.

+ Among poor families, children in

nuclear families (16.3%) were less

likely than children in single-parent

(22.3%) or blended families (22.3%)

to miss 6 or more days of school in

the past 12 months. Among near

poor families, children in nuclear

families (13.9%) were less likely

than children in single-parent

(20.6%), blended (18.2%),

cohabiting (19.3%), or extended

(17.5%) families to miss 6 or more

days of school. Among not poor

families, children in nuclear families

Figure 15. Percentages of children aged 3–17 who had ever been told of having a learning

disability or ADHD, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

Figure 16. Percentages of children aged 5–17 who missed 6 or more days of school in the

past 12 months due to illness or injury, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

blended (16.1%), cohabiting (19%),

extended (17.4%), or other (15.8%)

families, and were comparable to

children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(Figure 16).

+ Among Hispanic children, 10.5% of

those in nuclear families missed 6 or

more school days in the past 12

months compared with 19.9% of

children in single-parent families,

13.5% in blended families, 17.7% in
Nuclear Single 

parent 

Unmarried 

biological 

or adoptive 

Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

Percent 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. Percent 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological
 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 17

insurance coverage (Tables 31–32).

+ Children living in nuclear families

(8%) were less likely than children

in single-parent (9.1%), unmarried

biological or adoptive (10.8%),

blended (9.4%), cohabiting (14.2%),

extended (12.6%), or other (15.2%)

families to lack health insurance

coverage (Figure 17).

+ Among children under age 5, 6% of

those living in nuclear families

lacked health insurance coverage

compared with 8.9% of children in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, 12.6% of children in

cohabiting families, 11.6% of

children in extended families, and

12.6% of children in other families.

Among children aged 5–17, 8.9% of

children living in nuclear families

lacked health insurance coverage

compared with 13.9% of children in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, 14.8% of children in

cohabiting families, 12.8% of

children in extended families, and

16% of children in other families.

+	 Hispanic children in single-parent

families (12.5%) were less likely to

lack health insurance coverage than

Hispanic children in nuclear

(19.9%), unmarried biological or

adoptive (18.8%), blended (17.6%),

cohabiting (18.5%), extended

(22.9%), or other (26.3%) families.

However, non-Hispanic children in

nuclear families (5.7%) were less

likely to lack health insurance

coverage than non-Hispanic children

in single-parent (8.4%), blended

(7.9%), cohabiting (13.3%),

extended (8.6%), or other (12%)

families.
 

+ Among children living in families

with a combined family income less

than $20,000 in the previous

calendar year, 9.7% in single-parent

families did not have health

insurance coverage compared with

20.8% in nuclear families, 15.6% in

blended families, 14.9% in

cohabiting families, 16.9% in

extended families, and 16.1% in

other families. Similar percents with

respect to lacking health insurance

coverage were obtained for children

living in poor families or when the

Figure 17. Percentages of children under age 18 who did not have health insurance, by

family structure: United States, 2001–2007

Figure 18. Percentages of children under age 18 without a usual place of health care, by

family structure: United States, 2001–2007

(12.8%) were less likely than

children in single-parent (15.9%),

cohabiting (18%), or extended

(17.1%) families to miss 6 or more

school days.

Measures of Access to or

Utilization of Health Care

Lack of health insurance

coverage

Overall, 7 million U.S. children

under age 18 (9.6%) lacked health
Page 18 [ Series 10, No. 246

more highly educated parent did not

graduate from high school.

+	 Among children living in the West,

those in unmarried biological or

adoptive families (16.7%) were

more likely than children in nuclear

(10.2%), single-parent (11.5%), or

blended (11%) families to lack

health insurance coverage. This

pattern was not apparent in the

remaining three regions of the

United States.

Lack of usual place of care

Overall, 3.7 million U.S. children

under age 18 (5%) lacked a usual place

of health care (Tables 33–34).

+	 Children living in nuclear families

(3.8%) were less likely than children

in single-parent (5.8%), blended

(4.8%), cohabiting (7.8%), extended

(6.8%), or other (8.4%) families to

lack a usual place of health care,

and were comparable to children

living in unmarried biological or

adoptive families (Figure 18).

+	 Hispanic children living in nuclear

families (9.9%) were less likely than

Hispanic children in cohabiting

(13.9%), extended (13.2%), or other

(15.9%) families to lack a usual

place of health care. Non-Hispanic

white children living in nuclear

families (2.2%) were less likely than

non-Hispanic white children in

single-parent (5.3%), blended

(3.6%), cohabiting (7.6%), extended

(3.4%), or other (6.6%) families to

lack a usual place of health care.

Family structure was unrelated to

lacking a usual place of health care

among non-Hispanic black children.

+	 When the more highly educated

parent was a high school dropout,

children living in nuclear families

(14.5%) were more likely to lack a

usual place of health care than

children in single-parent (8.3%),

unmarried biological or adoptive

(6.8%), or blended (7%) families.

However, when at least one parent

was a high school graduate, children

in nuclear families (5%) were less

likely to lack a usual place of health

care than children in cohabiting

(7.5%) or extended (6.3%) families.

Similarly, when at least one parent

had more than a high school

diploma, children in nuclear families

(2.4%) were less likely to lack a

usual place of care than children in

single-parent (4.4%), blended

(4.3%), cohabiting (6.2%), or

extended (3.9%) families. Similar

patterns of percentages with respect

to lacking a usual place of health

care were obtained for children

living in poor, near poor, and not

poor families.

+	 Children living in nuclear families

that owned or were buying their

homes (2.6%) were less likely to

lack a usual place of health care

than children in single-parent

(4.8%), blended (3.6%), cohabiting

(6.6%), extended (5.1%) or other

(6.4%) families that owned or were

buying their homes. Children living

in nuclear families that rented their

homes (8.5%) were more likely to

lack a usual place of health care

than children in single-parent (6.3%)

or unmarried biological or adoptive

(4.5%) families that rented, but were

less likely to lack a usual place of

health care than children in extended

(10.7%) or other (13.2%) families

that rented their homes.

+	 Among children living in the

Northeast, 1.3% of those in nuclear

families lacked a usual place of

health care compared with 2.5% of

children in extended families.

Among children living in the

Midwest, 2.6% of those in nuclear

families lacked a usual place of

health care compared with 4.2% of

children in single-parent families,

5.5% of children in cohabiting

families, and 4.6% of children in

extended families. Among children

living in the South, 4.7% of those in

nuclear families lacked a usual place

of health care compared with 7.3%

of children in single-parent families,

10.2% of children in cohabiting

families, 8.1% of children in

extended families, and 9.8% of

children in other families. Among

children living in the West, 5.7% of

those in nuclear families lacked a

usual place of health care compared

with 8.2% of single-parent families,

8.7% of children in blended

families, 9.8% of children in

cohabiting families, 9.6% of

children in extended families, and

12% of children in other families.

Prescription medication usage

Overall, 9.4 million U.S. children

under age 18 (12.9%) had a problem

that required regular use of a

prescription medication for at least 3

months (Tables 35–36).

+	 Children in unmarried biological or

adoptive families (9.2%) were least

likely to have had a problem

requiring the regular use of a

prescription medication for at least 3

months (Figure 19).

+	 Among young children under age 5,

11% of those living in single-parent

families had a problem that required

regular use of a prescription

medication for at least 3 months

compared with 7.2% of children in

nuclear families, 6.1% in unmarried

biological or adoptive families, 6.8%

in blended families, and 7.5% in

extended families.

+	 Hispanic children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (6.2%) were less likely to

have a problem requiring regular use

of a prescription medication than

Hispanic children in single-parent

(11%), blended (9.5%), or other

(11.9%) families. Among

non-Hispanic white children, those

living in unmarried biological or

adoptive families (11.4%) were less

likely to have a problem requiring

regular use of a prescription

medication than children in

single-parent (18.6%), blended

(17.7%), extended (17.1%), or other

(19%) families. Non-Hispanic black

children living in nuclear families

(10.2%) were less likely to have a

problem requiring prescription

medication than non-Hispanic black

children in other families (15.1%).

+	 Among poor families, children in

nuclear families (9.1%) were less

likely than children in single-parent

(15.5%), blended (15%), extended

(11.6%), or other (14.5%) families

to have a problem requiring

prescription medication. Among near
Nuclear Single 

parent 

Family structure 

Unmarried 

biological 

or adoptive 

Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. Percent 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. Percent 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 19

problem requiring prescription

medication than children in

single-parent (16.3%), blended

(15.7%), or other (19.2%) families

that owned or were buying their

homes. Children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families that

rented their homes (8%) were less

likely to have a problem requiring

prescription medication than

children in single-parent (15%),

blended (14%), cohabiting (13.5%),

or extended (11%) families that

rented their homes.

+ Among children with private health

insurance, children in unmarried

biological or adoptive families were

least likely to have a problem

requiring prescription medication.

Among children with Medicaid,

12% of children in nuclear families

had a problem that required

prescription medication compared

with 17.1% of children in

single-parent families, 16.5% in

blended families, 15.5% in

cohabiting families, 14.3% in

extended families, and 20.3% in

other families.

Receipt of medical care

Overall, 5.2 million U.S. children

under age 18 (7.2%) had two or more

visits to a hospital ER in the past 12

months; 19.4 million U.S. children aged

1–17 (28.4%) did not have a medical

checkup in the past 12 months; and 14.9

million U.S. children aged 2–17 (23%)

saw or talked with an eye doctor during

the past 12 months. In addition, nearly

2.8 million U.S. children under age 18

(3.8%) had medical care delayed during

the past 12 months due to concerns over

the cost, 1.8 million U.S. children aged

2–17 (2.8%) did not receive needed

prescription medication due to lack of

affordability, and 1.4 million U.S.

children aged 2–17 (2.2%) did not get

needed eyeglasses due to lack of

affordability (Tables 37–48).

+ Children living in nuclear families

(5.7%) were least likely to have two

or more ER visits in the past 12

months (Figure 20).

+ Among children under age 5, 7.2%

of those in nuclear families had two

Figure 19. Percentages of children under age 18 with a problem for which prescription

medications were used for at least 3 months, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

Figure 20. Percentages of children under age 18 who had two or more visits to the

emergency room in the past 12 months, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

poor families, children in nuclear

families (9.7%) were less likely than

children in single-parent (15.7%),

blended (15.3%), cohabiting

(15.1%), or other (16.9%) families

to have a problem requiring

prescription medication. Among not

poor families, children in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(7.9%) were least likely to have a

problem requiring prescription

medication.

+ Children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families that

owned or were buying their homes

(10.6%) were less likely to have a
Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. Percent 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Page 20 [ Series 10, No. 246

(34.8%) families. Among

non-Hispanic black children, those

in unmarried biological or adoptive

families (14.4%) were less likely to

lack a medical checkup than

children in nuclear (21.1%),

single-parent (22.4%), blended

(23.5%), extended (24.5%), or other

(24.9%) families.

+	 Among poor families, 26.5% of

children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families did

not have a medical checkup in the

past 12 months compared with

37.1% of children living in nuclear

families, 35.9% in extended

families, and 36% in other families.

Among not poor families, 23% of

children living in nuclear families

did not have a medical checkup in

the past 12 months compared with

28% of children in single-parent

families, 29.9% in blended families,

29.9% in cohabiting families, 28.5%

in extended families, and 28.3% in

other families.

+	 Children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(12.5%) were less likely to have

seen or spoken with an eye doctor

during the past 12 months than

children in nuclear (22.7%),

single-parent (23.6%), blended

(23.8%), cohabiting (20.4%),

extended (24%), or other (22.3%)

families.

+	 Among young children aged 2–4,

4% of those living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families had

seen an eye doctor in the past 12

months compared with 6.4% of

children in nuclear families and

6.9% of children in single-parent

families. Among children aged 5–11,

13.5% of those in unmarried

biological or adoptive families had

seen an eye doctor in the past 12

months compared with 23% of

children in nuclear families, 23.7%

in single-parent families, 24.8% in

blended families, 21.1% in

cohabiting families, 20% in

extended families, and 23.1% in

other families. Among older children

aged 12–17, children in nuclear

families (34%) were more likely to

have seen an eye doctor in the past

12 months than children in

Figure 21. Percentages of children under age 18 who did not have a medical checkup in the

past 12 months, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

or more ER visits in the past 12

months compared with 17% of

children in single-parent families,

13.1% in unmarried biological or

adoptive families, 10.4% in blended

families, 15% in cohabiting families,

12% in extended families, and 15%

in other families. Among older

children aged 12–17, 4.9% of those

in nuclear families had two or more

ER visits in the past 12 months

compared with 8.3% of children in

single-parent families, 8.5% in

cohabiting families, 5.8% in

extended families, and 9.4% in other

families.

+ Among children with private health

care insurance, 5% of those in

nuclear families had two or more

ER visits in the past 12 months

compared with 6.7% of children in

single-parent families, 10.9% in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, and 5.8% in extended

families. Among children covered by

Medicaid, 8.8% of those in nuclear

families had two or more ER visits

in the past 12 months compared

with 13.5% of children in

single-parent families, 12.7% in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, 13.8% in cohabiting

families, and 11.3% in extended

families.

+ Children living in nuclear families

(26.2%) were less likely to lack a

medical checkup in the past 12

months than children in singleparent (28.7%), blended (30.2%),

cohabiting (30.8%), extended

(31.9%), or other (32.6%) families,

and were comparable to children

living in unmarried biological or

adoptive families (Figure 21).

+ Nearly 15% of children under age 5

living in nuclear families did not

have a medical checkup in the past

12 months compared with 19.8% of

children in the same age group

living in cohabiting families and

19.3% of children in the same age

group living in extended families.

+ Among Hispanic children, those in

single-parent families (30.2%) were

less likely to lack a medical checkup

in the past 12 months than children

in nuclear (34%), cohabiting

(37.4%), extended (38.3%), or other

(39.3%) families. Among

non-Hispanic white children, those

in unmarried biological or adoptive

families (23.3%) were less likely to

lack a medical checkup than

children in single-parent (32.9%),

blended (31.5%), cohabiting

(32.6%), extended (31%), or other
Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. Percent 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 21

(4.7%), blended (2.4%), cohabiting

(4.2%), or extended (2.9%) families.

Among non-Hispanic black children,

those in other families (2.3%) were

less likely to have receipt of needed

prescription medication delayed due

to lack of affordability than children

in single-parent (4%) or blended

(4.5%) families.

+	 Children living in nuclear families

that owned or were buying their

homes (1.3%) were less likely to

have prescription medication

delayed due to lack of affordability

than children in single-parent

(3.4%), blended (2.3%), cohabiting

(4.1%), or extended (2.8%) families

that owned or were buying their

homes. Children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families that

rented their homes (2.6%) were less

likely to have prescription

medication delayed due to lack of

affordability than children in

single-parent (5.1%), blended

(4.7%), cohabiting (4.6%), or

extended (5.5%) families that rented

their homes.

+	 Among children with private health

insurance coverage, 1% of those in

nuclear families had prescription

medication delayed due to lack of

affordability compared with 3.2% of

children in single-parent families,

1.9% of children in blended

families, and 2% of children in

extended families. Among children

covered by Medicaid, 1.6% of those

in other families had prescription

medication delayed due to lack of

affordability compared with 2.6% of

children in nuclear families, 3.8% of

children in single-parent families,

3.7% of children in blended

families, 3.6% of children in

cohabiting families, and 4% of

children in extended families.

Among uninsured children, 14.8%

of those in single-parent families

had prescription medication delayed

due to lack of affordability

compared with 8.2% of children in

nuclear families, 9.3% of children in

blended families, 10% of children in

extended families, and 9.7% of

children in other families.

Figure 22. Percentages of children under age 18 who had medical care delayed during the

past 12 months due to concerns over cost, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

single-parent (29.7%), blended

(28.6%), cohabiting (27%), extended

(31.7%), or other (26.7%) families.

+ Children living in cohabiting

families (5.9%) were more likely to

have medical care delayed during

the past 12 months due to concerns

over cost than children in nuclear

(2.8%), blended (4.4%), extended

(4.1%), or other (3.5%) families,

and were comparable to children

living in single-parent or unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(Figure 22).

+ Family structure was unrelated to

delays in receiving medical care due

to concerns over cost among

children whose more highly

educated parent was a high school

dropout. When at least one parent

had more than a high school

diploma, children in nuclear families

(2.4%) were less likely to have

medical care delayed due to cost

than children in single-parent

(6.8%), unmarried biological or

adoptive (5.2%), blended (3.7%),

cohabiting (5.8%), or extended

(3.9%) families.

+ Among children with private health

insurance, those in nuclear families

(1.7%) were less likely than children

in single-parent (4.1%), blended

(2.4%), or extended (2.4%) families

to have medical care delayed due to

concerns over cost. Among children

with Medicaid, family structure was

unrelated to delays in receiving

medical care due to concerns over

cost. Among uninsured children,

those in other families (9.9%) were

less likely to have medical care

delayed due to concerns over cost

than children in nuclear (14.2%),

single-parent (25.5%), blended

(20.6%), cohabiting (18.1%), or

extended (15.2%) families.

+ Children aged 2–17 living in nuclear

families (1.8%) were least likely to

have receipt of needed prescription

medication delayed during the past

12 months due to lack of

affordability.

+ Among Hispanic children, those in

nuclear families (3.5%) were less

likely to have receipt of needed

prescription medication delayed due

to lack of affordability than children

in single-parent (5%), cohabiting

(6.7%), or extended (5%) families.

Among non-Hispanic white children,

those in nuclear families (1.4%)

were less likely to have receipt of

needed prescription medication

delayed due to lack of affordability

than children in single-parent

+ Children aged 2–17 living in nuclear

families (1.3%) were less likely to
50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Nuclear Single 

parent 

Percent 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

biological 

or adoptive 

Page 22 [ Series 10, No. 246

Figure 23. Percentages of children aged 2–17 who did not see a dentist in the past 12

months, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

have receipt of needed eyeglasses

delayed during the past 12 months

due to lack of affordability than

children living in single-parent

(3.4%), blended (2.7%), cohabiting

(2.8%), extended (2.9%), or other

(2.5%) families, and were

comparable to children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families.

+	 Among Hispanic children, 2.5% of

those living in nuclear families were

delayed in receiving needed

eyeglasses in the past 12 months

compared with 3.7% of children in

extended families. Among

non-Hispanic white children, 1.1%

of those in nuclear families were

delayed in receiving needed

eyeglasses compared with 3.7% of

children in single-parent families,

2.4% in blended families, 2.7% in

cohabiting families, and 2.3% in

extended families. Among

non-Hispanic black children, 1.3%

of those in nuclear families were

delayed in receiving needed

eyeglasses compared with 3.1% of

children in single-parent families,

2.8% in blended families, and 3.2%

in extended families.

+	 Among children with private health

insurance coverage, 2.9% of those in

single-parent families were delayed

in receiving needed eyeglasses in

the past 12 months compared with

0.7% of children in nuclear families,

1.8% of children in blended

families, and 1.7% of children in

extended families. Among children

covered by Medicaid, 3.4% of those

in extended families were delayed in

receiving needed eyeglasses

compared with 1.9% of children in

nuclear and 1.9% in other families.

Among uninsured children, 9.1% of

those in single-parent and also in

blended families were delayed in

receiving needed eyeglasses

compared with 5.7% of children in

nuclear families; children in

single-parent families (but not those

in blended families) were also more

likely to experience delays in

receiving needed eyeglasses than

children in cohabiting families

(5.6%).

Dental care

Overall, 15.9 million U.S. children

aged 2–17 (24.6%) had not seen a dentist

in the past 12 months, and 4.2 million U.S.

children aged 2–17 (6.4%) did not receive

needed dental care in the past 12 months

due to cost (Tables 49–52).

+	 Children aged 2–17 living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families (39.6%) were least likely to

have seen a dentist in the past 12

months (Figure 23).

+	 Among children aged 12–17, 13.3%

of those in nuclear families had not

seen a dentist in the past 12 months

compared with 22.3% of children in

single-parent families, 22% in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, 18.1% in blended families,

25.1% in cohabiting families, 20.9%

in extended families, and 25.3% in

other families.

+	 Among Hispanic children aged

2–17, 29.9% of those in singleparent families had not seen a

dentist in the past 12 months

compared with 35% of children in

nuclear families, 41.2% in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, 37.2% in cohabiting

families, 36.8% in extended

families, and 40.2% in other

families. Among non-Hispanic white

children aged 2–17, 18.8% of those

in nuclear families had not seen a

dentist in the past 12 months

compared with 24.4% of children in

single-parent families, 43.1% in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, 22.4% in blended families,

27.8% in cohabiting families, and

23.6% in other families. Among

non-Hispanic black children, 26.7%

of those living in nuclear families

had not seen a dentist in the past 12

months compared with 31.5% of

children in extended families.

+	 Among children with private health

insurance, 18.2% of those in nuclear

families did not see a dentist within

the past 12 months compared with

19.9% of children in single-parent

families, 35.6% of children in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, and 20.2% of children in

blended families. Among children

with Medicaid, 23.4% of those in

other families did not see a dentist

within the past 12 months compared

with 30% of children in nuclear

families, 29% of children in

single-parent families, 38.3% of

children in unmarried biological or

adoptive families, 31.1% of children

in cohabiting families, and 30.6% of
12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Nuclear	 Single 

parent 

Percent 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

biological 

or adoptive 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 23

Figure 24. Percentages of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed dental care in the

past 12 months due to cost, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

children in extended families.

Among uninsured children, 42.9%

of those in blended families did not

see a dentist within the past 12

months compared with 49.4% of

children in nuclear families, 55% of

children in unmarried biological or

adoptive families, 54.6% of children

in extended families, and 55.3% of

children in other families. Overall,

50% of uninsured children did not

see a dentist within the past 12

months.

+	 Children aged 2–17 living in nuclear

families (4.6%) were less likely than

children of the same age in

single-parent (8.8%), unmarried

biological or adoptive (7.5%),

blended (8.1%), cohabiting (9.1%),

or extended (7.5%) families to lack

receipt of needed dental care in the

past 12 months due to cost, and

were comparable to children living

in other families (Figure 24).

+	 Nearly 8% of Hispanic children

living in nuclear families did not

receive needed dental care due to

cost compared with 10.7% of

Hispanic children living in blended

families and 9.3% in extended

families. Among non-Hispanic white

children, 3.9% of those living in

nuclear families did not receive

needed dental care due to cost

compared with 10.3% of children in

single-parent families, 7.2% in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, 8.1% in blended families,

10.4% in cohabiting families, and

6.6% in extended families. Among

non-Hispanic black children, 3.4%

of those living in cohabiting families

did not receive needed dental care

due to cost compared with 6.7% of

children in single-parent families,

6.5% in blended families, and 6.5%

in extended families.

+	 Among poor families, 5.3% of

children living in other families did

not receive needed dental care due

to cost compared with 9.3% of

children in nuclear families, 9.1% in

single-parent families, 11.5% in

blended families, 11.8% in

cohabiting families, and 10.3% in

extended families. Among near poor

families, 8.7% of children living in

nuclear families did not receive

needed dental care due to cost

compared with 10.6% of children in

single-parent families, 12.1% in

blended families, and 10.9% in

extended families. Among not poor

families, 3.1% of children living in

nuclear families did not receive

needed dental care due to cost

compared with 6.9% of children in

single-parent families, 5.9% in

blended families, 8.1% in cohabiting

families, and 4.9% in extended

families.

Measures of Behavior or

Emotional Well-being

During the past 6 months,

approximately 1.7 million U.S. children

aged 4–17 (3%) were often unhappy,

depressed, or tearful; 2 million U.S.

children aged 4–17 (3.6%) were

generally not well-behaved or did not

usually do what adults requested; 3.3

million U.S. children aged 4–17 (5.9%)

had many worries or often seemed

worried; 6.2 million U.S. children aged

4–17 (11.2%) generally exhibited a poor

attention span or did not usually see

chores and homework through to the

end; and 6.3 million U.S. children aged

4–17 (11.3%) certainly got along better

with adults than children. Lastly, 2.9

million U.S. children aged 4–17 (5.1%)

had definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties and 1.1 million

U.S. children aged 4–17 with definite or

severe emotional or behavioral

difficulties had no contact with a mental

health professional or general doctor for

an emotional or behavioral problem

during the last 12 months (39.9%)

(Tables 53–66).

+	 Two percent of children aged 4–17

living in nuclear families were often

unhappy, depressed, or tearful

during the past 6 months compared

with 4.4% of children in singleparent families, 3.7% of children in

blended families, 3.4% of children

in extended families, and 4.9% of

children in other families, and were

comparable to children living in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families or cohabiting families.

+	 Among Hispanic children, 3% of

those in nuclear families were often

unhappy, depressed, or tearful

during the past 6 months compared

with 4.9% of children in singleparent families and 5.6% in blended

families. Among non-Hispanic white

children, 1.7% of those in nuclear

families were often unhappy,

depressed, or tearful during the past
Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. Percent 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Page 24 [ Series 10, No. 246

Figure 25. Percentages of children aged 4–17 who were generally not well behaved or did

not usually do who adults requested in the past 6 months, by family structure:

United States, 2001–2007

6 months compared with 4.1% of

children in single-parent families,

3.1% in blended families, and 3.3%

in extended families. Among

non-Hispanic black children, 2.2%

of those in nuclear families were

often unhappy, depressed, or tearful

during the past 6 months compared

with 4.2% of children in singleparent families and 5.1% in other

families.

+ When the more highly educated

parent was a high school dropout,

3.7% of children living in nuclear

families were often unhappy,

depressed, or tearful during the past

6 months compared with 6.7% of

children in single-parent families

and 7.7% in blended families. When

at least one parent was a high

school graduate, children in nuclear

families (2.3%) were less likely than

children in single-parent (3.7%),

blended (4.2%), or extended (3.4%)

families to often exhibit unhappy,

depressed, or tearful behavior. When

at least one parent had more than a

high school diploma, 1.8% of

children in nuclear families were

often unhappy, depressed, or tearful

compared with 3.7% of children in

single-parent families, 2.9% in

blended families, and 3.1% in

extended families. Similar

percentages for often exhibiting

unhappy, depressed, or tearful

behavior are obtained when family

structure is disaggregated by poverty

status.

+ About 2% of children aged 4–17 in

nuclear families were generally not

well-behaved or did not usually do

what adults requested during the

past 6 months compared with 5% of

children in single-parent families,

4.7% of children in unmarried

biological or adoptive families, 5.1%

of children in blended families,

4.9% of children in cohabiting

families, 4.7% of children in

extended families, and 5.3% of

children in other families

(Figure 25).

+ Among Hispanic children, 3.5% of

those in nuclear families were

generally not well-behaved or did

not usually do what adults requested

during the past 6 months compared

with 6% of children in single-parent

families, 5.7% in blended families,

and 5.1% in extended families.

Among non-Hispanic white children,

1.8% of those in nuclear families

were generally not well-behaved or

did not usually do what adults

requested during the past 6 months

compared with 4.1% of children in

single-parent families, 5.1% in

blended families, 3.7% in cohabiting

families, 4.2% in extended families,

and 4.9% in other families. Among

non-Hispanic black children, 2% of

those in nuclear families were

generally not well-behaved or did

not usually do what adults requested

during the past 6 months compared

with 5.9% of children in singleparent families, 4.5% in blended

families, 8% in cohabiting families,

5.7% in extended families, and 6.8%

in other families.

+	 Among poor families, 4.2% of

children in nuclear families were

generally not well-behaved or did

not usually do what adults requested

during the past 6 months compared

with 6.8% of children in singleparent families, 8.3% in blended

families, 7% in extended families,

and 8.7% in other families. Among

near poor families, 2.7% of children

in nuclear families were generally

not well-behaved or did not usually

do what adults requested compared

with 5% of children in single-parent

families, 5.9% in blended families,

6.2% in cohabiting families, and

5.1% in extended families. Among

not poor families, 1.8% of children

in nuclear families were generally

not well-behaved or did not usually

do what adults requested compared

with 3% of children in single-parent

families, 4.2% in blended families,

3.4% in cohabiting families, 3.7% in

extended families, and 3.7% in other

families.

+	 Children aged 4–17 living in nuclear

families (4.1%) were less likely than

children in single-parent (8.5%),

blended (7.3%), cohabiting (7.6%),

extended (6%), or other (9.8%)

families to have many worries or

often seem worried during the past 6

months, and were comparable to

children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families

(Figure 26).

+	 Among Hispanic children, 4.5% of

those in nuclear families had many

worries or often seemed worried

during the past 6 months compared
12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting Extended Other 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. Percent 

Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 25

Figure 26. Percentages of children aged 4–17 who had many worries or often seemed

worried in the past 6 months, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

with 8.1% of children in singleparent families, 7.6% in blended

families, 6.2% in extended families,

and 7.9% in other families. Among

non-Hispanic white children, 4.1%

of those in nuclear families had

many worries or often seemed

worried compared with 10.5% of

children in single-parent families,

7.7% in blended families, 8.4% in

cohabiting families, 6.5% in

extended families, and 12.4% in

other families. Among non-Hispanic

black children, 3.3% of those in

nuclear families had many worries

or often seemed worried compared

with 5.5% of children in singleparent families, 5.2% in extended

families, and 7.3% in other families.

+ Children living in nuclear families

that owned or were buying their

homes (3.9%) were less likely to

have many worries or often seem

worried than children in singleparent (8.6%), blended (6.7%),

cohabiting (8.5%), extended (5.2%),

or other (10%) families that owned

or were buying their homes.

Children living in nuclear families

that rented their homes (5.3%) were

less likely to have many worries or

often seem worried than children in

single-parent (8.4%), blended

(8.6%), extended (8.3%), or other

(8.6%) families that rented their

homes.

+ Nearly 8% of children aged 4–17 in

nuclear families generally exhibited

a poor attention span or did not

usually see chores and homework

through to the end during the past 6

months compared with 14.7% of

children in single-parent families,

15.6% of children in blended

families, 16% of children in

cohabiting families, 11.9% of

children in extended families, and

18% of children in other families,

and were comparable to children

living in unmarried biological or

adoptive families.

+ Ten percent of boys living in

nuclear families generally exhibited

a poor attention span or did not

usually see chores and homework

through to the end during the past 6

months compared with 18.1% of

boys in single-parent families,

19.6% in blended families, 18.8% in

cohabiting families, 14.4% in

extended families, and 21.4% in

other families. Nearly 6% of girls

living in nuclear families generally

exhibited a poor attention span or

did not usually see chores and

homework through to the end during

the past 6 months compared with

11.4% of girls in single-parent

families, 11.4% in blended families,

12.9% in cohabiting families, 9.3%

in extended families, and 14.4% in

other families.

+	 When the more highly educated

parent was a high school dropout,

8.4% of children living in nuclear

families generally exhibited a poor

attention span or did not usually see

chores and homework through to the

end compared with 15% of children

in single-parent families, 17.5% in

blended families, 16.2% in

cohabiting families, and 11.3% in

extended families. When at least one

parent was a high school graduate,

children in nuclear families (9.8%)

were less likely than children in

single-parent (14.9%), blended

(16.6%), cohabiting (16.1%), or

extended (13.9%) families to

generally exhibit a poor attention

span or not usually see chores and

homework through to the end. When

at least one parent had more than a

high school diploma, 7.4% of

children in nuclear families

generally exhibited a poor attention

span or did not usually see chores

and homework through to the end

compared with 14.2% of children in

single-parent families, 14.9% in

blended families, 15.9% in

cohabiting families, 11.2% in

extended families, and 24% in other

families.

+	 About 9% of children aged 4–17 in

nuclear families certainly got along

better with adults than children

during the past 6 months compared

with 13.8% of children in

single-parent families, 12.4% of

children in blended families, 12.5%

of children in cohabiting families,

13% of children in extended

families, and 15.2% of children in

other families, and were comparable

to children living in unmarried

biological or adoptive families.

+	 Among Hispanic children, 12.7% of

those in nuclear families certainly

got along better with adults than

children during the past 6 months

compared with 17.5% of children in

single-parent families and 19.5% in

other families. Among non-Hispanic
12 

10 

8 

Extended Other 

Percent 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Family structure 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007. 

Nuclear Single Unmarried Blended Cohabiting 

parent biological 

or adoptive 

Page 26 [ Series 10, No. 246

Figure 27. Percentages of children aged 4–17 who had definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties, by family structure: United States, 2001–2007

white children, 7.6% of those in

nuclear families certainly got along

better with adults than children

during the past 6 months compared

with 11.4% of children in

single-parent families, 12.0% in

blended families, 11.3% in

cohabiting families, 11.7% in

extended families, and 14% in other

families. Family structure was not

related to the extent to which

non-Hispanic black children

certainly got along better with adults

than children during the past 6

months.

+ When the more highly educated

parent was a high school dropout,

13% of children living in nuclear

families certainly got along better

with adults than children during the

past 6 months compared with 19.7%

of children in single-parent families.

When at least one parent was a high

school graduate, 8.5% of children in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families certainly got along better

with adults than children during the

past 6 months compared with 13.6%

of children in single-parent families,

14.2% in blended families, and 14%

in extended families. When at least

one parent had more than a high

school diploma, 8.1% of children

living in nuclear families certainly

got along better with adults than

children during the past 6 months

compared with 11.5% of children in

single-parent families, 11.3% in

blended families, 11.8% in extended

families, and 15.1% in other

families.

+ As Figure 27 illustrates, children

aged 4–17 living in nuclear families

(3%) were less likely to have

definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties than children

in single-parent (7.4%), unmarried

biological or adoptive (5.7%),

blended (8.4%), cohabiting (7.6%),

extended (5.1%), or other (9.6%)

families.

+ Nearly 4% of boys living in nuclear

families had definite or severe

emotional or behavioral difficulties

compared with 9.3% of boys in

single-parent families, 7.7% in

unmarried biological or adoptive

families, 10.8% in blended families,

9.6% in cohabiting families, 6.2% in

extended families, and 9.7% in other

families. Two percent of girls living

in nuclear families had definite or

severe emotional or behavioral

difficulties compared with 5.5% of

girls in single-parent families, 5.9%

in blended families, 5.4% in

cohabiting families, 3.9% in

extended families, and 9.5% in other

families.

+	 Among Hispanic children, 2.1% of

those in nuclear families had

definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties compared

with 5.8% of children in singleparent families, 6.8% in blended

families, 5.7% in extended families,

and 7.1% in other families. Among

non-Hispanic white children, 3.3%

of those in nuclear families had

definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties compared

with 8.2% of children in singleparent families, 8.5% in unmarried

biological or adoptive families, 9%

in blended families, 7.6% in

cohabiting families, 6.4% in

extended families, and 11.1% in

other families. Among non-Hispanic

black children, 2.3% of those in

nuclear families had definite or

severe emotional or behavioral

difficulties compared with 6.4% of

children in single-parent families,

6.8% in blended families, 7.3% in

cohabiting families, 5.5% in

extended families, and 9.4% in other

families.

+	 Among children living in poor

families, 3.8% of those in nuclear

families had definite or severe

emotional or behavioral difficulties

during the past 6 months compared

with 8.9% of children in singleparent families, 9.4% in blended

families, 7.2% in cohabiting

families, 6.6% in extended families,

and 9.7% in other families. Among

children living in near poor families,

3.1% of those in nuclear families

had definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties compared

with 7.6% of children in singleparent families, 11.1% in blended

families, 9.5% in cohabiting

families, 5.4% in extended families,

and 11% in other families. Among

children living in not poor families,

2.9% of those in nuclear families

had definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties compared

with 5.4% of children in singleparent families, 7.2% in blended

families, 6.7% in cohabiting
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 27

families, 4.5% in extended families,

and 8.5% in other families.

+	 Among children with private health

insurance, 2.8% of those living in

nuclear families had definite or

severe emotional or behavioral

difficulties during the past 6 months

compared with 5.6% of children in

single-parent families, 7.4% in

blended families, 5.8% in cohabiting

families, and 4.2% in extended

families. Among children with

Medicaid, 4.6% of those living in

nuclear families had definite or

severe emotional or behavioral

difficulties during the past 6 months

compared with 9.5% of children in

single-parent families, 11.3% in

blended families, 10.1% in

cohabiting families, 7.6% in

extended families, and 13.4% in

other families. Among uninsured

children, 2% of those living in

nuclear families had definite or

severe emotional or behavioral

difficulties during the past 6 months

compared with 7.2% of children in

single-parent families, 9.3% in

blended families, 5.6% in cohabiting

families, 4% in extended families,

and 5.1% in other families.

+	 Among children aged 4–17 with

definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties, 27.8% of

those in other families had no

contact with a mental health

professional or general doctor for an

emotional or behavioral problem

during the last 12 months compared

with 39.9% of children with definite

or severe emotional or behavioral

difficulties in nuclear families,

40.2% of children with such

difficulties in single-parent families,

and 43.5% of children with such

difficulties in extended families.

Conclusion

The findings presented in this report

indicate that children living in nuclear

families—that is, in families consisting

of two married adults who are the

biological or adoptive parents of all

children in the family—were generally

healthier, more likely to have access to

health care, and less likely to have

definite or severe emotional or

behavioral difficulties than children

living in nonnuclear families. For

example, children in nuclear families

were generally less likely than children

in nonnuclear families to be in good,

fair, or poor health; to have a basic

action disability; or to have learning

disabilities or ADHD. They were also

less likely than children in nonnuclear

families to lack health insurance

coverage, to have had two or more ER

visits in the past 12 months, to have

receipt of needed prescription

medication delayed during the past 12

months due to lack of affordability, or to

have gone without needed dental care in

the past 12 months due to cost.

Additionally, children living in nuclear

families were less likely to be poorly

behaved or to have definite or severe

emotional or behavioral difficulties

during the past 6 months than children

living in nonnuclear family types.

These findings are consistent with

previous research that concluded that

children living with two parents were

advantaged relative to children living in

other types of families (18–21). Using

data from the Child Health Supplement

of the 1988 NHIS, Dawson (18,19)

reported that children living with two

biological parents were less likely to

experience behavioral or emotional

problems than children living in other

family types. Dawson found small and

inconsistent differences in prevalence

estimates by family structure for most

chronic conditions and indicators of

physical health, but noted that children

living in households with two parents

were less likely to have had chronic

asthma in the past 12 months than

children living in households without

fathers (18). Heck and Parker (20) found

that children in two-parent families were

less likely than children living with

single mothers to have unmet health

care needs and more likely to have

employer-sponsored health insurance.

Bramlett and Blumberg (21) reported

that children living with two biological

parents were more likely than children

in single-mother or grandparent-only

families to be in excellent or very good

health and less likely to have

asthma-related health issues during the

past year, to have ADHD, or to have

moderate to severe emotional or

behavior problems.

Relative to children living in

nuclear families, children in singleparent families clearly had higher

prevalence rates for the various health

conditions and indicators examined in

this report. However, when compared to

children living in other nonnuclear

families, children living in single-parent

families generally exhibited comparable

prevalence rates with respect to child

health, access to care, and emotional or

behavioral difficulties. This report

combined children living with single

mothers, single fathers, or some other

related single adult into one category

because the vast majority of single adult

families in 2001–2007 were headed by

mothers. If single-parent families were

disaggregated by type of parent (i.e.,

mother, father, or some other adult), it is

possible that children living in

single-mother families might have

slightly higher rates of health problems

and less access to health care than

children in single-father families, as well

as other nonnuclear families, as earlier

research (18–21) has found.

Children living in blended (i.e.,

stepparent), cohabiting, unmarried

biological or adoptive, extended, and

other families were generally

disadvantaged relative to children in

nuclear families, and were, for the most

part, comparable to children living in

single-parent families regarding most

health status and access to care

measures. However, few, if any,

consistent patterns emerged in the

prevalence estimates of children living

in nonnuclear families. Interestingly,

children living in unmarried biological

families share some of the health

characteristics of both nuclear and

cohabiting families. Results in this

report suggest that children in unmarried

biological families generally fared well

in terms of the prevalence of asthma,

hay fever, and allergies and they were

also least likely to have had a problem

requiring the regular use of a

prescription medication for at least 3

months. Conversely, they were more

likely than children in the remaining

family types to have three or more ear

infections in the past 12 months and
Page 28 [ Series 10, No. 246

least likely to have seen a dentist or had

contact with an eye doctor in the past

12 months. Regarding some health

measures, however, results were

inconclusive due to the relatively small

number of children in unmarried

biological families. Additional research

is needed to determine whether this

particular family type is consistently and

positively associated with indicators of

child health, access to care, and

behavioral or emotional well-being.

The association of children’s health

status, access to or utilization of care,

and emotional well-being with family

structure was mitigated in some

instances by the introduction of various

personal, social, and economic

characteristics. Yet differences in child

health and access to care by family

structure generally persisted regardless

of population subgroup, with children

living in nuclear families remaining

advantaged relative to children in

nonnuclear families.

The findings in this report cannot

be used to infer that family structure

‘‘caused’’ a particular child health

outcome or that a child health outcome

‘‘caused’’ family structure. In fact,

previous research has shown that

causality may flow in both directions;

that is, family structure may have

consequences for child health outcomes,

while children’s health may have

consequences for family structure

(42,43). Ideally, a methodological

approach should be used that more

accurately reflects how children’s health

may select them into particular family

structures, which, in turn, may have

ramifications for their health outcomes.

However, the cross-sectional design of

NHIS and the lack of information in the

data about marriage or union onset or

duration makes this task impossible.

However, there are certainly different

ways to model family structure that are

beyond the scope of this report. For

example, analysts may wish to

distinguish between mother-stepfather

and father-stepmother families.

Moreover, although the date at which

marriages or unions began cannot be

determined from NHIS, it is possible to

determine whether single mothers have

ever been married. It may make a

difference whether children are living

with a never- versus ever-married

mother (44). A postdivorce mother may

have more goods and resources (e.g.,

alimony and child support payments)

available to her than a never-married

mother. No attempt was made in the

current analysis to determine the marital

status of single parents (formerly

married versus never married) or to

distinguish between mother-stepfather,

father-stepmother, mother-cohabiting

male partner, or father-cohabiting female

partner families. The 2001–2007 NHIS

data do allow for these possibilities,

however.

Despite the data limitations

discussed previously, the findings

summarized in this report remain

important, particularly given the

sweeping changes in family formation

and living arrangements currently taking

place in the United States. This report is

based on 7 years of NHIS survey data

that contain numerous child health and

access to health care measures for a

sample of nearly 84,000 children. In

addition, this study incorporates a

detailed indicator of family structure

that takes into account both parental

marital status and the nature of

parent-child relationships (e.g.,

biological, step, etc.), making the

identification of nontraditional families

possible. Very few nationally

representative data sources contain

reliable measures of both family

structure and child health. Thus, NHIS

provides a unique opportunity to

understand the complicated relationships

that exist between family structure and

child health in the United States today.

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Page 30 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 1. Frequencies of children under age 18 who were in good, fair, or poor health, by family structure and by selected characteristics:

United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

under age

18 in good, Unmarried

fair, or Single biological

Selected characteristics poor health Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ............................ 12,604 4,246 2,668 246 1,105 493 3,166 680

Sex

Male ............................ 6,670 2,247 1,393 135 611 267 1,675 342

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,934 1,999 1,275 111 494 225 1,491 338

Age

0–4 years ......................... 3,071 1,181 553 124 219 138 724 132

5–17 years ........................ 9,533 3,065 2,115 122 887 355 2,442 548

5–11 years ....................... 4,749 1,713 1,057 86 443 205 998 247

12–17 years ...................... 4,784 1,352 1,058 36 443 149 1,443 302

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 3,630 1,233 608 92 225 110 1,177 185

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 2,669 998 331 61 159 77 898 144

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 8,973 3,013 2,060 154 880 383 1,989 495

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,461 2,308 886 99 623 247 1,074 223

Black or African American, single race ...... 2,654 364 1,019 42 212 93 690 234

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 3,063 813 780 70 172 133 1,030 64

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 3,546 1,094 768 93 385 174 967 65

More than high school diploma ............ 5,248 2,307 928 82 535 180 1,094 122

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 3,887 765 1,684 83 206 158 808 182

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 2,935 931 641 66 289 122 712 173

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 2,447 939 240 55 282 103 678 150

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 1,389 619 65 26 159 55 373 93

$75,000 or more ..................... 1,945 993 38 *16 169 55 593 81

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 4,168 898 1,480 79 243 171 1,047 250

Near poor ......................... 3,697 1,146 766 88 374 146 948 228

Not poor .......................... 4,739 2,202 423 79 488 175 1,171 202

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 6,810 2,867 738 83 658 173 1,877 414

Rented ........................... 5,424 1,262 1,838 152 407 299 1,225 240

Some other arrangement................ 298 97 82 *10 30 *14 48 *18

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 5,250 2,423 706 69 552 136 1,221 143

Medicaid .......................... 5,400 1,169 1,622 150 384 263 1,400 412

Other ............................ 232 79 50 *2 40 *7 39 *14

Uninsured ......................... 1,642 562 274 26 124 82 467 106

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 4,402 1,189 1,157 87 330 170 1,198 270

Small MSA ........................ 5,632 2,197 1,007 104 451 190 1,410 272

Not in MSA ........................ 2,570 859 504 55 324 133 557 138

Region

Northeast ......................... 2,157 730 507 50 144 78 539 109

Midwest .......................... 2,758 941 610 48 278 121 619 140

South............................ 4,806 1,532 1,073 78 505 176 1,151 291

West ............................ 2,884 1,043 478 70 178 117 856 140

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 31

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Respondent-assessed health status is obtained from a question in the Family Core section of the
 

survey that asked, ‘‘Would you say [child’s name] health in general was excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns
 

with respect to health status and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 in good, fair, or poor health’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category, ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 32 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 2. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who were in good, fair, or poor health, by family structure and by

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

under age

18 in good, Unmarried

fair, or Single biological

Selected characteristics poor health Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ............................ 17.2 (0.20) 12.0 (0.24) 22.3 (0.48) 23.2 (1.41) 17.5 (0.61) 21.7 (1.09) 22.8 (0.44) 30.0 (1.23)

Sex

Male ............................ 17.9 (0.26) 12.4 (0.32) 23.5 (0.68) 24.0 (1.89) 18.9 (0.94) 22.8 (1.59) 23.3 (0.59) 29.6 (1.72)

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 (0.27) 11.6 (0.33) 21.1 (0.64) 22.2 (2.12) 16.0 (0.87) 20.6 (1.49) 22.3 (0.62) 30.4 (1.85)

Age

0–4 years ......................... 15.3 (0.33) 10.5 (0.36) 21.9 (1.09) 19.0 (1.65) 15.8 (1.36) 22.3 (2.19) 23.1 (0.87) 25.1 (2.34)

5–17 years ........................ 18.0 (0.23) 12.7 (0.29) 22.4 (0.51) 29.9 (2.56) 17.9 (0.70) 21.5 (1.30) 22.8 (0.49) 31.4 (1.43)

5–11 years ....................... 16.9 (0.29) 11.8 (0.35) 21.5 (0.70) 29.0 (2.89) 17.3 (0.97) 20.9 (1.73) 24.3 (0.83) 29.8 (2.01)

12–17 years ...................... 19.3 (0.31) 14.1 (0.46) 23.4 (0.72) 32.3 (5.19) 18.6 (1.01) 22.5 (1.93) 21.9 (0.60) 32.9 (2.14)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 26.3 (0.46) 21.9 (0.61) 28.8 (1.03) 27.8 (2.37) 22.9 (1.45) 26.7 (2.49) 30.8 (0.82) 35.4 (2.35)

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 28.2 (0.58) 24.6 (0.75) 28.4 (1.42) 27.3 (2.44) 23.8 (1.77) 29.1 (3.16) 33.3 (1.02) 37.0 (2.81)

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 15.1 (0.21) 10.1 (0.25) 20.9 (0.53) 21.1 (1.72) 16.5 (0.68) 20.6 (1.20) 19.8 (0.51) 28.4 (1.45)

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 (0.23) 9.2 (0.27) 17.0 (0.64) 21.1 (2.10) 14.8 (0.75) 18.7 (1.41) 16.5 (0.61) 24.6 (2.03)

Black or African American, single race ...... 24.9 (0.55) 16.7 (0.99) 25.6 (0.91) 23.8 (3.49) 24.9 (1.81) 23.6 (2.70) 28.8 (1.11) 34.7 (2.46)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 32.7 (0.63) 29.2 (1.07) 33.4 (1.22) 30.0 (2.85) 33.9 (2.63) 28.5 (2.45) 35.8 (1.10) 36.9 (4.99)

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 21.8 (0.41) 18.7 (0.61) 22.6 (0.84) 23.5 (2.21) 21.5 (1.29) 21.3 (1.84) 25.7 (0.83) 26.8 (3.87)

More than high school diploma ............ 11.7 (0.20) 8.7 (0.23) 16.4 (0.57) 19.1 (2.34) 13.5 (0.67) 18.6 (1.62) 15.7 (0.51) 26.2 (3.37)

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 30.0 (0.52) 25.8 (0.99) 28.7 (0.75) 26.9 (2.59) 31.2 (2.55) 30.0 (2.62) 37.5 (1.29) 38.0 (2.68)

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 23.2 (0.50) 20.2 (0.74) 20.7 (0.89) 23.2 (2.61) 25.5 (1.68) 22.8 (2.44) 28.9 (1.30) 33.2 (2.73)

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 17.4 (0.43) 14.3 (0.57) 13.3 (0.95) 21.3 (2.93) 18.0 (1.42) 19.0 (2.29) 24.1 (0.97) 29.0 (2.81)

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 12.8 (0.43) 9.9 (0.52) 10.2 (1.56) 22.4 (5.42) 13.2 (1.25) 18.5 (3.36) 17.7 (1.22) 30.6 (4.27)

$75,000 or more ..................... 8.6 (0.28) 6.6 (0.28) 6.9 (1.42) 17.1 (4.71) 9.6 (0.93) 15.0 (2.50) 13.8 (0.79) 18.2 (2.54)

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 30.9 (0.55) 27.1 (1.03) 29.5 (0.86) 28.3 (2.85) 29.4 (2.33) 29.8 (2.61) 36.4 (1.18) 40.4 (2.60)

Near poor ......................... 22.7 (0.53) 19.2 (0.77) 22.5 (0.91) 24.3 (2.52) 23.3 (1.58) 21.8 (2.11) 26.4 (0.98) 32.9 (2.52)

Not poor .......................... 11.0 (0.21) 8.5 (0.23) 11.9 (0.59) 18.8 (2.18) 12.5 (0.68) 17.1 (1.43) 15.8 (0.54) 21.1 (1.58)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 13.8 (0.22) 10.2 (0.25) 17.1 (0.71) 21.2 (2.53) 15.4 (0.73) 18.7 (1.63) 19.4 (0.50) 27.2 (1.44)

Rented ........................... 24.6 (0.38) 19.8 (0.64) 25.4 (0.66) 23.8 (1.74) 21.4 (1.25) 23.5 (1.48) 31.2 (0.87) 35.9 (2.36)

Some other arrangement................ 21.0 (1.35) 16.2 (1.89) 23.2 (2.57) 35.1 (10.06) 22.3 (5.23) *30.0 (12.20) 23.4 (3.49) *30.8 (9.51)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 11.6 (0.19) 9.0 (0.23) 14.4 (0.57) 18.4 (2.21) 13.6 (0.68) 15.8 (1.56) 16.4 (0.50) 20.8 (2.13)

Medicaid .......................... 28.6 (0.44) 24.9 (0.81) 28.6 (0.79) 26.9 (2.12) 26.7 (1.61) 25.9 (1.84) 32.5 (0.91) 35.3 (1.87)

Other ............................ 14.5 (1.06) 10.3 (1.21) 19.5 (2.88) *14.6 (7.41) 18.8 (3.57) *13.3 (6.11) 16.0 (2.24) 27.6 (7.42)

Uninsured ......................... 23.4 (0.64) 19.9 (1.03) 25.2 (1.45) 22.5 (3.97) 21.0 (2.31) 25.5 (2.92) 27.1 (1.17) 31.0 (2.86)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 21.0 (0.41) 14.2 (0.51) 24.9 (0.80) 23.0 (2.19) 21.3 (1.38) 25.8 (2.12) 26.6 (0.80) 33.9 (2.23)

Small MSA ........................ 14.6 (0.26) 10.7 (0.30) 19.4 (0.69) 22.6 (2.24) 14.2 (0.84) 18.4 (1.58) 19.7 (0.58) 28.0 (1.81)

Not in MSA ........................ 18.9 (0.50) 13.5 (0.62) 23.6 (1.17) 24.8 (3.15) 20.2 (1.14) 23.1 (2.08) 25.5 (1.32) 27.6 (2.40)

Region

Northeast ......................... 16.5 (0.47) 11.0 (0.53) 23.6 (1.20) 27.8 (3.74) 17.8 (1.84) 22.2 (2.86) 20.6 (0.97) 32.9 (3.32)

Midwest .......................... 16.0 (0.40) 10.8 (0.50) 21.5 (0.94) 17.0 (2.46) 17.3 (1.23) 19.9 (2.14) 22.5 (1.03) 31.2 (3.04)

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.0 (0.32) 12.6 (0.39) 22.3 (0.76) 23.9 (2.44) 19.0 (0.97) 20.8 (1.81) 23.8 (0.73) 29.6 (1.77)

West ............................ 17.9 (0.47) 13.3 (0.54) 22.0 (1.07) 25.8 (2.88) 14.3 (1.14) 25.5 (2.24) 23.5 (0.87) 27.7 (2.47)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 33

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Respondent-assessed health status is obtained from a question in the Family Core section of the
 

survey that asked, ‘‘Would you say [child’s name] health in general was excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns
 

with respect to health status and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 in good, fair, or poor health’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to is the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 34 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 3. Frequencies of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have one or more chronic conditions, by family structure and

by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 ever told of

having one or Unmarried

more chronic Single biological

Selected characteristics conditions Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ............................ 1,820 790 366 20 159 72 335 76

Sex

Male ............................ 1,049 454 224 12 83 40 196 40

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 337 142 *9 76 32 139 *37

Age

0–4 years ......................... 406 198 57 *5 39 *15 72 *20

5–17 years ........................ 1,414 593 310 15 121 58 263 56

5–11 years ....................... 739 361 152 *8 67 25 102 *25

12–17 years ...................... 675 232 157 *7 54 33 161 31

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 266 90 54 *5 13 *16 79 10

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 173 54 32 *4 *10 *8 58 *6

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 1,554 701 313 15 146 57 256 66

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,152 599 173 *9 125 41 161 44

Black or African American, single race ...... 288 63 113 *6 15 *10 68 15

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 194 48 55 *5 *10 *14 59 *3

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 405 126 98 *4 47 17 104 *8

More than high school diploma ............ 1,176 614 203 11 101 42 170 *35

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 403 72 184 *6 *24 *21 80 15

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 307 91 84 *3 *25 *20 62 *22

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 317 135 62 *5 30 *13 64 *9

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 290 155 *22 *3 36 *10 55 *9

$75,000 or more ..................... 503 337 14 *3 45 *9 74 *22

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 404 75 157 *5 30 *21 93 *23

Near poor ......................... 370 119 90 *5 29 *25 80 21

Not poor .......................... 1,046 597 119 10 100 26 161 *33

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 1,227 654 135 8 113 30 230 58

Rented ........................... 551 125 224 12 41 40 97 11

Some other arrangement................ 37 *10 *6 *– *5 *3 *5 *8

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 1,058 617 134 *8 105 23 152 *19

Medicaid .......................... 607 122 196 *10 42 40 144 53

Other ............................ 35 15 *7 *– *2 *4 *7 *1

Uninsured ......................... 118 34 29 *3 *10 *5 32 *4

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 507 184 136 *6 36 19 96 *30

Small MSA ........................ 956 445 162 10 89 37 176 36

Not in MSA ........................ 358 161 69 *5 34 16 63 10

Region

Northeast ......................... 303 158 46 *5 25 *13 47 *10

Midwest .......................... 540 249 103 *8 59 *24 83 *14

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 250 156 *5 59 23 148 27

West ............................ 309 134 62 *3 *16 *13 57 *25

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 35

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of one or more chronic conditions is based on a series of separate questions that asked
 

whether a doctor or health professional had ever said that the selected child had Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, autism, diabetes, arthritis, congenital heart
 

disease, or any other heart condition. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to chronic conditions and family structure are not included in
 

the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 ever told of having one or more chronic conditions’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 36 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 4. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who have ever been told they had one or more chronic conditions, by

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 ever told

of having one Unmarried

or more chronic Single biological

Selected characteristics conditions Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ............................ 2.5 (0.07) 2.2 (0.10) 3.1 (0.20) 1.9 (0.40) 2.5 (0.26) 3.2 (0.55) 2.4 (0.15) 3.4 (0.59)

Sex

Male ............................ 2.8 (0.11) 2.5 (0.15) 3.8 (0.30) 2.0 (0.55) 2.6 (0.36) 3.4 (0.77) 2.7 (0.23) 3.4 (0.71)

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 (0.10) 2.0 (0.13) 2.4 (0.23) *1.8 (0.58) 2.4 (0.40) 2.9 (0.78) 2.1 (0.19) 3.3 (0.97)

Age

0–4 years ......................... 2.0 (0.13) 1.8 (0.15) 2.2 (0.36) *0.8 (0.28) 2.8 (0.75) *2.4 (1.08) 2.3 (0.32) *3.9 (1.20)

5–17 years ........................ 2.7 (0.09) 2.5 (0.12) 3.3 (0.22) 3.7 (0.93) 2.4 (0.27) 3.5 (0.63) 2.5 (0.17) 3.2 (0.69)

5–11 years ....................... 2.6 (0.12) 2.5 (0.16) 3.1 (0.32) *2.7 (0.95) 2.6 (0.40) 2.5 (0.67) 2.5 (0.31) *3.0 (1.05)

12–17 years ...................... 2.7 (0.12) 2.4 (0.20) 3.5 (0.31) *6.2 (2.26) 2.2 (0.37) 4.9 (1.21) 2.4 (0.20) 3.3 (0.90)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 1.9 (0.12) 1.6 (0.16) 2.5 (0.35) *1.6 (0.57) 1.3 (0.39) *3.8 (1.66) 2.1 (0.21) 1.9 (0.51)

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 1.8 (0.13) 1.3 (0.16) 2.7 (0.53) *1.9 (0.80) *1.6 (0.53) *2.8 (1.22) 2.1 (0.25) *1.5 (0.53)

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 2.6 (0.08) 2.4 (0.11) 3.2 (0.22) 2.1 (0.52) 2.7 (0.31) 3.0 (0.56) 2.6 (0.19) 3.8 (0.76)

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 (0.10) 2.4 (0.13) 3.3 (0.31) *2.0 (0.63) 3.0 (0.37) 3.1 (0.72) 2.5 (0.23) 4.8 (1.24)

Black or African American, single race ...... 2.7 (0.18) 2.9 (0.42) 2.8 (0.32) *3.3 (1.32) 1.7 (0.44) *2.4 (0.77) 2.9 (0.39) 2.2 (0.61)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 2.1 (0.17) 1.7 (0.26) 2.4 (0.37) *2.3 (0.99) *2.0 (0.74) *2.9 (1.45) 2.0 (0.28) *1.7 (0.84)

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 2.5 (0.15) 2.2 (0.24) 2.9 (0.33) *1.1 (0.50) 2.6 (0.59) 2.1 (0.58) 2.8 (0.32) *3.2 (1.30)

More than high school diploma ............ 2.6 (0.09) 2.3 (0.12) 3.6 (0.31) 2.5 (0.68) 2.6 (0.30) 4.3 (0.94) 2.4 (0.21) *7.5 (2.50)

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 3.1 (0.18) 2.4 (0.35) 3.1 (0.27) *2.1 (0.88) 3.6 (1.06) *4.0 (1.38) 3.7 (0.46) 3.1 (0.82)

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 2.4 (0.17) 2.0 (0.24) 2.7 (0.35) *1.1 (0.64) *2.2 (0.67) *3.7 (1.44) 2.5 (0.39) *4.3 (1.47)

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 2.3 (0.16) 2.1 (0.22) 3.4 (0.56) *1.9 (0.83) 1.9 (0.41) *2.3 (0.80) 2.3 (0.34) *1.7 (0.63)

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 2.7 (0.20) 2.5 (0.27) *3.4 (1.03) *2.6 (1.38) 3.0 (0.65) *3.4 (1.23) 2.6 (0.54) *2.9 (0.98)

$75,000 or more ..................... 2.2 (0.13) 2.3 (0.16) 2.5 (0.73) *3.1 (1.88) 2.5 (0.53) *2.5 (1.01) 1.7 (0.24) *4.9 (2.13)

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 3.0 (0.19) 2.3 (0.34) 3.1 (0.30) *1.6 (0.89) 3.7 (1.03) *3.6 (1.29) 3.3 (0.40) *3.7 (1.19)

Near poor ......................... 2.3 (0.16) 2.0 (0.24) 2.7 (0.38) *1.5 (0.65) 1.8 (0.48) *3.8 (1.24) 2.2 (0.32) 3.0 (0.81)

Not poor .......................... 2.4 (0.09) 2.3 (0.12) 3.3 (0.34) 2.5 (0.72) 2.6 (0.34) 2.6 (0.57) 2.2 (0.20) *3.4 (1.05)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 2.5 (0.09) 2.3 (0.12) 3.1 (0.33) 2.1 (0.58) 2.6 (0.34) 3.2 (0.75) 2.4 (0.18) 3.8 (0.77)

Rented ........................... 2.5 (0.12) 2.0 (0.19) 3.1 (0.25) 1.9 (0.56) 2.2 (0.45) 3.2 (0.80) 2.5 (0.27) 1.6 (0.48)

Some other arrangement................ 2.6 (0.59) *1.7 (0.58) *1.6 (0.54) *– *3.7 (1.86) *5.9 (4.64) *2.7 (1.02) *12.9 (9.11)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 2.3 (0.09) 2.3 (0.12) 2.7 (0.29) *2.0 (0.62) 2.6 (0.34) 2.7 (0.64) 2.0 (0.19) *2.7 (1.21)

Medicaid .......................... 3.2 (0.16) 2.6 (0.28) 3.5 (0.30) *1.8 (0.54) 2.9 (0.61) 4.0 (1.04) 3.3 (0.31) 4.5 (0.89)

Other ............................ 2.2 (0.37) 2.0 (0.50) *2.6 (0.96) *– *0.8 (0.49) *7.2 (4.50) *2.8 (0.99) *1.6 (1.22)

Uninsured ......................... 1.7 (0.18) 1.2 (0.23) 2.7 (0.51) *2.7 (1.63) *1.7 (0.64) *1.5 (0.78) 1.9 (0.42) *1.1 (0.59)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 2.4 (0.13) 2.2 (0.20) 2.9 (0.28) *1.6 (0.64) 2.3 (0.45) 2.9 (0.71) 2.1 (0.23) *3.8 (1.29)

Small MSA ........................ 2.5 (0.10) 2.2 (0.12) 3.1 (0.32) 2.1 (0.60) 2.8 (0.40) 3.6 (1.04) 2.5 (0.21) 3.7 (0.84)

Not in MSA ........................ 2.6 (0.16) 2.5 (0.26) 3.2 (0.45) *2.1 (0.94) 2.2 (0.51) 2.8 (0.73) 2.9 (0.47) 2.0 (0.55)

Region

Northeast ......................... 2.3 (0.16) 2.4 (0.25) 2.1 (0.32) *2.6 (1.18) 3.1 (0.82) *3.7 (1.90) 1.8 (0.26) *3.0 (0.94)

Midwest .......................... 3.1 (0.18) 2.9 (0.24) 3.6 (0.48) *2.7 (0.95) 3.7 (0.68) *3.9 (1.26) 3.0 (0.39) *3.2 (1.78)

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 (0.12) 2.0 (0.15) 3.2 (0.32) *1.6 (0.62) 2.2 (0.34) 2.7 (0.68) 3.1 (0.30) 2.8 (0.64)

West ............................ 1.9 (0.13) 1.7 (0.17) 2.9 (0.39) *1.0 (0.50) *1.3 (0.50) *2.8 (0.89) 1.6 (0.21) *4.8 (1.64)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 37

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of one or more chronic conditions is based on a series of separate questions that asked
 

whether a doctor or health professional had ever said that the selected child had Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, autism, diabetes, arthritis, congenital heart
 

disease, or any other heart condition. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to chronic conditions and family structure are not included in
 

the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 ever told of having one or more chronic conditions’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Total includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 38 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 5. Frequencies of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have asthma, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 who have

ever been Unmarried

told they Single biological

Selected characteristics have asthma Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ............................ 9,299 3,631 2,071 118 879 315 1,920 364

Sex

Male ............................ 5,496 2,210 1,173 74 502 203 1,146 188

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,802 1,421 898 44 377 112 774 175

Age

0–4 years ......................... 1,571 630 372 51 100 76 292 50

5–17 years ........................ 7,728 3,001 1,699 67 780 239 1,628 314

5–11 years ....................... 3,890 1,662 900 46 412 131 596 143

12–17 years ...................... 3,838 1,339 799 21 368 108 1,032 171

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 1,611 518 394 26 127 60 426 61

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 912 326 168 13 68 33 266 38

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 7,687 3,113 1,677 92 752 255 1,494 303

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,130 2,510 780 53 563 149 930 147

Black or African American, single race ...... 1,862 327 756 28 140 71 407 132

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 1,180 215 456 22 66 69 330 22

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 2,105 628 545 50 244 110 497 30

More than high school diploma ............ 5,669 2,781 975 46 565 132 1,070 101

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 2,012 291 1,102 32 101 75 335 77

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 1,667 438 520 32 166 83 332 96

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 1,692 619 273 28 256 88 368 60

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 1,341 674 98 13 151 43 302 60

$75,000 or more ..................... 2,586 1,609 79 13 206 26 583 71

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 2,016 330 945 27 121 86 419 88

Near poor ......................... 2,147 554 583 47 247 106 480 131

Not poor .......................... 5,135 2,747 542 44 512 124 1,021 145

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 5,888 2,962 657 49 560 110 1,305 244

Rented ........................... 3,204 605 1,361 67 291 199 575 106

Some other arrangement................ 179 56 51 *2 22 *6 32 *12

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 5,420 2,795 750 58 556 101 1,032 128

Medicaid .......................... 3,012 536 1,132 52 220 168 707 197

Other ............................ 184 79 35 *– 23 *5 38 *3

Uninsured ......................... 657 213 152 *7 77 41 133 33

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 2,768 807 868 37 226 80 614 135

Small MSA ........................ 4,900 2,205 892 62 450 138 994 159

Not in MSA ........................ 1,631 619 311 *19 202 97 311 71

Region

Northeast ......................... 1,929 795 443 31 144 48 400 66

Midwest .......................... 2,137 868 510 36 198 65 375 86

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,363 1,247 766 30 354 130 689 147

West ............................ 1,870 721 353 21 183 72 456 65

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 39

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Ever told had asthma is based on the question, ‘‘Has a doctor or other health professional ever told
 

you that [child’s name] had asthma?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to asthma and family structure are not included in the column
 

labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 who have ever been told they have asthma’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Total includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics
 

may not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 40 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 6. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have asthma, by family structure and by

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 who have

ever been Unmarried

told they Single biological

Selected characteristics have asthma Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ............................ 12.7 (0.16) 10.3 (0.20) 17.3 (0.41) 11.1 (1.04) 13.9 (0.57) 13.9 (0.91) 13.9 (0.35) 16.1 (1.06)

Sex

Male ............................ 14.7 (0.23) 12.2 (0.30) 19.8 (0.61) 13.3 (1.53) 15.6 (0.78) 17.3 (1.41) 16.0 (0.52) 16.3 (1.40)

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 (0.21) 8.3 (0.27) 14.9 (0.52) 8.7 (1.38) 12.2 (0.82) 10.3 (1.10) 11.6 (0.48) 15.9 (1.64)

Age

0–4 years ......................... 7.8 (0.23) 5.6 (0.27) 14.8 (0.79) 7.8 (1.00) 7.2 (0.93) 12.3 (1.63) 9.3 (0.58) 9.5 (1.45)

5–17 years ........................ 14.6 (0.20) 12.5 (0.27) 18.0 (0.47) 16.4 (2.14) 15.8 (0.66) 14.5 (1.08) 15.2 (0.42) 18.1 (1.29)

5–11 years ....................... 13.8 (0.27) 11.5 (0.34) 18.3 (0.66) 15.6 (2.33) 16.1 (0.97) 13.4 (1.34) 14.5 (0.67) 17.3 (1.62)

12–17 years ...................... 15.5 (0.30) 13.9 (0.45) 17.7 (0.66) 18.6 (4.70) 15.5 (0.92) 16.2 (1.85) 15.6 (0.53) 18.8 (2.01)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 11.7 (0.31) 9.2 (0.42) 18.7 (0.90) 7.9 (1.29) 12.9 (1.14) 14.5 (2.09) 11.2 (0.55) 11.6 (1.57)

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 9.6 (0.34) 8.0 (0.47) 14.4 (1.10) 5.8 (1.45) 10.2 (1.31) 12.3 (2.51) 9.9 (0.64) 9.9 (1.62)

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 13.0 (0.18) 10.5 (0.23) 17.1 (0.45) 12.6 (1.39) 14.1 (0.64) 13.8 (1.00) 14.9 (0.43) 17.4 (1.29)

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 (0.21) 10.1 (0.25) 15.1 (0.61) 11.2 (1.75) 13.4 (0.71) 11.2 (1.10) 14.3 (0.55) 16.1 (1.82)

Black or African American, single race ...... 17.5 (0.43) 15.0 (0.89) 19.0 (0.71) 16.0 (2.77) 16.5 (1.59) 18.1 (2.40) 17.1 (0.84) 19.8 (2.10)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 12.6 (0.44) 7.7 (0.63) 19.5 (0.98) 9.3 (2.03) 13.0 (1.93) 14.8 (2.11) 11.5 (0.73) 12.5 (2.76)

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 13.0 (0.31) 10.7 (0.51) 16.0 (0.70) 12.7 (1.93) 13.7 (1.15) 13.5 (1.42) 13.2 (0.61) 12.3 (3.22)

More than high school diploma ............ 12.6 (0.20) 10.5 (0.24) 17.3 (0.58) 10.8 (1.55) 14.3 (0.68) 13.7 (1.38) 15.3 (0.52) 21.7 (3.31)

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 15.6 (0.39) 9.8 (0.66) 18.8 (0.60) 10.3 (2.01) 15.3 (1.74) 14.2 (1.72) 15.5 (0.87) 16.3 (2.25)

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 13.2 (0.41) 9.5 (0.57) 16.8 (0.79) 11.2 (2.10) 14.6 (1.53) 15.6 (2.26) 13.5 (0.95) 18.4 (2.26)

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 12.1 (0.40) 9.5 (0.46) 15.1 (1.05) 11.0 (2.58) 16.4 (1.36) 16.4 (2.05) 13.1 (0.83) 11.6 (1.81)

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 12.3 (0.44) 10.8 (0.54) 15.4 (1.71) 11.6 (2.88) 12.6 (1.16) 14.6 (2.77) 14.3 (1.04) 19.5 (4.17)

$75,000 or more ..................... 11.5 (0.28) 10.8 (0.33) 14.3 (1.76) 13.5 (3.38) 11.7 (0.92) 7.0 (1.46) 13.5 (0.62) 16.1 (2.58)

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 14.9 (0.40) 10.0 (0.69) 18.9 (0.66) 9.6 (2.12) 14.6 (1.73) 14.9 (1.86) 14.6 (0.84) 14.4 (2.07)

Near poor ......................... 13.2 (0.38) 9.3 (0.50) 17.2 (0.79) 12.9 (2.25) 15.4 (1.42) 15.8 (1.95) 13.4 (0.80) 18.7 (2.30)

Not poor .......................... 11.9 (0.19) 10.6 (0.24) 15.3 (0.65) 10.6 (1.45) 13.2 (0.65) 12.1 (1.21) 13.8 (0.46) 15.3 (1.49)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 12.0 (0.19) 10.5 (0.24) 15.3 (0.62) 12.5 (1.94) 13.1 (0.66) 11.9 (1.31) 13.5 (0.41) 16.0 (1.25)

Rented ........................... 14.6 (0.29) 9.5 (0.43) 18.8 (0.55) 10.5 (1.30) 15.3 (1.08) 15.6 (1.34) 14.7 (0.66) 16.0 (1.97)

Some other arrangement................ 12.7 (1.05) 9.3 (1.41) 14.3 (2.17) *7.5 (4.36) 16.3 (3.77) *12.7 (5.90) 15.7 (2.82) *19.8 (8.89)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 12.0 (0.19) 10.4 (0.24) 15.3 (0.59) 15.5 (1.84) 13.7 (0.66) 11.7 (1.31) 13.9 (0.46) 18.7 (2.24)

Medicaid .......................... 16.0 (0.35) 11.4 (0.61) 20.0 (0.65) 9.3 (1.45) 15.3 (1.33) 16.5 (1.52) 16.4 (0.70) 17.0 (1.45)

Other ............................ 11.5 (0.89) 10.3 (1.41) 13.6 (2.24) *– 10.9 (2.37) *9.3 (3.97) 15.5 (2.30) *6.7 (2.69)

Uninsured ......................... 9.4 (0.42) 7.6 (0.59) 14.0 (1.22) 6.6 (1.97) 13.1 (1.84) 12.7 (2.21) 7.7 (0.68) 9.7 (1.94)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 13.2 (0.29) 9.6 (0.38) 18.7 (0.66) 9.8 (1.53) 14.7 (1.14) 12.2 (1.49) 13.6 (0.57) 17.1 (2.08)

Small MSA ........................ 12.7 (0.22) 10.7 (0.28) 17.3 (0.63) 13.4 (1.70) 14.2 (0.80) 13.4 (1.37) 13.9 (0.51) 16.3 (1.50)

Not in MSA ........................ 12.0 (0.37) 9.7 (0.47) 14.6 (0.87) 8.7 (2.49) 12.6 (1.12) 16.9 (1.93) 14.2 (0.92) 14.2 (1.97)

Region

Northeast ......................... 14.8 (0.41) 12.1 (0.54) 20.7 (1.01) 17.2 (2.80) 18.0 (1.65) 13.6 (1.93) 15.3 (0.84) 20.4 (2.79)

Midwest .......................... 12.4 (0.35) 10.0 (0.40) 18.0 (0.90) 12.7 (2.46) 12.3 (1.13) 10.7 (1.76) 13.6 (0.86) 19.2 (2.95)

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 (0.26) 10.2 (0.34) 15.9 (0.62) 9.2 (1.63) 13.3 (0.88) 15.3 (1.54) 14.2 (0.56) 14.9 (1.48)

West ............................ 11.6 (0.30) 9.2 (0.38) 16.3 (0.87) 7.8 (1.48) 14.7 (1.26) 15.7 (2.10) 12.5 (0.65) 12.8 (1.98)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 41

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Ever told had asthma is obtained from the question, ‘‘Has a doctor or other health professional ever
 

told you that [child’s name] had asthma?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to asthma and family structure are not included in the
 

column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 who have ever been told they have asthma’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 42 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 7. Frequencies of children under age 18 with hay fever in the past 12 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics:

United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

under age

18 with hay Unmarried

fever in the Single biological

Selected characteristics past 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ............................ 7,232 3,632 1,171 61 634 181 1,331 222

Sex

Male ............................ 3,963 2,023 639 37 339 87 722 118

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,268 1,609 533 24 295 94 609 105

Age

0–4 years ......................... 912 517 121 22 59 27 130 35

5–17 years ........................ 6,320 3,115 1,050 39 574 154 1,200 187

5–11 years ....................... 2,963 1,649 475 29 270 76 373 91

12–17 years ...................... 3,356 1,467 575 *10 305 77 827 96

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 1,047 430 172 19 87 28 272 40

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 692 299 89 14 61 21 185 23

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 6,185 3,202 999 43 547 153 1,059 182

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,889 2,782 619 34 461 102 787 104

Black or African American, single race ...... 826 172 313 *6 55 30 188 63

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 582 160 152 12 31 35 181 *10

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 1,276 464 245 18 145 59 322 *24

More than high school diploma ............ 5,158 3,001 725 31 450 86 818 46

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 1,005 215 490 17 41 36 163 43

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 1,030 364 295 19 99 34 173 48

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 1,352 600 230 13 145 47 261 57

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 1,105 595 83 *6 142 27 223 29

$75,000 or more ..................... 2,739 1,858 74 *6 207 37 512 45

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 990 252 395 *14 50 35 193 49

Near poor ......................... 1,354 476 314 23 140 36 293 73

Not poor .......................... 4,888 2,904 462 24 444 110 844 100

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 5,404 3,109 537 25 464 92 1,029 149

Rented ........................... 1,656 449 598 36 153 86 269 65

Some other arrangement................ 150 64 34 *– *11 *2 29 *8

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 5,072 3,003 594 24 455 75 855 66

Medicaid .......................... 1,465 352 455 32 103 75 326 123

Other ............................ 134 69 23 *1 *10 *3 20 *9

Uninsured ......................... 549 204 99 *5 64 26 127 23

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 1,859 774 424 17 138 48 390 68

Small MSA ........................ 3,998 2,166 527 35 353 85 739 93

Not in MSA ........................ 1,375 692 220 *10 143 48 202 61

Region

Northeast ......................... 1,250 638 210 *7 90 29 257 20

Midwest .......................... 1,564 819 258 17 135 35 259 41

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,656 1,305 438 21 263 68 444 116

West ............................ 1,762 871 266 16 145 49 371 45

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 43

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of hay fever is based on the question, ‘‘During the past 12 months, has [child’s name]
 

had hay fever?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to hay fever and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children
 

under age 18 with hay fever in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 44 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 8. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with hay fever in the past 12 months, by family structure and by

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

under age

18 with hay Unmarried

fever in the Single biological

Selected characteristics past 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ............................ 9.9 (0.15) 10.3 (0.22) 9.8 (0.32) 5.8 (0.73) 10.0 (0.49) 8.0 (0.63) 9.6 (0.28) 9.8 (0.83)

Sex

Male ............................ 10.6 (0.21) 11.2 (0.31) 10.8 (0.47) 6.6 (1.13) 10.5 (0.73) 7.4 (0.81) 10.1 (0.38) 10.2 (1.18)

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 (0.19) 9.4 (0.27) 8.9 (0.42) 4.9 (0.86) 9.6 (0.67) 8.6 (1.00) 9.1 (0.40) 9.4 (1.13)

Age

0–4 years ......................... 4.6 (0.18) 4.6 (0.24) 4.8 (0.46) 3.4 (0.64) 4.3 (0.74) 4.3 (0.95) 4.2 (0.39) 6.8 (1.39)

5–17 years ........................ 12.0 (0.19) 13.0 (0.29) 11.2 (0.37) 9.6 (1.60) 11.6 (0.59) 9.3 (0.80) 11.2 (0.34) 10.7 (0.99)

5–11 years ....................... 10.5 (0.24) 11.4 (0.35) 9.7 (0.48) 9.7 (1.91) 10.6 (0.83) 7.8 (0.93) 9.1 (0.50) 11.0 (1.38)

12–17 years ...................... 13.6 (0.27) 15.3 (0.47) 12.8 (0.56) *9.2 (2.81) 12.8 (0.82) 11.6 (1.48) 12.5 (0.45) 10.4 (1.36)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 7.6 (0.24) 7.6 (0.38) 8.2 (0.55) 5.6 (1.06) 8.8 (1.01) 6.7 (1.16) 7.1 (0.39) 7.7 (1.17)

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 7.3 (0.29) 7.4 (0.47) 7.7 (0.70) 6.1 (1.33) 9.1 (1.19) 7.8 (1.53) 6.9 (0.45) 6.1 (1.16)

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 10.5 (0.17) 10.8 (0.25) 10.2 (0.36) 5.9 (0.95) 10.3 (0.56) 8.3 (0.74) 10.6 (0.36) 10.4 (1.02)

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 (0.20) 11.2 (0.27) 12.0 (0.53) 7.2 (1.34) 10.9 (0.65) 7.8 (0.85) 12.2 (0.48) 11.4 (1.40)

Black or African American, single race ...... 7.8 (0.31) 7.9 (0.65) 7.9 (0.50) *3.4 (1.28) 6.5 (1.01) 7.6 (1.48) 7.9 (0.60) 9.3 (1.65)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 6.2 (0.28) 5.7 (0.52) 6.5 (0.58) 5.3 (1.50) 6.2 (1.18) 7.6 (1.44) 6.3 (0.50) *5.7 (2.12)

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 7.9 (0.26) 7.9 (0.45) 7.2 (0.48) 4.6 (1.05) 8.1 (0.84) 7.2 (1.04) 8.6 (0.51) *9.8 (2.96)

More than high school diploma ............ 11.5 (0.20) 11.4 (0.26) 12.9 (0.51) 7.1 (1.31) 11.4 (0.67) 8.9 (0.97) 11.8 (0.43) 10.0 (2.08)

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 7.8 (0.27) 7.3 (0.58) 8.4 (0.43) 5.5 (1.48) 6.2 (1.06) 6.8 (1.19) 7.6 (0.62) 9.0 (1.81)

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 8.2 (0.32) 7.9 (0.52) 9.5 (0.63) 6.6 (1.68) 8.7 (1.06) 6.3 (1.47) 7.0 (0.58) 9.2 (1.73)

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 9.6 (0.32) 9.2 (0.48) 12.7 (0.96) 5.0 (1.30) 9.3 (1.05) 8.6 (1.61) 9.3 (0.62) 11.1 (1.88)

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 10.2 (0.39) 9.6 (0.53) 13.2 (1.61) *5.2 (2.08) 11.9 (1.23) 9.1 (2.37) 10.6 (0.82) 9.3 (1.92)

$75,000 or more ..................... 12.2 (0.28) 12.4 (0.35) 13.3 (1.58) *6.9 (2.34) 11.8 (1.06) 10.1 (1.83) 11.9 (0.56) 10.1 (2.17)

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 7.3 (0.28) 7.6 (0.64) 7.9 (0.48) *5.2 (1.56) 6.1 (1.15) 6.0 (1.12) 6.7 (0.54) 8.0 (1.61)

Near poor ......................... 8.3 (0.29) 8.0 (0.50) 9.2 (0.58) 6.3 (1.40) 8.7 (0.91) 5.4 (1.42) 8.2 (0.60) 10.4 (1.59)

Not poor .......................... 11.3 (0.20) 11.2 (0.26) 13.1 (0.63) 5.8 (1.06) 11.4 (0.66) 10.7 (1.25) 11.4 (0.42) 10.5 (1.24)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 11.0 (0.19) 11.1 (0.25) 12.5 (0.58) 6.3 (1.18) 10.9 (0.63) 9.9 (1.09) 10.7 (0.36) 9.8 (0.97)

Rented ........................... 7.5 (0.22) 7.1 (0.39) 8.3 (0.39) 5.7 (0.97) 8.1 (0.73) 6.8 (0.81) 6.9 (0.43) 9.7 (1.69)

Some other arrangement................ 10.6 (1.13) 10.9 (1.85) 9.7 (1.62) *– *8.2 (3.08) *5.1 (3.07) 14.3 (2.80) *13.9 (5.35)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 11.2 (0.19) 11.2 (0.26) 12.1 (0.52) 6.4 (1.20) 11.2 (0.64) 8.7 (1.11) 11.5 (0.41) 9.6 (1.46)

Medicaid .......................... 7.8 (0.24) 7.5 (0.47) 8.0 (0.44) 5.7 (1.10) 7.2 (0.89) 7.4 (0.93) 7.6 (0.47) 10.6 (1.24)

Other ............................ 8.4 (0.82) 9.0 (1.36) 8.9 (1.97) *6.4 (6.27) *4.8 (1.85) *4.8 (2.75) 8.1 (1.74) *18.0 (6.96)

Uninsured ......................... 7.8 (0.35) 7.2 (0.58) 9.1 (0.91) *4.4 (1.69) 10.9 (1.65) 8.2 (1.73) 7.4 (0.60) 6.7 (1.32)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 8.9 (0.25) 9.2 (0.39) 9.1 (0.48) 4.5 (0.93) 8.9 (0.90) 7.3 (1.23) 8.7 (0.44) 8.5 (1.37)

Small MSA ........................ 10.4 (0.21) 10.6 (0.29) 10.2 (0.49) 7.5 (1.37) 11.1 (0.75) 8.2 (0.95) 10.4 (0.42) 9.5 (1.15)

Not in MSA ........................ 10.1 (0.39) 10.9 (0.59) 10.3 (0.81) *4.4 (1.36) 8.9 (0.89) 8.3 (1.32) 9.2 (0.71) 12.4 (2.12)

Region

Northeast ......................... 9.6 (0.34) 9.7 (0.48) 9.8 (0.82) *3.6 (1.17) 11.2 (1.46) 8.2 (1.35) 9.8 (0.61) 6.1 (1.36)

Midwest .......................... 9.1 (0.28) 9.5 (0.40) 9.1 (0.62) 6.1 (1.74) 8.4 (0.95) 5.7 (1.12) 9.4 (0.65) 9.2 (2.12)

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 (0.25) 10.7 (0.38) 9.1 (0.48) 6.6 (1.40) 9.9 (0.77) 8.1 (1.07) 9.2 (0.46) 11.8 (1.40)

West ............................ 10.9 (0.34) 11.1 (0.50) 12.3 (0.76) 5.9 (1.16) 11.6 (1.05) 10.6 (1.58) 10.2 (0.57) 8.9 (1.46)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 45

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of hay fever is based on the question, ‘‘During the past 12 months, has [child’s name]
 

had hay fever?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to hay fever and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children
 

under age 18 with hay fever in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Total includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 46 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 9. Frequencies of children under age 18 with respiratory allergies in the past 12 months, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 with

respiratory

allergies in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ............................ 8,418 3,973 1,523 89 754 240 1,551 289

Sex

Male ............................ 4,688 2,239 847 49 439 135 832 146

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,731 1,733 676 40 314 105 719 143

Age

0–4 years ......................... 1,506 776 240 43 97 57 235 58

5–17 years ........................ 6,912 3,197 1,283 46 657 183 1,316 231

5–11 years ....................... 3,568 1,839 649 33 336 100 488 125

12–17 years ...................... 3,344 1,358 634 13 321 83 828 107

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 1,132 445 191 24 82 36 302 52

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 746 325 97 12 64 22 194 31

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 7,286 3,528 1,332 65 672 204 1,249 238

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,661 3,040 803 42 564 155 916 140

Black or African American, single race ...... 1,088 221 441 17 74 31 231 73

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 722 201 213 14 39 30 215 *10

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 1,647 574 381 28 182 85 377 *19

More than high school diploma ............ 5,787 3,187 860 46 526 124 951 93

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 1,435 276 727 31 63 53 220 65

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 1,358 444 398 21 138 48 244 66

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 1,514 681 230 15 177 62 296 54

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 1,281 675 87 *14 155 34 259 57

$75,000 or more ..................... 2,831 1,897 81 8 221 43 533 47

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 1,401 305 588 27 74 56 274 76

Near poor ......................... 1,676 545 438 25 171 52 355 90

Not poor .......................... 5,341 3,122 497 36 509 132 922 123

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 6,099 3,369 640 38 550 112 1,166 225

Rented ........................... 2,113 526 838 48 182 114 349 55

Some other arrangement................ 186 70 43 *2 *16 *15 32 *9

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 5,521 3,200 664 33 512 97 925 90

Medicaid .......................... 2,126 471 715 47 157 104 466 167

Other ............................ 158 66 31 *1 26 *4 26 *4

Uninsured ......................... 600 233 111 *7 58 34 130 28

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 2,123 851 493 20 170 58 438 92

Small MSA ........................ 4,555 2,327 726 46 390 122 825 119

Not in MSA ........................ 1,740 795 304 22 194 61 287 79

Region

Northeast ......................... 1,398 686 262 11 107 26 268 37

Midwest .......................... 1,830 897 327 23 155 61 302 65

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,748 1,697 716 32 377 110 659 156

West ............................ 1,442 692 218 *22 115 43 321 31

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 47

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of respiratory allergies is based on the question, ‘‘During the past 12 months, has
 

[child’s name] had any kind of respiratory allergy?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to respiratory allergies and family structure are
 

not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with respiratory allergies in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 48 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 10. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with respiratory allergies in the past 12 months, by family structure

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 with

respiratory

allergies in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ............................ 11.6 (0.15) 11.3 (0.22) 12.8 (0.35) 8.4 (0.99) 12.0 (0.53) 10.6 (0.79) 11.2 (0.31) 12.8 (1.12)

Sex

Male ............................ 12.6 (0.21) 12.4 (0.31) 14.3 (0.53) 8.7 (1.28) 13.7 (0.77) 11.6 (1.16) 11.6 (0.42) 12.6 (1.38)

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 (0.21) 10.1 (0.29) 11.2 (0.46) 8.0 (1.51) 10.2 (0.69) 9.6 (1.08) 10.8 (0.47) 12.9 (1.76)

Age

0–4 years ......................... 7.5 (0.23) 6.9 (0.30) 9.6 (0.71) 6.6 (1.20) 7.1 (0.93) 9.3 (1.31) 7.5 (0.55) 11.1 (1.77)

5–17 years ........................ 13.1 (0.19) 13.3 (0.28) 13.6 (0.40) 11.2 (1.64) 13.3 (0.61) 11.1 (0.97) 12.3 (0.38) 13.3 (1.35)

5–11 years ....................... 12.7 (0.25) 12.7 (0.35) 13.2 (0.55) 11.0 (1.92) 13.1 (0.86) 10.2 (1.30) 11.9 (0.62) 15.1 (1.66)

12–17 years ...................... 13.5 (0.27) 14.2 (0.44) 14.1 (0.59) 11.8 (3.21) 13.5 (0.84) 12.6 (1.47) 12.6 (0.49) 11.6 (1.73)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 8.2 (0.25) 7.9 (0.38) 9.1 (0.61) 7.2 (1.93) 8.3 (0.91) 8.8 (1.39) 7.9 (0.42) 9.9 (1.60)

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 7.9 (0.30) 8.0 (0.46) 8.4 (0.81) 5.5 (1.33) 9.6 (1.17) 8.3 (1.69) 7.2 (0.46) 8.1 (1.67)

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 12.3 (0.18) 11.9 (0.25) 13.6 (0.41) 8.9 (1.12) 12.6 (0.60) 11.0 (0.91) 12.5 (0.41) 13.6 (1.38)

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 (0.21) 12.2 (0.27) 15.5 (0.60) 9.0 (1.46) 13.4 (0.71) 11.8 (1.16) 14.1 (0.54) 15.3 (2.07)

Black or African American, single race ...... 10.2 (0.35) 10.1 (0.70) 11.1 (0.58) 9.5 (2.05) 8.7 (1.10) 7.7 (1.63) 9.7 (0.64) 10.9 (1.72)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 7.7 (0.34) 7.2 (0.59) 9.1 (0.68) 5.9 (1.68) 7.7 (1.51) 6.6 (1.33) 7.5 (0.64) *5.8 (2.32)

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 10.1 (0.29) 9.8 (0.47) 11.2 (0.62) 7.1 (1.30) 10.2 (0.97) 10.4 (1.46) 10.1 (0.54) 7.9 (2.34)

More than high school diploma ............ 12.9 (0.20) 12.1 (0.26) 15.3 (0.54) 10.8 (1.88) 13.3 (0.68) 12.9 (1.29) 13.7 (0.49) 20.0 (3.83)

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 11.1 (0.36) 9.3 (0.68) 12.5 (0.51) 9.9 (1.90) 9.6 (1.39) 10.1 (1.83) 10.2 (0.71) 13.7 (2.25)

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 10.8 (0.34) 9.6 (0.52) 12.9 (0.69) 7.3 (1.66) 12.2 (1.34) 9.0 (1.60) 9.9 (0.83) 12.7 (2.02)

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 10.8 (0.34) 10.4 (0.49) 12.7 (0.94) 5.9 (1.50) 11.3 (1.07) 11.5 (1.75) 10.5 (0.71) 10.4 (1.88)

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 11.8 (0.41) 10.9 (0.48) 13.8 (1.62) *12.2 (4.95) 12.9 (1.39) 11.6 (2.46) 12.3 (1.05) 18.5 (4.14)

$75,000 or more ..................... 12.6 (0.28) 12.7 (0.36) 14.5 (1.86) 8.7 (2.49) 12.6 (0.97) 11.8 (2.02) 12.4 (0.56) 10.7 (2.17)

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 10.4 (0.37) 9.2 (0.67) 11.8 (0.57) 9.8 (2.06) 9.0 (1.37) 9.8 (1.84) 9.5 (0.72) 12.4 (2.06)

Near poor ......................... 10.3 (0.32) 9.1 (0.49) 12.9 (0.64) 6.9 (1.39) 10.6 (1.12) 7.9 (1.47) 9.9 (0.74) 13.0 (2.12)

Not poor .......................... 12.4 (0.20) 12.0 (0.25) 14.1 (0.64) 8.6 (1.71) 13.1 (0.68) 12.9 (1.23) 12.5 (0.45) 12.9 (1.39)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 12.4 (0.19) 12.0 (0.25) 14.9 (0.62) 9.6 (1.89) 12.9 (0.64) 12.1 (1.22) 12.1 (0.39) 14.7 (1.53)

Rented ........................... 9.6 (0.25) 8.3 (0.42) 11.6 (0.43) 7.6 (1.09) 9.6 (0.89) 9.0 (0.93) 8.9 (0.53) 8.3 (1.44)

Some other arrangement................ 13.1 (1.17) 11.8 (1.65) 12.0 (1.84) *8.6 (4.28) *11.6 (3.56) *32.3 (12.20) 15.4 (3.03) *15.8 (6.26)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 12.2 (0.19) 11.9 (0.25) 13.6 (0.56) 8.9 (1.33) 12.6 (0.65) 11.3 (1.33) 12.4 (0.44) 13.1 (2.55)

Medicaid .......................... 11.3 (0.31) 10.0 (0.57) 12.7 (0.54) 8.4 (1.57) 11.0 (1.11) 10.3 (1.18) 10.8 (0.62) 14.4 (1.37)

Other ............................ 9.9 (0.84) 8.6 (1.13) 12.2 (2.29) *9.6 (8.25) 12.3 (2.97) *7.1 (3.79) 10.5 (2.05) *7.7 (3.91)

Uninsured ......................... 8.6 (0.39) 8.2 (0.68) 10.2 (0.97) *6.3 (2.15) 9.9 (1.64) 10.6 (2.04) 7.6 (0.63) 8.0 (1.96)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 10.2 (0.27) 10.2 (0.42) 10.6 (0.51) 5.4 (0.94) 11.0 (1.02) 8.8 (1.28) 9.7 (0.50) 11.5 (2.34)

Small MSA ........................ 11.9 (0.22) 11.4 (0.29) 14.1 (0.59) 10.0 (1.81) 12.3 (0.79) 11.8 (1.29) 11.6 (0.45) 12.2 (1.28)

Not in MSA ........................ 12.8 (0.38) 12.5 (0.58) 14.3 (0.80) 10.0 (2.22) 12.1 (1.00) 10.6 (1.40) 13.2 (0.87) 15.8 (2.33)

Region

Northeast ......................... 10.8 (0.36) 10.4 (0.54) 12.3 (0.88) 6.3 (1.62) 13.3 (1.71) 7.5 (1.44) 10.3 (0.66) 11.1 (2.18)

Midwest .......................... 10.7 (0.30) 10.4 (0.40) 11.6 (0.70) 8.2 (1.94) 9.7 (1.02) 10.0 (1.53) 11.0 (0.78) 14.6 (3.68)

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 (0.28) 13.9 (0.41) 14.9 (0.58) 9.9 (1.59) 14.2 (0.86) 13.0 (1.51) 13.7 (0.54) 15.9 (1.66)

West ............................ 9.0 (0.27) 8.9 (0.39) 10.0 (0.73) *8.0 (2.44) 9.2 (0.92) 9.4 (1.40) 8.8 (0.57) 6.2 (1.27)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 49

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of respiratory allergies is based on the question, ‘‘During the past 12 months, has
 

[child’s name] had any kind of respiratory allergy?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to respiratory allergies and family structure are
 

not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with respiratory allergies in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 50 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 11. Frequencies of children under age 18 with digestive or skin allergies in the past 12 months, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 with

digestive or

skin allergies Unmarried

in the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ............................ 8,753 4,171 1,568 119 783 262 1,582 268

Sex

Male ............................ 4,369 2,117 740 70 416 131 779 116

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,384 2,054 829 49 367 131 803 152

Age

0–4 years ......................... 2,727 1,473 377 78 209 109 415 67

5–17 years ........................ 6,026 2,698 1,192 40 573 154 1,167 201

5–11 years ....................... 3,366 1,706 657 34 320 100 461 89

12–17 years ...................... 2,660 993 535 *7 253 54 706 112

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino .................... 1,231 487 219 27 93 46 313 46

Mexican or Mexican American ........... 738 300 109 19 56 28 200 27

Not Hispanic or Latino ................. 7,521 3,685 1,349 91 689 216 1,268 222

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,327 3,017 639 55 540 147 802 125

Black or African American, single race ...... 1,509 328 590 30 110 45 325 81

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ............ 762 172 240 17 35 53 228 *16

High school diploma or GED6 ............. 1,675 535 390 39 232 77 387 14

More than high school diploma ............ 6,092 3,460 882 63 511 129 961 86

Family income7

Less than $20,000.................... 1,491 257 793 22 76 56 231 56

$20,000–$34,999 .................... 1,461 475 397 36 141 67 283 60

$35,000–$54,999 .................... 1,614 745 244 27 182 72 292 53

$55,000–$74,999 .................... 1,319 745 73 20 160 32 245 *44

$75,000 or more ..................... 2,868 1,948 62 13 224 36 530 55

Poverty status8

Poor ............................ 1,507 287 659 17 99 61 315 68

Near poor ......................... 1,868 632 462 43 187 88 375 81

Not poor .......................... 5,377 3,252 447 58 497 113 892 118

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought................. 5,902 3,405 545 42 528 103 1,110 170

Rented ........................... 2,607 666 975 74 228 156 430 77

Some other arrangement................ 217 95 47 *3 18 *3 32 *19

Health insurance coverage10

Private ........................... 5,605 3,348 631 47 516 88 878 97

Medicaid .......................... 2,297 467 788 58 196 128 524 137

Other ............................ 215 114 43 *1 *19 *6 31 *2

Uninsured ......................... 617 236 104 13 52 40 140 31

Place of residence11

Large MSA ........................ 2,478 941 640 42 211 67 488 90

Small MSA ........................ 4,770 2,494 681 57 425 133 850 130

Not in MSA ........................ 1,505 736 248 19 147 62 244 49

Region

Northeast ......................... 1,633 771 308 22 111 44 334 44

Midwest .......................... 2,150 1,043 399 38 204 68 332 66

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,024 1,420 564 31 301 94 510 104

West ............................ 1,946 937 298 27 167 57 406 54

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 51

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of digestive or skin allergies is based on separate questions, ‘‘During the past 12
 

months, has [child’s name] had any kind of food or digestive allergy?’’ and ‘‘During the past 12 months, has [the sample child] had eczema or any kind of skin allergy?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided
 

information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to digestive or skin allergies and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with digestive or
 

skin allergies in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 52 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 12. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with digestive or skin allergies in the past 12 months, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 with

digestive or

skin allergies Unmarried

in the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3

................................. 12.0 (0.15) 11.8 (0.21) 13.1 (0.37) 11.2 (0.96) 12.4 (0.55) 11.6 (0.87) 11.4 (0.32) 11.8 (0.98)

Sex

Male ................................. 11.7 (0.22) 11.7 (0.31) 12.5 (0.52) 12.4 (1.43) 12.9 (0.80) 11.2 (1.17) 10.9 (0.44) 10.0 (1.20)

Female ............................... 12.3 (0.22) 11.9 (0.31) 13.8 (0.52) 9.8 (1.23) 11.9 (0.76) 12.0 (1.27) 12.0 (0.47) 13.7 (1.54)

Age

0–4 years .............................. 13.6 (0.31) 13.1 (0.40) 14.9 (0.85) 12.0 (1.22) 15.2 (1.42) 17.6 (2.14) 13.3 (0.71) 12.7 (2.00)

5–17 years ............................. 11.4 (0.18) 11.2 (0.25) 12.7 (0.40) 9.9 (1.52) 11.6 (0.59) 9.3 (0.86) 10.9 (0.36) 11.6 (1.13)

5–11 years ............................. 12.0 (0.25) 11.8 (0.34) 13.4 (0.59) 11.4 (1.92) 12.6 (0.89) 10.1 (1.14) 11.2 (0.59) 10.9 (1.38)

12–17 years ............................ 10.7 (0.24) 10.3 (0.38) 11.9 (0.54) *6.1 (2.00) 10.6 (0.82) 8.2 (1.33) 10.7 (0.45) 12.2 (1.77)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ......................... 8.9 (0.25) 8.7 (0.40) 10.4 (0.66) 8.2 (1.23) 9.5 (1.04) 11.2 (1.68) 8.2 (0.43) 8.8 (1.35)

Mexican or Mexican American ................ 7.8 (0.29) 7.4 (0.41) 9.3 (0.88) 8.5 (1.57) 8.4 (1.20) 10.4 (1.77) 7.4 (0.50) 7.0 (1.45)

Not Hispanic or Latino ...................... 12.7 (0.18) 12.4 (0.24) 13.7 (0.42) 12.6 (1.28) 13.0 (0.62) 11.7 (1.00) 12.7 (0.41) 12.7 (1.19)

White, single race ....................... 12.2 (0.21) 12.1 (0.27) 12.3 (0.57) 11.7 (1.54) 12.9 (0.70) 11.2 (1.20) 12.4 (0.51) 13.8 (1.78)

Black or African American, single race ........... 14.2 (0.41) 15.0 (0.90) 14.8 (0.69) 17.4 (2.75) 13.0 (1.48) 11.3 (1.81) 13.6 (0.87) 12.0 (1.82)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................. 8.1 (0.33) 6.2 (0.54) 10.3 (0.73) 7.3 (1.63) 7.0 (1.37) 11.5 (1.78) 7.9 (0.56) *9.0 (2.93)

High school diploma or GED6

.................. 10.3 (0.31) 9.1 (0.48) 11.5 (0.62) 9.8 (1.49) 13.0 (1.14) 9.4 (1.32) 10.3 (0.60) 5.8 (1.72)

More than high school diploma ................. 13.6 (0.20) 13.1 (0.26) 15.7 (0.58) 14.7 (1.74) 12.9 (0.71) 13.4 (1.37) 13.8 (0.50) 18.6 (3.17)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................ 11.5 (0.35) 8.7 (0.61) 13.6 (0.54) 7.2 (1.37) 11.5 (1.64) 10.5 (1.86) 10.8 (0.74) 11.6 (1.98)

$20,000–$34,999 ......................... 11.6 (0.39) 10.3 (0.62) 12.8 (0.69) 12.8 (2.15) 12.5 (1.38) 12.6 (2.01) 11.5 (0.87) 11.6 (1.92)

$35,000–$54,999 ......................... 11.5 (0.38) 11.4 (0.51) 13.5 (0.98) 10.5 (1.76) 11.7 (1.13) 13.3 (1.94) 10.3 (0.82) 10.2 (1.80)

$55,000–$74,999 ......................... 12.1 (0.41) 12.0 (0.50) 11.4 (1.44) 17.0 (3.92) 13.4 (1.45) 10.8 (2.00) 11.7 (1.01) 14.4 (3.83)

$75,000 or more.......................... 12.8 (0.28) 13.0 (0.36) 11.2 (1.59) 14.0 (3.26) 12.7 (1.15) 9.8 (1.87) 12.3 (0.61) 12.4 (2.27)

Poverty status8

Poor ................................. 11.2 (0.36) 8.7 (0.64) 13.2 (0.60) 6.2 (1.47) 12.0 (1.71) 10.6 (1.86) 11.0 (0.79) 11.1 (1.94)

Near poor .............................. 11.5 (0.35) 10.6 (0.59) 13.6 (0.71) 12.0 (1.82) 11.7 (1.16) 13.2 (1.82) 10.5 (0.68) 11.7 (2.20)

Not poor............................... 12.5 (0.20) 12.5 (0.26) 12.6 (0.65) 13.8 (1.61) 12.8 (0.72) 11.1 (1.11) 12.1 (0.43) 12.4 (1.41)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ..................... 12.0 (0.19) 12.1 (0.24) 12.7 (0.60) 10.6 (1.62) 12.4 (0.67) 11.2 (1.37) 11.5 (0.39) 11.2 (1.12)

Rented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 (0.26) 10.5 (0.46) 13.5 (0.47) 11.6 (1.20) 12.1 (1.00) 12.3 (1.18) 11.0 (0.57) 11.6 (1.76)

Some other arrangement .................... 15.3 (1.17) 15.9 (1.82) 13.3 (1.90) *10.0 (6.08) 13.8 (3.15) *6.2 (3.64) 15.8 (3.15) *32.2 (10.07)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ................................ 12.4 (0.19) 12.4 (0.25) 12.9 (0.58) 12.8 (1.67) 12.7 (0.68) 10.1 (1.28) 11.8 (0.44) 14.2 (2.14)

Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 (0.31) 10.0 (0.52) 13.9 (0.55) 10.3 (1.30) 13.7 (1.28) 12.7 (1.43) 12.2 (0.64) 11.7 (1.26)

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 (1.02) 14.8 (1.59) 16.9 (2.58) *5.2 (3.76) 8.8 (2.29) *10.0 (4.06) 12.9 (2.13) *4.0 (2.06)

Uninsured .............................. 8.8 (0.40) 8.4 (0.67) 9.6 (0.96) 11.5 (2.79) 8.9 (1.53) 12.5 (2.21) 8.1 (0.67) 9.2 (2.00)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................. 11.9 (0.28) 11.2 (0.41) 13.8 (0.58) 11.2 (1.52) 13.7 (1.12) 10.1 (1.45) 10.8 (0.53) 11.3 (1.92)

Small MSA ............................. 12.4 (0.21) 12.2 (0.29) 13.2 (0.58) 12.4 (1.45) 13.4 (0.83) 12.9 (1.36) 11.9 (0.47) 13.3 (1.36)

Not in MSA ............................. 11.1 (0.34) 11.5 (0.49) 11.7 (0.82) 8.7 (2.11) 9.2 (0.89) 10.8 (1.69) 11.1 (0.83) 9.8 (1.75)

Region

Northeast .............................. 12.6 (0.36) 11.7 (0.49) 14.4 (0.88) 12.3 (2.34) 13.9 (1.49) 12.5 (2.54) 12.8 (0.71) 13.2 (2.35)

Midwest ............................... 12.5 (0.31) 12.0 (0.39) 14.1 (0.80) 13.5 (2.19) 12.7 (1.15) 11.2 (1.75) 12.1 (0.82) 14.8 (2.67)

South ................................ 11.4 (0.24) 11.6 (0.34) 11.8 (0.54) 9.6 (1.64) 11.3 (0.85) 11.1 (1.38) 10.5 (0.49) 10.6 (1.34)

West ................................. 12.1 (0.35) 12.0 (0.52) 13.7 (0.90) 9.9 (1.55) 13.4 (1.18) 12.3 (1.70) 11.2 (0.64) 10.7 (2.06)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 53

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of digestive or skin allergies is based on separate questions, ‘‘During the past 12
 

months, has [child’s name] had any kind of food or digestive allergy?’’ and ‘‘During the past 12 months, has [child’s name] had eczema or any kind of skin allergy?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided
 

information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to digestive or skin allergies and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with digestive or
 

skin allergies in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 54 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 13. Frequencies of children aged 3–17 with frequent headaches or migraines in the past 12 months, by family structure and by

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 3–17 Family structure1

with frequent

headaches or

migraines in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 3,662 1,295 849 24 362 147 837 149

Sex

Male ................................... 1,766 627 425 14 180 62 392 67

Female .................................. 1,896 668 424 10 183 85 445 82

Age

3–4 years ................................ 51 21 *6 *1 *4 *3 *9 *6

5–17 years................................ 3,611 1,274 842 22 358 144 828 143

5–11 years .............................. 1,311 548 320 *11 150 59 186 37

12–17 years ............................. 2,300 726 522 12 208 85 642 105

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 613 182 143 *7 49 26 181 25

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 393 125 77 *5 33 12 121 21

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 3,049 1,113 705 17 313 121 656 124

White, single race .......................... 2,245 976 394 *6 253 87 466 63

Black or African American, single race ............. 614 72 264 *6 48 25 143 56

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 500 126 156 *6 22 32 152 *7

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 900 271 234 *5 103 44 231 *11

More than high school diploma ................... 2,118 896 410 *12 236 71 451 43

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 860 138 439 *4 46 39 139 56

$20,000–$34,999............................ 738 194 226 *10 63 35 175 34

$35,000–$54,999............................ 719 280 123 *5 101 26 160 24

$55,000–$74,999............................ 457 192 36 *1 62 *24 127 *14

$75,000 or more ............................ 889 491 25 *2 90 23 237 *21

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 170 369 *4 51 41 177 67

Near poor ................................ 901 251 259 *11 90 37 217 37

Not poor ................................. 1,881 874 221 *8 222 69 442 45

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 2,335 1,028 318 10 237 70 583 89

Rented .................................. 1,235 236 506 13 112 76 246 46

Some other arrangement ....................... 80 28 23 *– *11 *– *5 *14

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 2,029 938 319 *7 223 68 438 35

Medicaid ................................. 1,176 223 416 *9 100 54 284 91

Other ................................... 68 27 9 *1 *12 *7 *9 *3

Uninsured ................................ 383 106 103 *6 27 18 102 20

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 1,019 255 315 13 107 38 244 47

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,788 722 363 8 152 63 418 62

Not in MSA ............................... 855 318 171 *2 103 46 175 40

Region

Northeast ................................ 591 216 136 *5 44 27 142 *21

Midwest ................................. 868 319 211 *6 104 32 174 23

South ................................... 1,456 494 364 *6 154 50 316 72

West ................................... 747 265 138 *8 61 38 205 32

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 55

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Having frequent headaches or migraines is based on aquestion that asked, ‘‘During the past 12
 

months, has [child’s name] had frequent or severe headaches, including migraines?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to frequent
 

headaches or migraines and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 3–17 with frequent headaches or migraines in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Total includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics
 

may not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. In order to be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in
 

the tables is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Parent’s education is the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–07 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Poverty status is based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty
 

threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’ persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Home tenure status is based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement. See
 

Appendix II for more information.
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1,000,000 or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1,000,000. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living
 

in a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 56 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 14. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 3–17 with frequent headaches or migraines in the past 12 months, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 3–17 Family structure1

with frequent

headaches or

migraines in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 .............................. 6.0 (0.12) 4.5 (0.16) 8.0 (0.32) 4.1 (0.81) 6.6 (0.42) 7.6 (0.75) 7.1 (0.27) 7.6 (0.81)

Sex

Male............................... 5.6 (0.16) 4.2 (0.21) 8.1 (0.45) 4.3 (1.19) 6.4 (0.54) 6.2 (0.87) 6.4 (0.36) 6.6 (1.12)

Female ............................. 6.4 (0.18) 4.8 (0.22) 7.9 (0.43) 3.7 (1.05) 6.8 (0.64) 9.1 (1.34) 7.8 (0.41) 8.7 (1.23)

Age

3–4 years ........................... 0.6 (0.10) 0.5 (0.12) *0.5 (0.20) *0.7 (0.68) *0.7 (0.37) *1.2 (0.84) *0.8 (0.29) *2.7 (1.52)

5–17 years ........................... 6.8 (0.14) 5.3 (0.18) 8.9 (0.36) 5.5 (1.11) 7.3 (0.46) 8.7 (0.88) 7.7 (0.30) 8.2 (0.91)

5–11 years ......................... 4.7 (0.16) 3.8 (0.20) 6.5 (0.43) *3.6 (1.19) 5.9 (0.59) 6.0 (1.02) 4.5 (0.37) 4.6 (0.90)

12–17 years......................... 9.3 (0.22) 7.6 (0.33) 11.6 (0.56) 10.5 (2.59) 8.7 (0.69) 12.8 (1.59) 9.7 (0.42) 11.4 (1.51)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...................... 5.5 (0.21) 4.0 (0.33) 7.9 (0.60) *3.7 (1.19) 5.9 (0.87) 7.4 (1.46) 5.8 (0.40) 5.9 (1.32)

Mexican or Mexican American ............. 5.2 (0.26) 3.8 (0.39) 7.8 (0.81) *3.8 (1.50) 5.9 (1.03) 5.4 (1.51) 5.6 (0.47) 6.9 (1.69)

Not Hispanic or Latino .................... 6.1 (0.14) 4.6 (0.18) 8.0 (0.37) 4.2 (1.04) 6.7 (0.46) 7.6 (0.87) 7.5 (0.34) 8.0 (0.99)

White, single race ..................... 6.1 (0.17) 4.8 (0.20) 8.3 (0.51) *2.5 (0.88) 6.9 (0.54) 7.5 (1.01) 8.0 (0.44) 7.7 (1.32)

Black or African American, single race ........ 6.9 (0.31) 4.1 (0.52) 7.7 (0.54) *6.4 (2.32) 6.5 (1.05) 7.7 (1.88) 7.2 (0.66) 9.5 (1.75)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma............... 6.6 (0.33) 5.6 (0.62) 7.9 (0.71) *4.9 (1.65) 5.1 (1.08) 8.0 (1.83) 6.6 (0.59) *5.0 (2.11)

High school diploma or GED6 ............... 6.6 (0.26) 5.5 (0.37) 7.9 (0.60) *2.4 (0.93) 6.7 (0.77) 6.4 (1.19) 7.4 (0.53) *6.4 (2.88)

More than high school diploma .............. 5.6 (0.15) 4.2 (0.18) 8.0 (0.46) 5.3 (1.57) 6.8 (0.53) 8.5 (1.19) 7.2 (0.38) 10.5 (2.51)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...................... 8.3 (0.33) 6.2 (0.64) 8.9 (0.48) *2.7 (1.25) 8.7 (1.43) 9.4 (1.75) 8.0 (0.76) 14.3 (2.48)

$20,000–$34,999 ....................... 7.1 (0.34) 5.4 (0.54) 8.0 (0.60) *6.6 (2.20) 6.5 (1.03) 7.7 (1.92) 8.6 (0.85) 7.5 (1.75)

$35,000–$54,999 ....................... 6.1 (0.28) 5.4 (0.43) 7.2 (0.78) *3.4 (1.30) 7.5 (0.96) 5.7 (1.46) 6.7 (0.61) 5.4 (1.47)

$55,000–$74,999 ....................... 5.0 (0.30) 3.8 (0.34) 5.9 (1.30) *2.3 (1.64) 5.9 (0.92) 9.0 (2.52) 6.8 (0.69) *5.0 (1.82)

$75,000 or more ....................... 4.6 (0.20) 3.9 (0.25) 4.7 (0.93) *4.2 (2.44) 5.6 (0.69) 6.7 (1.81) 6.1 (0.49) *5.2 (1.59)

Poverty status8

Poor ............................... 8.1 (0.35) 6.6 (0.69) 8.8 (0.54) *3.1 (1.51) 7.7 (1.30) 9.1 (1.77) 7.7 (0.80) 13.2 (2.29)

Near poor ........................... 6.7 (0.28) 5.4 (0.46) 8.5 (0.60) *5.4 (1.66) 6.6 (0.95) 6.8 (1.59) 7.3 (0.62) 6.2 (1.23)

Not poor ............................ 5.1 (0.14) 4.1 (0.17) 6.6 (0.48) 3.5 (1.03) 6.4 (0.50) 7.3 (1.12) 6.7 (0.34) 5.3 (1.02)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ................... 5.5 (0.14) 4.4 (0.17) 7.9 (0.51) 3.8 (1.01) 6.3 (0.49) 8.4 (1.33) 6.9 (0.32) 6.6 (0.82)

Rented ............................. 7.1 (0.24) 5.1 (0.44) 8.2 (0.41) 4.3 (1.25) 7.0 (0.78) 7.3 (0.97) 7.8 (0.54) 8.4 (1.72)

Some other arrangement .................. 7.2 (0.99) 6.4 (1.55) 7.6 (1.61) *– *10.0 (3.21) *– *2.7 (1.12) *30.0 (11.68)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ............................. 5.2 (0.14) 4.2 (0.18) 7.0 (0.43) *3.4 (1.07) 6.2 (0.48) 8.7 (1.39) 6.4 (0.31) 5.6 (1.19)

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 (0.29) 6.4 (0.53) 8.8 (0.53) *3.1 (1.10) 8.5 (1.01) 6.7 (1.10) 8.8 (0.65) 9.3 (1.34)

Other .............................. 5.3 (0.76) 4.6 (1.07) 4.5 (1.16) *19.0 (17.24) *7.1 (2.41) *13.3 (6.74) *4.2 (1.39) *6.0 (3.07)

Uninsured ........................... 6.2 (0.34) 4.3 (0.50) 10.1 (1.08) *7.9 (2.87) 5.1 (1.18) 6.4 (1.46) 6.8 (0.68) 6.8 (1.63)

Place of residence11

Large MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 (0.22) 3.9 (0.27) 7.8 (0.51) 6.2 (1.78) 8.1 (0.91) 6.9 (1.23) 6.5 (0.45) 7.0 (1.54)

Small MSA........................... 5.5 (0.16) 4.3 (0.21) 7.8 (0.48) 3.3 (0.96) 5.5 (0.52) 7.0 (1.11) 6.7 (0.37) 7.3 (1.19)

Not in MSA .......................... 7.4 (0.32) 6.0 (0.37) 9.1 (0.79) *1.9 (1.01) 7.4 (0.93) 9.3 (1.72) 9.4 (0.80) 9.0 (1.71)

Region

Northeast............................ 5.3 (0.26) 4.0 (0.34) 7.1 (0.73) *4.4 (1.97) 6.1 (1.14) 9.0 (2.04) 6.1 (0.52) *7.4 (2.26)

Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 (0.24) 4.5 (0.32) 8.4 (0.68) *3.6 (1.37) 7.5 (0.90) 6.2 (1.45) 7.3 (0.61) 5.9 (1.37)

South .............................. 6.6 (0.22) 5.0 (0.29) 8.6 (0.53) *3.5 (1.74) 6.7 (0.66) 6.9 (1.08) 7.8 (0.50) 8.4 (1.24)

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 (0.24) 4.2 (0.28) 7.1 (0.67) *4.7 (1.45) 5.5 (0.77) 9.5 (1.92) 6.6 (0.56) 7.6 (1.96)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 57

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Having frequent headaches or migraines is based on a question that asked, ‘‘During the past 12
 

months, has [child’s name] had frequent or severe headaches, including migraines?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to frequent
 

headaches or migraines and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 3–17 with frequent headaches or migraines in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 58 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 15. Frequencies of children under age 18 with three or more ear infections in the past 12 months, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 with three

or more ear

infections Unmarried

in the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 4,249 2,097 715 88 323 158 748 120

Sex

Male ................................... 2,249 1,111 378 50 168 83 401 59

Female .................................. 2,000 986 337 38 155 75 348 61

Age

0–4 years ................................ 2,176 1,206 308 67 147 76 324 49

5–17 years................................ 2,073 892 407 21 177 82 424 71

5–11 years .............................. 1,465 713 263 14 134 54 244 43

12–17 years ............................. 607 178 144 *6 43 28 180 28

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 803 328 125 30 47 28 213 30

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 536 242 64 18 32 14 144 22

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 3,446 1,769 589 57 276 130 535 89

White, single race .......................... 2,787 1,598 363 44 228 105 388 61

Black or African American, single race ............. 441 70 184 10 38 15 104 20

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 627 169 182 20 39 38 167 *12

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 947 301 182 37 105 56 252 *13

More than high school diploma ................... 2,571 1,621 327 30 178 61 323 31

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 939 214 445 24 42 42 153 19

$20,000–$34,999............................ 721 240 150 25 76 37 158 35

$35,000–$54,999............................ 820 418 83 25 82 48 133 30

$55,000–$74,999............................ 619 397 16 *8 56 19 105 18

$75,000 or more ............................ 1,150 827 20 *6 68 *12 199 18

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 220 356 19 44 47 202 29

Near poor ................................ 938 311 219 31 101 49 184 43

Not poor ................................. 2,393 1,567 139 38 178 62 362 48

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 2,761 1,671 206 30 216 55 495 87

Rented .................................. 1,364 379 477 53 95 100 235 25

Some other arrangement ....................... 120 45 31 *4 *13 *2 16 *8

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 2,450 1,594 222 30 187 38 353 27

Medicaid ................................. 1,352 333 411 47 94 91 303 74

Other ................................... 100 49 17 *– *11 *1 17 *6

Uninsured ................................ 334 120 63 10 30 28 72 11

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 1,094 426 249 22 79 40 242 36

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,270 1,262 316 49 153 77 364 48

Not in MSA ............................... 884 409 149 17 91 41 142 35

Region

Northeast ................................ 739 386 100 23 48 30 132 20

Midwest ................................. 994 504 180 18 73 40 157 21

South ................................... 1,690 760 337 29 143 63 309 48

West ................................... 826 447 98 18 59 24 150 31

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 59

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of ear infections is based on a question that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, has
 

[child’s name] had three or more ear infections?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to ear infections and family structure are not
 

included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with three or more ear infections in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 60 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 16. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with three or more ear infections in the past 12 months, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 with three

or more ear

infections in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 5.8 (0.11) 5.9 (0.16) 6.0 (0.27) 8.3 (0.84) 5.1 (0.35) 7.0 (0.64) 5.4 (0.22) 5.3 (0.58)

Sex

Male ................................... 6.0 (0.15) 6.1 (0.22) 6.4 (0.36) 8.9 (1.19) 5.2 (0.51) 7.1 (0.95) 5.6 (0.31) 5.1 (0.69)

Female .................................. 5.6 (0.15) 5.7 (0.22) 5.6 (0.37) 7.6 (1.11) 5.0 (0.50) 6.9 (0.92) 5.2 (0.32) 5.5 (0.93)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 10.8 (0.27) 10.7 (0.36) 12.2 (0.73) 10.3 (1.16) 10.6 (1.05) 12.2 (1.72) 10.4 (0.61) 9.4 (1.48)

5–17 years................................ 3.9 (0.10) 3.7 (0.15) 4.3 (0.27) 5.0 (1.11) 3.6 (0.34) 5.0 (0.62) 4.0 (0.22) 4.1 (0.61)

5–11 years .............................. 5.2 (0.16) 4.9 (0.22) 5.3 (0.39) 4.8 (1.26) 5.2 (0.55) 5.5 (0.79) 5.9 (0.42) 5.2 (0.90)

12–17 years ............................. 2.4 (0.12) 1.9 (0.17) 3.2 (0.35) *5.5 (2.35) 1.8 (0.33) 4.3 (0.99) 2.7 (0.24) 3.0 (0.83)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 5.8 (0.20) 5.8 (0.29) 5.9 (0.55) 9.1 (1.39) 4.8 (0.72) 6.8 (1.22) 5.6 (0.37) 5.9 (1.02)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 5.7 (0.24) 6.0 (0.34) 5.5 (0.67) 8.2 (1.47) 4.8 (0.84) 5.3 (1.30) 5.3 (0.44) 5.7 (1.22)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 5.8 (0.12) 6.0 (0.18) 6.0 (0.30) 7.9 (1.05) 5.2 (0.39) 7.0 (0.74) 5.3 (0.28) 5.1 (0.68)

White, single race .......................... 6.4 (0.15) 6.4 (0.20) 7.0 (0.43) 9.4 (1.47) 5.4 (0.45) 7.9 (0.94) 6.0 (0.38) 6.7 (1.14)

Black or African American, single race ............. 4.1 (0.23) 3.2 (0.41) 4.6 (0.42) 5.5 (1.41) 4.4 (0.90) 3.7 (1.06) 4.3 (0.47) 3.0 (0.77)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 6.7 (0.30) 6.1 (0.47) 7.8 (0.71) 8.6 (1.77) 7.6 (1.49) 8.1 (1.49) 5.8 (0.51) *6.7 (2.43)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 5.8 (0.22) 5.1 (0.32) 5.4 (0.42) 9.4 (1.40) 5.9 (0.74) 6.9 (1.08) 6.7 (0.48) *5.2 (1.74)

More than high school diploma ................... 5.7 (0.14) 6.1 (0.19) 5.8 (0.36) 7.0 (1.19) 4.5 (0.41) 6.3 (0.98) 4.6 (0.29) 6.7 (1.79)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 7.3 (0.28) 7.2 (0.57) 7.6 (0.42) 7.7 (1.38) 6.3 (1.18) 8.0 (1.32) 7.1 (0.63) 4.0 (0.88)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 5.7 (0.25) 5.2 (0.36) 4.8 (0.46) 8.7 (1.63) 6.7 (0.85) 6.8 (1.40) 6.4 (0.64) 6.8 (1.48)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 5.8 (0.25) 6.4 (0.35) 4.6 (0.59) 9.7 (2.06) 5.3 (0.76) 8.9 (1.57) 4.7 (0.54) 5.8 (1.36)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 5.7 (0.28) 6.4 (0.40) 2.5 (0.68) *7.3 (2.21) 4.6 (0.84) 6.4 (1.75) 5.0 (0.59) 5.8 (1.62)

$75,000 or more ............................ 5.1 (0.19) 5.5 (0.25) 3.5 (0.90) *6.0 (2.40) 3.9 (0.57) *3.3 (1.08) 4.6 (0.40) 4.0 (1.13)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 (0.27) 6.6 (0.53) 7.1 (0.45) 6.7 (1.41) 5.4 (0.99) 8.2 (1.50) 7.0 (0.59) 4.7 (1.25)

Near poor ................................ 5.8 (0.23) 5.2 (0.33) 6.4 (0.49) 8.5 (1.69) 6.3 (0.76) 7.3 (1.30) 5.1 (0.53) 6.2 (1.14)

Not poor ................................. 5.5 (0.13) 6.0 (0.18) 3.9 (0.34) 9.1 (1.25) 4.6 (0.42) 6.1 (0.84) 4.9 (0.32) 5.0 (0.78)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 5.6 (0.13) 5.9 (0.18) 4.8 (0.38) 7.6 (1.17) 5.1 (0.41) 6.0 (0.90) 5.1 (0.26) 5.7 (0.70)

Rented .................................. 6.2 (0.19) 5.9 (0.32) 6.6 (0.35) 8.4 (1.11) 5.0 (0.63) 7.9 (0.96) 6.0 (0.43) 3.7 (0.77)

Some other arrangement ....................... 8.4 (1.02) 7.6 (1.40) 8.9 (1.71) *15.3 (9.40) *9.4 (3.02) *5.5 (3.35) 7.7 (2.03) *13.6 (8.95)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 5.4 (0.13) 5.9 (0.18) 4.5 (0.32) 8.0 (1.27) 4.6 (0.40) 4.3 (0.79) 4.7 (0.28) 4.0 (0.78)

Medicaid ................................. 7.2 (0.24) 7.1 (0.44) 7.3 (0.44) 8.5 (1.27) 6.6 (0.80) 8.9 (1.12) 7.0 (0.47) 6.3 (0.92)

Other ................................... 6.3 (0.78) 6.4 (1.17) 6.8 (1.88) *– *4.9 (1.98) *2.3 (2.27) 6.8 (1.59) *10.7 (6.45)

Uninsured ................................ 4.8 (0.30) 4.3 (0.41) 5.8 (0.91) 8.9 (2.53) 5.1 (1.28) 8.7 (1.84) 4.2 (0.45) 3.4 (0.90)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 5.2 (0.18) 5.1 (0.28) 5.4 (0.37) 5.9 (1.08) 5.1 (0.63) 6.1 (1.22) 5.4 (0.37) 4.6 (1.01)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 (0.15) 6.1 (0.21) 6.1 (0.41) 10.5 (1.34) 4.8 (0.50) 7.4 (0.98) 5.1 (0.31) 5.0 (0.80)

Not in MSA ............................... 6.5 (0.25) 6.4 (0.34) 7.0 (0.76) 7.4 (2.12) 5.7 (0.70) 7.1 (1.26) 6.5 (0.61) 7.1 (1.39)

Region

Northeast ................................ 5.7 (0.25) 5.9 (0.38) 4.7 (0.50) 12.9 (2.68) 5.9 (1.22) 8.5 (1.95) 5.0 (0.50) 6.0 (1.60)

Midwest ................................. 5.8 (0.21) 5.8 (0.31) 6.4 (0.48) 6.4 (1.32) 4.6 (0.62) 6.7 (1.23) 5.7 (0.54) 4.7 (1.12)

South ................................... 6.3 (0.19) 6.2 (0.28) 7.0 (0.50) 8.8 (1.58) 5.4 (0.55) 7.5 (1.05) 6.4 (0.42) 4.9 (0.78)

West ................................... 5.1 (0.22) 5.7 (0.31) 4.5 (0.54) 6.5 (1.31) 4.7 (0.69) 5.3 (1.21) 4.1 (0.34) 6.1 (1.52)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 61

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of ear infections is based on a question that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, has
 

[child’s name] had three or more ear infections?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to ear infections and family structure are not
 

included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with three or more ear infections in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 62 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 17. Frequencies of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have mental retardation or any developmental delay, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

under age

18 ever told

they have

mental

retardation

or any

developmental

delay Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 2,635 1,066 546 29 242 102 500 151

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,690

946

730

336

339

207

19

*10

140

102

63

39

315

185

84

67

Age

0–4 years ................................

5–17 years................................

5–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

574

2,062

1,166

896

291

775

522

253

91

455

251

205

*11

18

*13

*5

39

203

103

99

*17

85

46

39

88

412

170

242

37

114

61

53

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

401

251

2,235

1,678

384

136

98

930

813

60

89

45

458

254

163

*7

*2

21

17

*4

29

20

213

175

23

*10

*5

92

73

*14

103

62

397

276

86

27

20

124

70

33

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

265

588

1,653

52

157

856

90

150

273

*2

14

*12

18

75

144

21

36

42

79

145

271

*2

*11

54

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

590

530

512

342

662

78

149

246

178

416

305

131

64

30

17

*8

*7

*7

*4

*2

41

71

53

33

44

28

27

24

*10

*13

99

107

93

60

141

32

38

25

26

*29

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

613

664

1,359

89

225

753

256

163

128

*7

*10

*12

56

76

110

28

32

42

138

116

246

40

42

68

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

1,729

851

51

902

153

*11

191

342

*10

*10

18

*–

161

71

*9

35

64

*3

324

162

*13

106

40

*5

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

1,346

1,048

77

160

783

208

36

38

157

344

*9

35

*6

18

*1

*4

128

85

*7

*21

31

59

*3

*9

216

216

20

46

25

118

*–

*8

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not in MSA ...............................

757

1,347

531

246

636

185

225

221

101

*8

14

*7

63

99

80

19

49

34

152

259

89

45

70

36

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

551

687

923

474

243

292

341

190

122

132

210

83

*13

*8

*6

*1

22

74

98

48

28

29

36

*9

103

109

185

103

*19

44

47

40

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 63

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of mental retardation or any developmental delay is based on separate questions, ‘‘Has
 

a doctor or health professional ever told you that [child’s name] had mental retardation?’’ and ‘‘Has a doctor or health professional ever told you that [child’s name] had any other developmental
 

delay?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to mental retardation or any developmental delay and family structure are not included in the
 

column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 ever told they have mental retardation or any developmental delay’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 64 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 18. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who have ever been told they have mental retardation or any

developmental delay, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age

18 ever told Family structure1

they have

mental

retardation

or any Unmarried

developmental Single biological

Selected characteristics delay Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total

3 ................................... 3.6 (0.09) 3.0 (0.12) 4.6 (0.25) 2.7 (0.57) 3.8 (0.32) 4.5 (0.60) 3.6 (0.21) 6.6 (0.77)

Sex

Male ................................... 4.5 (0.14) 4.0 (0.19) 5.7 (0.38) 3.4 (0.85) 4.3 (0.46) 5.4 (0.87) 4.4 (0.30) 7.2 (1.15)

Female .................................. 2.6 (0.11) 2.0 (0.13) 3.4 (0.32) *1.9 (0.73) 3.3 (0.45) 3.6 (0.74) 2.8 (0.26) 6.0 (1.01)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 2.9 (0.15) 2.6 (0.19) 3.6 (0.45) *1.6 (0.51) 2.8 (0.61) *2.8 (0.95) 2.8 (0.35) 7.0 (1.56)

5–17 years................................ 3.9 (0.11) 3.2 (0.15) 4.8 (0.29) 4.4 (1.24) 4.1 (0.37) 5.1 (0.73) 3.8 (0.24) 6.5 (0.88)

5–11 years .............................. 4.1 (0.16) 3.6 (0.20) 5.1 (0.42) *4.4 (1.36) 4.0 (0.56) 4.7 (0.85) 4.1 (0.38) 7.4 (1.34) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 3.6 (0.16) 2.6 (0.21) 4.5 (0.39) *4.6 (2.66) 4.2 (0.49) 5.8 (1.30) 3.7 (0.31) 5.8 (1.12) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 2.9 (0.16) 2.4 (0.23) 4.2 (0.50) *2.2 (0.86) 2.9 (0.62) *2.3 (0.78) 2.7 (0.26) 5.1 (1.19)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 2.7 (0.18) 2.4 (0.28) 3.9 (0.70) *0.7 (0.41) 3.1 (0.83) *1.7 (0.75) 2.3 (0.27) 5.1 (1.39)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 3.8 (0.11) 3.1 (0.13) 4.6 (0.28) 2.9 (0.73) 4.0 (0.37) 5.0 (0.69) 4.0 (0.27) 7.1 (0.91) 
 

White, single race .......................... 3.9 (0.12) 3.3 (0.15) 4.9 (0.38) 3.7 (1.03) 4.1 (0.43) 5.5 (0.87) 4.3 (0.36) 7.7 (1.20) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 3.6 (0.23) 2.8 (0.43) 4.1 (0.42) *2.4 (1.21) 2.7 (0.71) *3.5 (1.17) 3.6 (0.44) 4.8 (1.24) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 2.8 (0.20) 1.9 (0.31) 3.9 (0.46) *1.1 (0.71) 3.5 (0.97) 4.6 (1.10) 2.8 (0.35) *1.2 (0.73)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 3.6 (0.18) 2.7 (0.27) 4.4 (0.45) 3.5 (1.02) 4.2 (0.60) 4.5 (0.96) 3.9 (0.40) *4.4 (1.79)

More than high school diploma ................... 3.7 (0.12) 3.2 (0.14) 4.8 (0.37) *2.9 (0.97) 3.6 (0.39) 4.4 (0.96) 3.9 (0.30) 11.6 (2.41)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 4.6 (0.23) 2.6 (0.39) 5.2 (0.37) *2.6 (1.01) 6.2 (1.27) 5.3 (1.33) 4.6 (0.53) 6.7 (1.73) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 4.2 (0.24) 3.2 (0.34) 4.2 (0.47) *2.5 (1.07) 6.2 (1.02) 5.1 (1.46) 4.3 (0.61) 7.3 (1.55) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 3.7 (0.21) 3.8 (0.32) 3.5 (0.55) *2.8 (1.39) 3.4 (0.66) 4.4 (1.13) 3.3 (0.42) 4.9 (1.29) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 3.1 (0.22) 2.9 (0.26) 4.8 (1.29) *3.9 (2.10) 2.8 (0.66) *3.4 (1.61) 2.8 (0.44) 8.5 (2.10) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 2.9 (0.16) 2.8 (0.18) 3.0 (0.87) *2.2 (1.82) 2.5 (0.49) *3.7 (1.36) 3.3 (0.38) 6.6 (1.93) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor.................................... 4.5 (0.25) 2.7 (0.40) 5.1 (0.40) *2.4 (1.05) 6.8 (1.38) 4.8 (1.23) 4.8 (0.56) 6.5 (1.65)

Near poor ................................ 4.1 (0.22) 3.8 (0.36) 4.8 (0.53) *2.8 (1.08) 4.8 (0.71) 4.8 (1.23) 3.2 (0.37) 6.0 (1.20)

Not poor ................................. 3.1 (0.11) 2.9 (0.13) 3.6 (0.36) *2.8 (0.97) 2.8 (0.32) 4.1 (0.84) 3.3 (0.27) 7.2 (1.23)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 3.5 (0.11) 3.2 (0.14) 4.4 (0.40) *2.6 (0.96) 3.8 (0.37) 3.7 (0.69) 3.4 (0.24) 7.0 (0.95)

Rented .................................. 3.9 (0.17) 2.4 (0.25) 4.7 (0.32) 2.9 (0.73) 3.7 (0.61) 5.1 (0.90) 4.1 (0.41) 5.9 (1.34)

Some other arrangement ....................... 3.6 (0.56) *1.9 (0.65) *3.0 (1.00) *– *6.5 (2.52) *6.8 (4.93) 6.3 (1.84) *8.4 (4.58)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private .................................. 3.0 (0.10) 2.9 (0.13) 3.2 (0.31) *1.7 (0.70) 3.2 (0.36) 3.6 (0.85) 2.9 (0.24) 3.6 (0.89) 
 

Medicaid ................................. 5.6 (0.23) 4.4 (0.41) 6.1 (0.43) 3.3 (0.86) 5.9 (0.83) 5.8 (1.00) 5.0 (0.46) 10.1 (1.31) 
 

Other ................................... 4.8 (0.62) 4.7 (0.97) *3.7 (1.17) *5.0 (4.96) *3.4 (1.35) *5.4 (3.28) 8.3 (2.16) *– 
 

Uninsured ................................ 2.3 (0.21) 1.3 (0.25) 3.2 (0.71) *3.2 (2.12) 3.6 (1.07) *3.0 (1.08) 2.7 (0.40) *2.2 (0.87) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 3.6 (0.17) 2.9 (0.21) 4.8 (0.41) *2.1 (0.86) 4.1 (0.78) 2.9 (0.72) 3.4 (0.31) 5.6 (1.16) 
 

Small MSA................................ 3.5 (0.13) 3.1 (0.16) 4.3 (0.38) 3.0 (0.83) 3.1 (0.40) 4.8 (1.01) 3.6 (0.30) 7.2 (1.13) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 3.9 (0.22) 2.9 (0.27) 4.7 (0.52) *3.1 (1.51) 5.0 (0.64) 5.8 (1.12) 4.1 (0.58) 7.3 (1.94) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 4.2 (0.25) 3.7 (0.33) 5.7 (0.67) *7.4 (2.25) 2.7 (0.66) 8.0 (2.03) 3.9 (0.56) *5.9 (1.87) 
 

Midwest ................................. 4.0 (0.20) 3.4 (0.24) 4.6 (0.57) *2.9 (1.04) 4.6 (0.69) 4.7 (1.26) 3.9 (0.50) 9.8 (2.31) 
 

South ................................... 3.5 (0.14) 2.8 (0.18) 4.4 (0.35) *1.8 (0.87) 3.7 (0.46) 4.2 (0.92) 3.8 (0.35) 4.8 (0.97) 
 

West ................................... 2.9 (0.18) 2.4 (0.23) 3.8 (0.52) *0.4 (0.31) 3.8 (0.81) *2.0 (0.68) 2.8 (0.31) 7.9 (1.62) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 65

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of mental retardation or any developmental delay is based on separate questions, ‘‘Has
 

a doctor or health professional ever told you that [child’s name] had mental retardation?’’ and ‘‘Has a doctor or health professional ever told you that [child’s name] had any other developmental
 

delay?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to mental retardation or any developmental delay and family structure are not included in the
 

column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 ever told they have mental retardation or any developmental delay’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 66 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 19. Frequencies of children under age 18 with an impairment or health problem that limits crawling, walking, running, or playing, by

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

under age

18 with an

impairment

that limits

crawling,

walking,

running, or

playing Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 1,402 510 326 21 164 39 283 59

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

721

680

256

254

170

156

*11

10

89

75

17

22

149

134

30

29

Age

0–4 years ................................

5–17 years................................

5–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

250

1,151

488

663

128

382

185

198

40

286

115

171

*5

17

14

*2

*10

153

82

72

*10

29

17

*12

36

247

63

184

*22

36

*12

24

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mexican American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

215

138

1,187

882

214

61

47

449

400

27

48

19

278

151

96

*5

*4

16

*9

*5

17

*12

146

121

21

*3

*2

36

29

*4

67

48

216

154

46

*13

*7

46

18

*15

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

169

374

798

31

108

371

69

88

154

*3

*9

*9

*13

70

80

*4

*14

19

48

83

148

*2

*2

*17

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

364

287

280

182

289

49

79

120

99

164

185

88

33

14

*5

*3

*6

*7

*3

*2

35

31

44

26

28

*12

*7

*11

*3

*5

62

59

60

29

73

*19

16

*5

*7

*13

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

364

381

656

57

117

337

159

97

70

*2

*10

*9

37

50

76

*11

*14

*14

79

76

129

*19

18

*22

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

866

497

38

399

99

*12

105

212

*8

*14

*7

*–

108

46

*10

12

27

*–

193

84

*6

35

22

*2

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

709

556

31

105

362

112

13

23

102

190

*9

24

*7

*10

*–

*3

88

62

*2

*12

*10

19

*1

*9

132

119

*5

28

*7

44

*1

*6

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not in MSA ...............................

387

726

288

96

323

91

126

133

67

*5

*12

*4

48

64

52

*9

20

*10

88

146

48

*16

28

*15

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

212

387

501

301

75

156

170

109

45

94

121

65

*2

*3

*10

*6

*15

51

70

27

*11

*9

13

*6

52

61

97

73

*12

*13

20

*14

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 67

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of impairments or health problems resulting in activity limitations is based on a question
 

that asked, ‘‘Does [child’s name] have an impairment or health problem that limits [his/her] ability to crawl, walk, run, or play?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child
 

respondents. Unknowns with respect to impairments and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with an impairment that limits crawling, walking, running, or
 

playing.’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 68 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 20. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with an impairment or health problem that limits crawling, walking,

running, or playing, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

under age

18 with an

impairment

that limits

crawling,

walking,

running, or

playing Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 1.9 (0.06) 1.4 (0.08) 2.7 (0.17) 2.0 (0.45) 2.6 (0.26) 1.7 (0.31) 2.0 (0.13) 2.6 (0.45)

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.9 (0.09)

1.9 (0.09)

1.4 (0.12)

1.5 (0.11)

2.9 (0.25)

2.6 (0.24)

*1.9 (0.65)

2.1 (0.61)

2.8 (0.40)

2.4 (0.43)

1.4 (0.36)

2.0 (0.51)

2.1 (0.18)

2.0 (0.18)

2.5 (0.64)

2.6 (0.59)

Age

0–4 years ................................

5–17 years................................

5–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

1.2 (0.10)

2.2 (0.08)

1.7 (0.10)

2.7 (0.12)

1.1 (0.14)

1.6 (0.10)

1.3 (0.12)

2.1 (0.17)

1.6 (0.27)

3.0 (0.21)

2.3 (0.27)

3.8 (0.31)

*0.7 (0.34)

4.1 (1.03)

4.8 (1.35)

*2.0 (1.06)

*0.7 (0.25)

3.1 (0.33)

3.2 (0.51)

3.0 (0.44)

*1.6 (0.61)

1.8 (0.36)

1.8 (0.45)

*1.8 (0.59)

1.1 (0.19)

2.3 (0.16)

1.5 (0.20)

2.8 (0.23)

*4.3 (1.31)

2.1 (0.43)

*1.5 (0.54)

2.6 (0.60)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

1.6 (0.10)

1.5 (0.12)

2.0 (0.07)

2.0 (0.09)

2.0 (0.16)

1.1 (0.14)

1.2 (0.16)

1.5 (0.09)

1.6 (0.11)

1.2 (0.26)

2.3 (0.31)

1.6 (0.32)

2.8 (0.20)

2.9 (0.28)

2.4 (0.29)

*1.6 (0.50)

*1.7 (0.63)

2.2 (0.61)

*1.9 (0.69)

*3.1 (1.65)

1.7 (0.50)

*1.8 (0.55)

2.7 (0.30)

2.9 (0.35)

2.5 (0.73)

*0.8 (0.36)

*0.6 (0.45)

1.9 (0.37)

2.2 (0.48)

*1.1 (0.51)

1.7 (0.20)

1.8 (0.25)

2.2 (0.16)

2.4 (0.22)

1.9 (0.28)

*2.5 (0.87)

*1.7 (0.82)

2.6 (0.52)

1.9 (0.55)

2.2 (0.64)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

1.8 (0.14)

2.3 (0.15)

1.8 (0.08)

1.1 (0.20)

1.8 (0.24)

1.4 (0.09)

3.0 (0.38)

2.6 (0.32)

2.7 (0.25)

*1.2 (0.54)

*2.2 (0.84)

*2.2 (0.73)

*2.5 (0.95)

3.9 (0.66)

2.0 (0.28)

*0.9 (0.42)

*1.7 (0.52)

2.0 (0.50)

1.7 (0.24)

2.2 (0.27)

2.1 (0.19)

*1.2 (0.68)

*1.0 (0.76)

*3.6 (1.42)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

2.8 (0.17)

2.3 (0.17)

2.0 (0.16)

1.7 (0.16)

1.3 (0.10)

1.6 (0.30)

1.7 (0.25)

1.8 (0.22)

1.6 (0.21)

1.1 (0.11)

3.2 (0.26)

2.8 (0.38)

1.8 (0.35)

2.2 (0.65)

*0.9 (0.43)

*0.9 (0.57)

*2.1 (0.89)

*2.6 (1.30)

*2.9 (1.75)

*2.5 (2.15)

5.2 (1.31)

2.7 (0.59)

2.8 (0.74)

2.2 (0.57)

1.6 (0.40)

*2.3 (0.74)

*1.4 (0.56)

*2.1 (0.71)

*1.1 (0.84)

*1.3 (0.86)

2.9 (0.38)

2.4 (0.37)

2.1 (0.35)

1.4 (0.28)

1.7 (0.25)

4.0 (1.19)

3.0 (0.80)

*0.9 (0.43)

*2.1 (0.86)

*2.9 (1.39)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

2.7 (0.17)

2.3 (0.16)

1.5 (0.07)

1.7 (0.32)

2.0 (0.27)

1.3 (0.09)

3.2 (0.31)

2.9 (0.33)

2.0 (0.26)

*0.7 (0.60)

*2.8 (0.94)

*2.2 (0.77)

4.5 (1.08)

3.1 (0.70)

2.0 (0.30)

*2.0 (0.70)

*2.0 (0.63)

*1.4 (0.42)

2.7 (0.34)

2.1 (0.28)

1.7 (0.17)

*3.1 (0.94)

2.6 (0.64)

*2.3 (0.71)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

1.8 (0.08)

2.3 (0.12)

2.7 (0.63)

1.4 (0.09)

1.5 (0.20)

*2.0 (0.62)

2.4 (0.26)

2.9 (0.23)

*2.3 (0.87)

3.5 (1.04)

*1.2 (0.38)

*–

2.5 (0.34)

2.4 (0.50)

*7.3 (4.15)

1.3 (0.38)

2.1 (0.48)

*–

2.0 (0.16)

2.1 (0.24)

*3.1 (1.33)

2.3 (0.51)

3.3 (0.96)

*2.8 (2.00)

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

1.6 (0.07)

2.9 (0.15)

1.9 (0.40)

1.5 (0.16)

1.3 (0.09)

2.4 (0.28)

1.7 (0.44)

0.8 (0.17)

2.1 (0.23)

3.4 (0.28)

*3.6 (1.83)

2.2 (0.47)

*2.0 (0.79)

*1.9 (0.59)

*–

*3.0 (1.61)

2.2 (0.31)

4.3 (0.87)

*0.8 (0.55)

*2.0 (0.63)

*1.2 (0.43)

1.9 (0.46)

*2.0 (1.40)

*2.7 (1.15)

1.8 (0.17)

2.8 (0.27)

*2.1 (0.99)

1.6 (0.32)

*1.1 (0.40)

3.8 (0.76)

*1.6 (1.22)

*1.7 (1.01)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not in MSA ...............................

1.9 (0.12)

1.9 (0.09)

2.1 (0.16)

1.1 (0.14)

1.6 (0.11)

1.4 (0.21)

2.7 (0.28)

2.6 (0.26)

3.2 (0.39)

*1.4 (0.48)

*2.6 (0.86)

*1.7 (0.86)

3.1 (0.69)

2.0 (0.31)

3.2 (0.53)

*1.3 (0.43)

1.9 (0.52)

*1.8 (0.60)

2.0 (0.21)

2.0 (0.19)

2.2 (0.35)

*2.0 (0.63)

2.8 (0.74)

*3.1 (1.05)

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

1.6 (0.13)

2.2 (0.16)

1.9 (0.10)

1.9 (0.13)

1.1 (0.17)

1.8 (0.20)

1.4 (0.13)

1.4 (0.17)

2.1 (0.33)

3.3 (0.43)

2.5 (0.25)

3.0 (0.41)

*1.2 (0.93)

*1.1 (0.46)

*2.9 (1.10)

*2.4 (0.86)

*1.9 (0.63)

3.2 (0.73)

2.6 (0.34)

2.1 (0.46)

*3.1 (1.10)

*1.4 (0.55)

1.6 (0.47)

*1.3 (0.54)

2.0 (0.27)

2.2 (0.32)

2.0 (0.22)

2.0 (0.24)

*3.7 (1.44)

*2.8 (1.04)

2.0 (0.54)

*2.8 (1.11)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 69

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of impairments or health problems resulting in activity limitations is based on a question
 

that asked, ‘‘Does [child’s name] have an impairment or health problem that limits [his/her] ability to crawl, walk, run, or play?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child
 

respondents. Unknowns with respect to impairments and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with an impairment that limits crawling, walking, running, or
 

playing.’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 70 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 21. Frequencies of children under age 18 receiving special education or EIS for an emotional or behavioral problem, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

under age

18 receiving

special

education or

EIS for an

emotional or

behavioral

problem Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 1,335 296 393 16 147 75 290 118

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

976

359

217

79

302

91

*12

*4

97

50

58

18

212

78

78

40

Age

0–4 years ................................

5–17 years................................

5–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

88

1,247

599

648

35

261

151

110

18

375

202

173

*2

*14

*11

*3

*3

144

60

84

*5

70

35

35

*14

277

99

178

*12

106

41

65

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

192

96

1,143

787

280

36

25

259

227

16

59

18

334

177

128

*5

*2

*10

*8

*2

*13

*9

134

110

18

*5

*1

70

53

*12

57

25

234

157

65

*18

*14

100

55

38

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

205

342

697

17

63

216

89

119

165

*1

*6

*9

*11

48

86

21

16

37

61

82

143

*5

*6

42

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

389

283

233

154

276

31

46

56

58

105

239

73

50

*18

*14

*3

*3

*4

*3

*2

*14

32

39

*21

*41

*15

*29

14

*5

*12

63

68

52

34

74

24

33

18

*14

28

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

398

339

598

38

51

206

202

107

84

*3

*5

*8

*19

46

83

*15

31

30

87

67

137

34

32

51

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

774

523

36

226

60

*8

122

260

*11

*5

*11

*–

99

43

*5

24

49

*2

200

82

*8

98

18

*2

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

548

666

25

91

189

73

*12

20

119

247

*7

21

*3

*9

*1

*3

82

53

*3

*9

*16

47

*1

*11

122

144

*1

22

19

93

*1

*5

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not in MSA ...............................

396

662

277

64

168

63

164

163

67

*4

*9

*3

25

76

47

18

36

21

92

154

45

29

57

31

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

313

331

465

226

77

72

94

53

100

74

156

62

*8

*3

*4

*1

24

45

54

*23

18

*22

24

11

66

74

97

54

21

40

36

21

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 71

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Receipt of special education or early intervention services (EIS) is based on two questions in the
 

Family Core that asked if any children under age 18 in the family received Special Education or EIS and, if so, whether he or she received these services because of an emotional or behavioral
 

problem. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to receipt of special education and family structure are not included in the column labeled
 

‘‘All children under age 18 receiving special education or EIS for an emotional or behavioral problem’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 72 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 22. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 receiving special education or EIS for an emotional or behavioral

problem, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age

18 receiving Family structure1

special
 

education or
 

EIS for an
 

emotional or Unmarried

behavioral Single biological

Selected characteristics problem Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 1.8 (0.06) 0.8 (0.06) 3.3 (0.20) 1.5 (0.42) 2.3 (0.29) 3.3 (0.52) 2.1 (0.15) 5.2 (0.61)

Sex

Male ................................... 2.6 (0.10) 1.2 (0.10) 5.1 (0.33) *2.1 (0.64) 3.0 (0.48) 4.9 (0.92) 3.0 (0.25) 6.8 (0.94)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 (0.07) 0.5 (0.06) 1.5 (0.21) *0.8 (0.52) 1.6 (0.31) 1.6 (0.45) 1.2 (0.18) 3.6 (0.77)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 0.4 (0.05) 0.3 (0.06) 0.7 (0.18) *0.3 (0.20) *0.2 (0.12) *0.9 (0.51) *0.4 (0.13) *2.2 (0.77)

5–17 years................................ 2.4 (0.08) 1.1 (0.08) 4.0 (0.25) *3.3 (1.02) 2.9 (0.37) 4.2 (0.69) 2.6 (0.19) 6.1 (0.75)

5–11 years .............................. 2.1 (0.11) 1.0 (0.10) 4.1 (0.36) *3.6 (1.18) 2.4 (0.53) 3.6 (0.71) 2.4 (0.28) 4.9 (0.92) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 2.6 (0.13) 1.1 (0.13) 3.8 (0.33) *2.6 (2.02) 3.5 (0.50) 5.2 (1.33) 2.7 (0.26) 7.1 (1.14) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 1.4 (0.12) 0.6 (0.12) 2.8 (0.40) *1.6 (0.77) *1.3 (0.52) *1.2 (0.52) 1.5 (0.21) *3.4 (1.11) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 (0.12) 0.6 (0.15) 1.6 (0.40) *0.9 (0.51) *1.4 (0.72) *0.6 (0.56) 0.9 (0.18) *3.7 (1.44) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 1.9 (0.08) 0.9 (0.06) 3.4 (0.23) *1.4 (0.50) 2.5 (0.33) 3.8 (0.63) 2.3 (0.20) 5.7 (0.72) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 (0.09) 0.9 (0.07) 3.4 (0.32) *1.7 (0.69) 2.6 (0.39) 4.0 (0.80) 2.4 (0.27) 6.0 (1.01) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 2.6 (0.18) 0.7 (0.19) 3.2 (0.34) *0.9 (0.77) 2.1 (0.62) *3.1 (1.06) 2.7 (0.35) 5.7 (1.18) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 2.2 (0.19) 0.6 (0.15) 3.8 (0.50) *0.3 (0.18) *2.1 (0.84) 4.6 (1.14) 2.1 (0.33) *3.1 (1.67)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 2.1 (0.14) 1.1 (0.15) 3.5 (0.38) *1.6 (0.72) 2.7 (0.52) 2.0 (0.52) 2.2 (0.29) *2.6 (1.12)

More than high school diploma ................... 1.6 (0.08) 0.8 (0.07) 2.9 (0.28) *2.0 (0.78) 2.2 (0.37) 3.9 (1.00) 2.0 (0.23) 9.2 (2.19)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 3.0 (0.18) 1.0 (0.20) 4.1 (0.32) *1.1 (0.54) *2.0 (0.69) *2.8 (0.92) 2.9 (0.38) 5.1 (1.08) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 2.2 (0.19) 1.0 (0.20) 2.3 (0.29) *1.0 (0.66) 2.9 (0.73) 5.4 (1.61) 2.7 (0.53) 6.3 (1.46) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 1.7 (0.13) 0.9 (0.14) 2.7 (0.52) *1.7 (1.05) 2.5 (0.59) 2.6 (0.73) 1.8 (0.35) 3.5 (0.97) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 1.4 (0.16) 0.9 (0.16) 2.9 (0.85) *2.8 (2.09) *1.7 (0.55) *1.9 (1.01) 1.6 (0.37) *4.5 (1.50) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 1.2 (0.11) 0.7 (0.08) *2.4 (0.88) *1.7 (1.61) *2.3 (0.71) *3.2 (1.44) 1.7 (0.29) 6.4 (1.87) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 (0.19) 1.1 (0.22) 4.0 (0.36) *1.1 (0.59) *2.3 (0.72) *2.5 (0.84) 3.0 (0.49) 5.6 (1.23)

Near poor ................................ 2.1 (0.15) 0.9 (0.16) 3.1 (0.37) *1.4 (0.75) 2.8 (0.61) 4.5 (1.31) 1.9 (0.28) 4.6 (1.00)

Not poor ................................. 1.4 (0.07) 0.8 (0.07) 2.4 (0.28) *1.8 (0.78) 2.1 (0.39) 3.0 (0.68) 1.8 (0.20) 5.4 (1.01)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 1.6 (0.07) 0.8 (0.06) 2.8 (0.32) *1.3 (0.67) 2.3 (0.37) 2.6 (0.66) 2.1 (0.20) 6.4 (0.87)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 (0.12) 0.9 (0.14) 3.6 (0.27) *1.7 (0.56) 2.3 (0.45) 3.9 (0.79) 2.1 (0.24) 2.7 (0.63)

Some other arrangement ....................... 2.5 (0.52) *1.3 (0.63) *3.0 (1.02) *– *3.5 (2.11) *4.4 (4.30) *4.0 (1.35) *4.0 (3.89)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 (0.07) 0.7 (0.06) 2.4 (0.29) *0.7 (0.37) 2.0 (0.35) *1.9 (0.61) 1.6 (0.18) 2.7 (0.72) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 (0.17) 1.5 (0.23) 4.4 (0.32) *1.7 (0.62) 3.7 (0.74) 4.6 (0.96) 3.3 (0.38) 8.0 (1.08) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 (0.32) *1.5 (0.51) *2.6 (1.03) *5.0 (4.96) *1.5 (0.68) *2.0 (2.03) *0.2 (0.21) *2.0 (1.53) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 1.3 (0.17) 0.7 (0.20) 1.9 (0.45) *2.7 (2.03) *1.5 (0.73) *3.5 (1.27) 1.3 (0.28) *1.4 (0.73) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 1.9 (0.11) 0.8 (0.11) 3.5 (0.33) *1.0 (0.65) 1.6 (0.44) 2.8 (0.65) 2.0 (0.24) 3.7 (0.71) 
 

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 (0.09) 0.8 (0.07) 3.1 (0.29) *2.0 (0.67) 2.4 (0.44) 3.5 (0.89) 2.1 (0.24) 5.9 (1.04) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 2.0 (0.16) 1.0 (0.15) 3.1 (0.49) *1.2 (0.92) 2.9 (0.58) 3.7 (1.07) 2.1 (0.36) 6.3 (1.51) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 2.4 (0.17) 1.2 (0.16) 4.7 (0.56) *4.3 (1.69) 3.0 (0.76) 5.0 (1.34) 2.5 (0.43) 6.3 (1.62) 
 

Midwest ................................. 1.9 (0.14) 0.8 (0.12) 2.6 (0.36) *1.1 (0.64) 2.8 (0.60) *3.7 (1.33) 2.7 (0.38) 9.1 (2.00) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 (0.11) 0.8 (0.09) 3.2 (0.33) *1.2 (0.75) 2.0 (0.48) 2.9 (0.77) 2.0 (0.27) 3.6 (0.78) 
 

West ................................... 1.4 (0.11) 0.7 (0.11) 2.9 (0.39) *0.2 (0.25) 1.9 (0.55) 2.4 (0.66) 1.5 (0.20) 4.1 (0.94) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 73

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Receipt of special education or early intervention services (EIS) is based on two questions in the
 

Family Core that asked if any children under age 18 in the family received Special Education or EIS and, if so, whether he or she received these services because of an emotional or behavioral
 

problem. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to receipt of special education and family structure are not included in the column labeled
 

‘‘All children under age 18 receiving special education or EIS for an emotional or behavioral problem’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 74 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 23. Frequencies of children under age 18 with vision problems, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States,

2001–2007

All children Family structure1

under age

18 with Unmarried

vision Single biological

Selected characteristics problems Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 1,706 634 378 20 166 81 360 67

Sex

Male ................................... 897 352 196 *11 93 39 169 38

Female .................................. 810 282 182 *9 73 42 191 29

Age

0–4 years ................................ 180 101 21 *3 *7 *8 31 *9

5–17 years................................ 1,526 533 357 17 159 73 329 58

5–11 years .............................. 708 303 155 *11 78 33 105 24

12–17 years ............................. 818 230 202 *6 81 40 224 35

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 339 110 73 *5 25 18 91 16

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 213 80 38 *1 22 *7 57 8

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 1,367 523 305 15 141 63 269 51

White, single race .......................... 973 449 152 *11 113 40 182 27

Black or African American, single race ............. 291 34 137 *4 20 *18 57 22

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 275 58 94 *2 14 28 75 *4

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 422 136 105 *7 50 27 90 *7

More than high school diploma ................... 952 440 164 *11 100 26 190 *21

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 424 76 225 *3 *14 27 64 15

$20,000–$34,999............................ 368 122 86 *8 44 *22 71 *15

$35,000–$54,999............................ 320 123 40 *2 43 17 75 *20

$55,000–$74,999............................ 212 94 *18 *5 26 *7 55 *6

$75,000 or more ............................ 383 219 *9 *2 39 *7 96 *11

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 86 198 *2 20 29 84 18

Near poor ................................ 444 142 92 *9 54 26 93 29

Not poor ................................. 824 405 88 *8 92 26 183 20

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 1,039 483 115 *12 108 32 242 47

Rented .................................. 626 134 247 *8 55 48 115 18

Some other arrangement ...................... 38 *14 16 *– *2 *1 *3 *2

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 917 434 126 *7 105 26 203 *16

Medicaid ................................. 545 110 208 *10 39 41 98 39

Other ................................... 38 *14 *6 *– *5 *4 *8 *–

Uninsured ................................ 202 74 38 *3 *17 *10 49 *11

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 546 158 144 *4 50 31 131 28

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 362 163 9 76 21 168 24

Not in MSA ............................... 336 113 71 *7 39 29 62 *15

Region

Northeast ................................ 302 145 62 *1 *11 *10 61 *13

Midwest ................................. 442 159 104 *6 47 24 86 *16

South ................................... 638 213 146 *10 72 26 142 29

West ................................... 324 117 67 *3 35 21 72 9

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 75

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Having vision problems is based on a question that asked, ‘‘Does [child’s name] have any trouble
 

seeing [if he/she is 2 or more years of age] even when wearing glasses or contact lenses?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to vision
 

problems and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with vision problems’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 76 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 24. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with vision problems, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

under age

18 with Unmarried

vision Single biological

Selected characteristics problems Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 2.3 (0.07) 1.8 (0.09) 3.2 (0.19) 1.9 (0.43) 2.6 (0.25) 3.6 (0.49) 2.6 (0.16) 3.0 (0.43)

Sex

Male ................................... 2.4 (0.10) 1.9 (0.14) 3.3 (0.27) *1.9 (0.64) 2.9 (0.36) 3.3 (0.68) 2.4 (0.20) 3.3 (0.68)

Female .................................. 2.3 (0.10) 1.6 (0.12) 3.0 (0.26) *1.9 (0.58) 2.4 (0.33) 3.9 (0.69) 2.9 (0.26) 2.6 (0.53)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 0.9 (0.08) 0.9 (0.12) 0.9 (0.20) *0.5 (0.19) *0.5 (0.22) *1.3 (0.51) 1.0 (0.22) *1.7 (0.64)

5–17 years................................ 2.9 (0.09) 2.2 (0.12) 3.8 (0.24) 4.1 (1.07) 3.2 (0.31) 4.4 (0.63) 3.1 (0.20) 3.4 (0.53)

5–11 years .............................. 2.5 (0.12) 2.1 (0.16) 3.1 (0.30) *3.6 (1.10) 3.1 (0.42) 3.3 (0.72) 2.6 (0.28) 2.9 (0.73)

12–17 years ............................. 3.3 (0.14) 2.4 (0.19) 4.5 (0.35) *5.6 (2.58) 3.4 (0.46) 6.0 (1.14) 3.4 (0.27) 3.8 (0.77)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 2.5 (0.13) 2.0 (0.19) 3.5 (0.39) *1.4 (0.74) 2.5 (0.49) 4.4 (1.25) 2.4 (0.24) 3.1 (0.77)

Mexican or ..............................

Mexican American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 (0.15) 2.0 (0.23) 3.3 (0.48) *0.4 (0.29) 3.2 (0.69) *2.8 (1.05) 2.1 (0.27) 2.2 (0.60)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 2.3 (0.08) 1.8 (0.10) 3.1 (0.22) 2.1 (0.53) 2.6 (0.28) 3.4 (0.53) 2.7 (0.21) 2.9 (0.51)

White, single race .......................... 2.2 (0.10) 1.8 (0.12) 2.9 (0.29) *2.4 (0.76) 2.7 (0.33) 3.0 (0.55) 2.8 (0.27) 3.0 (0.75)

Black or African American, single race ............. 2.7 (0.19) 1.5 (0.31) 3.5 (0.35) *2.1 (0.83) 2.3 (0.54) *4.5 (1.37) 2.4 (0.34) 3.3 (0.82)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 2.9 (0.20) 2.1 (0.31) 4.0 (0.46) *0.7 (0.54) 2.8 (0.80) 6.0 (1.57) 2.6 (0.34) *2.5 (1.35)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 2.6 (0.15) 2.3 (0.24) 3.1 (0.38) *1.8 (0.65) 2.8 (0.49) 3.3 (0.70) 2.4 (0.27) *3.0 (1.68)

More than high school diploma ................... 2.1 (0.09) 1.7 (0.11) 2.9 (0.25) *2.6 (0.83) 2.5 (0.31) 2.7 (0.58) 2.7 (0.24) *4.6 (1.42)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 3.3 (0.20) 2.6 (0.38) 3.8 (0.30) *1.0 (0.69) 2.2 (0.65) 5.1 (1.23) 3.0 (0.49) 3.1 (0.81)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 2.9 (0.19) 2.7 (0.34) 2.8 (0.30) *2.7 (0.95) 3.9 (0.75) 4.2 (1.24) 2.9 (0.40) *2.9 (0.91)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 2.3 (0.15) 1.9 (0.20) 2.2 (0.45) *0.7 (0.43) 2.7 (0.55) 3.2 (0.83) 2.7 (0.40) *3.9 (1.22)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 1.9 (0.20) 1.5 (0.22) *2.9 (1.00) *4.5 (2.30) 2.2 (0.53) *2.3 (0.92) 2.6 (0.45) *2.0 (0.86)

$75,000 or more ............................ 1.7 (0.11) 1.5 (0.13) *1.6 (0.70) *2.2 (1.52) 2.2 (0.42) *2.0 (0.84) 2.2 (0.28) *2.6 (1.08)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 (0.21) 2.6 (0.39) 4.0 (0.34) *0.9 (0.67) 2.4 (0.70) 5.0 (1.34) 2.9 (0.43) 2.9 (0.79)

Near poor ................................ 2.7 (0.16) 2.4 (0.27) 2.7 (0.30) *2.5 (0.78) 3.3 (0.60) 3.9 (1.01) 2.6 (0.36) 4.2 (1.01)

Not poor ................................. 1.9 (0.08) 1.6 (0.10) 2.5 (0.30) *2.0 (0.74) 2.4 (0.30) 2.6 (0.51) 2.5 (0.21) 2.1 (0.55)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 2.1 (0.08) 1.7 (0.10) 2.7 (0.28) *3.0 (0.97) 2.5 (0.29) 3.5 (0.72) 2.5 (0.19) 3.1 (0.56)

Rented .................................. 2.8 (0.14) 2.1 (0.22) 3.4 (0.25) *1.3 (0.40) 2.9 (0.47) 3.8 (0.71) 2.9 (0.33) 2.7 (0.71)

Some other arrangement ....................... 2.7 (0.49) *2.4 (0.81) 4.6 (1.16) *– *1.8 (1.16) *1.4 (1.38) *1.3 (0.70) *3.6 (2.51)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 2.0 (0.09) 1.6 (0.10) 2.6 (0.26) *1.8 (0.63) 2.6 (0.31) 3.0 (0.69) 2.7 (0.24) *2.4 (0.74)

Medicaid ................................. 2.9 (0.15) 2.4 (0.29) 3.7 (0.31) *1.8 (0.58) 2.7 (0.54) 4.1 (0.81) 2.3 (0.25) 3.4 (0.64)

Other ................................... 2.4 (0.48) *1.8 (0.66) *2.5 (0.96) *– *2.4 (1.35) *7.0 (4.91) *3.2 (1.28) *–

Uninsured ................................ 2.9 (0.23) 2.6 (0.38) 3.4 (0.48) *2.7 (1.98) *2.8 (0.89) *3.1 (1.06) 2.8 (0.46) *3.2 (1.16)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 2.6 (0.13) 1.9 (0.18) 3.1 (0.29) *1.0 (0.63) 3.3 (0.49) 4.6 (0.91) 2.9 (0.30) 3.5 (0.77)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 (0.09) 1.8 (0.13) 3.2 (0.28) 2.0 (0.59) 2.4 (0.33) 2.0 (0.57) 2.3 (0.20) 2.5 (0.63)

Not in MSA ............................... 2.5 (0.20) 1.8 (0.21) 3.3 (0.49) *3.1 (1.29) 2.5 (0.56) 5.1 (1.23) 2.8 (0.49) *2.9 (0.91)

Region

Northeast ................................ 2.3 (0.17) 2.2 (0.26) 2.9 (0.37) *0.6 (0.37) *1.4 (0.43) *2.8 (0.94) 2.3 (0.38) *4.0 (1.51)

Midwest ................................. 2.6 (0.17) 1.8 (0.21) 3.7 (0.44) *2.2 (0.86) 2.9 (0.59) 3.9 (0.94) 3.1 (0.41) *3.6 (1.22)

South ................................... 2.4 (0.12) 1.7 (0.13) 3.0 (0.31) *3.0 (1.06) 2.7 (0.37) 3.1 (0.77) 2.9 (0.29) 3.0 (0.61)

West ................................... 2.0 (0.14) 1.5 (0.17) 3.1 (0.42) *1.1 (0.59) 2.8 (0.56) 4.6 (1.32) 2.0 (0.27) 1.8 (0.48)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 77

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Having vision problems is based on a question that asked, ‘‘Does [child’s name] have any trouble
 

seeing [if he/she is 2 or more years of age] even when wearing glasses or contact lenses?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to vision
 

problems and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with vision problems’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 78 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 25. Frequencies of children aged 4–17 with a basic action disability, by family structure and by selected characteristics:

United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

aged 4–17

with a Unmarried

basic action Single biological

Selected characteristics disability Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 9,705 3,259 2,243 85 1,213 424 2,012 470

Sex

Male ................................... 6,041 2,050 1,375 58 773 261 1,252 273

Female .................................. 3,663 1,208 868 27 440 163 760 197

Age

4–17 years................................ 9,705 3,259 2,243 85 1,213 424 2,012 470

4–11 years .............................. 4,616 1,751 1,103 57 621 224 670 189

12–17 years ............................. 5,089 1,508 1,139 27 592 200 1,342 281

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 1,414 428 313 21 146 54 383 68

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 893 302 160 12 101 27 244 46

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 8,291 2,831 1,929 63 1,067 369 1,629 402

White, single race .......................... 6,262 2,515 1,117 47 896 272 1,202 213

Black or African American, single race ............. 1,528 165 674 13 126 69 318 162

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 1,201 231 426 14 86 91 338 *15

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 2,421 653 633 34 361 142 562 37

More than high school diploma ................... 5,607 2,368 1,058 37 754 182 1,083 125

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 2,151 280 1,176 19 141 81 344 111

$20,000–$34,999............................ 1,817 416 563 23 229 119 364 102

$35,000–$54,999............................ 1,898 642 307 20 321 102 407 99

$55,000–$74,999............................ 1,345 557 116 13 224 50 318 67

$75,000 or more ............................ 2,494 1,365 80 *8 298 72 579 92

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,150 311 998 18 171 86 439 127

Near poor ................................ 2,363 567 641 32 326 140 499 158

Not poor ................................. 5,192 2,380 604 35 716 198 1,073 186

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 6,284 2,697 815 42 805 185 1,412 329

Rented .................................. 3,201 505 1,360 42 373 232 558 129

Some other arrangement ....................... 200 50 66 *1 33 *7 36 *8

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 5,403 2,427 824 27 770 168 1,071 117

Medicaid ................................. 3,165 510 1,159 45 306 185 671 290

Other ................................... 217 88 36 *1 35 *13 37 *8

Uninsured ................................ 897 231 221 13 101 56 221 54

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 2,717 708 825 21 277 108 613 165

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,063 1,962 991 43 602 210 1,059 196

Not in MSA ............................... 1,924 588 426 21 333 106 340 108

Region

Northeast ................................ 1,710 626 378 18 130 75 412 70

Midwest ................................. 2,444 826 577 23 314 98 457 148

South ................................... 3,744 1,190 912 23 559 167 713 180

West ................................... 1,807 616 376 20 210 83 430 72

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Children were considered to have a basic action disability if they had any one of the following
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 79

problems: a lot of trouble hearing or deafness; trouble seeing; limitations in their ability to crawl, walk, run, or play; difficulty remembering; mental retardation; Down syndrome; autism; a learning
 

disability; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; or definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with
 

respect to this measure and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 with a basic action disability’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 80 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 26. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 with a basic action disability, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

aged 4–17

with a Unmarried

basic action Single biological

Selected characteristics disability Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 17.2 (0.20) 12.5 (0.26) 22.7 (0.52) 17.7 (1.88) 23.4 (0.78) 23.9 (1.27) 18.1 (0.45) 25.8 (1.43)

Sex

Male ................................... 21.0 (0.30) 15.3 (0.40) 28.3 (0.77) 22.0 (2.72) 29.3 (1.16) 28.2 (1.87) 21.7 (0.67) 29.4 (2.03)

Female .................................. 13.3 (0.26) 9.6 (0.33) 17.3 (0.66) 12.6 (2.42) 17.3 (1.01) 19.2 (1.65) 14.2 (0.58) 22.0 (2.02)

Age

4–17 years................................ 17.2 (0.20) 12.5 (0.26) 22.7 (0.52) 17.7 (1.88) 23.4 (0.78) 23.9 (1.27) 18.1 (0.45) 25.8 (1.43)

4–11 years .............................. 14.5 (0.26) 10.6 (0.30) 20.3 (0.68) 15.7 (1.95) 22.1 (1.16) 20.0 (1.46) 14.5 (0.63) 20.6 (1.76)

12–17 years ............................. 20.8 (0.32) 15.9 (0.48) 25.6 (0.76) 24.3 (4.68) 25.0 (1.09) 30.5 (2.35) 20.6 (0.61) 31.0 (2.24)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 13.8 (0.37) 10.5 (0.55) 18.7 (1.00) 14.0 (2.47) 18.8 (1.56) 17.3 (2.25) 13.4 (0.63) 17.8 (2.21)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 12.8 (0.43) 10.3 (0.64) 17.5 (1.32) 11.6 (2.46) 19.4 (1.90) 13.2 (2.21) 12.3 (0.73) 16.4 (2.58)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 18.0 (0.24) 12.9 (0.29) 23.5 (0.59) 19.5 (2.52) 24.2 (0.88) 25.3 (1.46) 19.7 (0.56) 27.9 (1.69)

White, single race .......................... 18.4 (0.28) 13.6 (0.33) 24.7 (0.79) 22.9 (3.42) 25.7 (1.02) 25.6 (1.80) 21.6 (0.72) 28.4 (2.29)

Black or African American, single race ............. 18.6 (0.55) 10.3 (0.88) 21.5 (0.95) 16.7 (4.27) 18.1 (1.80) 23.5 (2.92) 17.2 (0.99) 28.9 (2.70)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 17.3 (0.54) 11.3 (0.85) 23.9 (1.20) 12.8 (3.24) 21.5 (2.64) 25.8 (2.74) 15.9 (0.92) *11.5 (3.64)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 19.2 (0.44) 14.4 (0.63) 22.7 (0.98) 18.4 (3.22) 25.4 (1.57) 22.4 (2.01) 19.4 (0.85) 22.9 (5.17)

More than high school diploma ................... 16.1 (0.26) 12.3 (0.31) 21.9 (0.72) 20.0 (3.18) 22.7 (0.98) 23.5 (1.99) 18.3 (0.63) 33.7 (3.99)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 23.0 (0.54) 14.3 (0.96) 26.1 (0.81) 16.6 (3.78) 29.4 (2.75) 22.7 (2.68) 21.7 (1.21) 30.3 (3.15)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 18.9 (0.53) 13.0 (0.80) 21.1 (0.97) 17.8 (3.48) 25.4 (2.03) 28.9 (3.00) 19.3 (1.17) 24.3 (2.79)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 17.6 (0.48) 13.6 (0.65) 18.8 (1.19) 16.1 (3.83) 25.2 (1.69) 24.0 (2.70) 18.3 (1.00) 23.7 (3.04)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 15.8 (0.52) 12.1 (0.61) 20.0 (2.20) 26.2 (6.74) 22.1 (1.82) 19.6 (3.26) 17.8 (1.22) 25.5 (4.81)

$75,000 or more ............................ 13.9 (0.37) 11.8 (0.41) 16.3 (2.07) *15.9 (5.05) 19.7 (1.48) 22.3 (3.02) 15.9 (0.80) 25.6 (3.42)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 (0.54) 13.6 (0.93) 26.1 (0.92) 15.0 (3.78) 28.2 (2.57) 21.6 (2.76) 20.9 (1.10) 27.1 (3.07)

Near poor ................................ 19.1 (0.47) 13.5 (0.75) 22.4 (1.02) 18.6 (3.41) 25.5 (1.73) 28.1 (2.78) 18.0 (0.95) 27.9 (2.94)

Not poor ................................. 15.2 (0.24) 12.2 (0.30) 18.9 (0.77) 18.6 (2.95) 21.7 (0.94) 22.6 (1.77) 17.2 (0.59) 23.5 (1.97)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 16.0 (0.24) 12.5 (0.29) 21.1 (0.79) 19.0 (2.92) 22.6 (0.91) 23.8 (1.83) 17.6 (0.54) 26.3 (1.73)

Rented .................................. 20.2 (0.41) 12.5 (0.60) 23.8 (0.71) 17.1 (2.56) 24.8 (1.54) 24.6 (1.82) 19.4 (0.88) 25.3 (2.72)

Some other arrangement ....................... 19.9 (1.51) 13.1 (2.01) 23.7 (2.85) *7.2 (7.01) 35.5 (6.95) *20.2 (9.01) 21.4 (3.45) *18.4 (7.11)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 15.1 (0.24) 12.1 (0.29) 18.9 (0.70) 15.6 (2.72) 22.5 (0.97) 22.7 (1.97) 16.5 (0.55) 19.9 (2.59)

Medicaid ................................. 23.9 (0.47) 16.8 (0.89) 26.7 (0.87) 19.3 (2.93) 28.1 (1.90) 25.5 (2.05) 22.8 (0.99) 32.3 (2.16)

Other ................................... 18.2 (1.31) 16.3 (2.09) 17.8 (3.19) *9.2 (9.24) 21.0 (3.80) *28.5 (8.69) 19.2 (3.12) *20.4 (9.50)

Uninsured ................................ 15.6 (0.57) 10.1 (0.79) 23.2 (1.58) 18.8 (4.91) 20.2 (2.43) 22.0 (2.96) 15.7 (1.02) 18.8 (2.75)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 17.3 (0.38) 11.9 (0.52) 22.2 (0.84) 12.4 (2.41) 22.1 (1.46) 21.1 (2.03) 17.5 (0.78) 26.1 (2.55)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 (0.29) 12.9 (0.35) 22.5 (0.78) 19.6 (2.91) 23.2 (1.13) 25.5 (2.06) 18.1 (0.61) 24.7 (2.01)

Not in MSA ............................... 18.1 (0.49) 12.1 (0.61) 24.2 (1.33) 22.7 (5.30) 25.1 (1.50) 24.3 (2.26) 19.2 (1.16) 27.5 (3.20)

Region

Northeast ................................ 16.7 (0.50) 12.7 (0.60) 21.1 (1.25) 21.3 (4.91) 19.5 (1.92) 27.6 (3.41) 18.7 (1.08) 26.9 (3.66)

Midwest ................................. 18.5 (0.45) 12.9 (0.54) 24.7 (1.19) 18.7 (4.20) 24.3 (1.62) 20.9 (2.44) 20.3 (1.08) 40.7 (3.68)

South ................................... 18.3 (0.33) 13.4 (0.45) 23.2 (0.80) 18.5 (3.47) 25.6 (1.20) 25.4 (2.15) 18.8 (0.76) 22.4 (1.97)

West ................................... 14.5 (0.40) 10.7 (0.51) 20.6 (1.07) 14.0 (2.80) 20.1 (1.79) 22.3 (2.43) 14.9 (0.77) 18.2 (2.41)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Children were considered to have a basic action disability if they had any one of the following
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 81

problems: a lot of trouble hearing or deafness; trouble seeing; limitations in their ability to crawl, walk, run, or play; difficulty remembering; mental retardation; Down syndrome; autism; a learning
 

disability; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; or definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with
 

respect to this measure and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 with a basic action disability’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 82 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 27. Frequencies of children aged 3–17 who have ever been told they have a learning disability or ADHD, by family structure and by

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 3–17

who have ever Family structure1

been told

they have

a learning Unmarried

disability Single biological

Selected characteristics or ADHD Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 6,922 2,315 1,571 48 883 302 1,431 371

Sex

Male ................................... 4,654 1,561 1,062 34 602 199 968 229

Female .................................. 2,269 754 509 15 282 103 464 142

Age

3–4 years ................................ 207 73 49 *2 *27 *9 30 *17

5–17 years................................ 6,715 2,242 1,522 46 856 293 1,401 354

5–11 years .............................. 3,092 1,149 744 28 434 147 451 138

12–17 years ............................. 3,624 1,093 778 19 422 146 950 216

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 941 297 204 14 97 31 251 47

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 584 207 98 7 67 19 155 31

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 5,981 2,018 1,367 34 786 271 1,181 324

White, single race .......................... 4,604 1,823 826 24 662 209 879 180

Black or African American, single race ............. 1,040 103 449 *7 89 45 228 119

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 819 154 280 *5 66 68 237 *9

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 1,736 475 463 24 246 95 401 32

More than high school diploma ................... 4,010 1,679 739 19 562 133 775 103

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 1,500 194 811 *9 107 49 248 83

$20,000–$34,999............................ 1,263 282 389 11 172 84 251 74

$35,000–$54,999............................ 1,335 445 229 16 219 73 281 74

$55,000–$74,999............................ 979 396 83 *7 164 37 233 58

$75,000 or more ............................ 1,845 999 59 *5 221 59 420 82

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,498 219 681 *9 131 51 314 95

Near poor ................................ 1,640 381 451 17 237 95 345 113

Not poor ................................. 3,784 1,715 440 22 516 156 772 163

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 4,535 1,927 582 22 592 134 1,010 270

Rented .................................. 2,235 349 945 26 272 163 391 90

Some other arrangement ....................... 136 33 43 *1 19 *6 27 *7

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 3,845 1,724 591 15 562 123 740 89

Medicaid ................................. 2,334 383 818 23 228 132 511 239

Other ................................... 149 66 18 *1 24 *8 26 *7

Uninsured ................................ 580 139 142 *10 68 38 147 36

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 1,827 485 555 13 173 67 412 123

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,698 1,393 722 25 465 165 769 159

Not in MSA ............................... 1,397 437 294 *11 245 71 251 89

Region

Northeast ................................ 1,260 447 277 17 98 62 304 56

Midwest ................................. 1,744 579 388 13 239 66 334 125

South ................................... 2,699 881 658 *8 400 122 503 127

West ................................... 1,219 407 249 10 146 53 290 63

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 83

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of learning disability or ADHD is based on separate questions, ‘‘Has a representative
 

from a school or a health professional ever told you that [child’s name] had a learning disability?’’ and ‘‘Has a doctor or health professional ever told you that [child’s name] had Attention Deficit
 

Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to learning disability or ADHD
 

and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 3–17 who have ever been told they have a learning disability or ADHD’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 84 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 28. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 3–17 who have ever been told they have a learning disability or ADHD, by

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 3–17 Family structure1

who have ever

been told they Unmarried

have a learning Single biological

Selected characteristics disability or ADHD Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 .............................. 11.4 (0.17) 8.1 (0.20) 14.9 (0.43) 8.4 (1.22) 16.1 (0.71) 15.6 (1.05) 12.1 (0.37) 19.0 (1.28)

Sex

Male............................... 14.9 (0.26) 10.6 (0.32) 20.4 (0.66) 10.8 (1.80) 21.5 (1.10) 19.9 (1.60) 15.7 (0.58) 22.7 (1.85)

Female ............................. 7.6 (0.20) 5.4 (0.25) 9.5 (0.50) 5.5 (1.54) 10.5 (0.79) 11.0 (1.32) 8.1 (0.46) 15.0 (1.75)

Age

3–4 years ........................... 2.6 (0.24) 1.6 (0.23) 4.3 (0.83) *1.1 (0.97) *4.9 (1.65) *3.2 (1.63) 2.6 (0.49) *7.7 (2.86)

5–17 years ........................... 12.7 (0.19) 9.3 (0.24) 16.2 (0.47) 11.5 (1.68) 17.4 (0.74) 17.8 (1.19) 13.1 (0.41) 20.4 (1.38)

5–11 years ......................... 11.0 (0.24) 7.9 (0.29) 15.2 (0.64) 9.4 (1.71) 17.0 (1.08) 15.0 (1.40) 11.0 (0.61) 16.8 (1.74)

12–17 years......................... 14.6 (0.28) 11.4 (0.42) 17.3 (0.65) 16.8 (4.00) 17.7 (1.00) 22.0 (2.18) 14.4 (0.53) 23.6 (2.12)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...................... 8.4 (0.29) 6.6 (0.43) 11.3 (0.78) 7.9 (1.83) 11.7 (1.33) 8.9 (1.41) 8.1 (0.49) 11.4 (1.75)

Mexican or Mexican American ............. 7.7 (0.35) 6.3 (0.50) 9.9 (1.04) 6.1 (1.70) 12.0 (1.74) 8.4 (1.70) 7.2 (0.56) 10.3 (2.06)

Not Hispanic or Latino .................... 12.0 (0.20) 8.4 (0.23) 15.6 (0.48) 8.6 (1.57) 16.9 (0.80) 17.1 (1.24) 13.5 (0.46) 21.0 (1.51)

White, single race ..................... 12.5 (0.23) 9.0 (0.26) 17.4 (0.68) 9.4 (2.13) 18.0 (0.94) 18.2 (1.57) 15.1 (0.61) 22.3 (2.06)

Black or African American, single race ........ 11.7 (0.42) 5.8 (0.60) 13.2 (0.76) *7.7 (2.70) 12.1 (1.47) 13.7 (2.37) 11.4 (0.82) 20.2 (2.34)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma............... 10.8 (0.44) 6.9 (0.65) 14.2 (0.97) *4.0 (1.33) 15.2 (2.32) 17.1 (2.13) 10.4 (0.79) *7.0 (3.10)

High school diploma or GED6 ............... 12.8 (0.37) 9.7 (0.53) 15.7 (0.79) 10.8 (2.30) 16.1 (1.33) 13.7 (1.67) 12.8 (0.71) 18.7 (4.74)

More than high school diploma .............. 10.7 (0.21) 7.9 (0.23) 14.5 (0.60) 8.5 (1.99) 16.2 (0.87) 16.0 (1.69) 12.4 (0.51) 25.3 (3.72)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...................... 14.5 (0.43) 8.8 (0.73) 16.5 (0.68) *6.6 (2.30) 20.4 (2.34) 11.9 (2.02) 14.3 (0.97) 21.3 (2.73)

$20,000–$34,999 ....................... 12.1 (0.43) 7.9 (0.62) 13.9 (0.79) 7.2 (2.04) 17.8 (1.86) 18.7 (2.50) 12.3 (1.00) 16.3 (2.46)

$35,000–$54,999 ....................... 11.4 (0.39) 8.5 (0.50) 13.5 (1.04) 10.2 (2.86) 16.2 (1.36) 15.7 (2.17) 11.8 (0.85) 16.6 (2.62)

$55,000–$74,999 ....................... 10.7 (0.43) 7.9 (0.48) 13.6 (1.84) *11.0 (4.34) 15.6 (1.65) 13.8 (2.83) 12.5 (1.06) 21.2 (4.68)

$75,000 or more ....................... 9.5 (0.29) 7.9 (0.33) 11.3 (1.75) *8.3 (3.48) 13.9 (1.32) 17.3 (2.77) 10.9 (0.64) 21.0 (3.16)

Poverty status8

Poor ............................... 13.9 (0.44) 8.5 (0.73) 16.3 (0.78) *6.2 (2.32) 19.9 (2.22) 11.3 (2.05) 13.7 (0.92) 18.8 (2.64)

Near poor ........................... 12.2 (0.39) 8.1 (0.59) 14.8 (0.82) 8.4 (2.24) 17.4 (1.46) 17.3 (2.25) 11.6 (0.83) 19.0 (2.74)

Not poor ............................ 10.3 (0.20) 8.0 (0.24) 13.2 (0.65) 9.6 (2.02) 14.9 (0.83) 16.7 (1.56) 11.7 (0.48) 19.1 (1.82)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ................... 10.8 (0.20) 8.2 (0.23) 14.5 (0.67) 8.6 (1.87) 15.8 (0.80) 16.0 (1.54) 11.9 (0.45) 20.0 (1.58)

Rented ............................. 12.8 (0.32) 7.6 (0.45) 15.3 (0.57) 8.3 (1.67) 16.9 (1.37) 15.5 (1.49) 12.4 (0.68) 16.5 (2.31)

Some other arrangement .................. 12.3 (1.10) 7.7 (1.52) 14.4 (2.29) *5.0 (4.99) 17.3 (4.24) *16.6 (8.28) 15.2 (2.83) *16.2 (6.60)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ............................. 9.9 (0.19) 7.8 (0.23) 13.0 (0.59) 7.5 (1.70) 15.6 (0.84) 15.6 (1.72) 10.8 (0.44) 14.1 (2.36)

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 (0.40) 11.1 (0.72) 17.3 (0.71) 7.9 (1.80) 19.5 (1.67) 16.4 (1.69) 15.9 (0.85) 24.6 (1.96)

Other .............................. 11.6 (1.11) 11.1 (1.85) 8.5 (1.98) *9.2 (9.24) 13.9 (2.92) *15.8 (6.29) 12.6 (2.49) *15.4 (8.48)

Uninsured ........................... 9.5 (0.46) 5.7 (0.58) 14.1 (1.31) *12.2 (3.90) 12.9 (1.96) 13.2 (2.21) 9.8 (0.86) 12.2 (2.27)

Place of residence11

Large MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 (0.30) 7.4 (0.40) 13.9 (0.67) 6.1 (1.62) 13.1 (1.21) 12.0 (1.57) 10.9 (0.61) 18.3 (2.29)

Small MSA........................... 11.4 (0.23) 8.3 (0.28) 15.4 (0.66) 9.5 (1.88) 16.8 (1.02) 18.5 (1.82) 12.3 (0.51) 18.8 (1.74)

Not in MSA .......................... 12.2 (0.43) 8.3 (0.49) 15.6 (1.05) *10.0 (3.43) 17.6 (1.41) 14.4 (1.69) 13.5 (1.07) 20.5 (3.02)

Region

Northeast............................ 11.4 (0.38) 8.2 (0.47) 14.5 (1.00) 16.3 (4.17) 13.7 (1.70) 20.4 (2.85) 13.2 (0.88) 19.4 (2.85)

Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 (0.36) 8.2 (0.40) 15.6 (0.97) 8.4 (2.31) 17.3 (1.39) 12.9 (2.00) 14.0 (0.95) 32.8 (3.65)

South .............................. 12.2 (0.29) 9.0 (0.37) 15.6 (0.67) *5.3 (1.89) 17.4 (1.14) 16.8 (1.81) 12.4 (0.60) 14.7 (1.61)

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 (0.34) 6.4 (0.37) 12.8 (0.84) 6.3 (1.63) 13.3 (1.65) 13.2 (1.89) 9.4 (0.66) 14.9 (2.33)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 85

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of learning disability or ADHD is based on separate questions, ‘‘Has a representative
 

from a school or a health professional ever told you that [child’s name] had a learning disability?’’ and ‘‘Has a doctor or health professional ever told you that [child’s name] had Attention Deficit
 

Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to learning disability or ADHD
 

and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 3–17 who have ever been told they have a learning disability or ADHD’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 86 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 29. Frequencies of children aged 5–17 who missed 6 or more school days in the past 12 months due to illness or injury, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 5–17

who missed 6 Family structure1

or more

school days in

the past 12 Unmarried

months due to Single biological

Selected characteristics illness or injury Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 8,144 3,127 1,797 68 777 303 1,810 261

Sex

Male ................................... 4,067 1,566 870 46 402 146 899 137

Female .................................. 4,077 1,561 928 23 375 157 911 123

Age

5–17 years................................ 8,144 3,127 1,797 68 777 303 1,810 261

5–11 years .............................. 4,006 1,807 812 45 416 159 657 109

12–17 years ............................. 4,139 1,319 985 24 361 145 1,153 151

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 1,247 383 305 15 97 48 353 48

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 812 276 159 8 61 31 243 34

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 6,897 2,744 1,493 54 681 255 1,458 213

White, single race .......................... 5,562 2,488 997 35 587 207 1,120 129

Black or African American, single race ............. 938 111 409 *8 72 27 245 66

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 1,094 243 386 10 80 64 290 *21

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 2,042 656 466 25 221 110 543 21

More than high school diploma ................... 4,724 2,224 853 33 476 125 968 46

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 1,767 298 934 14 110 63 286 63

$20,000–$34,999............................ 1,514 415 461 25 140 81 323 68

$35,000–$54,999............................ 1,555 599 247 *11 218 73 340 66

$55,000–$74,999............................ 1,155 550 84 *13 136 40 298 34

$75,000 or more ............................ 2,153 1,264 71 *5 174 46 564 29

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,746 338 766 *14 117 71 357 83

Near poor ................................ 1,930 520 547 29 213 86 447 88

Not poor ................................. 4,468 2,269 484 26 448 146 1,006 89

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 5,343 2,546 693 36 528 133 1,234 172

Rented .................................. 2,605 535 1,039 32 230 161 535 74

Some other arrangement ....................... 180 45 64 *– 17 *4 38 *12

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 4,704 2,323 692 26 487 108 1,000 68

Medicaid ................................. 2,493 493 911 30 195 133 587 145

Other ................................... 133 47 26 *– *13 *16 24 *8

Uninsured ................................ 791 259 164 *11 78 44 194 39

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 2,158 665 606 24 172 78 528 84

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,279 1,791 835 31 381 149 988 103

Not in MSA ............................... 1,707 670 357 *13 224 75 294 73

Region

Northeast ................................ 1,591 613 366 *13 106 51 404 38

Midwest ................................. 1,905 767 412 *17 202 79 377 52

South ................................... 2,890 1,069 666 *17 321 100 605 112

West ................................... 1,758 677 354 21 148 74 425 59

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 87

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Number of missed school days is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months,
 

about how many days did [child’s name] miss school because of illness or injury?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to missed school
 

days and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 5–17 who missed 6 or more school days in the past 12 months due to illness or injury’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 88 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 30. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 5–17 who missed 6 or more school days in the past 12 months due to illness

or injury, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 5–17

who missed 6 Family structure1

or more

school days in

the past 12 Unmarried

months due to Single biological

Selected characteristics illness or injury Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 15.8 (0.22) 13.3 (0.29) 19.7 (0.50) 17.3 (2.26) 16.1 (0.74) 19.0 (1.24) 17.4 (0.46) 15.8 (1.12)

Sex

Male ................................... 15.5 (0.29) 12.9 (0.40) 19.4 (0.68) 21.4 (3.34) 16.5 (1.07) 17.4 (1.62) 16.8 (0.65) 16.2 (1.57)

Female .................................. 16.2 (0.29) 13.7 (0.40) 20.0 (0.69) 12.6 (2.62) 15.7 (0.99) 20.7 (1.90) 18.1 (0.64) 15.3 (1.64)

Age

5–17 years................................ 15.8 (0.22) 13.3 (0.29) 19.7 (0.50) 17.3 (2.26) 16.1 (0.74) 19.0 (1.24) 17.4 (0.46) 15.8 (1.12)

5–11 years .............................. 14.6 (0.29) 12.8 (0.37) 17.1 (0.64) 15.8 (2.47) 16.7 (1.12) 16.6 (1.49) 16.6 (0.74) 13.8 (1.51)

12–17 years ............................. 17.1 (0.31) 14.0 (0.44) 22.5 (0.75) 21.2 (5.00) 15.5 (0.92) 22.5 (2.16) 18.0 (0.58) 17.6 (1.65)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 13.5 (0.37) 10.5 (0.54) 19.9 (1.04) 11.2 (2.70) 13.5 (1.33) 17.7 (2.63) 13.5 (0.63) 13.9 (1.98)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 12.9 (0.45) 10.4 (0.65) 19.2 (1.36) 9.3 (2.48) 12.8 (1.59) 17.3 (3.17) 13.4 (0.77) 13.6 (2.15)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 16.3 (0.25) 13.8 (0.33) 19.6 (0.56) 20.4 (3.08) 16.5 (0.84) 19.2 (1.40) 18.8 (0.57) 16.3 (1.32)

White, single race .......................... 17.8 (0.30) 14.8 (0.37) 23.5 (0.81) 21.8 (3.78) 18.0 (0.99) 21.2 (1.73) 21.5 (0.72) 19.3 (2.08)

Black or African American, single race ............. 12.4 (0.46) 7.6 (0.81) 14.2 (0.74) *12.5 (4.24) 11.1 (1.47) 10.5 (2.06) 14.1 (1.02) 12.8 (1.83)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 17.5 (0.60) 13.1 (1.01) 24.4 (1.31) 11.5 (3.16) 22.3 (2.83) 19.9 (2.78) 15.1 (0.90) 19.5 (5.40)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 17.7 (0.44) 16.0 (0.72) 18.0 (0.84) 17.0 (3.51) 16.8 (1.47) 19.5 (2.05) 20.1 (0.88) 14.7 (3.97)

More than high school diploma ................... 14.8 (0.26) 12.7 (0.32) 18.9 (0.70) 21.0 (4.19) 15.2 (0.85) 17.8 (1.89) 17.3 (0.66) 13.2 (2.72)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 21.0 (0.56) 17.0 (1.18) 23.0 (0.78) 14.4 (3.99) 25.7 (2.90) 20.5 (2.85) 19.7 (1.23) 19.6 (2.42)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 17.4 (0.55) 14.7 (0.86) 18.6 (0.93) 24.2 (5.51) 17.3 (1.58) 22.2 (3.05) 18.5 (1.29) 18.3 (2.63)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 15.7 (0.50) 14.2 (0.69) 15.8 (1.14) *11.0 (3.50) 18.2 (1.71) 18.8 (2.57) 16.6 (0.99) 16.8 (2.67)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 14.7 (0.52) 13.3 (0.68) 15.2 (1.80) 27.9 (7.67) 14.1 (1.52) 17.0 (3.23) 17.9 (1.27) 15.0 (2.92)

$75,000 or more ............................ 12.9 (0.34) 11.9 (0.42) 15.0 (1.91) *11.0 (4.39) 12.2 (1.20) 15.3 (2.81) 16.3 (0.78) 8.7 (1.73)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 (0.56) 16.3 (1.14) 22.3 (0.85) *13.7 (4.18) 22.3 (2.52) 20.8 (2.99) 18.5 (1.16) 20.3 (2.70)

Near poor ................................ 17.2 (0.50) 13.9 (0.77) 20.6 (1.00) 20.9 (4.49) 18.2 (1.67) 19.3 (2.63) 17.5 (1.05) 17.2 (2.23)

Not poor ................................. 14.2 (0.25) 12.8 (0.32) 15.9 (0.69) 16.5 (3.21) 14.3 (0.84) 18.0 (1.67) 17.1 (0.62) 12.2 (1.43)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 14.7 (0.25) 13.0 (0.31) 18.7 (0.75) 19.6 (3.67) 15.7 (0.91) 18.0 (1.77) 16.4 (0.53) 15.0 (1.28)

Rented .................................. 18.3 (0.43) 15.0 (0.79) 20.2 (0.67) 15.8 (2.70) 16.6 (1.20) 19.7 (1.80) 20.2 (0.92) 16.4 (2.04)

Some other arrangement ....................... 20.1 (1.60) 13.8 (2.38) 25.5 (2.94) *– 21.3 (5.75) *16.5 (11.37) 23.0 (3.90) *28.9 (12.19)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 14.2 (0.24) 12.7 (0.31) 16.8 (0.69) 18.1 (3.96) 15.1 (0.85) 15.6 (1.65) 16.2 (0.55) 12.1 (1.60)

Medicaid ................................. 21.2 (0.50) 18.5 (1.00) 23.2 (0.81) 16.1 (3.30) 20.5 (1.93) 21.5 (2.13) 22.1 (1.08) 18.4 (1.78)

Other ................................... 12.3 (1.21) 9.6 (1.64) 14.5 (2.80) *– *8.5 (2.67) 37.5 (10.95) 13.7 (2.79) *20.9 (8.01)

Uninsured ................................ 15.0 (0.59) 12.5 (0.94) 18.8 (1.37) 20.3 (5.55) 16.1 (2.44) 18.6 (3.24) 14.8 (1.03) 15.4 (2.73)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 15.1 (0.37) 12.5 (0.57) 17.8 (0.75) 18.3 (3.53) 14.5 (1.29) 17.6 (2.26) 16.3 (0.75) 14.6 (1.93)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 (0.30) 13.0 (0.39) 20.3 (0.79) 17.0 (3.23) 15.7 (0.97) 20.0 (1.84) 17.9 (0.65) 14.6 (1.55)

Not in MSA ............................... 17.5 (0.58) 15.2 (0.69) 22.1 (1.25) *16.6 (6.03) 18.4 (1.79) 18.5 (2.51) 17.9 (1.10) 19.9 (2.71)

Region

Northeast ................................ 16.9 (0.52) 13.7 (0.67) 21.8 (1.25) 19.5 (5.44) 16.6 (1.96) 20.2 (3.11) 19.5 (1.10) 16.3 (2.95)

Midwest ................................. 15.7 (0.45) 13.2 (0.58) 19.3 (1.12) 18.2 (5.31) 16.9 (1.69) 18.7 (2.67) 17.6 (1.00) 14.9 (2.48)

South ................................... 15.5 (0.38) 13.3 (0.53) 18.3 (0.72) 16.3 (4.45) 15.8 (1.13) 16.6 (1.82) 17.2 (0.78) 15.5 (1.63)

West ................................... 15.5 (0.41) 12.9 (0.56) 20.9 (1.18) 16.5 (3.45) 15.4 (1.41) 22.7 (2.79) 16.0 (0.89) 16.9 (2.57)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 89

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Number of missed school days is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months,
 

about how many days did [child’s name] miss school because of illness or injury?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to missed school
 

days and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 5–17 who missed 6 or more school days in the past 12 months due to illness or injury’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 90 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 31. Frequencies of children under age 18 without any health insurance, by family structure and by selected characteristics:

United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

under age

18 without Unmarried

health Single biological

Selected characteristics insurance Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 7,008 2,823 1,088 114 591 321 1,727 343

Sex

Male ................................... 3,561 1,418 506 67 301 163 926 180

Female .................................. 3,447 1,405 582 47 290 159 801 163

Age

0–4 years ................................ 1,504 673 173 58 96 78 361 65

5–17 years................................ 5,504 2,150 915 57 495 243 1,366 278

5–11 years .............................. 2,785 1,283 425 39 258 134 554 93

12–17 years ............................. 2,719 868 490 18 237 109 813 185

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 2,693 1,117 262 62 172 76 867 136

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 2,104 916 172 45 126 51 684 109

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 4,315 1,706 826 52 419 245 860 207

White, single race .......................... 2,879 1,291 456 32 323 195 484 98

Black or African American, single race ............. 850 157 278 12 69 30 229 76

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 2,058 818 269 37 102 98 697 37

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 1,877 718 292 42 218 107 461 40

More than high school diploma ................... 2,669 1,254 455 36 255 112 510 48

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 1,829 616 563 32 102 78 361 77

$20,000–$34,999............................ 2,073 835 343 35 186 93 480 102

$35,000–$54,999............................ 1,654 705 139 29 172 87 438 83

$55,000–$74,999............................ 720 324 28 13 65 35 227 *28

$75,000 or more ............................ 732 343 15 *6 66 28 221 54

Poverty status8 .............................

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,041 731 461 30 121 85 509 104

Near poor ................................ 2,575 986 395 43 244 109 674 125

Not poor ................................. 2,391 1,107 232 42 226 127 544 113

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 3,624 1,653 346 37 315 110 983 181

Rented .................................. 3,148 1,066 705 75 262 197 698 145

Some other arrangement ....................... 178 79 33 *2 *10 *8 33 *11

Place of residence10

Large MSA ............................... 2,264 804 398 51 158 96 644 112

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,314 1,386 461 51 302 142 816 155

Not in MSA ............................... 1,430 633 229 13 130 82 266 76

Region

Northeast ................................ 701 248 124 13 70 34 178 34

Midwest ................................. 1,108 452 178 22 103 71 231 51

South ................................... 3,256 1,327 538 35 281 147 762 167

West ................................... 1,944 797 249 45 137 69 556 92

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Health insurance coverage is obtained from a question in the Family Core that asked, ‘‘[Are you/Is

anyone] covered by health insurance or some other kind of health care plan?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Children with only Indian Health Service

coverage are also considered uninsured (see Appendix II). Unknowns with respect to health insurance coverage and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18

without health insurance’’ (see Appendix I).

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may

not add to totals because of rounding.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 91

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 92 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 32. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 without any health insurance, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children Family structure1

under age

18 without Unmarried

health Single biological

Selected characteristics insurance Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 9.6 (0.17) 8.0 (0.23) 9.1 (0.31) 10.8 (0.96) 9.4 (0.49) 14.2 (0.94) 12.6 (0.33) 15.2 (0.91)

Sex

Male ................................... 9.6 (0.22) 7.8 (0.30) 8.6 (0.40) 12.1 (1.37) 9.3 (0.69) 13.9 (1.32) 13.0 (0.45) 15.7 (1.35)

Female .................................. 9.7 (0.21) 8.2 (0.29) 9.7 (0.43) 9.4 (1.31) 9.4 (0.67) 14.6 (1.34) 12.1 (0.45) 14.8 (1.27)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 7.5 (0.23) 6.0 (0.29) 6.9 (0.57) 8.9 (1.12) 7.0 (0.81) 12.6 (1.72) 11.6 (0.67) 12.6 (1.73)

5–17 years................................ 10.4 (0.20) 8.9 (0.28) 9.7 (0.35) 13.9 (1.70) 10.0 (0.58) 14.8 (1.10) 12.8 (0.37) 16.0 (1.08)

5–11 years .............................. 9.9 (0.26) 8.9 (0.33) 8.7 (0.47) 13.2 (1.92) 10.1 (0.81) 13.7 (1.38) 13.6 (0.61) 11.4 (1.30)

12–17 years ............................. 11.0 (0.26) 9.0 (0.40) 10.9 (0.50) 16.0 (3.58) 10.0 (0.81) 16.5 (1.85) 12.4 (0.44) 20.2 (1.60)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 19.6 (0.40) 19.9 (0.61) 12.5 (0.69) 18.8 (1.95) 17.6 (1.27) 18.5 (2.10) 22.9 (0.73) 26.3 (2.00)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 22.3 (0.52) 22.6 (0.77) 14.8 (1.01) 20.0 (2.27) 18.9 (1.59) 19.3 (2.51) 25.6 (0.91) 28.5 (2.44)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 7.3 (0.18) 5.7 (0.23) 8.4 (0.33) 7.2 (1.03) 7.9 (0.52) 13.3 (1.05) 8.6 (0.35) 12.0 (1.04)

White, single race .......................... 6.6 (0.20) 5.2 (0.24) 8.8 (0.48) 6.7 (1.17) 7.7 (0.61) 14.8 (1.35) 7.5 (0.42) 10.8 (1.33)

Black or African American, single race ............. 8.0 (0.32) 7.2 (0.75) 7.0 (0.43) 6.7 (1.81) 8.1 (1.12) 7.7 (1.34) 9.7 (0.65) 11.4 (1.53)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 22.0 (0.59) 29.4 (1.30) 11.5 (0.71) 15.9 (2.29) 20.2 (2.33) 21.2 (2.29) 24.4 (0.92) 20.7 (3.81)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 11.6 (0.33) 12.3 (0.56) 8.6 (0.55) 10.6 (1.42) 12.2 (1.11) 13.1 (1.59) 12.4 (0.60) 16.4 (3.00)

More than high school diploma ................... 6.0 (0.15) 4.7 (0.18) 8.1 (0.41) 8.3 (1.40) 6.5 (0.48) 11.6 (1.36) 7.4 (0.34) 10.4 (2.10)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 14.2 (0.41) 20.8 (1.03) 9.7 (0.45) 10.5 (1.58) 15.6 (1.72) 14.9 (2.05) 16.9 (0.94) 16.1 (1.90)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 16.5 (0.44) 18.2 (0.80) 11.1 (0.65) 12.4 (1.93) 16.3 (1.38) 17.5 (2.16) 19.6 (0.94) 19.8 (2.27)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 11.8 (0.37) 10.8 (0.52) 7.7 (0.76) 11.1 (2.26) 11.1 (1.16) 16.0 (2.12) 15.7 (0.82) 16.1 (2.17)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 6.6 (0.32) 5.2 (0.42) 4.4 (1.20) 11.0 (3.16) 5.4 (0.97) 12.0 (2.71) 10.9 (0.92) 9.1 (2.61)

$75,000 or more ............................ 3.3 (0.17) 2.3 (0.20) 2.7 (0.69) *6.0 (4.19) 3.7 (0.76) 7.6 (1.95) 5.2 (0.40) 12.2 (2.00)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 (0.47) 22.1 (1.21) 9.2 (0.50) 10.8 (1.92) 14.7 (1.60) 14.9 (2.11) 17.8 (0.90) 17.0 (1.87)

Near poor ................................ 15.9 (0.40) 16.5 (0.67) 11.6 (0.63) 11.9 (1.79) 15.2 (1.30) 16.3 (1.89) 19.0 (0.78) 18.2 (1.94)

Not poor ................................. 5.5 (0.15) 4.3 (0.19) 6.6 (0.45) 9.9 (1.53) 5.8 (0.50) 12.5 (1.26) 7.4 (0.35) 11.9 (1.29)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 7.4 (0.18) 5.9 (0.21) 8.1 (0.49) 9.5 (1.49) 7.4 (0.54) 11.9 (1.31) 10.3 (0.37) 12.0 (1.03)

Rented .................................. 14.3 (0.31) 16.7 (0.62) 9.8 (0.39) 11.9 (1.27) 13.9 (1.02) 15.6 (1.32) 17.9 (0.67) 21.8 (1.93)

Some other arrangement ....................... 12.6 (1.10) 13.4 (1.85) 9.3 (1.72) *6.8 (4.20) *7.8 (2.95) *18.3 (8.28) 16.5 (2.77) *19.2 (6.40)

Place of residence10

Large MSA ............................... 10.9 (0.28) 9.6 (0.44) 8.6 (0.43) 13.6 (1.81) 10.3 (0.89) 14.8 (1.81) 14.4 (0.58) 14.2 (1.30)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 (0.22) 6.8 (0.27) 8.9 (0.48) 11.0 (1.37) 9.5 (0.76) 13.8 (1.36) 11.5 (0.45) 16.0 (1.43)

Not in MSA ............................... 10.5 (0.54) 9.9 (0.70) 10.8 (0.81) 5.8 (1.40) 8.2 (0.85) 14.3 (1.88) 12.3 (0.97) 15.3 (2.20)

Region

Northeast ................................ 5.4 (0.26) 3.8 (0.34) 5.8 (0.53) 7.2 (2.05) 8.7 (1.55) 9.7 (1.99) 6.9 (0.60) 10.2 (1.73)

Midwest ................................. 6.4 (0.25) 5.2 (0.35) 6.3 (0.52) 7.6 (1.49) 6.4 (0.90) 11.7 (1.96) 8.5 (0.61) 11.4 (1.82)

South ................................... 12.2 (0.33) 10.9 (0.46) 11.2 (0.56) 10.8 (1.67) 10.6 (0.76) 17.5 (1.62) 15.9 (0.58) 17.0 (1.53)

West ................................... 12.1 (0.40) 10.2 (0.51) 11.5 (0.72) 16.7 (2.36) 11.0 (1.06) 14.9 (1.89) 15.4 (0.75) 18.4 (1.88)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Health insurance coverage status is obtained from a question in the Family Core that asked, ‘‘[Are

you/Is anyone] covered by health insurance or some other kind of health care plan?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Children with only Indian Health
 

Service coverage are also considered uninsured (see Appendix II). Unknowns with respect to health insurance coverage and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under
 

age 18 without health insurance’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 93

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 94 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 33. Frequencies of children under age 18 without a usual place of health care, by family structure and by selected characteristics:

United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 without

a usual Unmarried

place of Single biological

Selected characteristics health care Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 3,678 1,340 687 50 301 176 935 189

Sex

Male ................................... 1,944 705 338 21 167 104 500 109

Female .................................. 1,734 635 349 29 134 72 436 80

Age

0–4 years ................................ 604 265 87 20 38 34 142 19

5–17 years................................ 3,074 1,075 600 30 263 142 794 171

5–11 years .............................. 1,379 590 253 *21 105 68 290 51

12–17 years ............................. 1,696 485 347 *9 158 74 504 120

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 1,506 558 189 27 89 57 503 83

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 1,188 459 129 17 63 44 408 68

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 2,172 782 497 23 211 119 433 106

White, single race .......................... 1,379 559 273 13 154 99 220 60

Black or African American, single race ............. 493 89 189 *4 43 16 124 28

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 1,109 402 193 16 36 55 385 23

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 917 293 195 *21 91 61 238 *17

More than high school diploma ................... 1,406 629 249 13 169 60 271 *16

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 1,061 327 371 16 40 49 216 42

$20,000–$34,999............................ 992 367 189 14 79 43 245 54

$35,000–$54,999............................ 756 255 86 *13 79 48 227 47

$55,000–$74,999............................ 408 165 29 *5 54 *21 117 18

$75,000 or more ............................ 462 225 12 *2 49 *16 130 28

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,173 382 319 12 47 50 308 54

Near poor ................................ 1,208 400 206 25 112 60 334 71

Not poor ................................. 1,298 557 162 12 142 66 294 65

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 1,775 746 205 *20 152 61 493 97

Rented .................................. 1,780 540 453 29 142 110 419 87

Some other arrangement ....................... 100 40 27 *1 *5 *5 17 *4

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 1,001 460 179 *6 122 32 175 27

Medicaid ................................. 685 158 207 *17 49 38 171 45

Other ................................... 54 *14 *12 *1 *9 *6 *13 *–

Uninsured ................................ 1,910 705 285 26 120 99 564 113

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 1,305 429 267 24 94 58 364 69

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,695 662 277 *19 145 84 429 78

Not in MSA ............................... 679 249 143 *7 61 34 143 42

Region

Northeast ................................ 234 89 40 *5 *12 *12 67 9

Midwest ................................. 583 227 120 *4 48 33 127 23

South ................................... 1,646 574 348 17 132 86 391 97

West ................................... 1,216 449 178 24 109 45 350 61

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 95

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Having a usual place of health care is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘Is there a place that
 

[child’s name] USUALLY goes when [he/she] is sick or you need advice about [his/her] health?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to
 

usual place of health care and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 without a usual place of health care’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 96 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 34. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 without a usual place of health care, by family structure and by

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 without

a usual Unmarried

place of Single biological

Selected characteristics health care Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 5.0 (0.11) 3.8 (0.14) 5.8 (0.27) 4.7 (0.76) 4.8 (0.37) 7.8 (0.68) 6.8 (0.24) 8.4 (0.71)

Sex

Male ................................... 5.2 (0.15) 3.9 (0.20) 5.7 (0.39) 3.8 (0.75) 5.2 (0.54) 8.9 (1.07) 7.0 (0.33) 9.5 (1.09)

Female .................................. 4.9 (0.15) 3.7 (0.20) 5.8 (0.36) 5.7 (1.36) 4.3 (0.45) 6.6 (0.82) 6.5 (0.33) 7.3 (0.90)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 3.0 (0.16) 2.4 (0.18) 3.5 (0.64) 3.1 (0.63) 2.7 (0.63) 5.5 (0.99) 4.5 (0.40) 3.6 (0.84)

5–17 years................................ 5.8 (0.14) 4.5 (0.19) 6.4 (0.29) 7.4 (1.69) 5.3 (0.43) 8.7 (0.86) 7.4 (0.28) 9.8 (0.89)

5–11 years .............................. 4.9 (0.17) 4.1 (0.22) 5.1 (0.38) 7.2 (2.16) 4.1 (0.49) 7.0 (0.98) 7.1 (0.45) 6.2 (1.05)

12–17 years ............................. 6.8 (0.20) 5.0 (0.28) 7.7 (0.46) *7.8 (2.39) 6.6 (0.66) 11.2 (1.54) 7.6 (0.35) 13.1 (1.36)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 10.9 (0.30) 9.9 (0.44) 9.0 (0.67) 8.1 (1.37) 9.1 (0.99) 13.9 (1.79) 13.2 (0.57) 15.9 (1.60)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 12.6 (0.39) 11.3 (0.56) 11.1 (0.98) 7.5 (1.46) 9.5 (1.25) 16.4 (2.39) 15.2 (0.73) 17.4 (1.92)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 3.7 (0.12) 2.6 (0.14) 5.1 (0.29) 3.2 (0.92) 4.0 (0.40) 6.4 (0.74) 4.3 (0.25) 6.1 (0.77)

White, single race .......................... 3.2 (0.13) 2.2 (0.15) 5.3 (0.38) 2.8 (0.68) 3.6 (0.46) 7.6 (1.00) 3.4 (0.26) 6.6 (1.13)

Black or African American, single race ............. 4.6 (0.28) 4.1 (0.58) 4.8 (0.50) *2.1 (0.86) 5.0 (0.88) 4.2 (0.94) 5.2 (0.52) 4.2 (0.90)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 11.8 (0.42) 14.5 (0.84) 8.3 (0.84) 6.8 (1.57) 7.0 (1.27) 11.8 (1.60) 13.4 (0.71) 13.1 (3.11)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 5.6 (0.24) 5.0 (0.36) 5.8 (0.48) *5.3 (1.64) 5.1 (0.71) 7.5 (1.12) 6.3 (0.47) *7.1 (2.13)

More than high school diploma ................... 3.1 (0.11) 2.4 (0.13) 4.4 (0.32) 3.1 (0.72) 4.3 (0.43) 6.2 (1.03) 3.9 (0.25) *3.4 (1.37)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 8.2 (0.31) 11.0 (0.73) 6.3 (0.42) 5.1 (1.06) 6.1 (1.07) 9.3 (1.35) 10.1 (0.75) 8.9 (1.39)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 7.9 (0.30) 8.0 (0.51) 6.1 (0.54) 5.0 (1.26) 6.9 (0.95) 8.0 (1.32) 10.0 (0.74) 10.5 (1.56)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 5.4 (0.24) 3.9 (0.31) 4.8 (0.62) *5.1 (2.36) 5.1 (0.84) 8.9 (1.74) 8.1 (0.64) 9.1 (1.68)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 3.8 (0.26) 2.6 (0.31) 4.5 (0.98) *4.4 (1.96) 4.5 (0.91) 7.1 (2.12) 5.6 (0.63) 5.8 (1.67)

$75,000 or more ............................ 2.1 (0.14) 1.5 (0.17) 2.2 (0.64) *1.8 (1.05) 2.8 (0.57) *4.3 (1.39) 3.0 (0.30) 6.4 (1.62)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 (0.34) 11.6 (0.79) 6.4 (0.49) 4.4 (1.08) 5.7 (1.00) 8.7 (1.34) 10.7 (0.72) 8.8 (1.30)

Near poor ................................ 7.4 (0.26) 6.7 (0.41) 6.1 (0.51) 7.0 (1.86) 7.0 (0.96) 9.0 (1.46) 9.3 (0.55) 10.2 (1.49)

Not poor ................................. 3.0 (0.11) 2.1 (0.14) 4.6 (0.39) 3.0 (0.79) 3.6 (0.40) 6.5 (0.94) 4.0 (0.25) 6.8 (1.05)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 3.6 (0.12) 2.6 (0.14) 4.8 (0.48) *5.1 (1.64) 3.6 (0.39) 6.6 (0.97) 5.1 (0.26) 6.4 (0.82)

Rented .................................. 8.1 (0.23) 8.5 (0.43) 6.3 (0.34) 4.5 (0.75) 7.5 (0.80) 8.7 (0.98) 10.7 (0.55) 13.2 (1.54)

Some other arrangement ....................... 7.1 (0.81) 6.7 (1.35) 7.8 (1.71) *3.8 (3.04) *4.0 (1.78) *10.4 (5.29) 8.6 (1.81) *7.4 (3.12)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 2.2 (0.09) 1.7 (0.11) 3.7 (0.32) *1.7 (0.60) 3.0 (0.41) 3.7 (0.72) 2.4 (0.18) 3.9 (1.03)

Medicaid ................................. 3.6 (0.18) 3.4 (0.31) 3.7 (0.38) *3.1 (1.13) 3.4 (0.56) 3.7 (0.62) 4.0 (0.35) 3.9 (0.59)

Other ................................... 3.4 (0.60) *1.8 (0.60) *4.6 (1.43) *6.4 (6.27) *4.0 (1.88) *10.6 (4.51) *5.3 (1.72) *–

Uninsured ................................ 27.4 (0.67) 25.0 (1.12) 26.3 (1.45) 22.3 (3.54) 20.3 (1.99) 31.1 (3.30) 32.8 (1.27) 33.3 (3.07)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 6.2 (0.21) 5.1 (0.32) 5.8 (0.39) 6.5 (1.21) 6.1 (0.75) 8.9 (1.45) 8.1 (0.44) 8.7 (1.05)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 (0.14) 3.2 (0.17) 5.4 (0.37) *4.1 (1.36) 4.6 (0.47) 8.1 (1.01) 6.0 (0.32) 8.0 (1.06)

Not in MSA ............................... 5.0 (0.34) 3.9 (0.38) 6.7 (0.87) *3.0 (0.96) 3.8 (0.83) 5.9 (1.15) 6.5 (0.68) 8.5 (1.76)

Region

Northeast ................................ 1.8 (0.16) 1.3 (0.21) 1.9 (0.35) *2.7 (1.38) *1.4 (0.48) *3.3 (1.17) 2.5 (0.36) 2.9 (0.83)

Midwest ................................. 3.4 (0.20) 2.6 (0.24) 4.2 (0.47) *1.5 (0.58) 3.0 (0.55) 5.5 (1.30) 4.6 (0.48) 5.1 (1.30)

South ................................... 6.2 (0.22) 4.7 (0.28) 7.3 (0.50) 5.1 (1.05) 5.0 (0.55) 10.2 (1.22) 8.1 (0.42) 9.8 (1.18)

West ................................... 7.6 (0.27) 5.7 (0.34) 8.2 (0.66) 8.9 (2.35) 8.7 (1.22) 9.8 (1.57) 9.6 (0.53) 12.0 (1.75)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 97

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Having a usual place of health care is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘Is there a place that
 

[child’s name] USUALLY goes when [he/she] is sick or you need advice about [his/her] health?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to
 

usual place of health care and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 without a usual place of health care’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 98 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 35. Frequencies of children under age 18 with a problem for which prescription medication has been used regularly for at least 3

months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age

18 with a Family structure1

problem

requiring

prescription

medication Unmarried

for at least Single biological

Selected characteristics 3 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 9,427 4,078 1,854 98 962 323 1,736 376

Sex

Male ................................... 5,384 2,328 1,062 62 578 205 947 203

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,043 1,751 792 36 384 118 789 174

Age

0–4 years ................................ 1,564 813 277 40 94 52 235 53

5–17 years................................ 7,863 3,265 1,577 58 868 271 1,500 323

5–11 years .............................. 3,715 1,710 781 41 427 145 465 146
 

12–17 years ............................. 4,148 1,555 796 *17 441 126 1,036 177
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 1,102 378 232 20 94 39 278 62 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 248 95 14 59 23 167 44 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 8,324 3,701 1,622 77 868 284 1,458 314 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,517 3,265 967 54 744 206 1,108 173 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 1,292 222 549 20 86 48 265 102
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 853 162 335 *15 60 52 214 *14

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 1,980 616 466 40 238 99 483 38

More than high school diploma ................... 6,264 3,294 969 43 656 166 1,029 108

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 1,753 297 931 28 91 68 267 71 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 1,575 427 472 26 189 76 294 91 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 1,677 674 274 24 238 88 310 69 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 1,356 694 103 *7 174 44 278 55 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 3,064 1,986 73 12 269 47 586 90
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,722 302 774 25 124 73 333 90

Near poor ................................ 2,024 582 532 39 245 101 406 118

Not poor ................................. 5,681 3,195 547 33 593 149 996 168

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 6,610 3,495 704 42 670 138 1,267 293

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,589 513 1,083 51 265 172 433 71

Some other arrangement ....................... 198 61 64 *5 19 *9 30 *10

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,907 3,290 745 34 640 118 982 99 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,837 565 970 54 237 157 616 238 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 105 35 *– 36 *13 28 *9 
 

Uninsured ................................ 439 115 102 *9 47 34 101 30
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 2,384 815 666 19 210 75 498 103 
 

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,035 2,457 841 56 453 163 903 162 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 2,007 807 347 23 299 85 335 111 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 1,748 780 362 22 110 66 347 60 
 

Midwest ................................. 2,391 1,078 461 33 262 75 377 104 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,819 1,620 778 28 425 131 677 160 
 

West ................................... 1,468 600 253 14 164 51 334 52 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 99

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Use of prescription medication is based on a question asked, ‘‘Does [child’s name] now have a
 

problem for which [he/she] has regularly taken prescription medication for at least three months?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to
 

prescription medication usage and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with a problem requiring prescription medication for at least 3 months’’ (see
 

Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 100 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 36. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 with a problem for which prescription medication has been used

regularly for at least 3 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age

18 with Family structure1

a problem

requiring

prescription Unmarried

medication for at Single biological

Selected characteristics least 3 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 12.9 (0.16) 11.6 (0.21) 15.5 (0.40) 9.2 (1.00) 15.2 (0.60) 14.3 (1.01) 12.5 (0.36) 16.6 (1.06)

Sex

Male ................................... 14.4 (0.23) 12.9 (0.31) 17.9 (0.59) 11.0 (1.45) 17.9 (0.88) 17.5 (1.56) 13.2 (0.49) 17.5 (1.50)

Female .................................. 11.3 (0.21) 10.2 (0.28) 13.2 (0.53) 7.2 (1.40) 12.4 (0.81) 10.8 (1.14) 11.8 (0.52) 15.6 (1.44)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 7.8 (0.24) 7.2 (0.31) 11.0 (0.73) 6.1 (0.98) 6.8 (0.96) 8.3 (1.48) 7.5 (0.51) 10.1 (1.96)

5–17 years................................ 14.8 (0.20) 13.6 (0.28) 16.7 (0.46) 14.2 (2.06) 17.6 (0.72) 16.5 (1.23) 14.0 (0.43) 18.5 (1.24)

5–11 years .............................. 13.2 (0.26) 11.8 (0.34) 15.9 (0.62) 13.8 (2.25) 16.7 (1.05) 14.8 (1.50) 11.3 (0.63) 17.7 (1.76)

12–17 years ............................. 16.7 (0.30) 16.2 (0.48) 17.6 (0.66) 15.2 (4.51) 18.5 (0.97) 19.0 (2.08) 15.7 (0.58) 19.3 (1.72)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 8.0 (0.25) 6.7 (0.36) 11.0 (0.72) 6.2 (1.18) 9.5 (1.02) 9.4 (1.48) 7.3 (0.45) 11.9 (1.73)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 6.9 (0.29) 6.1 (0.41) 8.2 (0.88) 6.2 (1.50) 8.9 (1.19) 8.5 (1.79) 6.2 (0.51) 11.3 (1.87)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 14.1 (0.19) 12.5 (0.24) 16.5 (0.46) 10.6 (1.34) 16.3 (0.68) 15.3 (1.17) 14.5 (0.46) 18.0 (1.27)

White, single race .......................... 15.0 (0.23) 13.1 (0.27) 18.6 (0.67) 11.4 (1.83) 17.7 (0.81) 15.6 (1.44) 17.1 (0.63) 19.0 (1.72)

Black or African American, single race ............. 12.1 (0.37) 10.2 (0.70) 13.8 (0.64) 11.6 (2.40) 10.1 (1.25) 12.1 (2.11) 11.1 (0.68) 15.1 (1.90)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 9.1 (0.37) 5.8 (0.50) 14.3 (0.86) 6.4 (1.87) 11.7 (1.80) 11.3 (1.83) 7.5 (0.71) *7.9 (2.40)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 12.2 (0.32) 10.5 (0.49) 13.7 (0.68) 10.1 (1.80) 13.3 (1.14) 12.1 (1.58) 12.9 (0.65) 15.5 (3.53)

More than high school diploma ................... 14.0 (0.21) 12.5 (0.25) 17.2 (0.61) 10.0 (1.57) 16.6 (0.77) 17.2 (1.67) 14.8 (0.54) 23.3 (3.10)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 13.5 (0.36) 10.0 (0.70) 15.9 (0.57) 9.0 (1.95) 13.8 (1.80) 13.0 (2.05) 12.4 (0.88) 14.8 (1.81)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 12.5 (0.37) 9.3 (0.57) 15.3 (0.77) 9.2 (2.02) 16.7 (1.54) 14.1 (2.19) 12.0 (0.88) 17.5 (2.38)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 11.9 (0.37) 10.3 (0.48) 15.2 (1.01) 9.4 (2.43) 15.2 (1.34) 16.3 (2.33) 11.0 (0.72) 13.3 (2.12)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 12.5 (0.43) 11.1 (0.54) 16.3 (1.82) *6.2 (2.16) 14.5 (1.49) 15.1 (3.00) 13.2 (1.11) 17.9 (3.40)

$75,000 or more ............................ 13.6 (0.31) 13.3 (0.37) 13.1 (1.71) 13.2 (3.45) 15.3 (1.17) 12.7 (2.69) 13.6 (0.62) 20.3 (3.35)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 (0.38) 9.1 (0.67) 15.5 (0.64) 9.0 (2.09) 15.0 (1.93) 12.7 (1.98) 11.6 (0.83) 14.5 (1.86)

Near poor ................................ 12.4 (0.37) 9.7 (0.54) 15.7 (0.77) 10.9 (2.14) 15.3 (1.32) 15.1 (1.96) 11.3 (0.77) 16.9 (2.13)

Not poor ................................. 13.1 (0.20) 12.3 (0.25) 15.4 (0.65) 7.9 (1.24) 15.3 (0.74) 14.6 (1.47) 13.5 (0.48) 17.6 (1.76)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 13.4 (0.19) 12.4 (0.24) 16.3 (0.66) 10.6 (1.80) 15.7 (0.72) 14.9 (1.51) 13.1 (0.44) 19.2 (1.39)

Rented .................................. 11.8 (0.27) 8.1 (0.42) 15.0 (0.51) 8.0 (1.17) 14.0 (1.02) 13.5 (1.29) 11.0 (0.61) 10.6 (1.51)

Some other arrangement ....................... 13.9 (1.18) 10.3 (1.51) 18.0 (2.18) *17.0 (9.32) 14.3 (3.45) *19.0 (12.52) 14.6 (3.02) *17.8 (6.42)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 13.0 (0.19) 12.2 (0.24) 15.2 (0.61) 9.1 (1.46) 15.8 (0.75) 13.7 (1.63) 13.2 (0.48) 14.4 (1.81)

Medicaid ................................. 15.1 (0.34) 12.0 (0.63) 17.1 (0.61) 9.7 (1.60) 16.5 (1.41) 15.5 (1.56) 14.3 (0.70) 20.3 (1.63)

Other ................................... 14.1 (1.05) 13.7 (1.43) 13.8 (2.41) *– 16.7 (3.13) *22.9 (8.07) 11.5 (1.97) *17.2 (7.57)

Uninsured ................................ 6.3 (0.34) 4.1 (0.42) 9.4 (1.02) *8.0 (2.42) 7.9 (1.38) 10.6 (2.13) 5.9 (0.64) 8.9 (1.95)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 11.4 (0.28) 9.7 (0.40) 14.4 (0.60) 5.0 (0.98) 13.6 (1.11) 11.3 (1.57) 11.0 (0.54) 12.9 (1.45)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 (0.23) 12.0 (0.29) 16.3 (0.64) 12.2 (1.73) 14.3 (0.84) 15.8 (1.60) 12.6 (0.50) 16.6 (1.66)

Not in MSA ............................... 14.8 (0.42) 12.6 (0.53) 16.3 (0.98) 10.2 (2.59) 18.7 (1.34) 14.8 (1.86) 15.3 (1.07) 22.3 (2.53)

Region

Northeast ................................ 13.4 (0.39) 11.8 (0.51) 17.0 (0.97) 12.2 (2.84) 13.6 (1.45) 18.6 (3.03) 13.2 (0.88) 18.3 (2.76)

Midwest ................................. 13.9 (0.37) 12.4 (0.45) 16.3 (0.91) 11.6 (2.37) 16.3 (1.35) 12.4 (1.86) 13.7 (0.87) 23.3 (2.90)

South ................................... 14.3 (0.26) 13.3 (0.36) 16.2 (0.63) 8.7 (1.58) 16.0 (0.94) 15.5 (1.74) 14.0 (0.60) 16.2 (1.51)

West ................................... 9.1 (0.29) 7.7 (0.38) 11.6 (0.75) 5.2 (1.25) 13.1 (1.10) 11.1 (1.57) 9.2 (0.60) 10.2 (1.93)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 101

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An other family consists of one or more children living with related
 

or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Use of prescription medication is based on a question asked, ‘‘Does [child’s name] now have a
 

problem for which [he/she] has regularly taken prescription medication for at least three months?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to
 

prescription medication usage and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 with a problem requiring prescription medication for at least 3 months’’ (see
 

Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 102 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 37. Frequencies of children under age 18 who made two or more visits to a hospital ER in the past 12 months, by family structure

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age

18 who made Family structure1

two or more

visits to

hospital ER Unmarried

in the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 5,239 1,992 1,200 125 438 227 1,035 222

Sex

Male ................................... 2,815 1,122 661 64 199 109 560 100

Female .................................. 2,424 870 539 61 239 118 475 122

Age

0–4 years ................................ 2,004 804 425 85 144 92 375 78

5–17 years................................ 3,235 1,187 775 39 294 135 660 145

5–11 years .............................. 1,729 716 405 *24 164 79 282 59

12–17 years ............................. 1,505 471 370 *15 131 56 377 86

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 1,014 347 203 31 63 52 266 51

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 593 232 84 15 31 26 164 39

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 4,225 1,645 997 94 375 175 768 171

White, single race .......................... 2,856 1,359 468 51 289 117 485 87

Black or African American, single race ............. 1,011 155 452 25 63 34 220 62

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 934 230 313 29 41 68 232 20

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 1,382 390 337 54 163 73 349 16

More than high school diploma ................... 2,700 1,357 490 42 224 84 443 61

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 1,527 278 763 34 79 59 251 63

$20,000–$34,999............................ 1,085 341 265 40 101 72 211 56

$35,000–$54,999............................ 974 412 112 34 129 43 202 41

$55,000–$74,999............................ 607 296 35 *9 64 34 138 *31

$75,000 or more ............................ 1,046 665 25 *8 65 *19 233 31

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511 302 644 29 92 66 294 85

Near poor ................................ 1,378 397 335 56 140 82 297 70

Not poor ................................. 2,349 1,293 221 40 205 79 444 67

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 2,864 1,404 308 45 268 84 621 134

Rented .................................. 2,211 542 846 73 159 139 378 74

Some other arrangement ....................... 146 41 43 *6 *11 *4 26 *15

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 2,452 1,332 328 41 225 44 429 54

Medicaid ................................. 2,156 411 759 71 159 140 485 131

Other ................................... 128 68 21 *2 *12 *10 14 *1

Uninsured ................................ 485 178 91 11 39 31 100 34

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 1,649 506 484 45 114 68 349 83

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,473 1,100 463 49 200 99 467 95

Not in MSA ............................... 1,117 386 253 31 124 60 219 44

Region

Northeast ................................ 1,005 379 240 25 74 40 212 34

Midwest ................................. 1,217 506 273 36 101 60 199 *43

South ................................... 2,158 770 535 39 200 87 434 93

West ................................... 859 336 152 25 64 39 190 52

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 103

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding emergency room (ER) visits is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During
 

the past 12 months, how many times has [child’s name] gone to a hospital emergency room about [his/her] health? (This includes emergency room visits that resulted in a hospital admission.)’’ A
 

knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to ER visits and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 who
 

made two or more visits to hospital ER in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 104 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 38. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who made two or more visits to a hospital ER in the past 12 months,

by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age 1 Family structure 18 who made

two or more

visits to

hospital ER Unmarried

in the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 7.2 (0.13) 5.7 (0.16) 10.1 (0.33) 11.8 (1.13) 6.9 (0.43) 10.1 (0.84) 7.5 (0.26) 9.9 (0.87)

Sex

Male ................................... 7.6 (0.18) 6.2 (0.24) 11.2 (0.49) 11.4 (1.33) 6.2 (0.50) 9.3 (1.12) 7.9 (0.38) 8.7 (0.98)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 (0.17) 5.1 (0.21) 9.0 (0.43) 12.2 (1.89) 7.7 (0.69) 10.9 (1.24) 7.2 (0.36) 11.0 (1.46)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 10.0 (0.25) 7.2 (0.30) 17.0 (0.82) 13.1 (1.29) 10.4 (1.09) 15.0 (1.99) 12.0 (0.65) 15.0 (1.90)

5–17 years................................ 6.1 (0.14) 4.9 (0.20) 8.3 (0.34) 9.7 (2.10) 6.0 (0.46) 8.2 (0.84) 6.2 (0.27) 8.3 (0.99)

5–11 years .............................. 6.2 (0.19) 5.0 (0.25) 8.3 (0.46) 8.2 (2.36) 6.4 (0.72) 8.0 (1.09) 6.9 (0.46) 7.2 (1.07) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 6.1 (0.20) 4.9 (0.29) 8.3 (0.49) *13.5 (4.45) 5.5 (0.57) 8.5 (1.33) 5.8 (0.33) 9.4 (1.63) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 7.4 (0.24) 6.2 (0.34) 9.7 (0.68) 9.4 (1.42) 6.4 (0.78) 12.7 (2.18) 7.0 (0.38) 9.9 (1.52) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 (0.26) 5.7 (0.39) 7.2 (0.73) 6.9 (1.41) 4.7 (0.82) 9.9 (2.18) 6.1 (0.43) 10.2 (1.81) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 7.2 (0.15) 5.6 (0.18) 10.2 (0.37) 12.9 (1.52) 7.0 (0.50) 9.5 (0.89) 7.7 (0.33) 9.9 (1.06) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 (0.17) 5.5 (0.20) 9.1 (0.51) 10.9 (1.71) 6.9 (0.53) 8.9 (1.07) 7.5 (0.42) 9.6 (1.65) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 9.6 (0.34) 7.1 (0.62) 11.5 (0.60) 14.6 (2.54) 7.4 (1.13) 8.8 (1.54) 9.3 (0.69) 9.3 (1.34) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 10.0 (0.42) 8.3 (0.87) 13.5 (0.85) 12.5 (2.23) 8.1 (1.47) 14.8 (2.32) 8.1 (0.56) 11.4 (2.93)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 8.5 (0.26) 6.7 (0.40) 10.0 (0.62) 13.7 (2.18) 9.1 (0.90) 8.9 (1.22) 9.3 (0.52) 6.5 (1.90)

More than high school diploma ................... 6.0 (0.14) 5.1 (0.17) 8.7 (0.44) 9.8 (1.50) 5.7 (0.51) 8.7 (1.16) 6.4 (0.36) 13.2 (2.89)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 11.9 (0.36) 9.4 (0.70) 13.2 (0.52) 11.0 (1.84) 12.1 (1.86) 11.3 (1.83) 11.7 (0.83) 13.2 (1.73) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 8.6 (0.32) 7.4 (0.50) 8.6 (0.62) 14.0 (2.05) 8.9 (1.16) 13.5 (1.88) 8.6 (0.65) 10.8 (1.88) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 7.0 (0.28) 6.3 (0.39) 6.2 (0.66) 13.2 (3.17) 8.3 (0.93) 8.0 (1.70) 7.2 (0.54) 8.0 (1.59) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 5.6 (0.30) 4.8 (0.35) 5.6 (1.03) *7.8 (2.99) 5.3 (0.90) 11.6 (2.80) 6.6 (0.66) *10.2 (3.80) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 4.7 (0.18) 4.5 (0.23) 4.5 (0.93) *8.9 (3.62) 3.7 (0.67) 5.1 (1.53) 5.4 (0.41) 7.1 (1.54) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 (0.39) 9.2 (0.82) 13.0 (0.58) 10.3 (2.01) 11.2 (1.69) 11.5 (1.99) 10.3 (0.74) 13.8 (1.90)

Near poor ................................ 8.5 (0.28) 6.7 (0.43) 9.9 (0.62) 15.5 (2.44) 8.8 (1.01) 12.4 (1.72) 8.3 (0.58) 10.1 (1.99)

Not poor ................................. 5.5 (0.13) 5.0 (0.17) 6.3 (0.44) 9.6 (1.45) 5.3 (0.47) 7.8 (1.02) 6.0 (0.31) 7.1 (0.96)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 5.8 (0.14) 5.0 (0.17) 7.2 (0.48) 11.5 (2.16) 6.3 (0.52) 9.1 (1.26) 6.5 (0.30) 8.8 (1.07)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 (0.24) 8.6 (0.42) 11.8 (0.44) 11.6 (1.19) 8.4 (0.78) 11.0 (1.17) 9.7 (0.54) 11.2 (1.36)

Some other arrangement ....................... 10.4 (1.03) 7.0 (1.17) 12.1 (2.01) *21.7 (9.46) *8.6 (3.05) *9.5 (6.64) 12.6 (2.71) *25.1 (9.86)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 (0.13) 5.0 (0.17) 6.7 (0.40) 10.9 (1.69) 5.5 (0.46) 5.1 (0.95) 5.8 (0.32) 7.9 (1.80) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 (0.30) 8.8 (0.50) 13.5 (0.53) 12.7 (1.77) 11.1 (1.15) 13.8 (1.46) 11.3 (0.57) 11.3 (1.21) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 (0.76) 8.9 (1.22) 8.3 (1.72) *13.2 (8.84) 5.6 (1.62) *18.3 (7.14) 5.6 (1.35) *1.7 (1.65) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 7.0 (0.43) 6.3 (0.82) 8.4 (1.00) 10.1 (2.56) 6.7 (1.42) 9.7 (1.97) 5.8 (0.56) 10.0 (1.59) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 7.9 (0.22) 6.1 (0.31) 10.5 (0.52) 12.0 (1.51) 7.4 (0.75) 10.4 (1.38) 7.8 (0.43) 10.5 (1.79)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 (0.16) 5.4 (0.21) 9.0 (0.48) 10.6 (1.72) 6.3 (0.63) 9.7 (1.25) 6.6 (0.33) 9.8 (1.20)

Not in MSA ............................... 8.2 (0.36) 6.1 (0.43) 11.9 (0.83) 14.2 (3.06) 7.7 (0.95) 10.5 (1.84) 10.0 (0.89) 8.9 (1.26)

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 7.8 (0.28) 5.8 (0.36) 11.3 (0.78) 13.7 (2.63) 9.2 (1.30) 11.4 (2.57) 8.1 (0.59) 10.5 (2.14) 
 

Midwest ................................. 7.1 (0.28) 5.8 (0.34) 9.7 (0.64) 12.5 (2.27) 6.3 (0.93) 10.1 (1.77) 7.3 (0.63) 9.6 (2.67) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 (0.24) 6.3 (0.31) 11.2 (0.57) 12.2 (1.90) 7.5 (0.69) 10.3 (1.25) 9.0 (0.50) 9.5 (1.05) 
 

West ................................... 5.3 (0.20) 4.3 (0.26) 7.1 (0.59) 9.3 (2.40) 5.1 (0.67) 8.6 (1.59) 5.3 (0.38) 10.4 (1.84) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 105

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding emergency room (ER) visits is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During
 

the past 12 months, how many times has [child’s name] gone to a hospital emergency room about [his/her] health? (This includes emergency room visits that resulted in a hospital admission.)’’ A
 

knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to ER visits and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 who
 

made two or more visits to hospital ER in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 106 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 39. Frequencies of children aged 1–17 who did not have a medical checkup in the past 12 months, by family structure and by

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 1–17

who did Family structure1

not have

a medical

checkup Unmarried

in the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 19,414 8,609 3,278 222 1,810 656 4,145 693

Sex

Male ................................... 9,872 4,429 1,565 120 925 347 2,151 335

Female .................................. 9,542 4,180 1,713 102 885 308 1,994 358

Age

1–4 years ................................ 2,532 1,320 332 75 163 100 469 73

5–17 years................................ 16,882 7,290 2,946 147 1,647 555 3,677 621

5–11 years .............................. 8,385 4,283 1,412 104 800 309 1,246 233

12–17 years ............................. 8,497 3,007 1,535 43 847 247 2,431 388

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 4,450 1,794 605 93 281 147 1,344 186

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 3,486 1,463 395 70 214 98 1,093 153

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 14,963 6,816 2,673 129 1,529 509 2,801 507

White, single race .......................... 11,394 5,779 1,647 87 1,260 405 1,916 300

Black or African American, single race ............. 2,262 426 845 21 188 75 548 159

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 3,469 1,176 693 63 188 163 1,123 63

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 4,794 1,736 975 86 569 242 1,125 60

More than high school diploma ................... 10,364 5,645 1,437 73 1,031 245 1,821 112

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 3,784 934 1,594 58 186 156 699 158

$20,000–$34,999............................ 3,901 1,473 890 62 341 140 826 169

$35,000–$54,999............................ 4,120 1,845 495 62 453 172 925 170

$55,000–$74,999............................ 2,844 1,465 172 25 357 90 645 91

$75,000 or more ............................ 4,765 2,893 129 15 473 97 1,051 107

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,087 1,125 1,359 60 223 165 951 204

Near poor ................................ 5,010 1,885 954 85 473 197 1,186 231

Not poor ................................. 10,317 5,600 965 78 1,115 294 2,008 258

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 12,948 6,715 1,322 103 1,243 263 2,855 446

Rented .................................. 5,956 1,694 1,824 114 537 380 1,193 213

Some other arrangement ....................... 410 155 114 *5 21 *12 77 *27

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 10,902 5,808 1,335 83 1,149 238 2,084 206

Medicaid ................................. 4,511 1,162 1,316 89 360 258 1,056 270

Other ................................... 373 158 78 *3 42 *10 67 *16

Uninsured ................................ 3,555 1,465 535 48 257 146 905 198

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 5,356 2,034 1,093 82 403 202 1,303 240

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,355 4,431 1,392 95 852 286 2,026 273

Not in MSA ............................... 4,703 2,145 793 45 555 168 816 181

Region

Northeast ................................ 1,739 782 290 29 126 56 382 75

Midwest ................................. 4,553 2,160 785 56 447 163 804 138

South ................................... 7,675 3,230 1,449 54 820 253 1,554 314

West ................................... 5,447 2,437 755 82 417 184 1,405 167

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 107

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding receipt of medical checkup is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 12 months, did [child’s name] receive a well child check-up––that is, a general check-up when [he/she] was not sick or injured?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child
 

respondents. Unknowns with respect to receipt of medical checkups and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 1–17 who did not have a medical checkup in the past
 

12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 108 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 40. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 1–17 who did not have a medical checkup in the past 12 months, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 1–17 1 Family structure who did not
 

have a
 

medical
 

checkup in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 28.4 (0.28) 26.2 (0.36) 28.7 (0.55) 26.1 (1.69) 30.2 (0.81) 30.8 (1.36) 31.9 (0.52) 32.6 (1.30)

Sex

Male ................................... 28.2 (0.36) 26.2 (0.48) 27.6 (0.75) 26.9 (2.34) 30.1 (1.09) 31.9 (1.89) 31.9 (0.71) 31.1 (1.72)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.5 (0.36) 26.1 (0.48) 29.7 (0.75) 25.1 (2.37) 30.4 (1.16) 29.7 (1.89) 31.8 (0.72) 34.1 (1.98)

Age
 

1–4 years ................................ 15.8 (0.40) 14.6 (0.48) 15.8 (1.13) 16.8 (1.73) 14.7 (1.35) 19.8 (2.38) 19.3 (0.96) 18.0 (2.47) 
 

5–17 years................................ 32.2 (0.32) 30.5 (0.44) 31.5 (0.61) 36.2 (2.80) 33.8 (0.92) 34.2 (1.61) 34.8 (0.58) 36.0 (1.47) 
 

5–11 years .............................. 30.1 (0.40) 29.8 (0.53) 29.0 (0.82) 35.3 (3.16) 31.8 (1.31) 31.9 (2.00) 30.7 (0.89) 28.5 (2.00) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 34.6 (0.42) 31.6 (0.64) 34.3 (0.84) 38.7 (5.37) 35.9 (1.26) 37.7 (2.48) 37.3 (0.70) 42.8 (2.16) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 34.6 (0.50) 34.0 (0.70) 30.2 (1.11) 35.4 (2.74) 30.2 (1.62) 37.4 (2.64) 38.3 (0.88) 39.3 (2.48) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.6 (0.60) 38.3 (0.83) 35.8 (1.49) 39.5 (3.19) 33.9 (2.02) 39.0 (3.02) 44.4 (1.05) 43.4 (3.02) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 26.9 (0.32) 24.7 (0.41) 28.3 (0.62) 21.9 (2.13) 30.2 (0.92) 29.3 (1.54) 29.5 (0.62) 30.7 (1.55) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.8 (0.38) 24.9 (0.45) 32.9 (0.84) 23.3 (2.51) 31.5 (1.06) 32.6 (1.98) 31.0 (0.79) 34.8 (2.33) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 22.7 (0.62) 21.1 (1.11) 22.4 (0.90) 14.4 (2.73) 23.5 (1.90) 20.5 (2.55) 24.5 (1.18) 24.9 (2.15) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 40.0 (0.72) 45.6 (1.25) 31.3 (1.34) 32.9 (3.22) 39.8 (2.95) 37.1 (2.79) 42.8 (1.16) 41.6 (5.55)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 31.5 (0.51) 31.5 (0.83) 30.1 (0.99) 26.8 (2.92) 33.6 (1.68) 31.5 (2.20) 32.2 (0.89) 28.4 (4.55)

More than high school diploma ................... 24.6 (0.32) 22.9 (0.39) 26.4 (0.72) 21.5 (2.68) 27.4 (0.96) 27.1 (1.93) 27.2 (0.72) 25.2 (3.50)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 31.7 (0.59) 34.8 (1.19) 28.8 (0.79) 24.1 (2.71) 31.1 (2.55) 33.0 (2.80) 35.3 (1.29) 36.0 (2.93) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 33.0 (0.60) 34.5 (0.99) 29.9 (1.02) 27.4 (3.29) 32.1 (1.91) 27.8 (2.64) 36.0 (1.27) 34.0 (2.92) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 31.3 (0.55) 30.3 (0.80) 28.1 (1.23) 28.9 (3.71) 30.2 (1.69) 33.7 (3.01) 35.1 (1.15) 35.4 (3.05) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 27.8 (0.63) 25.2 (0.77) 27.7 (2.29) 25.6 (5.29) 31.3 (1.87) 31.5 (3.74) 32.2 (1.44) 31.2 (4.89) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 22.5 (0.44) 20.6 (0.49) 23.9 (2.18) 20.7 (4.94) 28.0 (1.53) 27.3 (3.13) 25.6 (0.97) 25.2 (3.45) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.8 (0.63) 37.1 (1.31) 28.8 (0.93) 26.5 (3.08) 29.6 (2.41) 31.5 (2.83) 35.9 (1.24) 36.0 (2.64)

Near poor ................................ 33.0 (0.56) 34.0 (0.92) 29.2 (0.98) 29.1 (3.15) 31.4 (1.85) 31.6 (2.55) 35.6 (1.08) 35.7 (2.78)

Not poor ................................. 25.3 (0.32) 23.0 (0.38) 28.0 (0.89) 23.1 (2.27) 29.9 (0.98) 29.9 (1.82) 28.5 (0.68) 28.3 (1.99)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 27.8 (0.33) 25.4 (0.40) 31.4 (0.89) 30.3 (3.09) 30.6 (1.02) 29.7 (2.09) 31.2 (0.63) 30.8 (1.55)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 (0.44) 29.6 (0.76) 26.7 (0.67) 23.2 (1.90) 30.1 (1.47) 32.2 (1.80) 33.2 (0.91) 34.9 (2.39)

Some other arrangement ....................... 31.2 (1.55) 28.5 (2.45) 33.7 (2.88) *24.5 (9.15) 16.9 (4.05) *27.5 (9.47) 39.5 (3.85) 52.8 (9.95)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5 (0.32) 23.0 (0.39) 28.1 (0.76) 27.4 (2.89) 29.5 (0.99) 28.9 (1.94) 29.0 (0.69) 31.2 (2.46) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.2 (0.47) 27.3 (0.91) 24.7 (0.80) 20.4 (2.19) 27.5 (1.74) 27.7 (2.13) 27.4 (0.91) 25.0 (1.72) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4 (1.29) 22.9 (1.81) 31.8 (3.47) *23.1 (10.17) 21.3 (3.82) *19.1 (6.32) 29.7 (3.15) 33.0 (8.30) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 53.0 (0.79) 54.5 (1.31) 50.4 (1.64) 47.0 (4.58) 44.7 (2.68) 47.5 (3.57) 54.9 (1.41) 61.4 (3.22) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 27.5 (0.45) 26.4 (0.68) 24.8 (0.76) 27.1 (2.55) 27.6 (1.43) 32.6 (2.24) 30.9 (0.85) 32.3 (2.41) 
 

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 (0.38) 23.1 (0.45) 27.9 (0.84) 25.0 (2.50) 28.2 (1.16) 29.8 (2.05) 30.0 (0.72) 29.9 (1.83) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 36.8 (0.86) 35.8 (1.04) 38.8 (1.52) 26.5 (4.59) 36.8 (1.67) 30.5 (2.89) 39.9 (1.52) 38.4 (2.77) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 14.1 (0.47) 12.6 (0.61) 14.0 (0.89) 19.2 (3.43) 16.3 (1.68) 17.1 (3.37) 15.3 (0.93) 23.9 (3.39) 
 

Midwest ................................. 28.3 (0.54) 26.7 (0.74) 29.0 (1.11) 24.9 (3.80) 29.7 (1.68) 29.0 (2.73) 30.9 (1.05) 33.1 (3.24) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.9 (0.51) 28.6 (0.63) 31.6 (0.95) 21.5 (2.65) 32.7 (1.32) 31.5 (2.11) 34.6 (0.89) 34.0 (1.89) 
 

West ................................... 36.0 (0.58) 33.5 (0.80) 36.3 (1.23) 37.0 (3.33) 34.7 (1.68) 42.0 (2.97) 41.0 (1.10) 35.1 (2.70) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 109

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding receipt of medical checkup is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 12 months, did [child’s name] receive a well child check-up––that is, a general check-up when [he/she] was not sick or injured?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child
 

respondents. Unknowns with respect to receipt of medical checkups and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 1–17 who did not have a medical checkup in the past
 

12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 110 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 41. Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who saw or talked with an eye doctor during the past 12 months, by family structure and by

selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 2–17

who saw or Family structure1

talked with

an eye

doctor in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 14,932 7,002 2,608 88 1,361 416 2,999 458

Sex

Male ................................... 7,170 3,422 1,200 43 659 178 1,446 222

Female .................................. 7,761 3,580 1,407 44 702 238 1,553 236

Age

2–4 years ................................ 765 437 115 12 47 33 96 25

5–17 years................................ 14,167 6,565 2,493 76 1,314 383 2,903 433

5–11 years .............................. 6,366 3,318 1,160 40 632 206 820 190

12–17 years ............................. 7,801 3,247 1,333 36 681 178 2,083 243

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 2,129 783 406 20 193 61 581 87

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 1,342 520 213 11 123 40 374 61

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 12,803 6,219 2,202 68 1,168 355 2,419 371

White, single race .......................... 9,798 5,320 1,286 48 956 247 1,740 202

Black or African American, single race ............. 1,984 402 763 *13 147 66 456 137

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 1,312 347 378 14 76 74 392 *31

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 3,004 1,077 668 29 326 145 715 44

More than high school diploma ................... 10,180 5,570 1,455 44 949 194 1,865 102

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 2,236 444 1,113 18 103 86 380 92

$20,000–$34,999............................ 2,289 703 689 27 213 79 465 113

$35,000–$54,999............................ 2,687 1,137 470 23 338 101 519 98

$55,000–$74,999............................ 2,369 1,261 174 *10 276 73 510 64

$75,000 or more ............................ 5,352 3,456 162 *10 432 77 1,125 90

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,255 503 913 15 129 91 484 120

Near poor ................................ 2,971 917 767 40 325 109 669 144

Not poor ................................. 9,705 5,583 927 33 907 215 1,846 194

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 10,966 6,002 1,136 41 991 196 2,279 320

Rented .................................. 3,655 872 1,384 45 349 212 671 122

Some other arrangement ....................... 279 113 83 *1 21 *7 40 *13

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 10,122 5,660 1,237 40 925 182 1,953 124

Medicaid ................................. 3,479 801 1,152 43 277 177 756 274

Other ................................... 313 151 54 *– 35 *7 54 *13

Uninsured ................................ 990 386 163 *5 122 50 219 45

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 3,745 1,416 913 26 303 105 836 145

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,001 4,091 1,184 36 669 192 1,620 209

Not in MSA ............................... 3,185 1,494 511 25 389 119 543 104

Region

Northeast ................................ 3,034 1,446 544 20 190 82 689 62

Midwest ................................. 3,950 1,996 663 28 369 106 679 108

South ................................... 5,258 2,344 977 19 522 148 1,038 210

West ................................... 2,690 1,216 423 21 280 79 593 77

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 111

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding contacts with an eye doctor were obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During
 

the past 12 months, have you seen or talked with an optometrist, opthalmologist, or eye doctor (someone who prescribes eye glasses) about [child’s name]’s health?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided
 

information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to contacts with eye doctors and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17 who saw or talked
 

with an eye doctor in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 112 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 42. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who saw or talked with an eye doctor during the past 12 months, by

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children
 

aged 2–17
 Family structure1

who saw or
 

talked with
 

an eye

doctor in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 23.0 (0.23) 22.7 (0.32) 23.6 (0.51) 12.5 (1.47) 23.8 (0.80) 20.4 (1.08) 24.0 (0.48) 22.3 (1.18)

Sex

Male ................................... 21.6 (0.30) 21.6 (0.44) 22.0 (0.68) 11.6 (1.94) 22.5 (1.07) 16.9 (1.41) 22.3 (0.62) 21.3 (1.61)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 (0.31) 23.9 (0.44) 25.3 (0.72) 13.4 (2.18) 25.1 (1.10) 24.1 (1.66) 25.8 (0.69) 23.4 (1.67)

Age

2–4 years ................................ 6.3 (0.27) 6.4 (0.37) 6.9 (0.67) 4.0 (1.16) 5.9 (1.21) 7.9 (1.69) 5.3 (0.61) 7.8 (2.11)

5–17 years................................ 26.9 (0.26) 27.4 (0.39) 26.6 (0.58) 18.6 (2.25) 26.7 (0.89) 23.5 (1.28) 27.2 (0.54) 25.0 (1.33)

5–11 years .............................. 22.7 (0.33) 23.0 (0.47) 23.7 (0.79) 13.5 (2.10) 24.8 (1.22) 21.1 (1.65) 20.0 (0.76) 23.1 (1.84) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 31.6 (0.38) 34.0 (0.61) 29.7 (0.82) 32.2 (5.36) 28.6 (1.21) 27.0 (2.02) 31.7 (0.70) 26.7 (1.92) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 17.7 (0.40) 16.0 (0.57) 21.2 (0.94) 8.6 (1.67) 22.0 (1.58) 16.3 (1.94) 17.5 (0.73) 19.5 (2.06) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 16.3 (0.49) 14.7 (0.66) 20.1 (1.27) 7.5 (1.91) 20.8 (1.88) 16.5 (2.42) 16.2 (0.86) 18.6 (2.40) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 24.2 (0.26) 24.0 (0.37) 24.2 (0.59) 14.3 (2.01) 24.1 (0.89) 21.3 (1.24) 26.4 (0.60) 23.1 (1.40) 
 

White, single race .......................... 25.1 (0.30) 24.4 (0.40) 26.1 (0.85) 15.8 (2.47) 24.9 (1.01) 20.4 (1.45) 28.9 (0.79) 23.9 (1.99) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 21.0 (0.53) 21.1 (1.06) 21.3 (0.83) *10.6 (3.29) 19.4 (1.87) 19.3 (2.71) 21.5 (1.02) 22.4 (2.17) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 16.2 (0.51) 14.4 (0.89) 18.1 (1.05) 9.1 (2.24) 16.8 (2.34) 17.6 (2.47) 16.0 (0.91) 21.5 (5.47)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 20.7 (0.42) 20.7 (0.69) 21.4 (0.88) 10.9 (2.32) 20.1 (1.55) 19.7 (1.91) 21.5 (0.84) 22.4 (4.62)

More than high school diploma ................... 25.4 (0.29) 24.2 (0.37) 27.5 (0.76) 15.9 (2.60) 26.4 (0.98) 22.3 (1.64) 28.7 (0.71) 23.9 (2.83)

Family income7
 

Less than $20,000 ........................... 20.1 (0.49) 18.1 (1.00) 21.3 (0.69) 9.9 (2.30) 18.4 (2.23) 19.1 (2.35) 20.5 (1.12) 22.0 (2.34) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 20.6 (0.52) 18.0 (0.85) 23.6 (0.96) 14.1 (3.27) 21.1 (1.76) 16.5 (2.28) 21.4 (1.14) 23.9 (2.73) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 21.5 (0.51) 20.1 (0.79) 27.0 (1.32) 12.2 (3.10) 23.7 (1.81) 20.8 (2.32) 20.5 (1.04) 21.1 (2.65) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 24.3 (0.60) 23.1 (0.78) 28.2 (2.29) 12.5 (3.64) 25.2 (1.79) 26.4 (3.45) 26.3 (1.38) 23.0 (3.44) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 26.3 (0.40) 25.9 (0.51) 30.4 (2.67) 15.5 (4.48) 26.4 (1.45) 21.9 (2.56) 28.2 (0.87) 21.8 (2.84) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 (0.52) 17.9 (1.00) 20.6 (0.78) 8.6 (2.33) 18.6 (2.06) 18.4 (2.36) 19.6 (1.04) 22.2 (2.48)

Near poor ................................ 20.7 (0.47) 18.0 (0.80) 24.2 (0.98) 16.3 (3.24) 22.7 (1.85) 18.7 (2.17) 21.0 (0.99) 23.0 (2.40)

Not poor ................................. 25.0 (0.30) 24.4 (0.38) 27.1 (0.88) 11.5 (1.87) 25.2 (0.96) 22.4 (1.63) 27.0 (0.66) 21.9 (1.71)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 24.6 (0.28) 23.9 (0.37) 27.5 (0.86) 13.9 (2.39) 25.3 (1.03) 22.9 (1.65) 25.8 (0.58) 22.7 (1.42)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 (0.37) 16.9 (0.64) 21.2 (0.63) 11.6 (1.93) 20.8 (1.34) 18.9 (1.41) 19.8 (0.82) 21.2 (2.20)

Some other arrangement ....................... 23.2 (1.50) 23.9 (2.41) 25.9 (2.75) *5.4 (3.83) 18.4 (3.90) *17.3 (7.61) 21.4 (3.85) *26.4 (8.90)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private .................................. 24.8 (0.28) 23.9 (0.37) 26.5 (0.80) 15.8 (2.73) 24.8 (0.93) 22.7 (1.83) 27.7 (0.65) 19.3 (1.91) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 (0.44) 20.8 (0.86) 22.9 (0.75) 12.3 (2.12) 22.4 (1.76) 20.3 (1.70) 21.4 (0.91) 26.5 (1.84) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 (1.35) 24.0 (2.24) 23.5 (3.29) *– 18.9 (3.44) *12.8 (4.94) 25.1 (3.16) 27.0 (8.09) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 15.3 (0.56) 15.0 (0.94) 15.7 (1.23) *5.0 (1.91) 22.1 (2.77) 16.5 (2.55) 13.8 (0.92) 14.2 (2.24) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 20.5 (0.39) 19.8 (0.61) 21.7 (0.75) 10.5 (2.12) 21.9 (1.39) 18.1 (1.66) 20.9 (0.77) 20.6 (1.86)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 (0.31) 22.7 (0.43) 24.4 (0.79) 11.3 (1.90) 23.2 (1.08) 20.7 (1.73) 24.9 (0.66) 23.6 (1.84)

Not in MSA ............................... 26.1 (0.58) 26.4 (0.81) 26.0 (1.28) 18.7 (4.64) 26.7 (1.89) 22.4 (2.13) 27.5 (1.31) 22.5 (2.76)

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 25.9 (0.52) 24.8 (0.80) 27.5 (1.31) 15.6 (3.79) 25.7 (2.04) 26.5 (3.24) 28.6 (1.12) 21.2 (2.99) 
 

Midwest ................................. 25.9 (0.49) 26.4 (0.70) 25.4 (1.14) 15.3 (3.40) 25.7 (1.80) 19.6 (1.96) 27.3 (1.21) 26.9 (2.96) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 (0.38) 22.1 (0.53) 22.2 (0.75) 9.5 (2.51) 21.8 (1.27) 19.2 (1.81) 24.2 (0.80) 23.3 (1.81) 
 

West ................................... 18.7 (0.43) 17.8 (0.61) 20.9 (1.15) 10.8 (2.22) 24.2 (1.48) 19.0 (1.96) 18.0 (0.85) 16.9 (2.08) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 113

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding contacts with an eye doctor were obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During
 

the past 12 months, have you seen or talked with an optometrist, opthalmologist, or eye doctor (someone who prescribes eye glasses) about [child’s name]’s health?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided
 

information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to contacts with eye doctors and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17 who saw or talked
 

with an eye doctor in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 114 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 43. Frequencies of children under age 18 who had medical care delayed during the past 12 months due to concerns over cost, by

family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age

18 who had Family structure1

medical care

delayed in the

past 12 months Unmarried

due to concerns Single biological

Selected characteristics over cost Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 2,775 986 686 45 279 134 564 80

Sex

Male ................................... 1,415 511 331 23 143 74 299 34

Female .................................. 1,360 476 355 22 137 59 265 46

Age

0–4 years ................................ 606 258 109 22 57 30 116 *14

5–17 years................................ 2,169 728 577 23 222 104 448 66

5–11 years .............................. 1,038 413 260 17 112 46 166 23

12–17 years ............................. 1,132 315 317 *7 110 57 282 *44

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 603 207 107 13 49 27 182 18

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 435 168 62 11 33 18 132 *13

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 2,172 779 579 32 230 107 383 63

White, single race .......................... 1,628 649 370 27 189 86 265 *42

Black or African American, single race ............. 370 59 176 *3 27 *13 81 12

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 455 130 111 10 30 33 138 *4

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 697 216 164 13 102 45 149 *7

More than high school diploma ................... 1,552 639 383 22 147 56 270 *34

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 680 157 332 8 46 30 97 *10

$20,000–$34,999............................ 744 250 220 18 62 35 141 17

$35,000–$54,999............................ 673 255 101 15 97 45 142 *18

$55,000–$74,999............................ 334 144 20 *2 49 *13 86 *20

$75,000 or more ............................ 343 180 *12 *2 25 *11 99 *15

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 176 263 *8 52 34 127 *13

Near poor ................................ 964 297 253 18 105 48 203 *41

Not poor ................................. 1,138 513 171 19 122 52 235 *27

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 1,547 682 225 21 153 49 353 64

Rented .................................. 1,148 282 436 24 121 71 199 14

Some other arrangement ....................... 64 19 24 *– *3 *4 *12 *2

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 980 446 201 12 97 24 176 *24

Medicaid ................................. 585 133 197 16 57 41 119 *22

Other ................................... 32 *5 *8 *– *4 *10 *5 *–

Uninsured ................................ 1,171 402 277 17 122 58 261 34

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 834 240 248 17 78 43 180 *29

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,396 540 315 18 135 53 302 33

Not in MSA ............................... 545 206 123 *11 67 38 82 18

Region

Northeast ................................ 349 112 86 *6 42 24 76 *2

Midwest ................................. 679 258 164 13 64 33 121 *26

South ................................... 1,061 371 289 12 119 40 194 37

West ................................... 687 246 147 14 54 37 173 *15

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 115

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding the delay of medical care due to cost is obtained from a question in the Family
 

Core that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, [have/has] [you/anyone in the family] delayed seeking medical care because of worry about the cost?’’ In the event of an affirmative response, the
 

affected family member(s) was (were) identified. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to delays in receipt of medical care due to cost and
 

family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 who had medical care delayed in the past 12 months due to concerns over cost’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 116 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 44. Percentages (with standard errors) of children under age 18 who had medical care delayed during the past 12 months due to

concerns over cost, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

under age Family structure1

18 who had

medical care

delayed in the

past 12 months Unmarried

due to concerns Single biological

Selected characteristics over cost Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 3.8 (0.09) 2.8 (0.11) 5.7 (0.25) 4.3 (0.57) 4.4 (0.37) 5.9 (0.64) 4.1 (0.19) 3.5 (0.68)

Sex

Male ................................... 3.8 (0.13) 2.8 (0.16) 5.6 (0.34) 4.1 (0.75) 4.4 (0.52) 6.3 (1.03) 4.2 (0.27) 2.9 (0.71)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 (0.13) 2.8 (0.15) 5.9 (0.36) 4.4 (0.90) 4.4 (0.54) 5.4 (0.82) 4.0 (0.27) 4.2 (1.16)

Age

0–4 years ................................ 3.0 (0.16) 2.3 (0.19) 4.3 (0.51) 3.3 (0.57) 4.2 (0.75) 4.9 (1.00) 3.7 (0.40) *2.7 (1.09)

5–17 years................................ 4.1 (0.11) 3.0 (0.14) 6.1 (0.29) 5.7 (1.16) 4.5 (0.41) 6.3 (0.80) 4.2 (0.22) 3.8 (0.82)

5–11 years .............................. 3.7 (0.14) 2.9 (0.17) 5.3 (0.38) 5.6 (1.34) 4.4 (0.54) 4.7 (0.81) 4.0 (0.35) 2.7 (0.72) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 4.6 (0.17) 3.3 (0.23) 7.0 (0.44) *5.9 (2.25) 4.6 (0.64) 8.6 (1.68) 4.3 (0.28) 4.8 (1.41) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 4.4 (0.18) 3.7 (0.25) 5.1 (0.45) 4.0 (0.87) 5.0 (0.72) 6.5 (1.14) 4.8 (0.35) 3.3 (0.85) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 4.6 (0.22) 4.1 (0.31) 5.3 (0.59) 4.8 (1.19) 4.9 (0.88) 6.6 (1.38) 4.9 (0.43) *3.4 (1.02) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 3.7 (0.11) 2.6 (0.12) 5.9 (0.29) 4.4 (0.72) 4.3 (0.42) 5.8 (0.74) 3.8 (0.23) 3.6 (0.84) 
 

White, single race .......................... 3.7 (0.13) 2.6 (0.14) 7.1 (0.46) 5.7 (1.04) 4.5 (0.49) 6.5 (0.97) 4.1 (0.29) *4.7 (1.44) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 3.5 (0.20) 2.7 (0.42) 4.4 (0.34) *1.6 (0.68) 3.1 (0.64) *3.2 (0.99) 3.4 (0.43) 1.8 (0.48) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 4.8 (0.25) 4.7 (0.43) 4.7 (0.46) 4.3 (1.25) 5.8 (1.57) 7.1 (1.34) 4.8 (0.47) *2.2 (1.01)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 4.3 (0.20) 3.7 (0.32) 4.8 (0.43) 3.3 (0.76) 5.7 (0.84) 5.5 (1.02) 4.0 (0.34) *2.9 (1.53)

More than high school diploma ................... 3.5 (0.11) 2.4 (0.12) 6.8 (0.39) 5.2 (1.02) 3.7 (0.38) 5.8 (1.07) 3.9 (0.26) *7.4 (2.74)

Family income7
 

Less than $20,000 ........................... 5.3 (0.23) 5.3 (0.47) 5.7 (0.33) 2.6 (0.69) 7.0 (1.26) 5.7 (1.31) 4.5 (0.48) *2.0 (0.68) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 5.9 (0.26) 5.4 (0.39) 7.1 (0.60) 6.3 (1.43) 5.5 (0.83) 6.6 (1.69) 5.7 (0.54) 3.3 (0.81) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 4.8 (0.23) 3.9 (0.30) 5.6 (0.70) 5.8 (1.44) 6.2 (0.95) 8.2 (1.80) 5.0 (0.53) *3.6 (1.13) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 3.1 (0.24) 2.3 (0.24) 3.2 (0.85) *2.2 (1.26) 4.1 (0.84) *4.4 (1.74) 4.1 (0.59) *6.6 (3.72) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 1.5 (0.12) 1.2 (0.13) *2.2 (0.71) *1.8 (1.24) 1.4 (0.41) *2.9 (1.52) 2.3 (0.31) *3.3 (1.51) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 (0.24) 5.3 (0.49) 5.2 (0.39) *3.0 (0.91) 6.3 (1.08) 5.9 (1.46) 4.4 (0.47) *2.1 (0.74)

Near poor ................................ 5.9 (0.27) 5.0 (0.36) 7.4 (0.57) 5.0 (1.09) 6.6 (1.03) 7.1 (1.58) 5.7 (0.47) *5.9 (1.86)

Not poor ................................. 2.6 (0.10) 2.0 (0.11) 4.8 (0.40) 4.5 (0.96) 3.1 (0.36) 5.1 (0.89) 3.2 (0.23) 2.8 (0.83)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 3.1 (0.11) 2.4 (0.12) 5.2 (0.40) 5.4 (1.09) 3.6 (0.41) 5.3 (0.99) 3.7 (0.22) 4.2 (0.98)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 (0.19) 4.4 (0.30) 6.0 (0.34) 3.8 (0.66) 6.4 (0.83) 5.6 (0.80) 5.1 (0.39) 2.1 (0.53)

Some other arrangement ....................... 4.5 (0.58) 3.2 (0.83) 6.8 (1.46) *– *2.4 (1.47) *8.2 (5.15) *6.0 (2.05) *2.7 (1.90)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private .................................. 2.2 (0.09) 1.7 (0.10) 4.1 (0.34) 3.2 (0.87) 2.4 (0.30) 2.8 (0.73) 2.4 (0.20) *3.5 (1.74) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 (0.16) 2.8 (0.29) 3.5 (0.31) 2.8 (0.68) 4.0 (0.72) 4.1 (0.76) 2.8 (0.26) *1.9 (0.60) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 (0.46) *0.6 (0.30) *3.2 (0.98) *– *2.0 (0.99) *17.7 (8.53) *2.2 (1.25) *– 
 

Uninsured ................................ 16.7 (0.57) 14.2 (0.83) 25.5 (1.47) 15.2 (2.87) 20.6 (2.50) 18.1 (2.96) 15.2 (0.98) 9.9 (1.93) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 4.0 (0.17) 2.9 (0.24) 5.3 (0.34) 4.4 (0.92) 5.0 (0.67) 6.5 (1.37) 4.0 (0.30) *3.6 (1.47)

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 (0.13) 2.6 (0.15) 6.1 (0.42) 3.9 (0.80) 4.2 (0.58) 5.1 (0.79) 4.2 (0.28) 3.4 (0.87)

Not in MSA ............................... 4.0 (0.24) 3.2 (0.26) 5.8 (0.69) *4.8 (1.47) 4.2 (0.64) 6.6 (1.45) 3.7 (0.49) 3.7 (1.06)

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 2.7 (0.17) 1.7 (0.21) 4.0 (0.51) *3.4 (1.44) 5.3 (1.48) 6.8 (1.85) 2.9 (0.39) *0.7 (0.46) 
 

Midwest ................................. 3.9 (0.22) 3.0 (0.24) 5.8 (0.55) 4.6 (1.07) 4.0 (0.65) 5.4 (1.46) 4.4 (0.47) *5.9 (2.60) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 (0.16) 3.0 (0.20) 6.0 (0.38) 3.7 (0.95) 4.5 (0.58) 4.7 (0.81) 4.0 (0.31) 3.7 (0.78) 
 

West ................................... 4.3 (0.21) 3.1 (0.25) 6.8 (0.66) 5.2 (1.21) 4.3 (0.62) 8.1 (1.42) 4.8 (0.40) *3.0 (1.16) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 117

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding the delay of medical care due to cost is obtained from a question in the Family
 

Core that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, [have/has] [you/anyone in the family] delayed seeking medical care because of worry about the cost?’’ In the event of an affirmative response, the
 

affected family member(s) was (were) identified. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to delays in receipt of medical care due to cost and
 

family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children under age 18 who had medical care delayed in the past 12 months due to concerns over cost’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 118 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 45. Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed prescription medication during the past 12 months due to lack of

affordability, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

aged 2–17

who did not

receive needed

prescription

medication in

the past 12

months due lack

of affordability Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 1,838 553 501 24 171 88 447 55

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

921

917

256

297

247

254

15

*9

112

60

45

42

217

230

28

26

Age

2–4 years ................................

5–17 years................................

5–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

293

1,546

705

840

110

442

249

194

70

432

197

235

*7

18

12

*5

*15

156

73

83

21

67

24

43

61

385

133

252

*9

46

17

29

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mexican American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

530

391

1,308

880

334

172

147

381

299

55

96

57

405

234

144

12

*9

*12

*9

*2

43

36

128

93

34

25

18

63

51

11

165

112

282

177

74

16

14

38

18

14

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

419

523

840

106

153

295

111

142

231

*6

*7

*12

30

56

84

28

34

25

134

124

184

*5

*8

*8

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

614

520

389

165

150

119

168

138

52

76

286

134

62

*14

*5

*7

*6

*5

*6

*–

32

53

56

20

*9

33

*17

23

*9

*6

119

127

95

56

50

19

15

*10

*8

*3

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

612

633

594

135

192

226

233

159

110

*8

*7

*10

36

70

65

32

22

34

146

161

139

21

23

10

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

887

892

54

329

206

*15

143

334

23

*14

10

*–

91

79

*2

35

52

*–

247

186

*13

29

24

*1

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

626

538

*14

652

231

102

*7

210

150

192

*4

154

*6

*8

*–

*11

72

46

*1

51

*20

32

*–

35

140

142

*1

160

*6

17

*1

31

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not in MSA ...............................

618

869

351

143

310

100

189

225

88

*11

*10

*3

66

57

48

33

31

24

156

218

72

18

20

16

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

218

343

851

426

51

97

266

138

74

93

240

94

*3

*4

*10

*8

*15

37

91

28

*11

17

36

24

57

82

188

120

*7

*14

19

14

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 119

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single–parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding not receiving prescription medication due to lack of affordability is based on a
 

question that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, was there any time when [child’s name] needed prescription medication, but didn’t get it because you couldn’t afford it?’’ A knowledgeable adult
 

provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to not receiving prescription medication and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17
 

who did not receive needed prescription medication in the past 12 months due to lack of affordability’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non–Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 120 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 46. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed prescription medication during the past 12

months due to lack of affordability, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 2–17

who did not 1 Family structure receive needed
 

prescription
 

medication in

the past 12

months due Unmarried

to lack of Single biological

Selected characteristics afforability Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 2.8 (0.08) 1.8 (0.09) 4.5 (0.24) 3.4 (0.72) 3.0 (0.26) 4.3 (0.52) 3.6 (0.19) 2.6 (0.37)

Sex

Male ................................... 2.8 (0.11) 1.6 (0.12) 4.5 (0.32) 4.2 (1.11) 3.8 (0.42) 4.3 (0.70) 3.3 (0.25) 2.7 (0.54)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 (0.11) 2.0 (0.14) 4.5 (0.35) *2.6 (0.86) 2.1 (0.31) 4.3 (0.80) 3.8 (0.29) 2.6 (0.52)

Age
 

2–4 years ................................ 2.4 (0.17) 1.6 (0.18) 4.2 (0.56) *2.2 (0.76) *1.9 (0.57) 5.0 (1.20) 3.4 (0.54) *2.8 (0.98) 
 

5–17 years................................ 2.9 (0.09) 1.8 (0.11) 4.6 (0.26) 4.3 (1.10) 3.2 (0.29) 4.1 (0.57) 3.6 (0.20) 2.6 (0.40) 
 

5–11 years .............................. 2.5 (0.11) 1.7 (0.13) 4.0 (0.36) 4.2 (1.23) 2.9 (0.39) 2.4 (0.51) 3.2 (0.30) 2.0 (0.49) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 3.4 (0.14) 2.0 (0.19) 5.2 (0.37) *4.6 (2.35) 3.5 (0.47) 6.5 (1.24) 3.8 (0.26) 3.2 (0.62) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 4.4 (0.20) 3.5 (0.28) 5.0 (0.52) 5.4 (1.52) 4.9 (0.73) 6.7 (1.35) 5.0 (0.38) 3.7 (0.77) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 (0.25) 4.1 (0.36) 5.3 (0.68) 5.6 (1.63) 6.1 (1.00) 7.3 (1.80) 4.8 (0.44) 4.3 (1.00) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 2.5 (0.09) 1.5 (0.10) 4.4 (0.27) *2.5 (0.76) 2.6 (0.29) 3.7 (0.57) 3.1 (0.21) 2.4 (0.42) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 (0.10) 1.4 (0.10) 4.7 (0.38) *2.8 (1.01) 2.4 (0.31) 4.2 (0.74) 2.9 (0.29) 2.1 (0.56) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 3.5 (0.21) 2.9 (0.49) 4.0 (0.36) *1.8 (1.41) 4.5 (0.86) 3.2 (0.87) 3.5 (0.42) 2.3 (0.69) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 5.1 (0.29) 4.4 (0.50) 5.3 (0.64) *3.5 (1.39) 6.7 (1.28) 6.6 (1.45) 5.4 (0.48) *3.2 (1.99)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 3.6 (0.19) 2.9 (0.31) 4.5 (0.42) *2.5 (0.88) 3.5 (0.61) 4.6 (0.94) 3.7 (0.37) *4.0 (1.68)

More than high school diploma ................... 2.1 (0.09) 1.3 (0.09) 4.4 (0.33) *4.4 (1.39) 2.3 (0.30) 2.9 (0.59) 2.8 (0.24) *2.0 (0.80)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 5.5 (0.25) 4.8 (0.52) 5.5 (0.38) *3.9 (1.43) 5.7 (1.15) 7.3 (1.46) 6.4 (0.65) 4.5 (1.05) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 4.7 (0.23) 4.3 (0.41) 4.6 (0.41) *3.2 (1.41) 5.3 (0.90) *3.5 (1.16) 5.8 (0.56) 3.1 (0.92) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 3.1 (0.19) 2.4 (0.28) 3.6 (0.55) *2.7 (1.10) 4.0 (0.67) 4.6 (1.21) 3.7 (0.46) *2.2 (0.72) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 1.7 (0.19) 1.0 (0.17) *2.2 (0.68) *7.1 (3.60) 1.8 (0.54) *3.2 (1.45) 2.9 (0.61) *2.8 (1.09) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 0.7 (0.08) 0.6 (0.10) *1.0 (0.57) *– *0.6 (0.26) *1.8 (1.16) 1.2 (0.22) *0.7 (0.34) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 (0.25) 4.8 (0.50) 5.2 (0.42) *4.6 (1.68) 5.2 (1.01) 6.4 (1.32) 5.9 (0.58) 4.0 (1.00)

Near poor ................................ 4.4 (0.21) 3.7 (0.36) 5.0 (0.45) *2.7 (1.04) 4.9 (0.71) 3.7 (1.02) 5.1 (0.46) 3.6 (0.85)

Not poor ................................. 1.5 (0.07) 1.0 (0.08) 3.2 (0.34) *3.4 (1.26) 1.8 (0.27) 3.5 (0.77) 2.0 (0.21) 1.2 (0.30)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 2.0 (0.08) 1.3 (0.09) 3.4 (0.32) *4.7 (1.42) 2.3 (0.29) 4.1 (0.88) 2.8 (0.20) 2.1 (0.38)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 (0.18) 4.0 (0.34) 5.1 (0.34) 2.6 (0.70) 4.7 (0.63) 4.6 (0.70) 5.5 (0.43) 4.2 (0.92)

Some other arrangement ....................... 4.5 (0.71) *3.2 (1.15) 7.1 (1.62) *– *1.8 (1.06) *– 6.7 (1.96) *2.1 (2.08)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 (0.08) 1.0 (0.08) 3.2 (0.29) *2.3 (1.04) 1.9 (0.30) *2.4 (0.74) 2.0 (0.20) *0.9 (0.39) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 (0.17) 2.6 (0.32) 3.8 (0.34) *2.2 (0.74) 3.7 (0.61) 3.6 (0.72) 4.0 (0.38) 1.6 (0.37) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1.0 (0.33) *1.1 (0.63) *1.9 (0.76) *– *0.6 (0.48) *– *0.6 (0.33) *1.3 (1.30) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 10.1 (0.40) 8.2 (0.66) 14.8 (1.18) *11.4 (3.43) 9.3 (1.39) 11.7 (2.19) 10.0 (0.76) 9.7 (1.82) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 3.4 (0.16) 2.0 (0.19) 4.5 (0.34) *4.5 (1.40) 4.8 (0.74) 5.7 (1.24) 3.9 (0.35) 2.6 (0.56) 
 

Small MSA ............................... 2.5 (0.11) 1.7 (0.13) 4.6 (0.38) *3.0 (1.01) 2.0 (0.28) 3.3 (0.63) 3.3 (0.24) 2.2 (0.55) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 2.9 (0.18) 1.8 (0.20) 4.5 (0.62) *2.4 (1.20) 3.3 (0.56) 4.4 (0.99) 3.7 (0.53) 3.5 (0.96) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 1.9 (0.16) 0.9 (0.18) 3.7 (0.53) *2.1 (1.45) 2.1 (0.61) 3.6 (1.04) 2.3 (0.34) *2.2 (1.05) 
 

Midwest ................................. 2.2 (0.15) 1.3 (0.17) 3.5 (0.44) *2.0 (0.86) 2.6 (0.45) 3.0 (0.84) 3.3 (0.41) *3.6 (1.10) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 (0.14) 2.5 (0.17) 5.4 (0.44) *4.9 (1.73) 3.8 (0.48) 4.7 (0.90) 4.4 (0.35) 2.1 (0.43) 
 

West ................................... 3.0 (0.17) 2.0 (0.21) 4.6 (0.51) *4.2 (1.40) 2.5 (0.49) 5.6 (1.38) 3.6 (0.37) 3.1 (0.78) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 121

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding not receiving prescription medication due to lack of affordability is based on a
 

question that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, was there any time when [child’s name] needed prescription medication, but didn’t get it because you couldn’t afford it?’’ A knowledgeable adult
 

provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to not receiving prescription medication and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17
 

who did not receive needed prescription medication in the past 12 months due to lack of affordability’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 122 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 47. Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who needed but did not get eyeglasses during the past 12 months due to lack of affordability,

by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 2–17 who

needed but did Family structure1

not get eyeglasses

in the past 12

months due to Unmarried

lack of Single biological

Selected characteristics affordability Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 1,413 400 379 15 152 58 357 52

Sex

Male ................................... 650 181 178 *6 74 29 168 13

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 219 201 *8 78 29 189 39

Age
 

2–4 years ................................ 50 29 *5 *1 *1 *2 *7 *4
 

5–17 years................................ 1,363 371 374 *14 151 55 350 48 
 

5–11 years .............................. 478 152 134 *5 50 19 102 *15
 

12–17 years ............................. 886 218 241 *9 101 36 248 33
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 377 120 64 *7 35 15 122 *13 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 101 40 *3 27 8 90 *12 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 1,036 280 315 *8 117 43 235 39 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 237 180 *5 93 33 139 20 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 253 25 112 *3 21 *7 67 *17
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 280 77 78 *2 12 14 94 *4

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 390 114 110 *– 50 16 91 *9

More than high school diploma ................... 693 209 177 *12 87 26 166 *16

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 419 75 200 *2 22 15 93 12 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 416 117 110 *5 54 15 103 *12 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 307 97 57 *3 40 17 82 *12 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 153 60 *7 *4 25 *7 41 *9 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 117 50 *5 *1 *11 *3 38 *7
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 92 171 *4 24 18 113 *15

Near poor ................................ 484 123 120 *3 74 15 128 22

Not poor ................................. 492 185 88 *8 54 26 116 *15

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 769 278 127 *9 89 18 215 33

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 108 234 *5 61 37 134 14

Some other arrangement ....................... 46 *13 17 *– *2 *3 *7 *4

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 178 138 *2 67 18 122 *12 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 72 139 *6 32 21 119 20 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 *3 *6 *– *3 *1 *2 *1 
 

Uninsured ................................ 447 148 95 *5 51 17 113 20
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 444 110 129 *6 42 27 116 15 
 

Small MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 194 175 *5 69 13 159 24 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 330 97 75 *4 41 17 82 *14 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 182 38 60 *3 15 *8 47 *10 
 

Midwest ................................. 326 96 101 *2 37 20 64 *6 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 172 159 *5 70 22 143 29 
 

West ................................... 306 94 59 *4 30 *8 103 *8 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 123

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding not having eyeglasses due to lack of affordability is based on a question that
 

asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, was there any time when [child’s name] needed eyeglasses, but didn’t get them because you couldn’t afford them?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on
 

behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to not having eyeglasses and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17 who needed but did not get
 

eyeglasses in the past 12 months due to lack of affordability’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 124 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 48. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who needed but did not get eyeglasses during the past 12 months due

to lack of affordability, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 2–17 who 1 Family structure needed but did

not get eyeglasses

in the past 12

months due to Unmarried

lack of Single biological

Selected characteristics affordability Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 2.2 (0.07) 1.3 (0.08) 3.4 (0.21) 2.1 (0.61) 2.7 (0.30) 2.8 (0.40) 2.9 (0.17) 2.5 (0.43)

Sex

Male ................................... 2.0 (0.09) 1.1 (0.10) 3.3 (0.28) *1.7 (0.77) 2.5 (0.37) 2.8 (0.57) 2.6 (0.24) 1.3 (0.36)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 (0.11) 1.5 (0.12) 3.6 (0.30) *2.5 (0.96) 2.8 (0.46) 2.9 (0.52) 3.1 (0.24) 3.8 (0.78)

Age
 

2–4 years ................................ 0.4 (0.06) 0.4 (0.09) *0.3 (0.13) *0.2 (0.19) *0.1 (0.13) *0.6 (0.36) *0.4 (0.13) *1.2 (0.43) 
 

5–17 years................................ 2.6 (0.09) 1.5 (0.10) 4.0 (0.24) *3.4 (1.04) 3.1 (0.34) 3.4 (0.49) 3.3 (0.20) 2.8 (0.50) 
 

5–11 years .............................. 1.7 (0.09) 1.1 (0.10) 2.7 (0.29) *1.8 (0.72) 2.0 (0.38) 2.0 (0.43) 2.5 (0.28) *1.8 (0.65) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 3.6 (0.15) 2.3 (0.19) 5.3 (0.38) *7.8 (3.16) 4.2 (0.58) 5.4 (0.98) 3.8 (0.27) 3.6 (0.74) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 3.1 (0.17) 2.5 (0.22) 3.3 (0.43) *3.1 (1.30) 4.0 (0.77) 4.1 (0.91) 3.7 (0.31) *3.0 (0.92) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 (0.22) 2.9 (0.28) 3.8 (0.56) *2.2 (1.09) 4.6 (1.00) 3.4 (0.98) 3.9 (0.40) *3.7 (1.23) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 2.0 (0.08) 1.1 (0.08) 3.4 (0.23) *1.6 (0.65) 2.4 (0.32) 2.5 (0.44) 2.6 (0.20) 2.4 (0.48) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 (0.10) 1.1 (0.09) 3.7 (0.34) *1.7 (0.90) 2.4 (0.38) 2.7 (0.54) 2.3 (0.25) 2.4 (0.66) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 2.7 (0.18) 1.3 (0.34) 3.1 (0.31) *2.1 (1.25) 2.8 (0.64) *2.0 (0.71) 3.2 (0.40) *2.8 (0.86) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 3.4 (0.23) 3.2 (0.36) 3.7 (0.54) *1.4 (0.92) 2.6 (0.74) 3.3 (0.88) 3.8 (0.41) *2.5 (1.31)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 2.7 (0.17) 2.2 (0.25) 3.5 (0.39) *– 3.1 (0.59) 2.2 (0.63) 2.7 (0.29) *4.5 (2.00)

More than high school diploma ................... 1.7 (0.08) 0.9 (0.08) 3.3 (0.28) *4.2 (1.42) 2.4 (0.37) 3.0 (0.59) 2.6 (0.24) *3.7 (1.31)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 3.8 (0.22) 3.1 (0.40) 3.8 (0.32) *1.0 (0.92) 4.0 (1.03) 3.4 (0.84) 5.0 (0.63) 2.8 (0.78) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 3.7 (0.22) 3.0 (0.37) 3.8 (0.38) *2.7 (1.29) 5.4 (0.92) 3.1 (0.85) 4.7 (0.54) *2.6 (0.92) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 2.5 (0.19) 1.7 (0.19) 3.3 (0.59) *1.4 (1.11) 2.8 (0.67) 3.5 (0.93) 3.2 (0.44) *2.6 (1.28) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 1.6 (0.16) 1.1 (0.19) *1.1 (0.47) *4.6 (2.85) 2.2 (0.59) *2.7 (1.06) 2.1 (0.43) *3.1 (1.31) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 0.6 (0.08) 0.4 (0.08) *1.0 (0.47) *2.0 (2.02) *0.7 (0.31) *0.9 (0.57) 1.0 (0.18) *1.7 (1.14) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 (0.22) 3.3 (0.45) 3.8 (0.36) *2.3 (1.28) 3.4 (0.85) 3.5 (0.95) 4.5 (0.53) *2.8 (0.91)

Near poor ................................ 3.4 (0.19) 2.4 (0.26) 3.8 (0.40) *1.2 (0.64) 5.2 (0.90) 2.5 (0.66) 4.0 (0.43) 3.5 (1.04)

Not poor ................................. 1.3 (0.07) 0.8 (0.07) 2.6 (0.32) *2.7 (1.20) 1.5 (0.26) 2.6 (0.57) 1.7 (0.18) *1.6 (0.64)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 1.7 (0.08) 1.1 (0.08) 3.1 (0.32) *3.2 (1.25) 2.3 (0.35) 2.1 (0.53) 2.4 (0.19) 2.3 (0.53)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 (0.15) 2.1 (0.20) 3.6 (0.27) *1.3 (0.54) 3.7 (0.59) 3.3 (0.55) 4.0 (0.38) 2.4 (0.70)

Some other arrangement ....................... 3.8 (0.73) *2.7 (1.11) 5.4 (1.29) *– *1.5 (1.15) *7.8 (4.80) *3.9 (1.73) *7.2 (3.41)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 (0.07) 0.7 (0.07) 2.9 (0.31) *1.0 (0.58) 1.8 (0.29) 2.3 (0.57) 1.7 (0.17) *1.9 (0.69) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 (0.16) 1.9 (0.27) 2.8 (0.27) *1.7 (0.80) 2.6 (0.59) 2.4 (0.59) 3.4 (0.38) 1.9 (0.56) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 (0.31) *0.4 (0.20) *2.6 (1.05) *– *1.4 (1.18) *2.7 (2.68) *0.8 (0.49) *1.2 (1.20) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 6.9 (0.36) 5.7 (0.52) 9.1 (0.93) *5.0 (2.72) 9.1 (1.62) 5.6 (1.33) 7.1 (0.64) 6.2 (1.52) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 2.4 (0.12) 1.5 (0.17) 3.0 (0.27) *2.3 (1.08) 3.0 (0.53) 4.7 (0.85) 2.9 (0.28) 2.0 (0.55) 
 

Small MSA ............................... 1.9 (0.09) 1.1 (0.10) 3.6 (0.34) *1.6 (0.74) 2.4 (0.39) 1.4 (0.39) 2.4 (0.20) 2.7 (0.70) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 2.7 (0.21) 1.7 (0.18) 3.8 (0.54) *2.7 (1.73) 2.8 (0.74) 3.3 (0.93) 4.2 (0.62) *2.9 (1.05) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 1.6 (0.14) 0.7 (0.13) 3.0 (0.47) *2.6 (1.87) 2.1 (0.59) *2.7 (0.87) 1.9 (0.33) *3.3 (1.43) 
 

Midwest ................................. 2.1 (0.17) 1.3 (0.17) 3.9 (0.47) *1.2 (0.80) 2.6 (0.71) 3.7 (0.94) 2.6 (0.41) *1.4 (0.79) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 (0.12) 1.6 (0.14) 3.6 (0.34) *2.6 (1.33) 2.9 (0.43) 2.8 (0.68) 3.3 (0.29) 3.2 (0.71) 
 

West ................................... 2.1 (0.15) 1.4 (0.16) 2.9 (0.39) *1.9 (0.96) 2.6 (0.68) 1.9 (0.56) 3.1 (0.36) *1.7 (0.63) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 125

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding not having eyeglasses due to lack of affordability is based on a question that
 

asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, was there any time when [child’s name] needed eyeglasses, but didn’t get them because you couldn’t afford them?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on
 

behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to not having eyeglasses and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17 who needed but did not get
 

eyeglasses in the past 12 months due to lack of affordability’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 126 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 49. Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who did not see a dentist within the past 12 months, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 2–17 who Family structure1

did not see

a dentist in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 15,883 6,831 2,954 275 1,345 600 3,325 554

Sex

Male ................................... 8,373 3,554 1,557 148 712 326 1,801 275

Female .................................. 7,510 3,277 1,397 127 633 274 1,523 279

Age

2–4 years ................................ 6,638 3,650 906 185 461 220 1,061 155

5–17 years................................ 9,246 3,181 2,047 90 884 380 2,264 399

5–11 years .............................. 4,787 1,908 1,054 66 458 215 909 177

12–17 years ............................. 4,459 1,273 993 24 427 165 1,354 222

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 4,128 1,706 570 93 248 137 1,199 176

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 3,014 1,287 340 62 191 93 902 139

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 11,756 5,125 2,384 182 1,098 464 2,126 378

White, single race .......................... 7,973 4,095 1,199 129 857 333 1,165 194

Black or African American, single race ............. 2,655 506 1,018 42 181 107 650 151

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 3,101 990 706 65 164 159 963 53

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 4,180 1,451 909 103 452 234 977 54

More than high school diploma ................... 7,979 4,358 1,196 106 708 203 1,323 85

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 3,733 882 1,654 77 178 154 655 133

$20,000–$34,999............................ 3,592 1,352 794 77 318 166 746 140

$35,000–$54,999............................ 3,473 1,586 342 75 378 146 810 136

$55,000–$74,999............................ 2,089 1,184 84 32 228 59 451 50

$75,000 or more ............................ 2,997 1,828 79 14 244 75 663 95

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,917 984 1,428 75 227 166 870 166

Near poor ................................ 4,606 1,715 891 94 422 206 1,084 194

Not poor ................................. 7,360 4,132 634 105 696 229 1,372 194

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 9,066 4,732 851 102 809 195 2,038 339

Rented .................................. 6,360 1,917 2,002 161 495 385 1,205 195

Some other arrangement ....................... 388 157 95 *11 30 *14 66 14

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 7,728 4,304 929 89 751 175 1,343 138

Medicaid ................................. 4,627 1,150 1,449 132 330 269 1,062 235

Other ................................... 280 107 70 *4 29 *17 45 *8

Uninsured ................................ 3,187 1,259 490 51 232 138 850 167

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 5,024 1,805 1,172 93 347 191 1,216 198

Small MSA ............................... 7,680 3,697 1,208 131 611 241 1,574 218

Not in MSA ............................... 3,180 1,329 574 50 388 168 534 137

Region

Northeast ................................ 2,262 1,018 434 54 137 72 477 69

Midwest ................................. 3,280 1,434 663 72 306 161 565 78

South ................................... 6,602 2,735 1,345 85 609 249 1,295 284

West ................................... 3,740 1,644 511 64 294 118 986 123

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 127

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding last dental visit is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘About how long has it
 

been since [child’s name] last saw a dentist? Include all types of dentists, such as orthodontists, oral surgeons, and all other dental specialists, as well as dental hygienists.’’ A knowledgeable adult
 

provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to last dental visit and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17 who did not see a
 

dentist in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 128 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 50. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who did not see a dentist within the past 12 months, by family structure

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 2–17 Family structure1

who did not

see a dentist in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3

................................. 24.6 (0.25) 22.2 (0.32) 26.9 (0.52) 39.6 (1.98) 23.7 (0.78) 29.7 (1.28) 27.0 (0.47) 27.7 (1.29)

Sex

Male ................................. 25.4 (0.32) 22.5 (0.43) 28.7 (0.76) 40.0 (2.72) 24.5 (1.06) 31.3 (1.85) 28.2 (0.66) 27.2 (1.79)

Female ............................... 23.8 (0.31) 21.9 (0.44) 25.2 (0.68) 39.1 (2.94) 22.8 (1.12) 28.0 (1.74) 25.7 (0.64) 28.2 (1.80)

Age

2–4 years .............................. 55.1 (0.58) 53.5 (0.74) 55.0 (1.46) 62.9 (3.00) 58.3 (2.36) 54.9 (3.16) 59.4 (1.39) 49.5 (3.92)

5–17 years ............................. 17.7 (0.24) 13.3 (0.30) 22.0 (0.51) 22.4 (2.31) 18.1 (0.74) 23.4 (1.33) 21.5 (0.46) 23.6 (1.31)

5–11 years ............................ 17.2 (0.33) 13.3 (0.39) 21.7 (0.78) 22.6 (2.74) 18.0 (1.08) 22.3 (1.68) 22.6 (0.80) 21.8 (1.79)

12–17 years ........................... 18.2 (0.32) 13.3 (0.43) 22.3 (0.69) 22.0 (4.19) 18.1 (1.08) 25.1 (2.15) 20.9 (0.55) 25.3 (1.81)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ......................... 34.6 (0.52) 35.0 (0.77) 29.9 (1.11) 41.2 (3.15) 28.3 (1.63) 37.2 (2.78) 36.8 (0.86) 40.2 (2.62)

Mexican or Mexican American ................ 36.9 (0.67) 36.4 (0.90) 32.4 (1.55) 41.0 (3.35) 32.2 (2.04) 39.2 (3.42) 39.8 (1.06) 42.8 (3.08)

Not Hispanic or Latino ...................... 22.4 (0.26) 19.8 (0.34) 26.3 (0.59) 38.8 (2.49) 22.8 (0.88) 28.0 (1.43) 23.5 (0.55) 24.1 (1.46)

White, single race ....................... 20.5 (0.30) 18.8 (0.36) 24.4 (0.79) 43.1 (3.20) 22.4 (0.98) 27.8 (1.77) 19.5 (0.64) 23.6 (2.04)

Black or African American, single race ........... 28.5 (0.60) 26.7 (1.21) 28.7 (0.96) 35.9 (4.56) 24.1 (2.03) 31.7 (2.89) 31.5 (1.13) 25.4 (2.27)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................. 38.5 (0.70) 41.4 (1.21) 34.0 (1.32) 41.0 (3.88) 37.0 (2.83) 37.9 (2.84) 39.9 (1.15) 36.9 (5.26)

High school diploma or GED6

.................. 29.1 (0.49) 27.9 (0.75) 29.3 (0.98) 39.6 (3.39) 28.0 (1.59) 32.1 (2.12) 30.0 (0.89) 28.3 (4.49)

More than high school diploma ................. 20.0 (0.27) 18.9 (0.33) 22.7 (0.70) 38.5 (3.40) 19.8 (0.92) 23.5 (1.95) 20.5 (0.60) 20.2 (2.96)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................ 34.0 (0.59) 36.1 (1.24) 31.9 (0.82) 43.5 (3.94) 32.6 (2.63) 34.9 (2.93) 36.3 (1.29) 33.2 (2.72)

$20,000-$34,999.......................... 32.5 (0.59) 34.9 (0.94) 27.4 (1.03) 41.0 (3.88) 31.9 (2.06) 35.1 (2.92) 34.8 (1.28) 29.9 (2.69)

$35,000-$54,999.......................... 28.0 (0.54) 28.1 (0.80) 19.7 (1.26) 40.6 (4.27) 26.7 (1.52) 30.2 (2.72) 32.5 (1.13) 29.8 (2.86)

$55,000-$74,999.......................... 21.5 (0.55) 21.7 (0.78) 13.6 (1.72) 38.7 (7.12) 20.8 (1.65) 21.5 (3.46) 23.6 (1.23) 18.3 (3.99)

$75,000 or more.......................... 14.8 (0.35) 13.7 (0.42) 14.8 (1.97) 22.2 (5.17) 14.9 (1.29) 21.5 (3.15) 16.8 (0.74) 23.4 (3.05)

Poverty status8

Poor ................................. 34.1 (0.60) 35.2 (1.18) 32.4 (0.94) 44.1 (4.10) 33.1 (2.56) 34.3 (2.89) 35.9 (1.18) 31.9 (2.73)

Near poor .............................. 32.4 (0.54) 33.8 (0.89) 28.3 (0.97) 39.0 (3.78) 29.7 (1.75) 35.4 (2.76) 34.7 (1.09) 31.4 (2.53)

Not poor............................... 19.0 (0.26) 18.1 (0.33) 18.6 (0.74) 37.3 (3.09) 19.4 (0.92) 23.9 (1.73) 20.3 (0.55) 22.4 (1.82)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ..................... 20.5 (0.27) 18.9 (0.33) 20.7 (0.79) 35.0 (3.34) 20.7 (0.92) 22.7 (1.80) 23.3 (0.55) 24.4 (1.51)

Rented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 (0.44) 37.3 (0.82) 30.8 (0.71) 41.7 (2.53) 30.0 (1.51) 34.7 (1.84) 36.2 (0.93) 35.6 (2.45)

Some other arrangement .................... 32.2 (1.67) 32.8 (2.70) 29.6 (2.75) 67.6 (11.04) 26.2 (5.15) 35.7 (10.62) 35.7 (4.07) 29.1 (7.71)

Health insurance coverage10

Private ................................ 19.0 (0.26) 18.2 (0.32) 19.9 (0.69) 35.6 (3.03) 20.2 (0.90) 21.7 (1.83) 19.2 (0.54) 21.7 (2.14)

Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 (0.50) 30.0 (0.91) 29.0 (0.82) 38.3 (3.08) 26.9 (1.75) 31.1 (1.93) 30.6 (0.96) 23.4 (1.67)

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 (1.29) 17.0 (1.73) 30.5 (3.38) *44.3 (13.53) 15.6 (3.07) 33.1 (8.85) 20.9 (3.02) *17.8 (7.67)

Uninsured .............................. 50.0 (0.76) 49.4 (1.23) 47.6 (1.69) 55.0 (5.00) 42.9 (2.86) 46.6 (3.57) 54.6 (1.38) 55.3 (3.32)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................. 27.7 (0.43) 25.3 (0.66) 28.1 (0.83) 37.9 (3.04) 25.3 (1.47) 33.4 (2.18) 30.8 (0.81) 28.9 (2.24)

Small MSA ............................. 22.5 (0.32) 20.6 (0.41) 25.0 (0.79) 42.2 (3.19) 21.3 (1.01) 26.2 (1.90) 24.5 (0.66) 25.1 (1.77)

Not in MSA ............................ 26.3 (0.72) 23.5 (0.77) 29.4 (1.47) 36.6 (4.37) 26.8 (1.86) 31.7 (2.57) 27.6 (1.31) 30.7 (2.92)

Region

Northeast .............................. 19.4 (0.48) 17.5 (0.72) 21.9 (1.14) 42.6 (4.52) 18.5 (1.87) 23.3 (2.57) 20.1 (0.97) 24.1 (3.23)

Midwest ............................... 21.7 (0.49) 19.0 (0.62) 25.6 (0.99) 40.3 (3.99) 21.4 (1.76) 30.0 (2.86) 23.0 (1.05) 19.7 (2.57)

South ................................ 28.2 (0.45) 25.9 (0.57) 30.7 (0.90) 43.3 (3.86) 25.7 (1.22) 32.8 (2.17) 30.6 (0.81) 32.6 (2.08)

West ................................. 26.2 (0.47) 24.1 (0.63) 25.4 (1.11) 33.1 (3.53) 25.6 (1.50) 28.3 (2.44) 30.5 (0.95) 27.3 (2.50)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 129

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding last dental visit is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘About how long has it
 

been since [child’s name] last saw a dentist? Include all types of dentists, such as orthodontists, oral surgeons, and all other dental specialists, as well as dental hygienists.’’ A knowledgeable adult
 

provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to last dental visit and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17 who did not see a
 

dentist in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 130 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 51. Frequencies of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed dental care in the past 12 months due to cost, by family structure

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

aged 2–17

who did not

receive needed

dental care

in the past

12 months

due to cost Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 4,168 1,421 978 53 467 188 942 120

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,022

2,146

687

734

457

521

28

25

217

250

95

92

490

452

48

72

Age

2–4 years ................................

5–17 years................................

5–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

364

3,804

1,790

2,014

167

1,254

693

561

70

908

416

492

11

42

27

15

21

446

223

223

13

174

82

92

72

869

315

555

*8

111

35

76

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

1,044

784

3,124

2,270

561

379

306

1,042

857

89

160

101

818

510

241

27

18

26

22

*4

94

70

372

311

49

38

27

149

126

12

309

233

633

397

138

37

28

83

46

28

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

776

1,129

2,150

209

367

841

181

262

496

21

13

19

46

143

273

54

65

67

256

265

413

*8

*12

*41

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

1,083

1,091

1,025

481

488

216

362

393

209

242

502

293

145

22

*16

14

19

11

*6

*3

74

107

152

74

59

53

48

51

*15

*20

199

235

243

129

135

25

27

31

*25

*12

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

1,108

1,427

1,633

262

442

716

407

336

236

14

22

17

81

174

212

59

50

79

256

347

338

29

56

35

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

2,330

1,705

105

978

395

39

334

611

31

22

31

*–

260

200

*5

72

101

*5

591

325

22

73

43

*3

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

1,645

1,102

65

1,346

695

245

*14

466

313

363

21

278

11

22

*–

20

222

99

*7

138

43

64

*10

69

327

278

*12

321

*35

31

*2

52

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA ...............................

Not in MSA ...............................

1,256

2,012

900

364

751

306

335

429

214

25

20

*7

120

218

129

54

78

55

309

470

163

49

45

26

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

512

923

1,674

1,060

170

304

586

361

117

236

422

203

*8

10

12

24

55

106

198

107

29

50

64

46

125

186

340

291

*8

*32

52

28

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 131

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding receipt of dental care is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the past
 

12 months, was there any time when [child’s name] needed [dental care, including check-ups] but didn’t get it because you couldn’t afford it?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of
 

child respondents. Unknowns with respect to receipt of dental care and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed dental care in the
 

past 12 months due to cost’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 132 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 52. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed dental care in the past 12 months due to

cost, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 2–17 1 Family structure who did not

receive needed

dental care

in the past Unmarried

12 months Single biological

Selected characteristics due to cost Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 6.4 (0.13) 4.6 (0.16) 8.8 (0.34) 7.5 (1.00) 8.1 (0.47) 9.1 (0.80) 7.5 (0.29) 5.8 (0.74)

Sex

Male ................................... 6.1 (0.17) 4.3 (0.21) 8.3 (0.44) 7.4 (1.41) 7.4 (0.60) 9.0 (1.12) 7.6 (0.40) 4.6 (0.73)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 (0.19) 4.9 (0.22) 9.3 (0.50) 7.7 (1.42) 8.9 (0.75) 9.3 (1.13) 7.5 (0.40) 7.1 (1.28)

Age
 

2–4 years ................................ 3.0 (0.18) 2.4 (0.23) 4.2 (0.54) 3.8 (1.09) 2.6 (0.75) 3.3 (0.95) 4.0 (0.52) *2.6 (0.83) 
 

5–17 years................................ 7.2 (0.15) 5.2 (0.19) 9.6 (0.38) 10.2 (1.53) 9.0 (0.53) 10.6 (0.95) 8.1 (0.32) 6.4 (0.86) 
 

5–11 years .............................. 6.4 (0.19) 4.8 (0.22) 8.5 (0.52) 9.2 (1.62) 8.7 (0.71) 8.4 (1.09) 7.7 (0.52) 4.2 (0.76) 
 

12–17 years ............................. 8.1 (0.22) 5.8 (0.31) 10.9 (0.55) 13.1 (3.50) 9.3 (0.81) 13.9 (1.69) 8.4 (0.40) 8.4 (1.51) 
 

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 8.7 (0.28) 7.7 (0.43) 8.3 (0.64) 11.8 (2.09) 10.7 (1.16) 10.4 (1.63) 9.3 (0.50) 8.2 (1.21) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 (0.36) 8.6 (0.53) 9.5 (0.84) 12.2 (2.28) 11.9 (1.48) 11.2 (2.09) 10.1 (0.62) 8.6 (1.43) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 5.9 (0.14) 4.0 (0.17) 8.9 (0.38) 5.5 (1.07) 7.7 (0.52) 8.9 (0.92) 6.9 (0.34) 5.1 (0.90) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 (0.17) 3.9 (0.18) 10.3 (0.55) 7.2 (1.60) 8.1 (0.61) 10.4 (1.20) 6.6 (0.43) 5.4 (1.52) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 5.9 (0.30) 4.7 (0.64) 6.7 (0.49) *3.2 (1.10) 6.5 (1.03) 3.4 (1.01) 6.5 (0.62) 4.5 (0.98) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 9.5 (0.39) 8.7 (0.64) 8.6 (0.80) 13.1 (2.66) 10.3 (1.71) 12.7 (1.95) 10.4 (0.70) *5.5 (1.87)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 7.8 (0.30) 7.0 (0.48) 8.4 (0.59) 4.9 (1.14) 8.8 (0.91) 8.8 (1.34) 8.0 (0.51) *6.3 (2.26)

More than high school diploma ................... 5.4 (0.15) 3.6 (0.16) 9.4 (0.48) 6.7 (1.60) 7.6 (0.61) 7.7 (1.09) 6.3 (0.39) 9.5 (2.76)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 9.7 (0.34) 8.8 (0.67) 9.6 (0.49) 7.9 (1.94) 13.3 (1.83) 11.8 (2.01) 10.7 (0.88) 6.1 (1.12) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 9.8 (0.35) 9.3 (0.63) 10.0 (0.68) 9.8 (2.08) 10.7 (1.18) 10.1 (2.27) 10.8 (0.77) 5.6 (1.14) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 8.2 (0.31) 6.9 (0.43) 8.3 (0.89) 6.2 (1.76) 10.6 (1.16) 10.3 (1.99) 9.6 (0.75) 6.6 (1.45) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 4.9 (0.34) 3.8 (0.35) 3.5 (0.92) *7.1 (3.24) 6.8 (1.12) *5.4 (1.83) 6.7 (0.94) *8.8 (4.06) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 2.4 (0.16) 1.8 (0.17) *3.1 (1.11) *4.2 (2.66) 3.6 (0.66) *5.8 (1.76) 3.4 (0.39) *2.9 (1.00) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 (0.36) 9.3 (0.74) 9.1 (0.56) 8.0 (2.13) 11.5 (1.56) 11.8 (2.02) 10.3 (0.82) 5.3 (1.05)

Near poor ................................ 9.9 (0.33) 8.7 (0.52) 10.6 (0.71) 8.9 (1.77) 12.1 (1.19) 8.5 (1.58) 10.9 (0.74) 8.9 (2.02)

Not poor ................................. 4.2 (0.13) 3.1 (0.15) 6.9 (0.52) 6.0 (1.55) 5.9 (0.53) 8.1 (1.16) 4.9 (0.34) 3.9 (0.70)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 5.2 (0.14) 3.9 (0.16) 8.0 (0.49) 7.5 (1.63) 6.6 (0.55) 8.3 (1.26) 6.7 (0.33) 5.2 (0.96)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 (0.26) 7.6 (0.45) 9.3 (0.46) 7.8 (1.32) 11.9 (1.02) 9.0 (1.00) 9.6 (0.57) 7.5 (1.16)

Some other arrangement ....................... 8.7 (1.01) 8.2 (1.75) 9.7 (2.00) *– *4.4 (2.27) *12.0 (6.19) 11.5 (2.45) *5.0 (2.79)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 (0.13) 2.9 (0.15) 6.7 (0.44) 4.2 (1.22) 5.9 (0.52) 5.3 (1.04) 4.6 (0.29) *5.3 (1.82) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 (0.26) 6.4 (0.50) 7.2 (0.48) 6.5 (1.29) 8.0 (1.02) 7.3 (1.06) 7.8 (0.61) 3.0 (0.61) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 (0.74) *2.1 (0.68) 8.9 (2.17) *– *3.9 (1.69) *19.0 (8.69) *5.5 (2.04) *3.4 (2.44) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 20.8 (0.63) 18.1 (0.97) 26.8 (1.58) 21.3 (4.26) 24.9 (2.39) 22.9 (2.91) 20.2 (1.12) 16.6 (2.29) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 6.8 (0.22) 5.1 (0.32) 7.9 (0.48) 10.1 (1.96) 8.6 (0.94) 9.2 (1.46) 7.7 (0.46) 6.8 (1.69) 
 

Small MSA ............................... 5.8 (0.17) 4.2 (0.20) 8.8 (0.52) 6.5 (1.30) 7.5 (0.65) 8.4 (1.11) 7.2 (0.39) 5.1 (0.82) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 7.4 (0.38) 5.4 (0.41) 10.9 (0.91) *5.2 (2.12) 8.8 (1.02) 10.4 (1.81) 8.2 (0.86) 5.6 (1.25) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 4.4 (0.26) 2.9 (0.32) 5.9 (0.68) *6.0 (2.58) 7.4 (1.15) 9.1 (2.02) 5.2 (0.59) *2.8 (0.96) 
 

Midwest ................................. 6.0 (0.27) 4.0 (0.29) 9.0 (0.72) 5.3 (1.50) 7.4 (0.94) 9.1 (1.77) 7.4 (0.67) *7.8 (2.78) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 (0.22) 5.5 (0.28) 9.5 (0.58) 5.9 (1.60) 8.3 (0.74) 8.3 (1.18) 7.9 (0.47) 5.8 (0.89) 
 

West ................................... 7.4 (0.30) 5.3 (0.37) 10.0 (0.74) 12.3 (2.35) 9.3 (1.09) 10.9 (1.76) 8.8 (0.62) 6.1 (1.16) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 133

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Information regarding receipt of dental care is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the past
 

12 months, was there any time when [child’s name] needed [dental care, including check-ups] but didn’t get it because you couldn’t afford it?’’ A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of
 

child respondents. Unknowns with respect to receipt of dental care and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 2–17 who did not receive needed dental care in the
 

past 12 months due to cost’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 134 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 53. Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who were often unhappy, depressed, or tearful during the past 6 months, by family structure

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

aged 4–17

who were often

unhappy,

depressed,

or tearful

in the past

6 months Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 1,666 526 430 *9 190 51 371 89

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

758

908

237

289

190

240

*6

*3

92

98

28

22

167

204

37

52

Age

4–17 years................................

4–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

1,666

783

883

526

295

231

430

198

232

*9

*7

*2

190

91

99

51

25

26

371

141

230

89

26

63

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

386

257

1,279

858

285

120

91

406

314

35

81

39

349

182

131

*2

*1

*7

*5

*1

43

27

147

108

27

16

*11

35

30

*4

104

69

267

183

60

20

19

69

*35

28

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

326

382

855

74

104

346

118

101

176

*2

*5

*2

31

60

95

13

*14

22

84

97

182

*4

*–

*31

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

443

362

296

213

353

60

108

96

79

183

240

99

59

*16

*15

*2

*4

*1

*–

*1

30

45

46

28

41

*8

12

*11

*6

*13

79

75

67

65

86

23

*18

*16

*19

*13

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

489

420

756

86

100

340

215

116

98

*4

*1

*4

41

52

96

*9

*14

27

103

102

166

30

*34

25

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

1,002

623

36

406

109

*10

153

264

*12

*2

*7

*–

110

77

*3

25

24

*1

248

119

*2

57

23

*8

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

798

610

34

218

328

114

*17

67

153

226

*7

42

*4

*5

*–

*1

90

62

*5

33

*18

18

*2

*13

183

136

*3

45

*23

49

*–

16

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA ...............................

Not in MSA ...............................

538

795

332

148

284

94

165

185

80

*4

*3

*2

49

87

53

17

22

*11

115

181

75

*40

33

17

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

316

325

600

425

99

87

186

154

87

97

170

75

*3

*2

*3

*1

32

35

73

50

*11

*10

*16

14

73

69

118

110

9

*26

34

*20

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 135

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, has [child’s name] often been unhappy, depressed, or tearful?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and ‘‘don’t know;’’ only ‘‘certainly
 

true’’ cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure are not included in the
 

column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who were often unhappy, depressed, or tearful in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 136 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 54. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who were often unhappy, depressed, or tearful during the past 6

months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 4–17

who were often Family structure1

unhappy,

depressed,

or tearful Unmarried

in the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 6 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 3.0 (0.10) 2.0 (0.11) 4.4 (0.27) *1.9 (0.60) 3.7 (0.32) 2.9 (0.48) 3.4 (0.23) 4.9 (0.84)

Sex

Male ................................... 2.7 (0.12) 1.8 (0.14) 4.0 (0.33) *2.2 (1.00) 3.5 (0.45) 3.1 (0.75) 2.9 (0.28) 4.0 (0.75)

Female .................................. 3.3 (0.16) 2.3 (0.18) 4.8 (0.40) *1.5 (0.55) 3.9 (0.47) 2.7 (0.60) 3.8 (0.37) 5.9 (1.55)

Age

4–17 years................................ 3.0 (0.10) 2.0 (0.11) 4.4 (0.27) *1.9 (0.60) 3.7 (0.32) 2.9 (0.48) 3.4 (0.23) 4.9 (0.84)

4–11 years .............................. 2.5 (0.12) 1.8 (0.14) 3.7 (0.32) *2.0 (0.74) 3.2 (0.43) 2.2 (0.49) 3.1 (0.36) 2.9 (0.60)

12–17 years ............................. 3.6 (0.17) 2.5 (0.20) 5.3 (0.44) *1.8 (0.86) 4.2 (0.48) 3.9 (0.99) 3.6 (0.31) 7.1 (1.59)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 3.8 (0.20) 3.0 (0.29) 4.9 (0.54) *1.4 (0.54) 5.6 (0.96) 5.0 (1.27) 3.7 (0.35) 5.4 (1.26)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 3.7 (0.25) 3.2 (0.36) 4.2 (0.69) *0.8 (0.40) 5.2 (1.03) *5.6 (1.74) 3.5 (0.43) 6.7 (1.67)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 2.8 (0.11) 1.9 (0.12) 4.3 (0.31) *2.2 (0.85) 3.3 (0.33) 2.4 (0.51) 3.3 (0.28) 4.8 (1.03)

White, single race .......................... 2.5 (0.12) 1.7 (0.13) 4.1 (0.38) *2.4 (1.20) 3.1 (0.35) 2.8 (0.67) 3.3 (0.35) *4.8 (1.73)

Black or African American, single race ............. 3.5 (0.26) 2.2 (0.39) 4.2 (0.48) *1.5 (0.95) 3.8 (0.91) *1.3 (0.63) 3.3 (0.47) 5.1 (1.21)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 4.8 (0.31) 3.7 (0.45) 6.7 (0.75) *2.1 (1.67) 7.7 (1.80) 3.8 (1.06) 4.0 (0.46) *3.1 (1.52)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 3.1 (0.18) 2.3 (0.25) 3.7 (0.42) *2.5 (0.96) 4.2 (0.70) *2.2 (0.72) 3.4 (0.39) *–

More than high school diploma ................... 2.5 (0.12) 1.8 (0.13) 3.7 (0.37) *1.2 (0.71) 2.9 (0.33) 2.9 (0.78) 3.1 (0.35) *8.4 (3.35)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 4.8 (0.28) 3.1 (0.46) 5.4 (0.45) *1.9 (1.17) 6.3 (1.49) *2.4 (0.86) 5.1 (0.74) 6.4 (1.27)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 3.8 (0.27) 3.4 (0.47) 3.8 (0.43) *3.2 (1.60) 5.0 (0.93) 2.9 (0.88) 4.0 (0.56) *4.3 (1.58)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 2.8 (0.20) 2.1 (0.28) 3.7 (0.68) *1.0 (0.83) 3.6 (0.60) *2.5 (0.82) 3.0 (0.46) *3.8 (1.26)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 2.5 (0.27) 1.7 (0.23) *2.7 (0.98) *– 2.8 (0.61) *2.5 (1.34) 3.7 (0.88) *7.4 (4.26)

$75,000 or more ............................ 2.0 (0.15) 1.6 (0.17) *3.1 (1.28) *2.5 (1.88) 2.7 (0.57) *4.1 (1.78) 2.4 (0.38) *3.7 (1.29)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 (0.31) 3.8 (0.58) 5.7 (0.50) *3.5 (1.95) 6.9 (1.43) *2.3 (0.92) 4.9 (0.66) 6.6 (1.63)

Near poor ................................ 3.4 (0.23) 2.4 (0.29) 4.1 (0.44) *0.8 (0.48) 4.1 (0.66) *2.8 (0.85) 3.7 (0.55) *6.2 (2.19)

Not poor ................................. 2.2 (0.10) 1.8 (0.12) 3.1 (0.39) *2.0 (0.86) 2.9 (0.35) 3.1 (0.78) 2.7 (0.26) 3.1 (0.70)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 2.6 (0.11) 1.9 (0.12) 4.0 (0.41) *0.9 (0.53) 3.1 (0.35) 3.3 (0.84) 3.1 (0.27) 4.6 (1.07)

Rented .................................. 4.0 (0.20) 2.7 (0.31) 4.7 (0.37) *2.8 (1.05) 5.1 (0.69) 2.6 (0.57) 4.2 (0.48) 4.5 (0.85)

Some other arrangement ....................... 3.6 (0.90) *2.6 (1.00) *4.6 (1.45) *– *2.8 (2.09) *3.0 (2.18) *1.4 (0.74) *17.7 (11.79)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 2.2 (0.11) 1.6 (0.12) 3.5 (0.35) *2.1 (0.90) 2.6 (0.33) *2.4 (0.74) 2.8 (0.28) *4.0 (1.95)

Medicaid ................................. 4.6 (0.24) 3.8 (0.45) 5.3 (0.45) *2.1 (1.01) 5.7 (0.84) 2.4 (0.60) 4.7 (0.54) 5.5 (1.07)

Other ................................... 2.8 (0.62) 3.2 (0.92) *3.3 (1.60) *– *2.8 (1.53) *4.8 (4.68) *1.5 (0.77) *–

Uninsured ................................ 3.8 (0.31) 3.0 (0.46) 4.4 (0.82) *1.2 (0.94) 6.7 (1.52) *5.3 (1.75) 3.3 (0.49) 5.8 (1.28)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 3.5 (0.20) 2.5 (0.25) 4.5 (0.41) *2.7 (0.98) 3.9 (0.69) 3.4 (0.85) 3.3 (0.36) *6.4 (2.05)

Small MSA ............................... 2.7 (0.13) 1.9 (0.15) 4.2 (0.42) *1.2 (0.66) 3.4 (0.42) 2.7 (0.72) 3.1 (0.32) 4.2 (0.88)

Not in MSA ............................... 3.1 (0.23) 1.9 (0.27) 4.6 (0.67) *2.3 (1.99) 4.1 (0.70) *2.6 (1.02) 4.3 (0.65) 4.1 (0.99)

Region

Northeast ................................ 3.1 (0.23) 2.0 (0.30) 4.9 (0.64) *4.0 (1.76) 4.8 (1.03) *4.1 (1.54) 3.4 (0.55) 3.7 (1.06)

Midwest ................................. 2.5 (0.21) 1.4 (0.17) 4.2 (0.58) *1.8 (1.11) 2.7 (0.53) *2.0 (0.77) 3.1 (0.52) *7.1 (3.10)

South ................................... 3.0 (0.15) 2.1 (0.18) 4.4 (0.42) *2.2 (1.56) 3.4 (0.50) *2.5 (0.79) 3.2 (0.30) 4.2 (0.84)

West ................................... 3.5 (0.23) 2.7 (0.30) 4.2 (0.64) *0.5 (0.26) 4.8 (0.71) 3.8 (1.01) 3.9 (0.52) *5.3 (1.76)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 137

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, has [child’s name] often been unhappy, depressed, or tearful?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and ‘‘don’t know;’’ only ‘‘certainly
 

true’’ cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure are not included in the
 

column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who were often unhappy, depressed, or tearful in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 138 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 55. Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who were generally not well-behaved or did not usually do what adults requested during the

past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

aged 4–17

who were

generally

not wellbehaved in

the past

6 months Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 2,028 553 492 23 262 87 515 96

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,196

832

337

216

294

198

16

*6

145

118

50

37

294

221

60

36

Age

4–17 years................................

4–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

2,028

1,084

944

553

357

197

492

268

224

23

*11

*12

262

145

117

87

53

34

515

208

307

96

42

54

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

466

318

1,562

1,018

414

140

111

413

339

32

100

52

392

182

182

*6

*2

16

*13

*2

44

33

218

179

32

16

*9

71

39

23

144

98

371

231

104

15

*13

80

36

38

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

438

522

940

75

126

351

160

117

178

*6

*12

*5

42

83

133

23

31

31

127

145

227

*4

*8

17

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

576

458

376

249

369

75

101

117

95

167

285

145

42

*15

*5

*6

*7

*5

*4

*1

43

48

79

38

54

26

27

*13

*11

*10

108

109

101

72

125

33

*22

*18

*15

*8

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

623

532

872

94

112

347

257

141

94

*7

*7

*9

50

75

138

27

31

29

147

141

227

40

26

30

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

1,150

817

50

396

141

*10

146

329

17

*9

13

*1

159

94

*8

34

50

*3

341

161

*9

64

29

*3

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

927

811

35

245

357

126

*4

63

140

295

*9

47

*5

13

*1

*3

141

82

*7

29

21

44

*4

18

238

191

*8

72

24

59

*2

*11

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA ...............................

Not in MSA ...............................

671

933

424

158

280

115

217

186

89

*6

*12

*5

72

125

65

28

32

27

159

253

102

30

45

21

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

344

426

808

450

89

121

187

157

86

109

225

72

*7

*1

*7

*7

36

62

111

53

16

18

37

16

97

91

193

135

*14

25

48

*10

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 139

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, has [child’s name] been generally well-behaved, usually does what adults request?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and ‘‘don’t
 

know;’’ only ‘‘not true’’ cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure are
 

not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who were generally not well-behaved in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 140 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 56. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who were generally not well-behaved or did not usually do what adults

requested during the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 4–17 1 Family structure who were

generally

not wellbehaved in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 6 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 3.6 (0.10) 2.1 (0.11) 5.0 (0.26) 4.7 (1.02) 5.1 (0.39) 4.9 (0.56) 4.7 (0.25) 5.3 (0.67)

Sex

Male ................................... 4.2 (0.14) 2.5 (0.17) 6.1 (0.40) 6.3 (1.70) 5.5 (0.56) 5.4 (0.77) 5.1 (0.38) 6.5 (0.97)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 (0.13) 1.7 (0.15) 4.0 (0.32) *2.8 (0.90) 4.6 (0.54) 4.4 (0.82) 4.2 (0.32) 4.1 (0.93)

Age

4–17 years................................ 3.6 (0.10) 2.1 (0.11) 5.0 (0.26) 4.7 (1.02) 5.1 (0.39) 4.9 (0.56) 4.7 (0.25) 5.3 (0.67)

4–11 years .............................. 3.4 (0.13) 2.2 (0.14) 5.0 (0.35) *2.9 (0.88) 5.2 (0.56) 4.7 (0.70) 4.5 (0.37) 4.6 (0.82)

12–17 years ............................. 3.9 (0.15) 2.1 (0.18) 5.1 (0.37) *10.5 (3.22) 4.9 (0.53) 5.3 (0.94) 4.8 (0.34) 6.0 (1.06)

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 4.6 (0.21) 3.5 (0.30) 6.0 (0.53) *4.1 (1.63) 5.7 (0.96) 5.2 (1.24) 5.1 (0.40) 4.1 (1.06) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 (0.26) 3.8 (0.38) 5.7 (0.77) *2.3 (0.86) 6.4 (1.23) *4.2 (1.28) 5.0 (0.49) *4.6 (1.39) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 3.4 (0.11) 1.9 (0.12) 4.8 (0.29) 5.0 (1.29) 5.0 (0.42) 4.9 (0.62) 4.5 (0.31) 5.6 (0.80) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 (0.12) 1.8 (0.13) 4.1 (0.39) *6.0 (1.85) 5.1 (0.48) 3.7 (0.60) 4.2 (0.39) 4.9 (0.89) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 5.1 (0.28) 2.0 (0.37) 5.9 (0.47) *3.1 (1.47) 4.5 (1.03) 8.0 (1.71) 5.7 (0.59) 6.8 (1.58) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 6.4 (0.36) 3.7 (0.44) 9.1 (0.85) *5.3 (2.11) 10.6 (2.17) 6.6 (1.47) 6.1 (0.58) *3.5 (1.84)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 4.2 (0.21) 2.8 (0.31) 4.2 (0.45) 6.3 (1.88) 5.9 (0.73) 4.9 (0.89) 5.0 (0.45) *5.0 (2.09)

More than high school diploma ................... 2.7 (0.11) 1.8 (0.12) 3.7 (0.31) *2.7 (1.39) 4.0 (0.43) 4.0 (0.83) 3.8 (0.35) 4.5 (1.30)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 6.2 (0.30) 3.9 (0.51) 6.4 (0.44) *5.1 (1.91) 9.2 (1.90) 7.3 (1.56) 6.9 (0.74) 9.1 (2.19) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 4.8 (0.29) 3.2 (0.41) 5.5 (0.53) *5.3 (1.95) 5.3 (0.98) 6.6 (1.57) 5.8 (0.75) 5.4 (1.57) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 3.5 (0.23) 2.5 (0.30) 2.6 (0.49) *3.7 (1.97) 6.2 (0.89) *3.1 (1.03) 4.6 (0.50) *4.4 (1.37) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 2.9 (0.26) 2.1 (0.27) *2.6 (0.82) *7.4 (4.73) 3.7 (0.77) *4.2 (1.38) 4.1 (0.74) *5.7 (1.82) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 2.1 (0.14) 1.4 (0.14) *1.1 (0.83) *1.9 (1.35) 3.6 (0.61) *3.1 (1.18) 3.4 (0.37) *2.1 (0.73) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 (0.32) 4.2 (0.61) 6.8 (0.49) *6.2 (2.41) 8.3 (1.64) 6.7 (1.45) 7.0 (0.76) 8.7 (1.95)

Near poor ................................ 4.3 (0.24) 2.7 (0.31) 5.0 (0.49) *3.8 (1.53) 5.9 (0.90) 6.2 (1.27) 5.1 (0.50) 4.7 (1.10)

Not poor ................................. 2.6 (0.11) 1.8 (0.11) 3.0 (0.33) *4.5 (1.61) 4.2 (0.42) 3.4 (0.65) 3.7 (0.29) 3.7 (0.76)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 3.0 (0.11) 1.9 (0.11) 3.8 (0.37) *4.1 (1.45) 4.5 (0.45) 4.4 (0.81) 4.3 (0.30) 5.2 (0.74)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 (0.21) 3.5 (0.39) 5.8 (0.36) 5.1 (1.48) 6.3 (0.79) 5.4 (0.83) 5.6 (0.50) 5.7 (1.51)

Some other arrangement ....................... 5.0 (0.74) *2.6 (0.84) 6.2 (1.56) *7.7 (5.58) *8.3 (3.25) *7.4 (5.78) *5.2 (2.07) *6.3 (5.30)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 (0.11) 1.8 (0.12) 3.3 (0.32) *3.2 (1.12) 4.2 (0.42) 2.8 (0.58) 3.7 (0.30) 4.0 (0.99) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 (0.25) 4.2 (0.48) 6.9 (0.46) 5.4 (1.57) 7.6 (1.11) 6.1 (0.98) 6.5 (0.57) 6.6 (1.13) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 (0.57) *0.8 (0.39) *4.3 (1.67) *17.6 (13.32) *4.1 (1.85) *8.5 (5.40) *4.2 (1.65) *4.2 (3.43) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 4.3 (0.31) 2.8 (0.36) 5.0 (0.76) *4.7 (3.46) 5.8 (1.24) 7.3 (1.88) 5.2 (0.67) *4.1 (1.30) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 4.3 (0.20) 2.7 (0.27) 5.9 (0.45) *3.7 (1.60) 5.8 (0.80) 5.4 (1.08) 4.6 (0.38) 4.8 (1.20) 
 

Small MSA ............................... 3.1 (0.12) 1.9 (0.13) 4.3 (0.37) 5.4 (1.57) 4.8 (0.53) 3.9 (0.73) 4.3 (0.34) 5.7 (1.05) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 4.0 (0.28) 2.4 (0.31) 5.1 (0.61) *4.8 (2.37) 4.9 (0.83) 6.2 (1.27) 5.8 (0.83) 5.2 (1.21) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 3.4 (0.23) 1.8 (0.22) 4.9 (0.59) *8.3 (3.20) 5.4 (1.12) 5.9 (1.51) 4.4 (0.58) *5.2 (2.38) 
 

Midwest ................................. 3.2 (0.19) 1.9 (0.22) 4.7 (0.54) *1.2 (0.90) 4.8 (0.73) 3.8 (0.98) 4.0 (0.54) 6.8 (1.51) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 (0.17) 2.1 (0.18) 5.7 (0.45) *5.7 (2.44) 5.1 (0.62) 5.6 (0.94) 5.1 (0.44) 5.9 (1.05) 
 

West ................................... 3.7 (0.21) 2.8 (0.29) 4.0 (0.47) *4.6 (1.55) 5.1 (0.83) 4.4 (1.24) 4.7 (0.51) *2.6 (0.79) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 141

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, has [child’s name] been generally well-behaved, usually does what adults request?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and ‘‘don’t
 

know;’’ only ‘‘not true’’ cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure are
 

not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who were generally not well-behaved in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 142 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 57. Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who had many worries or often seemed worried during the past 6 months, by family structure

and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

aged 4–17

who had

many worries

or often

seemed worried

in the past

6 months Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 3,276 1,067 832 25 376 135 665 177

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,671

1,606

540

527

440

392

16

*9

189

187

67

68

325

339

94

83

Age

4–17 years................................

4–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

3,276

1,638

1,639

1,067

649

418

832

423

409

25

18

*8

376

183

193

135

78

57

665

216

448

177

71

105

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

610

418

2,666

2,055

411

182

129

885

761

53

135

73

697

471

170

*7

*4

19

*16

*2

59

42

317

267

33

22

18

113

89

18

176

126

489

359

95

30

27

147

92

40

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

490

773

1,832

101

198

765

161

216

397

*7

*9

*10

41

114

218

31

45

59

143

184

330

*5

*8

52

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

793

691

620

456

717

112

168

224

190

374

421

210

114

49

37

*10

*8

*5

*–

*2

56

85

88

65

83

22

41

32

23

*17

134

145

132

82

173

38

35

24

*48

31

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

816

852

1,608

133

221

713

359

240

233

*10

*8

*8

66

99

211

24

43

68

176

188

301

49

53

75

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

2,020

1,174

71

838

212

*13

330

471

31

*11

14

*–

236

130

*9

66

68

*1

415

237

*10

124

43

*8

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

1,746

1,082

58

382

735

183

24

122

360

380

*12

76

*6

17

*1

*2

220

106

*10

40

52

49

*6

29

329

242

*6

85

44

104

*–

27

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA ...............................

Not in MSA ...............................

940

1,628

708

255

591

220

271

387

173

*5

*13

*8

85

173

118

34

67

34

225

317

122

63

80

34

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

575

740

1,259

702

184

253

381

249

144

185

357

146

*8

*5

*8

*5

56

83

160

77

24

39

46

26

138

126

245

156

22

50

62

42

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 143

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, has [child’s name] many worries, or often seems worried?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and ‘‘don’t know;’’ only ‘‘certainly true’’
 

cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure are not included in the
 

column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who had many worries or often seemed worried in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 144 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 58. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who had many worries or often seemed worried during the past 6

months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 4–17

who had Family structure1

many worries

or often

seemed worried Unmarried

in the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 6 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 5.9 (0.13) 4.1 (0.16) 8.5 (0.35) 5.3 (1.13) 7.3 (0.47) 7.6 (0.80) 6.0 (0.28) 9.8 (1.05)

Sex

Male ................................... 5.8 (0.17) 4.1 (0.21) 9.2 (0.49) 6.2 (1.59) 7.2 (0.63) 7.3 (1.13) 5.7 (0.37) 10.2 (1.30)

Female .................................. 5.9 (0.18) 4.2 (0.22) 7.9 (0.46) *4.2 (1.59) 7.4 (0.67) 8.0 (1.12) 6.4 (0.42) 9.4 (1.67)

Age

4–17 years................................ 5.9 (0.13) 4.1 (0.16) 8.5 (0.35) 5.3 (1.13) 7.3 (0.47) 7.6 (0.80) 6.0 (0.28) 9.8 (1.05)

4–11 years .............................. 5.2 (0.16) 4.0 (0.20) 7.8 (0.47) 4.9 (1.27) 6.5 (0.60) 7.0 (0.92) 4.7 (0.38) 7.8 (1.14)

12–17 years ............................. 6.8 (0.20) 4.4 (0.26) 9.4 (0.51) *6.7 (2.43) 8.2 (0.67) 8.7 (1.47) 7.0 (0.39) 11.9 (1.80)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 6.0 (0.25) 4.5 (0.32) 8.1 (0.72) *4.4 (1.32) 7.6 (1.03) 7.2 (1.50) 6.2 (0.47) 7.9 (1.60)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 6.1 (0.33) 4.5 (0.39) 8.0 (1.01) *3.5 (1.52) 8.1 (1.25) 8.7 (2.04) 6.4 (0.60) 9.7 (2.12)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 5.8 (0.15) 4.1 (0.18) 8.6 (0.39) 5.8 (1.54) 7.2 (0.53) 7.7 (0.91) 6.0 (0.33) 10.3 (1.26)

White, single race .......................... 6.1 (0.18) 4.1 (0.19) 10.5 (0.56) 7.8 (2.33) 7.7 (0.58) 8.4 (1.15) 6.5 (0.44) 12.4 (2.00)

Black or African American, single race ............. 5.1 (0.31) 3.3 (0.51) 5.5 (0.50) *2.6 (1.24) 4.8 (1.10) 6.2 (1.77) 5.2 (0.61) 7.3 (1.53)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 7.2 (0.36) 5.1 (0.51) 9.2 (0.83) *6.6 (2.69) 10.4 (2.11) 8.7 (1.81) 6.8 (0.63) *4.2 (2.19)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 6.2 (0.26) 4.4 (0.37) 7.8 (0.60) *4.7 (1.70) 8.1 (0.95) 7.1 (1.17) 6.4 (0.53) *4.9 (2.26)

More than high school diploma ................... 5.3 (0.16) 4.0 (0.19) 8.3 (0.49) *5.2 (1.75) 6.6 (0.55) 7.7 (1.31) 5.6 (0.39) 14.0 (3.57)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 8.6 (0.35) 5.8 (0.60) 9.5 (0.54) *8.4 (2.88) 11.8 (1.98) 6.2 (1.43) 8.6 (0.88) 10.8 (1.68)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 7.2 (0.33) 5.3 (0.52) 8.0 (0.59) *5.8 (2.58) 9.4 (1.36) 10.0 (2.20) 7.7 (0.79) 8.6 (2.05)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 5.8 (0.29) 4.8 (0.40) 7.1 (0.87) *4.0 (2.23) 6.9 (0.88) 7.6 (1.53) 6.0 (0.67) 5.9 (1.59)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 5.4 (0.34) 4.2 (0.40) 8.4 (1.60) *– 6.4 (0.94) 8.9 (2.27) 4.6 (0.58) 18.6 (4.84)

$75,000 or more ............................ 4.0 (0.19) 3.3 (0.21) 7.8 (1.65) *4.5 (3.20) 5.5 (0.73) *5.2 (1.63) 4.8 (0.44) 8.5 (2.17)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 (0.37) 5.9 (0.59) 9.5 (0.59) *8.2 (3.06) 11.0 (1.77) 6.0 (1.40) 8.4 (0.85) 10.6 (1.88)

Near poor ................................ 6.9 (0.30) 5.3 (0.48) 8.5 (0.62) *4.5 (2.01) 7.8 (1.04) 8.7 (1.87) 6.8 (0.58) 9.6 (2.45)

Not poor ................................. 4.8 (0.15) 3.7 (0.17) 7.4 (0.56) *4.2 (1.66) 6.4 (0.52) 7.8 (1.06) 4.9 (0.32) 9.5 (1.38)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 5.2 (0.15) 3.9 (0.17) 8.6 (0.56) *5.1 (1.74) 6.7 (0.53) 8.5 (1.22) 5.2 (0.30) 10.0 (1.32)

Rented .................................. 7.5 (0.26) 5.3 (0.43) 8.4 (0.44) 5.7 (1.54) 8.6 (0.95) 7.3 (1.10) 8.3 (0.64) 8.6 (1.31)

Some other arrangement ....................... 7.1 (1.04) *3.5 (1.12) 11.2 (2.03) *– *9.4 (3.38) *3.3 (2.41) *5.8 (2.24) *17.7 (11.79)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 4.9 (0.15) 3.7 (0.17) 8.4 (0.51) *3.3 (1.34) 6.5 (0.53) 7.0 (1.14) 5.1 (0.32) 7.5 (2.07)

Medicaid ................................. 8.2 (0.32) 6.1 (0.58) 8.9 (0.53) 7.2 (1.99) 9.8 (1.20) 6.8 (1.25) 8.3 (0.66) 11.8 (1.52)

Other ................................... 4.9 (0.75) 4.4 (1.03) *6.1 (1.83) *9.2 (9.24) *6.1 (2.21) *13.2 (6.33) *2.9 (1.54) *–

Uninsured ................................ 6.7 (0.42) 5.5 (0.57) 8.1 (0.99) *3.7 (1.98) 8.0 (1.56) 11.3 (2.30) 6.1 (0.74) 9.9 (1.82)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 6.0 (0.24) 4.3 (0.31) 7.4 (0.53) *3.0 (1.04) 6.8 (0.86) 6.8 (1.15) 6.5 (0.51) 10.2 (2.26)

Small MSA ............................... 5.5 (0.17) 3.9 (0.21) 8.9 (0.53) 5.9 (1.72) 6.7 (0.65) 8.2 (1.25) 5.4 (0.37) 10.3 (1.36)

Not in MSA ............................... 6.7 (0.33) 4.6 (0.37) 9.9 (0.87) *8.2 (3.67) 9.0 (1.06) 7.6 (1.72) 7.0 (0.77) 8.4 (1.63)

Region

Northeast ................................ 5.7 (0.30) 3.8 (0.35) 8.2 (0.82) *8.7 (3.34) 8.5 (1.38) 8.7 (2.04) 6.3 (0.76) 8.5 (2.11)

Midwest ................................. 5.6 (0.26) 4.0 (0.30) 8.0 (0.76) *3.9 (2.21) 6.4 (0.80) 8.4 (1.89) 5.6 (0.57) 13.9 (3.25)

South ................................... 6.2 (0.22) 4.3 (0.28) 9.1 (0.56) *6.1 (2.34) 7.4 (0.78) 7.0 (1.17) 6.5 (0.48) 7.8 (1.21)

West ................................... 5.7 (0.28) 4.4 (0.35) 8.2 (0.69) *3.8 (1.46) 7.4 (1.02) 7.0 (1.48) 5.4 (0.45) 11.1 (2.34)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 145

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, has [child’s name] many worries, or often seems worried?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and ‘‘don’t know;’’ only ‘‘certainly true’’
 

cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure are not included in the
 

column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who had many worries or often seemed worried in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 146 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 59. Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who generally exhibited a poor attention span or did not usually see chores and homework

through to the end during the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 4–17

who generally Family structure1

exhibited a

poor attention

span in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 6 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 6,242 2,036 1,433 50 804 281 1,315 323

Sex

Male ................................... 3,933 1,323 869 35 515 173 821 197

Female .................................. 2,309 713 563 15 289 108 494 126

Age

4–17 years................................ 6,242 2,036 1,433 50 804 281 1,315 323

4–11 years .............................. 3,313 1,241 798 35 414 156 518 151

12–17 years ............................. 2,928 795 635 15 390 125 797 172

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 1,039 315 222 17 104 43 267 71

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 713 230 130 *11 76 26 183 58

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 5,202 1,721 1,211 34 699 238 1,048 252

White, single race .......................... 3,812 1,480 684 25 579 173 729 141

Black or African American, single race ............. 1,061 136 438 *6 86 48 261 86

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 812 169 262 *8 69 57 237 *9

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 1,638 438 410 25 235 102 397 31

More than high school diploma ................... 3,480 1,424 677 17 493 122 658 90

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 1,375 186 739 *10 92 68 219 61

$20,000–$34,999............................ 1,257 291 378 13 156 78 268 73

$35,000–$54,999............................ 1,256 433 200 14 201 57 281 70

$55,000–$74,999............................ 909 387 62 *7 172 37 193 52

$75,000 or more ............................ 1,444 739 54 *6 182 41 354 67

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,403 218 628 *11 112 70 285 80

Near poor ................................ 1,613 379 427 19 223 85 366 115

Not poor ................................. 3,225 1,439 377 20 469 127 665 128

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 3,907 1,610 501 19 556 112 872 238

Rented .................................. 2,187 390 895 30 224 162 411 75

Some other arrangement ....................... 128 24 36 *1 23 *7 29 *8

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 3,364 1,469 520 19 502 94 671 89

Medicaid ................................. 2,101 331 747 23 216 131 466 189

Other ................................... 133 52 26 *– 17 *9 25 *3

Uninsured ................................ 629 179 139 *9 68 46 146 42

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 1,803 441 561 15 185 100 397 103

Small MSA ............................... 3,087 1,147 609 28 382 120 667 133

Not in MSA ............................... 1,352 448 262 *7 237 61 251 86

Region

Northeast ................................ 1,004 345 233 14 88 36 255 34

Midwest ................................. 1,537 514 360 *12 210 73 277 91

South ................................... 2,459 761 585 *10 362 117 496 128

West ................................... 1,241 416 254 14 144 56 287 70

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 147

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, has [child’s name] had a good attention span, sees chores or homework through to the end?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and
 

‘‘don’t know;’’ only ‘‘not true’’ cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure
 

are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who generally exhibited a poor attention span in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 148 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 60. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who generally exhibited a poor attention span or did not usually see

chores and homework through to the end during the past 6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States,

2001–2007

All children

aged 4–17 1 Family structure who generally
 

exhibited a
 

poor attention

span in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 6 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 11.2 (0.17) 7.9 (0.21) 14.7 (0.42) 10.6 (1.54) 15.6 (0.63) 16.0 (1.10) 11.9 (0.38) 18.0 (1.22)

Sex

Male ................................... 13.8 (0.25) 10.0 (0.32) 18.1 (0.65) 13.5 (2.34) 19.6 (0.98) 18.8 (1.57) 14.4 (0.56) 21.4 (1.74)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 (0.21) 5.7 (0.25) 11.4 (0.55) 7.1 (1.76) 11.4 (0.79) 12.9 (1.50) 9.3 (0.51) 14.4 (1.77)

Age

4–17 years................................ 11.2 (0.17) 7.9 (0.21) 14.7 (0.42) 10.6 (1.54) 15.6 (0.63) 16.0 (1.10) 11.9 (0.38) 18.0 (1.22)

4–11 years .............................. 10.5 (0.22) 7.6 (0.26) 14.8 (0.58) 9.7 (1.60) 14.8 (0.88) 14.1 (1.30) 11.3 (0.55) 16.6 (1.55)

12–17 years ............................. 12.1 (0.27) 8.4 (0.35) 14.5 (0.61) 13.6 (3.78) 16.5 (0.96) 19.2 (1.96) 12.4 (0.51) 19.4 (1.95)

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 10.3 (0.33) 7.9 (0.46) 13.4 (0.95) 10.9 (2.60) 13.5 (1.48) 13.9 (2.17) 9.5 (0.53) 18.8 (2.48) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 (0.42) 8.0 (0.54) 14.3 (1.37) 10.2 (2.91) 14.7 (1.91) 12.7 (2.50) 9.4 (0.65) 20.8 (3.13) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 11.4 (0.20) 7.9 (0.24) 15.0 (0.48) 10.5 (1.89) 15.9 (0.71) 16.4 (1.24) 12.8 (0.47) 17.7 (1.42) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 (0.23) 8.1 (0.26) 15.3 (0.67) 12.4 (2.63) 16.7 (0.82) 16.3 (1.52) 13.2 (0.59) 19.0 (2.08) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 13.1 (0.49) 8.6 (0.82) 14.2 (0.75) *7.7 (2.62) 12.4 (1.54) 16.7 (2.52) 14.3 (1.05) 15.7 (2.12) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 11.9 (0.45) 8.4 (0.70) 15.0 (1.02) *7.5 (2.45) 17.5 (2.49) 16.2 (2.33) 11.3 (0.73) *7.1 (2.78)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 13.1 (0.36) 9.8 (0.51) 14.9 (0.80) 14.0 (2.83) 16.6 (1.24) 16.1 (1.92) 13.9 (0.77) 19.3 (4.92)

More than high school diploma ................... 10.1 (0.21) 7.4 (0.25) 14.2 (0.63) 9.2 (2.26) 14.9 (0.80) 15.9 (1.68) 11.2 (0.52) 24.0 (3.69)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 14.9 (0.45) 9.7 (0.82) 16.6 (0.64) *8.4 (2.93) 19.4 (2.39) 19.2 (2.67) 14.1 (1.09) 17.3 (2.44) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 13.2 (0.45) 9.2 (0.70) 14.3 (0.85) 10.3 (2.98) 17.5 (1.60) 18.9 (2.80) 14.3 (1.06) 17.7 (2.23) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 11.7 (0.39) 9.3 (0.56) 12.4 (1.02) 11.5 (3.14) 15.8 (1.31) 13.5 (1.97) 12.7 (0.98) 16.9 (2.61) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 10.7 (0.46) 8.5 (0.53) 10.7 (1.83) *13.6 (5.94) 17.0 (1.51) 14.5 (2.98) 10.9 (0.99) 20.1 (4.54) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 8.1 (0.27) 6.5 (0.30) 11.3 (2.01) *11.2 (4.27) 12.1 (1.06) 13.0 (2.43) 9.8 (0.61) 18.6 (3.06) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 (0.48) 9.6 (0.85) 16.7 (0.74) *9.7 (3.29) 18.5 (2.22) 17.7 (2.64) 13.7 (1.06) 17.5 (2.44)

Near poor ................................ 13.2 (0.41) 9.1 (0.60) 15.1 (0.86) 11.2 (2.82) 17.5 (1.46) 17.1 (2.56) 13.3 (0.83) 20.8 (2.65)

Not poor ................................. 9.5 (0.20) 7.4 (0.24) 12.0 (0.70) 10.6 (2.27) 14.3 (0.75) 14.5 (1.55) 10.8 (0.47) 16.3 (1.63)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 10.1 (0.19) 7.6 (0.23) 13.1 (0.66) 8.6 (2.09) 15.7 (0.76) 14.5 (1.51) 11.0 (0.44) 19.1 (1.54)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 (0.33) 9.8 (0.56) 15.9 (0.56) 12.1 (2.17) 14.9 (1.15) 17.3 (1.61) 14.4 (0.80) 15.0 (2.05)

Some other arrangement ....................... 12.8 (1.32) 6.4 (1.44) 13.0 (2.47) *10.5 (7.73) 25.2 (5.33) *19.6 (9.86) 16.8 (3.38) *18.9 (7.34)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 (0.20) 7.4 (0.24) 12.1 (0.60) 10.9 (2.30) 14.8 (0.76) 12.8 (1.58) 10.4 (0.46) 15.2 (2.30) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 (0.40) 11.0 (0.72) 17.4 (0.70) 9.9 (2.19) 19.9 (1.49) 18.0 (1.83) 16.0 (0.88) 21.3 (1.84) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 (1.05) 9.7 (1.56) 12.7 (2.34) *– 10.5 (2.48) *21.2 (7.29) 13.3 (2.84) *8.3 (4.23) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 11.1 (0.50) 8.0 (0.72) 14.7 (1.37) *13.4 (4.50) 13.7 (2.05) 18.3 (3.04) 10.5 (0.83) 15.1 (2.39) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 11.6 (0.32) 7.5 (0.41) 15.4 (0.72) 9.2 (2.28) 14.8 (1.19) 19.8 (2.22) 11.5 (0.65) 16.7 (2.27) 
 

Small MSA ............................... 10.4 (0.23) 7.6 (0.29) 14.0 (0.64) 13.1 (2.55) 14.7 (0.90) 14.6 (1.65) 11.5 (0.51) 17.2 (1.74) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 12.8 (0.40) 9.3 (0.49) 15.1 (0.90) *7.3 (3.04) 18.0 (1.34) 14.0 (2.08) 14.3 (1.13) 21.5 (2.51) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 10.0 (0.40) 7.1 (0.48) 13.2 (0.93) 16.2 (4.31) 13.3 (1.60) 13.3 (2.64) 11.8 (0.95) 13.3 (2.74) 
 

Midwest ................................. 11.7 (0.38) 8.1 (0.44) 15.6 (0.95) *10.1 (3.17) 16.2 (1.41) 15.6 (2.22) 12.4 (0.89) 25.0 (3.55) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 (0.28) 8.6 (0.37) 15.0 (0.68) *8.0 (2.41) 16.7 (1.00) 17.8 (1.86) 13.2 (0.65) 16.0 (1.57) 
 

West ................................... 10.1 (0.33) 7.3 (0.43) 14.2 (0.91) 10.0 (2.72) 13.9 (1.15) 15.1 (2.29) 10.1 (0.65) 18.5 (2.46) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 149

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, has [child’s name] had a good attention span, sees chores or homework through to the end?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and
 

‘‘don’t know;’’ only ‘‘not true’’ cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure
 

are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who generally exhibited a poor attention span in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 150 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 61. Frequencies of children aged 4–17 who certainly got along better with adults than children during the past 6 months, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children

aged 4–17

who certainly

got along

better with

adults than

children in

the past

6 months Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 6,264 2,327 1,339 54 635 219 1,419 271

Sex

Male ...................................

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,215

3,049

1,225

1,102

650

689

29

26

349

286

96

122

722

697

144

127

Age

4–17 years................................

4–11 years ..............................

12–17 years .............................

6,264

3,081

3,183

2,327

1,296

1,031

1,339

664

676

54

39

16

635

292

343

219

123

95

1,419

549

870

271

118

152

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ...........................

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Hispanic or Latino.........................

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black or African American, single race .............

1,409

953

4,855

3,187

1,171

504

376

1,822

1,384

205

286

159

1,054

504

471

18

12

36

21

9

108

62

527

415

87

44

29

174

118

44

376

257

1,044

643

281

73

58

198

103

75

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ...................

High school diploma or GED6 ....................

More than high school diploma ...................

1,061

1,597

3,306

260

513

1,549

344

374

543

17

15

22

58

199

371

61

80

77

302

397

689

*19

*20

56

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...........................

$20,000–$34,999............................

$35,000–$54,999............................

$55,000–$74,999............................

$75,000 or more ............................

1,481

1,252

1,217

873

1,441

256

361

513

410

787

757

325

164

54

40

16

16

*11

*7

*5

70

130

150

116

168

63

61

47

26

22

263

283

282

222

369

56

77

51

38

50

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Near poor ................................

Not poor .................................

1,546

1,499

3,219

287

455

1,585

650

368

321

16

16

23

97

140

398

65

62

92

348

379

692

84

79

108

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement .......................

3,862

2,247

136

1,784

488

46

424

877

36

24

29

*1

421

202

*11

86

125

*7

956

438

*20

166

88

*15

Health insurance coverage10

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured ................................

3,367

1,921

143

804

1,576

398

62

287

465

694

23

151

17

25

*1

*11

417

133

15

69

84

94

*5

34

737

440

28

198

72

137

*7

55

Place of residence11

Large MSA ...............................

Small MSA ...............................

Not in MSA ...............................

2,012

3,034

1,218

593

1,270

464

582

531

226

19

24

*11

146

319

169

60

100

58

512

675

233

100

115

56

Region

Northeast ................................

Midwest .................................

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West ...................................

1,113

1,191

2,602

1,358

383

444

966

533

263

282

551

243

*11

*9

17

17

100

116

313

105

40

40

97

41

280

261

539

339

35

39

118

79

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 151

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, did [child’s name] get along better with adults than with other [children ages 4–11/youth 12–17]?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’
 

and ‘‘don’t know;’’ only ‘‘certainly true’’ cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and
 

family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who certainly got along better with adults than children in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 152 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 62. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 who certainly got along better with adults than children during the past

6 months, by family structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 4–17

who certainly Family structure1

got along

better with

adults than

children in Unmarried

the past Single biological

Selected characteristics 6 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 11.3 (0.18) 9.1 (0.24) 13.8 (0.44) 11.4 (1.51) 12.4 (0.60) 12.5 (0.98) 13.0 (0.40) 15.2 (1.03)

Sex

Male ................................... 11.3 (0.24) 9.3 (0.31) 13.6 (0.57) 10.9 (2.04) 13.4 (0.90) 10.5 (1.17) 12.7 (0.54) 15.8 (1.49)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 (0.25) 8.9 (0.33) 14.0 (0.63) 12.0 (2.26) 11.3 (0.84) 14.7 (1.50) 13.2 (0.59) 14.5 (1.47)

Age

4–17 years................................ 11.3 (0.18) 9.1 (0.24) 13.8 (0.44) 11.4 (1.51) 12.4 (0.60) 12.5 (0.98) 13.0 (0.40) 15.2 (1.03)

4–11 years .............................. 9.8 (0.22) 8.0 (0.28) 12.4 (0.57) 10.6 (1.61) 10.5 (0.81) 11.2 (1.11) 12.0 (0.60) 13.1 (1.35)

12–17 years ............................. 13.2 (0.29) 11.0 (0.41) 15.6 (0.66) 14.2 (3.67) 14.7 (0.92) 14.7 (1.85) 13.6 (0.54) 17.3 (1.56)

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 14.1 (0.36) 12.7 (0.57) 17.5 (0.97) 12.0 (2.57) 14.1 (1.34) 14.3 (2.05) 13.4 (0.63) 19.5 (2.40) 
 

Mexican or Mexican American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 (0.45) 13.1 (0.70) 17.8 (1.31) 11.4 (2.95) 12.1 (1.44) 14.3 (2.39) 13.2 (0.76) 21.1 (2.96) 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 10.7 (0.20) 8.4 (0.25) 13.1 (0.49) 11.2 (1.90) 12.1 (0.66) 12.1 (1.09) 12.8 (0.49) 14.0 (1.16) 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 (0.22) 7.6 (0.26) 11.4 (0.62) 10.4 (2.29) 12.0 (0.76) 11.3 (1.26) 11.7 (0.59) 14.0 (1.65) 
 

Black or African American, single race ............. 14.5 (0.52) 13.0 (1.03) 15.2 (0.79) 11.6 (3.04) 12.6 (1.57) 15.3 (2.72) 15.5 (1.08) 13.6 (1.81) 
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 15.6 (0.54) 13.0 (0.86) 19.7 (1.19) 15.3 (3.40) 14.8 (2.13) 17.4 (2.59) 14.5 (0.88) 15.8 (4.37)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 12.9 (0.38) 11.5 (0.61) 13.6 (0.76) 8.5 (1.89) 14.2 (1.26) 12.6 (1.61) 14.0 (0.75) 12.6 (3.72)

More than high school diploma ................... 9.6 (0.21) 8.1 (0.25) 11.5 (0.55) 11.9 (2.70) 11.3 (0.74) 10.2 (1.36) 11.8 (0.56) 15.1 (3.03)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 16.2 (0.50) 13.4 (0.97) 17.1 (0.74) 13.9 (3.44) 14.9 (2.12) 17.9 (2.66) 17.0 (1.18) 16.1 (1.92) 
 

$20,000–$34,999............................ 13.3 (0.43) 11.5 (0.74) 12.4 (0.76) 12.0 (3.07) 14.6 (1.55) 15.1 (2.56) 15.3 (1.11) 18.6 (2.55) 
 

$35,000–$54,999............................ 11.4 (0.40) 11.0 (0.62) 10.2 (0.97) *8.7 (2.74) 11.9 (1.16) 11.0 (1.76) 12.9 (0.89) 12.2 (2.18) 
 

$55,000–$74,999............................ 10.4 (0.42) 9.1 (0.53) 9.5 (1.40) *13.0 (5.26) 11.5 (1.27) 10.4 (1.99) 12.6 (1.05) 14.6 (2.75) 
 

$75,000 or more ............................ 8.1 (0.26) 6.9 (0.30) 8.4 (1.53) *9.3 (3.91) 11.3 (1.15) 6.9 (1.59) 10.3 (0.64) 14.0 (2.53) 
 

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 (0.52) 12.8 (0.95) 17.3 (0.84) 13.5 (3.59) 16.2 (2.10) 16.5 (2.48) 16.9 (1.13) 18.7 (2.49)

Near poor ................................ 12.3 (0.39) 11.0 (0.68) 13.1 (0.73) 9.0 (2.19) 11.1 (1.14) 12.6 (2.12) 13.8 (0.83) 14.2 (1.92)

Not poor ................................. 9.6 (0.20) 8.2 (0.25) 10.2 (0.58) 12.3 (2.40) 12.2 (0.74) 10.7 (1.14) 11.3 (0.48) 13.8 (1.49)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 10.0 (0.20) 8.4 (0.25) 11.2 (0.59) 10.9 (2.18) 12.0 (0.72) 11.3 (1.30) 12.1 (0.46) 13.4 (1.17)

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 (0.35) 12.3 (0.63) 15.7 (0.62) 11.7 (2.09) 13.5 (1.06) 13.5 (1.47) 15.4 (0.80) 17.9 (2.06)

Some other arrangement ....................... 13.9 (1.40) 12.6 (2.33) 13.0 (2.23) *9.4 (8.99) *12.1 (3.72) *20.5 (9.08) 12.4 (3.54) *34.1 (11.83)

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 (0.20) 7.9 (0.24) 10.9 (0.56) 9.8 (2.28) 12.3 (0.76) 11.5 (1.37) 11.6 (0.51) 12.4 (1.63) 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 (0.40) 13.3 (0.80) 16.3 (0.73) 10.9 (2.12) 12.3 (1.25) 13.1 (1.72) 15.2 (0.84) 15.6 (1.62) 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 (1.11) 11.6 (1.80) 11.8 (2.34) *17.6 (13.32) 9.3 (2.51) *11.8 (4.87) 14.8 (2.89) *18.9 (7.42) 
 

Uninsured ................................ 14.3 (0.60) 12.9 (0.94) 16.2 (1.31) 16.8 (4.51) 14.0 (2.04) 13.4 (2.51) 14.3 (1.05) 19.9 (2.58) 
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 13.0 (0.35) 10.2 (0.51) 16.0 (0.72) 11.4 (2.37) 11.8 (1.12) 12.0 (1.52) 14.9 (0.74) 16.2 (1.95) 
 

Small MSA ............................... 10.3 (0.24) 8.5 (0.29) 12.2 (0.65) 11.1 (2.03) 12.4 (0.88) 12.4 (1.51) 11.7 (0.51) 14.9 (1.55) 
 

Not in MSA ............................... 11.6 (0.43) 9.7 (0.60) 13.1 (1.00) *12.1 (4.43) 13.0 (1.18) 13.4 (1.97) 13.4 (1.10) 14.1 (1.83) 
 

Region
 

Northeast ................................ 11.1 (0.39) 7.9 (0.47) 15.1 (1.01) 13.3 (3.74) 15.3 (1.89) 15.0 (2.63) 13.0 (0.94) 13.9 (2.33) 
 

Midwest ................................. 9.1 (0.35) 7.0 (0.40) 12.3 (0.89) *7.2 (2.81) 9.1 (0.98) 8.7 (1.83) 11.8 (0.95) 10.7 (2.18) 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 (0.32) 11.0 (0.47) 14.2 (0.71) 13.4 (3.08) 14.6 (1.05) 14.9 (1.72) 14.4 (0.66) 14.9 (1.42) 
 

West ................................... 11.2 (0.39) 9.5 (0.49) 13.7 (1.05) 12.1 (2.60) 10.2 (0.98) 11.3 (1.76) 12.0 (0.73) 20.9 (2.74) 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
 

– Quantity zero.
 

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family
 
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 153

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who
 

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an
 

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
 

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘During the
 

past 6 months, did [child’s name] get along better with adults than with other [children ages 4–11/youth 12–17]?’’ Response categories included ‘‘not true,’’ ‘‘somewhat true,’’ ‘‘certainly true,’’ ‘‘refused,’’
 

and ‘‘don’t know;’’ only ‘‘certainly true’’ cases are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and
 

family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 who certainly got along better with adults than children in the past 6 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 154 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 63. Frequencies of children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 4–17 Family structure1

with definite

or severe

emotional or Unmarried

behavioral Single biological

Selected characteristics difficulties Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 ................................... 2,851 779 729 27 438 135 567 176

Sex

Male ................................... 1,823 526 452 20 287 89 359 91

Female .................................. 1,028 254 277 *7 151 46 208 85

Age

4–17 years................................ 2,851 779 729 27 438 135 567 176

4–11 years .............................. 1,422 425 375 17 228 77 221 77

12–17 years ............................. 1,429 354 353 *10 210 57 346 99

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 372 83 97 *6 53 18 87 27

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 216 58 45 *2 31 10 48 22

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 2,479 696 632 21 385 117 480 148

White, single race .......................... 1,834 611 370 18 317 81 354 84

Black or African American, single race ............. 464 37 200 *2 47 21 102 53

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 346 50 140 *6 34 24 88 *3

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 675 136 200 *9 117 40 165 *7

More than high school diploma ................... 1,663 592 347 *12 281 69 305 58

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 714 82 399 *6 45 29 113 40

$20,000–$34,999............................ 571 88 189 *6 104 39 112 34

$35,000–$54,999............................ 514 144 78 *9 125 27 100 32

$55,000–$74,999............................ 405 151 35 *5 73 *18 93 *30

$75,000 or more ............................ 646 315 28 *1 92 22 149 39

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 87 341 *6 57 29 139 45

Near poor ................................ 758 131 217 *10 141 47 149 62

Not poor ................................. 1,387 560 171 *11 240 59 279 68

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 1,748 636 264 *8 288 50 370 133

Rented .................................. 1,039 131 448 20 140 84 180 37

Some other arrangement ....................... 58 *9 17 *– *11 *1 *16 *4

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 1,425 568 243 *4 254 43 273 *40

Medicaid ................................. 1,108 140 411 18 123 74 223 120

Other ................................... 60 25 *6 *1 *14 *4 *9 *1

Uninsured ................................ 251 45 69 *5 46 14 56 *14

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 830 180 272 *6 102 41 165 65

Small MSA ............................... 1,418 444 332 *16 200 62 290 75

Not in MSA ............................... 602 155 126 *6 136 32 111 36

Region

Northeast ................................ 516 137 129 *9 59 25 130 *28

Midwest ................................. 710 176 191 *9 104 36 137 57

South ................................... 1,094 303 298 *5 199 46 180 62

West ................................... 530 163 111 *4 77 27 120 28

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 155

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘Overall, do
 

you think that [child’s name] has difficulties in any of the following areas: emotions, concentration, behavior, or being able to get along with other people?’’ Response categories included ‘‘no,’’ yes,
 

minor difficulties,’’ ‘‘yes, definite difficulties,’’ ‘‘yes, severe difficulties,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and ‘‘don’t know;’’ ‘‘yes, definite difficulties’’ and ‘‘yes, severe difficulties’’ are represented in this table. A knowledgeable
 

adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 with definite or
 

severe emotional or behavioral difficulties’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 156 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 64. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children

aged 4–17 Family structure1

with definite

or severe

emotional or Unmarried

behavioral Single biological

Selected characteristics difficulties Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3 ................................... 5.1 (0.12) 3.0 (0.14) 7.4 (0.33) 5.7 (1.23) 8.4 (0.51) 7.6 (0.78) 5.1 (0.27) 9.6 (1.08)

Sex

Male ................................... 6.3 (0.18) 3.9 (0.22) 9.3 (0.50) 7.7 (1.91) 10.8 (0.81) 9.6 (1.22) 6.2 (0.39) 9.7 (1.28)

Female .................................. 3.7 (0.15) 2.0 (0.16) 5.5 (0.41) *3.2 (1.36) 5.9 (0.59) 5.4 (1.01) 3.9 (0.36) 9.5 (1.72)

Age

4–17 years................................ 5.1 (0.12) 3.0 (0.14) 7.4 (0.33) 5.7 (1.23) 8.4 (0.51) 7.6 (0.78) 5.1 (0.27) 9.6 (1.08)

4–11 years .............................. 4.5 (0.15) 2.6 (0.16) 6.9 (0.42) 4.6 (1.17) 8.1 (0.78) 6.9 (0.92) 4.8 (0.39) 8.3 (1.18)

12–17 years ............................. 5.8 (0.19) 3.7 (0.25) 8.0 (0.47) *9.1 (3.55) 8.8 (0.70) 8.7 (1.45) 5.3 (0.36) 10.9 (1.83)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ........................... 3.6 (0.19) 2.1 (0.24) 5.8 (0.61) *4.1 (1.69) 6.8 (0.98) 5.7 (1.22) 3.0 (0.29) 7.1 (1.62)

Mexican or Mexican American .................. 3.1 (0.22) 2.0 (0.28) 4.9 (0.82) *1.8 (1.05) 6.0 (0.98) 5.1 (1.41) 2.4 (0.31) 7.6 (2.05)

Not Hispanic or Latino......................... 5.4 (0.14) 3.2 (0.16) 7.7 (0.37) 6.4 (1.63) 8.7 (0.59) 8.0 (0.92) 5.8 (0.34) 10.2 (1.28)

White, single race .......................... 5.4 (0.17) 3.3 (0.17) 8.2 (0.52) 8.5 (2.38) 9.0 (0.69) 7.6 (1.11) 6.4 (0.46) 11.1 (1.87)

Black or African American, single race ............. 5.6 (0.31) 2.3 (0.47) 6.4 (0.54) *3.2 (1.90) 6.8 (1.19) 7.3 (1.68) 5.5 (0.60) 9.4 (1.95)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ................... 5.0 (0.32) 2.5 (0.39) 7.9 (0.72) *5.4 (2.76) 8.5 (1.86) 6.8 (1.45) 4.1 (0.62) *2.6 (1.43)

High school diploma or GED6 .................... 5.4 (0.25) 3.0 (0.32) 7.2 (0.59) *5.1 (1.88) 8.2 (0.91) 6.4 (1.14) 5.7 (0.51) *4.3 (2.79)

More than high school diploma ................... 4.8 (0.15) 3.1 (0.16) 7.2 (0.47) *6.4 (2.00) 8.5 (0.68) 8.9 (1.42) 5.1 (0.37) 15.5 (3.48)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ........................... 7.6 (0.34) 4.1 (0.57) 8.9 (0.52) *5.4 (2.58) 9.3 (1.77) 8.2 (1.60) 7.1 (0.78) 11.0 (2.41)

$20,000–$34,999............................ 5.9 (0.30) 2.7 (0.40) 7.1 (0.62) *4.4 (1.93) 11.5 (1.36) 9.4 (2.03) 5.9 (0.65) 7.9 (1.80)

$35,000–$54,999............................ 4.7 (0.26) 3.0 (0.33) 4.8 (0.63) *7.1 (2.84) 9.8 (1.04) 6.4 (1.40) 4.5 (0.52) 7.7 (1.87)

$55,000–$74,999............................ 4.7 (0.33) 3.3 (0.33) 6.0 (1.23) *9.7 (4.86) 7.2 (1.06) *6.9 (2.16) 5.2 (0.87) *11.6 (4.39)

$75,000 or more ............................ 3.6 (0.20) 2.7 (0.20) 5.8 (1.56) *2.3 (2.67) 6.1 (1.00) 6.6 (1.76) 4.1 (0.41) 10.9 (2.51)

Poverty status8

Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 (0.34) 3.8 (0.54) 8.9 (0.59) *5.3 (2.58) 9.4 (1.69) 7.2 (1.48) 6.6 (0.71) 9.7 (2.11)

Near poor ................................ 6.1 (0.30) 3.1 (0.39) 7.6 (0.62) *5.8 (2.17) 11.1 (1.22) 9.5 (1.89) 5.4 (0.63) 11.0 (2.42)

Not poor ................................. 4.1 (0.13) 2.9 (0.15) 5.4 (0.47) *5.9 (1.88) 7.2 (0.63) 6.7 (1.03) 4.5 (0.33) 8.5 (1.34)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ........................ 4.5 (0.14) 3.0 (0.15) 6.8 (0.52) *3.5 (1.39) 8.0 (0.64) 6.4 (1.03) 4.6 (0.30) 10.5 (1.34)

Rented .................................. 6.6 (0.25) 3.2 (0.35) 7.8 (0.44) 7.8 (1.99) 9.3 (0.91) 8.9 (1.23) 6.3 (0.57) 7.2 (1.75)

Some other arrangement ....................... 5.7 (0.88) *2.4 (0.95) 6.2 (1.77) *– *11.6 (4.11) *1.8 (1.78) 9.5 (2.72) *9.1 (5.73)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .................................. 4.0 (0.14) 2.8 (0.15) 5.6 (0.44) *2.4 (0.92) 7.4 (0.62) 5.8 (1.07) 4.2 (0.32) *6.7 (2.06)

Medicaid ................................. 8.3 (0.31) 4.6 (0.51) 9.5 (0.55) 7.6 (2.14) 11.3 (1.18) 10.1 (1.44) 7.6 (0.66) 13.4 (1.64)

Other ................................... 5.0 (0.75) 4.6 (1.27) *2.9 (0.95) *9.2 (9.24) 8.6 (2.48) *8.6 (5.34) *4.8 (1.58) *2.2 (1.65)

Uninsured ................................ 4.4 (0.32) 2.0 (0.35) 7.2 (0.98) *7.0 (3.71) 9.3 (1.71) 5.6 (1.54) 4.0 (0.53) 5.1 (1.52)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ............................... 5.3 (0.22) 3.0 (0.26) 7.3 (0.50) *3.4 (1.55) 8.1 (0.87) 7.9 (1.29) 4.7 (0.41) 10.2 (2.20)

Small MSA ............................... 4.7 (0.17) 2.9 (0.18) 7.5 (0.51) 7.3 (2.10) 7.7 (0.75) 7.5 (1.30) 5.0 (0.35) 9.4 (1.42)

Not in MSA ............................... 5.6 (0.28) 3.2 (0.34) 7.1 (0.78) *6.0 (2.85) 10.3 (1.10) 7.4 (1.39) 6.3 (0.83) 8.8 (1.96)

Region

Northeast ................................ 5.1 (0.29) 2.8 (0.33) 7.2 (0.73) *10.3 (3.88) 8.8 (1.25) 9.1 (2.14) 5.9 (0.68) 10.6 (2.99)

Midwest ................................. 5.3 (0.27) 2.7 (0.25) 8.2 (0.74) *7.5 (2.92) 8.0 (1.07) 7.7 (1.79) 6.1 (0.67) 15.5 (3.28)

South ................................... 5.4 (0.21) 3.4 (0.24) 7.6 (0.53) *4.3 (2.03) 9.1 (0.84) 7.0 (1.20) 4.7 (0.41) 7.7 (1.32)

West ................................... 4.3 (0.21) 2.8 (0.28) 6.1 (0.65) *2.6 (1.33) 7.4 (1.02) 7.3 (1.35) 4.2 (0.47) 7.2 (1.69)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 157

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of the behavior shown in this table is obtained from a question that asked, ‘‘Overall, do
 

you think that [child’s name] has difficulties in any of the following areas: emotions, concentration, behavior, or being able to get along with other people?’’ Response categories included ‘‘no,’’ ‘‘yes,
 

minor difficulties,’’ ‘‘yes, definite difficulties,’’ ‘‘yes, severe difficulties,’’ ‘‘refused,’’ and ‘‘don’t know;’’ ‘‘yes, definite difficulties’’ and ‘‘yes, severe difficulties’’ are represented in this table. A knowledgeable
 

adult provided information on behalf of child respondents. Unknowns with respect to this behavior and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 with definite or
 

severe emotional or behavioral difficulties’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
 
Page 158 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 65. Frequencies of children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties who had no contact with a mental

health professional or general doctor for an emotional or behavioral problem during the last 12 months, by family structure and by selected

characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

All children aged

4–17 with definite

or severe emotional

or behavioral Family structure1

difficulties who had

no contact with a

mental health

professional or

general doctor for Unmarried

this type of problem Single biological

Selected characteristics in the past 12 months Nuclear parent or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Number in thousands2

Total3 .............................. 1,133 311 292 *13 170 53 245 49

Sex

Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 203 170 *10 102 34 167 20

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 108 122 *3 67 19 79 29

Age

4–17 years ........................... 1,133 311 292 *13 170 53 245 49

4–11 years ......................... 565 171 154 *9 80 33 99 20

12–17 years......................... 568 140 138 *5 90 20 146 29

Hispanic origin and race4
 

Hispanic or Latino ...................... 175 40 42 *1 29 *9 47 *7 
 

Mexican or Mexican American ............. 103 28 20 *– 17 *5 26 *6 
 

Not Hispanic or Latino .................... 958 270 251 *12 141 44 199 42 
 

White, single race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 228 119 *10 104 29 131 18 
 

Black or African American, single race ........ 245 22 106 *2 27 *9 53 *24
 

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma............... 166 26 66 *– *8 16 43 *1

High school diploma or GED6 ............... 297 58 84 *2 52 16 83 *2

More than high school diploma .............. 601 227 124 *5 104 20 116 *6

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...................... 300 35 162 *5 *18 16 44 *20
 

$20,000–$34,999 ....................... 267 41 92 *5 45 *14 63 *8 
 

$35,000–$54,999 ....................... 205 62 24 *2 45 *7 55 *10 
 

$55,000–$74,999 ....................... 142 57 *10 *– 34 *8 30 *3 
 

$75,000 or more ....................... 220 117 *5 *1 28 *8 54 *7
 

Poverty status8

Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 39 143 *5 19 15 65 *22

Near poor ........................... 328 59 99 *5 62 17 74 *13

Not poor ............................ 496 213 50 *3 88 21 107 14

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ................... 651 248 88 *1 112 23 150 29

Rented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 56 201 *12 53 30 85 *17

Some other arrangement .................. 24 *5 *4 *– *5 *– *10 *1

Health insurance coverage10
 

Private ............................. 534 221 79 *1 91 19 115 *8 
 

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 55 163 *11 42 27 91 34 
 

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 *7 *3 *– *5 *– *7 *– 
 

Uninsured ........................... 151 27 47 *1 31 *7 31 *7
 

Place of residence11

Large MSA .......................... 351 72 122 *1 47 15 75 *19 
 

Small MSA .......................... 540 172 115 *10 76 20 126 20 
 

Not in MSA .......................... 243 66 55 *2 47 18 44 *10 
 

Region
 

Northeast............................ 190 55 43 *3 25 *12 45 *8 
 

Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 57 76 *5 27 *9 47 *9 
 

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 120 131 *2 89 22 96 23 
 

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 79 42 *4 29 10 58 *9 
 

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 159

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with
 

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.
 

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of having no contacts with either a mental health professional or a general doctor for an
 

emotional or behavioral problem are based on two questions that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, have you seen or talked to a mental health professional such as a psychiatrist, psychologist,
 

psychiatric nurse, or clinical social worker about [child’s name]’s health?’’ and, for sample children who had seen or talked with a general doctor or pediatrician during the past 12 months, ‘‘Did you see
 

or talk with this general doctor because of an emotional or behavioral problem that [child’s name] may have?’’ Only sample children with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties who
 

lacked contacts with either a mental health professional or a general doctor for such a problem are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents.
 

Unknowns with respect to these contacts and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties who had no
 

contact with a mental health professional or general doctor for this type of problem in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance. Additionally, numbers within selected characteristics may
 

not add to totals because of rounding.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
Page 160 [ Series 10, No. 246

Table 66. Percentages (with standard errors) of children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties who had no

contact with a mental health professional or general doctor for an emotional or behavioral problem during the last 12 months, by family

structure and by selected characteristics: United States, 2001–2007

Selected characteristics

All children aged

4–17 with definite

or severe emotional

or behavioral

difficulties who had

no contact with a

mental health

professional or

general doctor for

this type of problem

in the past 12 months Nuclear

Single

parent

Family structure1

Unmarried

biological

or adoptive Blended Cohabiting Extended Other

Percent2 (standard error)

Total3

........................ 39.9 (1.19) 39.9 (2.18) 40.2 (2.23) 48.2 (11.11) 39.0 (3.18) 39.6 (5.31) 43.5 (2.59) 27.8 (4.95)

Sex

Male ........................

Female ......................

38.9 (1.42)

41.6 (2.02)

38.7

42.6

(2.63)

(4.00)

37.8

44.1

(2.75)

(3.71)

49.3 (12.96)

*45.2 (21.20)

36.0 (3.80)

44.6 (5.19)

38.4

42.2

(6.39)

(9.47)

46.7

38.0

(3.10)

(4.24)

22.3

33.8

(5.59)

(8.74)

Age

4–17 years ....................

4–11 years ...................

12–17 years ..................

39.9 (1.19)

39.9 (1.68)

39.9 (1.66)

39.9

40.2

39.6

(2.18)

(3.06)

(3.35)

40.2

41.2

39.2

(2.23)

(3.18)

(3.15)

48.2 (11.11)

50.1 (12.88)

*45.2 (20.29)

39.0 (3.18)

35.1 (4.44)

43.1 (4.28)

39.6

43.0

35.2

(5.31)

(6.98)

(7.38)

43.5

45.1

42.5

(2.59)

(4.06)

(3.34)

27.8

25.5

29.6

(4.95)

(6.33)

(7.33)

Hispanic origin and race4

Hispanic or Latino ................

Mexican or Mexican American .......

Not Hispanic or Latino .............

White, single race ..............

Black or African American, single race . .

47.3 (2.74)

47.6 (3.63)

38.8 (1.30)

34.9 (1.50)

53.1 (2.87)

48.6

48.6

38.9

37.3

59.6

(5.35)

(6.43)

(2.38)

(2.54)

(9.97)

42.9

44.5

39.8

32.3

53.4

(5.59)

(8.70)

(2.38)

(2.97)

(4.29)

*16.2 (10.54)

*–

57.9 (12.72)

56.6 (14.42)

87.0 (13.65)

56.3 (7.41)

55.6 (9.73)

36.6 (3.42)

33.1 (3.73)

57.0 (9.43)

53.4 (11.44)

*46.3 (14.40)

37.5 (5.82)

35.8 (6.97)

*43.4 (13.37)

54.0

54.4

41.6

37.0

53.5

(4.81)

(6.42)

(2.90)

(3.37)

(5.52)

*24.8 (8.77)

*27.9 (10.98)

28.4 (5.65)

21.3 (5.40)

45.7 (11.16)

Parent’s education5

Less than high school diploma ........

High school diploma or GED6

.........

More than high school diploma ........

48.3 (3.43)

44.1 (2.35)

36.2 (1.57)

51.0

42.2

38.4

(8.10)

(5.30)

(2.51)

46.8

42.6

35.8

(4.79)

(4.18)

(3.17)

*–

*19.8 (13.53)

*44.1 (15.50)

*25.1 (8.58)

44.9 (5.77)

37.2 (4.07)

69.9

38.5

29.2

(9.89)

(8.55)

(7.43)

49.0

50.3

38.2

(7.55)

(4.68)

(3.48)

*33.5 (27.44)

*29.7 (25.82)

*9.5 (5.58)

Family income7

Less than $20,000 ...............

$20,000–$34,999 ................

$35,000–$54,999 ................

$55,000–$74,999 ................

$75,000 or more.................

42.2 (2.30)

46.9 (2.77)

39.9 (2.95)

35.2 (3.21)

34.1 (2.46)

42.4

46.2

43.2

37.8

37.1

(7.18)

(6.52)

(5.88)

(5.00)

(3.59)

40.6

48.8

31.5

*27.7

*16.4

(2.97)

(4.68)

(7.03)

(9.36)

(8.78)

85.4 (11.08)

82.5 (13.16)

*20.4 (15.71)

*–

*31.3 (49.31)

40.4 (9.58)

43.2 (6.71)

36.0 (5.22)

46.9 (7.60)

31.1 (7.01)

53.6 (10.27)

36.9 (10.71)

*26.6 (9.12)

*45.0 (16.11)

*37.2 (13.50)

39.7

56.0

54.8

32.2

36.3

(5.60)

(5.80)

(6.17)

(7.14)

(4.72)

49.9 (11.84)

*24.0 (11.17)

*30.5 (11.70)

*11.4 (6.56)

*18.8 (8.39)

Poverty status8

Poor ........................

Near poor .....................

Not poor......................

44.0 (2.50)

43.4 (2.52)

35.9 (1.58)

44.9

44.7

38.1

(7.42)

(5.86)

(2.49)

42.2

45.7

29.4

(3.45)

(4.21)

(3.89)

88.2 (10.45)

*47.5 (19.16)

*25.9 (14.78)

34.1 (8.55)

44.3 (5.92)

37.0 (3.99)

52.2 (10.68)

35.3 (9.19)

37.0 (7.70)

46.9

49.8

38.5

(5.62)

(6.03)

(3.40)

48.5 (11.46)

*20.7 (7.77)

20.6 (5.77)

Home tenure status9

Owned or being bought ............

Rented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some other arrangement ...........

37.3 (1.51)

43.9 (1.92)

42.2 (7.94)

39.1 (2.40)

43.0 (5.49)

*53.2 (20.63)

33.4 (3.53)

44.9 (2.91)

*24.0 (10.67)

*8.5 (8.44)

63.9 (12.90)

*–

39.2 (3.95)

38.1 (5.26)

*42.7 (19.67)

46.9 (8.53)

35.6 (6.57)

*–

40.6 (3.16)

47.6 (4.61)

60.3 (14.72)

21.6 (4.86)

46.8 (12.84)

*26.9 (25.55)

Health insurance coverage10

Private .......................

Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uninsured .....................

37.6 (1.67)

38.3 (1.89)

39.4 (7.62)

60.2 (3.58)

38.9 (2.59)

39.1 (5.64)

*29.3 (11.09)

60.1 (8.49)

32.5 (3.63)

39.9 (2.98)

*51.6 (16.48)

68.1 (6.10)

*17.9 (12.44)

63.0 (14.02)

*–

*11.7 (12.14)

36.1 (4.04)

34.7 (5.20)

*38.2 (14.63)

66.3 (8.90)

44.3 (9.34)

37.7 (7.28)

*–

46.7 (13.74)

42.5 (3.77)

40.8 (4.31)

76.6 (13.17)

56.1 (6.80)

*20.8 (10.18)

27.9 (5.81)

*–

*48.6 (15.34)

Place of residence11

Large MSA ....................

Small MSA ....................

Not in MSA ...................

42.4 (2.18)

38.2 (1.66)

40.3 (2.77)

40.1

38.9

42.8

(4.32)

(2.96)

(5.10)

45.2

34.8

43.7

(3.52)

(3.23)

(5.69)

*19.7 (13.06)

61.4 (14.07)

*40.5 (21.75)

46.3 (6.07)

38.3 (4.77)

34.5 (5.63)

37.4 (8.20)

33.3 (8.12)

54.5 (11.03)

45.3

43.9

40.0

(4.49)

(3.56)

(6.76)

*29.0

27.0

*27.3

(9.92)

(6.47)

(9.10)

Region

Northeast .....................

Midwest ......................

South .......................

West ........................

36.9 (2.74)

32.6 (2.36)

44.2 (1.96)

43.6 (2.66)

40.1

32.5

39.7

48.3

(5.57)

(4.14)

(3.49)

(4.86)

33.2

40.3

43.9

38.1

(4.81)

(4.50)

(3.59)

(5.31)

*34.1 (18.92)

*49.9 (19.41)

*35.5 (21.56)

96.3 (4.00)

43.2 (8.56)

26.1 (5.23)

44.9 (5.07)

37.7 (7.54)

47.0 (12.33)

*24.6 (8.71)

47.7 (9.49)

39.3 (9.94)

34.5

34.7

53.7

48.1

(5.18)

(5.43)

(4.44)

(5.25)

*27.7 (16.81)

*16.4 (6.34)

36.8 (7.95)

*31.5 (9.79)

* Estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 30% and should be used with caution because it does not meet the standards of reliability or precision.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 161

– Quantity zero.

1

A nuclear family consists of one or more children living with two parents who are married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A single-parent family

consists of one or more children living with a single adult (male or female, related or unrelated). An unmarried biological or adoptive family consists of one or more children living with two parents who

are not married to one another and are biological or adoptive parents to all children in the family. A blended family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated stepparent who are married to one another. A cohabiting family consists of one or more children living with a biological or adoptive parent and an unrelated adult who are cohabiting with one

another. An extended family consists of one or more children living with at least one biological or adoptive parent and a related adult. An ‘‘other’’ family consists of one or more children living with

related or unrelated adults who are not biological or adoptive parents.

2

Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of having no contacts with either a mental health professional or a general doctor for an

emotional or behavioral problem are based on two questions that asked, ‘‘During the past 12 months, have you seen or talked to a mental health professional such as a psychiatrist, psychologist,
 

psychiatric nurse, or clinical social worker about [child’s name]’s health?’’ and, for sample children who had seen or talked with a general doctor or pediatrician during the past 12 months, ‘‘Did you see
 

or talk with this general doctor because of an emotional or behavioral problem that [child’s name] may have?’’ Only sample children with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties who
 

lacked contacts with either a mental health professional or a general doctor for such a problem are represented in this table. A knowledgeable adult provided information on behalf of child respondents.
 

Unknowns with respect to these contacts and family structure are not included in the column labeled ‘‘All children aged 4–17 with definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties who had no
 

contact with a mental health professional or general doctor for this type of problem in the past 12 months’’ (see Appendix I).
 

3

Includes other races not shown separately and children with unknown parent’s education, family income, poverty status, or health insurance.
 

4

Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or combination of races. Similarly, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino’’ refers to all persons who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin,
 

regardless of race. To be concise, the text uses shorter versions of the terms shown in the table. For example, the category ‘‘Not Hispanic or Latino black or African American, single race’’ in the tables
 

is referred to as ‘‘non-Hispanic black’’ in the text.
 

5

Refers to the education level of the parent with the higher level of education, regardless of that parent’s age.
 

6

GED is General Educational Development high school equivalency diploma.
 

7

Information on family income and poverty status is obtained from the 2001–2007 National Health Interview Survey Imputed Family Income/Personal Earnings Files.
 

8

Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. ‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as below the poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’
 

persons have incomes of 100% to less than 200% of the poverty threshold. ‘‘Not poor’’ persons have incomes that are 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.
 

9

Based on a question in the Family Core that asked whether the family’s house or apartment is owned or being bought, rented, or occupied by some other arrangement (see Appendix II).
 

10Classification of health insurance coverage is based on a hierarchy of mutually exclusive categories. Persons with more than one type of health insurance were assigned to the first appropriate
 

category in the hierarchy. The category ‘‘Uninsured’’ includes persons who had no coverage as well as those who had only Indian Health Service coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one
 

type of service such as accidents or dental care (see Appendix II).
 

11MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Large MSAs have a population size of 1 million or more; small MSAs have a population size of less than 1 million. ‘‘Not in MSA’’ consists of persons not living in
 

a metropolitan statistical area.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.
Page 162 [ Series 10, No. 246

Appendix I. Technical Notes on Methods

This report is based on pooled data

from the 2001–2007 in-house Sample

Child and Person files, which are

derived from the Sample Child and

Family Core components of the National

Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

Selected variables from various

Household and Family files were also

used, most notably the family structure

variable used for this report. The latter

variable was not available in the first

and second quarters of 2004, so the

Sample Child case weights for the third

and fourth quarters of 2004 were

doubled so as to obtain an appropriate

estimate of the U.S. child population for

that particular year. The Sample Child

record weight in the combined

2001–2007 file was divided by 7 in

order to obtain weighted estimates that

are representative of the U.S.

noninstitutionalized child population in a

single year (during the study period).

Detailed, in-house sample design

information was used to produce the

most accurate variance estimates

possible. However, because a new NHIS

sample design was implemented in 2006

(and continued in 2007), it was

necessary to create new design effect

variables in order to perform variance

estimation across the two sample design

periods (i.e., 2001–2005 and 2006–

2007). These procedures are outlined in

Appendix VII of the 2007 NHIS Survey

Description (30).

Standard errors, produced by the

SUDAAN statistical package, are shown

for all percentages in the tables.

Frequencies or percentages with relative

standard errors greater than 30% are

considered unreliable and are indicated

with an asterisk. The relative standard

errors are calculated as follows:

Relative standard error = (SE/Est)100,

where SE is the standard error of the

estimate, and Est is the estimate

(percentage or frequency). The

reliability of frequencies and their

percentages is determined independently,

so that it is possible for a particular

frequency to be reliable and its

associated percentage unreliable, and

vice versa. In most instances, however,

both estimates were reliable or

unreliable simultaneously.

In the tables, all unknown values

(respondents coded as ‘‘refused,’’ ‘‘don’t

know,’’ or ‘‘not ascertained’’) with

respect to each table’s variables of

interest were removed from the

denominators when calculating row

percentages. In most instances the

overall number of unknowns is quite

small, and would not have supported

disaggregation by the demographic

characteristics included in the table.

Because these unknowns are not shown

separately, users calculating their own

percentages based on the frequencies

and population counts presented in the

tables may obtain slightly different

results. To aid readers’ understanding of

the data, weighted counts and

percentages of unknowns (with respect

to the health characteristics shown in

each table) are presented in Table I.

Unknowns with respect to several

of the demographic characteristics used

in each table are not shown due to small

cell counts. Table II shows weighted

counts and percentages of children in

the U.S. population with unknown

values with respect to family structure,

parental education and home tenure

status. Note that the 2001–2007 NHIS

Imputed Family Income or Personal

Earnings Files were used to minimize

missing information with respect to

family income and poverty status.

Hypothesis Tests

Two-tailed tests of significance

were performed on all the comparisons

mentioned in the ‘‘Selected Highlights’’

section of this report (no adjustments

were made for multiple comparisons).

The test statistic used to determine

statistical significance of the difference

between two percentages was

|Xa – Xb

|

Z = , √S 2 + Sb

2

a

where Xa and Xb are the two

percentages being compared, and Sa and

Sb are the SUDAAN-calculated standard

errors of those percentages. The critical

value used for two-sided tests at the

0.05 level of significance was 1.96.
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 163

Table I. Weighted counts and percentages of children with unknown information on health characteristics of interest, National Health

Interview Survey, 2001–2007

Count of

children (in Percent

Variable thousands) of children

Good, fair, or poor health (children under age 18), Tables 1–2 ................................................ 33 0.04% 
 

Ever told had one or more chronic conditions (children under age 18), Tables 3–4 ................................... 41 0.06% 
 

Ever told had asthma (children under age 18), Table 5–6 ................................................... 135 0.18% 
 

Hay fever in the past 12 months (children under age 18), Tables 7–8 ........................................... 225 0.31% 
 

Respiratory allergies in the past 12 months (children under age 18), Tables 9–10 .................................... 242 0.33% 
 

Digestive or skin allergies in the past 12 months (children under age 18), Tables 11–12 ................................ 176 0.24% 
 

Frequent headaches or migraines in the past 12 months (children aged 3–17), Tables 13–14............................. 68 0.11% 
 

Three or more ear infections in the past 12 months (children under age 18), Tables 15–16 .............................. 89 0.12% 
 

Ever told had mental retardation or any developmental delay (children under age 18), Tables 17–18 ........................ 91 0.12% 
 

Had impairment or health problem that limited crawling, walking, running, or playing (children under age 18), Tables 19–20 .......... 41 0.06% 
 

Received special education or early intervention services for an emotional or behavioral problem (children under age 18), Tables 21–22. . 35 0.05%
 

Vision problems (children under age 18), Tables 23–24 .................................................... 145 0.20% 
 

Ever been told had learning disability or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (children aged 3–17), Tables 25–26 ............... 164 0.27% 
 

Basic actions disability (children aged 4–17), Tables 27–28.................................................. 792 1.39% 
 

Missed 6 or more school days in past 12 months (children aged 5–17), Tables 29–30 ................................. 1,484 2.80% 
 

Health insurance coverage (children under age 18), Tables 31–32 ............................................. 280 0.38% 
 

Lacked a usual place of health care (children under age 18), Tables 33–34........................................ 180 0.25% 
 

Prescription medication used regularly for at least 3 months (children under age 18), Tables 35–36 ......................... 100 0.14% 
 

Two or more visits to a hospital emergency room in the past 12 months (children under age 18), Tables 37–38 ................. 421 0.58% 
 

No medical checkup in the past 12 months (children under age 18), Tables 39–40 ................................... 754 1.09% 
 

Saw or talked with an eye doctor in the past 12 months (children aged 2–17), Tables 41–42 ............................. 377 0.58% 
 

Medical care delayed due to concerns over cost (children under age 18), Tables 43–44 ................................ 47 0.06% 
 

Did not receive prescription medication during the past 12 months due to lack of affordability (children aged 2–17), Tables 45–46 ...... 163 0.25% 
 

Did not get needed eyeglasses during the past 12 months due to lack of affordability (children aged 2–17), Tables 47–48 ........... 161 0.25% 
 

Did not see dentist within the past 12 months (children aged 2–17), Tables 49–50 ................................... 802 1.23% 
 

Dental care delayed due to cost (children aged 2–17), Tables 51–52 ............................................ 163 0.25% 
 

Often unhappy, depressed, or tearful behavior during the past 6 months (children aged 4–17), Tables 53–54 ................... 1,259 2.20% 
 

Not well-behaved or did not usually do what adults requested during the past 6 months (children aged 4–17), Tables 55–56 ......... 1,204 2.11% 
 

Had many worries or often seemed worried during the past 6 months (children aged 4–17), Tables 57–58 .................... 1,282 2.24% 
 

Poor attention span or did not usually see chores and homework through to the end during the past 6 months (children aged 4–17),
 

Tables 59–60 .............................................................................. 1,387 2.43%

Got along better with adults than children during the past 6 months (children aged 4–17), Tables 61–62 ...................... 1,706 2.99%

Had definite or severe emotional or behavioral difficulties (children aged 4–17), Tables 63–64 ............................ 697 1.22%

No contact with a mental health professional or general doctor for an emotional or behavioral problem during the last 12 months (children

aged 4–17 with definite or several emotional or behavioral difficulties), Tables 65–66 ................................. 88 0.31% 
 

Table II. Weighted counts and percentages of children aged 0–17 with unknown

information on selected sociodemographic characteristics, National Health Interview

Survey, 2001–2007

Variable

Count of

children (in

thousands)

Percent

of children

Family structure........................

Parental education ......................

Home tenure status .....................

79

2,408

348

0.11%

3.30%

0.48%

NOTE: There are no missing cases with respect to either income or poverty status because the 2001–2007 NHIS Imputed

Family Income/Personal Earnings Files were used for this analysis.
Page 164 [ Series 10, No. 246

Appendix II. Definitions of Selected Terms

Sociodemographic

characteristics

Age—The age recorded for each

child is the age at the last birthday. Age

is recorded in single years and grouped

using a variety of age categories

depending on the purpose of the table.

Family income—Each member of a

family is classified according to the total

income of all family members. Family

members are all persons within the

household related to each other by

blood, marriage, cohabitation, or

adoption. The income recorded is the

total income received by all family

members in the previous calendar year.

Income from all sources—including

wages, salaries, pensions, government

payments, child support or alimony,

dividends, help from relatives, etc.—is

included. Unrelated individuals living in

the same household (e.g., roommates)

are considered to be separate families

and are classified according to their own

incomes.

Family structure—A nuclear family

consists of one or more children living

with two parents who are married to one

another and are biological or adoptive

parents to all children in the family. A

single-parent family consists of one or

more children living with a single adult

(male or female, related or unrelated to

the child or children). An unmarried

biological or adoptive family consists of

one or more children living with two

parents who are not married to one

another and are biological or adoptive

parents to all children in the family. A

blended family consists of one or more

children living with a biological or

adoptive parent and an unrelated

stepparent who are married to one

another. A cohabiting family consists of

one or more children living with a

biological or adoptive parent and an

unrelated adult who are cohabiting with

one another. An extended family consists

of one or more children living with at

least one biological or adoptive parent

and a related adult who is not a parent

(e.g., grandparent, adult sibling). Given

the NHIS definition of children as

family members aged 0–17 and adults

as family members aged 18 and over,

adult children (those aged 18 and over)

are considered related adults. This will

result in smaller counts and percentages

of the remaining family types,

particularly nuclear families, and to a

lesser extent, single-parent families (in

part because they are numerically the

largest family types). An ‘‘other’’ family

consists of one or more children living

with related or unrelated adults who are

not biological or adoptive parents (foster

children living with at least two adults

as well as children being raised by their

grandparents are included in this

category). All categories are mutually

exclusive.

Health insurance coverage—NHIS

respondents were asked about their

health insurance coverage at the time of

interview. Respondents reported whether

they were covered by private insurance

(obtained through the employer or

workplace, purchased directly, or

through a local or community program),

Medicare, Medigap (supplemental

Medicare coverage), Medicaid,

Children’s Health Insurance Program

(CHIP), Indian Health Service (IHS),

military coverage (including VA,

TRICARE, or CHAMP–VA), a

state-sponsored health plan, another

government program, or single-service

plans. This information was used to

create a health insurance hierarchy for

persons under age 65 with four mutually

exclusive categories. Persons with more

than one type of health insurance were

assigned to the first appropriate category

in the hierarchy listed below:

Private coverage—Includes persons

who had any comprehensive private

insurance plan [including health

maintenance organizations (HMOs) and

preferred provider organizations]. These

plans include those obtained through an

employer and those purchased directly

or through local or community

programs.

Medicaid—Includes persons who do

not have private coverage, but who have

Medicaid and/or other state-sponsored

health plans including CHIP.

Other coverage—Includes persons

who do not have private or Medicaid (or

other public coverage), but who have

any type of military health plan

(includes VA, TRICARE, and

CHAMP–VA) or Medicare. This

category also includes persons who are

covered by other government programs.

Uninsured—Includes persons who

have not indicated that they are covered

at the time of interview under private

health insurance (from employer or

workplace, purchased directly, or

through a state, local government or

community program), Medicare,

Medicaid, CHIP, a state-sponsored

health plan, other government programs,

or military health plan (includes VA,

TRICARE, and CHAMP–VA). This

category also includes persons who are

only covered by IHS or only have a

plan that pays for one type of service

such as accidents or dental care.

Weighted frequencies indicate that

0.38% of children were missing

information with respect to health

insurance coverage.

Hispanic origin and race—The

tables in this report are consistent with

federal guidelines established in 1997 by

the Office of Management and Budget

(OMB) regarding the presentation of

race and ethnicity statistics in U.S.

government publications (45). Hispanic

origin and race are two separate and

distinct concepts. Hispanic persons may

be of any race. Hispanic origin includes

persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican,

Cuban, Central and South American, or

Spanish origins. All tables show

Mexican or Mexican-American persons

as a subset of Hispanic persons. Other

groups are not shown for reasons of

confidentiality or statistical reliability.

The category ‘‘Not Hispanic or

Latino’’ includes the categories of

‘‘White, single race’’ and ‘‘Black or

African American, single race.’’ Persons

in these categories indicated only a

single race group (see the definition of
Series 10, No. 246 [ Page 165

‘‘Race’’ in this Appendix for more

information). Data are not shown

separately for other ‘‘Not Hispanic or

Latino’’ single-race persons or those

reporting multiple race due to statistical

unreliability as measured by the relative

standard errors of the estimates, but are

included in the total for ‘‘Not Hispanic

or Latino.’’

Home tenure status—Based on a

question in the Family Core that asked

whether the family’s house or apartment

is owned or is being bought, rented, or

occupied by some other arrangement.

The latter category includes respondents

who may live rent-free with relatives,

provide a service (such as child care,

maintenance, etc.) in return for rent, or

live in group homes or assisted living

accommodations. The number of

families in this category is very small:

in 2001–2007, 1.5% of all sample

children lived in families that occupied

homes ‘‘by some other arrangement’’ (or

2% of all U.S. children nationally).

Parent’s education—This reflects

the highest grade in school completed

by the sample child’s mother or father

who are living in the household,

regardless of that parent’s age. NHIS

does not obtain information pertaining

to parents not living in the household. If

both parents reside in the household but

information on one parent’s education is

unknown, then the other parent’s

education is used. If both parents reside

in the household and education is

unknown for both, then parent’s

education (with respect to the child) is

unknown. If neither parent resides in the

household, then parent’s education is

unknown.

Only years completed in a school

that advances a person toward an

elementary or high school diploma,

General Educational Development high

school equivalency diploma, college,

university, or professional degree are

included. Education in other schools and

home schooling are counted only if the

credits are accepted in a regular school

system.

Place of residence—Classified as

inside a metropolitan statistical area

(MSA) or outside an MSA. Generally,

an MSA consists of a county or group

of counties containing at least one city

or twin cities with a population of

50,000 or more, plus adjacent counties

that are metropolitan in character and

are economically and socially integrated

with the central city. In New England,

towns and cities rather than counties are

the units used in defining MSAs. The

number of adjacent counties included in

an MSA is not limited, and boundaries

may cross state lines.

OMB defines metropolitan areas

according to published standards that are

applied to U.S. Census Bureau data.

Consequently, the definition of a

metropolitan area is periodically revised.

For the 2001–2005 NHIS data, the MSA

definition was based on 1993 OMB

standards using the 1990 census. For the

2006–2007 NHIS, the MSA definition is

based on 2003 OMB standards using

data from the 2000 census. In the tables

for this report, place of residence is

based on variables indicating MSA size

from the 2001–2003 Person and

2004–2007 Household files. These

variables are collapsed into three

categories: MSAs with a population of 1

million or more, MSAs with a

population of less than 1 million, and

areas that are not within an MSA.

Poverty status—Based on family

income and family size using the U.S.

Census Bureau’s poverty thresholds.

‘‘Poor’’ persons are defined as persons

whose family incomes are below the

poverty threshold. ‘‘Near poor’’ persons

have family incomes of 100% to less

than 200% of the poverty threshold.

‘‘Not poor’’ persons have family

incomes that are 200% of the poverty

threshold or greater.

Race—The categories ‘‘White,

single race’’ and ‘‘Black or African

American, single race’’ refer to persons

who indicated only a single race group.

Estimates for multiple race combinations

are not shown in this report because

these generally do not meet the

requirements for confidentiality and

statistical reliability.

The text in this report uses shorter

versions of the new OMB race and

Hispanic origin terms for conciseness,

while the tables use the complete terms.

For example, the category ‘‘Not

Hispanic or Latino, black or African

American, single race’’ in the tables is

referred to as ‘‘Non-Hispanic black’’ in

the text.

Region—In the geographic

classification of the U.S. population,

states are grouped into the four regions

used by the U.S. Census Bureau:

Region States included

Northeast	 Maine, Vermont, New

Hampshire, Massachusetts,

Connecticut, Rhode Island,

New York, New Jersey, and

Pennsylvania;

Midwest	 Ohio, Illinois, Indiana,

Michigan, Wisconsin,

Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,

North Dakota, South Dakota,

Kansas, and Nebraska;

South	 Delaware, Maryland, District

of Columbia, West Virginia,

Virginia, Kentucky,

Tennessee, North Carolina,

South Carolina, Georgia,

Florida, Alabama,

Mississippi, Louisiana,

Oklahoma, Arkansas, and

Texas;

West	 Washington, Oregon,

California, Nevada, New

Mexico, Arizona, Idaho,

Utah, Colorado, Montana,

Wyoming, Alaska, and

Hawaii.

Health characteristics or

outcomes

Asthma—Includes bronchial asthma,

allergic asthma, etc. Asthma is indicated

when a doctor or other health

professional reported to the family that

the sample child has asthma.

Attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD)—Indicated when a

doctor or other health professional

reported to the family that the sample

child has ADHD. ADHD includes

attention deficit disorder.

Basic actions disability—A new

summary measure that takes into

account four basic domains or functions

that a child needs in order to participate

in age-appropriate activities (38,39).

These domains consist of sensory

functions (e.g., hearing, vision),

movement (e.g., walking, running,

playing), cognitive functioning (e.g.,

ability to remember, learning disabilities,
Page 166 [ Series 10, No. 246

mental retardation, Down syndrome,

autism), and emotional or behavioral

functions (ADHD, emotional or

behavioral difficulties). Children aged

4–17 were considered to have a basic

action disability if they had any one of

the following problems: a lot of trouble

hearing or deafness; trouble seeing;

limitations in their ability to crawl,

walk, run, or play; difficulty

remembering; mental retardation; Down

syndrome; autism; a learning disability;

ADHD; or definite or severe emotional

or behavioral difficulties (from the

Strengths and Difficulties

Questionnaire).

Chronic conditions—Conditions that

are not cured, once acquired (such as

heart disease, diabetes, and birth

defects) are considered chronic from the

date of onset. Other conditions must

have been present 3 months or longer to

be considered chronic. An exception is

made for children less than age 1 who

have had a condition since birth; these

conditions are considered chronic.

Questions in the 2001–2007 NHIS

Sample Child Cores pertaining to

chronic conditions ask whether these

conditions were diagnosed by a doctor

or a health professional.

Contacts with health

professionals—Defined as a visit to or

conversation with a doctor or other

health professional by anyone in the

family about the health of the sample

child during the 2 weeks prior to

interview. Contacts include home visits,

office visits, or telephone calls for

medical advice, prescriptions, or test

results. A telephone call to schedule an

appointment is not included as a contact.

An emergency room visit and hospital

stays are included as contacts.

Doctor or other health

professional—Refers to medical doctors

and osteopathic physicians, including

general practitioners as well as

specialists, psychologists, nurses,

physical therapists, chiropractors, etc.

Health status—Obtained from a

question in the survey that asked

respondents, ‘‘Would you say your

health in general was excellent, very

good, good, fair, or poor?’’ Information

was obtained from all respondents, with

proxy responses allowed for adults not

taking part in the interview and all

children under age 18. In this report, the

categories ‘‘Good,’’ ‘‘Fair,’’ and ‘‘Poor’’

health are combined into a single

category and shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Hospital emergency room (ER)

visits—Includes visits to a hospital ER

only. Visits for emergency care received

at an HMO, outpatient clinic, or urgent

care center are not included.

Prescription medicine—Medication

that can only be obtained with the

approval of a licensed health care

provider.

Usual place of health care—Based

on a question that asked whether

respondents had a place that they

usually went to when they were sick or

needed advice about their health. These

places include a walk-in clinic, doctor’s

office, clinic, health center, HMO,

hospital emergency room or outpatient

clinic, or a military or VA health care

facility.
Vital and Health Statistics

Series Descriptions

ACTIVE SERIES

Series 1.	 Programs and Collection Procedures—This type of report

describes the data collection programs of the National Center

for Health Statistics. Series 1 includes descriptions of the

methods used to collect and process the data, definitions, and

other material necessary for understanding the data.

Series 2.	 Data Evaluation and Methods Research—This type of

report concerns statistical methods and includes analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected

data, and contributions to statistical theory. Also included are

experimental tests of new survey methods, comparisons of

U.S. methodologies with those of other countries, and as of

2009, studies of cognition and survey measurement, and final

reports of major committees concerning vital and health

statistics measurement and methods.

Series 3.	 Analytical and Epidemiological Studies—This type of

report presents analytical or interpretive studies based on vital

and health statistics. As of 2009, Series 3 also includes

studies based on surveys that are not part of continuing data

systems of the National Center for Health Statistics and

international vital and health statistics reports.

Series 10.	 Data From the National Health Interview Survey—This

type of report contains statistics on illness; unintentional

injuries; disability; use of hospital, medical, and other health

services; and a wide range of special current health topics

covering many aspects of health behaviors, health status, and

health care utilization. Series 10 is based on data collected in

this continuing national household interview survey.

Series 11.	 Data From the National Health Examination Survey, the

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and

the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—

In this type of report, data from direct examination, testing,

and measurement on representative samples of the civilian

noninstitutionalized population provide the basis for (1)

medically defined total prevalence of specific diseases or

conditions in the United States and the distributions of the

population with respect to physical, physiological, and

psychological characteristics, and (2) analyses of trends and

relationships among various measurements and between

survey periods.

Series 13.	 Data From the National Health Care Survey—This type of

report contains statistics on health resources and the public’s

use of health care resources including ambulatory, hospital,

and long-term care services based on data collected directly

from health care providers and provider records.

Series 20.	 Data on Mortality—This type of report contains statistics on

mortality that are not included in regular, annual, or monthly

reports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, other

demographic variables, and geographic and trend analyses

are included.

Series 21.	 Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce—This type of

report contains statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce

that are not included in regular, annual, or monthly reports.

Special analyses by health and demographic variables and

geographic and trend analyses are included.

Series 23.	 Data From the National Survey of Family Growth—These

reports contain statistics on factors that affect birth rates,

including contraception and infertility; factors affecting the

formation and dissolution of families, including cohabitation,

marriage, divorce, and remarriage; and behavior related to

the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

These statistics are based on national surveys of women and

men of childbearing age.

DISCONTINUED SERIES

Series 4.	 Documents and Committee Reports—These are final

reports of major committees concerned with vital and health

statistics and documents. The last Series 4 report was

published in 2002. As of 2009, this type of report is included

in Series 2 or another appropriate series, depending on the

report topic.

Series 5.	 International Vital and Health Statistics Reports—This

type of report compares U.S. vital and health statistics with

those of other countries or presents other international data of

relevance to the health statistics system of the United States.

The last Series 5 report was published in 2003. As of 2009,

this type of report is included in Series 3 or another series,

depending on the report topic.

Series 6.	 Cognition and Survey Measurement—This type of report

uses methods of cognitive science to design, evaluate, and

test survey instruments. The last Series 6 report was

published in 1999. As of 2009, this type of report is included

in Series 2.

Series 12.	 Data From the Institutionalized Population Surveys—

The last Series 12 report was published in 1974. Reports

from these surveys are included in Series 13.

Series 14.	 Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Facilities—

The last Series 14 report was published in 1989. Reports on

health resources are included in Series 13.

Series 15.	 Data From Special Surveys—This type of report contains

statistics on health and health-related topics collected in

special surveys that are not part of the continuing data

systems of the National Center for Health Statistics. The last

Series 15 report was published in 2002. As of 2009, reports

based on these surveys are included in Series 3.

Series 16.	 Compilations of Advance Data From Vital and Health

Statistics—The last Series 16 report was published in 1996.

All reports are available online, and so compilations of

Advance Data reports are no longer needed.

Series 22.	 Data From the National Mortality and Natality Surveys—

The last Series 22 report was published in 1973. Reports

from these sample surveys, based on vital records, are

published in Series 20 or 21.

Series 24.	 Compilations of Data on Natality, Mortality, Marriage, and

Divorce—The last Series 24 report was published in 1996.

All reports are available online, and so compilations of reports

are no longer needed.

For answers to questions about this report or for a list of reports published

in these series, contact:

Information Dissemination Staff

National Center for Health Statistics

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

3311 Toledo Road, Room 5412

Hyattsville, MD 20782

1–800–232–4636

E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov

Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

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Hyattsville, MD 20782

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DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2011–1574, Series 10, No. 246