1 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov The Parker Ranch installation in Hawaii 

# BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM

Distribution Transformers

Energy Conservation Program LBNL Staff

U.S. Department of Energy

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy



## November 7, 20112 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Draft Life

**- Cycle Cost, Payback Period and National Impacts Analysis** 

**Results for Low Voltage Dry**

**- Type Transformers** 

Prepared for the Low Voltage Dry

- Type Distribution Transformers Negotiated

Rulemaking Working Group

November 7, 2011

**Contents**

• Life

- Cycle Cost Results for Design Lines 6 – 8

• Payback Period Results for Design Lines 6 – 8

• Materials Selection Results for Design Lines 6 – 8

• National Impacts Results by Efficiency Level for Equipment Classes 3 and 4

• Description of Trial Standard Levels

• National Impacts Results by Trial Standard Level for Equipment Classes 3 and 4 

# Contents3 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 6 LCC Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Efficiency (%) 98.23% 98.47% 98.60% 98.80% 98.93% 99.17% 99.44%

Transformers with Net Increase in LCC (%) 3.06% 8.04% 37.51% 18.40% 20.34% 41.15% 95.65%

Transformers with Net LCC Savings (%) 96.51% 91.96% 62.49% 81.60% 79.66% 58.85% 4.35%

Transformers with No Impact on LCC (%) 0.43% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Mean LCC Savings ($) 196 226 90 298 304 127

- 969

Median LCC Savings ($) 185 210 66 264 273 90

- 1019

- 2000 - 1500 - 1000

- 500 0 500 1000 1500

CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 7Average LCC Savings ($)

Efficiency Level Design Line 6 Average LCC Savings

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95%4 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 7 LCC Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Efficiency (%) 98.23% 98.47% 98.60% 98.80% 98.93% 99.17% 99.44%

Transformers with Net Increase in LCC (%) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 2.0% 2.9% 35.4%

Transformers with Net LCC Savings (%) 96.1% 100.0% 100.0% 99.4% 98.0% 97.1% 64.6%

Transformers with No Impact on LCC (%) 3.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Mean LCC Savings ($) 1203 1916 1996 2052 2242 2502 678

Median LCC Savings ($) 1117 1864 1949 1978 2138 2404 528

- 3000 - 2000 - 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 7Average LCC Savings ($)

Efficiency Level Design Line 7 Average LCC Savings

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% median

average5 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 8 LCC Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Efficiency (%) 98.80% 99.02% 99.14% 99.25% 99.32% 99.44% 99.58%

Transformers with Net Increase in LCC (%) 6.01% 1.62% 1.49% 5.89% 3.83% 3.83% 54.23%

Transformers with Net LCC Savings (%) 93.99% 98.38% 98.51% 94.11% 96.17% 96.17% 45.77%

Transformers with No Impact on LCC (%) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Mean LCC Savings ($) 1115 3514 4501 3836 6142 6148 -48

Median LCC Savings ($) 967 3352 4315 3599 5866 5875 -394

- 10000

- 5000 0 5000 10000 15000

CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 7Average LCC Savings ($)

Efficiency Level Design Line 8 Average LCC Savings

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95%6 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 6 PBP Results

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 7Average PaybackPeriod(years)

Efficiency Level Design Line 6 Average Payback Period

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mean Payback (Years) 4.7 9.6 17.2 13.2 13.7 17.6 35.4

Median Payback (Years) 4.0 9.1 15.9 12.8 13.4 17.2 34.4

Transformers having Well Defined Payback (%) 99.47% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Transformers having Undefined Payback (%) 0.53% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Mean Retail Cost ($) 1,257 1,344 1,527 1,716 1,788 2,020 2,913

Mean Installation Costs ($) 973 1,034 1,101 1,029 1,067 1,167 1,490

Mean Operating Costs ($) 134 125 119 101 95 87 80

Mean Incremental First Cost ($) 54 203 453 570 679 1,011 2,228

Mean Operating Cost Savings ($) 14 23 29 47 53 61 68

Payback of Average Transformer 4.0 8.8 15.5 12.2 12.8 16.5 32.87 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 7 PBP Results

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 7Average PaybackPeriod(years)

Efficiency Level Design Line 7 Average Payback Period

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95% Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mean Payback (Years) 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 4.7 5.9 16.6

Median Payback (Years) 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 4.5 5.7 16.0

Transformers having Well Defined Payback (%) 96% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Transformers having Undefined Payback (%) 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Mean Retail Cost ($) 2,567 2,575 2,582 2,832 3,167 3,430 5,147

Mean Installation Costs ($) 1,624 1,567 1,573 1,675 1,728 1,836 2,360

Mean Operating Costs ($) 282 246 241 219 188 154 131

Mean Incremental First Cost ($) -21 -70 -58 294 682 1,053 3,295

Mean Operating Cost Savings ($) 64 100 105 127 158 192 214

Payback of Average Transformer -0.3 -0.7 -0.6 2.3 4.3 5.5 15.48 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Design Line 8 PBP Results

Efficiency Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mean Payback (Years) 8.7 4.5 4.3 9.1 7.2 7.2 19.9

Median Payback (Years) 8.3 4.4 4.2 8.9 7.0 7.0 19.4

Transformers having Well Defined Payback (%) 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Transformers having Undefined Payback (%) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Mean Retail Cost ($) 6,721 7,028 7,244 8,872 9,106 9,106 15,586

Mean Installation Costs ($) 2,842 2,771 2,784 3,147 3,156 3,156 3,903

Mean Operating Costs ($) 737 595 529 457 320 320 264

Mean Incremental First Cost ($) 791 1,027 1,256 3,247 3,490 3,489 10,716

Mean Operating Cost Savings ($) 103 245 311 382 520 520 576

Payback of Average Transformer 7.7 4.2 4.0 8.5 6.7 6.7 18.6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

CSL 1 CSL 2 CSL 3 CSL 4 CSL 5 CSL 6 CSL 7Average PaybackPeriod(years)

Efficiency Level Design Line 8 Average Payback Period

Average; Median; Box 25%

- 75%; Whisker 5%

- 95%9 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Core Materials Selection

Materials Efficiency Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

M12

M6 4.8% 0.0%

M5 83.1% 0.0% 0.0%

M4 11.8% 53.0% 0.0% 0.0%

M3 0.2% 47.0% 100.0% 64.6% 0.0%

M2

H0 0.0% 0.0% 35.2% 0.0% 0.0%

ZDMH

SA1 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Materials Efficiency Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

M12 0.0% 0.0%

M6 99.3% 80.7% 0.0% 0.0%

M5

M4 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

M3 0.7% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

M2

H0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

ZDMH 19.1% 100.0% 100.0% 99.8%

SA1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 

# Design Line 6 Design Line 7 

# • The results presented here reflect the fraction core materials

sampled in the LCC and PBP analysis.

• NULL (blank) values indicate that were no designs available for a

given material and efficiency level.10 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Core Materials Selection (cont)

Materials Efficiency Level

Basecase 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

M12

M6 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

M5 0.0% 97.8% 0.0%

M4 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

M3 0.0% 1.5% 98.0% 0.0% 0.0%

M2

H0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

ZDMH 0.7% 2.0% 100.0% 97.9%

SA1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%



# Design Line 811 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# National Impacts Summary Results

for LVDT, by Efficiency Level

Summary Results by Efficiency Level for Low

- Voltage Dry

- Type Transformers

Efficiency Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 0.617 0.622 0.623 0.622 0.622 0.614 0.613 0.608

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 17.467 5.824 6.494 5.651 5.727

- 5.661

- 7.163

- 18.038

Operating Cost (Savings in TSLs) ($Billions) 26.679 12.543 15.543 15.307 17.923 13.319 16.328 18.776

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 1.346 1.670 1.645 1.921 1.449 1.762 2.010

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate

($Billions) 18.367 22.037 20.958 23.650 7.657 9.165 0.737

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate

($Billions) 6.980 8.279 7.771 8.642 1.329 1.516

- 3.29012 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Summary Results by EL for Equipment Class 3 

# National Impacts Results for LVDT,

by Efficiency Level

Summary Results by EL for Equipment Class 4 Efficiency Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 0.87 0.27 0.26 0.22 0.19

- 0.23

- 0.36

- 0.85

Operating Cost (Savings in TSLs) ($Billions) 0.83 0.33 0.40 0.41 0.54 0.44 0.52 0.59

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate ($Billions) 0.60 0.66 0.63 0.73 0.20 0.17

- 0.25

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate ($Billions) 0.24 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.02

- 0.02

- 0.25

Efficiency Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 16.60 5.56 6.24 5.43 5.54

- 5.43

- 6.81

- 17.19

Operating Cost (Savings in TSLs) ($Billions) 25.85 12.21 15.14 14.90 17.39 12.88 15.80 18.18

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 1.31 1.63 1.60 1.86 1.40 1.71 1.95

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate ($Billions) 17.77 21.38 20.33 22.92 7.45 9.00 0.99

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate ($Billions) 6.74 8.02 7.53 8.37 1.31 1.53

- 3.0413 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

### EC 3 **EC 4**

**DL6 DL7**  **DL8**

**TSL1** EL 5 EL 6 EL 5

**TSL2** EL 4 EL 4 EL 4

**TSL3** EL 4 EL 5 EL 5

**TSL4** EL 4 EL 5 EL 3

**TSL5** EL 6 EL 6 EL 5

**TSL6** EL 7 EL 7 EL 7 

# Proposed Trial Standard Levels

and Mapping of TSLs to ELs

The following draft Trial Standard Levels are presented for discussion.

Draft Trial Standard Levels (TSLs) Description

1. Minimum LCC / Max NPV

2. Max Energy Savings with positive (or near zero) NPV at 3% discount rate

3. 30% Reduction in Operating Costs

4. Materials constraint (greatest LCC Savings with M3 steel available as a

design option)

5. Materials constraint plus (gap

- fill between TSL 4 and TSL 6)

6. Maximum Technology14 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# National Impacts Results for LVDT,

by Trial Standard Level

Summary Results by TSL for Low

- Voltage Dry

- Type Transformers



# Draft Trial Standard Levels (TSLs) Description

1. Minimum LCC / Max NPV

2. Max Energy Savings with positive (or near zero) NPV at 3% discount

rate

3. 30% Reduction in Operating Costs

4. Materials constraint (greatest LCC Savings with M3 steel available as

a design option)

5. Materials constraint plus (gap

- fill between TSL 4 and TSL 6)

6. Maximum Technology Trial Standard Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 17.47 2.73 5.20 3.45 5.33

- 7.16

- 18.04

Operating Cost (Savings in TSLs) ($Billions) 26.68 20.54 17.51 18.69 18.76 16.33 18.78

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 2.21 1.88 2.02 2.02 1.76 2.01

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate ($Billions) 23.27 22.72 22.14 24.09 9.16 0.74

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate ($Billions) 7.94 8.24 7.72 8.70 1.51

- 3.2915 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

# Summary Results by TSL for Equipment Class 3 

# National Impacts Results for LVDT,

by Trial Standard Level

Summary Results by TSL for Equipment Class 4 Trial Standard Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 0.87 0.10 0.16 0.13 0.19

- 0.36

- 0.85

Operating Cost (Savings in TSLs) ($Billions) 0.83 0.56 0.52 0.51 0.54 0.52 0.59

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate ($Billions) 0.66 0.69 0.64 0.73 0.17

- 0.25

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate ($Billions) 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.27

- 0.02

- 0.25

Trial Standard Level

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6

Transformer Shipments 2015

- 2044 (Billion KVA) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.59

Equipment Cost ($Billions) 16.60 2.63 5.04 3.31 5.13

- 6.81

- 17.19

Operating Cost (Savings in TSLs) ($Billions) 25.85 19.98 16.99 18.18 18.22 15.80 18.18

Cumulative Source Savings 2044 (Quads) 2.15 1.82 1.96 1.96 1.71 1.95

Net Present Value at 3% Discount Rate ($Billions) 22.61 22.03 21.49 23.36 8.99 0.99

Net Present Value at 7% Discount Rate ($Billions) 7.70 7.99 7.48 8.43 1.53

- 3.04